FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Koudela, B Visvesvara, GS Moura, H Vavra, J AF Koudela, B Visvesvara, GS Moura, H Vavra, J TI The human isolate of Brachiola algerae (Phylum Microspora): development in SCID mice and description of its fine structure features SO PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE microsporidia; Nosema algerae; Brachiola algerae; SCID; eye infection ID NOSEMA-ALGERAE; MOSQUITO PARASITE; RIBOSOMAL-RNA; N. SP.; INFECTION; AIDS; ULTRASTRUCTURE; CULICIDAE; PATIENT; DIPTERA AB Ocular, peroral, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, and subcutaneous inoculation of severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice with spores of the human isolate (CDC: V404) of Brachiola algerae (syn. Nosema algerae) (Phylum Microspora) revealed that the microsporidium develops in viscera of the immunodeficient mouse host, but only after the ocular administration of spores. It is hypothesized that the physico-chemical milieu of the conjunctiva and cornea helped to adapt the originally 'poikilothermic microsporidian' to the conditions within the homoiothermic organism. Ocular application of spores caused no clinical signs of disease at the application situ. However, severe infection in the liver was found 60 days after infection, manifested as hepatosplenomegaly and multifocal miliary necroses and granulomas containing parasites. No microsporidia were found in any other tissues. Transmission electron microscopy revealed characteristic tubulovesicular 'secretory materials' on the plasma membrane of all developmental stages of B. algerae except sporoblasts and spores. These formations increase the parasite surface and allow more efficient metabolic communication of the parasite with the host cell. It is hypothesized that the presence of these structures is a factor helping the parasite to grow in a variety of hosts and tissues. Ultrastructural characters support the likelihood that B. algerae and B. vesicularum are conspecific, and that there exists a relationship between species of the genera Brachiola and Anncaliia. C1 Univ Vet & Pharmaceut Sci, Dept Parasitol, Brno 61242, Czech Republic. Acad Sci Czech Republ, Inst Parasitol, CR-37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Charles Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Parasitol, CR-12844 Prague, Czech Republic. RP Koudela, B (reprint author), Univ Vet & Pharmaceut Sci, Dept Parasitol, Palackeho 1-3, Brno 61242, Czech Republic. RI Vavra, Jiri/H-2157-2014 NR 33 TC 27 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI PORT CHESTER PA 110 MIDLAND AVE, PORT CHESTER, NY 10573-9863 USA SN 0031-1820 J9 PARASITOLOGY JI Parasitology PD AUG PY 2001 VL 123 BP 153 EP 162 DI 10.1017/S0031182001008228 PN 2 PG 10 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 461YB UT WOS:000170390500005 PM 11510680 ER PT J AU Barrios, LC Runyan, CW Downs, SM Bowling, JM AF Barrios, LC Runyan, CW Downs, SM Bowling, JM TI Pediatric injury prevention counseling: an observational study of process and content SO PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING LA English DT Article DE childhood injury prevention; anticipatory guidance; clinical decision making; pediatric residency training ID PATIENT-PHYSICIAN INTERVIEW; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; PRIMARY-CARE; HEALTH PROMOTION; COMMUNICATION; CONSULTATIONS; DETERMINANTS; PERFORMANCE; ATTITUDES; EDUCATION AB Objectives: To describe routine injury prevention counseling; to observe how three visit components - printed prompts. parent remarks, and parent behaviors - affect such counseling to describe the process and content of discussions about car seats as an example of routine injury prevention. Methods: A total of 128 well-child visits of children under 7 months of age to a university pediatric clinic were videotaped (76% of eligible visits). Results: Three injury topics were mentioned, on an average, per visit. Parents or caregivers rarely introduced injury topics (5%). Physicians frequently introduced those topics listed on age-specific prompting sheets (73%). Car seat counseling typically began with a physician's question (82%). Most asked simply about ownership or use (93%). Few addressed difficult issues. such as consistency of use (11%). Conclusions: Physicians bring up the injury topics that are prompted. However, most discussion is superficial, Printed prompts that address counseling process as well as content might be beneficial. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ N Carolina, Injury Prevent Res Ctr, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Hlth Behav & Hlth Educ, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Dept Pediat, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Barrios, LC (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Adolescent, 4770 Buford Hwy NE,Mailstop K-33, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. FU PHS HHS [R49-CCR402444-10] NR 43 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 3 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0738-3991 J9 PATIENT EDUC COUNS JI Patient Educ. Couns. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 44 IS 2 BP 141 EP 149 DI 10.1016/S0738-3991(00)00179-8 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences - Other Topics GA 463XN UT WOS:000170502700005 PM 11479054 ER PT J AU Zimmerman, RK Mieczkowski, TA Mainzer, HM Medsger, AR Raymund, M Ball, JA Jewell, IK AF Zimmerman, RK Mieczkowski, TA Mainzer, HM Medsger, AR Raymund, M Ball, JA Jewell, IK TI Effect of the vaccines for children program on physician referral of children to public vaccine clinics: A pre-post comparison SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 34th National Immunization Conference CY JUL, 2000 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. DE vaccination/economics; vaccination/legislation and jurisprudence; immunization programs/economics; immunization programs/utilization; vaccines/economics; Medicaid/economics; national health programs United States; child health services ID IMMUNIZATION PRACTICES; NORTH-CAROLINA; HEALTH; PEDIATRICIANS; IMPACT; CARE AB Objective. Started in late 1994, the Vaccines for Children (VFC) program is a major entitlement program that provides states with free vaccines for disadvantaged children. Some evaluation studies have been conducted, but they do not include individually matched pre-post comparisons of physician responses. This project studied the effect of the VFC on the physician likelihood of referring children to public vaccine clinics for immunizations. Design. In 1999, trained personnel conducted a survey of a cohort of physicians who previously participated in surveys on barriers to childhood vaccination conducted before VFC implementation. Responses were matched, and pre-versus post-VFC comparisons were made. Setting and Participants. Minnesota and Pennsylvania primary care physicians selected by stratified random sampling and initially studied in 1990 to 1991 and 1993, respectively. Main Outcome Measures. Likelihood of referral of a child to a public vaccine clinic. Results. On a scale of 0 to 10, physician likelihood of referring an uninsured child decreased by a mean of 1.9 (95% confidence interval: 1.2-2.5) from pre- to post-VFC. Two fifths (45%) of physicians reported that the VFC decreased the number of referrals from their practice to public vaccine clinics and 50% gave intermediate responses. Among physicians who participate in VFC, only 9% were likely to refer a Medicaid-insured child in contrast to 44% of those not participating. Conclusions. Physicians' reported referral and likelihood of referring Medicaid-insured and uninsured children has decreased because of VFC in Minnesota and Pennsylvania. C1 Univ Pittsburgh, Sch Med, Dept Family Med & Clin Epidemiol, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Grad Sch Publ Hlth, Hlth Serv Adm, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA. CDCP, Hlth Serv Res & Evaluat Branch, Immunizat Serv Div, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Zimmerman, RK (reprint author), Univ Pittsburgh, Sch Med, Dept Family Med & Clin Epidemiol, M-200 Scaife Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA. OI Zimmerman, Richard/0000-0001-5941-6092 FU ATSDR CDC HHS [TS 247-14/15] NR 27 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD AUG PY 2001 VL 108 IS 2 BP 297 EP 304 DI 10.1542/peds.108.2.297 PG 8 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 458TZ UT WOS:000170211800031 PM 11483791 ER PT J AU Besser, RE Pakiz, B Schulte, JM Alvarado, S Zell, ER Kenyon, TA Onorato, IM AF Besser, RE Pakiz, B Schulte, JM Alvarado, S Zell, ER Kenyon, TA Onorato, IM TI Risk factors for positive mantoux tuberculin skin tests in children in San Diego, California: Evidence for boosting and possible foodborne transmission SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE tuberculosis; epidemiology; Bacille Calmette-Guerin; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Mycobacterium bovis ID BCG VACCINATION; PEDIATRIC POPULATION; INFECTION; BIRTH AB Objectives. Source case finding in San Diego, California, rarely detects the source for children with tuberculosis (TB) infection or disease. One third of all pediatric TB isolates in San Diego are Mycobacterium bovis, a strain associated with raw dairy products. This study was conducted to determine risk factors for TB infection in San Diego. Design. Case-control study of children less than or equal to5 years old screened for TB as part of routine health care visit. Asymptomatic children with a positive (greater than or equal to 10 mm) Mantoux skin test (TST) were matched by age to 1 to 2 children with negative TST from the same clinic. We assessed risk factors for TB infection through parental interview and chart review. Results. A total of 62 cases and 97 controls were enrolled. Eleven cases and 25 controls were excluded from analysis because of previous positive skin tests. Compared with controls, cases were more likely to have received BCG vaccine (73% vs 7%, odds ratio [OR] 44), to be foreign born (35% vs 11%, OR 4.3), and to have eaten raw milk or cheese (21% vs 8%, OR 3.76). The median time between the most recent previous TST and the current test was 12 months for cases and 25 months for controls. Other factors associated with a positive TST included foreign travel, staying in a home while out of the country, and having a relative with a positive TST. There was no association between contact with a known TB case. In a multivariable model, receipt of BCG, contact with a relative with a positive TST, and having a previous TST within the past year were independently associated with TB infection. Conclusions. We identified several new or reemerging associations with positive TST including cross border travel, staying in a foreign home, and eating raw dairy products. The strong associations with BCG receipt and more recent previous TST may represent falsely positive reactions, booster phenomena, or may be markers for a population that is truly at greater risk for TB infection. Unlike studies conducted in nonborder areas, we found no association between positive TB skin tests and contact with a TB case or a foreign visitor. Efforts to control pediatric TB in San Diego need to address local risk factors including consumption of unpasteurized dairy products and cross-border travel. The interpretation of a positive TST in a young child in San Diego who has received BCG is problematic. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div TB Eliminat, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, San Diego, CA 92103 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Resp Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Besser, RE (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div TB Eliminat, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Mailstop E-10, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Osborne, Nicholas/N-4915-2015 OI Osborne, Nicholas/0000-0002-6700-2284 NR 26 TC 30 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD AUG PY 2001 VL 108 IS 2 BP 305 EP 310 DI 10.1542/peds.108.2.305 PG 6 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 458TZ UT WOS:000170211800032 PM 11483792 ER PT J AU Miller, KS Whitaker, DJ AF Miller, KS Whitaker, DJ TI Predictors of mother-adolescent discussions about condoms: Implications for providers who serve youth SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE condoms; adolescents; maternal communication; HIV; STD; African Americans; Hispanics ID INCARCERATED ADOLESCENTS; SEXUAL-BEHAVIOR; UNITED-STATES; RISK BEHAVIOR; COMMUNICATION; PARENT; AIDS; DETERMINANTS; ATTITUDES; STUDENTS AB Objective. To examine predictors of mother-adolescent communication about condoms. Methods. Interviews were conducted with 907 mothers of adolescents aged 14 to 17 years in the Bronx, New York; Montgomery, Alabama; and San Juan, Puerto Rico, to determine whether mothers had talked with their adolescent about condoms. Results. By univariate analysis, mother-adolescent communication about condoms was associated with greater knowledge about sexuality and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, perception of having enough information to discuss condoms, information from a health-related source, less conservative attitudes about adolescent sexuality, perception that the adolescent was at risk for human immunodeficiency virus, greater ability and comfort in discussing condoms, stronger belief that condoms prevent human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, and a more favorable endorsement of condoms. In multivariate analyses, mother-adolescent communication about condoms was associated with a less conservative attitude about abstinence until marriage (odds ratio [OR]: 0.73; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.54-0.74), greater skill in communicating about sex (OR: 1.13; 95% CI: 1.06-1.20), greater comfort in communicating about sex (OR: 1.31; 95% CI: 1.01-1.69), a more favorable endorsement of condoms (OR: 1.85; 95% CI: 1.17-2.78), and the perception that the adolescent's friends were sexually active (OR: 3.53; 95% CI: 1.97-7.16). Conclusion. Parents who communicate effectively about sexuality and safer sex behaviors can influence their adolescents' risk-taking behavior. Health care providers, particularly physicians, can facilitate this communication by providing to parents information about the sexual behavior of adolescents, the risks that adolescents encounter, condom use, condom effectiveness, and how to discuss condoms. They also can make referrals to programs that teach communication skills. C1 CDCP, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Miller, KS (reprint author), CDCP, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Mailstop E45,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Whitaker, Daniel/C-1956-2009 NR 38 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD AUG PY 2001 VL 108 IS 2 BP U45 EP U51 PG 7 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 458TZ UT WOS:000170211800009 ER PT J AU Kombo, LA Gerber, MA Pickering, LK Atreya, CD Breiman, RF AF Kombo, LA Gerber, MA Pickering, LK Atreya, CD Breiman, RF TI Intussusception, infection, and immunization Summary of a workshop on rotavirus SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE rotavirus; intussusception; rhesus rotavirus vaccine tetravalent; workshop ID CHILDREN; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; MICE AB This article summarizes the proceedings of a workshop sponsored by the National Institutes of Health and the National Vaccine Program Office, and held in Bethesda, Maryland, on January 21, 2000. The objective of the meeting was to focus research toward an understanding of the basis for the possible association between intussusception and the reassortant rhesus-human rotavirus vaccine tetravalent (RRV-TV). After numerous reports of intussusception after administration of RRV-TV, the manufacturers of this vaccine voluntarily withdrew it from the United States market. The American Academy of Pediatrics, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, and the American Academy of Family Physicians also withdrew their original recommendations for administration of RRV-TV to children at 2, 4, and 6 months of age. These actions will have global implications for the prevention of morbidity and mortality attributable to rotavirus infection. Benefit-cost ratios for the use of RRV-TV will be substantially different in developing countries compared with developed countries. Therefore, extensive research is needed in both of these settings, to further our understanding of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and pathology of both rotavirus disease and intussusception to enable optimal prevention. The workshop reviewed the current understanding of the possible association between RRV-TV and intussusception, as well as the possible association between a variety of viral infections and intussusception. The workshop also identified critical areas of research regarding this possible association. This research will be essential not only for the development of safe and effective rotavirus vaccines, but for the development of other oral vaccines as well. C1 Natl Vaccine Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA USA. US FDA, Ctr Biol Evaluat & Res, Bethesda, MD USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Kombo, LA (reprint author), Natl Vaccine Program Off, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,MS D-66, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 29 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD AUG PY 2001 VL 108 IS 2 AR e37 DI 10.1542/peds.108.2.e37 PG 7 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 458TZ UT WOS:000170211800018 PM 11483847 ER PT J AU DeStefano, F AF DeStefano, F CA Vaccine Safety Datalink Res Grp TI The Vaccine Safety Datalink project SO PHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGY AND DRUG SAFETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Mid-Year Symposium of the International-Society-for-Pharmacoepidemiology CY APR, 2000 CL CHAPEL HILL, NORTH CAROLINA SP Int Soc Pharmacoepidemiology DE surveillance; vaccines; immunization; safety; adverse events; intussusception ID RUBELLA VACCINATION; RISK AB The Vaccine Safety Datalink (VSD) is a collaborative, project between the National Immunization Program of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and several large health maintenance organizations (HMOs) in the United States. The project began in 1990 with the primary purpose of rigorously evaluating concerns about the safety of vaccines. Computerized data on vaccination, medical outcome (e.g. hospital discharge, outpatient visits, emergency room visits, and deaths), and covariate data (e.g. birth certificates and census) are prospectively collected at multiple HMOs (initially four) and linked under joint protocol for analyses. Approximately 6 million people (2% of the US population) are members of HMOs participating in the VSD. The VSD has proven to be a valuable resource that has provided important information on a number of vaccine safety issues. The databases and infrastructure created for the VSD have also: provided opportunities to address other immunization questions including vaccination coverage and cost-effectiveness. In a recent investigation of intussusception following rotavirus vaccination, the VSD methodology was expanded to include 10 managed care organizations. A cohort study was conducted that allowed estimation of incidence rates of intussusception and attributable risks associated with rotavirus vaccine. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program MSF34, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP DeStefano, F (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program MSF34, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 7 TC 80 Z9 81 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 1053-8569 J9 PHARMACOEPIDEM DR S JI Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf. PD AUG-SEP PY 2001 VL 10 IS 5 BP 403 EP 406 DI 10.1002/pds.613 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 501UN UT WOS:000172704600010 PM 11802585 ER PT J AU Floyd, RL Belodoff, B Sidhu, J Schulkin, J Ebrahim, SH Sokol, RJ AF Floyd, RL Belodoff, B Sidhu, J Schulkin, J Ebrahim, SH Sokol, RJ TI A survey of obstetrician-gynecologists on their patients' use of tobacco and other drugs during pregnancy SO PRENATAL AND NEONATAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE obstetricians; gynecologists; tobacco; drugs; pregnancy ID ALCOHOL-USE; SMOKING; POSTPARTUM; PHYSICIANS; WOMEN AB Objective This survey was conducted to assess the knowledge, beliefs and practice behaviors of obstetrician-gynecologists concerning their patients' prenatal use of tobacco and other drugs. Methods We developed a 32-item questionnaire which the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists mailed to a sample of 1000 members throughout the USA. A total of 604 questionnaires were returned (60%). Descriptive statistics, prevalence rates and prevalence rate ratios were calculated, and stratified analyses were performed in some cases in order to control for the possible confounding effects of age and gender. Results Most respondents (98%) reported questioning their prenatal patients at the first visit about tobacco use, with only one in nine asking at each prenatal visit. Ninety-five per cent of respondents reported that they discussed adverse effects and advised cessation for patients who screened positive for smoking; 38% reported always providing self-help materials; and 22% reported referrals to cessation workshops. Fewer respondents (87%) reported asking their patients about drug use. Among women reporting other drug use, 97% of clinicians discussed adverse effects, and 95% advised abstinence. Forty-five per cent reported that they referred patients for treatment, and one-third reported performing periodic drug screens. Respondents graduating after 1989, female clinicians and clinicians who judged their medical school training on substance use as excellent or very good were more likely to adhere to current practice guidelines on smoking and illicit drug use. Conclusions While screening of prenatal patients for tobacco use and other drug use was reported by survey respondents, providing or arranging for interventions for those screening positive was less often reported. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Birth Defects & Dev Disabil, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Battelle Mem Inst, Ctr Publ Hlth Res & Evaluat, Columbus, OH 43201 USA. Amer Coll Obstetricians & Gynecologists, Washington, DC USA. Wayne State Univ, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, CS Molt Ctr Human Growth & Dev, Detroit, MI 48202 USA. RP Floyd, RL (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Birth Defects & Dev Disabil, 4770 Buford Highway Mailstop F49, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 27 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU PARTHENON PUBLISHING GROUP PI CARNFORTH LANCASHIRE PA CASTERTON HALL, CARNFORTH LANCASHIRE LA6 2LA, ENGLAND SN 1359-8635 J9 PRENAT NEONAT MED JI Prenat. Neonatal Med. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 6 IS 4 BP 201 EP 207 PG 7 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology; Pediatrics SC Obstetrics & Gynecology; Pediatrics GA 468BK UT WOS:000170738100001 ER PT J AU Kuempel, ED O'Flaherty, EJ Stayner, LT Smith, RJ Green, FHY Vallyathan, V AF Kuempel, ED O'Flaherty, EJ Stayner, LT Smith, RJ Green, FHY Vallyathan, V TI A biomathematical model of particle clearance and retention in the lungs of coal miners - I. Model development SO REGULATORY TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CHRONIC INHALATION EXPOSURE; LONG-TERM RETENTION; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; DIESEL EXHAUST; PULMONARY RESPONSE; DUST EXPOSURES; RATS; TONER; ACCUMULATION; OVERLOAD AB To understand better the factors influencing the relationships among airborne particle exposure, lung burden, and fibrotic lung disease, we developed a biologically based kinetic model to predict the long-term retention of particles in the lungs of coal miners. This model includes alveolar, interstitial, and hilar lymph node compartments. The 131 miners in this study had worked in the Beckley, West Virginia, area and died during the 1960s. The data used to develop this model include exposure to respirable coal mine dust by intensity and duration within each job, lung and lymph node dust burdens at autopsy, pathological classification of fibrotic lung disease, and smoking history. Initial parameter estimates for this model were based on both human and animal data of particle deposition and clearance and on the biological and physical factors influencing these processes. Parameter estimation and model fit to the data were determined using least squares. Results show that the end-of-life lung dust burdens in these coal miners were substantially higher than expected from first-order clearance kinetics, yet lower than expected from the overloading of alveolar clearance predicted from rodent studies. The best-fitting and most parsimonious model includes processes for first-order alveolar-macrophage-mediated clearance and transfer of particles to the lung interstitium. These results are consistent with the particle retention patterns observed previously in the lungs of primates. The findings indicate that rodent models extrapolated to humans, without adjustment for the kinetic differences in particle clearance and retention, would be inadequate for predicting lung dust burdens in humans. Also, this human lung kinetic model predicts greater retained lung dust burdens from occupational exposure than predicted from current human models based on lower exposure data. This model is useful for risk assessment of particle-induced lung diseases, by estimating equivalent internal doses in rodents and humans and predicting lung burdens in humans with occupational dust exposures. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 NIOSH, Risk Evaluat Branch, Educ & Informat Div, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Univ Calgary, Dept Pathol, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. NIOSH, Hlth Effects Lab Div, Morgantown, WV USA. RP Kuempel, ED (reprint author), NIOSH, Risk Evaluat Branch, Educ & Informat Div, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 69 TC 34 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0273-2300 J9 REGUL TOXICOL PHARM JI Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 34 IS 1 BP 69 EP 87 DI 10.1006/rtph.2001.1479 PG 19 WC Medicine, Legal; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Legal Medicine; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 467QC UT WOS:000170714400008 PM 11502158 ER PT J AU Kuempel, ED Tran, CL Smith, RJ Bailer, AJ AF Kuempel, ED Tran, CL Smith, RJ Bailer, AJ TI A biomathematical model of particle clearance and retention in the lungs of coal miners - II. Evaluation of variability and uncertainty SO REGULATORY TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LONG-TERM RETENTION; UNITED-STATES; WORKERS PNEUMOCONIOSIS; DIESEL EXHAUST; DUST; RATS; EXPOSURE AB The objective of this study is to investigate the sources of variability and uncertainty in a previously developed human lung dosimetry model. That three-compartment model describes the retention and clearance kinetics of respirable particles in the gas-exchange region of the lungs. It was calibrated using exposure histories and lung dust burden data in U.S. coal miners. A multivariate parameter estimation and optimization method was developed for fitting the dosimetry model to these human data. Models with various assumptions about overloading of alveolar clearance and interstitialization (sequestration) of particles were evaluated. Variability in the estimated clearance rate coefficients was assessed empirically by fitting the model to groups' and to each miner's data. Distributions of lung and lymph node particle burdens were computed at working lifetime exposures, using the variability in the estimated individual clearance rate coefficients. These findings confirm those of the earlier analysis; i.e., the best-fitting exposure-dose model to these data has substantial interstitialization/sequestration of particles and no dose-dependent decline in alveolar clearance. Among miners with different characteristics for smoking, disease, and race, the group median estimated alveolar clearance rate coefficients varied by a factor of approximately 4. Adjustment for these group differences provided some improvement in the dosimetry model fit to all miners (up to 25% reduction in MSE), although unexplained interindividual differences made up the largest source of variability. The predicted mean lung and lymph node particle burdens at age 75 after exposure to respirable coal mine dust at 2 mg/m(2) for a 45-year working lifetime were 12 g (5th and 95th percentiles, 3.0-26 g) and 1.9 g (0.26-5.3), respectively. This study provides quantitative information on variability in particle retention and clearance kinetics in humans. It is useful for risk assessment by providing estimated lung dust burdens associated with occupational exposure to respirable particles. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 NIOSH, Risk Evaluat Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Inst Occupat Med, Edinburgh EH8 9SV, Midlothian, Scotland. Miami Univ, Oxford, OH 45056 USA. RP Kuempel, ED (reprint author), NIOSH, Risk Evaluat Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 32 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0273-2300 J9 REGUL TOXICOL PHARM JI Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 34 IS 1 BP 88 EP 101 DI 10.1006/rtph.2001.1480 PG 14 WC Medicine, Legal; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Legal Medicine; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 467QC UT WOS:000170714400009 PM 11502159 ER PT J AU Gunn, RA Eldred, SL Mathews, C AF Gunn, RA Eldred, SL Mathews, C TI Sexually transmitted disease clinical preventive services for HIV-infected patients SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES LA English DT Letter ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; TRANSMISSION C1 Hlth & Human Serv Agcy, San Diego, CA 92110 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div STD Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Sch Med, San Diego, CA 92103 USA. RP Gunn, RA (reprint author), Hlth & Human Serv Agcy, MS P511B,3851 Rosecrans St, San Diego, CA 92110 USA. NR 7 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0148-5717 J9 SEX TRANSM DIS JI Sex. Transm. Dis. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 28 IS 8 BP 455 EP 456 DI 10.1097/00007435-200108000-00005 PG 2 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA 459GF UT WOS:000170242100005 PM 11510459 ER PT J AU Burstein, GR Snyder, MH Conley, D Boekeloo, BO Quinn, TC Zenilman, JM AF Burstein, GR Snyder, MH Conley, D Boekeloo, BO Quinn, TC Zenilman, JM TI Adolescent chlamydia testing practices and diagnosed infections in a large managed care organization SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES LA English DT Article ID SEXUALLY-TRANSMITTED DISEASES; ACTIVE FEMALE ADOLESCENTS; POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; TRACHOMATIS INFECTION; COST-EFFECTIVENESS; HIV-INFECTION; URINE; CLINICS; WOMEN; PREVENTION AB Goal. To determine chlamydia screening practices and the resulting positive test results for adolescents enrolled in a large nonprofit managed care organization. Study Design: The electronic medical records of all 12- to 19year-olds enrolled in a large nonprofit managed care organization serving a demographically diverse patient population from January 1998 through December 1999 were reviewed retrospectively. Results: Among the 43,205 female and 44,133 male managed care organization members, ages 12 to 19 years in 1998-1999, 7575 adolescents (8.7%) (6914 females [16%] and 661 males [1.5%]) were tested for chlamydia. Among the members tested, chlamydia was diagnosed in 1109 adolescents (14.6%) (983 females [14.2] and 126 males [19.1%]); 761 (68.6%) adolescents were retested for chlamydia; and 182 (16.4%) had repeat positive test results. The median time to diagnosis of a repeat infection was 6 months. Conclusions: Chlamydia imposes a large disease burden in the private, organized healthcare sector. Managed care organizations can use operational data to enhance chlamydia prevention services by defining testing practices and local disease prevalence. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Baltimore, MD USA. Kaiser Permanente Mid Atlantic States, Rockville, MD USA. Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Burstein, GR (reprint author), CDC, NCHSTP, DHAPSE, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS E-46, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI-K24AI01633] NR 38 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0148-5717 J9 SEX TRANSM DIS JI Sex. Transm. Dis. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 28 IS 8 BP 477 EP 483 DI 10.1097/00007435-200108000-00011 PG 7 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA 459GF UT WOS:000170242100011 PM 11473222 ER PT J AU Hooper, WC Phillips, DJ Renshaw, MA AF Hooper, WC Phillips, DJ Renshaw, MA TI Activated protein C induction of MCP-1 in human endothelial cells - A possible role for endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase SO THROMBOSIS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE activated protein C; eNOS; endothelial cell; monocyte chemotactic protein-1; nitric oxide; inflammation ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; MONOCYTE CHEMOATTRACTANT PROTEIN-1; HUMAN MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTES; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; BLOOD-COAGULATION; VASCULAR INJURY; FACTOR-V; EXPRESSION; INFLAMMATION; CYTOKINES AB Classically, activated protein C (APC) of the protein C/protein S anticoagulant pathway has functioned not only to inactivate the procoagulant factors Va and VIIIa but also to inhibit the activity of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). More recent data have suggested that the protein C/protein S pathway may serve as a physiological link between coagulation and inflammation. This APC pathway link was proposed because of observations showing that APC could both modulate the effects of cytokines and block neutrophil activation. As a further extension of the effect(s) of APC on cytokines, we found that APC, at the equivalent physiological protein C concentration of 4 mug/ml, significantly upregulated monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) RNA in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), as indicated by a ribonuclease protection assay (RPA) at 3 and 6 h with a return to near basal levels by 24 h. ELISA determinations demonstrated that 4 mug/ml of APC induced a significant (P = .0001) increase in MCP-1 protein production over basal levels within a 24-h period. At the same concentration, APC downregulated endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) RNA. Downregulation first became apparent at 6 h and continued through 48 h of culture. This downregulation was concentration dependent over a range of 1.3-12 mug/ml, and there was no effect on cell viability within this range. In support of other studies, we also found that exogenously added nitric oxide (NO) inhibited MCP-1 production. These data suggest that APC may induce MCP-1 through the inhibition of eNOS. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hematol Dis Branch, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Hooper, WC (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hematol Dis Branch, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, MS DO2,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 45 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0049-3848 J9 THROMB RES JI Thromb. Res. PD AUG 1 PY 2001 VL 103 IS 3 BP 209 EP 219 DI 10.1016/S0049-3848(01)00319-X PG 11 WC Hematology; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Hematology; Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 462KZ UT WOS:000170420400006 PM 11672583 ER PT J AU Flint, MS Tinkle, SS AF Flint, MS Tinkle, SS TI C57BL/6 mice are resistant to acute restraint modulation of cutaneous hypersensitivity SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE stress; corticosterone; RU486; skin; sensitization ID PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS; GLUCOCORTICOIDS; CYTOKINES; RECEPTORS; IMMUNITY; BLOOD; MECHANISMS; ACTIVATION; DERMATITIS; EXPRESSION AB C57BL/6 mice, in contrast to BALB/c mice, display minimal behavioral changes in response to environmental stressors and are considered relatively stress-resistant. We have shown that application of acute restraint prior to chemical challenge enhanced cutaneous hypersensitivity (CHS) in BALB/c mice and that this enhanced response is partially glucocorticoid dependent. Due to strain differences in the immune response and in the response to environmental stressors, we hypothesized that acute restraint would not enhance CHS in the less stress-sensitive C5713L/6 mice. We sensitized and challenged C5713L/6 mice with the contact sensitizer, 2, 4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) in the presence and absence of restraint. Acute restraint, applied prior to chemical challenge, significantly increased serum corticosterone, but to concentrations approximately 60% of those reported for BALB/c mice. Neither restraint nor the exogenous administration of corticosterone enhanced chemical-induced ear swelling in C5713L/6 mice. Pharmacological interruption of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis (HPAA) with the glucocorticoid type II receptor antagonist, RU486, did not alter the development of CHS, however, adrenalectomized (ADX) mice exhibited decreased ear swelling, a measurement that was decreased further by restraint. Combined application of acute restraint and corticosterone prior to chemical challenge significantly enhanced the ear swelling response in C5713L/6 wild-type mice. These data confirm that C5713L/6 mice have a blunted corticosterone response to restraint and that acute restraint does not modulate cutaneous hypersensitivity. Furthermore, our data demonstrate that stress-resistance is not conferred exclusively through the glucocorticoid pathways. C1 NIOSH, Toxicol & Mol Biol Branch, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RP Tinkle, SS (reprint author), NIOSH, Toxicol & Mol Biol Branch, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 1095 Willowdale Rd,MS 3014, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. OI Flint, Melanie/0000-0001-5311-3023 NR 33 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 62 IS 2 BP 250 EP 256 DI 10.1093/toxsci/62.2.250 PG 7 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 457NP UT WOS:000170143900009 PM 11452137 ER PT J AU Barbour, EK Hamadeh, SK Bejjani, NE Faroon, OM Eid, A Sakr, W Bouljihad, M Spasojevic, R Safieh-Garabedian, B AF Barbour, EK Hamadeh, SK Bejjani, NE Faroon, OM Eid, A Sakr, W Bouljihad, M Spasojevic, R Safieh-Garabedian, B TI Immunopotentiation of a developed Salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis vaccine by thymulin and zinc in meat chicken breeders SO VETERINARY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE chicken; humoral immunity; Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis; thymulin; thymus; vaccine; zinc ID CELLS IN-VITRO; PHAGE TYPE-4; EGGS; TYPHIMURIUM; INFECTIONS; INDUCTION; EMERGENCE; OUTBREAKS; RESPONSES; EFFICACY AB The humoral immunity, spleen and thymus weight indices, lymphocyte count in the thymus cortex, and granuloma diameter at vaccination sites were assessed in four differently immunopotentiated groups of meat chicken breeders. Breeders in the first two groups were given a killed Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis (SE) vaccine subcutaneously at 15 and 19 weeks of age. Breeders in the third and fourth groups were left unvaccinated. Breeders in the first group were further immunopotentiated with zinc and thymulin. Each bird in the first group was given the immunopotentiators intraperitoneally in a volume of 0.1 ml at intervals of 3 days for a period of 3 weeks, starting at 15 weeks of age. At each time, each bird in the first group received thymulin (10 ng) and ZnCl2 (1 mu mol/L), using a carboxymethyl cellulose carrier, totalling 90 ng thymulin and 9 mu mol of ZnCl2 per bird. Each bird in the first three groups was challenged orally with 6.7x10(6) cfu/ml of highly virulent SE organisms, at an age of 22 weeks. The first group, which had received zinc and thymulin, had the earliest and highest humoral immune response to SE (p<0.05). This was observed at 2 and 4 weeks after the first vaccination. In addition, the first group had the highest mean thymus weight index, and the highest mean lymphocyte count in the thymus cortex. No significant difference was observed between the first two vaccinated groups in the mean granuloma diameter developed at the two vaccination sites 48 h after administration of the vaccine (p>0.05). C1 Ctr Dis Control, Fac Agr & Food Sci, Dept Anim Sci, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control, US Publ Hlth Serv, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Minnesota, Coll Vet Med, Dept Diagnost Med, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. HAWARCO, Safra, Lebanon. Amer Univ Beirut, Fac Arts & Sci, Dept Biol, New York, NY USA. RP Barbour, EK (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control, Fac Agr & Food Sci, Dept Anim Sci, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI barbour, elie/P-6166-2014 NR 29 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-7380 J9 VET RES COMMUN JI Vet. Res. Commun. PD AUG PY 2001 VL 25 IS 6 BP 437 EP 447 DI 10.1023/A:1010654818923 PG 11 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 456DP UT WOS:000170068100001 PM 11519676 ER PT J AU Thompson, MP Saltzman, LE Johnson, H AF Thompson, MP Saltzman, LE Johnson, H TI Risk factors for physical injury among women assaulted by current or former spouses SO VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN LA English DT Article ID VIOLENCE AB This study examined risk factors for physical injuries resulting from partner violence using data from the Canadian Violence Against Women Survey Multivariate results indicated that experiencing violence before the union, having a partner who was drinking at the time of the assault, having children who witnessed the assault, experiencing previous violence by the same partner fearing one's life was in danger, and experiencing high levels of emotional abuse were related to an increased risk of both minor and severe injuries. Both models had good predictive value: 80% concordance rate when predicting minor injuries and 90% concordance rate when predicting severe injuries. Knowledge of a woman's status on these risk factors would allow public health practitioners to intervene with battered women more effectively to prevent injuries. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Div Violence Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Thompson, MP (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Div Violence Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 18 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 2 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC PI THOUSAND OAKS PA 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 USA SN 1077-8012 J9 VIOLENCE AGAINST WOM JI Violence Against Women PD AUG PY 2001 VL 7 IS 8 BP 886 EP 899 DI 10.1177/10778010122182811 PG 14 WC Women's Studies SC Women's Studies GA 457NB UT WOS:000170142700004 ER PT J AU Sanchez, AJ Abbott, KD Nichol, ST AF Sanchez, AJ Abbott, KD Nichol, ST TI Genetic identification and characterization of Limestone Canyon virus, a unique Peromyscus-Borne hantavirus SO VIROLOGY LA English DT Article DE hantavirus; Peromyscus boylii; coevolution; genetics; RNA virus ID PULMONARY SYNDROME; SIGMODON HISPIDUS; GENOME STRUCTURE; UNITED-STATES; NORTH-AMERICA; LONG-TERM; REITHRODONTOMYS; BUNYAVIRIDAE; POPULATIONS; EXPRESSION AB Hantaviruses, family Bunyaviridae are rodent-borne RNA viruses that can cause hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HIPS) in various regions of the Americas. A coevolutionary relationship exists between hantaviruses and their specific rodent reservoir hosts; the phylogeny of the viruses generally matches that of the rodents. There are several Peromyscus-borne hantaviruses, including Sin Nombre virus, the most common cause of HPS in North America. This report describes the genetic detection and characterization of a newly discovered Peromyscus boylii-borne virus, Limestone Canyon (LSC) virus, the most divergent member of the Peromyscus-borne hantaviruses to date. Analysis of a 1209-nucleotide region of the S segment of LSC virus showed it to be more closely related to hantaviruses found in harvest mice (Reithrodontomys megalotis and R. mexicanus) than to other Peromyscus-associated hantaviruses (Sin Nombre, New York, and Monongahela). Phylogenetic analysis of virtually the entire M genome segment (3489 nucleotides) of LSC virus revealed a similar picture in which LSC virus was found to be very distinct from other Peromyscus-associated viruses, but its exact relationship to the other Peromyscus-borne and the Reithrodontomys-borne viruses was not resolved. These results indicate that hantavirus host species-jumping events can occur by which a hantavirus may switch to, and become established in, a rodent host belonging to a different genus, P. boylii are present throughout the southwestern United States and central Mexico. More extensive screening of HPS patients by using RT-PCR assays will be necessary to determine if LSC virus can cause human disease. (C) 2001 Acedemic Press. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Special Pathogens Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Yavapai Coll, Dept Biol, Prescott, AZ 86301 USA. RP Nichol, ST (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Special Pathogens Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 27 TC 32 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0042-6822 J9 VIROLOGY JI Virology PD AUG 1 PY 2001 VL 286 IS 2 BP 345 EP 353 DI 10.1006/viro.2001.0983 PG 9 WC Virology SC Virology GA 460GX UT WOS:000170300800010 PM 11485402 ER PT J AU Michaels, M Deeks, S Kaufman, C Volberding, P Gupta, P Heneine, W Kaplan, L Swift, P Damon, L Ildstad, S AF Michaels, M Deeks, S Kaufman, C Volberding, P Gupta, P Heneine, W Kaplan, L Swift, P Damon, L Ildstad, S TI Baboon to human bone marrow xenotransplantation in a patient with advanced HIV syndrome: case report and 5 year follow up SO XENOTRANSPLANTATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Childrens Hosp Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. Univ Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292 USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA. Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0908-665X J9 XENOTRANSPLANTATION JI Xenotransplantation PD AUG PY 2001 VL 8 SU 1 MA 55 BP 17 EP 17 PG 1 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental; Transplantation SC Research & Experimental Medicine; Transplantation GA 477XD UT WOS:000171308800047 ER PT J AU Pitkin, Z Switzer, WM Shanmugam, V Stevens, AC Solomon, BA Chapman, L Bhullar, V Hussain, A Matthews, A Sandstrom, P Mullon, CJP Heneine, W AF Pitkin, Z Switzer, WM Shanmugam, V Stevens, AC Solomon, BA Chapman, L Bhullar, V Hussain, A Matthews, A Sandstrom, P Mullon, CJP Heneine, W CA HepatAssist Syst Study Working Grp TI A Phase II/III clinical trial interim analysis of PERV transmissibility to acute liver failure patients treated with a porcine based bioartificial liver SO XENOTRANSPLANTATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Circe Biomed, Lexington, MA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0908-665X J9 XENOTRANSPLANTATION JI Xenotransplantation PD AUG PY 2001 VL 8 SU 1 MA 102 BP 34 EP 34 PG 1 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental; Transplantation SC Research & Experimental Medicine; Transplantation GA 477XD UT WOS:000171308800092 ER PT J AU Perkins, BA AF Perkins, BA TI Prospects for prevention of meningococcal meningitis SO LANCET LA English DT Editorial Material ID EPIDEMICS; THRESHOLDS; AFRICA C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Perkins, BA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 8 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD JUL 28 PY 2001 VL 358 IS 9278 BP 255 EP 256 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(01)05492-7 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 457AF UT WOS:000170114400003 PM 11498206 ER PT J AU Mostashari, F Bunning, ML Kitsutani, PT Singer, DA Nash, D Cooper, MJ Katz, N Liljebjelke, KA Biggerstaff, BJ Fine, AD Layton, MC Mullin, SM Johnson, AJ Martin, DA Hayes, EB Campbell, GL AF Mostashari, F Bunning, ML Kitsutani, PT Singer, DA Nash, D Cooper, MJ Katz, N Liljebjelke, KA Biggerstaff, BJ Fine, AD Layton, MC Mullin, SM Johnson, AJ Martin, DA Hayes, EB Campbell, GL TI Epidemic West Nile encephalitis, New York, 1999: results of a household-based seroepidemiological survey SO LANCET LA English DT Article ID VIRUS; OUTBREAK; ROMANIA AB Background In the summer of 1999, West Nile virus was recognised in the western hemisphere for the first time when it caused an epidemic of encephalitis and meningitis in the metropolitan area of New York City, NY, USA. Intensive hospital-based surveillance identified 59 cases, including seven deaths in the region. We did a household-based seroepidemiological survey to assess more clearly the public-health impact of the epidemic, its range of illness, and risk factors associated with infection. Methods We used cluster sampling to select a representative sample of households in an area of about 7.3 km(2) at the outbreak epicentre. All individuals aged 5 years or older were eligible for interviews and phlebotomy. Serum samples were tested for IgM and IgG antibodies specific for West Nile virus. Findings 677 individuals from 459 households participated. 19 were seropositive (weighted seroprevalence 2.6% [95% CI 1.2-4.1). Six (32%) of the seropositive individuals reported a recent febrile illness compared with 70 of 648 (11%) seronegative participants (difference 21% [0-47]). A febrile syndrome with fatigue, headache, myalgia, and arthralgia was highly associated with seropositivity (prevalence ratio 7.4 [1.5-36.6]). By extrapolation from the 59 diagnosed meningoencephalitis cases, we conservatively estimated that the New York outbreak consisted of 8200 (range 3500-13 000) West Nile viral infections, including about 1700 febrile infections. Interpretation During the 1999 West Nile virus outbreak, thousands of symptomless and symptomatic West Nile viral infections probably occurred, with fewer than 1% resulting in severe neurological disease. C1 New York City Dept Hlth, Communicable Dis Program, New York, NY 10013 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol Program Off, Publ Hlth Serv, US Dept HHS, Atlanta, GA USA. CDC, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Ft Collins, CO USA. CDC, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, NCID, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Div Quarantine, NCID, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Off Anal Epidemiol & Hlth Promot, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Hyattsville, MD USA. RP Mostashari, F (reprint author), New York City Dept Hlth, Communicable Dis Program, 125 Worth St,Box 22A, New York, NY 10013 USA. NR 20 TC 340 Z9 360 U1 2 U2 17 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD JUL 28 PY 2001 VL 358 IS 9278 BP 261 EP 264 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(01)05480-0 PG 4 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 457AF UT WOS:000170114400008 PM 11498211 ER PT J AU Vineis, P Schulte, P McMichael, AJ AF Vineis, P Schulte, P McMichael, AJ TI Relevance of high and low penetrance - Reply SO LANCET LA English DT Letter C1 Univ Turin, Dipartimento Sci Biomed & Oncol Umana, Canc Epidemiol Unit, I-10126 Turin, Italy. Univ Turin, CPO Piemonte, I-10126 Turin, Italy. London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, London WC1, England. NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Vineis, P (reprint author), Univ Turin, Dipartimento Sci Biomed & Oncol Umana, Canc Epidemiol Unit, Santena 7, I-10126 Turin, Italy. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD JUL 28 PY 2001 VL 358 IS 9278 BP 331 EP 332 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(01)05507-6 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 457AF UT WOS:000170114400041 ER PT J AU Lichtenstein, KA Ward, DJ Moorman, AC Delaney, KM Young, B Palella, FJ Rhodes, PH Wood, KC Holmberg, SD AF Lichtenstein, KA Ward, DJ Moorman, AC Delaney, KM Young, B Palella, FJ Rhodes, PH Wood, KC Holmberg, SD CA HIV Outpatient Study Investigators TI Clinical assessment of HIV-associated lipodystrophy in an ambulatory population SO AIDS LA English DT Article DE antiretroviral drugs; complications; fat accumulation; HIV infection; lipoatrophy; lipodystrophy ID THERAPY AB Objective: To identify clinical factors associated with prevalence of fat atrophy (lipoatrophy) and fat accumulation (lipoaccumulalion) in HIV-1 infected patients. Design: Evaluation of HIV-1 infected patients seen for routine care between 1 October and 31 December 1998 in the eight HIV Outpatient Study (HOPS) clinics. Setting: Eight clinics specializing in the care of HIV-1 infected patients. Patients: A total of 1077 patients were evaluated for signs of fat maldistribution. Interventions: A standardized set of questions and specific clinical signs were assessed. Demographic, clinical and pharmacological data for each patient were also included in the analysis. Main outcome measures: Demographic, immunologic, virologic, clinical, laboratory, and drug treatment factors were assessed in stratified and multivariate analyses for their relationship to the presence and severity of fat accumulation and atrophy. Results: independent factors for moderate/severe lipoatrophy for 171 patients were increasing age, any use of stavudine, use of indinavir for longer than 2 years, body mass index (BMI) loss, and measures of duration and severity of HIV disease. Independent risk factors for moderate/severe fat accumulation for 104 patients were increasing age, BMI gain, measures of amount and duration of immune recovery, and duration of antiretroviral therapy (ART). The number of non-drug risk factors substantially increased the likelihood of lipoatrophy. If non-drug risk factors were absent, lipoatrophy was unusual regardless of the du ration of drug use. Conclusions: HIV-associated lipodystrophy is associated with several host, disease, and drug factors. While prevalence of lipoatrophy increased with the use of stavudine and indinavir, and lipoaccumulation was associated with duration of ART, other non-drug factors were strongly associated with both fat atrophy and accumulation. (C) 2001 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. C1 Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Rose Med Ctr, Denver, CO 80220 USA. Dupont Circle Physicians Grp, Washington, DC USA. CDC, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Northwestern Univ, Sch Med, Chicago, IL USA. APACHE Med Syst Inc, Mclean, VA USA. RP Lichtenstein, KA (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Rose Med Ctr, 4545 E 9th Ave,Suite 120, Denver, CO 80220 USA. NR 17 TC 295 Z9 303 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0269-9370 J9 AIDS JI Aids PD JUL 27 PY 2001 VL 15 IS 11 BP 1389 EP 1398 DI 10.1097/00002030-200107270-00008 PG 10 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA 455YN UT WOS:000170055500010 PM 11504960 ER PT J AU Ghys, PD Diallo, MO Ettiegne-Traore, V Satten, CA Anoma, CK Maurice, C Kadjo, JC Coulibaly, IM Wiktor, SZ Greenberg, AE Laga, M AF Ghys, PD Diallo, MO Ettiegne-Traore, V Satten, CA Anoma, CK Maurice, C Kadjo, JC Coulibaly, IM Wiktor, SZ Greenberg, AE Laga, M TI Effect of interventions to control sexually transmitted disease on the incidence of HIV infection in female sex workers SO AIDS LA English DT Article DE HlV-2; sexually transmitted disease; sex worker ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; IVORY-COAST; CONDOM PROMOTION; RURAL TANZANIA; TYPE-1 HIV-1; TRANSMISSION; PROTECTION; PROSTITUTES; ABIDJAN AB Objective: To compare the seroincidence of HIV infection among female sex workers in Abidjan, Cote d'lvoire before and during an intervention study to control sexually transmitted diseases (STD) and to study the effect of two STD diagnosis and treatment strategies on the prevalence of STD and on the seroincidence of HIV infection. Method: A screening facility for STD and HIV had been available since October 1992 for female sex workers. From lune 1994, women who were HIV seronegative or HIV-2 positive during the screening could enroll in the intervention study in which participants reported once a month to a confidential clinic where they received health education, condoms and STD treatment if indicated. Women in the study were randomized either to a basic STD diagnosis and treatment strategy, which included a gynecologic examination when symptomatic, or to an intensive strategy that included a gynecologic examination regardless of symptoms. An outcome assessment every 6 months included a gynecologic examination, HIV serology and laboratory tests for STD. Results: Of 542 women enrolled in the study, 225 (42%) had at least one outcome assessment. The HIV-1 seroincidence rate during the intervention study was significantly lower than before the study (6.5 versus 16.3 per 100 person-years; P = 0.02). During the study, the HIV-1 seroincidence rate was slightly lower in the intensive than in the basic strategy (5.3 versus 7.6 per 100 person-years; P = 0.5). Conclusion: National AIDS control programs should consider adopting as policy the type of integrated approach used in this intervention study for HIV prevention in female sex workers. (C) 2001 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. C1 Projet RETRO CI, Abidjan, Cote Ivoire. Inst Trop Med, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Natl AIDS STD TB Control Program, Abidjan, Cote Ivoire. RP Ghys, PD (reprint author), UNAIDS, 20 Ave Appia, CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. NR 30 TC 79 Z9 79 U1 1 U2 6 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0269-9370 J9 AIDS JI Aids PD JUL 27 PY 2001 VL 15 IS 11 BP 1421 EP 1431 DI 10.1097/00002030-200107270-00012 PG 11 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA 455YN UT WOS:000170055500014 PM 11504964 ER PT J AU Rietmeijer, CA Bull, SS McFarlane, M AF Rietmeijer, CA Bull, SS McFarlane, M TI Sex and the Internet SO AIDS LA English DT Editorial Material DE HIV; sexually transmitted diseases; sexual behavior; risk factors; Internet ID SEXUALLY-TRANSMITTED DISEASES; CYBERSPACE; HIV C1 Denver Publ Hlth, Denver, CO 80204 USA. AMC Canc Ctr, Denver, CO USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Rietmeijer, CA (reprint author), Denver Publ Hlth, 605 Bannock St, Denver, CO 80204 USA. NR 6 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 6 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0269-9370 J9 AIDS JI Aids PD JUL 27 PY 2001 VL 15 IS 11 BP 1433 EP 1434 DI 10.1097/00002030-200107270-00013 PG 2 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA 455YN UT WOS:000170055500015 PM 11504965 ER PT J AU Khan, AS Ashford, DA AF Khan, AS Ashford, DA TI Ready or not - Preparedness for bioterrorism SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Editorial Material ID TERRORISM C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Khan, AS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 13 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 0 PU MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SOC PI WALTHAM PA WALTHAM WOODS CENTER, 860 WINTER ST,, WALTHAM, MA 02451-1413 USA SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD JUL 26 PY 2001 VL 345 IS 4 BP 287 EP 289 DI 10.1056/NEJM200107263450411 PG 4 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 455XZ UT WOS:000170054200011 PM 11474670 ER PT J AU Ratelle, S Tang, Y Whelan, M Etkind, P Yokoe, D Platt, R Blair, R Martino, L AF Ratelle, S Tang, Y Whelan, M Etkind, P Yokoe, D Platt, R Blair, R Martino, L CA CDC TI Evaluation of sexually transmitted disease control practices for male patients with urethritis at a large group practice affiliated with a managed care organization - Massachusetts, 1995-1997 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 50, pg 460-462, 2001) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Massachusetts Dept Publ Hlth, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Brigham & Womens Hosp, Channing Lab, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Harvard Vanguard Med Associates, Boston, MA USA. Harvard Vanguard Med Associates, Wellesley, MA USA. CDC, Div STD Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Ratelle, S (reprint author), Massachusetts Dept Publ Hlth, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUL 25 PY 2001 VL 286 IS 4 BP 410 EP 411 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 456DZ UT WOS:000170069000009 ER PT J AU Mtonga, A Synyinza, E Nyrenda, J Banda, M AF Mtonga, A Synyinza, E Nyrenda, J Banda, M CA CDC TI Measles incidence before and after supplementary vaccination activites - Lusaka, Zambia, 1996-2000 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 50, pg 513-516, 2001) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Lusaka Dist Management Team, Lusaka, Zambia. WHO, Off Eastern Africa, Nairobi, Kenya. CDC, Vaccine Preventable Dis Eradicat Div, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUL 25 PY 2001 VL 286 IS 4 BP 411 EP 413 PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 456DZ UT WOS:000170069000010 ER PT J AU Reese, S Owen, P Bender, B Potts, G Davis, B Leff, M Adams, M Breukelman, F Bullo, I Hoecherl, S Martin, L Reyes-Salvail, F Aydelotte, J Steiner, B Stemnock, L Davila, J Hunt, C Sparks, T Bates, B Maines, D Weinstein, A Brooks, D McGee, H Salem, N Johnson, D Jackson-Thompson, J Feigley, P Andelt, L DeJan, E Powers, L Boeselager, G Honey, W Baker, C Gizlice, Z Shireley, L Pullen, P Baker, K Pickle, K Mann, L Cintron, Y Hesser, J Wu, M Gildmaster, M Ridings, D Condon, K Marti, K Roe, C Carswell, K WynkoopSimmons, K King, F Pearson, K Futa, M Poel, A AF Reese, S Owen, P Bender, B Potts, G Davis, B Leff, M Adams, M Breukelman, F Bullo, I Hoecherl, S Martin, L Reyes-Salvail, F Aydelotte, J Steiner, B Stemnock, L Davila, J Hunt, C Sparks, T Bates, B Maines, D Weinstein, A Brooks, D McGee, H Salem, N Johnson, D Jackson-Thompson, J Feigley, P Andelt, L DeJan, E Powers, L Boeselager, G Honey, W Baker, C Gizlice, Z Shireley, L Pullen, P Baker, K Pickle, K Mann, L Cintron, Y Hesser, J Wu, M Gildmaster, M Ridings, D Condon, K Marti, K Roe, C Carswell, K WynkoopSimmons, K King, F Pearson, K Futa, M Poel, A CA CDC TI Influenza and pneumococcal vaccination levels among persons aged >= 65 years - United States, 1999 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 50, pg 532-537, 2001) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Assoc Sch Publ Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. CDC, Stat Anal Br, Data Management Dvi, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Adult Vaccine Prevent Dis Br, Epidemiol & Surveillance Div, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 1 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUL 25 PY 2001 VL 286 IS 4 BP 413 EP 414 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 456DZ UT WOS:000170069000011 ER PT J AU Newton, KM LaCroix, AZ Buist, DSM Anderson, LA Delaney, K AF Newton, KM LaCroix, AZ Buist, DSM Anderson, LA Delaney, K TI What factors account for hormone replacement therapy prescribing frequency? SO MATURITAS LA English DT Article DE HRT; menopause; prescribing frequency ID DECISION-MAKING; MANAGED CARE; ATTITUDES; BELIEFS; VIEWS; WOMEN; GYNECOLOGISTS; ENDOMETRIUM; PREVENTION; MENOPAUSE AB Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare hormone replacement therapy (HRT) prescribing frequency to provider characteristics, attitudes and beliefs about menopause and HRT. Methods: There was a mailed survey of providers at a large staff-model HMO in Washington state. Participants included 250 family practice physicians, 22 gynecologists, and 13 women's health care specialists and nurse midwives (83% response rate). The primary outcome, 'HRT prescribing frequency' (derived from automated pharmacy and visit data) was defined as: the total number of estrogen prescriptions written by the provider and filled by women aged 50-80 years during the 12 months prior to the survey, divided by the number of visits made to the provider by women aged 50-80 years during that same 12-month period. Covariates included provider characteristics and beliefs about menopause and HRT. Logistic regression was used to distinguish providers in the upper 40% versus the lower 60% of HRT prescribing frequency. Results: Controlling for age and practice type, HRT prescribing frequency was lower among men than women providers (odds ratio [OR] 0.38, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.21-0.65), higher among providers who agreed (vs. disagreed or neutral) that a convincing scientific case has been made that HRT prevents heart disease (OR 2.66, 95% Cl 1.53-4.61), and higher among those in the upper tertile vs. lower tertiles of an HRT encouragement scale (OR 2.50, 95% CI 1.29-4.85). Conclusions: Female providers and providers with positive attitudes toward HRT are the most likely to prescribe it. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Grp Hlth Cooperat Puget Sound, Ctr Hlth Studies, Seattle, WA 98101 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Publ Hlth & Community Med, Dept Epidemiol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NCCDPHP, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Newton, KM (reprint author), Grp Hlth Cooperat Puget Sound, Ctr Hlth Studies, 1730 Minor Ave,Suite 1600, Seattle, WA 98101 USA. NR 26 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0378-5122 J9 MATURITAS JI Maturitas PD JUL 25 PY 2001 VL 39 IS 1 BP 1 EP 10 DI 10.1016/S0378-5122(01)00185-2 PG 10 WC Geriatrics & Gerontology; Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Geriatrics & Gerontology; Obstetrics & Gynecology GA 456KN UT WOS:000170081800001 PM 11451615 ER PT J AU Del Brutto, OH Rajshekhar, V White, AC Tsang, VCW Nash, TE Takayanagui, OM Schantz, PM Evans, CAW Flisser, A Correa, D Botero, D Allan, JC Sarti, E Gonzalez, AE Gilman, RH Garcia, HH AF Del Brutto, OH Rajshekhar, V White, AC Tsang, VCW Nash, TE Takayanagui, OM Schantz, PM Evans, CAW Flisser, A Correa, D Botero, D Allan, JC Sarti, E Gonzalez, AE Gilman, RH Garcia, HH TI Proposed diagnostic criteria for neurocysticercosis SO NEUROLOGY LA English DT Review ID TAENIA-SOLIUM CYSTICERCOSIS; DOUBLE-BLIND TRIAL; CEREBRAL CYSTICERCOSIS; ALBENDAZOLE THERAPY; CEREBROSPINAL-FLUID; MAJOR CAUSE; IMMUNODIAGNOSIS; SEIZURES; EPILEPSY; ELISA AB Neurocysticercosis is the most common helminthic infection of the CNS but its diagnosis remains difficult. Clinical manifestations are nonspecific, most neuroimaging findings are not pathognomonic, and some serologic tests have low sensitivity and specificity. The authors provide diagnostic criteria for neurocysticercosis based on objective clinical, imaging, immunologic, and epidemiologic data. These include four categories of criteria stratified on the basis of their diagnostic strength, including the following: 1) absolute-histologic demonstration of the parasite from biopsy of a brain or spinal cord lesion, cystic lesions showing the scolex on CT or MRI, and direct visualization of subretinal parasites by funduscopic examination; 2) major-lesions highly suggestive of neurocysticercosis on neuroimaging studies, positive serum enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot for the detection of anticysticercal antibodies, resolution of intracranial cystic lesions after therapy with albendazole or praziquantel, and spontaneous resolution of small single enhancing lesions; 3) minor-lesions compatible with neurocysticercosis on neuroimaging studies, clinical manifestations suggestive of neurocysticercosis, positive CSF enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of anticysticercal antibodies or cysticercal antigens, and cysticercosis outside the CNS; and 4) epidemiologic-evidence of a household contact with Taenia solium infection, individuals coming from or living in an area where cysticercosis is endemic, and history of frequent travel to disease-endemic areas. Interpretation of these criteria permits two degrees of diagnostic certainty: 1) definitive diagnosis, in patients who have one absolute criterion or in those who have two major plus one minor and one epidemiologic criterion; and 2) probable diagnosis, in patients who have one major plus two minor criteria, in those who have one major plus one minor and one epidemiologic criterion, and in those who have three minor plus one epidemiologic criterion. C1 Hosp Clin Kennedy, Dept Neurol Sci, Guayaquil, Ecuador. Christian Med Coll & Hosp, Dept Neurol Sci, Vellore 632004, Tamil Nadu, India. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Med, Infect Dis Sect, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Ctr Dis Control, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NIAID, Parasit Dis Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Med Ribeirao Preto, Dept Neurol, BR-05508 Sao Paulo, Brazil. Univ Cambridge, Sch Clin, Cambridge, England. Secretaria Salud, Inst Diagnost & Referencia Epidemiol, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. Secretaria Salud, Direcc Gen Epidemiol, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. Inst Colombiano Med Trop, Medellin, Colombia. Pfizer Global Res & Dev, Sandwich, Kent, England. Univ Nacl Mayor San Marcos, Lima 14, Peru. Asociac Benefica Proyectos Informat Salud Med & A, Lima, Peru. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Int Hlth, Baltimore, MD USA. Inst Nacl Ciencias Neurol, Cysticercosis Unit, Lima, Peru. Univ Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Dept Microbiol, Lima, Peru. Univ Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Dept Pathol, Lima, Peru. RP Del Brutto, OH (reprint author), Air Ctr 3542, POB 522970, Miami, FL 33152 USA. RI Takayanagui, Osvaldo/C-8159-2013; OI Takayanagui, Osvaldo/0000-0002-8190-0275; White, A Clinton/0000-0002-9668-4632 FU Wellcome Trust [057434] NR 63 TC 386 Z9 400 U1 0 U2 14 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0028-3878 J9 NEUROLOGY JI Neurology PD JUL 24 PY 2001 VL 57 IS 2 BP 177 EP 183 PG 7 WC Clinical Neurology SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA 454WG UT WOS:000169994300005 PM 11480424 ER PT J AU Dayan, GH Nguyen, VH Debbag, R Gomez, R Wood, SC AF Dayan, GH Nguyen, VH Debbag, R Gomez, R Wood, SC TI Cost-effectiveness of influenza vaccination in high-risk children in Argentina SO VACCINE LA English DT Article DE influenza; vaccination; cost-effectiveness ID CONGENITAL HEART-DISEASE; ACUTE OTITIS-MEDIA; VIRUS INFECTION; RESPIRATORY-DISEASE; VIRAL-INFECTIONS; CONTROLLED TRIAL; ELDERLY PERSONS; UNITED-STATES; A-VIRUS; EFFICACY AB Objectives: our study aimed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of influenza vaccination in high-risk children in Argentina. Methods: a decision analysis model was performed, using data from published and unpublished sources. to compare two strategies - to vaccinate or not to vaccinate. We simulated the expected consequences of vaccination on direct medical costs, related to disease management and indirect costs, related to lost parental working days (absenteeism). Results: Using base-case assumptions vaccination of high-risk children aged 6 months to 15 years old, in Argentina (estimated cohort of 1184748) would prevent 207331 cases of influenza, resulting in a reduction of 58052 days of hospitalization and 207331 outpatient visits. Vaccination would lead to net savings of US$ 11894870 per vaccinated cohort (US$ 10.04 per vaccinated child). Conclusion: our economic analysis shows that in Argentina, routine vaccination of high-risk children against influenza would be cost saving for society. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Fdn Ctr Estudios Infectol, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. Aventis Pasteur, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. Biogen Europe, Paris, France. RP Dayan, GH (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop E-05, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 76 TC 24 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-410X J9 VACCINE JI Vaccine PD JUL 20 PY 2001 VL 19 IS 30 BP 4204 EP 4213 DI 10.1016/S0264-410X(01)00160-8 PG 10 WC Immunology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Immunology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 456NZ UT WOS:000170090200015 PM 11457546 ER PT J AU Small, PM Fujiwara, PI AF Small, PM Fujiwara, PI TI Medical progress: Management of tuberculosis in the United States SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Review ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; NEW-YORK-CITY; DIRECTLY OBSERVED THERAPY; FOREIGN-BORN PERSONS; MYCOBACTERIUM-TUBERCULOSIS; HIV-INFECTION; PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS; EXOGENOUS REINFECTION; PREVENTIVE THERAPY; RANDOMIZED TRIAL C1 Stanford Univ, Med Ctr, Div Infect Dis & Geog Med, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. New York City Dept Hlth, TB Control Program, New York, NY 10013 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div TB Eliminat, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Small, PM (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Med Ctr, Div Infect Dis & Geog Med, Rm S-156, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. NR 85 TC 163 Z9 180 U1 0 U2 0 PU MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SOC PI WALTHAM PA WALTHAM WOODS CENTER, 860 WINTER ST,, WALTHAM, MA 02451-1413 USA SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD JUL 19 PY 2001 VL 345 IS 3 BP 189 EP 200 DI 10.1056/NEJM200107193450307 PG 12 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 453JM UT WOS:000169912800007 PM 11463015 ER PT J AU McFarland, W Katz, MH Stoyanoff, SR Shehan, DA LaLota, M Celentano, DD Koblin, BA Torian, LV Thiede, H AF McFarland, W Katz, MH Stoyanoff, SR Shehan, DA LaLota, M Celentano, DD Koblin, BA Torian, LV Thiede, H CA CDC TI HIV incidence among young men who have sex with men - Seven US cities, 1994-2000 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 50, pg 440-444, 2001) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint ID TESTING STRATEGY; UNITED-STATES; SAN-FRANCISCO; BISEXUAL MEN; INFECTION; SEROINCIDENCE; FEASIBILITY; TRIALS C1 San Francisco Dept Publ Hlth, San Francisco, CA USA. Los Angeles Cty Dept Hlth Serv, Los Angeles, CA USA. Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dallas, TX USA. Florida Dept Hlth, Tallahassee, FL USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Baltimore, MD USA. New York Blood Ctr, New York, NY 10021 USA. New York City Dept Hlth, New York, NY 10013 USA. Publ Hlth Seattle & King Cty, Seattle, WA USA. CDC, Clin Biochem Branch, Div Environm Hlth Lab Sci, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Prevent Serv Res Branch,Stat & Data Management Br, Off Director,Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance &, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP McFarland, W (reprint author), San Francisco Dept Publ Hlth, San Francisco, CA USA. NR 11 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUL 18 PY 2001 VL 286 IS 3 BP 297 EP 299 PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 452QA UT WOS:000169869200009 ER PT J AU Carter, K Dixon, K AF Carter, K Dixon, K CA CDC TI Kernicterus in full-term infants - United States, 1994-1998 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 50, pg 491-494, 2001) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint ID JAUNDICE; NEWBORN C1 Emory Univ, Sch Med, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Parents Infants & Children Kernicterus, Birmingham, AL USA. CDC, Natl Ctr Birth Defects & Dev Disabil, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Carter, K (reprint author), Emory Univ, Sch Med, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. NR 11 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUL 18 PY 2001 VL 286 IS 3 BP 299 EP 300 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 452QA UT WOS:000169869200010 ER PT J AU Shankar, V Fisher, S Forghani, B Vafai, A AF Shankar, V Fisher, S Forghani, B Vafai, A TI Nucleotide sequence analysis of varicella-zoster virus glycoprotein E epitope coding regions SO VACCINE LA English DT Article DE varicella-zoster virus (VZV); glycoprotein E (gE); epitope stability ID SUBUNIT VACCINE; DNA-SEQUENCE; STABILITY; OKA AB Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) glycoprotein E [gE] contains 623 amino acid residues. Fifty percent of the gE gene, codons 39 to 344 that encompasses two epitope coding regions el and cl, was sequenced and analyzed for variation among the 30 VZV isolates. A total of eleven isolates showed variance when compared with Dumas VZV strain sequence through base substitutions, with two isolates showing an amino acid change of tryptophan to arginine outside the coding regions of the epitopes el and cl that are recognized by monoclonal antibodies 4F9 and c1, respectively. The results suggest that these epitopes were stable in the various VZV isolates. Thus, VZV glycoproteins with conserved epitopes are suitable candidates for both primary and booster vaccines. 2001 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 CDCP, Biol Branch, Sci Resources Program,Natl Ctr Infect Dis, PHS,US Dept HHS, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Calif Dept Hlth Sci, Viral & Rickettsial Dis Lab, Div Communicable Dis Control, Richmond, CA USA. RP Vafai, A (reprint author), CDCP, Biol Branch, Sci Resources Program,Natl Ctr Infect Dis, PHS,US Dept HHS, 1600 Clifton Rd,Room 3207,Bldg 1,MS-D34, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 23 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-410X J9 VACCINE JI Vaccine PD JUL 16 PY 2001 VL 19 IS 28-29 BP 3830 EP 3833 DI 10.1016/S0264-410X(01)00147-5 PG 4 WC Immunology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Immunology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 450WE UT WOS:000169767200004 PM 11427254 ER PT J AU Hanlon, CA DeMattos, CA DeMattos, CC Niezgoda, M Hooper, DC Koprowski, H Notkins, A Rupprecht, CE AF Hanlon, CA DeMattos, CA DeMattos, CC Niezgoda, M Hooper, DC Koprowski, H Notkins, A Rupprecht, CE TI Experimental utility of rabies virus-neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies in post-exposure prophylaxis SO VACCINE LA English DT Article DE rabies; human monoclonal antibodies; lyssaviruses ID POSTEXPOSURE TREATMENT; IMMUNE GLOBULIN; VACCINE; FAILURE; GLYCOPROTEIN; LYSSAVIRUS; INFECTION; AUSTRALIA; THAILAND; BATS AB Rabies immune globulin (RIG) is essential for post-exposure prophylaxis but is expensive and not widely available. Rabies virus-neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) were evaluated in vitro and in a Syrian hamster model as a potential future alternative. Seven Mabs neutralized representative rabies virus variants. However, a European bat lyssavirus was not neutralized by either Mabs or RIG. Moreover. Duvenhage virus was neutralized by RIG, but not by Mabs, and Lagos bat and Mokola viruses were neutralized by one Mab but not by RIG. In hamsters, one Mab resulted in protection that was comparable to human RIG. These results suggest that Mabs may provide a promising alternative to RIG. 2001 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Rabies Sect MSG33, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Thomas Jefferson Univ, Ctr Neurovirol, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA. NIDR, Expt Med Sect, Oral Infect & Immun Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Hanlon, CA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Rabies Sect MSG33, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. OI Hooper, Douglas/0000-0002-8578-5104 FU PHS HHS [NIDR-2-95-6R] NR 60 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-410X J9 VACCINE JI Vaccine PD JUL 16 PY 2001 VL 19 IS 28-29 BP 3834 EP 3842 DI 10.1016/S0264-410X(01)00135-9 PG 9 WC Immunology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Immunology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 450WE UT WOS:000169767200005 PM 11427255 ER PT J AU Williams, JL Christensen, CJ McMahon, BJ Bulkow, LR Cagle, HH Mayers, JS Zanis, CL Parkinson, AJ Margolis, HS AF Williams, JL Christensen, CJ McMahon, BJ Bulkow, LR Cagle, HH Mayers, JS Zanis, CL Parkinson, AJ Margolis, HS TI Evaluation of the response to a booster dose of hepatitis B vaccine in previously immunized healthcare workers SO VACCINE LA English DT Article DE healthcare workers; antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen; hepatitis B vaccine booster ID YUPIK ESKIMO POPULATION; UNITED-STATES; CARE WORKERS; EFFICACY AB Introduction: Hepatitis B vaccination is recommended for all healthcare workers (HCW) at risk of exposure to infectious body fluids. However, the absolute duration of protection from immunization is unknown. The purpose of this randomized comparison trial was to determine how previously immunized HCW respond to different booster doses of hepatitis B vaccine. Method: Adult HCW (n = 59) were classified by level of hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs), either < 10 milli-International Units per milliliter (mIU/ml) or 10-50 mIU/ml. Participants were then randomized to receive a 2.5 or 10 mug dose of hepatitis B vaccine. Evaluation of anti-HBs levels were conducted 10 to 14 days, one month and one year postbooster. Results and discussion: All participants responded to the booster dose with increased anti-HBs levels. At 14 days, mean anti-HBs levels were significantly higher for those with higher levels at baseline (P = 0.004) and those receiving the 10 mug dose (P = 0.016). At one month, those with higher anti-HBs levels at baseline and those receiving the 10 mug dose were significantly higher (P < 0.01 for both). At one year, the increase for the higher dose was no longer statistically significant when examined by itself (P = 0.081); statistical significance (P = 0.021) was achieved after adjusting for anti-HBs level at baseline. For all participants, the geometric mean anti-HBs level was 2618 mIU/ml at 14 days, 2175 mIU/ml at one month and 88.9 mIU/ml at one year. At all time points the increase in anti-HBs levels represented an increase over the geometric mean baseline level of anti-HBs (7.4 mIU/ml). Hepatitis B immunized adults responded to a booster dose of hepatitis B vaccine from 3 to 13 yr postvaccination series. Data support current recommendations that immunized HCW do not require periodic antibody testing or vaccine boosters. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 ANC, HEP, Viral Hepatitis Program, Alaska Nat Med Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Arctic Investigat Program, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hepatitis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Williams, JL (reprint author), ANC, HEP, Viral Hepatitis Program, Alaska Nat Med Ctr, 4315 Diplomacy Dr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. NR 15 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-410X J9 VACCINE JI Vaccine PD JUL 16 PY 2001 VL 19 IS 28-29 BP 4081 EP 4085 DI 10.1016/S0264-410X(01)00112-8 PG 5 WC Immunology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Immunology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 450WE UT WOS:000169767200035 PM 11427285 ER PT J AU Mercy, JA Kresnow, MJ O'Carroll, PW Lee, RK Powell, KE Potter, LB Swann, AC Frankowski, RF Bayer, TL AF Mercy, JA Kresnow, MJ O'Carroll, PW Lee, RK Powell, KE Potter, LB Swann, AC Frankowski, RF Bayer, TL TI Is suicide contagious? A study of the relation between exposure to the suicidal behavior of others and nearly lethal suicide attempts SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE adolescent behavior; adolescent psychology; imitative behavior; psychology; suicide; suicide; attempted ID TELEVISION-NEWS STORIES; TEENAGE SUICIDES; FAMILY HISTORY; IMPACT; IMITATION; FATALITIES; SUGGESTION; COMMUNITY; CLUSTERS; MOVIES AB This study sought to determine the association between nearly lethal suicide attempts and exposure to the suicidal behavior of parents, relatives, friends, or acquaintances and to accounts of suicide in the media. The authors conducted a population-based case-control study in Houston, Texas, from November 1992 through July 1995. They interviewed 153 victims of attempted suicide aged 13-34 years who had been treated at emergency departments in Houston and a random sample of 513 control subjects. After controlling for potentially confounding variables, the authors found that exposure to the suicidal behavior of a parent (adjusted OR = 1.5, 95% Cl: 0.6, 3.6; p = 0.42) or a nonparent relative (adjusted OR = 1.2; 95% CI: 0.7, 2.0; p = 0.55) was not significantly associated with nearly lethal suicide attempts. Both exposure to the suicidal behavior of a friend or acquaintance (adjusted OR = 0.6; 95% CI: 0.4, 1.0; p = 0.05) and exposure to accounts of suicidal behavior in the media (adjusted OR = 0.2; 95% CI: 0.1, 0.3; p = 0.00) were associated with a lower risk of nearly lethal suicide attempts. Exposure to accounts of suicidal behavior in the media acid, to a lesser extent, exposure to the suicidal behavior of friends or acquaintances may be protective for nearly lethal suicide attempts, but further research is needed to better understand the mechanisms underlying these findings. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Violence Prevent, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Publ Hlth Practice Program Off, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Missouri, Barnes Coll Nursing, St Louis, MO 63121 USA. Georgia Dept Human Serv, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Texas, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat, Houston, TX USA. Univ Texas, Sch Publ Hlth, Houston, TX USA. Baylor Coll Med, Dept Psychiat, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Mercy, JA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Violence Prevent, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Mailstop K60,4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 42 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 6 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUL 15 PY 2001 VL 154 IS 2 BP 120 EP 127 DI 10.1093/aje/154.2.120 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 453FT UT WOS:000169906400004 PM 11447044 ER PT J AU Dykewicz, CA AF Dykewicz, CA TI Summary of the guidelines for preventing opportunistic infections among hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID BONE-MARROW TRANSPLANTATION; HERPES-SIMPLEX-VIRUS; CYTOMEGALOVIRUS PP65 ANTIGENEMIA; DOUBLE-BLIND; CONTROLLED TRIAL; FUNGAL-INFECTIONS; ORAL ACYCLOVIR; GANCICLOVIR; PROPHYLAXIS; DISEASE AB This article contains highlights of "Guidelines for Preventing Opportunistic Infections among Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients: Recommendations of the CDC, the Infectious Diseases Society of America, and the American Society of Blood and Marrow Transplantation," which was published in the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. There are sections on the prevention of bacterial, viral, fungal, protozoal, and helminth infections and on hospital infection control, strategies for safe living following transplantation, immunizations, and hematopoietic stem cell safety. The guidelines are evidence-based, and prevention strategies are rated by both the strength of the recommendation and the quality of evidence that supports it. Recommendations are given for preventing cytomegalovirus disease with prophylactic or preemptive gancyclovir, herpes simplex virus disease with prophylactic acyclovir, candidiasis with fluconazole, and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Hopefully, following the recommendations made in the guidelines will reduce morbidity and mortality from opportunistic infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. C1 CDCP, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Dykewicz, CA (reprint author), CDCP, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop A12, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 34 TC 186 Z9 191 U1 0 U2 17 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUL 15 PY 2001 VL 33 IS 2 BP 139 EP 144 DI 10.1086/321805 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 444FD UT WOS:000169387700001 PM 11418871 ER PT J AU Gimenez-Sanchez, F Butler, JC Jernigan, DB Strausbaugh, LJ Slemp, CC Perilla, MJ Dowell, SF AF Gimenez-Sanchez, F Butler, JC Jernigan, DB Strausbaugh, LJ Slemp, CC Perilla, MJ Dowell, SF TI Treating cardiovascular disease with antimicrobial agents: A survey of knowledge, attitudes, and practices among physicians in the United States SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID ACUTE MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; CHLAMYDIA-PNEUMONIAE; SPECIALIST PHYSICIANS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; AZITHROMYCIN; ANTIBIOTICS; GENERALIST; PREVENTION; THERAPY AB To assess physicians' knowledge, attitudes, and prescribing behaviors with regard to the association between Chlamydia pneumoniae and cardiovascular disease, we surveyed 750 physicians in Alaska, 1172 in West Virginia, and 569 infectious disease (ID) specialists in a nationwide network during February-May 1999. Eighty-five percent knew of the association between C. pneumoniae and atherosclerosis, but this awareness was more common among ID specialists and cardiologists than among generalists (96% vs. 77%;). Knowledge P <.001 scores were significantly higher among ID specialists and cardiologists (P<.001) and among physicians who saw relatively more patients who had myocardial infarction and/or were at risk of atherosclerotic disease. Four percent of physicians had treated or recommended treating cardiovascular diseases with antimicrobial agents; this percentage was significantly higher among cardiologists, physicians who empirically treat patients with peptic ulcers with antimicrobial agents, and physicians with a relatively high knowledge score. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Arctic Invest Program, Anchorage, AK USA. Infect Dis Soc Amer Emerging Infect Network, Alexandria, VA USA. W Virginia Dept Hlth & Human Resources, Charleston, WV USA. RP Dowell, SF (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp Dis Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop C-23, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. FU PHS HHS [U50/CCU112346] NR 14 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUL 15 PY 2001 VL 33 IS 2 BP 171 EP 176 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 444FD UT WOS:000169387700006 PM 11418876 ER PT J AU Blumberg, HM Jarvis, WR Soucie, JM Edwards, JE Patterson, JE Pfaller, MA Rangel-Frausto, MS Rinaldi, MG Saiman, L Wiblin, RT Wenzel, RP AF Blumberg, HM Jarvis, WR Soucie, JM Edwards, JE Patterson, JE Pfaller, MA Rangel-Frausto, MS Rinaldi, MG Saiman, L Wiblin, RT Wenzel, RP CA NEMIS Study Grp TI Risk factors for candidal bloodstream infections in surgical intensive care unit patients: The NEMIS Prospective Multicenter Study SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID NOSOCOMIAL FUNGAL-INFECTIONS; HOSPITAL-ACQUIRED CANDIDEMIA; BONE-MARROW TRANSPLANTATION; BLOOD-STREAM INFECTIONS; FLUCONAZOLE PROPHYLAXIS; NATIONAL EPIDEMIOLOGY; MULTIVARIATE-ANALYSIS; CONTROLLED TRIAL; CANCER-PATIENTS; MYCOSES SURVEY AB To assess risk factors for development of candidal blood stream infections (CBSIs), a prospective cohort study was performed at 6 sites that involved all patients admitted to the surgical intensive care unit (SICU) for >48 h over a 2-year period. Among 4276 such patients, 42 CBSIs occurred (9.82 CBSIs per 1000 admissions). The overall incidence was 0.98 CBSIs per 1000 patient days and 1.42 per 1000 SICU days with a central venous catheter in place. In multivariate analysis, factors independently associated with increased risk of CBSI included prior surgery (relative risk [RR], 7.3), acute renal failure (RR, 4.2), receipt of parenteral nutrition (RR, 3.6), and, for patients who had undergone surgery, presence of a triple lumen catheter (RR, 5.4). Receipt of an antifungal agent was associated with decreased risk (RR, 0.3). Prospective clinical studies are needed to identify which antifungal agents are most protective and which high-risk patients will benefit from antifungal prophylaxis. C1 Emory Univ, Sch Med, Div Infect Dis, Dept Med, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. Grady Mem Hosp, Dept Epidemiol, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, Atlanta, GA USA. Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Harbor Med Ctr, Dept Internal Med, Div Infect Dis, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Internal Med, Div Infect Dis, San Antonio, TX USA. Univ Iowa, Dept Internal Med, Div Gen Internal Med, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. Univ Iowa, Dept Pathol, Div Med Microbiol, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. Inst Nacl Nutr, Div Hosp Epidemiol, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Pathol, Fungus Testing Lab, San Antonio, TX 78284 USA. Columbia Univ, Dept Pediat, Div Infect Dis, New York, NY 10027 USA. Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Med Coll Virginia, Dept Internal Med, Richmond, VA 23298 USA. RP Blumberg, HM (reprint author), Emory Univ, Sch Med, Div Infect Dis, Dept Med, 69 Butler St, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. NR 44 TC 392 Z9 415 U1 0 U2 3 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUL 15 PY 2001 VL 33 IS 2 BP 177 EP 186 DI 10.1086/321811 PG 10 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 444FD UT WOS:000169387700007 PM 11418877 ER PT J AU Price, NO Hacker, JK Silvers, JH Crawford-Miksza, L Hendry, RM Flood, J Hajjeh, RA Reingold, AL Passaro, DJ AF Price, NO Hacker, JK Silvers, JH Crawford-Miksza, L Hendry, RM Flood, J Hajjeh, RA Reingold, AL Passaro, DJ TI Adenovirus type 3 viremia in an adult with toxic shock-like syndrome SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID DISEASE AB Surveillance by the Unexplained Deaths and Critical Illnesses Project (UNEX) uncovered a novel presentation of adenovirus type 3 infection that satisfied the criteria for toxic shock-like syndrome in a 28-year-old immunocompetent man. Adenovirus may be a cause of toxic shock syndrome; surveillance systems such as UNEX may uncover additional causes of this and other clinically defined infectious syndromes. C1 Calif Emerging Infect Program, Oakland, CA USA. San Leandro Hosp, San Leandro, CA USA. Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Div Infect Dis & Geog Med, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Calif Dept Hlth Serv, Viral & Rickettsial Dis Lab, Richmond, CA USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Div Publ Hlth Biol & Epidemiol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Meningitis & Special Pathogens Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Passaro, DJ (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Sch Publ Hlth, Div Epidemiol & Biostat, 2121 W Taylor St, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. NR 11 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUL 15 PY 2001 VL 33 IS 2 BP 260 EP 262 DI 10.1086/321831 PG 3 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 444FD UT WOS:000169387700018 PM 11418888 ER PT J AU Passaro, DJ Shieh, WJ Hacker, JK Fritz, CL Hogan, SR Fischer, M Hendry, RM Vugia, DJ AF Passaro, DJ Shieh, WJ Hacker, JK Fritz, CL Hogan, SR Fischer, M Hendry, RM Vugia, DJ TI Predominant kidney involvement in a fatal case of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome caused by Sin Nombre virus SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID NEPHROPATHIA-EPIDEMICA; INFECTION; ANTIGEN; DISEASE AB A 27-year-old woman presented to a hospital with symptoms resembling pyelonephritis; respiratory distress did not develop until nearly a day after admission and she subsequently died. The Unexplained Deaths and Critical Illnesses Project of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention confirmed Sin Nombre virus infection by the results of serological testing and sequencing of the viral genome; staining of Sin Nombre virus antigen in the pulmonary capillaries was relatively weak. C1 Calif Emerging Infect Program, Oakland, CA USA. Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Div Infect Dis & Geog Med, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Calif Dept Hlth Serv, Div Communicable Dis Control, Sacramento, CA USA. Calif Dept Hlth Serv, Div Communicable Dis Control, Richmond, CA USA. Calif Dept Hlth Serv, Div Communicable Dis Control, Berkeley, CA 94704 USA. Forens Med Grp, Fairfield, CA USA. Ctr Dis Control, Infect Dis Pathol Act, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control, Meningitis & Special Pathogens Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Passaro, DJ (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Sch Publ Hlth, Div Epidemiol & Biostat, 2121 W Taylor St, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. NR 11 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUL 15 PY 2001 VL 33 IS 2 BP 263 EP 264 DI 10.1086/321832 PG 2 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 444FD UT WOS:000169387700019 PM 11418889 ER PT J AU Hedberg, CW Smith, KE Besser, JM Boxrud, DJ Hennessy, TW Bender, JB Anderson, FA Osterholm, MT AF Hedberg, CW Smith, KE Besser, JM Boxrud, DJ Hennessy, TW Bender, JB Anderson, FA Osterholm, MT TI Limitations of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis for the routine surveillance of Campylobacter infections SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Letter ID MINNESOTA C1 Univ Minnesota, Div Environm & Occupat Hlth, Sch Publ Hlth, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Minnesota Dept Hlth, Acute Dis Epidemiol Sect, Minneapolis, MN USA. Minnesota Dept Hlth, Div Publ Hlth Labs, Minneapolis, MN USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Epidemiol Program Off, Minnesota Dept Hlth, Minneapolis, MN USA. Univ Minnesota, Coll Vet Med, Dept Clin & Populat Sci, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Washington Cty Dept Hlth & Environm, Stillwater, OK USA. Ican, Eden Prairie, MN USA. RP Hedberg, CW (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Div Environm & Occupat Hlth, Sch Publ Hlth, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. NR 4 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD JUL 15 PY 2001 VL 184 IS 2 BP 242 EP 243 DI 10.1086/322005 PG 2 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 447DM UT WOS:000169554500021 PM 11424025 ER PT J AU Olsen, SJ Fitzgerald, C Swerdlow, DL AF Olsen, SJ Fitzgerald, C Swerdlow, DL TI Limitations of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis for the routine surveillance of Campylobacter infections - Reply SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Letter C1 CDCP, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Olsen, SJ (reprint author), CDCP, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD JUL 15 PY 2001 VL 184 IS 2 BP 243 EP 244 DI 10.1086/322004 PG 2 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 447DM UT WOS:000169554500022 ER PT J AU Dilley, A Hooper, WC El-Jamil, M Renshaw, M Wenger, NK Evatt, BL AF Dilley, A Hooper, WC El-Jamil, M Renshaw, M Wenger, NK Evatt, BL TI Mutations in the genes regulating methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR C -> T677) and cystathione beta-synthase (CBS G -> A919, CBS T -> c833) are not associated with myocardial infarction in African Americans SO THROMBOSIS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE myocardial infarction; African Americans; homocysteine; MTHFR gene; CBS gene ID CORONARY-ARTERY DISEASE; METHYLENETETRAHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE; MOLECULAR-BASIS; RISK FACTOR; PLASMA HOMOCYSTEINE; COMMON MUTATION; HIGH PREVALENCE; 844INS68; HOMOCYSTINURIA; DEFICIENCY AB Moderate hyperhomocysteinemia is a putative risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Molecular studies have demonstrated increased plasma homocysteine levels in the presence of DNA mutations in either the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) enzyme found in the remethylation pathway or the enzyme cystathione beta -synthase (CBS) of the transsulfuration pathway. To determine whether the mutation C --> T677 in the MTHFR gene or the T --> C833 / 844ins68 and G --> A919 mutations in the CBS gene are associated with myocardial infarction (MI) in African Americans, DNA was analyzed from samples obtained from a case-control study conducted at a large, inner-city hospital. One-hundred ten African American subjects with a diagnosis of MI and 185 race- and age-matched controls were recruited. Our results demonstrated that 15% of the MI cases were heterozygous for the C --> T677 (MTHFR) mutation, while 1.8% were homozygous. When compared to the controls in which 15% were heterozygous and 2.1% were homozygous, no significant association with MI was observed. In addition, 34% of the cases were heterozygous for the T --> C833 (CBS) mutation while 6% were homozygous. This is compared to 32% and 5% of the controls having the heterozygous and homozygous genotype, respectively. No significant association was observed for the T --> C833 (CBS) mutation among the cases and controls. Although this mutation has no significant association with MI, the prevalence of the heterozygous state was higher than what has been reported for whites (12%). No mutations for G --> A919 (CBS) were detected in the cases or controls. The racial differences of the CBS T --> C833 polymorphism suggest that further investigation into the other areas of the CBS gene is needed. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hematol Dis Branch, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Atlanta, GA USA. Grady Mem Hosp, Cardiac & Coumadin Clin, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Dilley, A (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hematol Dis Branch, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop E-64, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 32 TC 18 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0049-3848 J9 THROMB RES JI Thromb. Res. PD JUL 15 PY 2001 VL 103 IS 2 BP 109 EP 115 DI 10.1016/S0049-3848(01)00278-X PG 7 WC Hematology; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Hematology; Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 457GF UT WOS:000170128200005 PM 11457468 ER PT J AU Narayan, KMV Bowman, BA Engelgau, ME AF Narayan, KMV Bowman, BA Engelgau, ME TI Prevention of type 2 diabetes - New study from Finland shows that lifestyle changes can be made to work SO BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Editorial Material ID EXERCISE; DIET C1 CDCP, Diabet Epidemiol Sect, Div Diabet Translat, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. CDCP, Epidemiol & Stat Branch, Div Diabet Translat, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Narayan, KMV (reprint author), CDCP, Diabet Epidemiol Sect, Div Diabet Translat, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Mailstop K-68,4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RI Narayan, K.M. Venkat /J-9819-2012 OI Narayan, K.M. Venkat /0000-0001-8621-5405 NR 8 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU BRITISH MED JOURNAL PUBL GROUP PI LONDON PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON WC1H 9JR, ENGLAND SN 0959-535X J9 BRIT MED J JI Br. Med. J. PD JUL 14 PY 2001 VL 323 IS 7304 BP 63 EP 64 DI 10.1136/bmj.323.7304.63 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 454GD UT WOS:000169964100004 PM 11451767 ER PT J AU Martin, M Tsai, TF Cropp, B Chang, GJJ Holmes, DA Tseng, J Shieh, WJ Zaki, SR Al-Sanouri, I Cutrona, AF Ray, G Weld, LH Cetron, MS AF Martin, M Tsai, TF Cropp, B Chang, GJJ Holmes, DA Tseng, J Shieh, WJ Zaki, SR Al-Sanouri, I Cutrona, AF Ray, G Weld, LH Cetron, MS TI Fever and multisystem organ failure associated with 17D-204 yellow fever vaccination: a report of four cases SO LANCET LA English DT Article ID VIRUS; ENCEPHALITIS; PATHOGENESIS AB Background In 1998, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention was notified of three patients who developed severe illnesses days after yellow fever vaccination. A similar case occurred in 1996. All four patients were more than 63 years old. Methods Vaccine strains of yellow fever virus, isolated from the plasma of two patients and the cerebrospinal fluid of one, were characterised by genomic sequencing. Clinical samples were subjected to neutralisation assays, and an immunohistochemical analysis was done on one sample of liver obtained at biopsy. Findings The clinical presentations were characterised by fever, myalgia, headache, and confusion, followed by severe multisystemic illnesses. Three patients died. Vaccine-related variants of yellow fever virus were found in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of one vaccinee. The convalescent serum samples of two vaccinees showed antibody responses of at least 1:10 240. Immunohistochemical assay of liver tissue showed yellow fever antigen in the Kuppfer cells of the liver sample. Interpretation The clinical features, their temporal association with vaccination. recovery of vaccine-related virus, antibody responses, and immunohistochemical assay collectively suggest a possible causal relation between the illnesses and yellow fever vaccination. Yellow fever remains an important cause of illness and death in South America and Africa; hence, vaccination should be maintained until the frequency of these events is quantified. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Global Migrat & Quarantine, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Infect Dis Pathol, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Emory Sch Med, Div Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Western Reserve Care Syst, Dept Internal Med, Youngstown, OH USA. Western Reserve Care Syst, Family Med Ctr, Youngstown, OH USA. RP Cetron, MS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Global Migrat & Quarantine, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, MS E03,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 25 TC 166 Z9 176 U1 0 U2 0 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD JUL 14 PY 2001 VL 358 IS 9276 BP 98 EP 104 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(01)05327-2 PG 7 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 452BR UT WOS:000169837700009 PM 11463410 ER PT J AU Longnecker, MP Klebanoff, MA Zhou, HB Brock, JW AF Longnecker, MP Klebanoff, MA Zhou, HB Brock, JW TI Association between maternal serum concentration of the DDT metabolite DDE and preterm and small-for-gestational-age babies at birth SO LANCET LA English DT Article ID POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS PCBS; HUMAN-MILK; ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES; RESIDUE LEVELS; PREMATURE; P,P'-DDE; DELIVERY; MALARIA; BLOOD; WOMEN AB Background DDT (1,1,1-trichloro-2.2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethane) is highly effective against most malaria-transmitting mosquitoes and is being widely used in malaria-endemic areas. The metabolite, DDE (1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene), has been linked to preterm birth in small studies, but these findings are inconclusive. Our aim was to investigate the association between DDE exposure and preterm birth. Methods Our study was based on the US Collaborative Perinatal Project (CPP). From this study we selected a subset of more than 44 000 eligible children born between 1959 and 1966 and measured the DDE concentration in their mothers' serum samples stored during pregnancy. Complete data were available for 2380 children, of whom 361 were born preterm and 221 were small-for-gestational age. Findings The median maternal DDE concentration was 25 mug/L (range 3-178)-several fold higher than current US concentrations. The adjusted odds ratios (OR) of preterm birth increased steadily with increasing concentrations of serum DDE (ORs=1, 1.5, 1.6, 2.5, 3.1; trend p<0.0001). Adjusted odds of small-for-gestational-age also increased, but less consistently (ORs=1, 1.9, 1.7, 1.6, 2.6; trend p=0.04). After excluding preterm births, the association of DDE with small-for-gestational-age remained. Interpretation The findings strongly suggest that DDT use increases preterm births, which is a major contributor to infant mortality. If this association is causal, it should be included in any assessment of the costs and benefits of vector control with DDT. C1 NIEHS, Epidemiol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NICHHD, Div Epidemiol Stat & Prevent Res, Rockville, MD USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Biostat, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Longnecker, MP (reprint author), NIEHS, Epidemiol Branch, POB 12233 MD A3-05, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. OI Longnecker, Matthew/0000-0001-6073-5322 NR 38 TC 262 Z9 270 U1 7 U2 25 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD JUL 14 PY 2001 VL 358 IS 9276 BP 110 EP 114 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(01)05329-6 PG 5 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 452BR UT WOS:000169837700011 PM 11463412 ER PT J AU Nadelman, RB Nowakowski, J Fish, D Falco, RC Freeman, K McKenna, D Welch, P Marcus, R Aguero-Rosenfeld, ME Dennis, DT Wormser, GP AF Nadelman, RB Nowakowski, J Fish, D Falco, RC Freeman, K McKenna, D Welch, P Marcus, R Aguero-Rosenfeld, ME Dennis, DT Wormser, GP CA Tick Bite Study Grp TI Prophylaxis with single-dose doxycycline for the prevention of lyme disease after an ixodes scapularis tick bite. SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID ENDEMIC AREA; BORRELIA-BURGDORFERI; ERYTHEMA MIGRANS; DURATION; EFFICACY; TRIAL; RISK AB Background: It is unclear whether antimicrobial treatment after an Ixodes scapularis tick bite will prevent Lyme disease. Methods: In an area of New York where Lyme disease is hyperendemic, we conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of treatment with a single 200-mg dose of doxycycline in 482 subjects who had removed attached I. scapularis ticks from their bodies within the previous 72 hours. At base line, three weeks, and six weeks, subjects were interviewed and examined, and serum antibody tests were performed, along with blood cultures for Borrelia burgdorferi. Results: Erythema migrans developed at the site of the tick bite in a significantly smaller proportion of the subjects in the doxycycline group than of those in the placebo group (1 of 235 subjects [0.4 percent] vs. 8 of 247 subjects [3.2 percent], P<0.04). The efficacy of treatment was 87 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 25 to 98 percent). Objective extracutaneous signs of Lyme disease did not develop in any subject, and there were no asymptomatic seroconversions. Treatment with doxycycline was associated with more frequent adverse effects (in 30.1 percent of subjects, as compared with 11.1 percent of those assigned to placebo; P<0.001), primarily nausea (15.4 percent vs. 2.6 percent) and vomiting (5.8 percent vs. 1.3 percent). Erythema migrans developed more frequently after untreated bites from nymphal ticks than after bites from adult female ticks (8 of 142 bites [5.6 percent] vs. 0 of 97 bites [0 percent], P=0.02). Conclusions: A single 200-mg dose of doxycycline given within 72 hours after an I. scapularis tick bite can prevent the development of Lyme disease. (N Engl J Med 2001;345:79-84.) Copyright (C) 2001 Massachusetts Medical Society. C1 Westchester Cty Med Ctr, Div Infect Dis, Lyme Dis Diagnost Ctr, Valhalla, NY 10595 USA. New York Med Coll, Dept Med, Div Infect Dis, Valhalla, NY 10595 USA. New York Med Coll, Dept Pathol, Valhalla, NY 10595 USA. Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, New Haven, CT 06510 USA. Fordham Univ, Louis Calder Ctr, Vector Ecol Lab, Armonk, NY USA. Albert Einstein Coll Med, Dept Epidemiol & Social Med, Bronx, NY 10467 USA. No Westchester Hosp Ctr, Mt Kisco, NY USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Nadelman, RB (reprint author), Westchester Cty Med Ctr, Div Infect Dis, Lyme Dis Diagnost Ctr, Macy Pavil 209 SE, Valhalla, NY 10595 USA. FU PHS HHS [U50/CCU 210280, U50/CCU 210286] NR 22 TC 195 Z9 205 U1 0 U2 19 PU MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SOC PI WALTHAM PA WALTHAM WOODS CENTER, 860 WINTER ST,, WALTHAM, MA 02451-1413 USA SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD JUL 12 PY 2001 VL 345 IS 2 BP 79 EP 84 DI 10.1056/NEJM200107123450201 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 451AH UT WOS:000169776900001 PM 11450675 ER PT J AU Layton, M Cartter, M Bresnitz, E Wiersma, S Mascola, L AF Layton, M Cartter, M Bresnitz, E Wiersma, S Mascola, L CA CDC TI Exposure to patients with meningococcal disease on aircraft - United States, 1999-2001 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 50, pg 485-489, 2001) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 New York City Dept Hlth, New York, NY 10013 USA. Connecticut State Dept Publ Hlth, Hartford, CT USA. New Jersey Dept Hlth & Senior Serv, Trenton, NJ USA. Florida Dept Hlth, Tallahassee, FL USA. Los Angeles Cty Dept Hlth Serv, Meningitis & Special Pathogens Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Los Angeles, CA USA. CDC, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Global Migrat & Quarantine, Surveillance & Epidemiol Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Layton, M (reprint author), New York City Dept Hlth, New York, NY 10013 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUL 11 PY 2001 VL 286 IS 2 BP 160 EP 161 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 451JJ UT WOS:000169798700009 ER PT J AU Jiang, X Wilton, N Jing, E Zhong, W Warren, D Rose, L Nycum, L Jordan, D Gaines, G Beyer, J Puckett, C Kelly, ST Mismas, MY Patel, D Henderson, S Toney, DM Pearson, JL Barrett, E Linn, MJ AF Jiang, X Wilton, N Jing, E Zhong, W Warren, D Rose, L Nycum, L Jordan, D Gaines, G Beyer, J Puckett, C Kelly, ST Mismas, MY Patel, D Henderson, S Toney, DM Pearson, JL Barrett, E Linn, MJ CA CDC TI University outbreak of calicivirus infection mistakenly attributed to Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 : H7 - Virginia, 2000 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 50, pg 489-491, 2001) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Eastern Virginia Med Sch, Ctr Pediat Res, Norfolk, VA 23501 USA. Environm Hlth Serv, Tiburon, CA USA. Virginia Dept Hlth, Off Epidemiol, Richmond, VA USA. CDC, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Natl Ctr Infect Dis,Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Resp & Enter Virus Branch, Viral Gastroenteritis Sect, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Jiang, X (reprint author), Eastern Virginia Med Sch, Ctr Pediat Res, Hampton Rd, Norfolk, VA 23501 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUL 11 PY 2001 VL 286 IS 2 BP 162 EP 162 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 451JJ UT WOS:000169798700010 ER PT J AU Robinson, KA Whitney, CG AF Robinson, KA Whitney, CG TI Pneumococcal vaccination in adults - Reply SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Letter ID STREPTOCOCCUS-PNEUMONIAE; IMMUNIZATION; MICE; PSPA C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Resp Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Robinson, KA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Resp Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUL 11 PY 2001 VL 286 IS 2 BP 167 EP 167 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 451JJ UT WOS:000169798700016 ER PT J AU Field, AE Coakley, EH Spadano, JL Laird, N Dietz, WH Rimm, E Colditz, GA AF Field, AE Coakley, EH Spadano, JL Laird, N Dietz, WH Rimm, E Colditz, GA TI Impact of overweight on the risk of developing common chronic diseases during a 10-year period SO ARCHIVES OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID BODY-MASS INDEX; CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; FAT DISTRIBUTION; SYMPTOMATIC GALLSTONES; WEIGHT-GAIN; OLDER WOMEN; US MEN; OBESITY; MORTALITY; OSTEOARTHRITIS AB Background: Overweight adults are at an increased risk of developing numerous chronic diseases. Methods: Ten-year follow-up (1986-1996) of middle-aged women in the Nurses' Health Study and men in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study to assess the health risks associated with overweight. Results: The risk of developing diabetes, gallstones, hypertension, heart disease, and stroke increased with severity of overweight among both women and men. Compared with their same-sex peers with a body mass index (BMI) (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters) between 18.5 and 24.9, those with BMI of 35.0 or more were approximately 20 times more likely to develop diabetes (relative risk [RR], 17.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 14.2-20.5 for women; RR, 23.4; 95% CI, 19.4-33.2 for men). Women who were overweight but not obese (ie, BMI between 25.0 and 29.9) were also significantly more likely than their leaner peers to develop gallstones (RR, 1.9), hypertension (RR, 1.7), high cholesterol level (RR, 1.1), and heart disease (RR, 1.4). The results were similar in men. Conclusions: During 10 years of follow-up, the incidence of diabetes, gallstones, hypertension, heart disease, colon cancer, and stroke (men only) increased with degree of overweight in both men and women. Adults who were overweight but not obese (ie, 25.0 less than or equal to BMI less than or equal to 29.9) were at significantly increased risk of developing numerous health conditions. Moreover, the dose-response relationship between BMI and the risk of developing chronic diseases was evident even among adults in the upper half of the healthy weight range (ie, BMI of 22.0-24.9), suggesting that adults should try to maintain a BMI between 18.5 and 21.9 to minimize their risk of disease. C1 Brigham & Womens Hosp, Channing Lab, Dept Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA USA. JSI Res & Training, Boston, MA USA. Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Dept Family Med & Community Hlth, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Biostat, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Nutr, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Field, AE (reprint author), Brigham & Womens Hosp, Channing Lab, Dept Med, 181 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA. RI Colditz, Graham/A-3963-2009 OI Colditz, Graham/0000-0002-7307-0291 FU NCI NIH HHS [CA40356, CA55075]; NHLBI NIH HHS [HL35464]; NIDDK NIH HHS [DK 46200] NR 38 TC 751 Z9 773 U1 4 U2 39 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0003-9926 J9 ARCH INTERN MED JI Arch. Intern. Med. PD JUL 9 PY 2001 VL 161 IS 13 BP 1581 EP 1586 DI 10.1001/archinte.161.13.1581 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 447QX UT WOS:000169584900001 PM 11434789 ER PT J AU Azevedo, SMFO Carmichael, WW Jochimsen, EM Rinehart, KL Lau, S Shaw, GR Eaglesham, GK AF Azevedo, SMFO Carmichael, WW Jochimsen, EM Rinehart, KL Lau, S Shaw, GR Eaglesham, GK TI Human intoxication by microcystins during renal dialysis treatment in Caruaru-Brazil SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Wright State Univ, Dept Sci Biol, Dayton, OH 45401 USA. Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro, Inst Biofis Carlos Chagas Filho, BR-21941 Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. CDC, Hosp Infect Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Illinois, Roger Adams Lab, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. Natl Res Ctr Environm Toxicol, Brisbane, Qld, Australia. Queensland Hlth Sci Serv, Brisbane, Qld, Australia. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD JUL 8 PY 2001 VL 164 IS 1-3 SU S BP 32 EP 32 PG 1 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 452ZA UT WOS:000169888500093 ER PT J AU Hay, A Gust, I Hampson, A Tashiro, M AF Hay, A Gust, I Hampson, A Tashiro, M CA CDC TI Update: Influenza activity - United States and worldwide, 2000-01 season, and composition of the 2001-02 influenza vaccine (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 50, pg 466-470, 2001) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 WHO, WHO Natl Influenza Ctr Communicable Dis, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. WHO, WHO Natl Influenza Ctr Surveillance & Response, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. Natl Inst Med Res, WHO Collaborating Ctr Reference & Res Influenza, London NW7 1AA, England. WHO Collaborating Ctr Reference & Res Influenza, Parkville, Vic, Australia. Natl Inst Infect Dis, WHO Collaborating Ctr Reference & Res Influenza, Tokyo, Japan. CDC, Natl Resp & Enter Virus Surveillance Syst Labs, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Surveillance Syst Branch, Div Publ Hlth Surveillance & Informat, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, WHO Collaborating Ctr Reference & Res Influenza, Influenza Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Resp & Enter Viruses Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Hay, A (reprint author), WHO, WHO Natl Influenza Ctr Communicable Dis, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60654-0946 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUL 4 PY 2001 VL 286 IS 1 BP 36 EP 38 PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 449GR UT WOS:000169676400006 ER PT J AU Caron, RM DiPentima, R Alvarado, C Alexakos, P Filiano, J Gilson, T Greenblatt, J Robinson, G Twitchell, N Speikers, L Abdel-Nasser, MA El-Henawy, HA Markowitz, M Ashley, P AF Caron, RM DiPentima, R Alvarado, C Alexakos, P Filiano, J Gilson, T Greenblatt, J Robinson, G Twitchell, N Speikers, L Abdel-Nasser, MA El-Henawy, HA Markowitz, M Ashley, P CA CDC TI Fatal pediatric lead poisoning - New Hampshire, 2000 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 50, pg 457-459, 2001) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Manchester Hlth Dept, Manchester, NH 03101 USA. Dartmouth Hitchcock Med Ctr, W Lebanon, NH 03784 USA. New Hampshire Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Concord, NH 03301 USA. Minist Hlth, Field Epidemiol Training Program, Cairo, Egypt. Montefiore Med Ctr, Bronx, NY 10467 USA. US Dept Housing & Urban Dev, Washington, DC USA. CDC, Div Environm Hazards & Hlth Effects, Div Sci Lab, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Caron, RM (reprint author), Manchester Hlth Dept, Manchester, NH 03101 USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUL 4 PY 2001 VL 286 IS 1 BP 38 EP 39 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 449GR UT WOS:000169676400007 ER PT J AU Schrag, SJ Pena, C Fernandez, J Sanchez, J Gomez, V Perez, E Feris, JM Besser, RE AF Schrag, SJ Pena, C Fernandez, J Sanchez, J Gomez, V Perez, E Feris, JM Besser, RE TI Effect of short-course, high-dose amoxicillin therapy on resistant pneumococcal carriage - A randomized trial SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID ACUTE OTITIS-MEDIA; VS. 10 DAYS; STREPTOCOCCUS-PNEUMONIAE; ANTIBIOTIC-THERAPY; RISK-FACTORS; YOUNG-CHILDREN; ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE; HAEMOPHILUS-INFLUENZAE; EPIDEMIOLOGY; INTERVENTION AB Context Emerging drug resistance threatens the effectiveness of existing therapies for pneumococcal infections. Modifying the dose and duration of antibiotic therapy may limit the spread of resistant pneumococci. Objective To determine whether short-course, high-dose amoxicillin therapy reduces risk of posttreatment resistant pneumococcal carriage among children with respiratory tract infections. Design and Setting Randomized trial conducted in an outpatient clinic in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, October 1999 through July 2000. Participants Children aged 6 to 59 months who were receiving antibiotic prescriptions for respiratory tract illness (n=795). Interventions Children were randomly assigned to receive 1 of 2 twice-daily regimens of amoxicillin: 90 mg/kg per day for 5 days (n=398) or 40 mg/kg per day for 10 days (n=397). Main Outcome Measures Penicillin-nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage, assessed in nasopharyngeal specimens collected at days 0, 5, 10, and 28; baseline risk factors for nonsusceptible pneumococcal carriage; and adherence to regimen, compared between the 2 groups. Results At the day 28 visit, risk of penicillin-nonsusceptible pneumococcal carriage was significantly lower in the short-course, high-dose group (24%) compared with the standard-course group (32%); relative risk (RR), 0.77; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.60-0.97; P=.03; risk of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole nonsusceptibility was also lower in the short-course, high-dose group (RR, 0.77; 95% Cl,0.58-1.03; P=.08). The protective effect of short-course, high-dose therapy was stronger in households with 3 or more children (RR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.52-0.98). Adherence to treatment was higher in the short-course, high-dose group (82% vs 74%; P=.02). Conclusion Short-course, high-dose outpatient antibiotic therapy appears promising as an intervention to minimize the impact of antibiotic use on the spread of drug-resistant pneumococci. C1 CDCP, Resp Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDCP, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Clin Infantil Dr Robert REid Cabral, Dept Enfermedades Infecciosas, Santo Domingo, Dominican Rep. RP Schrag, SJ (reprint author), CDCP, Resp Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, MS C23,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 38 TC 134 Z9 140 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUL 4 PY 2001 VL 286 IS 1 BP 49 EP 56 DI 10.1001/jama.286.1.49 PG 8 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 449GR UT WOS:000169676400022 PM 11434826 ER PT J AU Kahn, HS AF Kahn, HS TI Wine and mortality SO ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Letter ID ALCOHOL C1 Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Kahn, HS (reprint author), Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. OI Kahn, Henry/0000-0003-2533-1562 NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER COLL PHYSICIANS PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE MALL WEST 6TH AND RACE ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-1572 USA SN 0003-4819 J9 ANN INTERN MED JI Ann. Intern. Med. PD JUL 3 PY 2001 VL 135 IS 1 BP 66 EP 66 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 449JC UT WOS:000169680500020 PM 11434749 ER PT J AU Kuempel, ED Tran, CL Bailer, AJ Smith, RJ Dankovic, DA Stayner, LT AF Kuempel, ED Tran, CL Bailer, AJ Smith, RJ Dankovic, DA Stayner, LT TI Methodological issues of using observational human data in lung dosimetry models for particulates SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Toxicology and Risk Assessment Approaches for the 21st Century CY APR 10-13, 2000 CL KINGS ISL, OHIO SP Tri Serv USAF, USA, USN Toxicol, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, US EPA, ATSDR, Div Toxicol, Natl Inst Occupat Safety & Hlth, Natl Res Council, Natl Acad Sci DE lung dosimetry modeling; risk assessment; particles ID DIESEL EXHAUST; RETENTION; PARTICLES; CLEARANCE; DUST; RATS AB Introduction: The use of human data to calibrate and validate a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model has the clear advantage of pertaining to the species of interest, namely humans. A challenge in using these data is their often sparse, heterogeneous nature, which may require special methods. Approaches for evaluating sources of variability and uncertainty in a human lung dosimetry model are described in this study. Methods: A multivariate optimization procedure was used to fit a dosimetry model to data of 131 U.S. coal miners. These data include workplace exposures and end-of-life particle burdens in the lungs and hilar lymph nodes. Uncertainty in model structure was investigated by fitting Various model forms for particle clearance and sequestration of particles in the lung interstitium. A sensitivity analysis was performed to determine which model parameters had the most influence on model output. Distributions of clearance parameters were estimated by fitting the model to each individual's data, and this information was used to predict inter-individual differences in lung particle burdens at given exposures, The influence of smoking history, race and pulmonary fibrosis on the individual's estimated clearance parameters was also evaluated, Results: The model structure that provided the best fit to these coal miner data includes a first-order interstitialization process and no dose-dependent decline in alveolar clearance. The parameter that had the largest influence on model output is fractional deposition, Race and fibrosis severity category were statistically significant predictors of individual's estimated alveolar clearance rate coefficients (P < 0.03 and P < 0.01-0.06, respectively), but smoking history (ever, never) was not (P < 0.4). Adjustments for these group differences provided some improvement in the dosimetry model fit (up to 25% reduction in the mean squared error), although unexplained inter-individual differences made up the largest source of variability. Lung burdens were inversely associated with the miners' estimated clearance parameters, e.g, individuals with slower estimated clearance had higher observed lung burdens. Conclusions: The methods described in this study were used to examine issues of uncertainty in the model structure and variability of the miners' estimated clearance parameters. Estimated individual clearance had a large influence on predicted lung burden, which would also affect disease risk. These findings are useful for risk assessment, by providing estimates of the distribution of lung burdens expected under given exposure conditions. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Inst Occupat Med, Edinburgh EH8 9SV, Midlothian, Scotland. Miami Univ, Oxford, OH 45056 USA. RP Kuempel, ED (reprint author), NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 16 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD JUL 2 PY 2001 VL 274 IS 1-3 BP 67 EP 77 DI 10.1016/S0048-9697(01)00733-1 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 450EH UT WOS:000169728200006 PM 11453306 ER PT J AU Backer, LC Grindem, CB Corbett, WT Cullins, L Hunter, JL AF Backer, LC Grindem, CB Corbett, WT Cullins, L Hunter, JL TI Pet dogs as sentinels for environmental contamination SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Toxicology and Risk Assessment Approaches for the 21st Century CY APR 10-13, 2000 CL KINGS ISL, OHIO SP Tri Serv USAF, USA, USN Toxicol, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, US EPA, ATSDR, Div Toxicol, Natl Inst Occupat Safety & Hlth, Natl Res Council, Natl Acad Sci DE bioassays; environmental contamination; biomarkers; sentinel animals; dogs; peripheral blood lymphocyte micronucleus; lymphocyte subtyping ID EXPOSURE; CANCER; RISK AB The presence of environmental contaminants in air, water and food may pose significant health risks to the exposed human population. However, problems associated with assessing chronic exposure to low doses of environmental chemicals, multiple exposure routes, diseases with long latency periods, and non-specific health outcomes make it difficult to conduct the appropriate human epidemiologic studies. It may be useful to complement human epidemiology with animal studies. Animals monitored or evaluated in situ for the appropriate suite of endpoints can provide information about both exposure levels and potential adverse health effects. Animals have served as sentinel indicators for health effects associated with a number of environmental exposures, including pesticides and asbestos. Pet dogs may be particularly valuable sentinels because they share the human environment. In addition, dogs respond to many toxic insults in ways analogous to humans, they have physiologically compressed life spans, and they are free from some important lifestyle risk factors for disease. An example of how pet dogs may be used as sentinels for potential human health hazards involves a study of the genotoxic effects resulting from exposure to a mixture of chemicals from nearby Superfund sites. We conducted a cross-sectional study of exposed dogs (living in the community with the Superfund sites) and controls (living in a nearby community). The pet owners completed a questionnaire, and we collected a blood sample from each dog. The blood samples were analyzed for standard clinical parameters and assays for possible genotoxic effects (peripheral blood lymphocyte micronucleus frequency and lymphocyte subtyping). Pet dogs living near the Superfund sites had a higher micronucleus frequency than control animals, suggesting that the dogs may have been exposed to environmental contaminants from these sites. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B,V, All rights reserved. C1 Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Raleigh, NC 27606 USA. N Carolina Dept Hlth, Raleigh, NC 27599 USA. RP Backer, LC (reprint author), Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,MS E-23, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 21 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD JUL 2 PY 2001 VL 274 IS 1-3 BP 161 EP 169 DI 10.1016/S0048-9697(01)00740-9 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 450EH UT WOS:000169728200015 PM 11453293 ER PT J AU Moyer, ES Smith, SJ Wood, GO AF Moyer, ES Smith, SJ Wood, GO TI Carbon tetrachloride replacement compounds for organic vapor air-purifying respirator cartridge and activated carbon testing - A review SO AIHAJ LA English DT Article DE activated carbon; carbon tetrachloride; cartridges; respirators; substitution AB This article reviews efforts by researchers and organizations around the world to identify chemicals as substitutes for carbon tetrachloride in measuring activated carbon activity (adsorption capacity) or organic vapor air-purifying respirator cartridge (or other packed carbon bed) breakthrough times. Such measurements usually are done to determine if a minimum performance standard is met. Different criteria have been established, supporting data developed and used, and conclusions reached. This article presents relevant published, unpublished, obscure, and recalculated data which the reader can use to make a choice of replacement chemical and testing conditions. No recommendations for a specific replacement chemical are endorsed or promoted in this review. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Inst Hyg & Safety Grp, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NIOSH, Div Resp Dis Studies, Lab Res Branch, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. 3M Canada, Brockville, ON K6V 5V8, Canada. RP Wood, GO (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Inst Hyg & Safety Grp, ESH-5 Mail Stop K486, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 41 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOC PI FAIRFAX PA 2700 PROSPERITY AVE #250, FAIRFAX, VA 22031-4307 USA SN 1529-8663 J9 AIHAJ JI AIHAJ PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 62 IS 4 BP 494 EP 507 DI 10.1202/0002-8894(2001)062<0494:CTRCFO>2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 466YH UT WOS:000170673400012 PM 11549144 ER PT J AU Kelada, SN Shelton, E Kaufmann, RB Khoury, MJ AF Kelada, SN Shelton, E Kaufmann, RB Khoury, MJ TI delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase genotype and lead toxicity: A HuGE review SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Review DE aminolevulinic acid; epidemiology; genetic predisposition to disease; genetics; lead; lead poisoning; porphobilinogen synthase ID VITAMIN-D-RECEPTOR; BLOOD LEAD; GENETIC-POLYMORPHISM; PORPHOBILINOGEN SYNTHASE; DIMERCAPTOSUCCINIC ACID; 5-AMINOLEVULINIC ACID; COGNITIVE FUNCTION; SMELTER WORKERS; NATIONAL-HEALTH; CHELATABLE LEAD AB The ALAD gene (chromosome 9q34) codes for -delta aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) (E.C. 4.2.1.24). ALAD catalyzes the second step of heme synthesis and is polymorphic. The ALAD G177C polymorphism yields two codominant alleles, ALAD-I and ALAD-2, and it has been implicated in susceptibility to lead toxicity. Genotype frequencies vary by geography and race. The rarer ALAD-2 allele has been associated with high blood lead levels and has been thought to increase the risk of lead toxicity by generating a protein that binds lead more tightly than the ALAD-I protein. Other evidence suggests that ALAD-2 may confer resistance to the harmful effects of lead by sequestering lead, making it unavailable for pathophysiologic participation. Recent studies have shown that individuals who are homozygous for the ALAD-I allele have higher cortical bone lead levels; this implies that they may have a greater body lead burden and may be at higher risk of the long-term effects of lead. Individuals exposed to lead in occupational settings have been the most frequent subjects of study. Genotype selection bias may limit inferences from these studies. No firm evidence exists for an association between ALAD genotype and susceptibility to lead toxicity at background exposure levels; therefore, population testing for the ALAD polymorphism is not justified. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Genet & Dis Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Michigan, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. CDCP, Lead Poisoning Prevent Branch, Div Environm Hazards & Hlth Effects, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Kelada, SN (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Publ Hlth & Community Med, Dept Environm Hlth, Box 357234, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 76 TC 106 Z9 114 U1 1 U2 8 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUL 1 PY 2001 VL 154 IS 1 BP 1 EP 13 DI 10.1093/aje/154.1.1 PG 13 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 445VV UT WOS:000169480000001 PM 11427399 ER PT J AU Lipsitch, M AF Lipsitch, M TI Interpreting results from trials of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines: A statistical test for detecting vaccine-induced increases in carriage of nonvaccine serotypes SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bacterial vaccines; carrier state; models; statistical; Streptococcus pneumoniae; vaccination; vaccines; conjugate ID INFLUENZAE TYPE-B; STREPTOCOCCUS-PNEUMONIAE; HAEMOPHILUS-INFLUENZAE; NASOPHARYNGEAL CARRIAGE; COLONIZATION; FORMULATION; SEROGROUPS; REDUCTION; DISEASE; MODEL AB Conjugate vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) protect against nasopharyngeal carriage of serotypes included in the vaccine. However, in several clinical trials, vaccinees have shown increased carriage of nonvaccine serotypes of pneumococcus. These increases may be due to serotype replacement, if vaccine-induced protection against carriage of vaccine serotypes increases susceptibility to carriage of nonvaccine serotypes. Alternatively, observed increases may be an artifact of "unmasking" in which nonvaccine serotypes are more readily detected among vaccinees than among controls because vaccine serotypes are not present. In this paper, a statistical test for distinguishing serotype replacement from unmasking is described. The test attempts to reject a null model of unmasking alone; serotype replacement is inferred if the observed increase in detectable nonvaccine serotype carriage among vaccinees is significantly greater than that expected under the null model. Significance is assessed using the Bayesian "posterior predictive p value" as modified by Robins et al. (J Am Sfat Assoc 2000;95:1143-56). Analysis of data from a South African trial suggests that replacement may have occurred in the study, but results do not reach the conventional level of significance in rejecting the null hypothesis of unmasking (p = 0.074). The author performs sensitivity analyses for the prior and for unmeasured confounding by differences in susceptibility to pneumococcus carriage. The implications of the findings and the assumptions and limitations of this technique are then discussed. C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Emory Univ, Grad Sch Arts & Sci, Dept Biol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Lipsitch, M (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA. FU NIGMS NIH HHS [GM19182] NR 28 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 3 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUL 1 PY 2001 VL 154 IS 1 BP 85 EP 92 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 445VV UT WOS:000169480000011 PM 11427408 ER PT J AU Tepper, A Meuller, C Singal, M Sagar, K AF Tepper, A Meuller, C Singal, M Sagar, K TI Blood pressure, left ventricular mass, and lead exposure in battery manufacturing workers SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE lead; blood pressure; hypertension; cardiovascular disease; battery manufacturing ID OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; RENAL-FUNCTION; MEN AB Background Although debate about the relationship between lead and blood pressure has focused on low environmental lead levels, industrial exposure remains a concern. Methods We measured blood pressure and left ventricular mass (LVM) in 108 battery manufacturing workers, and calculated cumulative and historic average measures of blood lead. Results Diastolic pressure increased with increasing lead levels, with a significant (P = 0.04) 5 mmHg difference in mean pressure between the highest and lowest cumulative exposure levels. Diastolic pressure increased with the log of cumulative lead (P = 0.06). Both hypertension (defined as currently medicated or systolic > 160 mmHg or diastolic > 95 mmHg) and LVM increased nonsignificantly with increasing lead exposure (P-values greater than or equal to0.17 for hypertension and greater than or equal to0.20 for LVM). Conclusions We found a small effect of blood lead on diastolic blood pressure, particularly for a cumulative measure of exposure, but no convincing evidence of associations between lead and other blood-pressure-related outcomes. Published 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.(dagger). C1 NIOSH, Div Surveillance Hazard Evaluat & Field Studi, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Med Coll Wisconsin, Dept Med, Milwaukee, WI 53226 USA. RP Tepper, A (reprint author), NIOSH, Div Surveillance Hazard Evaluat & Field Studi, 4676 Columbia Pkwy R-10, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. OI , Josipa/0000-0002-0896-3018 NR 31 TC 4 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0271-3586 J9 AM J IND MED JI Am. J. Ind. Med. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 40 IS 1 BP 63 EP 72 DI 10.1002/ajim.1072 PG 10 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 448YL UT WOS:000169657500008 PM 11439398 ER PT J AU Page, EH Pajeau, AK Arnold, TC Fincher, AR Goddard, MJ AF Page, EH Pajeau, AK Arnold, TC Fincher, AR Goddard, MJ TI Peripheral neuropathy in workers exposed to nitromethane SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE neuropathy; nitromethane; ethyl cyanoacrylate; methyl methacrylate ID METHYL-METHACRYLATE MONOMER; CONTACT-DERMATITIS; ETHYL-CYANOACRYLATE; DENTAL TECHNICIAN; CREATININE; DISEASE; ASTHMA AB Background Two workers from a headlight subassembly plant developed severe peripheral neuropathy: These workers had extensive, but brief(1-2 months) dermal and inhalational exposure to nitromethane, a solvent. Methods Environmental sampling was performed for nitromethane and ethyl cyanoacrylate. Medical records, including electrodiagnostic studies, were reviewed. Literature on nitromethane, ethyl cyanoacrylate, and other exposures in the workplace was reviewed. Results Electromyography, and nerve conduction studies performed on these patients were consistent with a severe, axonal neuropathy. No etiology was discovered despite an extensive medical evaluation. Environmental sampling revealed exposure to nitromethane at the threshold limit value. Conclusions The history of acute onset of severe peripheral neuropathy temporally associated with exposure to nitromethane is suggestive of a toxic neuropathy. While it cannot be definitively concluded that these two workers developed peripheral neuropathy secondary: to exposures at work, occupational exposure to nitromethane appears to be the most likely etiology. (C) 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.(dagger). C1 NIOSH, Div Surveillance Hazard Evaluat & Field Studi, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Neurol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Emergency Med, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Hlth Sci Ctr, Sect Clin Toxicol, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. US Dept Labor Occupat Safety & Hlth Adm, Baton Rouge, LA USA. Univ Cincinnati, Med Ctr, Dept Phys Med & Rehabil, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA. RP Page, EH (reprint author), NIOSH, Div Surveillance Hazard Evaluat & Field Studi, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 4676 COlumbia Pkwy,MS R-10, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 29 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 2 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0271-3586 J9 AM J IND MED JI Am. J. Ind. Med. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 40 IS 1 BP 107 EP 113 DI 10.1002/ajim.1077 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 448YL UT WOS:000169657500013 PM 11439403 ER PT J AU Coffield, AB Maciosek, MV McGinnis, JM Harris, JR Caldwell, MB Teutsch, SM Atkins, D Richland, JH Haddix, A AF Coffield, AB Maciosek, MV McGinnis, JM Harris, JR Caldwell, MB Teutsch, SM Atkins, D Richland, JH Haddix, A TI Priorities among recommended clinical preventive services SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE cost-benefit analysis; delivery of health care; economics; healthcare quality, access, and evaluation; health policy; health priorities; preventive health services; preventive medicine; quality-adjusted life years ID FAMILY PHYSICIANS; UNITED-STATES; PRIMARY-CARE; RISK-FACTORS; DELIVERY; OREGON AB Background: Many recommended clinical preventive services are delivered at low rates. Decision-makers who wish to improve deliver) rates, but face competing demands for finite resources, need information oil the relative value of these services. This article describes the results of a systematic assessment of the value of clinical preventive services recommended for average-risk patients by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Methods: The assessment of sen ices' value for the U.S, population was based on two dimensions: burden of disease prevented by each service and cost effectiveness. Methods were developed for measuring these criteria consistently across different types of services. A companion article describes the methods in greater detail. Each sen ice received 1 to 5 points on each of the two dimensions, for total scores ranging from 2 to 10. Priority opportunities for improving delivery rates were determined by comparing the ranking of sen ices with what is known of current delivery rates nationally. Results: The highest ranked services (scores of 7+) with the lowest delivery rates (less than or equal to 50% nationally) are providing tobacco cessation counseling to adults, screening older adults for undetected vision impairments, offering adolescents an anti-tobacco message or advice to quit, counseling adolescents on alcohol and drug abstinence, screening adults for colorectal cancer,, screening young women for chlamydial infection, screening adults for problem drinking, and vaccinating older adults against pneumococcal disease. Conclusions: Decision-makers can use the results to set their own priorities for increasing delivery of clinical preventive services. The methods provide a basis for future priority-setting efforts. C1 Partnership Prevent, Washington, DC 20036 USA. Hlth Partners Res Fdn, Minneapolis, MN USA. Robert Wood Johnson Fdn, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Merck & Co Inc, W Point, PA USA. Agcy Healthcare Res & Qual, Rockville, MD USA. Amer Coll Prevent Med, Washington, DC USA. Emory Univ, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RP Coffield, AB (reprint author), Partnership Prevent, 1233 20th St NW, Washington, DC 20036 USA. OI Harris, Jeffrey/0000-0001-8728-7195 NR 39 TC 216 Z9 217 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 21 IS 1 BP 1 EP 9 DI 10.1016/S0749-3797(01)00308-7 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 447RA UT WOS:000169585200001 PM 11418251 ER PT J AU Maciosek, MV Coffield, AB McGinnis, JM Harris, JR Caldwell, MB Teutsch, SM Atkins, D Richland, JH Haddix, H AF Maciosek, MV Coffield, AB McGinnis, JM Harris, JR Caldwell, MB Teutsch, SM Atkins, D Richland, JH Haddix, H TI Methods for priority setting among clinical preventive services SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE cost-benefit analysis; data collection; delivery of health care; economics; healthcare quality, access and evaluation; health priorities; preventive health services; preventive medicine; quality-adjusted life years AB Overview: Methods used to compare the value of clinical preventive services based on two criteria-clinically preventable burden (CPB) and cost effectiveness (CE)- are described. A companion article provides rankings of clinical preventive services and discusses its uses for decision-makers; this article focuses on the methods, challenges faced, and solutions. The authors considered all types of data essential to measuring CPB and CE for services recommended by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force and developed methods essential to ensuring valid comparisons of different services' relative value. C1 Partnership Prevent, Washington, DC 20036 USA. Hlth Partners Res Fdn, Minneapolis, MN USA. Robert Wood Johnson Fdn, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Merck & Co Inc, W Point, PA USA. Agcy Healthcare Res & Qual, Rockville, MD USA. Amer Coll Prevent Med, Washington, DC USA. Emory Univ, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RP Coffield, AB (reprint author), Partnership Prevent, 1233 20th St NW, Washington, DC 20036 USA. OI Harris, Jeffrey/0000-0001-8728-7195 NR 24 TC 56 Z9 56 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 21 IS 1 BP 10 EP 19 DI 10.1016/S0749-3797(01)00309-9 PG 10 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 447RA UT WOS:000169585200002 PM 11418252 ER PT J AU Janssen, RS Holtgrave, DR Valdiserri, RO Shepherd, M Gayle, HD De Cock, KM AF Janssen, RS Holtgrave, DR Valdiserri, RO Shepherd, M Gayle, HD De Cock, KM TI The serostatus approach to fighting the HIV epidemic: Prevention strategies for infected individuals SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Editorial Material ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; HETEROSEXUAL TRANSMISSION; VIRAL LOAD; PERINATAL TRANSMISSION; TRANSFUSION RECIPIENTS; ANTIVIRAL TREATMENT; BLOOD-TRANSFUSION; RISK BEHAVIORS; UNITED-STATES AB In the United States, HIV prevention programs have historically tailored activities for specific groups primarily on the basis of behavioral risk factors and demographic characteristics. Through the Serostatus Approach to Fighting the Epidemic (SAFE), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is now expanding prevention programs, especially for individuals with HIV to reduce the risk of transmission as a supplement to current programs that primarily focus on reducing the risk of acquisition of the virus. For individuals with HIV, SAFE comprises action steps that focus on diagnosing all HIV-infected persons, linking them to appropriate high-quality care and prevention services, helping them adhere to treatment regimens, and supporting them in adopting and sustaining HIV risk reduction behavior. SAFE couples a traditional infectious disease control focus on the infected person with behavioral interventions that have been standard for MV prevention programs. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Janssen, RS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mail Stop D-21, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 60 TC 309 Z9 316 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD JUL PY 2001 VL 91 IS 7 BP 1019 EP 1024 DI 10.2105/AJPH.91.7.1019 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 461BR UT WOS:000170345500005 PM 11441723 ER PT J AU Ion-Nedelcu, N Craciun, D Pitigoi, D Popa, M Hennessey, K Roure, C Aston, R Zimmermann, G Pelly, M Gay, N Strebel, P AF Ion-Nedelcu, N Craciun, D Pitigoi, D Popa, M Hennessey, K Roure, C Aston, R Zimmermann, G Pelly, M Gay, N Strebel, P TI Measles elimination: A mass immunization campaign in Romania SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article AB Despite high single-dose measles immunization. coverage since the 1980s and high 2-dose coverage since 1995, Romania experienced a measles epidemic between November 1996 and June 1998. Apart from unvaccinated children younger than 2 years, the largest numbers of cases occurred among persons aged 8 through 18 years, 73% of whom had previously been vaccinated.(1) Vaccine effectiveness studies conducted during the epidemic found the measles vaccine to be highly effective, indicating that measles among vaccinated school-aged children was primarily due to failure to respond to a single dose of measles vaccine.(2) A nationwide campaign was conducted to immunize school-aged children, most of whom were not immunized under the second-dose policy established in 1994 (persons aged 1018 years). This campaign appears to have reduced susceptibility to levels required to prevent further measles outbreaks and interrupt the transmission of indigenous measles. Preschool-aged children were not included, because the campaign should decrease measles transmission and reduce the risk of exposure among preschool-aged children, who are now covered by the routine 2-dose schedule. Because of the size of the campaign and the goal of the World Health Organization's (WHO's) European region to eliminate measles by 2007, special efforts were made to monitor Romania's experience.(3) C1 Romanian Minist Hlth, Natl Immunizat Program, Bucharest, Romania. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. WHO, Reg Off Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark. Bolton Dist Dept Publ Hlth, Bolton, England. Publ Hlth Lab Serv, Ctr Communicable Dis Surveillance, London NW9 5EQ, England. Int Federat Red Cross & Red Crescent Soc, Geneva, Switzerland. RP Hennessey, K (reprint author), WHO, 20 Ave Appia, CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. RI Popa, Mircea /A-4830-2011 NR 5 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD JUL PY 2001 VL 91 IS 7 BP 1042 EP 1045 DI 10.2105/AJPH.91.7.1042 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 461BR UT WOS:000170345500009 PM 11441727 ER PT J AU Mussolino, ME Looker, AC Orwoll, ES AF Mussolino, ME Looker, AC Orwoll, ES TI Jogging and bone mineral density in men: Results from NHANES III SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID LONG-DISTANCE RUNNERS; PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY; ENDURANCE EXERCISE; MUSCLE STRENGTH; WOMEN; MASS; HIP; POPULATION; TURNOVER AB Objectives, This cross-sectional population-based study assessed the association of jogging with femoral bone mineral density (BMD) in men. Methods, Data are from a nationally representative sample of 4254 men aged 20 to 59 years from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES IH). Total femoral BMD was measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Jogging was self-reported, Results. Jogging (any vs none) was strongly associated with higher BMD in multivariate models (P < .01) for both young and middle-aged men. Men who jogged 9 or more times per month had higher BMD levels than those who jogged only 1 to 8 times per month (P = .01). Conclusions. Jogging is associated with higher femoral neck BMD in men. Additional large-scale studies that measure all aspects of jogging are warranted. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. Oregon Hlth Sci Univ, Portland, OR 97201 USA. RP Mussolino, ME (reprint author), Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Div Epidemiol, 6525 Belcrest Rd,Suite 730, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. OI Orwoll, Eric/0000-0002-8520-7355 NR 25 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD JUL PY 2001 VL 91 IS 7 BP 1056 EP 1059 DI 10.2105/AJPH.91.7.1056 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 461BR UT WOS:000170345500013 PM 11441731 ER PT J AU Karon, JM Fleming, PL Steketee, RW De Cock, KM AF Karon, JM Fleming, PL Steketee, RW De Cock, KM TI HIV in the United States at the turn of the century: An epidemic in transition SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID INJECTION-DRUG USERS; ARMY RESERVE COMPONENTS; VACCINE EFFICACY TRIALS; NEW-YORK-CITY; TESTING STRATEGY; AIDS EPIDEMIC; YOUNG-ADULTS; INFECTION; TRENDS; MEN AB Objectives. The current status of and changes in the HIV epidemic, in the United States am described. Methods. Surveillance data were used to evaluate time trends in AIDS diagnoses and deaths. Estimates of HIV incidence were derived from studies done during the 1990s; time trends in recent HIV incidence were inferred from MV diagnoses and seroprevalence rafts among young persons. Results. Numbers of deaths and AIDS diagnoses decreased dramatically during 1996 and 1997 but stabilized or declined only slightly during 1998 and 1999. Proportional decreases were smallest among African American women, women in the South, and persons infected through heterosexual contact. HIV incidence has been roughly constant since 1992 in most populations with time trend data, remains highest among men who have sex with men and injection chug users, and typically is higher among African Americans than other racial/ethnic groups. Conclusions. The epidemic increasingly affects women, minorities, persons infected through heterosexual contact, and the poor. Renewed interest and investment in HIV and AIDS surveillance and surveillance of behaviors associated with HIV transmission am essential to direct resources fbr prevention to populations with greatest need and to evaluate intervention programs. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Karon, JM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, E-48, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 49 TC 300 Z9 304 U1 3 U2 19 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD JUL PY 2001 VL 91 IS 7 BP 1060 EP 1068 DI 10.2105/AJPH.91.7.1060 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 461BR UT WOS:000170345500014 PM 11441732 ER PT J AU Chen, KT Chen, CJ Fagot-Campagna, A Narayan, KMV AF Chen, KT Chen, CJ Fagot-Campagna, A Narayan, KMV TI Tobacco, betel quid, alcohol, and illicit drug use among 13-to 35-year-olds in I-Lan, rural Taiwan: Prevalence and risk factors SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID SELF-REPORTS; PATTERNS; COHORT; YOUTH; ADOLESCENTS; INITIATION; CIGARETTE; MORTALITY; BEHAVIOR AB Objectives,. This study determined the prevalence of and risk factors for substance use among rural Taiwanese. Methods. We used a survey of a representative sample of 6318 participants aged 13 to 35 years in I-Lan, Taiwan, in 1996 through 1997. Results. Perceived use of illicit drugs by peers, tobacco smoking, betel quid chewing, and male gender were the strongest predictors of illicit drug use. The prevalence of illicit drug use ranged from 0.3% among those who did not use any other substance to 7.1% among those using tobacco, betel quid, and alcohol, Conclusions. Preventive measures should address substance use in general rather than aiming at single substances. C1 Ctr Dis Control, Field Epidemiol Training Program, Dept Hlth, Taipei, Taiwan. Natl Taiwan Univ, Coll Publ Hlth, Grad Inst Epidemiol, Taipei, Taiwan. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Diabet Translat, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Chen, KT (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control, Field Epidemiol Training Program, Dept Hlth, 6-8F,Lin Shen S Rd, Taipei, Taiwan. RI Chen, Chien-Jen/C-6976-2008; Narayan, K.M. Venkat /J-9819-2012 OI Narayan, K.M. Venkat /0000-0001-8621-5405 NR 26 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD JUL PY 2001 VL 91 IS 7 BP 1130 EP 1134 DI 10.2105/AJPH.91.7.1130 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 461BR UT WOS:000170345500027 PM 11441745 ER PT J AU Lee, YM Johnson, PW Call, JL Arrowood, MJ Furness, BW Pichette, SC Grady, KK Reeh, P Mitchell, L Bergmire-Sweat, D MacKenzie, WR Tsang, VCW AF Lee, YM Johnson, PW Call, JL Arrowood, MJ Furness, BW Pichette, SC Grady, KK Reeh, P Mitchell, L Bergmire-Sweat, D MacKenzie, WR Tsang, VCW TI Development and application of a quantitative, specific assay for Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst detection in high-turbidity environmental water samples SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID SENSITIVE DETECTION; HEALTHY-VOLUNTEERS; GIARDIA; PCR; OUTBREAK; IDENTIFICATION; INFECTION AB Chlorine-resistant Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in drinking water play an important role in the epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis. Current methods of detecting these organisms in water are insensitive, labor-intensive, highly subjective, and severely limited by sample turbidity. We describe here an alternative technique utilizing electrochemiluminescence (ECL) technology for detecting C. parvum oocysts in environmental water samples. This method is quantitative, reproducible, and requires only minimal sample processing. Currently, the ECL assay can detect as few as one oocyst in one milliliter of concentrated test sample with sample turbidity of up to 10,000 nephelometric turbidity units. Water and sewer samples collected during a cryptosporidiosis outbreak were tested by ECL assay. Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts were found in the source water at the time of outbreak, and a sharply decreasing level of oocysts in sewer samples was observed over a three-month period following the outbreak. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Immunol Branch, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol Branch, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Texas Nat Resource Conservat Commiss, Water Program, Austin, TX 78758 USA. Texas Dept Hlth, Dept Hlth, Med Parasitol Sect, Austin, TX 78758 USA. Texas Dept Hlth, Infect Dis Epidemiol & Surveillance Div, Austin, TX 78758 USA. RP Lee, YM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Immunol Branch, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Mailstop F-13,4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RI Mac Kenzie, William /F-1528-2013 OI Mac Kenzie, William /0000-0001-7723-0339 NR 39 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DR, STE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 65 IS 1 BP 1 EP 9 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 461BJ UT WOS:000170344800002 PM 11504397 ER PT J AU Gubler, DJ AF Gubler, DJ TI Prevention and control of tropical diseases in the 21st century: Back to the field SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Editorial Material ID BANCROFTIAN FILARIASIS; HEMORRHAGIC-FEVER C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept HHS, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Gubler, DJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept HHS, POB 2087, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. NR 32 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DR, STE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 65 IS 1 BP V EP XI PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 461BJ UT WOS:000170344800001 PM 11504414 ER PT J AU Gonzalez, AE Gavidia, C Falcon, N Bernal, T Verastegui, M Garcia, HH Gilman, RH Tsang, VCW AF Gonzalez, AE Gavidia, C Falcon, N Bernal, T Verastegui, M Garcia, HH Gilman, RH Tsang, VCW CA Cysticercosis Working Grp Per TI Protection of pigs with cysticercosis from further infections after treatment with oxfendazole SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID TAENIA-SOLIUM CYSTICERCOSIS; PORCINE CYSTICERCOSIS; ANTIGENS; INTERVENTION; PREVALENCE; DIAGNOSIS; MEXICO; TRIAL; ASSAY; PERU AB Cysticercosis, the infection by the larvae of Taenia solium, is a major cause of acquired epilepsy in the world; it also causes significant economic loss because of contaminated pork. This disease is endemic in most developing countries and no control strategy has yet been proven efficient and sustainable. To further evaluate the full potential of single-dose oxfendazole treatment for pigs as a control measure, 20 pigs with cysticercosis were treated with oxfendazole and later matched with 41 naive pigs and exposed to a natural challenge in a hyperendemic area. New infections were found by serologic testing in 15 of the 32 controls (47%), and by the presence of cysts at necropsy in 12 of them (37%). Only minute residual scars were detected in the carcasses of oxfendazole-treated pigs. Pigs with cysticercosis, once treated with oxfendazole, are protected from new infections for at least three months. C1 Univ Nacl Mayor San Marcos, Sch Vet Med, Lima 14, Peru. Univ Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Dept Microbiol, Lima, Peru. Univ Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Dept Pathol, Lima, Peru. Inst Nacl Ciencias Neurol, Dept Transmissible Dis, Lima, Peru. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Immunol Branch, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Int Hlth, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. AB PRISMA, Lima, Peru. RP Gonzalez, AE (reprint author), Univ Nacl Mayor San Marcos, Sch Vet Med, Av Circunvalac S-N,Salamanca Monterr, Lima 14, Peru. OI Gavidia, Cesar Miguel/0000-0003-3936-5077 FU NIAID NIH HHS [1-U01 AI35894-01] NR 30 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DR, STE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 65 IS 1 BP 15 EP 18 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 461BJ UT WOS:000170344800005 PM 11504400 ER PT J AU Garcia, HH Gonzalez, AE Gilman, RH Palacios, LG Jimenez, I Rodriguez, S Verastegui, M Wilkins, P Tsang, VCW AF Garcia, HH Gonzalez, AE Gilman, RH Palacios, LG Jimenez, I Rodriguez, S Verastegui, M Wilkins, P Tsang, VCW CA Cysticercosis Working Grp Peru TI Transient antibody response in Taenia solium infection in field conditions - A major contributor to high seroprevalence SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID CYSTICERCOSIS; NEUROCYSTICERCOSIS; COMMUNITY; EPILEPSY AB The discordance between extremely high seroprevalence of Taenia solium antibodies in disease-endemic populations, relatively few symptomatic cases of neurocysticercosis, and high background levels of putatively inactive brain lesions (mainly calcifications) in seronegative controls have confused researchers, clinicians, and epidemiologists in the last decade. We reviewed longitudinal serologic data from general population serosurveys in 3 different disease-endemic areas of Peru and Colombia and found that similar to 40% of seropositive people were seronegative when resampled after I year (3 surveys) or after 3 years (I survey). Transient antibodies may have significant implications for the epidemiology of and immunity to this disease. C1 Univ Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Dept Microbiol, Lima, Peru. Inst Nacl Ciencias Neurol, Dept Transmissible Dis, Lima, Peru. Johns Hopkins Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Int Hlth, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Inst Neurol Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Immunol Branch, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Tsang, VCW (reprint author), Univ Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Dept Microbiol, Av H Delgado 430,SMP Lima 31, Lima, Peru. FU FIC NIH HHS [1-RO3-TW-00598-01A1]; PHS HHS [U19-A145431] NR 10 TC 71 Z9 72 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DR, STE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 65 IS 1 BP 31 EP 32 PG 2 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 461BJ UT WOS:000170344800009 PM 11504404 ER PT J AU Douglass, RJ Wilson, T Semmens, WJ Zanto, SN Bond, CW Van Horn, RC Mills, JN AF Douglass, RJ Wilson, T Semmens, WJ Zanto, SN Bond, CW Van Horn, RC Mills, JN TI Longitudinal studies of Sin Nombre virus in deer mouse-dominated ecosystems of Montana SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID HANTAVIRUS RESERVOIR POPULATIONS; SOUTHWESTERN UNITED-STATES; LONG-TERM; RODENT POPULATIONS; TEMPORAL DYNAMICS; PREVALENCE; INFECTION; MICE; CALIFORNIA; RECAPTURE AB Sin Nombre virus (SNV), hosted by the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus), is the primary etiologic agent of Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) in North America. To improve our understanding of the epidemiology of HPS in the western United States, we conducted studies of population dynamics and SNV antibody prevalence in deer mouse populations for 6 years on 12 mark-recapture grids in Montana. Monthly numbers of deer mice ranged from zero to over 170 on I-hectare grids. SNV antibody prevalence was higher than observed in studies in other parts of the United States, averaging 13% (0% to 50%), and peaking in May or June each year. Antibody-positive mice were older (heavier) (78% of positives were adults versus 52% of negatives) and more likely to be males (61% of positives versus 53.4% of negatives). A higher proportion of antibody-positive deer mice of all age-mass classes had scars than did antibody-negative mice. Month-to-month survivorship of antibody-positive adult mice was similar to that of antibody-negative mice, but survival of young antibody-positive deer mice was lower than antibody-negative deer mice. This is the first study to clearly suggest a detrimental effect of SNV infection on deer mice. C1 Univ Montana, Montana Tech, Dept Biol, Butte, MT USA. Montana Dept Publ Hlth & Human Serv, Helena, MT USA. Montana State Univ, Dept Microbiol, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Zool, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Douglass, RJ (reprint author), Univ Montana, Montana Tech, Dept Biol, Butte, MT USA. FU PHS HHS [US3/CCU813599-03] NR 34 TC 89 Z9 93 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DR, STE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 65 IS 1 BP 33 EP 41 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 461BJ UT WOS:000170344800010 PM 11504405 ER PT J AU Bartley, DL AF Bartley, DL TI Definition and assessment of sampling and analytical accuracy SO ANNALS OF OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE LA English DT Article DE accuracy; uncertainty; performance; confidence; tolerance ID SETTING TOLERANCE LIMITS; PERFORMANCE; SAMPLERS AB Two independent definitions for quantifying measurement accuracy and two limiting schemes for their assessment are examined in this paper. Gauss' mean square error MSE is compared to the symmetric-range accuracy A, describing the range of measurements about a measurand. Both measures of accuracy account for systematic error (bias) and imprecision so as to quantify the closeness of estimates to the actual values being measured. Remarkably, it is found that the accuracy functions are closely equivalent for most method applications. Furthermore, details are presented on how to compute confidence limits on measurement accuracy so as to account for error in method evaluation. The confidence limits are qualitatively different in the case that the method undergoes extensive initial evaluation in comparison to a continual re evaluation at each method application. To this end the statistical theories of tolerance as well as more familiar types of confidence intervals are applied. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd on behalf of British Occupational Hygiene Society. All rights reserved. C1 NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Bartley, DL (reprint author), NIOSH, 4676 Columbia Pkwy, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. EM dbartley@cdc.gov NR 23 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0003-4878 EI 1475-3162 J9 ANN OCCUP HYG JI Ann. Occup. Hyg. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 45 IS 5 BP 357 EP 364 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 454YT UT WOS:000169999900003 PM 11418085 ER PT J AU Sih, TM AF Sih, TM TI Acute otitis media in Brazilian children: Analysis of microbiology and antimicrobial susceptibility SO ANNALS OF OTOLOGY RHINOLOGY AND LARYNGOLOGY LA English DT Article DE acute otitis media; antimicrobial susceptibility; microbiology; Streptococus pneumoniae conjugate vaccine; Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes ID RESISTANT STREPTOCOCCUS-PNEUMONIAE; UNITED-STATES; PNEUMOCOCCAL CONJUGATE; WORKING GROUP; STRAINS; SURVEILLANCE; INFECTIONS; VACCINES; ERA AB Between 1990 and 1995, a total of 300 children, ages 2 months to 5 years, received diagnoses of acute otitis media (AOM) in a hospital emergency room in Sao Paulo. Brazil, and were recruited for this study. The investigation was undertaken, first, to identify microorganisms and antimicrobial susceptibilities of pathogens from AOM in Brazilian children: next, to ascertain, by comparison, whether the isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae have the same serotypes as those included in the new conjugated heptavalent pneumococcal vaccine: and last. to determine whether additional and/or different serotypes are needed in the vaccine to ensure an immunogenic response against pneumococcal pathogens for the indigenous children in this study. Microoganisms were isolated from ear fluid of 192 patients (64%). The 5 most prevalent pathogens were S pneumoniae (48 isolates: 16%), Haemophilus influenzae (21 isolates; 7%),;Moraxella catarrhalis (15 isolates: 5%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (6 isolates: 2%), and Staphylococcus aureus (3 isolates; 1%). These 5 represented 93 of the 192 total isolates. Resistance to antibiotics was found in the 3 primary pathogens. No high-level resistance of S pneumoniae to penicillin was found: instead, there was high-level resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Ten serotypes of S pneumoniae were isolated: 6B, 9V, 11A, 16, 18C, 19A, 19F 23A, 23B, and 23F. Only 5 of the 10 serotypes isolated were included in the conjugated heptavalent pneumococcal vaccine. Therefore. the other 5 serotypes (24 of 48 strains) should be considered in selecting antigens for the new vaccine. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Resp Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Sao Paulo, Sch Med, Sao Paulo, Brazil. RP Sih, TM (reprint author), Rua Itapeva 240,Suite 1405, BR-01332000 Sao Paulo, Brazil. NR 32 TC 11 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU ANNALS PUBL CO PI ST LOUIS PA 4507 LACLEDE AVE, ST LOUIS, MO 63108 USA SN 0003-4894 J9 ANN OTO RHINOL LARYN JI Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 110 IS 7 BP 662 EP 666 PN 1 PG 5 WC Otorhinolaryngology SC Otorhinolaryngology GA 451WX UT WOS:000169826500011 PM 11465826 ER PT J AU Jorgensen, JH Weigel, LM Swenson, JM Whitney, CG Tenover, FC Ferraro, MJ AF Jorgensen, JH Weigel, LM Swenson, JM Whitney, CG Tenover, FC Ferraro, MJ TI Levofloxacin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae: Second look - Reply SO ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY LA English DT Letter ID FLUOROQUINOLONE RESISTANCE; PARC; MENINGITIS; MUTATIONS; CLONES; GENES; GYRA C1 Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Pathol, San Antonio, TX 78284 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Boston, MA 02114 USA. RP Jorgensen, JH (reprint author), Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Pathol, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX 78284 USA. NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0066-4804 J9 ANTIMICROB AGENTS CH JI Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 45 IS 7 BP 2183 EP 2184 PG 2 WC Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 444TU UT WOS:000169416800049 ER PT J AU Shin, GA Linden, KG Arrowood, MJ Sobsey, MD AF Shin, GA Linden, KG Arrowood, MJ Sobsey, MD TI Low-pressure UV inactivation and DNA repair potential of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID WASTE-WATER EFFLUENT; ULTRAVIOLET-LIGHT; DISCONTINUOUS SUCROSE; IN-VITRO; DISINFECTION; IRRADIATION; GRADIENTS; VIRUSES; GROWTH; MODEL AB Because Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts are very resistant to conventional water treatment processes, including chemical disinfection, we determined the kinetics and extent of their inactivation by monochromatic, low-pressure (LP), mercury vapor lamp W radiation and their subsequent potential for DNA repair of UV damage. A UV collimated-beam apparatus was used to expose suspensions of purified C, parvum oocysts in phosphate-buffered saline, pH 7.3, at 25 degreesC to various doses of monochromatic LP W, C, parvum infectivity reductions were rapid, approximately first order, and at a dose of 3 mJ/cm(2) (=30 J/m(2)), the reduction reached the cell culture assay detection limit of similar to3 log(10). At UV doses of 1.2 and 3 mJ/cm(2), the log(10) reductions of C, parvum oocyst infectivity were not significantly different for control oocysts and those exposed to dark or light repair conditions for UV-induced DNA damage. These results indicate that C, parvum oocysts are very sensitive to inactivation by low doses of monochromatic LP UV radiation and that there is no phenotypic evidence of either light or dark repair of UV-induced DNA damage. C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. Duke Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Durham, NC 27708 USA. RP Shin, GA (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. OI Linden, Karl G./0000-0003-4301-7227 NR 32 TC 94 Z9 104 U1 1 U2 16 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 67 IS 7 BP 3029 EP 3032 DI 10.1128/AEM.67.7.3029-3032.2001 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 448AV UT WOS:000169605400021 PM 11425717 ER PT J AU Steindel, SJ Howanitz, PJ AF Steindel, SJ Howanitz, PJ TI Physician satisfaction and emergency department laboratory test turnaround time - Observations based on College of American Pathologists Q-Probes studies SO ARCHIVES OF PATHOLOGY & LABORATORY MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID TRAUMA PATIENTS; CARE; DEPARTMENTS; PERFORMANCE; CLINICIAN; QUALITY; IMPACT; SYSTEM; POINT AB Objectives.-To determine the length of time for the components of the emergency department (ED) turn-around time (TAT) study in 1998 and to ascertain physician satisfaction concerning laboratory services to the ED. Methods.-Using forms supplied by the College of American Pathologists Q-Probes program, participants conducted a self-directed study of ED TAT over a 4-week period. Data requested included various times of day associated with the ordering, specimen collection, laboratory receipt, and result-reporting stages of stat ED TATs for potassium and hemoglobin. Additionally, practice-related questions associated with the laboratory were asked. Participating laboratories also provided a physician satisfaction survey for up to 4 physicians who were users of: ED services. Results of both the TAT study and the physician satisfaction survey were returned by mail. Participants were drawn from the 952 hospital laboratories enrolled in the 1998 College of American Pathologists Q-Probes study on ED TAT. The main outcome measures included the components of the ED TAT process, factors associated with decreases in ED TAT, and the results of the physician satisfaction survey. Results.-Six hundred ninety hospital laboratories (72.4% response rate) returned data on up to 18 230 hemoglobin and 18 259 potassium specimens. Half of these laboratories responded that 90% of potassium tests were ordered and reported in 69 minutes or less, whereas the TAT for 90% of hemoglobin results was 55 minutes or less. Comparison of the components of TAT for both potassium and hemoglobin with similar studies done in 1990 and 1993 showed no change. Factors found to statistically contribute to faster TATs for both tests were laboratory control of specimen handling and rapid transport time. When whole blood specimens were used for potassium determination, TAT improved. Emergency department physicians chose the study-defined lower satisfaction categories of Often, Sometimes, Rarely, and Never for the questions concerning the laboratory being sensitive to stat testing needs (39.1%) and meeting physician needs (47.6%). Many of the physicians surveyed believed that laboratory TAT caused delayed ED treatment more than 50% of the time (42.9%) and increased ED length of stay more than 50% of the time (61.4%) when compared with other specialty users of the ED. Conclusions.-Laboratory ED TATs have remained unchanged for almost a decade. Emergency department physicians are not satisfied with laboratory services. Although it appears that one issue may relate to the other, the interaction between the laboratory and the ED is quite complex and has been evolving for at least 30 years. Improvement in interoperability between the departments is essential for operational efficiency and patient care. Effective communication channels need to be established to achieve these goals. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Publ Hlth Practice Program Off, Div Lab Syst, Lab Performance Assessment Branch, Chamblee, GA 30341 USA. SUNY Hlth Sci Ctr, Univ Hosp, Dept Pathol, Brooklyn, NY 11203 USA. RP Steindel, SJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Publ Hlth Practice Program Off, Div Lab Syst, Lab Performance Assessment Branch, MS G-23,4770 Buford Hwy, Chamblee, GA 30341 USA. NR 37 TC 57 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 0 PU COLLEGE AMER PATHOLOGISTS PI NORTHFIELD PA C/O KIMBERLY GACKI, 325 WAUKEGAN RD, NORTHFIELD, IL 60093-2750 USA SN 0003-9985 J9 ARCH PATHOL LAB MED JI Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 125 IS 7 BP 863 EP 871 PG 9 WC Medical Laboratory Technology; Medicine, Research & Experimental; Pathology SC Medical Laboratory Technology; Research & Experimental Medicine; Pathology GA 450ML UT WOS:000169747400003 PM 11419969 ER PT J AU Steindel, SJ Simon, MK AF Steindel, SJ Simon, MK TI Characterization of microorganism identification in the United States in 1996 - Implications for public health reporting SO ARCHIVES OF PATHOLOGY & LABORATORY MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID COMMUNICABLE DISEASES; INFECTIOUS-DISEASES; RECORD LINKAGE; SHIGELLA SURVEILLANCE; PASSIVE SURVEILLANCE; VITAL-STATISTICS; ON-SITE; PHYSICIANS; SYSTEM; LABORATORIES AB Context.-The National Inventory of Clinical Laboratory Testing Services (NICLTS) was designed to give an unbiased estimate of all patient testing performed by laboratories registered under the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments in 1996. Objective.-Survey data were used to develop a profile of laboratory testing primarily intended to identify microorganisms or antibodies to these microorganisms. Design.-Estimates of the extent of microorganism identification were derived from the NICLTS database by identifying associated tests and methods. The volumes for tests performed at locations that primarily prepared blood components for distribution were excluded. Organisms of public health importance were identified from the National Notifiable Disease list maintained by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Participants.-Laboratories that were enrolled in the 1996 Online Certification Survey and Reporting System, maintained by the US Health Care Finance Administration, and that performed laboratory testing in 1996. Outcome Measure.-Estimated volumes and associated confidence limits by test, method, specimen type, public health importance, and testing location. Results.-Excluding testing of the blood supply, 315 million tests (95% confidence limits, 280-354 million tests) were performed in the United States for microorganism identification. Those tests for which public health consensus requires national reporting represented 38% of this total. Although hospitals performed 46% of all microorganism identification, they only performed 33% of the testing for microorganisms of public health importance. Independent and specialty laboratories performed 38% of all testing but 65% of the testing for microorganisms of public health importance. Direct methods (methods not involving culture) were used in 77% of the tests for microorganisms of public health importance and in 42% of all identification tests. Conclusions.-The distribution of microorganism identification testing found using NICLTS data is consistent with plans to modernize the public health surveillance system in the United States. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Publ Hlth Practice Program Off, Lab Performance Assessment Branch, Div Lab Syst, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Steindel, SJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Publ Hlth Practice Program Off, Lab Performance Assessment Branch, Div Lab Syst, MS G-23,4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 56 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU COLLEGE AMER PATHOLOGISTS PI NORTHFIELD PA C/O KIMBERLY GACKI, 325 WAUKEGAN RD, NORTHFIELD, IL 60093-2750 USA SN 0003-9985 J9 ARCH PATHOL LAB MED JI Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 125 IS 7 BP 913 EP 920 PG 8 WC Medical Laboratory Technology; Medicine, Research & Experimental; Pathology SC Medical Laboratory Technology; Research & Experimental Medicine; Pathology GA 450ML UT WOS:000169747400010 PM 11419976 ER PT J AU Breslow, RA Ballard-Barbash, R Munoz, K Graubard, BI AF Breslow, RA Ballard-Barbash, R Munoz, K Graubard, BI TI Long-term recreational physical activity and breast cancer in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study SO CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY BIOMARKERS & PREVENTION LA English DT Article ID RISK; WOMEN AB Our purpose was to study the association between longterm recreational physical activity and breast cancer in the Epidemiological Follow-up Study (NHEFS) of the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES I, 1971-1975). The analytic cohort included 6160 women who were free of breast cancer at the first NHEFS follow-up in 1982-1984 and had interview data on recreational physical activity (low, moderate, and high) in 1982-1984 and 10 years earlier, in 1971-1975, We created categories of long-term (1982-1984 + 1971-1975) recreational physical activity: (a) consistently low; (b) moderate/inconsistent; and (c) consistently high. Data were analyzed using Cox proportional hazard regression models. A total of 138 women developed breast cancer between 1982-1984 and 1992. Tn women greater than or equal to 50 years of age in 1982-1984, consistently high (versus consistently low) recreational physical activity was associated with a 67% reduction in breast cancer risk (n = 96 cases; relative risk, 0.33; 95% confidence interval, 0.14-0.82; P for trend = 0.03); in women <50 years of age (n = 42 cases), there was no association. Associations were not modified by body mass index or by weight gain as an adult. High recreational physical activity over the long-term may reduce breast cancer risk in women 50 years of age; in this sample, it did so regardless of weight history. C1 CDCP, Epidemiol & Hlth Serv Branch, Div Canc Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NCI, Appl Res Program, Div Canc Control & Populat Sci, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NCI, Biostat Branch, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Merck Pharmaceut, Whitehouse Stn, NJ 08889 USA. RP Breslow, RA (reprint author), CDCP, Epidemiol & Hlth Serv Branch, Div Canc Prevent & Control, 4770 Buford Highway,MS K-55, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 17 TC 65 Z9 66 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER ASSOC CANCER RESEARCH PI BIRMINGHAM PA PO BOX 11806, BIRMINGHAM, AL 35202 USA SN 1055-9965 J9 CANCER EPIDEM BIOMAR JI Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 10 IS 7 BP 805 EP 808 PG 4 WC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 451CE UT WOS:000169782900011 PM 11440967 ER PT J AU Lawson, CC LeMasters, MK Lemasters, GK Reutman, SS Rice, CH Lockey, JE AF Lawson, CC LeMasters, MK Lemasters, GK Reutman, SS Rice, CH Lockey, JE TI Reliability and validity of chest radiograph surveillance programs SO CHEST LA English DT Article DE pleura; precision; radiographs; reliability; sensitivity; specificity; surveillance ID PLEURAL PLAQUES; PNEUMOCONIOSIS; AGREEMENT; EXPOSURE; DISEASE AB Study objectives: Due to the lack of consensus in the literature in the use of postcroanterior (PA) vs PA with right and left oblique views as the optimum radiograph surveillance methodology to investigate pleural changes, a study was undertaken to evaluate the reliability, sensitivity, and specificity of these two approaches. Design: Three experienced radiologist B readers used the 1980 international Labor Office classification system for pneumoconiosis to independently read chest radiographs of workers with individual identifiers masked. All radiographs were read first as a PA view only. Unknown to the B readers, each subject's PA was then matched to his or her corresponding right and left oblique views (film triad) and re-read several weeks later. Setting and participants: The respiratory health of 652 workers exposed to refractory ceramic fiber was assessed as part of cross-sectional and longitudinal surveillance programs. Measurements and results: K Statistics for interreader and intrareader reliability between the PA view and film triad methods were calculated. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value were assessed by comparing the initial cross-sectional study to the longitudinal study, The film triad method had considerably higher interreader reliability (kappa = 0.59) compared to the PA-only method (kappa = 0.44), Results from the initial cross-sectional study cr ere then compared to findings evaluated longitudinally, The film triad again was superior, demonstrating a positive predictive value of 73.7% compared to only 47.8% for the PA method. Conclusions: It is our recommendation that the film triad method be used in surveillance studies where both parenchymal and pleural changes are anticipated, C1 Univ Cincinnati, Coll Med, Cincinnati, OH USA. RP Lawson, CC (reprint author), NIOSH, 4676 Columbia Pkwy,Mailstop R-15, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RI Reutman, Susan/C-2459-2012 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [5P30-ES06096-09] NR 28 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER COLL CHEST PHYSICIANS PI NORTHBROOK PA 3300 DUNDEE ROAD, NORTHBROOK, IL 60062-2348 USA SN 0012-3692 J9 CHEST JI Chest PD JUL PY 2001 VL 120 IS 1 BP 64 EP 68 DI 10.1378/chest.120.1.64 PG 5 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA 451YG UT WOS:000169829900015 PM 11451817 ER PT J AU Eremeeva, ME Dasch, GA Silverman, DJ AF Eremeeva, ME Dasch, GA Silverman, DJ TI Quantitative analyses of variations in the injury of endothelial cells elicited by 11 isolates of Rickettsia rickettsii SO CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MOUNTAIN-SPOTTED-FEVER; FRAGMENT-LENGTH-POLYMORPHISM; UNITED-STATES; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; INFECTION; STRAINS; TYPHUS; TICKS; VIRULENCE; DIFFERENTIATION AB Eleven isolates of spotted fever group rickettsiae from the blood of patients or ixodid ticks from North and South America were characterized. All isolates were identified as Rickettsia rickettsii using restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of a 532-bp rOmpA gene fragment obtained by PCR. The ability of the R. rickettsii isolates to elicit cytopathic effects and parameters of oxidative injury were examined in cultured human EA.hy 926 endothelial cells. Cytopathic effects were determined by direct observation of infected cultures, by measuring the release of cytoplasmic lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and by determination of intracellular pools of peroxide and reduced glutathione. Four biotypes of R. rickettsii were defined. Group I included two highly cytopathic isolates from Montana, Bitterroot and Sheila Smith, and three isolates from Maryland, North Carolina, and Brazil. These isolates rapidly damaged cells, released large amounts of cytoplasmic LDH, caused accumulation of intracellular peroxide, and depleted intracellular pools of reduced glutathione. Group II contained three isolates, two from Montana, Hlp#2 and Lost Horse Canyon, and an isolate from Colombia, which were similar to group I but caused either lower responses in LDH release or smaller changes in intracellular peroxide levels. The group III isolates, Sawtooth from Montana and 84JG from North Carolina, caused lower cellular injury by all measures. Group TV isolate Price T from Montana was the least cytopathic and caused minimal alterations of all parameters measured. Understanding the molecular basis for the varied cellular injury caused by different isolates of R. rickettsii may contribute to improved treatment of Rocky Mountain spotted fever and to the rapid identification of those isolates which are more likely to cause fulminant disease. C1 Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. USN, Med Res Ctr, Bethesda, MD 20084 USA. RP Eremeeva, ME (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Mail Stop G-13,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI 17416] NR 62 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 1071-412X J9 CLIN DIAGN LAB IMMUN JI Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 8 IS 4 BP 788 EP 796 DI 10.1128/CDLI.8.4.788-796.2001 PG 9 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 449UN UT WOS:000169705700020 PM 11427428 ER PT J AU Fears, MB Pope, V AF Fears, MB Pope, V TI Syphilis fast latex agglutination test, a rapid confirmatory test SO CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DIAGNOSIS AB Using 255 serum samples with various reactivities, we evaluated the Syphilis Fast latex agglutination test (Syphilis Fast) against the Treponema pallidum particle agglutination test (TP-PA) for confirming a diagnosis of syphilis. We found 98.8% agreement between the Syphilis Fast and the TP-PA, The Syphilis Fast, however, had a couple of advantages over the TP-PA: the test takes only 8 min to perform and produces results that are easy to read. It appears to be a good confirmatory test for syphilis, especially for point-of-care clinics such as prenatal or sexually transmitted disease clinics. C1 Ctr Dis Control, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Pope, V (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, D-13,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 7 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 1071-412X J9 CLIN DIAGN LAB IMMUN JI Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 8 IS 4 BP 841 EP 842 DI 10.1128/CDLI.8.4.841-842.2001 PG 2 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 449UN UT WOS:000169705700031 PM 11427439 ER PT J AU Kriska, AM Pereira, MA Hanson, RL de Courten, MP Zimmet, PZ Alberti, KGMM Chitson, P Bennett, PH Narayan, KMV Knowler, WC AF Kriska, AM Pereira, MA Hanson, RL de Courten, MP Zimmet, PZ Alberti, KGMM Chitson, P Bennett, PH Narayan, KMV Knowler, WC TI Association of physical activity and serum insulin concentrations in two populations at high risk for type 2 diabetes but differing by BMI SO DIABETES CARE LA English DT Article ID IMPAIRED GLUCOSE-TOLERANCE; PIMA-INDIANS; FASTING INSULIN; YOUNG-ADULTS; RESISTANCE; WOMEN; SENSITIVITY; INTOLERANCE; INACTIVITY; SECRETION AB OBJECTIVE - Physical activity and insulin sensitivity are related in epidemiological studies, but the consistency of this finding among populations that greatly differ in body size is uncertain. The present multiethnic epidemiological study examined whether physical activity was related to insulin concentrations in two populations at high risk for diabetes that greatly differ by location, ethnic group, and BMI. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS - The study populations consisted of 2,321 nondiabetic Pima Indian men and women aged 15-59 years from Arizona and 2,716 nondiabetic men and women aged 35-54 years from Mauritius. Insulin sensitivity was estimated by mean insulin concentration (average of the fasting and postload insulin), and total (i.e., leisure and occupational) physical activity was assessed by questionnaire. RESULTS - Pima men and women who were more active had significantly (P < 0.05) lower mean insulin concentrations than those less active (BMI and age-adjusted means were 179 vs. 200 and 237 vs. 268 pmol/l). Similar findings were noted in Mauritian men and women (94 vs. 122 and 127 vs. 148 pmol/l). In both populations, activity remained significantly associated with mean insulin concentration controlled for age, BMI, waist-to-thigh or waist-to-hip ratio, and mean glucose concentrations. CONCLUSIONS - Physical activity was negatively associated with insulin concentrations both in the Pima Indians, who tend to be overweight, and in Mauritians, who are leaner. These findings suggest a beneficial role of activity on insulin sensitivity that is separate from any influence of activity on body composition. C1 Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Epidemiol, Pittsburgh, PA USA. Childrens Hosp, Dept Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA. NIDDKD, Diabet & Arthrit Epidemiol Sect, Phoenix, AZ USA. Univ Newcastle Upon Tyne, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, Tyne & Wear, England. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Kriska, AM (reprint author), Univ Pittsburgh, GSPH, 130 DeSoto St, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA. RI Narayan, K.M. Venkat /J-9819-2012; Hanson, Robert/O-3238-2015; de Courten, Maximilian/B-3300-2012 OI Narayan, K.M. Venkat /0000-0001-8621-5405; Hanson, Robert/0000-0002-4252-7068; de Courten, Maximilian/0000-0001-9997-9359 FU NIDDK NIH HHS [R01 DK-43394-06A1, DK-25446] NR 31 TC 40 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER DIABETES ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1660 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0149-5992 J9 DIABETES CARE JI Diabetes Care PD JUL PY 2001 VL 24 IS 7 BP 1175 EP 1180 DI 10.2337/diacare.24.7.1175 PG 6 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 446NU UT WOS:000169520000009 PM 11423498 ER PT J AU Eidson, M Komar, N Sorhage, F Nelson, R Talbot, T Mostashari, F McLean, R AF Eidson, M Komar, N Sorhage, F Nelson, R Talbot, T Mostashari, F McLean, R CA West Nile Virus Avian Mortality Su TI Crow deaths as a sentinel surveillance system for West Nile virus in the Northeastern United States, 1999 SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID NEW-YORK; ENCEPHALITIS; OUTBREAK AB In addition to human encephalitis and meningitis cases, the West Nile (WN) virus outbreak in the summer and fall of 1999 in New York State resulted in bird deaths in New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut. From August to December 1999, 295 dead birds were laboratory-confirmed with INN virus infection; 262 (89%) were American Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos). The New York State Department of Health received reports of 17,339 dead birds, including 5,697 (33%) crows; in Connecticut 1,040 dead crows were reported. Bird deaths were critical in identifying WN virus as the cause of the human outbreak and defining its geographic and temporal limits. If established before a WN virus outbreak, a surveillance system based on bird deaths may provide a sensitive method of detecting WN virus. C1 New York State Dept Hlth, Zoonoses Program, Albany, NY 12237 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Ft Collins, CO USA. New Jersey Dept Hlth & Senior Serv, Trenton, NJ USA. Connecticut Dept Publ Hlth, Hartford, CT USA. New York City Dept Hlth, New York, NY USA. Natl Wildlife Hlth Res Ctr, Madison, WI USA. RP Eidson, M (reprint author), New York State Dept Hlth, Zoonoses Program, Rm 621 ESP Corning Tower, Albany, NY 12237 USA. NR 11 TC 136 Z9 143 U1 3 U2 15 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 7 IS 4 BP 615 EP 620 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 468NG UT WOS:000170763300002 PM 11585521 ER PT J AU Komar, N Panella, NA Burns, JE Dusza, SW Mascarenhas, TM Talbot, TO AF Komar, N Panella, NA Burns, JE Dusza, SW Mascarenhas, TM Talbot, TO TI Serologic evidence for West Nile virus infection in birds in the New York City vicinity during an outbreak in 1999 SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID MOSQUITOS; ENCEPHALITIS AB As part of an investigation of an encephalitis outbreak in New York City, we sampled 430 birds, representing 18 species in four orders, during September 13-23, 1999, in Queens and surrounding counties. Overall, 33% were positive for West Nile (WN) virus-neutralizing antibodies, and 0.5% were positive for St. Louis encephalitis virus-neutralizing antibodies. By county, Queens had the most seropositive birds for WN virus (50%); species with the greatest seropositivity for WN virus (sample sizes were at least six) were Domestic Goose, Domestic Chicken, House Sparrow, Canada Goose, and Rock Dove. One sampled bird, a captive adult Domestic Goose, showed signs of illness; WN virus infection was confirmed. Our results support the concept that chickens and House Sparrows are good arbovirus sentinels. This study also implicates the House Sparrow as an important vertebrate reservoir host. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. New York State Dept Hlth, Troy, NY USA. RP Komar, N (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, POB 2087, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. NR 13 TC 108 Z9 115 U1 1 U2 7 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 7 IS 4 BP 621 EP 625 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 468NG UT WOS:000170763300003 PM 11585522 ER PT J AU Hadler, J Nelson, R McCarthy, T Andreadis, T Lis, MJ French, R Beckwith, W Mayo, D Archambault, G Cartter, M AF Hadler, J Nelson, R McCarthy, T Andreadis, T Lis, MJ French, R Beckwith, W Mayo, D Archambault, G Cartter, M TI West Nile virus surveillance in Connecticut in 2000: An intense epizootic without high risk for severe human disease SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article AB In 1999, Connecticut was one of three states in which West Nile (WN) virus actively circulated prior to its recognition. In 2000, prospective surveillance was established, including monitoring bird deaths, testing dead crows, trapping and testing mosquitoes, testing horses and hospitalized humans with neurologic illness, and conducting a human seroprevalence survey. WN virus was first detected in a dead crow found on July 5 in Fairfield County. Ultimately, 1,095 dead crows, 14 mosquito pools, 7 horses, and one mildly symptomatic person were documented with WN virus infection. None of 86 hospitalized persons with neurologic illness (meningitis, encephalitis, Guillain-Barre-like syndrome) and no person in the seroprevalence survey were infected. Spraying in response to positive surveillance findings was minimal. An intense epizootic of WN virus can occur without having an outbreak of severe human disease in the absence of emergency adult mosquito management. C1 Connecticut Dept Publ Hlth, Div Infect Dis, Hartford, CT 06134 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Connecticut Agr Expt Stn, New Haven, CT 06504 USA. Connecticut Dept Agr, Hartford, CT USA. Univ Connecticut, Storrs, CT USA. RP Hadler, J (reprint author), Connecticut Dept Publ Hlth, Div Infect Dis, 410 Capitol Ave,POB 340308, Hartford, CT 06134 USA. NR 18 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 3 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 7 IS 4 BP 636 EP 642 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 468NG UT WOS:000170763300006 PM 11585525 ER PT J AU Weiss, D Carr, D Kellachan, J Tan, C Phillips, M Bresnitz, E Layton, M AF Weiss, D Carr, D Kellachan, J Tan, C Phillips, M Bresnitz, E Layton, M CA West Nile Virus Outbreak Response TI Clinical findings of West Nile virus infection in hospitalized patients, New York and New Jersey, 2000 SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID ENCEPHALITIS EPIDEMIC AB Outbreaks of West Nile (WN) virus occurred in the New York metropolitan area in 1999 and 2000. Nineteen patients diagnosed with WN infection were hospitalized in New York and New Jersey in 2000 and were included in this review. Eleven patients had encephalitis or meningoencephalitis, and eight had meningitis alone. Ages of patients ranged from 36 to 87 years (median 63 years). Fever and neurologic and gastrointestinal symptoms predominated. Severe muscle weakness on neurologic examination was found in three patients. Age was associated with disease severity. Hospitalized cases and deaths were lower in 2000 than in 1999, although the case-fatality rate was unchanged. Clinicians in the Northeast should maintain a high level of suspicion during the summer when evaluating older patients with febrile illnesses and neurologic symptoms, especially if associated with gastrointestinal complaints or muscle weakness. C1 New York City Dept Hlth, New York, NY 10013 USA. New Jersey Dept Hlth & Sr Serv, Trenton, NJ USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Weiss, D (reprint author), New York City Dept Hlth, 125 Worth St,Box 22A, New York, NY 10013 USA. NR 11 TC 146 Z9 158 U1 0 U2 1 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 7 IS 4 BP 654 EP 658 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 468NG UT WOS:000170763300009 PM 11589170 ER PT J AU Giladi, M Metzkor-Cotter, E Martin, DA Siegman-Igra, Y Korczyn, AD Rosso, R Berger, SA Campbell, GL Lanciotti, RS AF Giladi, M Metzkor-Cotter, E Martin, DA Siegman-Igra, Y Korczyn, AD Rosso, R Berger, SA Campbell, GL Lanciotti, RS TI West Nile encephalitis in Israel, 1999: The New York connection SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID VIRUS AB We describe two cases of West Nile (WN) encephalitis in a married couple in Tel Aviv, Israel, in 1999. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction performed on a brain specimen from the husband detected a WN viral strain nearly identical to avian strains recovered in Israel in 1998 (99.9% genomic sequence homology) and in New York in 1999 (99.8%). This result supports the hypothesis that the 1999 WN virus epidemic in the United States originated from the introduction of a strain that had been circulating in Israel. C1 Tel Aviv Sourasky Med Ctr, Bernard Pridan Lab Mol Biol Infect Dis, IL-64239 Tel Aviv, Israel. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Giladi, M (reprint author), Tel Aviv Sourasky Med Ctr, Bernard Pridan Lab Mol Biol Infect Dis, 6 Weizman St, IL-64239 Tel Aviv, Israel. RI Korczyn, Amos/C-3461-2017 OI Korczyn, Amos/0000-0003-0125-2579 NR 12 TC 43 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 7 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 7 IS 4 BP 659 EP 661 PG 3 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 468NG UT WOS:000170763300010 PM 11585528 ER PT J AU Kulasekera, VL Kramer, L Nasci, RS Mostashari, F Cherry, B Trock, SC Glaser, C Miller, JR AF Kulasekera, VL Kramer, L Nasci, RS Mostashari, F Cherry, B Trock, SC Glaser, C Miller, JR TI West Nile Virus infection in mosquitoes, birds, horses, and humans, Staten Island, New York, 2000 SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article AB West Nile (WN) virus transmission in the United States during 2000 was most intense on Staten Island, New York, where 10 neurologic illnesses among humans and 2 among horses occurred. WN virus was isolated from Aedes vexans, Culex pipiens, Cx. salinarius, Ochlerotatus triseriatus, and Psorophora ferox, and WN viral RNA was detected in Anopheles punctipennis. An elevated weekly minimum infection rate (MIR) for Cx. pipiens and increased dead bird density were present for 2 weeks before the first human illness occurred. Increasing mosquito MIRs and dead bird densities in an area may be indicators of an increasing risk for human infections. A transmission model is proposed involving Cx pipiens and Cx. restuans as the primary enzootic and epizootic vectors among birds, Cx salinarius as the primary bridge vector for humans, and Aedes/Ochlerotatus spp. as bridge vectors for equine infection. C1 New York City Dept Hlth, New York, NY 10013 USA. New York State Dept Hlth, Albany, NY USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Ft Collins, CO USA. OutbreakDetect Inc, New York, NY USA. Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY USA. New York State Dept Agr & Markets, Albany, NY USA. RP Kulasekera, VL (reprint author), New York City Dept Hlth, Room 619,CN 32P,125 Worth St, New York, NY 10013 USA. NR 12 TC 110 Z9 116 U1 0 U2 12 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 7 IS 4 BP 722 EP 725 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 468NG UT WOS:000170763300021 PM 11589172 ER PT J AU Langevin, SA Bunning, M Davis, B Komar, N AF Langevin, SA Bunning, M Davis, B Komar, N TI Experimental infection of chickens as candidate sentinels for West Nile virus SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID LOUIS ENCEPHALITIS VIRUSES; MOSQUITOS AB We evaluated the susceptibility, duration and intensity of viremia, and serologic responses of chickens to West Nile (WN) virus (WNV-NY99) infection by needle, mosquito, or oral inoculation. None of 21 infected chickens developed clinical disease, and all these developed neutralizing antibodies. Although viremias were detectable in all but one chicken, the magnitude (mean peak viremia < 10(4) PFU/mL) was deemed insufficient to infect vector mosquitoes. WNV-NY99 was detected in cloacal and/or throat swabs from 13 of these chickens, and direct transmission of WNV-NY99 between chickens occurred once (in 16 trials), from a needle-inoculated bird. Nine chickens that ingested WNV-NY99 failed to become infected. The domestic chickens in this study were susceptible to WN virus infection, developed detectable antibodies, survived infection, and with one exception failed to infect cage mates. These are all considered positive attributes of a sentinel species for WN virus surveillance programs. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Komar, N (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, POB 2087, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. NR 19 TC 93 Z9 97 U1 0 U2 2 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 7 IS 4 BP 726 EP 729 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 468NG UT WOS:000170763300022 PM 11585538 ER PT J AU Marfin, AA Petersen, LR Eidson, M Miller, J Hadler, J Farello, C Werner, B Campbell, GL Layton, M Smith, P Bresnitz, E Cartter, M Scaletta, J Obiri, G Bunning, M Craven, RC Roehrig, JT Julian, KG Hinten, SR Gubler, DJ AF Marfin, AA Petersen, LR Eidson, M Miller, J Hadler, J Farello, C Werner, B Campbell, GL Layton, M Smith, P Bresnitz, E Cartter, M Scaletta, J Obiri, G Bunning, M Craven, RC Roehrig, JT Julian, KG Hinten, SR Gubler, DJ CA ArboNET Cooperative Surveillance G TI Widespread West Nile virus activity, Eastern United States, 2000 SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article AB In 1999, the U.S. West Nile (WN) virus epidemic was preceded by widespread reports of avian deaths. In 2000, ArboNET, a cooperative WN virus surveillance system, was implemented to monitor the sentinel epizootic that precedes human infection. This report summarizes 2000 surveillance data, documents widespread virus activity in 2000, and demonstrates the utility of monitoring virus activity in animals to identify human risk for infection. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. New York State Dept Hlth, Albany, NY USA. New York City Dept Hlth, New York, NY 10013 USA. Connecticut Dept Publ Hlth, Hartford, CT USA. New Jersey Dept Hlth & Social Serv, Trenton, NJ USA. Massachusetts Dept Publ Hlth, Boston, MA USA. Maryland Dept Hlth & Mental Hlth, Baltimore, MD USA. Penn Dept Hlth, Harrisburg, PA 17108 USA. US Dept Def, Armed Forces Med Intelligence Ctr, Ft Detrick, MD USA. RP Marfin, AA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, POB 2087, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. OI Roehrig, John/0000-0001-7581-0479 NR 6 TC 101 Z9 106 U1 0 U2 2 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 7 IS 4 BP 730 EP 735 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 468NG UT WOS:000170763300023 PM 11585539 ER PT J AU Komar, N Panella, NA Boyce, E AF Komar, N Panella, NA Boyce, E TI Exposure of domestic mammals to West Nile virus during an outbreak of human encephalitis, New York City, 1999 SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS; CALIFORNIA; USA AB We evaluated West Nile (WN) virus seroprevalence in healthy horses, dogs, and cats in New York City after an outbreak of human WN virus encephalitis in 1999. Two (3%) of 73 horses, 10 (5%) of 189 dogs, and none of 12 cats tested positive for WN virus-neutralizing antibodies. Domestic mammals should be evaluated as sentinels for local WN virus activity and predictors of the infection in humans. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Arbovirus Dis Branch, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. New York City Dept Hlth, New York, NY 10013 USA. RP Komar, N (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Arbovirus Dis Branch, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, POB 2087, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. NR 20 TC 48 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 2 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 7 IS 4 BP 736 EP 738 PG 3 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 468NG UT WOS:000170763300024 PM 11585540 ER PT J AU Nasci, RS Savage, HM White, DJ Miller, JR Cropp, BC Godsey, MS Kerst, AJ Bennett, P Gottfried, K Lanciotti, RS AF Nasci, RS Savage, HM White, DJ Miller, JR Cropp, BC Godsey, MS Kerst, AJ Bennett, P Gottfried, K Lanciotti, RS TI West Nile virus in overwintering Culex mosquitoes, New York City, 2000 SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID VERTICAL TRANSMISSION; ENCEPHALITIS AB After the 1999 West Nile (WN) encephalitis outbreak in New York, 2,300 overwintering adult mosquitoes were tested for WN virus by cell culture and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. WN viral RNA and live virus were found in pools of Culex mosquitoes. Persistence in overwintering Cx pipiens may be important in the maintenance of WN virus in the northeastern United States. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. New York State Dept Hlth, Albany, NY USA. New York City Dept Hlth, New York, NY 10013 USA. New York City Dept Environm Protect, New York, NY USA. RP Nasci, RS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, POB 2087, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. NR 19 TC 159 Z9 173 U1 0 U2 14 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 7 IS 4 BP 742 EP 744 PG 3 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 468NG UT WOS:000170763300026 PM 11585542 ER PT J AU Trock, SC Meade, BJ Glaser, AL Ostlund, EN Lanciotti, RS Cropp, BC Kulasekera, V Kramer, LD Komar, N AF Trock, SC Meade, BJ Glaser, AL Ostlund, EN Lanciotti, RS Cropp, BC Kulasekera, V Kramer, LD Komar, N TI West Nile virus outbreak among horses in New York state, 1999 and 2000 SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article AB West Nile (WN) virus was identified in the Western Hemisphere in 1999. Along with human encephalitis cases, 20 equine cases of WN virus were detected in 1999 and 23 equine cases in 2000 in New York. During both years, the equine cases occurred after human cases in New York had been identified. C1 Cornell Univ, Vet Diagnost Lab, Ithaca, NY USA. USDA, Vet Serv, Frankfort, KY USA. USDA, Natl Vet Serv Labs, Ames, IA 50010 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Ft Collins, CO USA. New York City Dept Hlth, New York, NY 10013 USA. Wadsworth Ctr, Arbovirus Res Lab, Albany, NY USA. RP Trock, SC (reprint author), New York State Dept Agr & Market, 1 Winners Circle, Albany, NY 12235 USA. NR 12 TC 77 Z9 81 U1 1 U2 3 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 7 IS 4 BP 745 EP 747 PG 3 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 468NG UT WOS:000170763300027 PM 11585543 ER PT J AU Swayne, DE Beck, JR Smith, CS Shieh, WJ Zaki, SR AF Swayne, DE Beck, JR Smith, CS Shieh, WJ Zaki, SR TI Fatal encephalitis and myocarditis in young domestic geese (Anser anser domesticus) caused by West Nile virus SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID NEW-YORK; OUTBREAK; PATHOLOGY; BIRDS AB During 1999 and 2000, a disease outbreak of West Nile (WN) virus occurred in humans, horses, and wild and zoological birds in the northeastern USA. In our experiments, WN virus infection of young domestic geese (Anser anser domesticus) caused depression, weight loss, torticollis, opisthotonus, and death with accompanying encephalitis and myocarditis. Based on this experimental study and a field outbreak in Israel, WN virus is a disease threat to young goslings and viremia levels are potentially sufficient to infect mosquitoes and transmit WN virus to other animal species. C1 USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Swayne, DE (reprint author), USDA ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, 934 Coll Stn Rd, Athens, GA 30605 USA. NR 14 TC 65 Z9 73 U1 0 U2 2 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 7 IS 4 BP 751 EP 753 PG 3 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 468NG UT WOS:000170763300029 PM 11585545 ER PT J AU Panella, NA Kerst, AJ Lanciotti, RS Bryant, P Wolf, B Komar, N AF Panella, NA Kerst, AJ Lanciotti, RS Bryant, P Wolf, B Komar, N TI Comparative West Nile virus detection in organs of naturally infected American Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article AB Widespread deaths of American Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos) were associated with the 1999 outbreak of West Nile (WN) virus in the New York City region. We compared six organs from 20 crow carcasses as targets for WN virus detection. Half the carcasses had at least one positive test result for WN virus infection. The brain was the most sensitive target organ; it was the only positive organ for three of the positive crows. The sensitivity of crow organs as targets for WN virus detection makes crow death useful for WN virus surveillance. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. New Jersey Dept Hlth, Trenton, NJ USA. Senior Serv Virol Program, Trenton, NJ USA. RP Panella, NA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, POB 2087, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. NR 4 TC 35 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 5 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 7 IS 4 BP 754 EP 755 PG 2 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 468NG UT WOS:000170763300030 PM 11592255 ER PT J AU Ali, R Mounts, AW Parashar, UD Sahani, M Lye, MS Isa, MM Balathevan, K Arif, MT Ksiazek, TG AF Ali, R Mounts, AW Parashar, UD Sahani, M Lye, MS Isa, MM Balathevan, K Arif, MT Ksiazek, TG TI Nipah virus infection among military personnel involved in pig culling during an outbreak of encephalitis in Malaysia, 1998-1999 SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Letter ID PARAMYXOVIRUS C1 Minist Hlth, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Inst Med Res, Kuala Lumpur 50588, Malaysia. Minist Def, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. RP Ali, R (reprint author), Minist Hlth, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. NR 10 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 7 IS 4 BP 759 EP 761 PG 3 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 468NG UT WOS:000170763300033 PM 11592256 ER PT J AU Carmichael, WW Azevedo, SMFO An, JS Molica, RJR Jochimsen, EM Lau, S Rinehart, KL Shaw, GR Eaglesham, GK AF Carmichael, WW Azevedo, SMFO An, JS Molica, RJR Jochimsen, EM Lau, S Rinehart, KL Shaw, GR Eaglesham, GK TI Human fatalities from cyanobacteria: Chemical and biological evidence for cyanotoxins SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE cyanobacteria; cyanotoxins; cylindrospermopsins; microcystins; toxins ID LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; MICROCYSTIS-AERUGINOSA; PEPTIDE TOXIN; WATER; LR; HEMODIALYSIS; BRAZIL; HEPATOCYTES; CARUARU; MICE AB An outbreak of acute liver failure occurred at a dialysis center in Caruaru, Brazil (8 degrees 17 'S, 35 degrees 58 'W), 134 km from Recife, the state capital of Pernambuco. At the clinic, 116 (89%) of 131 patients experienced visual disturbances, nausea, and vomiting after routine hemodialysis treatment on 13-20 February 1996. Subsequently, 100 patients developed acute liver failure, and of these 76 died. As of December 1996, 52 of the deaths could be attributed to a common syndrome now called Caruaru syndrome. Examination of phytoplankton from the dialysis clinic's water source, analyses of the clinic's water treatment system, plus serum and liver tissue of clinic patients led to the identification of two groups of cyanobacterial toxins, the hepatotoxic cyclic peptide microcystins and the hepatotoxic alkaloid cylindrospermopsin. Comparison of victims' symptoms and pathology using animal studies of these two cyanotoxins leads us to conclude that the major contributing factor to death of the dialyses patients was intravenous exposure to microcystins, specifically microcystin-YR, -LR, and -AR. From liver concentrations and exposure volumes, it was estimated that 19.5 mug/L microcystin was in the water used for dialysis treatments. This is 19.5 times the level set as a guideline for safe drinking water supplies by the World. Health Organization. C1 Wright State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Dayton, OH 45435 USA. Univ Brasil, Inst Biofis Carlos Chagas Filho, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. Inst Technol Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Illinois, Roger Adams Lab, Sch Chem Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Natl Res Ctr Environm Toxicol, Coopers Plains, Qld, Australia. Queensland Hlth Sci Serv, Coopers Plains, Qld, Australia. RP Carmichael, WW (reprint author), Wright State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, 3640 Colonel Glen Highway, Dayton, OH 45435 USA. RI Molica, Renato /J-2630-2012; Osborne, Nicholas/N-4915-2015 OI Osborne, Nicholas/0000-0002-6700-2284 FU NCRR NIH HHS [RR01575]; NIGMS NIH HHS [GM27029] NR 35 TC 453 Z9 482 U1 14 U2 117 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 109 IS 7 BP 663 EP 668 DI 10.2307/3454781 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 459PP UT WOS:000170260100022 PM 11485863 ER PT J AU Steenland, K Sanderson, W Calvert, GM AF Steenland, K Sanderson, W Calvert, GM TI Kidney disease and arthritis in a cohort study of workers exposed to silica SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE silica; renal disease; arthritis; autoimmunity; occupational exposures; morbidity; mortality ID STAGE RENAL-DISEASE; SAFETY-AND-HEALTH; RHEUMATOID-ARTHRITIS; CRYSTALLINE SILICA; GOLD MINERS; MORTALITY; GLOMERULONEPHRITIS; RECONSTRUCTION; INSTITUTE; FOLLOW AB Silica exposure has been associated with kidney disease and rheumatoid arthritis; an autoimmune mechanism has been proposed. Approximately 2 million people are occupationally exposed to silica in the United States, 100,000 at more than twice the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health recommended exposure limit of 0.05 mg/m(3). We examined renal disease morbidity and mortality, as well as arthritis mortality, in a cohort of 4,626 silica-exposed workers in the industrial sand industry (an industry previously unstudied). We compared the cohort with the U.S. population and also conducted internal exposure-response analyses using a job-exposure matrix based on more than 4,000 industrial hygiene samples. We found excess mortality from acute renal disease [standardized mortality ratio (SMR) = 2.61, 95% confidence intervals (95% Cls) = 1.49-4.24; 16 deaths], chronic renal disease (SMR = 1.61, 95% CI = 1.13-2.22; 36 deaths), and arthritis (SMR = 4.36, 95% CI = 2.76-6.54; 23 deaths) on the basis of multiple cause mortality data, which considered any mention of disease on a death certificate. Linking the cohort with the U.S. registry of end-stage renal disease for the years 1977-1996, we found an excess of end-stage renal disease incidence (standardized incidence ratio = 1.97, 95% CI = 1.25-2.96; 23 cases), which was highest fur glomerulonephritis (standardized incidence ratio = 3.85, 95% CI = 1.55-7.93; 7 cases). We found increasing end-stage renal disease incidence with increasing cumulative exposure; standardized rate ratios by quartile of cumulative exposure were 1.00, 3.09, 5.22, and 7.79. A positive exposure-response trend was also observed for rheumatoid arthritis on the basis of death certificate data. These data represent the largest number of kidney disease cases analyzed to date in a cohort with well-defined silica exposure and suggest a causal link between silica and kidney disease. Excess risk of end-stage renal disease due to a lifetime of occupational exposure at currently recommended limits is estimated to be 14%, above a background end-stage renal disease risk of 2%. C1 NIOSH R13, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Steenland, K (reprint author), NIOSH R13, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 4676 Columbia Pkwy, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 37 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 4 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 2001 VL 12 IS 4 BP 405 EP 412 DI 10.1097/00001648-200107000-00010 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 443GZ UT WOS:000169334500010 PM 11416778 ER PT J AU Watkins, ML Botto, LD AF Watkins, ML Botto, LD TI Maternal prepregnancy weight and congenital heart defects in the offspring SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE obesity; pregnancy outcome; congenital anomalies; heart defects; body mass index; vitamins; periconceptional exposures ID NEURAL-TUBE DEFECTS; BIRTH-DEFECTS; BODY-WEIGHT; OBESE WOMEN; RISK; EPIDEMIOLOGY; PREVALENCE; HEALTH AB To determine the relation between having an infant with a major heart defect and a mother's prepregnancy weight, we compared 1,049 Atlanta-area women who gave birth to liveborn or stillborn infants, each with a major heart defect, with 3,029 Atlanta-area women who gave birth to infants without birth defects. The infants of control women were randomly selected from birth certificates and were frequency-matched to the case group by race, birth hospital, and birth period from 1968 through 1980. After excluding diabetic mothers and adjusting for potential confounders, compared with average-weight women (body mass index 19.9-22.7), we found that underweight women (body mass index < 16.5) were less likely to have a child with a major isolated heart defect [odds ratio (OR) = 0.64; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.43-0.97], whereas the OR was elevated among overweight or obese women (body mass index > 26) (OR = 1.36; 95% CI = 0.95-1.93). Using average-weight women who did not take periconceptional multivitamins as the reference group, preiconceptional multivitamin use was associated with a reduced OR for isolated heart defects among average-weight women (OR = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.36-0.99) and underweight women but not among overweight or obese women (OR = 1.69, 95% CI = 0.69-3.84). C1 CDCP, Birth Defects & Pediat Genet Branch, Div Birth Defects Child Dev Disabil & Hlth, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Watkins, ML (reprint author), CDCP, Birth Defects & Pediat Genet Branch, Div Birth Defects Child Dev Disabil & Hlth, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, MS F-45,4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 29 TC 72 Z9 73 U1 0 U2 7 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 2001 VL 12 IS 4 BP 439 EP 446 DI 10.1097/00001648-200107000-00014 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 443GZ UT WOS:000169334500014 PM 11428386 ER PT J AU Albalak, R Mannino, D Grosse, S AF Albalak, R Mannino, D Grosse, S TI Blood lead levels and tobacco smoke exposure in US adults: Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 2001 VL 12 IS 4 MA 36 BP S20 EP S20 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 443GZ UT WOS:000169334500041 ER PT J AU Cantor, KP Strickland, PT Brock, JW Helzisouer, K Needham, LL Rothman, N AF Cantor, KP Strickland, PT Brock, JW Helzisouer, K Needham, LL Rothman, N TI Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and pre-diagnostic serum organochlorines: beta-hexachlorocyclohexane, chlordane/heptachlor-related compounds, dieldrin, and hexachlorobenzene SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RI Needham, Larry/E-4930-2011 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 2001 VL 12 IS 4 MA 327 BP S63 EP S63 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 443GZ UT WOS:000169334500297 ER PT J AU Cifuentes, E Gomez, M Blumenthal, U Tellez-Rojo, M Romieu, I Palacios, GR Ruiz-Velazco, S AF Cifuentes, E Gomez, M Blumenthal, U Tellez-Rojo, M Romieu, I Palacios, GR Ruiz-Velazco, S TI Risk factors for Giardia intestinalis infection in agricultural villages practicing wastewater irrigation in Mexico SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Urugay, Montevideo, Uruguay. London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, London WC1, England. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Matemat Aplicadas, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 2001 VL 12 IS 4 MA 419 BP S78 EP S78 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 443GZ UT WOS:000169334500382 ER PT J AU Eskenezi, B Mocarelli, P Warner, M Samuels, S Vercellini, P Olive, D Needham, L Patterson, DG Brambilla, P AF Eskenezi, B Mocarelli, P Warner, M Samuels, S Vercellini, P Olive, D Needham, L Patterson, DG Brambilla, P TI Seveso Women's Health Study: The effects of dioxin on reproductive health SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Milan, Hosp Desio, Desio, Italy. Univ Milan, Sch Med, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Milan, Italy. Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, New Haven, CT 06510 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Environm Hlth Lab Sci, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. RI Needham, Larry/E-4930-2011; Vercellini, Paolo/K-5295-2016 OI Vercellini, Paolo/0000-0003-4195-0996 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 2001 VL 12 IS 4 MA 103 BP S28 EP S28 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 443GZ UT WOS:000169334500091 ER PT J AU Mendola, P Welsh, D Barr, D Needham, L Hilborn, E Hern, S Gonzales, M Robertson, G Rhoney, S Royster, M Carty, C Creason, J AF Mendola, P Welsh, D Barr, D Needham, L Hilborn, E Hern, S Gonzales, M Robertson, G Rhoney, S Royster, M Carty, C Creason, J TI Organophosphate pesticide metabolites in urine from preschool children with flu-like illnesses. SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA, ORD, NHEERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. US EPA, ORD, NERL, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA. RI Needham, Larry/E-4930-2011; Carty, Cara/B-8683-2013 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 2001 VL 12 IS 4 MA 275 BP S55 EP S55 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 443GZ UT WOS:000169334500247 ER PT J AU Parks, C Cooper, G Nylander-French, L Sanderson, W Dement, J Hoppin, J Savitz, D AF Parks, C Cooper, G Nylander-French, L Sanderson, W Dement, J Hoppin, J Savitz, D TI Crystalline silica and risk of systemic lupus erythematosus: A population-based case-control study in the southeastern United States SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIEHS, Durham, NC USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Chapel Hill, NC USA. NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Duke Univ, Durham, NC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 2001 VL 12 IS 4 MA 351 BP S67 EP S67 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 443GZ UT WOS:000169334500320 ER PT J AU Spengler, RF Falk, H AF Spengler, RF Falk, H TI Future directions of environmental public health research: ATSDR'S 2002-2010 agenda for six priority focus areas SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 2001 VL 12 IS 4 MA 341 BP S66 EP S66 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 443GZ UT WOS:000169334500310 ER PT J AU Yeargin-Allsopp, M AF Yeargin-Allsopp, M CA Longitudinal Cohort Study Interage TI The longitudinal cohort study of environmental effects on child health and development SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. NIH, Bethesda, MD USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 2001 VL 12 IS 4 MA 232 BP S49 EP S49 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 443GZ UT WOS:000169334500209 ER PT J AU MacKay, AP Kieke, BA Koonin, LM Beattie, K AF MacKay, AP Kieke, BA Koonin, LM Beattie, K TI Tubal sterilization in the United States, 1994-1996 SO FAMILY PLANNING PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article ID WOMEN AB Context: Although the number and rate of tubal sterilizations, the settings in which they are performed and the characteristics of women obtaining sterilization procedures provide important information on contraceptive practice and trends in the United States, such data have not been collected and tabulated for many years. Methods: Information on tubal sterilizations from the National Hospital Discharge Survey and the National Survey of Ambulatory Surgery was analyzed to estimate the number and characteristics of women having a tubal sterilization procedure in the United States during the period 1994-1996 and the resulting rates of tubal sterilization. These results were compared with those of previous studies to examine trends in clinical setting, in the timing of the procedure and in patient characteristics. Results: In 1994-1996, more than two million tubal sterilizations were performed, for an average annual rate of 11.5 per 1,000 women; half were performed postpartum and half were interval procedures (i.e., were unrelated by timing to a pregnancy). All postpartum procedures were performed during inpatient hospital stays, while 96% of interval procedures were outpatient procedures. Postpartum sterilization rates were higher than interval sterilization rates among women 20-29 years of age; Interval sterilization procedures were more common than postpartum procedures at ages 35-49. Sterilization rates were highest in the South. For postpartum procedures, private insurance was the expected primary source of payment for 48% and Medicaid was expected to pay for 41%; for interval sterilization procedures, private insurance was the expected primary source of payment for 68% and Medicaid for 24%. Conclusions: Outpatient tubal sterilizations and procedures using laparoscopy have increased substantially since the last comprehensive analysis of tubal sterilization in 1987 an indication of the effect of technical advances on the provision of this service. Continued surveillance of both inpatient and outpatient procedures is necessary to monitor the role of tubal sterilization in contraceptive practice. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Off Anat Epidemiol & Hlth Promot, CDC, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. Ctr Dis Control, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Reprod Hlth, Surveillance Unit, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Engender Hlth, New York, NY USA. RP MacKay, AP (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Off Anat Epidemiol & Hlth Promot, CDC, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. RI Potter, Joseph/A-3122-2008 NR 23 TC 55 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 0 PU ALAN GUTTMACHER INST PI NEW YORK PA 120 WALL STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10005 USA SN 0014-7354 J9 FAM PLANN PERSPECT JI Fam. Plann. Perspect. PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 33 IS 4 BP 161 EP 165 DI 10.2307/2673719 PG 5 WC Demography; Family Studies SC Demography; Family Studies GA 456FJ UT WOS:000170072200003 PM 11496933 ER PT J AU Reintjes, R Dedushaj, I Gjini, A Jorgensen, TR Cotter, B Lieftucht, A D'Ancona, FP Dennis, DT Kosoy, MA Mulliqi-Osmani, G Grunow, R Kalaveshi, A Gashi, L Humolli, I AF Reintjes, R Dedushaj, I Gjini, A Jorgensen, TR Cotter, B Lieftucht, A D'Ancona, FP Dennis, DT Kosoy, MA Mulliqi-Osmani, G Grunow, R Kalaveshi, A Gashi, L Humolli, I TI Tularemia outbreak investigation in Kosovo: case control and environmental studies SO GESUNDHEITSWESEN LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Inst Publ Hlth, N Rhine Westphalia, Germany. Inst Publ Hlth, Kosovo, Yugoslavia. WHO, Kosovo, Yugoslavia. WHO, Reg Off Europe, Geneva, Switzerland. Ist Super Sanita, I-00161 Rome, Italy. PHLS Communicable Dis Surveillance Ctr, London, England. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. European Programme Intervent Epidemiol Training, Brussels, Belgium. German Reference Lab Tularemia, Munich, Germany. RI D'Ancona, Fortunato/B-2139-2013 OI D'Ancona, Fortunato/0000-0002-9855-2924 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEORG THIEME VERLAG KG PI STUTTGART PA RUDIGERSTR 14, D-70469 STUTTGART, GERMANY SN 0941-3790 J9 GESUNDHEITSWESEN JI Gesundheitswesen PD JUL PY 2001 VL 63 IS 7 BP 473 EP 473 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 461ZY UT WOS:000170394800029 ER PT J AU Crepaz, N Marks, G AF Crepaz, N Marks, G TI Are negative affective states associated with HIV sexual risk behaviors? A meta-analytic review SO HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE negative affect; unsafe sex; depressive symptoms; anxiety; anger; HIV; AIDS; meta-analysis ID GAY MEN; SELF-REGULATION; HOMOSEXUAL MEN; PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS; SAN-FRANCISCO; YOUNG-ADULTS; BISEXUAL MEN; ALCOHOL-USE; DRUG-USE; MODEL AB This meta-analytic review examined whether negative affective states (depressive symptomatology, anxiety, anger) are associated with sexual behaviors that place people at risk for contracting or transmitting HIV. The results from 34 study samples were included in the analysis. Contrary to popular belief, the findings as a whole provide little evidence that negative affect is associated with increased sexual risk behavior. The average weighted correlation for the overall association was .05. The effect size was nonsignificantly higher for anger (r = .10) than for depressive symptoms (r = .04) or anxiety (r = .03). The variability of effect sizes was not accounted for by type of sexual risk measure, subject population, or methodological aspects of the studies. Conceptual and methodological limitations of the literature are identified and directions for future research are discussed. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIVS AIDS Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Crepaz, N (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIVS AIDS Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop E-45, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 79 TC 146 Z9 148 U1 6 U2 15 PU AMER PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOC PI WASHINGTON PA 750 FIRST ST NE, WASHINGTON, DC 20002-4242 USA SN 0278-6133 J9 HEALTH PSYCHOL JI Health Psychol. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 20 IS 4 BP 291 EP 299 DI 10.1037//0278-6133.20.4.291 PG 9 WC Psychology, Clinical; Psychology SC Psychology GA 472HC UT WOS:000170977100006 PM 11515741 ER PT J AU Guarner, J Shieh, WJ Morgan, J Bragg, SL Bajani, MD Tappero, JW Zaki, SR AF Guarner, J Shieh, WJ Morgan, J Bragg, SL Bajani, MD Tappero, JW Zaki, SR TI Leptospirosis mimicking acute cholecystitis among athletes participating in a triathlon SO HUMAN PATHOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material DE leptospirosis; cholecystitis; immunohistochemistry ID GALLBLADDER; PATIENT; BILE AB Leptospirosis, a disease acquired by exposure to contaminated water, is characterized by fever accompanied by various symptoms, including abdominal pain. An acute febrile illness occurred in athletes who participated in an Illinois triathlon in which the swimming event took place in a freshwater lake. Of 876 athletes, 120 sought medical care and 22 were hospitalized. Two of the athletes had their gallbladders removed because of abdominal pain and clinical suspicion of acute cholecystitis. We applied an immunohistochemical test for leptospirosis to these gallbladders and demonstrated bacterial antigens staining (granular and filamentous patterns) around blood vessels of the serosa and muscle layer. Rare intact bacteria were seen in I case. These results show that leptospirosis can mimic the clinical symptoms of acute cholecystitis. If a cholecystectomy is performed in febrile patients with suspicious environmental or animal exposure, pathologic studies for leptospirosis on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues may be of great value. HUM PATHOL 32: 750-752. This is a US government work. There are no restrictions on its use. C1 CDCP, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Infect Dis Pathol Act, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDCP, Meningitis & Special Pathogens Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Guarner, J (reprint author), CDCP, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Infect Dis Pathol Act, Mailstop G32,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Guarner, Jeannette/B-8273-2013 NR 14 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0046-8177 J9 HUM PATHOL JI Hum. Pathol. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 32 IS 7 BP 750 EP 752 DI 10.1053/hupa.2001.25599 PG 3 WC Pathology SC Pathology GA 457WD UT WOS:000170159100013 PM 11486175 ER PT J AU Ramsey, AH Skonieczny, P Coolidge, DT Kurzynski, TA Proctor, ME Davis, JP AF Ramsey, AH Skonieczny, P Coolidge, DT Kurzynski, TA Proctor, ME Davis, JP TI Burkholderia cepacia lower respiratory tract infection associated with exposure to a respiratory therapist SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PSEUDOMONAS-CEPACIA; NOSOCOMIAL OUTBREAK; EPIDEMIOLOGY AB OBJECTIVE: To investigate and control a nosocomial outbreak of Burkholderia cepacia lower respiratory tract infection. DESIGN: Outbreak investigation and case-control study. SETTING: A 260-bed community hospital. PATIENTS: Participants were mechanically ventilated intensive care patients without cystic fibrosis. A case was defined as a hospitalized patient with a sputum culture positive for B cepacia between January 1 and November 6, 1998. METHODS: Respiratory therapy infection control policies and practices were reviewed; laboratory and environmental studies and a retrospective case-control study were conducted. Case-patients were matched with control-patients on age, gender, diagnosis, and type of intensive care unit. RESULTS: Nine case-patients were identified; B cepacia likely caused pneumonia in seven and colonization in two. Two respiratory therapy practices probably contributed to the transmission of B cepacia: multidose albuterol vials were used among several patients, and nebulizer assemblies often were not dried between uses. B cepacia was grown from cultures of three previously opened multidose vials; pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns of B cepacia from seven case-patients and two multidose vials were indistinguishable. Case-patients had longer durations of heated humidified mechanical ventilation (mean, 9.8 days vs 4.4 days; P=.03) and were more likely to have exposure to one particular respiratory therapist than controls (odds ratio, undefined; 95% confidence interval, 4.7-infinity; P=.001). The association with the respiratory therapist, a temporary employee, persisted after controlling for duration of heated humidified ventilation. No new B cepacia infections were identified after control measures were implemented. CONCLUSIONS: B cepacia probably was transmitted among patients through use of extrinsically contaminated multidose albuterol vials. Respiratory therapy departments must pay close attention to infection control practices, particularly among new or temporary staff (Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2001;22:423-426). C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol Program Off, Wisconsin Div Publ Hlth, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Atlanta, GA USA. St Francis Hosp, Dept Infect Control, Milwaukee, WI USA. Univ Wisconsin, Div Publ Hlth, Wisconsin State Lab Hyg, Madison, WI USA. Univ Wisconsin, Div Publ Hlth, Bur Communicable Dis, Madison, WI USA. RP Ramsey, AH (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, MPH&TM, Dept Family Med, 777 S Mills St, Madison, WI 53715 USA. NR 16 TC 30 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 0 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 USA SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 22 IS 7 BP 423 EP 426 DI 10.1086/501928 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 475QU UT WOS:000171176200005 PM 11583210 ER PT J AU Montecalvo, MA Jarvis, WR Uman, J Shay, DK Petrullo, C Horowitz, HW Wormser, GP AF Montecalvo, MA Jarvis, WR Uman, J Shay, DK Petrullo, C Horowitz, HW Wormser, GP TI Costs and savings associated with infection control measures that reduced transmission of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in an endemic setting SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 37th Interscience Conference of Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy CY SEP 28-OCT 01, 1997 CL TORONTO, CANADA ID NATURAL-HISTORY; FAECIUM AB OBJECTIVE: To determine the costs and savings of a 15 component infection control program that reduced transmission of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) in an endemic setting. DESIGN: Evaluation of costs and savings, using historical control data. SETTING: Adult oncology unit of a 650-bed hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Patients with leukemia, lymphoma, and solid tumors, excluding bone marrow transplant recipients. METHODS: Costs and savings with estimated ranges were calculated. Excess length of stay (LOS) associated with VRE bloodstream infection (BSI) was determined by matching VRE BSI patients with VRE-negative patients by oncology diagnosis. Differences in LOS between the matched groups were evaluated using a mixed-effect analysis of variance linear-regression model. RESULTS: The cost of enhanced infection control strategies for 1 year was $116,515. VRE BSI was associated with an increased LOS of 13.7 days. The savings associated with fewer VRE BSI ($123,081), fewer patients with VRE colonization ($2,755), and reductions in antimicrobial use ($179,997) totaled $305,833. Estimated ranges of costs and savings for enhanced infection control strategies were $97,939 to $148,883 for costs and $271,531 to $421,461 for savings. CONCLUSION: The net savings due to enhanced infection control strategies for 1 year was $189,318. Estimates suggest that these strategies would be cost-beneficial for hospital units where the number of patients with VRE BSI is at least six to nine patients per year or if the savings from fewer VRE BSI patients in combination with decreased antimicrobial use equalled $100,000 to $150,000 per year (Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2001;22:437-442). C1 New York Med Coll, Div Infect Dis, Valhalla, NY 10595 USA. New York Med Coll, Grad Sch Hlth Sci, Valhalla, NY 10595 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Montecalvo, MA (reprint author), New York Med Coll, Div Infect Dis, Macy Pavil 209SE, Valhalla, NY 10595 USA. OI Shay, David/0000-0001-9619-4820 NR 11 TC 57 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 2 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 USA SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 22 IS 7 BP 437 EP 442 DI 10.1086/501931 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 475QU UT WOS:000171176200008 PM 11583213 ER PT J AU Tokars, JI McKinley, GF Otten, J Woodley, C Sordillo, EM Caldwell, J Liss, CM Gilligan, ME Diem, L Onorato, IM Jarvis, WR AF Tokars, JI McKinley, GF Otten, J Woodley, C Sordillo, EM Caldwell, J Liss, CM Gilligan, ME Diem, L Onorato, IM Jarvis, WR TI Use and efficacy of tuberculosis infection control practices at hospitals with previous outbreaks of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HEALTH-CARE WORKERS; MYCOBACTERIUM-TUBERCULOSIS; NOSOCOMIAL TRANSMISSION; IDENTIFICATION; STAFF; TB AB OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the implementation and efficacy of selected Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines for preventing spread of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. DESIGN: Analysis of prospective observational data. SETTING: Two medical centers where outbreaks of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) had occurred. PARTICIPANTS: All hospital inpatients who had active TB or who were placed in TB isolation and healthcare workers who were assigned to selected wards on which TB patients were treated. METHODS: During 1995 to 1997, study personnel prospectively recorded information on patients who had TB or were in TB isolation, performed observations of TB isolation rooms, and recorded tuberculin skin-test results of healthcare workers. Genetic typing of M tuberculosis isolates was performed by restriction fragment-length polymorphism analysis. RESULTS: We found that only 8.6% of patients placed in TB isolation proved to have TB; yet, 19% of patients with pulmonary TB were not isolated on the first day of hospital admission. Specimens were ordered for acid-fast bacillus smear and results received promptly, and most TB isolation rooms were tinder negative pressure. Among persons entering TB isolation rooms, 44.2% to 97.1% used an appropriate (particulate, high-efficiency particulate air or N95) respirator, depending on the hospital and year; others entering the rooms used a surgical mask or nothing. We did not find evidence of transmission of TB among healthcare workers (based on tuberculin skin-test results) or patients (based on epidemiological investigation and genetic typing). CONCLUSIONS: We found problems in implementation of some TB infection control measures, but no evidence of healthcare-associated transmission, possibly in part because of limitations in the number of patients and workers studied. Similar evaluations should be performed at hospitals treating TB patients to find inadequacies and guide improvements in infection control (Inject Control Hosp Epidemiol 2001;22:449-455). C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Healthcare Qual Promot, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div TB Eliminat, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. St Lukes Roosevelt Hosp, New York, NY USA. Jackson Mem Hosp, Miami, FL 33136 USA. RP Tokars, JI (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS E-55, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 19 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 4 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 USA SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 22 IS 7 BP 449 EP 455 DI 10.1086/501933 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 475QU UT WOS:000171176200010 PM 11583215 ER PT J AU Vittinghoff, E Hessol, NA Becchetti, P Fusaro, RE Holmberg, SD Buchbinder, SP AF Vittinghoff, E Hessol, NA Becchetti, P Fusaro, RE Holmberg, SD Buchbinder, SP TI Cofactors for HIV disease progression in a cohort of homosexual and bisexual men SO JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES LA English DT Article DE AIDS; HIV; disease progression ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; MULTICENTER AIDS COHORT; LONG TERMINAL REPEAT; SAN-FRANCISCO; GENETIC RESTRICTION; INFECTIOUS HIV-1; TYPE-1; SUPERINFECTION; INCUBATION; ACTIVATION AB To evaluate cofactors for progression of HIV infection, the authors identified 370 men with well-defined seroconversion dates and cofactor data among participants in the San Francisco City Clinic Cohort (SFCCC). Postseroconversion substance use, sexual behavior, and sexually transmitted diseases were assessed using multivariate proportional hazards models. Weekly use of hallucinogens strongly and independently predicted death (relative hazard [RH], 2.59; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.56-4.28), as well as diagnosis of AIDS; weekly cocaine use also predicted mortality. Receptive anal intercourse with ejaculation was independently associated with mortality risk (RH, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.02-2.04) and AIDS. The associations of accelerated progression with weekly use of recreational drugs and unprotected receptive anal intercourse need to be confirmed in other prospective cohorts. C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. Dept Publ Hlth, HIV Res Sect, San Francisco, CA USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Med, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. US Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS, Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Vittinghoff, E (reprint author), 74 New Montgomery St,Suite 600, San Francisco, CA 94105 USA. NR 46 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 4 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1525-4135 J9 J ACQ IMMUN DEF SYND JI J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. PD JUL 1 PY 2001 VL 27 IS 3 BP 308 EP 314 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 452DA UT WOS:000169840800015 PM 11464153 ER PT J AU Jones, SE Oeltmann, J Wilson, TW Brener, ND Hill, CV AF Jones, SE Oeltmann, J Wilson, TW Brener, ND Hill, CV TI Binge drinking among undergraduate college students in the United States: Implications for other substance use SO JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH LA English DT Article DE alcohol; binge drinking; college students; drugs; substance use ID RISK-BEHAVIOR-SURVEY; NATIONAL SURVEY; DRUG-USE; ALCOHOL; CAMPUSES; HEALTH; NORMS AB The authors examined the relationship between binge drinking and other substance use among US college students, using nationally representative data from the 1995 National College Health Risk Behavior Survey implemented by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Compared with nonbinge drinkers, current binge drinkers were significantly more likely to report "ever" using and current use of cigarettes, marijuana, cocaine, and other illegal drugs. The researchers also found that the more often students binge drank, the more likely they were to have ever used cigarettes, marijuana, cocaine, and other drugs, and the more likely they were to report current use of cigarettes and marijuana. Those who design programs to prevent binge drinking and use of other substances should take into account the reality that many students use more than one substance and that the more frequently students report binge drinking, the more likely they are to be using other substances as well. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Adolescent & Sch Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ S Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Jones, SE (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Adolescent & Sch Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 33 TC 64 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 3 PU HELDREF PUBLICATIONS PI WASHINGTON PA 1319 EIGHTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-1802 USA SN 0744-8481 J9 J AM COLL HEALTH JI J. Am. Coll. Health PD JUL PY 2001 VL 50 IS 1 BP 33 EP 38 PG 6 WC Education & Educational Research; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Education & Educational Research; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 467ML UT WOS:000170708300006 PM 11534749 ER PT J AU Looker, AC Beck, TJ Orwoll, ES AF Looker, AC Beck, TJ Orwoll, ES TI Does body size account for gender differences in femur bone density and geometry? SO JOURNAL OF BONE AND MINERAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 22nd Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Bone-and-Mineral-Research CY SEP 22-26, 2000 CL TORONTO, CANADA SP Amer Soc Bone & Mineral Res DE hip structural geometry; sex differences; bone mass; body size; dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry ID X-RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY; NUTRITION EXAMINATION SURVEY; 3RD NATIONAL-HEALTH; MINERAL DENSITY; HIP FRACTURE; FEMORAL-NECK; STRESS-FRACTURE; PROXIMAL FEMUR; ELDERLY MEN; US ADULTS AB The extent to which greater bone strength in men is caused by proportionately greater bone mass versus bigger bone size is not clear, primarily because the larger overall body size of men has made direct comparisons of skeletal measures difficult, We examined gender differences in femur neck (FN) areal bone mineral density (BMD) values collected from 5623 non-Hispanic whites aged 20+ years in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988-1994) before and after correction for measured height and weight, We supplemented the conventional areal BMD data (Hologic QDR 1000) with measurements of areal BMD and geometric properties (subperiosteal width, section modulus, and cortical thickness) made at narrow "cross-sectional" regions traversing the FN and the proximal shaft using a structural analysis program, Before body size adjustment, men had significantly higher values than women for all variables at the three measurement sites (p < 0.0001), Adjustment for body size reduced the differences between the sexes for all variables but had a greater effect on BMD (1-8% higher in men) than on geometry (5-17% higher in men), When examined by age, the sex discrepancy was significantly greater in the older group for all variables except subperiosteal widths. We conclude that although body size difference may account for most of the areal BMD difference between men and women, male bones are still bigger in ways that suggest greater bone strength. These differences may contribute importantly to lower fracture risk in men. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Baltimore, MD USA. Oregon Hlth Sci Univ, Portland, OR 97201 USA. RP Looker, AC (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. OI Orwoll, Eric/0000-0002-8520-7355 FU NIAMS NIH HHS [R01 AR44655] NR 50 TC 86 Z9 90 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC BONE & MINERAL RES PI WASHINGTON PA 2025 M ST, N W, STE 800, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-3309 USA SN 0884-0431 J9 J BONE MINER RES JI J. Bone Miner. Res. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 16 IS 7 BP 1291 EP 1299 DI 10.1359/jbmr.2001.16.7.1291 PG 9 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 446AQ UT WOS:000169491100012 PM 11450705 ER PT J AU Stroup, DF Thacker, SB Olson, CM Glass, RM Hutwagner, L AF Stroup, DF Thacker, SB Olson, CM Glass, RM Hutwagner, L TI Characteristics of meta-analyses related to acceptance for publication in a medical journal SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE editorial process; publication; meta-analysis ID SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS; CONTROLLED TRIALS; METAANALYSES; METHODOLOGY; ARTICLES; QUALITY; ISSUES; BIAS AB Editors of medical journals select manuscripts for publication based, in part, on the perceived quality of the manuscript submitted. The objective of this study was to describe associations between acceptance for publication and quality-related methodologic characteristics of meta-analyses. This was a prospective observational study. The setting was editorial offices of JAMA and offices of external reviewers. The manuscripts reviewed were 112 consecutive meta-analyses submitted to JAMA during 1996 and 1997 whose authors agreed to participate. The main outcome measures were ratings of 16 methodologic characteristics reflecting quality of the mete-analysis and acceptance for publication. A "high" rating for one methodologic characteristic. whether the report of the meta-analysis provided sufficient detail to enable replication, was related significantly to publication (RR = 2.79, 95% CI = 1.13-6.89). This relationship persisted when other variables were controlled for in the model. Generally, rejected manuscripts had fewer factors rated "high," but differences were not significant. We found that inclusion of sufficient detail to allow a reader to replicate meta-analytic methods was the only characteristic related to acceptance for publication. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. RP Stroup, DF (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol Program Off, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 37 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0895-4356 J9 J CLIN EPIDEMIOL JI J. Clin. Epidemiol. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 54 IS 7 BP 655 EP 660 DI 10.1016/S0895-4356(00)00362-0 PG 6 WC Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 446KQ UT WOS:000169512800002 PM 11438405 ER PT J AU Fitzgerald, C Helsel, LO Nicholson, MA Olsen, SJ Swerdlow, DL Flahart, R Sexton, J Fields, PI AF Fitzgerald, C Helsel, LO Nicholson, MA Olsen, SJ Swerdlow, DL Flahart, R Sexton, J Fields, PI TI Evaluation of methods for subtyping Campylobacter jejuni during an outbreak involving a food handler SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SEROTYPING CAMPYLOBACTER; TYPING SYSTEM; UNITED-STATES; COLI; SCHEME; STRAINS; ANTIGENS; POULTRY; PENNER AB In October 1998, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) assisted in an investigation of an outbreak of campylobacteriosis at a school in Salina, Kansas, Twenty-two isolates were submitted from the Kansas state public health laboratory to CDC, 9 associated with the outbreak and 13 epidemiologically unrelated sporadic isolates. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) using SmaI and San was initially used to validate the epidemiologic data. We then tested the ability of other subtyping techniques to distinguish the outbreak-associated isolates from unrelated sporadic isolates. The methods employed,were somatic O serotyping, PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of flaA, DNA sequence analysis of 582 bp of flaA that included the short variable region (SVR), and sequencing of the entire flaA gene. PFGE,vas the most discriminatory technique, yielding 11 SmaI and 10 SalI restriction profiles. All outbreak isolates were indistinguishable by PFGE, somatic O serotyping, and sequencing of the 582-bp region of the flaA gene. fla typing by PCR-RFLP grouped one sporadic isolate with the outbreak strain. Analysis of the DNA sequence of a 582-bp segment of flaA produced strain groupings similar to that generated by PCR-RFLP but further differentiated two flaA PCR-RFLP types (with a 1-bp difference in the 582-bp region), Two sporadic strains were distinct by flaA PCR-RFLP but differed only by a single base substitution in the 582-bp region, The entire flaA gene was sequenced from strains differing by a single base pair in the 582-bp region, and the data revealed that additional discrimination may in some cases be obtained by sequencing outside the SVR, PFGE was superior to all other typing methods tested for strain discrimination; it was crucial for understanding the Kansas outbreak and, when SmaI was used, provided adequate discrimination between unrelated isolates. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Campylobacter & Salmonella Reference Lab, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Brnach, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis,Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Div Appl Publ Hlth Training, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Kansas Dept Hlth & Environm, Div Hlth, Topeka, KS USA. Kansas Dept Hlth & Environm, Environm Labs, Topeka, KS USA. RP Fitzgerald, C (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Campylobacter & Salmonella Reference Lab, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Brnach, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis,Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Mailstop CO3, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 38 TC 60 Z9 64 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 39 IS 7 BP 2386 EP 2390 DI 10.1128/JCM.39.7.2386-2390.2001 PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 447RN UT WOS:000169586400002 PM 11427543 ER PT J AU McGee, L McDougal, L Zhou, J Spratt, BG Tenover, FC George, R Hakenbeck, R Hryniewicz, W Lefevre, JC Tomasz, A Klugman, KP AF McGee, L McDougal, L Zhou, J Spratt, BG Tenover, FC George, R Hakenbeck, R Hryniewicz, W Lefevre, JC Tomasz, A Klugman, KP TI Nomenclature of major antimicrobial-resistant clones of Streptococcus pneumoniae defined by the pneumococcal molecular epidemiology network SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FIELD GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; PENICILLIN-RESISTANT; ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANCE; MULTIRESISTANT CLONE; UNITED-STATES; CAPSULAR TRANSFORMATION; INVASIVE DISEASE; MULTIPLE CLONES; DAY-CARE; IN-VIVO AB The emergence of disease caused by penicillin-resistant and multidrug-resistant pneumococci has become a global concern, necessitating the identification of the epidemiological spread of such strains. The Pneumococcal Molecular Epidemiology Network was established in 1997 under the auspices of the International Union of Microbiological Societies with the aim of characterizing, standardizing, naming, and classifying antimicrobial agent-resistant pneumococcal clones. Here we describe the nomenclature for 16 pneumococcal clones that have contributed to the increase in antimicrobial resistance worldwide. Guidelines for the recognition of these clones using molecular typing procedures (pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, BOX-PCR, and multilocus sequence typing.) are presented, as are the penicillin-binding profiles and macrolide resistance determinants for the 16 clones. This network can serve as a prototype for the collaboration of scientists in identifying clones of important human pathogens and as a model for the development of other networks. C1 MRC SAIMR WITS Pneumococcal Dis Res Unit, Johannesburg, South Africa. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Nosocomial Pathogens Lab Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Infect Dis Epidemiol, London, England. Resp & Systemat Infect Lab, London, England. Univ Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany. Sera & Vaccines Cent Res Lab, Warsaw, Poland. Rockefeller Univ, New York, NY 10021 USA. Bacteriol Lab, Toulouse, France. RP McGee, L (reprint author), S African Inst Med Res, Dept Clin Microbiol & Infect Dis, POB 1038, ZA-2000 Johannesburg, South Africa. RI Spratt, Brian/A-1676-2009; Hryniewicz, Waleria/J-3168-2012; OI Tomasz, Alexander/0000-0003-1520-1983 NR 64 TC 359 Z9 372 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 39 IS 7 BP 2565 EP 2571 DI 10.1128/JCM.39.7.2565-2571.2001 PG 7 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 447RN UT WOS:000169586400028 PM 11427569 ER PT J AU Brock, JW Yoshimura, Y Barr, JR Maggio, VL Graiser, SR Nakazawa, H Needham, LL AF Brock, JW Yoshimura, Y Barr, JR Maggio, VL Graiser, SR Nakazawa, H Needham, LL TI Measurement of bisphenol A levels in human urine SO JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE biomonitoring; bisphenol A; GC/MS; human; pentafluorobenzyl bromide; solid-phase extraction; urine ID RESIN-BASED COMPOSITES; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; CARBOXYLIC-ACIDS; SEALANTS; ESTROGENICITY; METABOLISM; DENTISTRY; RATS AB We report a new approach for assessing human exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) by measuring BPA in urine after enzymatic deglucuronidation. This method involves addition of (13)C(12)-labeled BPA, enzymatic deconjugation, solid-phase extraction, and derivatization with pentafluorobenzyl bromide. The product of the derivatization is separated by gas chromatography followed by mass spectrometric detection using negative chemical ionization and selected ion monitoring. Using this analysis method, urine samples fortified with both a constant level of labeled BPA and a range of unlabeled BPA levels (0.27-10.6 ng/ml) demonstrated constant percentage recovery. In addition, a range of urine sample volumes (0.25-10.0 ml) with constant amounts of added internal standard produced a linear response (r(2)=0.99). The method limit of detection was 0.12 ng/ml. This method was validated by duplicate analyses using gas chromatography coupled to a high-resolution mass spectrometer. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Brock, JW (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, 4770 Buford Highway MS F-17, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM jwb6@cdc.gov RI Needham, Larry/E-4930-2011 NR 20 TC 73 Z9 76 U1 1 U2 12 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI NEW YORK PA 75 VARICK ST, 9TH FLR, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1917 USA SN 1053-4245 J9 J EXPO ANAL ENV EPID JI J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 11 IS 4 BP 323 EP 328 DI 10.1038/sj.jea.7500174 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 471CU UT WOS:000170910600006 PM 11571611 ER PT J AU Dearwent, SM Jacobs, RR Halbert, JB AF Dearwent, SM Jacobs, RR Halbert, JB TI Locational uncertainty in georeferencing public health datasets SO JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE environmental epidemiology; exposure assessment; geographic information systems; georeferencing ID GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION-SYSTEMS; DRINKING-WATER; BREAST-CANCER; CALIFORNIA; ASTHMA; RISK; GIS AB The assignment of locational attributes to a study subject in epidemiologic analyses is commonly referred to as georeferencing. When georeferencing study subjects to a point location using their residential street address, most researchers rely on the street centerline data model. This study assessed the potential locational bias introduced using street centerline data. It also evaluated georeferencing effects on a location-dependent, exposure assessment process. For comparison purposes, subjects were georeferenced to the center of their residential parcel of land using digitized parcel maps, A total of 10,026 study subjects residing in Jefferson County, Alabama were georeferenced using both street centerline and residential parcel methods. The mean nondirectional, linear distance between points georeferenced using both methods was 246 ft with a range of 11 to 13,260 ft. Correlation coefficients comparing differences in exposure estimates were generated for all 10,026 subjects. Coefficients increased as the geographic areas of analysis around study subjects increased, indicating the influence of nondifferential exposure misclassification. C1 Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Dearwent, SM (reprint author), Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop E32, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [CA47888] NR 17 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 1053-4245 J9 J EXPO ANAL ENV EPID JI J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 11 IS 4 BP 329 EP 334 DI 10.1038/sj.jea.7500173 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 471CU UT WOS:000170910600007 PM 11571612 ER PT J AU Bull, FC Holt, CL Kreuter, MW Clark, EM Scharff, D AF Bull, FC Holt, CL Kreuter, MW Clark, EM Scharff, D TI Understanding the effects of printed health education materials: Which features lead to which outcomes? SO JOURNAL OF HEALTH COMMUNICATION LA English DT Article ID WEIGHT-LOSS; RANDOMIZED TRIAL; SELF-EFFICACY; CHANGE MODEL; MESSAGES; BEHAVIOR; INFORMATION; OBESITY; COMPREHENSIBILITY; COMMUNICATION AB Printed health education materials (HEMs) are widely used to increase awareness and knowledge, change attitudes and beliefs, and help individuals adopt and maintain healthy lifestyle behaviors. While much of the contemporary research and development of persuasive communication is based on McGuire's input/output model, to date few studies have compared the impact of a large set of inputs across a comprehensive set of the 12 outputs. We examined the effects of printed HEMs on weight loss on the cognitive, affective, and behavioral responses of 198 overweight adults. Participants were recruited via a newspaper advertisement and were randomly assigned to review one of three HEMs. Participants were interviewed and asked to complete a series of questionnaires both before and after viewing the HEMs. Regression analyses were conducted to identify the input characteristics associated with success at each of the output steps. The results revealed attractiveness, encouragement, level of information, and application to one's life were significantly associated with early steps (attention, liking, and understanding) as well as some of the mediating steps (recalling, keeping, and rereading HEMs). Later steps, such as intention to change behavior and show others, were associated with readiness to change, self-efficacy, and perceived application to one's life. Behavior change was more likely for those who received tailored materials and those who had higher self-efficacy. These results provide useful direction for the use of computers in tailoring the content of HEMs and the development of effective communication of health information on weight loss. C1 Univ Western Australia, Dept Publ Hlth, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia. St Louis Univ, Hlth Commun Res Lab, St Louis, MO 63103 USA. RP Bull, FC (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr & Phys Act, 4770 Buford Highway,Mailstop K-46, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RI Bull, Fiona/G-4148-2012 NR 45 TC 55 Z9 55 U1 4 U2 18 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1081-0730 J9 J HEALTH COMMUN JI J. Health Commun. PD JUL-SEP PY 2001 VL 6 IS 3 BP 265 EP 279 PG 15 WC Communication; Information Science & Library Science SC Communication; Information Science & Library Science GA 469KQ UT WOS:000170813400005 PM 11550593 ER PT J AU Dennehy, PH Nelson, SM Spangenberger, S Noel, JS Monroe, SS Glass, RI AF Dennehy, PH Nelson, SM Spangenberger, S Noel, JS Monroe, SS Glass, RI TI A prospective case-control study of the role of astrovirus in acute diarrhea among hospitalized young children SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID ACUTE GASTROENTERITIS; PREVALENCE; IDENTIFICATION; IMMUNOASSAY; ROTAVIRUS; OUTBREAKS; SEROTYPES; INFECTION; MELBOURNE; AUSTRALIA AB This study examines the importance of astroviruses as a cause of acute diarrhea in hospitalized children <10 years old during a 5-year period. Stools were screened by electron microscopy and were tested for astrovirus, rotavirus, and enteric adenovirus by EIA. During the study, 14.6% of hospitalized children had diarrhea. Astroviruses were second only to rotaviruses as etiologic agents of both community-acquired and nosocomial diarrhea. Community-acquired astrovirus infection occurred in 6.8% of patients, and nosocomial disease occurred in 16.2%. Most cases occurred from March through June, and astrovirus type 1 was the most common. The symptoms of astrovirus-infected children were similar to those of children with rotavirus infection. However, astrovirus-infected children had a lower median age, less dehydration, and lower symptom severity scores and were less likely to have been admitted for gastroenteritis than were children with rotavirus. Astrovirus, for which only rehydration therapy is required, should be considered as another common diarrheal pathogen in children <2 years old. C1 Rhode Isl Hosp, Dept Pediat, Providence, RI USA. Brown Med Sch, Providence, RI USA. CDCP, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Viral Gastroenteritis Unit, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Dennehy, PH (reprint author), Rhode Isl Hosp, Div Pediat Infect Dis, 593 Eddy St, Providence, RI 02903 USA. OI Monroe, Stephan/0000-0002-5424-716X; Dennehy, Penelope/0000-0002-2259-5370 NR 30 TC 68 Z9 74 U1 1 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD JUL 1 PY 2001 VL 184 IS 1 BP 10 EP 15 DI 10.1086/321007 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 447DL UT WOS:000169554400002 PM 11398103 ER PT J AU Ellerbrock, TV Lennox, JL Clancy, KA Schinazi, RF Wright, TC Pratt-Palmore, M Evans-Strickfaden, T Schnell, C Pai, R Conley, LJ Parrish-Kohler, EE Bush, TJ Tatti, K Hart, CE AF Ellerbrock, TV Lennox, JL Clancy, KA Schinazi, RF Wright, TC Pratt-Palmore, M Evans-Strickfaden, T Schnell, C Pai, R Conley, LJ Parrish-Kohler, EE Bush, TJ Tatti, K Hart, CE TI Cellular replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 occurs in vaginal secretions SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID FEMALE GENITAL-TRACT; BLOOD MONONUCLEAR-CELLS; PERIPHERAL-BLOOD; RNA LEVELS; ENVELOPE SEQUENCES; DENDRITIC CELLS; INFECTED WOMEN; LYMPH-NODES; VIRAL LOAD; PCR ASSAY AB Most human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transmission worldwide is the result of exposure to infectious virus in genital secretions. However, current vaccine candidates are based on virus isolates from blood. In this study, vaginal secretions from HIV-1-infected women were examined for evidence of cellular viral replication that produced virus with properties different from that in blood. Multiply spliced HIV-1 messenger RNA, which is found only in cells replicating virus, was detected in all vaginal lavage samples tested. There was a strong correlation between the amounts of multiply spliced HIV-1 messenger RNA and of cell-free HIV-1 RNA in the lavage samples. In addition, significant genotypic differences were found in cell-free virus from matched blood plasma and vaginal secretions. Moreover, drug resistance-associated mutations appeared in plasma virus several months before appearing in vaginal virus. These findings indicate that cellular replication of HIV-1 occurs in vaginal secretions and can result in a virus population with important differences from that in blood. C1 CDCP, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDCP, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Grady Infect Dis Program, Atlanta, GA USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Atlanta, GA USA. Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Georgia Vet Affairs Res AIDS & HIV Infect, Atlanta, GA USA. Columbia Univ, Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Pathol, New York, NY USA. RP Ellerbrock, TV (reprint author), CDCP, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Tatti, Kathleen/H-5912-2012; Lennox, Jeffrey/D-1654-2014; Schinazi, Raymond/B-6777-2017 OI Tatti, Kathleen/0000-0001-9414-7887; Lennox, Jeffrey/0000-0002-2064-5565; NR 45 TC 51 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 2 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD JUL 1 PY 2001 VL 184 IS 1 BP 28 EP 36 DI 10.1086/321000 PG 9 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 447DL UT WOS:000169554400005 PM 11398106 ER PT J AU Hengel, RL Jones, BM Kennedy, MS Hubbard, MR McDougal, JS AF Hengel, RL Jones, BM Kennedy, MS Hubbard, MR McDougal, JS TI CD4(+) T cells programmed to traffic to lymph nodes account for increases in numbers of CD4(+) T cells up to 1 year after the initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID HOMING RECEPTORS; HIV-1 INFECTION; LYMPHOCYTES; HOMEOSTASIS; DISEASE; SUBSETS AB Cells programmed to traffic through lymph nodes dominate initial increases in total CD4(+) T cell numbers after highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is begun for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. However, it is unknown whether this dominance continues throughout the first year of treatment. To examine this question, 10 subjects who had a positive response to HAART for 1 year were selected from a cohort of 20 who were receiving this treatment. Flow cytometry, which was used to characterize CD4(+) T cell subsets by immunophenotype, demonstrated that cells programmed to traffic through lymph nodes, irrespective of their memory or naive phenotype, continued to best account for increases in CD4(+) T cells, even 1 year after starting HAART. This suggests that, although this pool is preferentially depleted during HIV-1 infection, HAART allows for reaccumulation of these cells for at least 1 year. Furthermore, it suggests that phenotypic differences based on markers of lymphocyte trafficking may be more relevant for understanding HIV-1 pathogenesis than are naive and memory markers alone. C1 Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Div Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Immunol Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Hengel, RL (reprint author), NIAID, LIR, NIH, Bldg 10,11B05,MSC 1880,9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NR 15 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD JUL 1 PY 2001 VL 184 IS 1 BP 93 EP 97 DI 10.1086/320997 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 447DL UT WOS:000169554400014 PM 11398115 ER PT J AU Shi, YP Nahlen, BL Kariuki, S Urdahl, KB McElroy, PD Roberts, JM Lal, AA AF Shi, YP Nahlen, BL Kariuki, S Urdahl, KB McElroy, PD Roberts, JM Lal, AA TI Fc gamma receptor IIa (CD32) polymorphism is associated with protection of infants against high-density Plasmodium falciparum infection. VII. Asembo Bay Cohort Project SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID ASEXUAL BLOOD STAGES; HETEROGENEITY; EPIDEMIOLOGY; MECHANISMS; MONOCYTES; MALARIA; BINDING; HUMANS; GROWTH AB In vitro studies have shown that inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum blood-stage parasite growth by antibody-dependent cellular inhibition is mediated by cooperation between malaria-specific IgG1 and IgG3, but not IgG2, and monocytes via the Fc gamma receptor II (Fc gamma RII). A single amino acid substitution at position 131 in Fc gamma RIIa is critical in the binding of human IgG subclasses. The hypothesis that the Fc gamma RIIa-Arg/Arg131 genotype, which does not bind to IgG2, is a host genetic factor for protection against high-density P. falciparum infection was tested. One hundred eighty-two infants from a large community-based birth cohort study in western Kenya were selected for an unmatched case-control study. Results showed that the infants with the Fc gamma RIIa-Arg/Arg131 genotype were significantly less likely to be at risk for high-density falciparum infection, compared with infants with the Fc gamma RIIa-His/Arg131 genotype (adjusted odds ratio, 0.278; 95% confidence interval, 0.123-0.627; P=.0021). This finding supports the hypothesis. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mol Vaccine Sect, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Kenya Med Res Inst, Vector Biol & Control Res Ctr, Kisumu, Kenya. RP Lal, AA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mol Vaccine Sect, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 4770 Buford Hwy, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 15 TC 56 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 3 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD JUL 1 PY 2001 VL 184 IS 1 BP 107 EP 111 DI 10.1086/320999 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 447DL UT WOS:000169554400017 PM 11398118 ER PT J AU Mathenge, EM Gimnig, JE Kolczak, M Ombok, M Irungu, LW Hawley, WA AF Mathenge, EM Gimnig, JE Kolczak, M Ombok, M Irungu, LW Hawley, WA TI Effect of permethrin-impregnated nets on exiting behavior, blood feeding success, and time of feeding of malaria mosquitoes (Diptera : Culicidae) in western Kenya SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Anopheles gambiae complex; Anopheles funestus; bednets; behavior ID ANOPHELES-GAMBIAE COMPLEX; EXPERIMENTAL HUT TRIALS; TREATED BED NETS; BEDNETS; INSECTICIDE; VECTORS; AREA; CURTAINS; CHILDREN; IMPACT AB The impact of permethrin-treated bednets on the feeding and house entering/exiting behavior of malaria vectors was assessed in two studies in western Kenya. In one study, matched pairs of houses were allocated randomly to receive bednets or no bednets. Exiting mosquitoes were collected in Colombian curtains hung around half of each house; indoor resting mosquitoes were collected by pyrethrum spray catches. The number of Anopheles gambiae Giles and An. arabiensis Patton estimated to have entered the houses was unaffected by the presence of bednets; Anopheles funestus Giles was less likely to enter a house if bednets were present. Anopheles gambiae and An. funestus were less likely to obtain a blood meal and. significantly more likely to exit houses when bednets were present. No difference was detected in An. arabiensis rates of blood feeding and exiting. In a second experiment, hourly night biting collections were done on 13 nights during the rainy season to assess whether village-wide use of permethrin-treated bednets caused a shift in the time of biting of malaria vectors. A statistically significant shift was detected in the biting times of An. gambiae s.l., although the observed differences were small. No change was observed in the hourly distribution of An. funestus biting. Our study demonstrated that, at least in the short-term,bednets reduced human-vector contact and blood feeding success but did not lead to changes in the biting times of the malaria vectors in western Kenya. C1 Kenya Med Res Inst, Vector Biol & Control Res Ctr, CDC Sect, Kisumu, Kenya. Univ Nairobi, Dept Zool, Nairobi, Kenya. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Chamblee, GA 30341 USA. RP Mathenge, EM (reprint author), Kenya Med Res Inst, Vector Biol & Control Res Ctr, CDC Sect, POB 1578, Kisumu, Kenya. NR 29 TC 60 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 6 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 USA SN 0022-2585 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 38 IS 4 BP 531 EP 536 DI 10.1603/0022-2585-38.4.531 PG 6 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA 451VT UT WOS:000169823600010 PM 11476333 ER PT J AU Anderson, JP Rodrigo, AG Learn, GH Wang, Y Weinstock, H Kalish, ML Robbins, KE Hood, L Mullins, JI AF Anderson, JP Rodrigo, AG Learn, GH Wang, Y Weinstock, H Kalish, ML Robbins, KE Hood, L Mullins, JI TI Substitution model of sequence evolution for the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype B gp120 gene over the C2-V5 region SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EVOLUTION LA English DT Article DE HIV-1; env; nucleotide substitution rates; rate heterogeneity; maximum likelihood; evolutionary model; simulations ID DNA-SEQUENCES; PHYLOGENETIC METHODS; CELL TROPISM; IN-VIVO; HIV-1; RATES; SIMULATION; RECOMBINATION; POPULATIONS; INFECTION AB Phylogenetic analyses frequently rely on models of sequence evolution that detail nucleotide substitution rates, nucleotide frequencies, and site-to-site rate heterogeneity. These models can influence hypothesis testing and can affect the accuracy of phylogenetic inferences. Maximum likelihood methods of simultaneously constructing phylogenetic tree topologies and estimating model parameters are computationally intensive, and are not feasible for sample sizes of 25 or greater using personal computers. Techniques that initially construct a tree topology and then use this non-maximized topology to estimate ML substitution rates, however, can quickly arrive at a model of sequence evolution. The accuracy of this two-step estimation technique was tested using simulated data sets with known model parameters. The results showed that for a star-like topology, as is often seen in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) subtype B sequences, a random starting topology could produce nucleotide substitution rates that were not statistically different than the true rates. Samples were isolated from 100 HIV-1 subtype B infected individuals from the United States and a 620 nt region of the env gene was sequenced for each sample. The sequence data were used to obtain a substitution model of sequence evolution specific for HIV-1 subtype B env by estimating nucleotide substitution rates and the site-to-site heterogeneity in 100 individuals from the United States. The method of estimating the model should provide users of large data sets with a way to quickly compute a model of sequence evolution, while the nucleotide substitution model we identified should prove useful in the phylogenetic analysis of HIV-1 subtype B env sequences. C1 Univ Washington, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Mol Biotechnol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Microbiol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Anderson, JP (reprint author), Univ Washington, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Mol Biotechnol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RI Learn, Gerald/B-6934-2011; Rodrigo, Allen/E-8905-2015 OI Rodrigo, Allen/0000-0002-8327-7317 NR 44 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0022-2844 J9 J MOL EVOL JI J. Mol. Evol. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 53 IS 1 BP 55 EP 62 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 446ZN UT WOS:000169544200007 PM 11683323 ER PT J AU Goldenhar, LM LaMontagne, AD Katz, T Heaney, C Landsbergis, P AF Goldenhar, LM LaMontagne, AD Katz, T Heaney, C Landsbergis, P TI The intervention research process in occupational safety and health: An overview from the National Occupational Research Agenda Intervention Effectiveness Research Team SO JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID LOW-BACK INJURIES; EDUCATIONAL-PROGRAM; PREVENTION; WORK; IMPLEMENTATION; SURVEILLANCE; STANDARD; SUPPORT; ISSUES; PAIN AB The goal of occupational safety and health intervention effectiveness research is to determine whether specific interventions work to prevent work-related injury and illness. But that is not the whole story. It is also important that the development and implementation of the intervention be elevated, All three phases (development, implementation, and effectiveness) are central to a model of intervention research proposed by the National Occupational Research agenda Intervention Effectiveness Research team. Areas for future research are also presented. C1 NIOSH, Div Appl Res & Technol, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NIOSH, Atlanta, GA USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Prevent Med, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Cornell Univ, Weill Med Coll, Div Hypertens, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Goldenhar, LM (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Med Ctr, Inst Hlth Policy & Hlth Serv Res, POB 670840, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA. NR 50 TC 110 Z9 112 U1 0 U2 14 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1076-2752 J9 J OCCUP ENVIRON MED JI J. Occup. Environ. Med. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 43 IS 7 BP 616 EP 622 DI 10.1097/00043764-200107000-00008 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 451VQ UT WOS:000169823400008 PM 11464392 ER PT J AU Gaffield, ML Gilbert, BJC Malvitz, DM Romaguera, R AF Gaffield, ML Gilbert, BJC Malvitz, DM Romaguera, R TI Oral health during pregnancy - An analysis of information collected by the pregnancy risk assessment monitoring system SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DENTAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB Background. Little is known about the use of dental services during pregnancy. Yet research suggests that a pregnant woman's oral health and her pregnancy outcome may be associated. Methods. Four states it collected oral health data as part of the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, or PRAMS, in 1998. PRAMS is an ongoing, population-based survey designed to obtain information from mothers who recently delivered live-born infants about their experiences and behaviors bet re, during and immediately after pregnancy. Results. Reports of dental care use during pregnancy ranged from 22.7 to 34.7 percent. In three states, 12.2 percent to 25.4 percent of respondents reported having a dental problem and of these, 44.7 percent to 54.9 percent went for care. Among mothers reporting a dental problem, prenatal care, or PNC, insurance through public funding and late PNC entry were significantly associated with their not getting dental care. Conclusions. Most mothers did not go for dental care during their pregnancy; among those who reported having problems, one-half did not get dental care. Practice Implications. Attention toward the oral health needs of pregnant women is warranted. A coordinated effort from the dental and obstetric communities to establish guidelines could benefit maternal oral health and perinatal outcomes. C1 CDCP, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Reprod Hlth, PRAMS Project, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. CDCP, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Oral Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. US Hlth Resources & Serv Adm, HIV AIDS Bur, Global HIV AIDS, Washington, DC USA. RP Gaffield, ML (reprint author), CDCP, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Reprod Hlth, PRAMS Project, 2900 Woodcock Blvd,MS-K22, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 23 TC 90 Z9 94 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER DENTAL ASSN PI CHICAGO PA 211 E CHICAGO AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60611 USA SN 0002-8177 J9 J AM DENT ASSOC JI J. Am. Dent. Assoc. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 132 IS 7 BP 1009 EP 1016 PG 8 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 454PE UT WOS:000169980300021 PM 11480627 ER PT J AU Lobel, HO Baker, MA Gras, FA Stennies, GM Meerburg, P Hiemstra, E Parise, M Odero, M Waiyaki, P AF Lobel, HO Baker, MA Gras, FA Stennies, GM Meerburg, P Hiemstra, E Parise, M Odero, M Waiyaki, P TI Use of malaria prevention measures by North American and European travelers to East Africa SO JOURNAL OF TRAVEL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID MEFLOQUINE; PROPHYLAXIS AB Background: The use of preventive measures, including effective chemoprophylaxis, is essential for protection against malaria among travelers. However, data have shown that travelers and medical advisors are confused by the lack of uniform recommendations and numerous prophylactic regimens of varying effectiveness that are used. Methods: To assess the use and type of preventive measures against malaria, we conducted a cross-sectional study in 1997 among travelers departing from the Nairobi and Mombasa airports in Kenya with European destinations. Results: Seventy-five percent of the travelers studied were residents of Europe and 25% were residents of North America; all stayed less than 1 year, and visited malarious areas. Most travelers, 97.1%, were aware of the risk and 91.3% sought pretravel medical advice. Although 95.4% used chemoprophylaxis and/or antimosquito measures, only 61.7% used both regular chemoprophylaxis and two or more antimosquito measures. Compliance with chemoprophylaxis was lowest amongst those who used a drug with a daily, as opposed to, a weekly dosing schedule, stayed more than 1 month, attributed an adverse health event to the chemoprophylaxis, and were less than 40 years of age. Among US travelers, 94.6% of those taking chemoprophylaxis were taking an effective regimen, that is, mefloquine or doxycycline. Only 1.9% used a suboptimal drug regimen, such as chloroquine/proguanil. Among European travelers, 69% used mefloquine or doxycycline, and 25% used chloroquine/proguanil. Notably, 45.3% of travelers from the UK used chloroquine/proguanil. Adverse events were noted by 19.7% of mefloquine users and 16.4% of travelers taking chloroquine/proguanil. Neuropsychologic adverse events were reported by 7.8% of users of mefloquine and 1.9% of those taking chloroquine/proguanil. The adverse events, however, had a lesser impact on compliance than frequent dosing schedule. Conclusions: Health information should be targeted to travelers who are likely to use suboptimal chemoprophylaxis or may be noncompliant with prophylaxis. Uniform recommendations for effective chemoprophylaxis with simple dosing schedules are necessary to reduce rates of malaria among travelers to Africa. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Lufthansa German Airlines, Frankfurt, Germany. Municipal Hlth Dept, Amsterdam, Netherlands. Kenya Govt Med Res Ctr, KEMRI, Nairobi, Kenya. RP Stennies, GM (reprint author), 4770 Buford Hwy,Mail Stop F22,CDC, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 12 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 1 PU B C DECKER INC PI HAMILTON PA 4 HUGHSON STREET SOUTH PO BOX 620, LCD 1, HAMILTON, ONTARIO L8N 3K7, CANADA SN 1195-1982 J9 J TRAVEL MED JI J. Travel Med. PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 8 IS 4 BP 167 EP 172 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 465CE UT WOS:000170571200002 PM 11703900 ER PT J AU Robertson, BH AF Robertson, BH TI Viral hepatitis and primates: historical and molecular analysis of human and nonhuman primate hepatitis A, B, and the GB-related viruses SO JOURNAL OF VIRAL HEPATITIS LA English DT Review DE hepatitis A virus; hepatitis B virus; GBV-A; GBV-B; GBV-C; nonhuman primates ID A VIRUS; SURFACE-ANTIGEN; PHYLOGENETIC RELATEDNESS; MACACA-FASCICULARIS; GENETIC RELATEDNESS; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; CYNOMOLGUS MONKEYS; STRAINS; GENOME; IDENTIFICATION AB The hepatitis viruses have long been assumed to be highly host-specific, with infection of other nonhuman primates occurring due to inoculation with, or exposure to, human viruses. This paradigm has slowly changed over the last 10 years, as mounting data has revealed nonhuman primate equivalents of hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, and the hepatitis C-related viruses GBV-C and GBV-A. This review summarizes the historical and molecular information for each of these groups and highlights the impact of these nonhuman primate hepatitis viruses on our understanding of the evolution of each of these viruses. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hepatitis Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Robertson, BH (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hepatitis Branch A33, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 82 TC 30 Z9 35 U1 2 U2 3 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1352-0504 J9 J VIRAL HEPATITIS JI J. Viral Hepatitis PD JUL PY 2001 VL 8 IS 4 BP 233 EP 242 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2893.2001.00295.x PG 10 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA 456DY UT WOS:000170068900001 PM 11454173 ER PT J AU Sundstrom, JB McMullan, LK Spiropoulou, CF Hooper, WC Ansari, AA Peters, CJ Rollin, PE AF Sundstrom, JB McMullan, LK Spiropoulou, CF Hooper, WC Ansari, AA Peters, CJ Rollin, PE TI Hantavirus infection induces the expression of RANTES and IP-10 without causing increased permeability in human lung microvascular endothelial cells SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID INTERFERON REGULATORY FACTOR-3; DENGUE VIRUS-INFECTION; NF-KAPPA-B; PULMONARY SYNDROME; TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS; ADHESION MOLECULES; GENE-TRANSCRIPTION; BETA(3) INTEGRINS; HEMORRHAGIC-FEVER; CELLULAR ENTRY AB Sin Nombre virus (SNV) and Hantaan virus (HTN) infect endothelial cells and are associated with different patterns of increased vascular permeability during human disease. It is thought that such patterns of increased vascular permeability are a consequence of endothelial activation and subsequent dysfunction mediated by differential immune responses to hantavirus infection. In this study, the ability of hantavirus to directly induce activation of human lung microvascular endothelial cells (HMVEC-Ls) was examined. No virus-specific modulation in the constitutive or cytokine-induced expression of cellular adhesion molecules (CD40, CD54, CD61, CD62E, CD62P, CD106, and major histocompatibility complex classes I and II) or in cytokines and chemokines (eotaxin, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin Ip [IL-1 beta], IL-6, IL-8, MCP-1, MIP-1 alpha, and MIP-1 beta) was detected at either the protein or message level in hantavirus-infected HMVEC-Ls. Furthermore, no virus-specific enhancement of paracellular or transcellular permeability or changes in the organization and distribution of endothelial intercellular junctional proteins was observed, However, infection with either HTN or SNV resulted in detectable levels of the chemokines RANTES and IP-IO (the 10-kDa interferon-inducible protein) in HMVEC-Ls within 72 h and was associated with nuclear translocation of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3) and IRF-7, Gamma interferon (IFN-gamma)-induced expression of RANTES and IP-10 could also be detected in uninfected HMVEC-Ls and was associated with nuclear translocation of IRF-1 and IRF-3. Treatment of hantavirus-infected HMVEC-Ls with IFN-gamma for 24 h resulted in a synergistic enhancement in the expression of both RANTES and IP-10 and was associated with nuclear translocation of IRF-1, IRF-3, IRF-7, and NF-kappaB p65. These results reveal a possible mechanism by which hantavirus infection and a TH1 immune response can cooperate to synergistically enhance chemokine expression by HMVEC-Ls and trigger immune-mediated increases in vascular permeability. C1 Emory Univ, Sch Med, Winship Canc Ctr, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Special Pathogens Branch, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Sundstrom, JB (reprint author), Emory Univ, Sch Med, Winship Canc Ctr, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, Room B4337, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. FU PHS HHS [U50/CCU411374-03-01] NR 49 TC 106 Z9 115 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 75 IS 13 BP 6070 EP 6085 DI 10.1128/JVI.75.13.6070-6085.2001 PG 16 WC Virology SC Virology GA 440KX UT WOS:000169175400036 PM 11390609 ER PT J AU Moore, JE Giesen, JM Weber, JM Crews, JE AF Moore, JE Giesen, JM Weber, JM Crews, JE TI Functional outcomes reported by consumers of the independent living program for older individuals who are blind SO JOURNAL OF VISUAL IMPAIRMENT & BLINDNESS LA English DT Article ID NURSING-HOME RESIDENTS; CLIENT SATISFACTION; VISUAL IMPAIRMENT; VOCATIONAL-REHABILITATION; QUALITY; ADULTS; VISION; LIFE AB This study surveyed 940 elders regarding their perceptions of the services they received under the Independent Living Program for Older Individuals Who Are Blind (Title VII, Chapter 2 of the Rehabilitation Act, 1973, as amended). Significant differences were found in perceived outcomes based on the elders' gender, age, living arrangements, and age at onset of visual impairment. The results have programmatic and service delivery implications for staff who conduct program evaluation. C1 Mississippi State Univ, RRTC Blindness & Low Vis, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. Wright State Univ, Dayton, OH 45435 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Birth Defects & Dev Disabil, Atlanta, GA 30041 USA. RP Moore, JE (reprint author), Mississippi State Univ, RRTC Blindness & Low Vis, POB 6189, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. NR 36 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER FOUNDATION BLIND PI NEW YORK PA J VISUAL IMPAIRMENT BLINDNESS 11 PENN PLAZA SUITE 300, NEW YORK, NY 10001 USA SN 0145-482X J9 J VISUAL IMPAIR BLIN JI J. Vis. Impair. Blind. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 95 IS 7 BP 403 EP 417 PG 15 WC Rehabilitation SC Rehabilitation GA 450UX UT WOS:000169764200003 ER PT J AU Davidson, WR Lockhart, JM Stallknecht, DE Howerth, EW Dawson, JE Rechav, Y AF Davidson, WR Lockhart, JM Stallknecht, DE Howerth, EW Dawson, JE Rechav, Y TI Persistent Ehrlichia chaffeensis infection in white-tailed deer SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Ehrlichia chaffeenis; epidemiology experimental study; Odocoileus virginianus; white-tailed deer ID AMBLYOMMA-AMERICANUM ACARI; ODOCOILEUS-VIRGINIANUS; ETIOLOGIC AGENT; C3H/HEJ MICE; IXODIDAE; RICKETTSIALES; ASSOCIATION; ANTIBODIES; RESERVOIR; GEORGIA AB Four white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were inoculated intravenously with a deer-origin isolate (15B-WTD-GA) of Ehrlichia chaffeensis. The course of infection was monitored using indirect fluorescent antibody UFA), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and culture over a 9 m period. All deer became rickettsemic within 24 days post inoculation (DPI), and all developed antibody titers >1:64 to E. chaffeensis by 17 DPI. Titers in all deer fell below 1:64 during 87 to 143 DPI. One deer exhibited a second period of seropositivity (peak titer of 1:256) from 207 to 271 DPI but was culture and PCR negative during this period. Rickettsemia was confirmed by reisolation of E. chaffeensis as late as 73 to 108 DPI in three deer. Positive PCR results were obtained from femur bone marrow of one deer and from rumenal lymph node of another deer at 278 DPI. None of the deer developed clinical signs, hematologic abnormalities, or gross or microscopic lesions attributable to E. chaffeensis. Two uninoculated control deer were negative on all tests through 90 DPI at which time they were removed from the study. Herein we confirm that white-tailed deer become persistently infected, vith E. chaffeensis, have initial rickettsemias of several weeks duration and may experience recrudescence of rickettsemia, which reaffirm the importance of deer in the epidemiology of E. chaffeensis. C1 Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, SE Cooperat Wildife Dis Study, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, Dept Pathol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Infect Dis Pathol Act, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Davidson, WR (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, SE Cooperat Wildife Dis Study, Athens, GA 30602 USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [1 R15 AI37911-01] NR 22 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 4 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 37 IS 3 BP 538 EP 546 PG 9 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 459AH UT WOS:000170227300012 PM 11504227 ER PT J AU Sheeler-Gordon, LL Smith, JS AF Sheeler-Gordon, LL Smith, JS TI Survey of bat populations from Mexico and Paraguay for rabies SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE bats; epizootiology; Lasiurus ega; rabies; reservoir; survey ID VIRUS; SEQUENCE AB mammalian survey was conducted in Mexico (October 1994-January 1996) and in Paraguay (August 1996-March 1997); a complete specimen was collected for each bat in the survey, including primary voucher specimen, ectoparasites, karyotype, and various frozen tissues. The surveys combined provided 937 brain samples (65 bat species) for rabies diagnosis. One male Lasiurus ega, collected in Paraguay, tested positive for the rabies virus (overall prevalence rate of 0.1%). Nucleotide sequence from a 300 bp region of the rabies nucleoprotein gene was compared with sequence obtained from representative rabies virus samples in the repository at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Atlanta, Georgia, USA). Rabies virus extracted from the brain material of L. ega differed by only one nucleotide from a 300 bp consensus sequence (> 99% homology) derived from samples for the variant of rabies virus transmitted by Lasiurus cinereus. Lasiurus ega differed by approximately 15% for the variant transmitted by Desmodus rotundus. Phylogenetic analysis found no evidence to suggest L. ega is a reservoir for rabies antigenic variant 6. The most likely explanation for rabies in L. ega was infection following contact with a rabid L. cinereus. C1 Texas Tech Univ, Inst Environm & Human Hlth, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Rabies Sect, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Sheeler-Gordon, LL (reprint author), Texas Tech Univ, Inst Environm & Human Hlth, POB 41163, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. NR 22 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 6 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 37 IS 3 BP 582 EP 593 PG 12 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 459AH UT WOS:000170227300018 PM 11504233 ER PT J AU Kelly, A Blair, N Pechacek, TF AF Kelly, A Blair, N Pechacek, TF TI Women and smoking: Issues and opportunities SO JOURNAL OF WOMENS HEALTH & GENDER-BASED MEDICINE LA English DT Article AB In March 2001, the U.S. Surgeon General released Women and Smoking, the second Surgeon General's report to focus on tobacco use among women, compelling the nation to make reducing tobacco use among women one of the highest priorities for women's health. Since 1980, 3 million women have died prematurely from smoking-related diseases and injuries. Lung cancer mortality rates among U.S. women have increased about 600% since 1950, and now lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among U.S. women, having surpassed breast cancer in 1987. Although the report documents the devastating impact of the tobacco epidemic among women, a growing arsenal of science-based recommendations for implementing comprehensive tobacco control programs suggests that achieving the nation's ambitious Healthy People 2010 objectives, including cutting in half the rates of smoking among women and girls, is within our reach. While states continue to debate the use of tobacco settlement funds, it is important to note that when significant resources have been devoted to the implementation of evidence-based strategies, the results have been dramatic for the population overall and for women in particular. For example, in California, which has had a comprehensive tobacco control program for 11 years, smoking prevalence has declined throughout the 1990s at rates two or three times faster than in the rest of the country, and while lung cancer incidence rates increased by 13% among women in other parts of the United States, they decreased by 4.8% among women in California. These promising findings indicate that although tobacco-related diseases have become a women's health issue of epidemic proportions, we have the ability to reverse these trends. C1 CDC, Off Smoking & Hlth Publicat Requests, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Kelly, A (reprint author), CDC, Off Smoking & Hlth Publicat Requests, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, 4770 Buford Highway NE,MS K-50, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 13 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 1524-6094 J9 J WOMEN HEALTH GEN-B JI J. WOMENS HEALTH GENDER-BASED MED. PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 10 IS 6 BP 515 EP 518 DI 10.1089/15246090152543085 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Women's Studies SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Women's Studies GA 466WB UT WOS:000170668200003 PM 11559447 ER PT J AU Bull, FC Eyler, AA King, AC Brownson, RC AF Bull, FC Eyler, AA King, AC Brownson, RC TI Stage of readiness to exercise in ethnically diverse women: a US survey SO MEDICINE AND SCIENCE IN SPORTS AND EXERCISE LA English DT Article DE exercise; lifestyle; physical activity; minority women; stage of exercise; measurement ID RISK FACTOR SURVEILLANCE; PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY; TRANSTHEORETICAL MODEL; SMOKING CESSATION; MINORITY WOMEN; PUBLIC-HEALTH; CHANGE SCALE; BEHAVIOR; RELIABILITY; ADOPTION AB Purpose: To assess stage of readiness to exercise and readiness to be physically active in a national survey of women aged 40 yr and over from various racial/ethnic groups (the U.S. Women's Determinants Study). Method: The prevalence of each stage was determined and compared across race/ethnicity. In addition, the level of misclassification between self-report of stage of readiness to exercise/be physically active and self-reported participation in specific exercise behavior was evaluated. Results: Data were collected from a total of 2912 U.S. women via telephone survey over a I-yr period (black 26%, American Indians/Alaskan Natives 25%. Hispanics 23%, and whites 26%). Over half the total sample was staged as currently undertaking regular exercise (maintenance stage, 55%), 25% indicated they were in precontemplation, and 15% were in contemplation stage. Few women were in preparation and action stages. There were statistically significant differences between the minority groups. Specifically. black women (OR 0.53, 95% 0.31-0.91) were less likely to be in the active stages (e.g.. preparation. action, maintenance) than Hispanics and Alaskan Native/American Native women, and this was true after controlling for important sociodemographic and health variables (age, education. BMI, and smoking). The additional analysis of a modified stage question developed to assess readiness to be more physically active (150 min wk(-1)) may have provided inflated results (82% in maintenance), possibly due to the complexity of the questions. The level of misclassification between measures ranged from 5 to 20%. Conclusion: These results: have important implications for the use of stage of change measures with populations of older ethnically diverse women particularly and the popularity of modifying stage questions to reflect "lifestyle" or moderate-intensity physical activity. C1 Univ Western Australia, Dept Publ Hlth, Perth, WA 6009, Australia. St Louis Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, St Louis, MO 63103 USA. Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Hlth Res & Policy, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA. RP Bull, FC (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Nutr & Phys Act, 4770 Buford Highway,Mail Stop K46, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RI Bull, Fiona/G-4148-2012 FU PHS HHS [U48/CCU710806] NR 53 TC 33 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 6 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0195-9131 J9 MED SCI SPORT EXER JI Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 33 IS 7 BP 1147 EP 1156 PG 10 WC Sport Sciences SC Sport Sciences GA 448ZV UT WOS:000169660600012 PM 11445762 ER PT J AU Donnelly, MJ Licht, MC Lehmann, T AF Donnelly, MJ Licht, MC Lehmann, T TI Evidence for recent population expansion in the evolutionary history of the malaria vectors Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles gambiae SO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION LA English DT Article DE Anopheles; malaria; mosquitoes; population genetics; expansion ID RIFT-VALLEY COMPLEX; GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION; WEST-AFRICA; MICROSATELLITE ALLELE; DRY SEASON; 2 TESTS; KENYA; LOCI; MUTATION; FLOW AB Gene flow in malaria vectors is usually estimated based on differentiation indices (e.g., F-ST) in order to predict the contemporary spread of genes such as those conferring resistance to insecticides. This approach is reliant on a number of assumptions, the most crucial, and the one most likely to be violated in these species, being mutation-migration-drift equilibrium. Tests of this assumption for the African malaria vectors Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles arabiensis are the focus of this study. We analyzed variation at 18 microsatellite loci and the ND5 region of the mitochondrial genome in two populations of each species. Equilibrium was rejected by six of eight tests for the A, gambiae population from western Kenya and by three tests in eastern Kenya. In western Kenya, all departures from equilibrium were consistent with a recent population expansion, but in eastern Kenya, there were traces of a recent expansion and a bottleneck. Equilibrium was also rejected by two of the eight tests for both A. arabiensis populations; the departure from equilibrium was consistent with an expansion. These multiple-locus tests detected a genomewide effect and therefore a demographic event rather than a locus-specific effect, as would be caused by selection. Disequilibrium due to a recent expansion in these species implies that rates of gene flow, as inferred from differentiation indices, are overestimates as they include a historical component. We argue that the same effect applies to the majority of pest species due to the correlation of their demography with that of humans. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Chamblee, GA 30341 USA. Univ Liverpool, Liverpool Sch Trop Med, Div Parasite & Vector Biol, Liverpool L3 5QA, Merseyside, England. RP Donnelly, MJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, MS F22,4770 Buford Highway, Chamblee, GA 30341 USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI140631-01] NR 47 TC 96 Z9 98 U1 0 U2 11 PU SOC MOLECULAR BIOLOGY EVOLUTION PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0737-4038 J9 MOL BIOL EVOL JI Mol. Biol. Evol. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 18 IS 7 BP 1353 EP 1364 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 452FG UT WOS:000169846400018 PM 11420373 ER PT J AU Hudson, CR Frye, JG Quinn, FD Gherardini, FC AF Hudson, CR Frye, JG Quinn, FD Gherardini, FC TI Increased expression of Borrelia burgdorferi vlsE in response to human endothelial cell membranes SO MOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LYME-DISEASE SPIROCHETE; VARIABLE ANTIGEN GENES; SUBTRACTIVE HYBRIDIZATION; DIFFERENTIAL EXPRESSION; INVITRO CULTIVATION; PLASMIDS; PROTEINS; AGENT; DNA; IDENTIFICATION AB RNA isolated from virulent Borrelia burgdorferi cells incubated with human endothelial or neurological tissue cells was subjected to subtractive hybridization using RNA from the same strain incubated in tissue culture medium alone. This RNA subtractive technique generated specific probes that hybridized to two restriction fragments (8.2 kb and 10 kb respectively) generated by EcoRI digestion of total plasmid DNA. The 10 kb Eco RI fragment localized to Ip28-1 and was subsequently identified as the variable membrane protein-like sequence (vls) region, which includes an expression locus (vlsE) and 15 silent cassettes. vlsE encodes a 36 kDa outer surface protein that undergoes antigenic variation during animal infections. Primer extension analysis identified the 5' end of a transcript and a putative promoter for vlsE. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) suggested that the expression of vlsE increased when virulent B. burgdorferi cells were incubated with human tissue cells or purified cell membranes isolated from those same cell lines. A 138 bp region upstream of the vlsE region that was not reported in the genome sequence was sequenced using specific P-32 end-labelled primers in a DNA cycle sequencing system at high annealing temperatures. Analysis revealed that it contained a 51 bp inverted repeat, which could form an extremely stable cruciform structure. Southern blots probed with the vlsE promoter/operator region indicated that part or all of this sequence could be found on other B. burgdorferi plasmids. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Microbiol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. ARS, Antimicrobial Resistance Res Unit, SAA, USDA,Russell Res Ctr, Athens, GA 30605 USA. Sidney Kimmel Canc Ctr, San Diego, CA 92121 USA. CDCP, Pathogenesis Lab, TB Mycobacteriol Branch, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res,Nat Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Gherardini, FC (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Microbiol, 546 Biol Sci Bldg, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RI Frye, Jonathan/I-6382-2013 OI Frye, Jonathan/0000-0002-8500-3395 FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI33501] NR 47 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0950-382X J9 MOL MICROBIOL JI Mol. Microbiol. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 41 IS 1 BP 229 EP 239 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2001.02511.x PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Microbiology GA 455NQ UT WOS:000170033300021 PM 11454215 ER PT J AU Grandjean, P Weihe, P Burse, VW Needham, LL Storr-Hansen, E Heinzow, B Debes, F Murata, K Simonsen, H Ellefsen, P Budtz-Jorgensen, E Keiding, N White, RF AF Grandjean, P Weihe, P Burse, VW Needham, LL Storr-Hansen, E Heinzow, B Debes, F Murata, K Simonsen, H Ellefsen, P Budtz-Jorgensen, E Keiding, N White, RF TI Neurobehavioral deficits associated with PCB in 7-year-old children prenatally exposed to seafood neurotoxicants SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY AND TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE methylmercury compounds; neuropsychological tests; polychlorinated biphenyls; prenatal exposure delayed effects; preschool child ID POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; METHYLMERCURY NEUROTOXICITY; DEVELOPMENTAL EXPOSURE; EVOKED-POTENTIALS; ADIPOSE-TISSUE; HUMAN-MILK; SERUM; DIET; AROCLOR-1254; CONSUMPTION AB Prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) was examined by analysis of cord tissue from 435 children from a Faroese birth cohort. Analysis of 50 paired cord blood samples showed excellent correlation with the cord tissue concentration (r=.90). Among 17 neuropsychological outcomes determined at age 7 years, the cord PCB concentration was associated with deficits on the Boston Naming Test (without cues, two-tailed P=.09 not adjusted for mercury; with cues, P=.03), the Continuous Performance Test reaction time (P=.03), and, possibly, on long-term recall on the California Verbal Learning Test (P=.15). The association between cord PCB and cord-blood mercury (r=.42) suggested possible confounding. While no PCB effects were apparent in children with low mercury exposure, PCB-associated deficits within the highest tertile of mercury exposure indicated a possible interaction between the two neurotoxicants. PCB-associated increased thresholds were seen at two of eight frequencies on audiometry, but only on the left side, and no deficits occurred on evoked potentials or contrast sensitivity. The limited PCB-related neurotoxicity in this cohort appears to be affected by concomitant methylmercury exposure. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ So Denmark, Inst Publ Hlth, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark. Boston Univ, Sch Med, Dept Environm Hlth, Boston, MA 02118 USA. Boston Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurol, Boston, MA 02118 USA. Boston Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Neurol, Boston, MA 02118 USA. Boston Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth, Boston, MA 02118 USA. Faroese Hosp Syst, DK-100 Torshavn, Faroe Islands, Denmark. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Natl Environm Res Inst, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark. State Agcy Nat & Environm Schleswig Holstein, Dept Environm Toxicol, D-24220 Flintbek, Germany. Akita Univ, Sch Med, Dept Hyg, Akita 0108543, Japan. Statens Serum Inst, Dept Clin Biochem, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark. Univ Copenhagen, Dept Biostat, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark. Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Environm Hazards Ctr, Boston, MA 02130 USA. Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Dept Psychol, Boston, MA 02130 USA. RP Grandjean, P (reprint author), Univ So Denmark, Inst Publ Hlth, Winslowparken 17, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark. RI Needham, Larry/E-4930-2011 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES09797, ES06112] NR 57 TC 213 Z9 220 U1 1 U2 9 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0892-0362 J9 NEUROTOXICOL TERATOL JI Neurotoxicol. Teratol. PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 23 IS 4 BP 305 EP 317 DI 10.1016/S0892-0362(01)00155-6 PG 13 WC Neurosciences; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Toxicology GA 460KG UT WOS:000170306300001 PM 11485834 ER PT J AU Dick, RB Steenland, K Krieg, EF Hines, CJ AF Dick, RB Steenland, K Krieg, EF Hines, CJ TI Evaluation of acute sensory-motor effects and test sensitivity using termiticide workers exposed to chlorpyrifos SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY AND TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE chlorpyrifos; sensory-motor; termiticide workers; urinary TCP; test sensitivity ID CHRONIC NEUROLOGICAL SEQUELAE; CENTRAL-NERVOUS-SYSTEM; POSTURAL STABILITY; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; PESTICIDE APPLICATORS; NEUROPATHY; HEALTH; MORBIDITY; BALANCE; TREMOR AB Sensory and motor testing was performed on a group of termiticide workers primarily using chlorpyrifos-containing products to evaluate both the acute effects from current exposure and sensitivity of the measures to detect effects. The study group comprised 106 applicators and 52 nonexposed participants. Current exposure was measured by urinary concentrations of 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP) collected the morning of testing. The mean TCP value for the 106 applicators was 200 mug/g creatinine. Participants received 4-5 h of testing and were evaluated using a sensory-motor test battery recommended by a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)-sponsored advisory panel to be appropriate for testing effects from pesticide exposures. Measurements testing olfactory dysfunction, visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, color vision, vibrotactile sensitivity, tremor, manual dexterity, eye-hand coordination, and postural stability were analyzed. Study results indicated limited acute effects from exposure to chlorpyrifos using urinary TCP as a measure of current exposure, The effects occurred primarily on measures of postural sway in the eyes closed and soft-surface conditions, which suggests a possible subclinical effect involving the proprioceptive and vestibular systems. Several other tests of motor and sensory functions did not show any evidence of acute exposure effects, although statistically significant effects of urinary TCP on the Lanthony color vision test scores and one contrast sensitivity test score were found. The visual measures, however, were not significant when a step-down Bonferroni correction was applied. Information also is presented on the sensitivity of the measures to detect effects in an occupationally exposed population using standard error of the parameter estimates. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 NIOSH, US Dept HHS, Publ Hlth Serv, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent,Div Appl Res & Technol, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NIOSH, Div Surveillance Hazard Evaluat & Field Studi, US Dept HHS, Publ Hlth Serv,Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Dick, RB (reprint author), NIOSH, US Dept HHS, Publ Hlth Serv, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent,Div Appl Res & Technol, 4676 Columbia Pkwy, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 62 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0892-0362 J9 NEUROTOXICOL TERATOL JI Neurotoxicol. Teratol. PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 23 IS 4 BP 381 EP 393 DI 10.1016/S0892-0362(01)00143-X PG 13 WC Neurosciences; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Toxicology GA 460KG UT WOS:000170306300008 PM 11485841 ER PT J AU Wilcox, S Parra-Medina, D Thompson-Robinson, M Will, J AF Wilcox, S Parra-Medina, D Thompson-Robinson, M Will, J TI Nutrition and physical activity interventions to reduce cardiovascular disease risk in health care settings: A quantitative review with a focus on women SO NUTRITION REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; GENERAL-PRACTICE; DIETARY INTERVENTION; MEDICAL LITERATURE; EDUCATION-PROGRAM; EXERCISE BEHAVIOR; LIFE-STYLE; FOLLOW-UP; ADVICE AB The authors conducted a quantitative literature review of the impact of 32 diet and physical activity (PA) interventions delivered in health care settings on cardiovascular disease risk factors, Intervention effects were relatively modest but statistically significant for PA, body mass index or weight, dietary fat, blood pressure, and total and low-density lipoprotein serum cholesterol. Intervention effects were generally larger for samples with a mean age > 50 years and for studies with <6 months follow-up. Type of comparison group, type of intervention, and use of a behavior theory did not have a consistent impact on intervention effects. Few studies focused on persons of color, although the results from these studies are promising. C1 Univ S Carolina, Norman J Arnold Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Excercise Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. Univ S Carolina, Norman J Arnold Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Hlth Promot & Educ, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. Florida A&M Univ, Coll Pharm & Pharmaceut Sci, Inst Publ Hlth, Tallahassee, FL 32307 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr & Phys Activ, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Wilcox, S (reprint author), Univ S Carolina, Norman J Arnold Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Excercise Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. RI Thompson-Robinson, Melva/I-3229-2016 OI Thompson-Robinson, Melva/0000-0001-8383-2360 FU PHS HHS [U48/CCU409664-07] NR 63 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 6 PU INT LIFE SCIENCES INST PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST SUBSCRIPTION OFFICE, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0029-6643 J9 NUTR REV JI Nutr. Rev. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 59 IS 7 BP 197 EP 214 PG 18 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 453TZ UT WOS:000169933700001 PM 11475446 ER PT J AU Watt, JP Schuchat, A Erickson, K Honig, JE Gibbs, R Schulkin, J AF Watt, JP Schuchat, A Erickson, K Honig, JE Gibbs, R Schulkin, J TI Group B streptococcal disease prevention practices of obstetrician-gynecologists SO OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AMPICILLIN; RESISTANCE; INFECTION; SEPSIS AB Objective: To describe group B streptococcal (GBS) disease prevention practices of obstetrician-gynecologists. Methods: We surveyed 1019 ACOG Fellows-the 419 members of the Collaborative Ambulatory Research Nett work (CARN) and 600 randomly selected non-CARN Fell lows. RESULTS: There were 601 eligible respondents. More than 95% in both the CARN and the non-CARN groups reported adopting one of three GBS prevention strategies, The most commonly reported strategy was a combination approach not described in the consensus guidelines, The second most common strategy was the screening-based strategy; the risk-based strategy was third. Most respondents provided GBS information to all prenatal patients, but those using a risk-based strategy and those in solo practice were less likely to do so. Less than 60% in each group used penicillin as their first choice for GBS prophylaxis. More than 20% in each group who routinely screened for GBS did not collect both vaginal and rectal cultures. Respondents rated ACOG publications as the most important influence on their GBS prevention approach. Conclusion: Almost all ACOG Fellows have adopted a GBS prevention strategy. The importance of providing GBS prevention information to all patients, use of penicillin, and collection of both vaginal and rectal cultures should be reinforced. (C) 2001 by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. C1 CDCP, Resp Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Colorado, Sch Med, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Denver, CO USA. Amer Coll Obstetricians & Gynecologists, Washington, DC 20024 USA. RP Watt, JP (reprint author), CDCP, Resp Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop C-23, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. FU PHS HHS [MC-00105] NR 22 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0029-7844 J9 OBSTET GYNECOL JI Obstet. Gynecol. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 98 IS 1 BP 7 EP 13 DI 10.1016/S0029-7844(01)01401-6 PG 7 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA 447VF UT WOS:000169592600003 PM 11430949 ER PT J AU Wadhwa, PD Culhane, JF Rauh, V Barve, SS Hogan, V Sandman, CA Hobel, CJ Chicz-DeMet, A Dunkel-Schetter, C Garite, TJ Glynn, L AF Wadhwa, PD Culhane, JF Rauh, V Barve, SS Hogan, V Sandman, CA Hobel, CJ Chicz-DeMet, A Dunkel-Schetter, C Garite, TJ Glynn, L TI Stress, infection and preterm birth: a biobehavioural perspective SO PAEDIATRIC AND PERINATAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Review ID CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE; PITUITARY-ADRENAL-FUNCTION; PRENATAL MATERNAL STRESS; BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS; HUMAN-PREGNANCY; RISK-FACTORS; PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS; BETA-ENDORPHIN; HUMAN-PLACENTA; DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE-SULFATE AB Preterm birth is currently the most important problem in maternal-child health in the United States. Epidemiological studies have suggested that two factors, maternal stress and maternal urogenital tract infection, are significantly and independently associated with an increased risk of spontaneous preterm birth. These factors are also more prevalent in the population of sociodemographically disadvantaged women who are at increased risk for preterm birth. Studies of the physiology of parturition suggest that neuroendocrine and immune processes play important roles in the physiology and pathophysiology of normal and preterm parturition. However, not all women with high levels of stress and/or infection deliver preterm, and little is understood about factors that modulate susceptibility to pathophysiological events of the endocrine and immune systems in pregnancy. We present here a comprehensive, biobehavioural model of maternal stress and spontaneous preterm delivery. According to this model, chronic maternal stress is a significant and independent risk factor for preterm birth. The effects of maternal stress on preterm birth may be mediated through biological and/or behavioural mechanisms. We propose that maternal stress may act via one or both of two physiological pathways: (a) a neuroendocrine pathway, wherein maternal stress may ultimately result in premature and/or greater degree of activation of the maternal-placental-fetal endocrine systems that promote parturition; and (b) an immune/inflammatory pathway, wherein maternal stress may modulate characteristics of systemic and local (placental-decidual) immunity to increase susceptibility to intrauterine and fetal infectious-inflammatory processes and thereby promote parturition through proinflammatory mechanisms. We suggest that placental corticotropin-releasing hormone may play a key role in orchestrating the effects of endocrine and inflammatory/immune processes on preterm birth. Moreover, because neuroendocrine and immune processes extensively cross-regulate one another, we further posit that exposure to both high levels of chronic stress and infectious pathogens in pregnancy may produce an interaction and multiplicative effect in terms of their combined risk for preterm birth. Finally, we hypothesise that the effects of maternal stress are modulated by the nature, duration and timing of occurrence of stress during gestation. A discussion of the components of this model, including a theoretical rationale and review of the available empirical evidence, is presented. A major strength of this biobehavioural perspective is the ability to explore new questions and to do so in a manner that is more comprehensive than has been previously attempted. We expect findings from this line of proposed research to improve our present state of knowledge about obstetric risk assessment for preterm birth by determining the characteristics of pregnant women who are especially susceptible to stress and/or infection, and to broaden our understanding of biological (endocrine, immune, and endocrine-immune interactions) mechanisms that may translate social adversity during pregnancy into pathophysiology, thereby suggesting intervention strategies. C1 Univ Calif Irvine, Behav Perinatol Res Program, Dept Psychiat & Human Behav, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Irvine, CA 92717 USA. Thomas Jefferson Univ, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA. Columbia Univ, Mailman Sch Publ Hlth, New York, NY 10027 USA. Univ Kentucky, Dept Med, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Reprod Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. Cedars Sinai Med Ctr, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Psychol, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. RP Wadhwa, PD (reprint author), Univ Calif Irvine, Behav Perinatol Res Program, Dept Psychiat & Human Behav, 3117 Gillespie Neurosci Bldg,Zot Code 4260, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. FU ATSDR CDC HHS [TS31215/15]; NICHD NIH HHS [HD33506, HD28413] NR 121 TC 164 Z9 165 U1 2 U2 21 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0269-5022 J9 PAEDIATR PERINAT EP JI Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 15 SU 2 BP 17 EP 29 DI 10.1046/j.1365-3016.2001.00005.x PG 13 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Pediatrics SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Pediatrics GA 463PE UT WOS:000170483900004 PM 11520397 ER PT J AU Thorsen, P Schendel, DE Deshpande, AD Vogel, I Dudley, DJ Olsen, J AF Thorsen, P Schendel, DE Deshpande, AD Vogel, I Dudley, DJ Olsen, J TI Identification of biological/biochemical marker(s) for preterm delivery SO PAEDIATRIC AND PERINATAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LOW-BIRTH-WEIGHT; TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; CHLAMYDIA-TRACHOMATIS INFECTION; AMNIOTIC-FLUID INTERLEUKIN-6; HUMAN CHORIONIC-GONADOTROPIN; HEAT-SHOCK PROTEINS; 3596 PREGNANT-WOMEN; BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS; PREMATURE RUPTURE; GESTATIONAL-AGE AB Fetal and neonatal mortality and morbidity rates are strongly associated with gestational age for delivery: the risk for poor outcome increases as gestational age decreases. Attempts to predict preterm delivery (PTD, spontaneous delivery before 37 weeks' gestation) have been largely unsuccessful, and rates of PTD have not improved in recent decades. More recently, the reported associations between infections in pregnancy and PTD suggest preventive initiatives that could be taken. The overall objective of the current study is to assess whether specific markers of infection (primarily interleukin (IL) 1 beta, tumour necrosis factor (TNF) alpha, IL-6, and IL-10) obtained from maternal blood during pregnancy, alone or in combination with other risk factors for PTD, permit identification of women at risk for spontaneous PTD. To achieve this objective, data are obtained from two Danish prospective cohort studies involving serial collection of maternal blood samples, newborn cord blood samples, and relevant confounders and other risk factors for PTD. The first study consists of a completed Danish regional cohort of 3000 pregnant women enrolled in a study of microbiological causes of PTD, upon which a nested case-control study of PTD in 84 cases and 400 controls has been performed. The second study is a nested case-control study of 675 PTD cases (equally divided into three gestational age categories of 24-29 weeks' gestation, 30-33 weeks' gestation, and 34-36 weeks' gestation) and 675 controls drawn from the ongoing Danish National Birth Cohort study of 100000 pregnant women enrolled during 1997-2001. The second study will provide the opportunity to refine and retest hypotheses from the first study, as well as to explore new hypotheses. Our preliminary work suggests that a single predictive marker effectively accounting for a large proportion of PTD is unlikely to be found. Rather, a search for multiple markers indicative of the multifactorial aetiology of PTD is likely to be more successful. Knowledge gained from the proposed studies will be implemented in a third, clinical intervention study against PTD. The first phase of the clinical intervention study will be to establish a risk-assessment model based on the 'best' combination of biological/biochemical measures and other factors associated with PTD in order to identify pregnant women at very high risk of PTD. The second phase will be to apply an intervention model of tailored obstetric care to the very high-risk pregnant women for PTD identified in phase one. The intervention will be carried out against each specific risk factor associated with PTD identified for the individual. The aim is to reduce the risk for PTD attributed to the combination of risk factors included in the clinical intervention study. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Dev Disabil Branch, Div Birth Defects Child Dev & Disabil & Hlth, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, San Antonio, TX 78284 USA. Emory Univ, Dept Epidemiol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Aarhus Univ, Danish Epidemiol Sci Ctr, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. Aarhus Univ Hosp, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark. RP Thorsen, P (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Dev Disabil Branch, Div Birth Defects Child Dev & Disabil & Hlth, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, 4770 Buford Highway,F-15, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM PCT9@CED.GOV NR 77 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0269-5022 J9 PAEDIATR PERINAT EP JI Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 15 SU 2 BP 90 EP 103 DI 10.1046/j.1365-3016.2001.00011.x PG 14 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Pediatrics SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Pediatrics GA 463PE UT WOS:000170483900010 PM 11520403 ER PT J AU Wolfe, S AF Wolfe, S TI Vaccine information statements in the pediatric office SO PEDIATRIC ANNALS LA English DT Article AB The author discusses how to obtain and distribute Vaccine Information Statements to educate patients regarding the risks and benefits of vaccines. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Wolfe, S (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 USA SN 0090-4481 J9 PEDIATR ANN JI Pediatr. Annu. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 30 IS 7 BP 416 EP + PG 3 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 477JN UT WOS:000171280600006 PM 11469173 ER PT J AU Counihan, ME Shay, DK Holman, RC Lowther, SA Anderson, LJ AF Counihan, ME Shay, DK Holman, RC Lowther, SA Anderson, LJ TI Human parainfluenza virus-associated hospitalizations among children less than five years of age in the United States SO PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASE JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE human parainfluenza virus 1; human parainfluenza virus 2; human parainfluenza virus 3; hospitalization; United States ID BRONCHIOLITIS-ASSOCIATED HOSPITALIZATIONS; RESPIRATORY-TRACT INFECTIONS; YOUNG-CHILDREN; MYCOPLASMA-PNEUMONIAE; HEALTHY INFANTS; TYPE-3; EPIDEMIOLOGY; DISEASE; VACCINE; ETIOLOGY AB Background. Human parainfluenza viruses 1 through 3 (HPIV-1-3) are important causes of respiratory tract infections in young children. This study sought to provide current estimates of HPIV-1-3-associated hospitalizations among US children. Methods, Hospitalizations for bronchiolitis, bronchitis, croup and pneumonia among children age <5 years were determined for the years 1979 through 1997 using the National Hospital Discharge Survey. Average annual hospitalizations during the last 4 years of the study for each of these four diseases were multiplied by the proportions of each disease associated with HPIV-1-3 infection (as previously reported in hospital-based studies) to estimate hospitalizations potentially associated with HPIV-1-3 infections. Seasonal trends in HPIV-1-3-associated hospitalizations were compared with HPIV detections in the National Respiratory and Enteric Virus Surveillance System, which prospectively monitors respiratory viral detections throughout the United States. Results. The proportions of hospitalizations associated with HPIV infection for each disease varied widely in the 6 hospital-based studies we selected. Consequently our annual estimated rates of hospitalization were broad: HPIV-1, 0.32 to 1.59 per 1000 children; HPIV-2, 0.10 to 0.86 per 1000 children; and HPIV-3, 0.48 to 2.6 per 1000 children. Based on these data HPIV-1 may account for 5800 to 28 900 annual hospitalizations; HPIV-2 for 1800 to 15 600 hospitalizations; and HPIV-3 for 8700 to 52 000 hospitalizations. Conclusions, We provide broad, serotype-specific estimates of US childhood hospitalizations associated with HPIV infections. More precise estimates of HPIV-associated hospitalizations would require large prospective studies of HPIV-associated diseases by more sensitive viral testing methods, such as polymerase chain reaction techniques. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RP Shay, DK (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop A-34, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. OI Shay, David/0000-0001-9619-4820 NR 48 TC 80 Z9 82 U1 1 U2 4 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0891-3668 J9 PEDIATR INFECT DIS J JI Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 20 IS 7 BP 646 EP 653 DI 10.1097/00006454-200107000-00003 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics GA 452JV UT WOS:000169855300002 PM 11465835 ER PT J AU O'Connor, S Rifkin, D Yang, YH Wang, JP Levine, OS Dowell, SF AF O'Connor, S Rifkin, D Yang, YH Wang, JP Levine, OS Dowell, SF TI Physician control of pediatric antimicrobial use in Beijing, China, and its rural environs SO PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASE JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE antimicrobial; antibiotic; antimicrobial use; inappropriate use; China; Beijing; respiratory infection ID GROUP-A STREPTOCOCCI; ANTIBIOTIC USE; ERYTHROMYCIN RESISTANCE; DEVELOPING-COUNTRIES; CHILDREN; PNEUMOCOCCI; PREVALENCE; PNEUMONIAE; COMMUNITY; CARRIAGE AB Background. Antibiotic resistance is recognized as an increasing problem in China. It is widely believed that because antibiotics are available without a prescription, changing physician prescribing behaviors will not decrease inappropriate usage. This study identified the sources of antibiotics and the important influence that physicians have on antibiotic use by children in one region of China. Methods. Trained medical professionals surveyed parents of children attending several kindergartens in urban Beijing and rural Gu'An, Hebei County. Parents completed a questionnaire concerning the children's recent illnesses, care-seeking patterns and antibiotic use. The team also observed hospital- and non-hospital-based pharmacy purchases of antibiotics for children, assessed the proportion accompanied by a prescription and then interviewed parents about factors influencing those purchases. Results. Of 241 urban and 143 rural kindergarten parents, 76 to 82% usually obtained children's antibiotics from a hospital pharmacy (with a prescription). For 84% the first source of care was usually a physician (primarily western medicine, sometimes traditional Chinese medicine). Only 5% of antibiotics were obtained from independent vendors without prior physician consultation. Among 229 observed antibiotic purchases 72% occurred at hospital-based facilities, even after longer observation times at nonhospital pharmacies. Prescriptions accompanied all hospital-based antibiotic purchases, contrasting with 18% of nonhospital transactions (P < 0.001), Together 86% of parents self-reported that the observed purchase stemmed from a doctor's recommendation. Conclusions. Doctors directly and indirectly controlled the majority of antibiotic usage for childhood illnesses in Beijing and Gu'An (Hebei County). Physician education and implementation of treatment guidelines might substantially reduce inappropriate antimicrobial usage and help prevent antimicrobial resistance in this region. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Director, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Yale Univ, Sch Med, New Haven, CT USA. Beijing Childrens Hosp, Beijing Pediat Inst, Lab Microbiol & Immunol, Beijing, Peoples R China. RP Dowell, SF (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,MS C-23, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 23 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0891-3668 J9 PEDIATR INFECT DIS J JI Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 20 IS 7 BP 679 EP 684 DI 10.1097/00006454-200107000-00008 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics GA 452JV UT WOS:000169855300008 PM 11465840 ER PT J AU Lynch, M O'Halloran, F Whyte, D Fanning, S Cryan, B Glass, RI AF Lynch, M O'Halloran, F Whyte, D Fanning, S Cryan, B Glass, RI TI Rotavirus in Ireland: national estimates of disease burden, 1997 to 1998 SO PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASE JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE rotavirus; diarrhea; hospitalizations; epidemiology ID UNITED-STATES; HOSPITALIZATIONS; GASTROENTERITIS; CHILDREN; VACCINE; INFANTS AB Background. We estimated the disease burden caused by rotavirus hospitalizations in the Republic of Ireland by using national data on the number of hospitalizations for diarrhea in children and laboratory surveillance of confirmed rotavirus detections. Methods. We examined trends in diarrheal hospitalizations among children <5 years old as coded by ICD-9-CM for the period January, 1997, to December, 1998. We collated data on laboratory-confirmed rotavirus detections nationally for the same period among children <2 years old. We calculated the overall contribution of rotavirus to laboratory-confirmed intestinal disease in children <5 years old from INFOSCAN, a disease bulletin for one-third of the population. We compared data from all sources and estimated the proportion of diarrheal hospitalizations that are likely the result of rotavirus in children <5 years old. Results. In children <5 years old, 9% of all hospitalizations are for diarrheal illness. In this age group 1 in 8 are hospitalized for a diarrheal illness, and 1 in 17 are hospitalized for rotavirus by 5 years of age. In hospitalized children <2 years old, 1 in 38 have a laboratory confirmed rotavirus infection. Conclusions. The disease burden of rotavirus hospitalizations is higher than in other industrialized countries. Access to comprehensive national databases may have contributed to the high hospitalization rates, as well as a greater tendency to hospitalize children with diarrhea in Ireland. C1 CDCP, Viral Gastroenteritis Sect, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Cork Univ Hosp, Dept Med Microbiol, Cork, Ireland. Cork Inst Technol, Bishopstown, Ireland. Sir Patrick Duns Hosp, Natl Dis Surveillance Ctr, Dublin, Ireland. RP Lynch, M (reprint author), CDCP, Viral Gastroenteritis Sect, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, MS G04,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM mlynch@cdc.gov OI Fanning, Seamus/0000-0002-1922-8836 NR 17 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0891-3668 J9 PEDIATR INFECT DIS J JI Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 20 IS 7 BP 693 EP 698 DI 10.1097/00006454-200107000-00010 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics GA 452JV UT WOS:000169855300010 PM 11465842 ER PT J AU Anderson, MS Burns, J Treadwell, TA Pietra, BA Glode, MP AF Anderson, MS Burns, J Treadwell, TA Pietra, BA Glode, MP TI Erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein discrepancy and high prevalence of coronary artery abnormalities in Kawasaki disease SO PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASE JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE Kawasaki disease; erythrocyte sedimentation rate; C-reactive protein; coronary artery abnormalities; prominence ID COAGULOPATHY AB Background. An outbreak of Kawasaki disease (KD) in Colorado between November, 1997, and June, 1998, provided the opportunity to study inflammatory indices and coronary artery abnormalities. Methods, Medical records of the 33 patients diagnosed with KD at The Children's Hospital during the outbreak were reviewed. Demographic and clinical information, C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and echocardiogram results were recorded. Traditional abnormalities (dilatation, aneurysm, ectasia), as well as "prominence" of the coronary arteries were noted. Results. Twenty-five patients had CRP and ESR performed on the day of admission; 11 of 25 (44%) had a discrepancy between the height of the ESR and CRP values (high ESR and low CRP or low ESR and high CRP). The mean CRP was higher in patients who presented in <10 days than in patients who presented in 10 days: 13.9 mg/dl vs. 5.2 mg/dl (P = 0.01). The ESR value did not correlate with the day of illness. Age, gender or presence of coronary artery abnormalities did not correlate with the height of CRP or ESR elevation. Thirty percent of patients had at least one abnormality on their initial echocardiogram (dilatation, aneurysm, ectasia). An additional 24% of patients displayed prominence as the only finding on their initial echocardiogram. Of the 33 patients 7 (21.2%) had coronary artery aneurysms. Conclusions. Many patients with KD have discrepancies in the degree of elevation of CRP and ESR. Physicians should consider obtaining both tests in patients with KD. This outbreak was associated with a high degree of coronary artery abnormalities. The finding of coronary artery prominence is an observation that deserves further study. C1 Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Denver, CO 80262 USA. Childrens Hosp, Infect Dis Sect, Denver, CO 80218 USA. Childrens Hosp, Cardiol Sect, Denver, CO 80218 USA. Childrens Hosp, Dept Pediat, Denver, CO 80218 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Anderson, MS (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, 4200 E 9th Ave, Denver, CO 80262 USA. NR 14 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 3 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0891-3668 J9 PEDIATR INFECT DIS J JI Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 20 IS 7 BP 698 EP 702 DI 10.1097/00006454-200107000-00011 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics GA 452JV UT WOS:000169855300011 PM 11465843 ER PT J AU Niskar, AS Kieszak, SM Holmes, AE Esteban, E Rubin, C Brody, DJ AF Niskar, AS Kieszak, SM Holmes, AE Esteban, E Rubin, C Brody, DJ TI Estimated prevalence of noise-induced hearing threshold shifts among children 6 to 19 years of age: The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994, United States SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE noise; hearing; NHANES; audiometry; compliance ID SCHOOL-CHILDREN; IMPAIRMENT AB Objective. This analysis estimates the first nationally representative prevalence of noise-induced hearing threshold shifts (NITS) among US children. Historically, NITS has not been considered a common cause of childhood hearing problems. Among children, NITS can be a progressive problem with continued exposure to excessive noise, which can lead to high-frequency sound discrimination difficulties (eg, speech consonants and whistles). Methods. The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) was conducted from 1988 to 1994. NHANES III is a national population-based cross-sectional survey with a household interview, audiometric testing at 0.5 to 8 kHz, and compliance testing. A total of 5249 children aged 6 to 19 years completed audiometry and compliance testing for both ears in NHANES III. The criteria used to assess NITS included audiometry indicating a noise notch in at least 1 ear. Results. Of US children 6 to 19 years old, 12.5% (approximately 5.2 million) are estimated to have NITS in 1 or both ears. In the majority of the children meeting NITS criteria, only 1 ear and only 1 frequency are affected. In this analysis, all children identified with NITS passed compliance testing, which essentially rules out middle ear disorders such as conductive hearing loss. The prevalence estimate of NITS differed by sociodemographics, including age and sex. Conclusions. These findings suggest that children are being exposed to excessive amounts of hazardous levels of noise, and children's hearing is vulnerable to these exposures. These data support the need for research on appropriate hearing conservation methods and for NITS screening programs among school-aged children. Public health interventions such as education, training, audiometric testing, exposure assessment, hearing protection, and noise control when feasible are all components of occupational hearing conservation that could be adapted to children's needs with children-specific research. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Florida, Gainesville, FL USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. RP Niskar, AS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,MS E23, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 29 TC 179 Z9 189 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD JUL PY 2001 VL 108 IS 1 BP 40 EP 43 DI 10.1542/peds.108.1.40 PG 4 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 447KU UT WOS:000169571400026 PM 11433052 ER PT J AU Chang, HGH Smith, PF Ackelsberg, J Morse, DL Glass, RI AF Chang, HGH Smith, PF Ackelsberg, J Morse, DL Glass, RI TI Intussusception, rotavirus diarrhea, and rotavirus vaccine use among children in New York State SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE intussusception; rotavirus; vaccine ID REDUCTION; MANAGEMENT AB Objective. To describe epidemiologic features of intussusception and rotavirus diarrhea in New York, to examine the baseline incidence and trends over time, and to ascertain whether an excess of cases occurred in the 9 months of vaccination with the newly licensed rotavirus vaccine. Methods. Hospital discharge data from 1989 through 1998 were reviewed for children (<1 year old) whose primary or secondary diagnosis was coded as intussusception or rotavirus diarrhea. Characteristics of patients admitted for intussusception and rotavirus diarrhea were compared, and trends over time were examined. For a subset of patients, medical records and vaccine histories for intussusception hospitalizations from October 1998 through June 1999 were analyzed. The number of intussusception cases attributable to rotavirus vaccine was calculated based on the penetration of the vaccine (21%) and a range of excess risks of intussusception among vaccinated children as estimated by the National Immunization Program (NIP). Results. From 1989 through 1998, 1450 intussusception-associated hospitalizations were reported in children <1 year old (average annual incidence 5.4/10000). Among these children, 47% were treated medically and 53% had surgery, with 9% needing surgical resection. The incidence of intussusception declined over time from 6.1 per 10000 in 1989 to 3.9 per 10000 in 1998. Intussusception hospitalizations occurred throughout the year, whereas rotavirus-associated hospitalizations peaked from February to April. Of 20 patients with intussusception whose hospitalization charts were reviewed, 5 had received rotavirus vaccine. All 5 were hospitalized after their first dose of vaccine, were admitted before 7 months of age, were white, and had private insurance. A total of 81 cases of intussusception occurred during the 9-month period of rotavirus vaccination, compared with 78 during the same period in the prevaccination year. The number of excess intussusception cases observed (n = 3) was lower than expected using the NIP estimate of excess risk (1.8) among rotavirus vaccinated children (n = 12) but not significantly different from the risks identified in the NIP cohort studies (1 in 12 000). Conclusion. Our data suggest that in New York the rate of intussusception has declined, and approximately 1 child in 2600 develops intussusception before 1 year of age. The different seasonality between intussusception and rotavirus-related hospitalizations suggests that if any causal association exists, it must be small. Unlike other studies, analysis of New York hospitalized discharge data failed to show an appreciable increase in the incidence of intussusception after introduction of the rotavirus vaccine. C1 New York State Dept Hlth, Albany, NY 12237 USA. SUNY Albany, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Albany, NY 12222 USA. CDCP, Epidem Intelligence Serv, State Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. CDCP, Viral Gastroenteritis Sect, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Chang, HGH (reprint author), New York State Dept Hlth, Room 1143,Corning Tower Bldg,Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY 12237 USA. NR 18 TC 59 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD JUL PY 2001 VL 108 IS 1 BP 54 EP 60 DI 10.1542/peds.108.1.54 PG 7 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 447KU UT WOS:000169571400028 PM 11433054 ER PT J AU Finkelstein, JA Davis, RL Dowell, SF Metlay, JP Soumerai, SB Rifas-Shiman, SL Higham, M Miller, Z Miroshnik, I Pedan, A Platt, R AF Finkelstein, JA Davis, RL Dowell, SF Metlay, JP Soumerai, SB Rifas-Shiman, SL Higham, M Miller, Z Miroshnik, I Pedan, A Platt, R TI Reducing antibiotic use in children: A randomized trial in 12 practices SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE antibiotics; prescribing; physician behavior change ID RESISTANT STREPTOCOCCUS-PNEUMONIAE; ACUTE OTITIS-MEDIA; RESPIRATORY-TRACT INFECTIONS; GROUP-A STREPTOCOCCI; JUDICIOUS USE; ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE; ERYTHROMYCIN RESISTANCE; EDUCATIONAL OUTREACH; CARE; PRINCIPLES AB Objective. To test whether an educational outreach intervention for families and physicians, based on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) principles of judicious antibiotic use, decreases antimicrobial drug prescribing for children younger than 6 years old. Setting. Twelve practices affiliated with 2 managed care organizations (MCOs) in eastern Massachusetts and northwest Washington State. Patients. All enrolled children younger than 6 years old. Methods. Practices stratified by MCO and size were randomized to intervention or control groups. The intervention included 2 meetings of the practice with a physician peer leader, using CDC-endorsed summaries of judicious prescribing recommendations; feedback on previous prescribing rates were also provided. Parents were mailed a CDC brochure on antibiotic use, and supporting materials were displayed in waiting rooms. Automated enrollment, ambulatory visit, and pharmacy claims were used to determine rates of antibiotic courses dispensed (antibiotics/person-year) during baseline (1996-1997) and intervention (1997-1998) years. The primary analysis (for children 3 to <36 months and 36 to <72 months) assessed the impact of the intervention among children during the intervention year, controlling for covariates including patient age and baseline prescription rate. Confirmatory analyses at the practice level were also performed. Results. The practices cared for 14 468 and 13 460 children in the 2 study years, respectively; 8815 children contributed data in both years. Sixty-two percent of antibiotic courses were dispensed for otitis media, 6.5% for pharyngitis, 6.3% for sinusitis, and 9.2% for colds and bronchitis. Antibiotic dispensing for children 3 to <36 months old decreased 0.41 antibiotics per person-year (18.6%) in intervention compared with 0.33 (11.5%) in control practices. Among children 36 to <72 months old, the rate decreased by 0.21 antibiotics per person-year (15%) in intervention and 0.17 (9.8%) in control practices. Multivariate analysis showed an adjusted intervention effect of 16% in the younger and 12% in the older age groups. The direction and approximate magnitude of effect were confirmed in practice-level analyses. Conclusions. A limited simultaneous educational outreach intervention for parents and providers reduced antibiotic use among children in primary care practices, even in the setting of substantial secular trends toward decreased prescribing. Future efforts to promote judicious prescribing should continue to build on growing public awareness of antibiotic overuse. C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Ambulatory Care & Prevent, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Harvard Pilgrim Hlth Care, Boston, MA USA. Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Grp Hlth Cooperat, Seattle, WA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Childhood & Resp Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. Vet Adm Med Ctr, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Tufts Univ, Medford, MA 02155 USA. Vasca Inc, Tewksbury, MA USA. Channing Lab, Boston, MA USA. RP Finkelstein, JA (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Ambulatory Care & Prevent, 126 Brookline Ave,Suite 200, Boston, MA 02215 USA. NR 37 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD JUL PY 2001 VL 108 IS 1 BP U113 EP U119 PG 7 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 447KU UT WOS:000169571400020 ER PT J AU van Griensven, F Supawitkul, S Kilmarx, PH Limpakarnjanarat, K Young, NL Manopaiboon, C Mock, PA Korattana, S Mastro, TD AF van Griensven, F Supawitkul, S Kilmarx, PH Limpakarnjanarat, K Young, NL Manopaiboon, C Mock, PA Korattana, S Mastro, TD TI Rapid assessment of sexual behavior, drug use, human immunodeficiency virus, and sexually transmitted diseases in northern Thai youth using audio-computer-assisted self-interviewing and noninvasive specimen collection SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE HIV; STD; drug use; adolescents; youth; Southeast Asia ID PREGNANT-WOMEN; HIV-INFECTION; RISK-FACTORS; CHIANG-RAI; YOUNG MEN; PREVALENCE; POPULATION; WORKERS; DECLINE; TRIAL AB Background. Drug use, unwanted pregnancy, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and sexually transmitted diseases are serious health problems among Thai youth. The gravity of these problems demands high-quality data to direct public health policy and prevention programs. Previous studies of stigmatized behaviors have been hampered by participation bias and underreporting. To evaluate sexual behavior, disease, and drug use, we used audio-computer-assisted self-interviewing (ACASI) and noninvasive specimen collection methods. We also evaluated effectiveness of these methods in minimizing participation bias and underreporting. Methods. In late 1999, students aged 15 to 21 years attending 3 vocational schools were invited to participate in a cross-sectional survey. Consenting students completed a classroom-based ACASI interview using a confidential code number system. Oral fluid specimens were tested for HIV antibodies, and urine was tested for chlamydial and gonococcal nucleic acids, methamphetamines, and opiates. Results. Of 1736 invited students, 1725 (99%) agreed to participate. Of these, 48% of the male students and 43% of the female students reported ever having had sexual intercourse. Overall, the mean number of lifetime sexual partners was 4.6 among male participants (median: 2) and 2.8 among female participants (median: 1). Consistent use of condoms with steady partners was reported by 16% of male participants and 11% of female participants who had such partners. Of all male participants, 7% had ever paid for sex, 3% had ever sold sex, and 7% had ever been coerced to have sex. Of all female participants, 3% had ever sold sex and 21% had ever been coerced to have sex. Among women with a history of sexual intercourse, 27% reported at least 1 pregnancy. Of these pregnancies, 83% were terminated. Among those with sexual intercourse experience, the prevalence of HIV infection was 0.5%; of infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae, 0.4%; and of infection with Chlamydia trachomatis, 5%. Twenty-nine percent of students reported ever having used methamphetamines. Ten percent had a methamphetamine-positive urine test. In the ACASI interview, 16% of these denied ever having used methamphetamines. The prevalence of opiate positive urine tests was low (0.2%). Conclusion. This study shows that adolescents and young adults in Chiang Rai are at high risk for having unprotected intercourse, being coerced to have sex, unwanted pregnancy, sexually transmitted diseases, and drug use. The high enrollment rate demonstrates the feasibility and acceptability of using ACASI and noninvasive specimen collection methods in a developing country. ACASI use may lead to increased, but not to complete, self-reporting of sensitive behaviors. C1 Minist Publ Hlth, HIV AIDS Collaborat, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div STD Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Chiang Rai Publ Hlth Off, Chiang Rai, Thailand. RP van Griensven, F (reprint author), Minist Publ Hlth, HIV AIDS Collaborat, DMS 6 Bldg, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand. RI van Griensven, Frits/G-4719-2013 OI van Griensven, Frits/0000-0002-0971-2843 NR 28 TC 48 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD JUL PY 2001 VL 108 IS 1 AR e13 DI 10.1542/peds.108.1.e13 PG 7 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 447KU UT WOS:000169571400013 PM 11433092 ER PT J AU Kolasa, MS Bisgard, KM Prevots, DR Desai, SN Dibling, K AF Kolasa, MS Bisgard, KM Prevots, DR Desai, SN Dibling, K TI Parental attitudes toward multiple poliovirus injections following a provider recommendation SO PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS LA English DT Article ID VACCINE INFORMATION PAMPHLETS; UNITED-STATES; IMMUNIZATION; POLICY AB Objectives. Changes to the polio vaccination schedule, first to a sequential inactivated poliovirus/oral poliovirus (IPV/OPV) schedule in 1996 and most recently to an all-IPV schedule, require infants to receive additional injections. Some surveys show parental hesitation concerning extra injections, whereas others show that parents prefer multiple simultaneous injections over extra immunization visits. This study describes parental behavior and attitudes about the poliovirus vaccine recommendations and additional injections at the 2- and 4-month immunization visits. Methods. Beginning July 1, 1996, providers in eight public health clinics in Cobb and Douglas Counties, Georgia, informed parents of polio vaccination options and recommended the IPV/OPV sequential schedule. A cross-sectional clinic exit survey was conducted from July 15, 1996, to January 31, 1997, with parents whose infants (younger than 6 months) were eligible for a first poliovirus vaccination. Results. Of approximately 405 eligible infants, parents of 293 infants were approached for an interview, and 227 agreed to participate. Of those 227 participants, 210 (92%) parents chose IPV for their infant and 17 (8%) chose OPV. Of greatest concern to most parents was vaccine-associated paralytic polio (VAPP) (155, or 68.3%); the next greatest concern was an extra injection (22, or 9.7%). These parental concerns were unrelated to the number of injections the infant actually received. Conclusions. After receiving information on polio vaccination options and a provider recommendation, parents overwhelmingly chose IPV over OPV. Concern about VAPP was more common than objection to an extra injection. The additional injection that results from using IPV for an infant's first poliovirus vaccination appears to be acceptable to most parents. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Kolasa, MS (reprint author), 1600 Clifton Rd NE MS E-52, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 15 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 0033-3549 J9 PUBLIC HEALTH REP JI Public Health Rep. PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 116 IS 4 BP 282 EP 288 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 549UV UT WOS:000175465900004 PM 12037256 ER PT J AU Honein, MA Paulozzi, LJ Watkins, ML AF Honein, MA Paulozzi, LJ Watkins, ML TI Maternal smoking and birth defects: Validity of birth certificate data for effect estimation SO PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS LA English DT Article ID PARENTAL CIGARETTE-SMOKING; ALPHA-GENE VARIANTS; RISK-FACTORS; CONGENITAL-MALFORMATIONS; ORAL CLEFTS; OROFACIAL CLEFTS; NEURAL-TUBE; PREGNANCY; POPULATION; GASTROSCHISIS AB Objectives. The authors sought to assess the validity of birth certificate data for estimating the association between maternal smoking and birth defects. The US standard birth certificate includes check boxes for maternal smoking and for 21 congenital anomalies. The sensitivity and specificity of birth certificate data have been studied, but previous studies have not addressed the validity of these data for estimating the association between birth defects and maternal smoking or other risk factors. Methods. US public-use natality data (1997-1998) were used to calculate the prevalence ratio (adjusted for maternal age, race/ethnicity, and education) for the association between maternal smoking and 13 defects/defect categories. All analyses were restricted to 45 states, New York City, and the District of Columbia because they collect both maternal smoking and birth defect data. Results. Maternal smoking was associated with an increased prevalence of hydrocephaly (adjusted prevalence ratio [PR] = 1.24; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.08,1.43), microcephaly (PR 1.47; 95% CI 1.15,1.88), omphalocele/gastroschisis (PR 1.37; 95% CI 1.22,1.53), cleft lip/palate (PR 1.35; 95% CI 1.25,1.45), clubfoot (PR 1.62; 95% CI 1.49,1.75), and polydactyly/syndactyly/aclactyly (PR 1.33; 95% CI 1.23,1.43). Previous studies have indicated an association between maternal smoking and gastroschisis, oral clefts, and clubfoot with effect estimates of similar magnitude to this study. Conclusions. These findings suggest that birth certificate data may be useful for exploratory or corroborative studies estimating the association between birth defects and some risk factors recorded on birth certificates. C1 CDC, Natl Ctr Birth Defects & Dev Disabilities, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. CDCP, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Div Violence Prevent, Family & Intimate Violence Team, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Honein, MA (reprint author), CDC, Natl Ctr Birth Defects & Dev Disabilities, Mailstop F-45 4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 43 TC 55 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 2 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 0033-3549 J9 PUBLIC HEALTH REP JI Public Health Rep. PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 116 IS 4 BP 327 EP 335 DI 10.1093/phr/116.4.327 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 549UV UT WOS:000175465900009 PM 12037261 ER PT J AU Hall, HI Jorgensen, CM McDavid, K Kraft, JM Breslow, R AF Hall, HI Jorgensen, CM McDavid, K Kraft, JM Breslow, R TI Protection from sun exposure in US white children ages 6 months to 11 years SO PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS LA English DT Article ID NONMELANOMA SKIN-CANCER; SUNSCREEN USE; ADOLESCENTS; PREVENTION; CHILDHOOD; MELANOMA AB Objectives. To estimate the prevalence of protection from sun exposure among US white children ages 6 months to 11 years. Methods. During the summer of 1998, using telephone directory lists supplemented by random-digit dialing, the authors surveyed parents living in the contiguous United States. They calculated weighted prevalence estimates for protection methods and conducted logistic regression analyses to determine parent and child characteristics predictive of protection behaviors. Results. Parents of 1,055 white children were interviewed, Children spent a median of 20 hours per week outdoors during the summer, of which 10 hours were at school. Sunscreen (61.8%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 57%, 66%) and shade (26.5%, 95% CI 22%, 31%) were the most frequently reported protection methods. Parents reported higher rates of protection for younger children and children who sunburn easily. Conclusions. Parents report that a large proportion of white children's protected from sun exposure by one or more methods. Health care providers and educators might encourage the use of all methods of protection, not just sunscreen use, and educate older children to protect themselves from the sun. C1 CDCP, DCPC, NCCDPHP, Canc Surveillance Branch Surveillance Res Sect, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Natl Ctr Chron Dis, Div Canc Prevent & Control, Commun & Behav Sci Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Reprod Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Canc Prevent & Control, Epidemiol & Hlth Serv Res Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Hall, HI (reprint author), CDCP, DCPC, NCCDPHP, Canc Surveillance Branch Surveillance Res Sect, 4770 Buford Highway Mailstop K 53, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 31 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 2 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 0033-3549 J9 PUBLIC HEALTH REP JI Public Health Rep. PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 116 IS 4 BP 353 EP 361 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 549UV UT WOS:000175465900012 PM 12037264 ER PT J AU Smith, SS AF Smith, SS TI NCHS dataline SO PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS LA English DT Article C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Smith, SS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 0033-3549 J9 PUBLIC HEALTH REP JI Public Health Rep. PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 116 IS 4 BP 379 EP 381 PG 3 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 549UV UT WOS:000175465900024 ER PT J AU Parashar, UD Monroe, SS AF Parashar, UD Monroe, SS TI 'Norwalk-like viruses' as a cause of foodborne disease outbreaks SO REVIEWS IN MEDICAL VIROLOGY LA English DT Review ID ROUND-STRUCTURED VIRUSES; POLYMERASE-CHAIN-REACTION; IMMUNE ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION-PCR; INFECTIOUS NONBACTERIAL GASTROENTERITIS; OYSTER-ASSOCIATED GASTROENTERITIS; MOUNTAIN AGENT GASTROENTERITIS; HUMAN ENTERIC VIRUSES; HEPATITIS-A VIRUS; VIRAL GASTROENTERITIS AB While outbreaks of foodborne disease remain an important public health concern, their aetiology is not identified in a majority of instances. In targeted studies, the application of newly developed molecular assays has demonstrated that a large proportion of these outbreaks may be caused by the 'Norwalk-like viruses' (NLV), a genus of genetically related viruses belonging to the family Caliciviridae. NLV outbreaks associated with consumption of faecally contaminated oysters are frequently reported and can best be controlled by preventing contamination of oyster-harvesting waters. Infectious foodhandlers are another frequent source of contamination, and such transmission can be minimised by exclusion of ill foodhandlers and the maintenance of strict personal hygiene. Molecular assays have greatly refined the epidemiological investigation of foodborne NLV outbreaks, allowing the linking of outbreaks in different locations and permitting the identification of the virus in the implicated vehicle. The development of simpler and more sensitive assays and their use on a broader scale will assist in defining the true burden of foodborne NLV outbreaks and improve strategies for their prevention and control. Copyright (C) 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 CDCP, Viral Gastroenteritis Sect, Resp & Enter Viruses Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis,Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Parashar, UD (reprint author), CDCP, Viral Gastroenteritis Sect, Resp & Enter Viruses Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis,Natl Ctr Infect Dis, MS-G04,1600 Clifton Rd,NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. OI Monroe, Stephan/0000-0002-5424-716X NR 100 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 2 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 1052-9276 J9 REV MED VIROL JI Rev. Med. Virol. PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 11 IS 4 BP 243 EP 252 DI 10.1002/rmv.321 PG 10 WC Virology SC Virology GA 456WW UT WOS:000170106600005 PM 11479930 ER PT J AU Gardenier, J AF Gardenier, J TI Commentary on 'mentoring and the impact of the research climate' SO SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING ETHICS LA English DT Editorial Material DE statistics; mentoring; surveys C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. RP Gardenier, J (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Room 1120,6525 Belcrest Rd, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU OPRAGEN PUBLICATIONS PI GUILDFORD PA PO BOX 54, GUILDFORD GU1 2YF, SURREY, ENGLAND SN 1353-3452 J9 SCI ENG ETHICS JI SCI. ENG. ETHICS PD JUL PY 2001 VL 7 IS 4 BP 538 EP 540 DI 10.1007/s11948-001-0011-0 PG 3 WC Ethics; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; History & Philosophy Of Science; Multidisciplinary Sciences; Philosophy SC Social Sciences - Other Topics; Engineering; History & Philosophy of Science; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Philosophy GA 485ZD UT WOS:000171792600011 ER PT J AU Posner, SF Pulley, LV Artz, L Cabral, R Macaluso, M AF Posner, SF Pulley, LV Artz, L Cabral, R Macaluso, M TI Psychosocial factors associated with self-reported male condom use among women attending public health clinics SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES LA English DT Article ID SEXUALLY-TRANSMITTED DISEASES; PLANNED BEHAVIOR; FEMALE CONDOM; HIV-INFECTION; PARTNER TYPE; RISK; AIDS; HETEROSEXUALS; BELIEFS; SUPPORT AB Background: Previous research has identified factors associated with condom use. However, less Information exists on the impart that a history of sexually transmitted disease (STD) has on condom use. Goal: To identify factors associated with self-reported male condom use that relate to a history of STD. Study Design: Women attending STD clinics completed a survey that assessed sexual behavior, STD history, and psychosocial characteristics. Binomial regression was used to estimate the association between these factors and condom use. Results: Of the 12 factors included in the regression model, 11 were significant for all women, When the analysis was stratified by STD history, high condom use self-efficacy, high convenience of condom use, and high frequency of condom use requests were significantly associated with increased condom use among women with or without a history of STD. Factors such as greater perceived condom use norms, higher perceived level of risk, and greater need for condom use in long-term relationships were significantly associated with increased condom use among women with a history of STD. Factors such as shorter duration of a relationship, less violence in the relationship, and lifetime drug use were associated with increased condom use among women with no history of STD. Conclusions: The pattern of psychosocial Factors determining condom use is modified by a positive history of STD. These findings suggest that a history of STD could be an important factor in targeting condom use interventions. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Reprod Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Alabama, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Hlth Behav, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA. Univ Alabama, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol & Int Hlth, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA. RP Posner, SF (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Reprod Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Macaluso, Maurizio/J-2076-2015; OI Macaluso, Maurizio/0000-0002-2977-9690; Posner, Samuel/0000-0003-1574-585X NR 40 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0148-5717 J9 SEX TRANSM DIS JI Sex. Transm. Dis. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 28 IS 7 BP 387 EP 393 DI 10.1097/00007435-200107000-00005 PG 7 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA 450ED UT WOS:000169727800005 PM 11460022 ER PT J AU Farrelly, MC Bray, JW Pechacek, T Woollery, T AF Farrelly, MC Bray, JW Pechacek, T Woollery, T TI Response by adults to increases in cigarette prices by sociodemographic characteristics SO SOUTHERN ECONOMIC JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID RATIONAL ADDICTION; SMOKING; TAXES; BEHAVIOR; ALCOHOL; DEMAND AB Cigarette excise taxes are widely viewed by health economists as an effective tool to reduce cigarette consumption. However, those opposed to increasing cigarette excise taxes often state that the taxes unfairly target certain segments of the population, notably the poor and minorities. Some of this opposition may have been fueled by a lack of understanding of how the tax will affect the health and welfare of various demographic groups of interest. This article provides guidance to policy makers by estimating price elasticities among adults by gender, income, age, and race or ethnicity. Women, adults with income at or below the median income, young adults, African-Americans, and Hispanics are most responsive to cigarette price increases. For example, adults with income at or below the median are more than four times as price-responsive as those with income above the median. C1 Res Triangle Inst, Ctr Interdisciplinary Subst Abse Res, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Smoking & Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Farrelly, MC (reprint author), Res Triangle Inst, Ctr Interdisciplinary Subst Abse Res, 3040 Cornwallis Rd,POB 12194, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 22 TC 82 Z9 82 U1 0 U2 7 PU UNIV NORTH CAROLINA PI CHAPEL HILL PA SOUTHERN ECONOMIC JOURNAL, CHAPEL HILL, NC 27514 USA SN 0038-4038 J9 SOUTHERN ECON J JI South. Econ. J. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 68 IS 1 BP 156 EP 165 DI 10.2307/1061518 PG 10 WC Economics SC Business & Economics GA 452XA UT WOS:000169883900012 ER PT J AU Levin, S Mayer-Davis, EJ Ainsworth, BE Addy, CL Wheeler, FC AF Levin, S Mayer-Davis, EJ Ainsworth, BE Addy, CL Wheeler, FC TI Racial/ethnic health disparities in South Carolina and the role of rural locality and educational attainment SO SOUTHERN MEDICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE; RISK-FACTORS; SOCIOECONOMIC-STATUS; AMERICAN-INDIANS; MORTALITY; PREVALENCE; CARE; POPULATIONS; GRADIENT AB Background. The prevalence of selected health indicators were compared among the Catawba Indians, African Americans, and whites in South Carolina, considering the possible role of rural locality and education. Methods. Catawba members were respondents of a 1998 survey (N = 808). Other South Carolina residents were respondents of the 1995-1997 Behavioral Risk Factor Survey (4,150 whites and 1,413 African Americans). Prevalence of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, overweight, poor health, smoking, physical inactivity, and poor diet were compared among the racial/ethnic groups. Logistic regression analyses were conducted within strata of urban/rural locality and education to determine whether these factors were associated with the adverse health indicators. Results. Both Catawba and African Americans had higher prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, overweight, poor health, physical inactivity, and poor diet than whites. In addition, prevalence of diabetes, poor health, smoking, and poor diet were higher among the Catawba than among African Americans. Restricting the analyses to comparisons within urban/rural locality had little effect, whereas restricting the analyses to comparisons by education level eliminated man), of the disparities among those with low education. Conclusions. Prevalence of chronic disease and adverse health behavior are higher among the Catawba than among other residents Of South Carolina, especially compared with white residents. C1 Univ S Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. Univ S Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Hlth Promot & Educ, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. RP Levin, S (reprint author), CDCP, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Phys Activity & Hlth Branch, MS-K-46,4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 32 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 4 PU SOUTHERN MEDICAL ASSN PI BIRMINGHAM PA 35 LAKESHORE DR PO BOX 190088, BIRMINGHAM, AL 35219 USA SN 0038-4348 J9 SOUTHERN MED J JI South.Med.J. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 94 IS 7 BP 711 EP 718 PG 8 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 466YM UT WOS:000170673800016 PM 11531179 ER PT J AU Arjoso, S Wuryadi, S Windyaningsih, C Winoto, IL Heriyanto, A Ksiazek, TG Campbell, JR Burans, JP Corwin, AL AF Arjoso, S Wuryadi, S Windyaningsih, C Winoto, IL Heriyanto, A Ksiazek, TG Campbell, JR Burans, JP Corwin, AL TI The economic imperative of Nipah virus surveillance in Indonesia SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article DE Nipah virus; surveillance; pigs; pig handlers; bats; Indonesia C1 Minist Hlth, Natl Inst Hlth Res & Dev, Jakarta, Indonesia. USN, Med Res Unit 2, Jakarta, Indonesia. Minist Agr, Dept Anim Husb, Jakarta, Indonesia. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Arjoso, S (reprint author), Minist Hlth, Natl Inst Hlth Res & Dev, Jakarta, Indonesia. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU ROYAL SOC TROPICAL MEDICINE PI LONDON PA MANSON HOUSE 26 PORTLAND PLACE, LONDON W1N 1EY, ENGLAND SN 0035-9203 J9 T ROY SOC TROP MED H JI Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 95 IS 4 BP 368 EP 369 DI 10.1016/S0035-9203(01)90182-8 PG 2 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 478GJ UT WOS:000171336900005 PM 11579874 ER PT J AU Lawn, SD Rudolph, D Ackah, A Coulibaly, D Wiktor, S Lal, RB AF Lawn, SD Rudolph, D Ackah, A Coulibaly, D Wiktor, S Lal, RB TI Lack of induction of interleukin-2-receptor-alpha in patients with tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus co-infection: implications for pathogenesis SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article DE tuberculosis; HIV; interleukin-2-receptor-alpha; interleukin-2; tumour necrosis factor receptor 1; immunodeficiency; Cote d'Ivoire; Ghana ID SOLUBLE INTERLEUKIN-2 RECEPTORS; ELEVATED SERUM CONCENTRATIONS; PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS; IMMUNE FUNCTION; MESSENGER-RNA; HIV-INFECTION; CELLS; LYMPHOCYTES; EXPRESSION; NUMBERS AB Since expression of both interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-2-receptor-alpha (IL-2R-alpha) by lymphocytes is inhibited by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in vitro, we hypothesized that HIV-co-infection among persons with tuberculosis (TB) might impair T-lymphocyte responses to TB via this mechanism. We measured soluble IL-2R-alpha (sIL-2R-alpha), a surrogate marker of T-lymphocyte activation and proliferation, and soluble turnout necrosis factor receptor I (sTNF-RI) in sera from West African patients categorized into 4 groups: those with TB alone (TB+ HIV-, n = 55), CD4-matched groups with TB and HIV co-infection (TB+ HIV+, n = 50) or HIV infection alone (TB- HIV+, n 35), and patients with neither disease (TB- HIV-, n = 35). The median level of sIL-2R-alpha was markedly greater in the TB+ HIV- group (1580 U/mL) compared to the TB- HIV- (670 U/mL; P < 0.001) and TB- HIV+ (880 U/mL; P < 0.01) groups. More importantly, the median concentration of sIL-2R-alpha was much lower in the TB+ HIV+ group (855 U/mL) compared to the TB+ HIV- group (1580 U/mL; P < 0.01) despite similar levels of sTNF-RI. These results suggest that T-lymphocyte activation in TB patients is impaired by HIV co-infection and, furthermore, this suppressive effect was independent of numerical depletion of CD4 lymphocytes. Impairment to IL-2-signalling might contribute to the profound impact that HIV has had on both the incidence and the clinicopathological manifestations of TB. C1 CDCP, TB Mycobacteriol Branch, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDCP, HIV Immunol & Diagnost Branch, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Projet Retro CI, Abidjan, Cote Ivoire. Ctr Antitb, Abidjan, Cote Ivoire. RP Lawn, SD (reprint author), Univ London St Georges Hosp, Sch Med, Div Infect Dis, London SW17 0RE, England. NR 28 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU ROYAL SOC TROPICAL MEDICINE PI LONDON PA MANSON HOUSE 26 PORTLAND PLACE, LONDON W1N 1EY, ENGLAND SN 0035-9203 J9 T ROY SOC TROP MED H JI Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD JUL-AUG PY 2001 VL 95 IS 4 BP 449 EP 452 DI 10.1016/S0035-9203(01)90212-3 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 478GJ UT WOS:000171336900025 PM 11579894 ER PT J AU Monteiro, FA Escalante, AA Beard, CB AF Monteiro, FA Escalante, AA Beard, CB TI Molecular tools and triatomine systematics: a public health perspective SO TRENDS IN PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Review ID CHAGAS-DISEASE; RHODNIUS-PROLIXUS; ISOENZYME ELECTROPHORESIS; INFESTANS HETEROPTERA; GENETIC-VARIABILITY; SEQUENCE VARIATION; CENTRAL-AMERICA; BUGS HEMIPTERA; BOLIVIAN CHACO; R-ROBUSTUS AB Triatomines, or kissing bugs, are vectors of Chagas disease to humans. This disease is a substantial public health problem affecting up to 12 million people throughout the Americas, and its control relies mainly on the insecticide treatment of triatomine-infested houses within villages. in this article, Fernando Monteiro, Ananias Escalante and Ben Beard review how molecular markers have been used to clarify triatomine systematics, and give examples of how our understanding of triatomine population structure and accurate vector identification can be used to optimize vector control. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Beard, CB (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, 4770 Buford Hwy,Mail Stop F-22, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 38 TC 38 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1471-4922 J9 TRENDS PARASITOL JI Trends Parasitol. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 17 IS 7 BP 344 EP 347 DI 10.1016/S1471-4922(01)01921-3 PG 6 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 454FH UT WOS:000169961400011 PM 11423378 ER PT J AU Mungai, M Tegtmeier, G Chamberland, M Parise, M AF Mungai, M Tegtmeier, G Chamberland, M Parise, M TI Transfusion-transmitted malaria in the United States from 1963 through 1999 SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID BLOOD-DONOR SELECTION; COLLECTION; COMPONENTS; TRANSMISSION AB Background: Transfusion-transmitted malaria is uncommon in the United States. After the report of three cases of complicated Plasmodium falciparum infection acquired by transfusion, we reviewed all cases of transfusion-transmitted malaria reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) from 1963 through 1999. Methods: Information on the patients was from surveillance reports sent to the CDC. Information about the implicated blood donors came from the National Malaria Surveillance System. To determine whether donors should have been excluded from donating blood, we compared their characteristics with the exclusion guidelines of the Food and Drug Administration and the American Association of Blood Banks. Results: Of 93 cases of transfusion-transmitted malaria reported in 28 states, 33 (35 percent) were due to P. falciparum, 25 (27 percent) were due to P. vivax, 25 (27 percent) were due to P. malariae, 5 (5 percent) were due to P. ovale, 3 (3 percent) were mixed infections, and 2 (2 percent) were due to unidentified species. Ten of the 93 patients (11 percent) died. There were potentially 91 donors (in two cases, two patients received blood from the same donor), 67 of whom (74 percent) could be identified as infective. Of 64 implicated donors whose country of origin was reported, 38 (59 percent) were foreign born. Among those for whom complete information was available, 37 of 60 donors (62 percent) would have been excluded from donating according to current guidelines (in place since 1994), and 30 of 48 donors (62 percent) should have been excluded under the guidelines in place at the time of donation. Conclusions: Careful screening of donors according to the recommended exclusion guidelines remains the best way to prevent transfusion-transmitted malaria. (N Engl J Med 2001;344:1973-8.) Copyright (C) 2001 Massachusetts Medical Society. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Publ Hlth Serv, US Dept HHS, Washington, DC USA. Community Blood Ctr Greater Kansas City, Kansas City, MO USA. RP Parise, M (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Mailstop F-22,4770 Buford Hwy, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 34 TC 145 Z9 157 U1 0 U2 0 PU MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SOC PI WALTHAM PA WALTHAM WOODS CENTER, 860 WINTER ST,, WALTHAM, MA 02451-1413 USA SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD JUN 28 PY 2001 VL 344 IS 26 BP 1973 EP 1978 DI 10.1056/NEJM200106283442603 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 446HQ UT WOS:000169508200003 PM 11430326 ER PT J CA CDC TI The global HIV and AIDS epidemic, 2001 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 50, pg 434-439, 2001) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint ID RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; INFECTION; TUBERCULOSIS; PROPHYLAXIS C1 CDC, Global AIDS Program, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP CDC (reprint author), CDC, Global AIDS Program, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUN 27 PY 2001 VL 285 IS 24 BP 3081 EP 3083 PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 444FF UT WOS:000169388900009 ER PT J CA CDC TI HIV and AIDS United States, 1981-2000 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 50, pg 430-434, 2001) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 CDC, Survellance Br, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP CDC, Survellance Br, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 330 N WABASH AVE, STE 39300, CHICAGO, IL 60611-5885 USA SN 0098-7484 EI 1538-3598 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUN 27 PY 2001 VL 285 IS 24 BP 3083 EP 3084 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 444FF UT WOS:000169388900010 ER PT J AU Banerji, A Bell, A Mills, EL McDonald, J Subbarao, K Stark, G Eynon, N Loo, VG AF Banerji, A Bell, A Mills, EL McDonald, J Subbarao, K Stark, G Eynon, N Loo, VG TI Lower respiratory tract infections in Inuit infants on Baffin Island SO CANADIAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID ALASKA NATIVE CHILDREN; CHLAMYDIA-TRACHOMATIS; MATERNAL SMOKING; VIRUS; HISTORY; DISEASE AB Background: It: has long been suspected that Canadian Inuit children suffer from frequent severe lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs), but the causes and risk factors have not been documented. This study assessed the infectious causes and other epidemiologic factors that may contribute to the severity of LRTI in young Inuit children on Baffin Island. Methods: A prospective case study was carried out at the Baffin Regional Hospital in Iqaluit, Nunavut, of infants less than 6 months of age, who were admitted to hospital between October 1997 and lune 1998 with a diagnosis of LRTI. Immunofluorescent antibody testing was used to identify respiratory viruses, and enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used to test for Chlamydia trachomatis. Demographic and risk factor data were obtained through a questionnaire. Results: The annualized incidence rate of admission to hospital for bronchiolitis at Baffin Regional Hospital was 484 per 1000 infants who were less than 6 months of age; 12% of the infants were intubated. Probable pathogens were identified for 18 of the 27 cases considered in our study. A single agent was identified for 14 infants: 8 had respiratory syncytial virus, 2 adenovirus, 1 rhinovirus, 1 influenza A, 1 parainfluenza 3 and 1 had cytomegalovirus. For 4 infants, 2 infectious agents were identified: these were enterovirus and Bordetella pertussis, adenovirus and enterovirus, cytomegalovirus and respiratory syncytial virus, and respiratory syncytial virus and adenovirus. C. trachomatis was not identified by either EIA or PCR. All infants were exposed to maternal smoking in utero, second-hand smoke at home and generally lived in crowded conditions. Interpretation: Inuit infants in the Baffin Region suffer from an extremely high rate of hospital admissions for LRTI. The high frequency and severity of these infections calls for serious public health attention. C1 McGill Univ, Ctr Hlth, Dept Med & Microbiol, Montreal, PQ, Canada. Baffin Reg Hlth Board, Iqaluit, NT, Canada. BC Ctr Dis Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada. TB Control, Vancouver, BC, Canada. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Influenza Div, Atlanta, GA USA. McGill Univ, Ctr Hlth, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Montreal, PQ, Canada. Aventis Pasteur, Vaccine Div, Toronto, ON, Canada. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Anchorage, AK USA. Univ British Columbia, Dept Pediat, Vancouver, BC V6T 1W5, Canada. RP Banerji, A (reprint author), British Columbia Childrens Hosp, Emergency Dept, 4480 Oak St, Vancouver, BC V6A 3V4, Canada. NR 19 TC 52 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 2 PU CANADIAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION PI OTTAWA PA 1867 ALTA VISTA DR, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1G 3Y6, CANADA SN 0820-3946 J9 CAN MED ASSOC J JI Can. Med. Assoc. J. PD JUN 26 PY 2001 VL 164 IS 13 BP 1847 EP 1850 PG 4 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 445XF UT WOS:000169483300010 PM 11450280 ER PT J AU Fukuda, K Thompson, WW Cox, N AF Fukuda, K Thompson, WW Cox, N TI Vaccinating Japanese schoolchildren against influenza. SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Fukuda, K (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 1 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SOC PI WALTHAM PA WALTHAM WOODS CENTER, 860 WINTER ST,, WALTHAM, MA 02451-1413 USA SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD JUN 21 PY 2001 VL 344 IS 25 BP 1946 EP 1947 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 443VJ UT WOS:000169362100013 PM 11419435 ER PT J AU Veverka, F Shapiro, N Parish, MP York, S Becker, W Smith, F Allensworth, C Baker, T Iwen, P Safranek, T AF Veverka, F Shapiro, N Parish, MP York, S Becker, W Smith, F Allensworth, C Baker, T Iwen, P Safranek, T CA CDC TI Protracted outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis associated with swimming pool use - Ohio and Nebraska, 2000 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 50, pg 406-410, 2001) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint ID PARVUM C1 Delaware City Cty Hlth Dept, Delaware City, DE 19706 USA. Ohio Dept Hlth, Columbus, OH 43266 USA. Douglas Cty Hlth Dept, Omaha, NE USA. Nebraska Dept Hlth & Human Svcs, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Lincoln, NE 68508 USA. CDC, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Div Appl Publ Hlth Training, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Div Emergency & Environm Hlth Serv, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Veverka, F (reprint author), Delaware City Cty Hlth Dept, Delaware City, DE 19706 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUN 20 PY 2001 VL 285 IS 23 BP 2967 EP 2969 PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 442AR UT WOS:000169263200008 ER PT J CA CDC TI Prevalence of parasites in fecal material from chlorinated swimming pools - United States, 1999 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 50, pg 410-412, 2001) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 CDC, Recreat Waterborne Dis Working Grp, Div Emergency & Environm Hlth Svcs, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Div Healthcare Qual Promot, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Div Unintent Injuries Prevent, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP CDC (reprint author), CDC, Recreat Waterborne Dis Working Grp, Div Emergency & Environm Hlth Svcs, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUN 20 PY 2001 VL 285 IS 23 BP 2969 EP + PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 442AR UT WOS:000169263200009 ER PT J AU Bates, JH Serdula, MK Khan, LK Jones, DA Macera, CA Ainsworth, BE AF Bates, JH Serdula, MK Khan, LK Jones, DA Macera, CA Ainsworth, BE TI Intensity of physical activity and risk of coronary heart disease SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ S Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. Univ S Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Exercise Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. RP Bates, JH (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 4 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUN 20 PY 2001 VL 285 IS 23 BP 2973 EP 2973 DI 10.1001/jama.285.23.2973 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 442AR UT WOS:000169263200010 PM 11410086 ER PT J AU Honein, MA Paulozzi, LJ Mathews, TJ Erickson, JD Wong, LYC AF Honein, MA Paulozzi, LJ Mathews, TJ Erickson, JD Wong, LYC TI Impact of folic acid fortification of the US food supply on the occurrence of neural tube defects SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID PRENATAL-DIAGNOSIS; BIRTH-DEFECTS; ELECTIVE TERMINATION; FOLATE LEVELS; PREVENTION; PREVALENCE; SUPPLEMENTATION; SURVEILLANCE; CERTIFICATES; HOMOCYSTEINE AB Context Daily consumption of 400 mug of folic acid before conception and during early pregnancy dramatically reduces the occurrence of neural tube defects (NTDs), Before food fortification, however, only an estimated 29% of US reproductive-aged women were taking a supplement containing 400 mug of folic acid daily. The US Food and Drug Administration authorized addition of folic acid to enriched grain products in March 1996, with compliance mandatory by January 1998. Objective To evaluate the impact of food fortification with folic acid on NTD birth prevalence. Design, Setting, and Population National study of birth certificate data for live births to women in 45 US states and Washington, DC, between January 1990 and December 1999, Main Outcome Measure Birth certificate reports of spina bifida and anencephaly before fortification (October 1995 through December 1996) compared with after mandatory fortification (October 1998 through December 1999). Results The birth prevalence of NTDs reported on birth certificates decreased from 37.8 per 100000 live births before fortification to 30.5 per 100000 live births conceived after mandatory folic acid fortification, representing a 19% decline (prevalence ratio [PR], 0.81; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.75-0.87), During the same period, NTD birth prevalence declined from 53.4 per 100000 to 46.5 per 100000 (PR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.64-1.18) for women who received only third-trimester or no prenatal care. Conclusions A 19% reduction in NTD birth prevalence occurred following folic acid fortification of the US food supply. However, factors other than fortification may have contributed to this decline. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Birth Defects & Dev Disabil, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Div Vital Stat, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Honein, MA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Birth Defects & Dev Disabil, Mailstop F-45,4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 44 TC 573 Z9 593 U1 3 U2 34 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUN 20 PY 2001 VL 285 IS 23 BP 2981 EP 2986 DI 10.1001/jama.285.23.2981 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 442AR UT WOS:000169263200020 PM 11410096 ER PT J AU Weaver, SC Salas, RA de Manzione, N Fulhorst, CF da Rosa, APAT Duno, G Utrera, A Mills, JN Ksiazek, TG Tovar, D Guzman, H Kang, WL Tesh, RB AF Weaver, SC Salas, RA de Manzione, N Fulhorst, CF da Rosa, APAT Duno, G Utrera, A Mills, JN Ksiazek, TG Tovar, D Guzman, H Kang, WL Tesh, RB TI Extreme genetic diversity among pirital virus (Arenaviridae) isolates from western Venezuela SO VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID HEMORRHAGIC-FEVER; GUANARITO; ASSOCIATIONS; PERSISTENCE; STRAINS AB Pirital-like virus isolates from rodents collected in a variety of habitats within a six-state area of central Venezuela were analyzed genetically by amplifying a portion of the nucleocapsid protein gene using RT-PCR. Comparisons of the sequences from 30 selected Pirital-like virus isolates demonstrated up to 26% divergence in nucleotide sequences and up to 16% divergence in deduced amino acid sequences. Within the Pirital monophyletic group, 14 distinct lineages or genotypes, differing by at least 6% in nucleotide sequences, were identified. Although sample sizes were small for some lineages, many of the different genotypes were sampled in only one region or locality, suggesting allopatric divergence. Complement fixation tests with representatives of the most divergent Pirital virus lineages failed to delineate multiple species or subtypes within the Pirital clade. These results indicate that the previously proposed 12% nucleocapsid protein amino acid sequence divergence cutoff value for delineating arenavirus species is not appropriate for the entire family When individual clones were examined from PCR amplicons, a mean of 0.17% sequence diversity vs the consensus sequences was detected, suggesting diverse quasispecies populations within infected rodent hosts. Possible explanations for the extreme genetic diversity within and among Pirital virus populations in infected rodents are discussed. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 Univ Texas, Med Branch, Dept Pathol, Galveston, TX 77555 USA. Univ Texas, Med Branch, Ctr Trop Dis, Galveston, TX 77555 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Nacl Expt Los Llanos, Guanare, Venezuela. Direcc Reg Salud Estado Portuguesa, Guanare, Venezuela. Inst Nacl Higiene Rafael Rangel, Caracas, Venezuela. Univ Texas, Med Branch, Ctr Trop Dis, Galveston, TX 77555 USA. RP Weaver, SC (reprint author), Univ Texas, Med Branch, Dept Pathol, Galveston, TX 77555 USA. RI Weaver, Scott/D-6490-2011 FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI-39800, AI-41435, AI-10894, AI-33983] NR 31 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0042-6822 J9 VIROLOGY JI Virology PD JUN 20 PY 2001 VL 285 IS 1 BP 110 EP 118 DI 10.1006/viro.2001.0954 PG 9 WC Virology SC Virology GA 446WT UT WOS:000169537700013 PM 11414811 ER PT J AU Newton, P Proux, S Green, M Smithuis, F Rozendaal, J Prakongpan, S Chotivanich, K Mayxay, M Looareesuwan, S Farrar, L Nosten, F White, NJ AF Newton, P Proux, S Green, M Smithuis, F Rozendaal, J Prakongpan, S Chotivanich, K Mayxay, M Looareesuwan, S Farrar, L Nosten, F White, NJ TI Fake artesunate in southeast Asia SO LANCET LA English DT Article AB Artesunate is a key antimalarial drug in the treatment of multidrug-resistant Plasmodlum falclparum malaria in southeast Asia. We investigated the distribution of counterfeit artesunate tablets by use of the validated, simple, and inexpensive Fast Red TR dye technique. We also aimed to identify distinguishing characteristics of the fake drugs. Of 104 shop-bought "artesunate" samples from Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar (Burma), Thailand, and Vietnam, 38% did not contain artesunate. Characteristics such as cost and physical appearance of the tablets and packaging reliably predicted authenticity. The illicit trade in counterfeit antimalarials is a great threat to the lives of patients with malaria. The dye test will assist national malaria control authorities In urgently needed campaigns to stop this murderous trade. C1 Mahidol Univ, Fac Trop Med, Bangkok 10400, Thailand. John Radcliffe Hosp, Nuffield Dept Clin Med, Ctr Trop Med, Oxford OX3 9DU, England. Shoklo Malaria Res Unit, Mae Sot, Tak Province, Thailand. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Med Sans Frontieres Netherlands, Yangon, Myanmar. Ctr Trop Dis, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. European Commiss Cambodia Malaria Control Project, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Mahidol Univ, Fac Pharm, Bangkok 10700, Thailand. RP White, NJ (reprint author), Mahidol Univ, Fac Trop Med, 420-6 Rajvithi Rd, Bangkok 10400, Thailand. RI White, Nicholas/I-4629-2012; OI Nosten, Francois/0000-0002-7951-0745 NR 4 TC 126 Z9 130 U1 2 U2 11 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD JUN 16 PY 2001 VL 357 IS 9272 BP 1948 EP 1950 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)05085-6 PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 444YZ UT WOS:000169431000019 PM 11425421 ER PT J AU Do, AN Hanson, DL Dworkin, MS Jones, JL AF Do, AN Hanson, DL Dworkin, MS Jones, JL CA Adult & Adolescent Spectrum HIV Di TI Risk factors for and trends in gonorrhea incidence among persons infected with HIV in the United States SO AIDS LA English DT Article DE gonorrhea incidence; gonorrhea trend; gonorrhea among HIV-infected persons; risk factors for gonorrhea; risky sexual behaviors ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; INTRAVENOUS-DRUG-USERS; BISEXUAL MEN; GAY MEN; AIDS; INJECTION; SEX; SURVIVAL; POPULATION; PREVENTION AB Objective: To determine the risk factors for and trends in gonorrhea infections among HIV-infected persons. Design: Longitudinal review of medical records of HIV-infected patients. Methods: We analyzed data about HIV-infected patients obtained from 1991 to 1998 in over 100 facilities participating in the Adult/Adolescent Spectrum of HIV Disease Project. Results: The overall incidence of gonorrhea was 9.5 cases per 1000 person-years. Factors associated with higher gonorrhea incidence (P < 0.01) included younger age, male-male sex, black race, HIV infection without AIDS (namely AIDS-defining opportunistic illness or CD4 cell count < 200 x 10(6) cells/l), and recent recreational use of injection or non-injection drugs. There was an increase in the trend among men who have sex with men (P < 0.01) and a decrease in the trend among patients with heterosexual contact as their HIV exposure risk (P < 0.01). Among injection drug users there was no significant trend from 1991 to 1996, but there was an increase in gonorrhea incidence from 6.6 cases/1000 person-years in 1997 to 16.3 cases/1000 person-years in 1998. Conclusions: Following HIV diagnosis, some individuals continue to practice risky sexual behaviors which result in gonorrhea and may transmit HIV. The increase in the trend in gonorrhea incidence among HIV-infected men who have sex with men is of particular concern because it suggests an increase in risky sexual behaviors. These findings indicate a need for effective HIV prevention strategies that involve reducing risky sexual behaviors in HIV-infected persons. (C) 2001 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Surveillance Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Do, AN (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Surveillance Branch, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS E-47, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 43 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0269-9370 J9 AIDS JI Aids PD JUN 15 PY 2001 VL 15 IS 9 BP 1149 EP 1155 DI 10.1097/00002030-200106150-00010 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA 443BL UT WOS:000169319400010 PM 11416717 ER PT J AU Fine, AD Bridges, CB De Guzman, AM Glover, L Zeller, B Wong, SJ Baker, I Regnery, H Fukuda, K AF Fine, AD Bridges, CB De Guzman, AM Glover, L Zeller, B Wong, SJ Baker, I Regnery, H Fukuda, K TI Influenza A among patients with human immunodeficiency virus: An outbreak of infection at a residential facility in New York City SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID PLACEBO-CONTROLLED TRIAL; ANTIBODY-RESPONSES; HIV-INFECTION; DOUBLE-BLIND; CIGARETTE-SMOKING; TYPE-1 RNA; VIRAL LOAD; IMMUNIZATION; VACCINATION; REPLICATION AB Although annual influenza vaccination is recommended for persons who are infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), data are limited regarding the epidemiology of influenza or the effectiveness of influenza vaccination in this population. We investigated a 1996 outbreak of infection with influenza A at a residential facility for persons with AIDS. We interviewed 118 residents and employees, reviewed 65 resident medical records, and collected serum samples for measurement of influenza antibody titers. After controlling for history of smoking, influenza vaccination, and resident or employee status, in a multivariate model, HIV infection was not statistically associated with influenza-like illness (ILI). Symptoms and duration of ILI were similar for most HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected persons. However, 8 (21.1%) of 38 HIV-infected persons with ILI (vs. none of 15 HIV-uninfected persons) were either hospitalized, evaluated in an emergency room, or had ILI lasting greater than or equal to 14 days (P = .06). Vaccination effectiveness (VE) was similar for HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected persons. Vaccination was most effective among HIV-infected persons with CD4 cell counts of >100 cells/muL (VE, 65%; 95% CI, 36%-81%) or HIV type 1 virus load of <30,000 copies/mL (VE, 52%; 95% CI, 11%-75%). Providers should continue to offer influenza vaccination to HIV-infected persons. C1 New York City Dept Hlth, Bur Communicable Dis, Communicable Dis Program, New York, NY 10013 USA. Project Samaritan AIDS Serv Inc, Bronx, NY USA. New York State Dept Hlth, Wadsworth Ctr Labs & Res, Diagnost Immunol Lab, Albany, NY 12201 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Influenza Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Fine, AD (reprint author), New York City Dept Hlth, Bur Communicable Dis, Communicable Dis Program, 125 Worth St,Rm 300,Box 22A, New York, NY 10013 USA. NR 60 TC 66 Z9 72 U1 0 U2 3 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUN 15 PY 2001 VL 32 IS 12 BP 1784 EP 1791 DI 10.1086/320747 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 436WT UT WOS:000168959400021 PM 11360221 ER PT J AU Huwe, JK Shelver, WL Stanker, L Patterson, DG Turner, WE AF Huwe, JK Shelver, WL Stanker, L Patterson, DG Turner, WE TI On the isolation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans from serum samples using immunoaffinity chromatography prior to high-resolution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY B LA English DT Article DE polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins; furans ID RESIDUE ANALYSIS; IMMUNOASSAY; RADIOIMMUNOASSAY; ANTIBODY; ASSAY AB Immunoaffinity chromatography (IAC) for the purification of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs) from biological samples was explored as a means to simplify the cleanup procedure and thereby decrease the time and cost of dioxin analysis. A monoclonal antibody (DD3) was used to produce IAC columns and to isolate the PCDD/Fs from serum. Native and C-13-labeled PCDD/Fs were spiked at the ppq to ppt range into serum. Quantitation of the PCDD/Fs was performed by a standard dioxin analytical method, i.e. high-resolution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), which was easily compatible with IAC. Five of the most toxic PCDD/Fs consistently showed acceptable recoveries (>25%) and were reliably quantitated. The congeners specifically recovered by this method represent almost 80% of the toxic equivalency of dioxins and furans present in the serum samples. Dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were not recognized by this antibody column. Compared to conventional dioxin cleanup methods, IAC decreased solvent usage by 1.5 l/sample and took only 2 h to process a sample for analysis. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. USDA, ARS, Western Reg Res Ctr, Albany, CA 94710 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Environm Hlth Lab Sci, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Huwe, JK (reprint author), USDA ARS, Biosci Res Lab, POB 5674,Univ Stn, Fargo, ND 58105 USA. NR 18 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4347 J9 J CHROMATOGR B JI J. Chromatogr. B PD JUN 15 PY 2001 VL 757 IS 2 BP 285 EP 293 DI 10.1016/S0378-4347(01)00159-1 PG 9 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 436QK UT WOS:000168946400011 PM 11417873 ER PT J AU Man, NV Trang, NV Lien, HP Trach, DD Thanh, NTH Tu, PV Long, NT Luan, LT Ivanoff, B Gentsch, JR Glass, RI AF Man, NV Trang, NV Lien, HP Trach, DD Thanh, NTH Tu, PV Long, NT Luan, LT Ivanoff, B Gentsch, JR Glass, RI CA Vietnam Rotavirus Surveillance Net TI The epidemiology and disease burden of rotavirus in Vietnam: Sentinel surveillance at 6 hospitals SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; STRAINS; INDIA AB The disease burden of rotavirus diarrhea in Vietnam was assessed by surveillance of children <5 years old who were hospitalized for diarrhea at 3 centers in the north and 3 centers in the south. Rotavirus was identified in 56% (range, 47%-60%) of the 5768 patients surveyed between July 1998 and June 2000. G-typing of the first 224 strains indicated that only 2% were non-typeable, 9% were in mixed infections, and the remainder were of the common serotypes G1, G2, G3, G4, and G9. In Vietnam, diarrhea accounts for 9880 deaths per year, which is 15% of all deaths among children <5 years old, or 6.5 deaths per 1000 children. If even 50% of these diarrhea-related deaths in Vietnam were due to rotavirus, the number would represent 4%-8% of all deaths among children <5 years old, 2700-5400 rotavirus-related deaths per year, and 1 death per 280-560 children during the first 5 years of life. Thus, the disease burden of rotavirus in Vietnam is substantial, and programs to encourage the use of oral rehydration should be encouraged while efforts to develop vaccines continue. C1 Poliomyelitis Vaccine Res & Prod Ctr, Hanoi, Vietnam. Natl Inst Hyg & Epidemiol, Hanoi, Vietnam. Inst Pasteur, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. WHO, Global Programme Vaccines, Geneva, Switzerland. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral Gastroenteritis Sect, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Man, NV (reprint author), Poliomyelitis Vaccine Res & Prod Ctr, 135 Lo Duc Rd, Hanoi, Vietnam. NR 20 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD JUN 15 PY 2001 VL 183 IS 12 BP 1707 EP 1712 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 439HW UT WOS:000169107000001 ER PT J AU Mahanty, S Bausch, DG Thomas, RL Goba, A Bah, A Peters, CJ Rollin, PE AF Mahanty, S Bausch, DG Thomas, RL Goba, A Bah, A Peters, CJ Rollin, PE TI Low levels of interleukin-8 and interferon-inducible protein-10 in serum are associated with fatal infections in acute Lassa fever SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT XIth International Congress of Virology CY AUG, 1999 CL SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; PICHINDE VIRUS-INFECTION; GUINEA-PIGS; PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES; CLINICAL VIROLOGY; ENDOTHELIAL-CELLS; FACTOR RECEPTORS; GENE-EXPRESSION; FACTOR-ALPHA; KAPPA-B AB To investigate the role of inflammatory mediators in the pathogenesis of Lassa fever, the levels of a number of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in serum samples collected from hospitalized patients with fatal and nonfatal acute Lassa fever were compared with those from 2 control groups: patients with other febrile illnesses and uninfected individuals. Serum interleukin (IL)-8 and interferon (IFN)-inducible protein (IP)-10 levels were significantly higher in patients with acute nonfatal Lassa fever than in control subjects. In striking contrast, levels of these chemokines were low or undetectable in patients with fatal Lassa fever. IFN-gamma, IL-12, IL-6, and RANTES levels were elevated in all the febrile study groups. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels were not elevated in patients with fatal or nonfatal Lassa fever. These data indicate that acute nonfatal Lassa fever is associated with high levels of circulating IL-8 and IP-10 and that low levels or absence of these mediators correlates with a poor outcome. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Special Pathogens Branch, DVRD, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Inst Rech & Biol Appl Guinee, Kindia, Guinea. RP Mahanty, S (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Special Pathogens Branch, DVRD, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, MS-G14,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. OI Mahanty, Siddhartha/0000-0003-1068-0524 NR 39 TC 79 Z9 81 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD JUN 15 PY 2001 VL 183 IS 12 BP 1713 EP 1721 DI 10.1086/320722 PG 9 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 439HW UT WOS:000169107000002 PM 11372023 ER PT J AU James, AM Liveris, D Wormser, GP Schwartz, I Montecalvo, MA Johnson, BJB AF James, AM Liveris, D Wormser, GP Schwartz, I Montecalvo, MA Johnson, BJB TI Borrelia lonestari infection after a bite by an Amblyomma americanum tick SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 55th Annual International Northwestern Conference on Diseases of Nature Communicable to Man CY AUG 02, 2000 CL FT COLLINS, COLORADO ID EARLY LYME-DISEASE; ERYTHEMA MIGRANS; IDENTIFICATION; BURGDORFERI; CAROLINA; ILLNESS; CULTURE AB Erythematous rashes that are suggestive of early Lyme disease have been associated with the bite of Amblyomma americanum ticks, particularly in the southern United States. However, Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease, has not been cultured from skin biopsy specimens from these patients, and diagnostic serum antibodies usually have not been found. Borrelia lonestari sp nov, an uncultured spirochete, has been detected in A. americanum ticks by DNA amplification techniques, but its role in human illness is unknown. We observed erythema migrans in a patient with an attached A. americanum tick. DNA amplification of the flagellin gene flaB produced B. lonestari sequences from the skin of the patient that were identical to those found in the attached tick. B. lonestari is a probable cause of erythema migrans in humans. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. New York Med Coll, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Div Infect Dis, Valhalla, NY 10595 USA. New York Med Coll, Dept Med, Valhalla, NY 10595 USA. RP Johnson, BJB (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, POB 2087, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. FU NIAMS NIH HHS [R01-AR41511] NR 17 TC 126 Z9 129 U1 0 U2 3 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD JUN 15 PY 2001 VL 183 IS 12 BP 1810 EP 1814 DI 10.1086/320721 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 439HW UT WOS:000169107000015 PM 11372036 ER PT J AU McQuiston, JH Yager, PA Smith, JS Rupprecht, CE AF McQuiston, JH Yager, PA Smith, JS Rupprecht, CE TI Epidemiologic characteristics of rabies virus variants in dogs and cats in the United States, 1999 SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID PUBLIC-HEALTH; BAT RABIES; SURVEILLANCE AB Objective-To evaluate epidemiologic features oi rabies virus variants in dogs and cats in the United States during 1999 and assess the role of bat-associated variants. Design-Epidemiologic survey. Sample Population-Rabies viruses from 78 dogs and 230 cats. Procedure-Brain specimens from rabid dogs and cats were submitted for typing of rabies virus. Historical information, including ownership and vaccination status, was obtained for each animal. Specimens were typed by use of indirect fluorescent antibody assay or reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay and nucleotide sequence analysis. Results-Nearly all animals were infected with the predicted terrestrial rabies virus variant associated with the geographic location of the submission. A bat-associated variant of rabies virus was found in a single cat from Maryland. More than half (53%) of submitted animals were classified as owned animals, and most had no known history of vaccination. One vaccination failure was reported in a dog that did not receive a booster dose of rabies vaccine after exposure to a possibly rabid animal. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Bat-associated rabies virus variants were not a common cause of rabies in dogs and cats during 1999. Vaccine failures were uncommon during the study period. Because most rabid dogs and cats were unvaccinated and were owned animals rather than strays, educational campaigns targeting owners may be useful. C1 CDCP, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDCP, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP McQuiston, JH (reprint author), CDCP, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 25 TC 54 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD JUN 15 PY 2001 VL 218 IS 12 BP 1939 EP 1942 DI 10.2460/javma.2001.218.1939 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 441MK UT WOS:000169234000023 PM 11417737 ER PT J AU Nash, D Mostashari, F Fine, A Miller, J O'Leary, D Murray, K Huang, A Rosenberg, A Greenberg, A Sherman, M Wong, S Layton, M Campbell, GL Roehrig, JT Gubler, DJ Shieh, WJ Zaki, S Smith, P AF Nash, D Mostashari, F Fine, A Miller, J O'Leary, D Murray, K Huang, A Rosenberg, A Greenberg, A Sherman, M Wong, S Layton, M Campbell, GL Roehrig, JT Gubler, DJ Shieh, WJ Zaki, S Smith, P CA 1999 W Nile Outbreak Response Working TI The outbreak of West Nile virus infection in the New York City area in 1999. SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID ENCEPHALITIS EPIDEMIC; VIRAL ENCEPHALITIS; PATHOLOGY; ROMANIA; EUROPE AB Background: In late August 1999, an unusual cluster of cases of meningoencephalitis associated with muscle weakness was reported to the New York City Department of Health. The initial epidemiologic and environmental investigations suggested an arboviral cause. Methods: Active surveillance was implemented to identify patients hospitalized with viral encephalitis and meningitis. Cerebrospinal fluid, serum, and tissue specimens from patients with suspected cases underwent serologic and viral testing for evidence of arboviral infection. Results: Outbreak surveillance identified 59 patients who were hospitalized with West Nile virus infection in the New York City area during August and September of 1999. The median age of these patients was 71 years (range, 5 to 90). The overall attack rate of clinical West Nile virus infection was at least 6.5 cases per million population, and it increased sharply with age. Most of the patients (63 percent) had clinical signs of encephalitis; seven patients died (12 percent). Muscle weakness was documented in 27 percent of the patients and flaccid paralysis in 10 percent; in all of the latter, nerve conduction studies indicated an axonal polyneuropathy. An age of 75 years or older was an independent risk factor for death (relative risk adjusted for the presence or absence of diabetes mellitus, 8.5; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.2 to 59.1), as was the presence of diabetes mellitus (age-adjusted relative risk, 5.1; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.5 to 17.3). Conclusions: This outbreak of West Nile meningoencephalitis in the New York City metropolitan area represents the first time this virus has been detected in the Western Hemisphere. Given the subsequent rapid spread of the virus, physicians along the eastern seaboard of the United States should consider West Nile virus infection in the differential diagnosis of encephalitis and viral meningitis during the summer months, especially in older patients and in those with muscle weakness. (N Engl J Med 2001;344:1807-14.) Copyright (C) 2001 Massachusetts Medical Society. C1 New York City Dept Hlth, Communicable Dis Program, New York, NY 10013 USA. CDCP, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Epidemiol Program Off, Div Appl Publ Hlth Trainig,State Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Bioterrorism Preparedness, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Ft Collins, CO USA. Westchester Cty Dept Hlth, New Rochelle, NY USA. Nassau Cty Dept Hlth, Mineola, NY USA. New York State Dept Hlth, Albany, NY USA. RP Nash, D (reprint author), New York City Dept Hlth, HIV AIDS Surveillance Program, 346 Broadway,Rm 706, New York, NY 10013 USA. FU PHS HHS [U50/CCU212386-05] NR 45 TC 655 Z9 689 U1 7 U2 71 PU MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SOC PI WALTHAM PA WALTHAM WOODS CENTER, 860 WINTER ST,, WALTHAM, MA 02451-1413 USA SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD JUN 14 PY 2001 VL 344 IS 24 BP 1807 EP 1814 DI 10.1056/NEJM200106143442401 PG 8 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 441LC UT WOS:000169231000001 PM 11407341 ER PT J AU Murphy, TV Gargiullo, PM Livengood, JR AF Murphy, TV Gargiullo, PM Livengood, JR TI Intussusception and an oral rotavirus vaccine - Reply SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Murphy, TV (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 2 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SOC PI WALTHAM PA WALTHAM WOODS CENTER, 860 WINTER ST,, WALTHAM, MA 02451-1413 USA SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD JUN 14 PY 2001 VL 344 IS 24 BP 1866 EP 1867 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 441LC UT WOS:000169231000014 ER PT J AU Allan, T Horgan, T Scaife, H Koch, E Parrish, MK Salehi, E AF Allan, T Horgan, T Scaife, H Koch, E Parrish, MK Salehi, E CA CDC TI Outbreak of Legionnaires' disease among automotive plant workers - Ohio, 2001 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 50, pg 357-359, 2001) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Cuyahoga Cty Board Hlth, Cleveland, OH 44114 USA. Ohio Dept Hlth, Columbus, OH 43266 USA. Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Resp Dis Br, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NIOSH, Hazard Evaluat & Tech Assistance Br, Div Surveillance Hazard Evaluat & Field Studies, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Allan, T (reprint author), Cuyahoga Cty Board Hlth, Cleveland, OH 44114 USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUN 13 PY 2001 VL 285 IS 22 BP 2848 EP 2849 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 440BP UT WOS:000169156300009 ER PT J CA Pennsylvania Dept Hlth Coun State Territorial Epidemiolog Am Coll Hlth Assoc Naval Med Ctr Natl Ctr Infect Dis CDC TI Update: Outbreak of acute febrile respiratory illness among college students - Acapulco, Mexico, March 2001 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 50, pg 359-360, 2001) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Penn Dept Hlth, Harrisburg, PA 17108 USA. Amer Coll Hlth Assoc, Baltimore, MD 21240 USA. Naval Med Ctr, San Diego, CA USA. Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Mycot Dis Br, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Resp Dis Br, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Penn Dept Hlth, Harrisburg, PA 17108 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUN 13 PY 2001 VL 285 IS 22 BP 2850 EP 2850 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 440BP UT WOS:000169156300011 ER PT J AU Friedman, MS Teague, WG AF Friedman, MS Teague, WG TI Automobile traffic, atmospheric pollution, and childhood asthma - Reply SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Air Pollut & Resp Hlth Branch, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Friedman, MS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Air Pollut & Resp Hlth Branch, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUN 6 PY 2001 VL 285 IS 21 BP 2712 EP 2713 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 437HG UT WOS:000168985800014 ER PT J AU Dennis, DT Inglesby, TV Henderson, DA Bartlett, JG Ascher, MS Eitzen, E Fine, AD Friedlander, AM Hauer, J Layton, M Lillibridge, SR McDade, JE Osterholm, MT O'Toole, T Parker, G Perl, TM Russell, PK Tonat, K AF Dennis, DT Inglesby, TV Henderson, DA Bartlett, JG Ascher, MS Eitzen, E Fine, AD Friedlander, AM Hauer, J Layton, M Lillibridge, SR McDade, JE Osterholm, MT O'Toole, T Parker, G Perl, TM Russell, PK Tonat, K CA Working Grp Civilian Biodef TI Tularemia as a biological weapon - Medical and public health management SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Review ID FRANCISELLA-TULARENSIS; BORNE TULAREMIA; CIPROFLOXACIN; OUTBREAK; CHILDREN; WARFARE; FLUOROQUINOLONES; GENTAMICIN; DIAGNOSIS; TERRORISM AB Objective The Working Group on Civilian Biodefense has developed consensus-based recommendations for measures to be taken by medical and public health professionals if tularemia is used as a biological weapon against a civilian population. Participants The working group included 25 representatives from academic medical centers, civilian and military governmental agencies, and other public health and emergency management institutions and agencies. Evidence MEDLINE databases were searched from January 1966 to October 2000, using the Medical Subject Headings Francisella tularensis, Pasteurella tularensis, biological weapon, biological terrorism, bioterrorism, biological warfare, and biowarfare. Review of these references led to identification of relevant materials published prior to 1966, In addition, participants identified other references and sources. Consensus Process Three formal drafts of the statement that synthesized information obtained in the formal evidence-gathering process were reviewed by members of the working group. Consensus was achieved on the final draft. Conclusions A weapon using airborne tularemia would likely result 3 to 5 days later in an outbreak of acute, undifferentiated febrile illness with incipient pneumonia, pleuritis, and hilar lymphadenopathy. Specific epidemiological, clinical, and microbiological findings should lead to early suspicion of intentional tularemia in an alert health system; laboratory confirmation of agent could be delayed. Without treatment, the clinical course could progress to respiratory failure, shock, and death. Prompt treatment with streptomycin, gentamicin, doxycycline, or ciprofloxacin is recommended. Prophylactic use of doxycycline or ciprofloxacin may be useful in the early postexposure period. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Ctr Civilian Biodef Studies, Baltimore, MD USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Ctr Civilian Biodef Studies, Baltimore, MD USA. Calif Dept Hlth Serv, Viral & Rickettsial Dis Lab, Berkeley, CA 94704 USA. USA, Med Res Inst Infect Dis, Ft Detrick, MD 21702 USA. New York City Dept Hlth, Bur Communicable Dis, New York, NY 10013 USA. Kroll Associates, New York, NY USA. Ican Inc, Eden Prairie, MN USA. Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Off Emergency Preparedness, Rockville, MD USA. RP Dennis, DT (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, POB 2087, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. NR 102 TC 767 Z9 792 U1 7 U2 74 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JUN 6 PY 2001 VL 285 IS 21 BP 2763 EP 2773 DI 10.1001/jama.285.21.2763 PG 11 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 437HG UT WOS:000168985800030 PM 11386933 ER PT J AU Howe, HL Wingo, PA Thun, MJ Ries, LAG Rosenberg, HM Feigal, EG Edwards, BK AF Howe, HL Wingo, PA Thun, MJ Ries, LAG Rosenberg, HM Feigal, EG Edwards, BK TI Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer (1973 through 1998), featuring cancers with recent increasing trends SO JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE LA English DT Review ID PAPILLARY THYROID-CANCER; SOFT-TISSUE SARCOMA; CHRONIC HEPATITIS-B; BREAST-CANCER; UNITED-STATES; PROSTATE-CANCER; SURVEILLANCE SERIES; INTERPRETING TRENDS; COLORECTAL-CANCER; GASTRIC CARDIA AB Background: The American Cancer Society, the National Cancer Institute (NCI), the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, including the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), collaborate to provide an annual update on cancer occurrence and trends in the United States. This year's report contains a special feature that focuses on cancers with recent increasing trends. Methods: From 1992 through 1998, age-adjusted rates and annual percent changes are calculated for cancer incidence and underlying cause of death with the use of NCI incidence and NCHS mortality data. Joinpoint analysis, a model of joined line segments, is used to examine long-term trends for the four most common cancers and for those cancers with recent increasing trends in incidence or mortality. Statistically significant findings are based on a P value of .05 by use of a two-sided test. State-specific incidence and death rates for 1994 through 1998 are reported for major cancers. Results: From 1992 through 1998, total cancer death rates declined in males and females, while cancer incidence rates declined only in males, Incidence rates in females increased slightly, largely because of breast cancer increases that occurred in some older age groups, possibly as a result of increased early detection. Female lung cancer mortality, a major cause of death in women, continued to increase but more slowly than in earlier years. In addition, the incidence or mortality rate increased in 10 other sites, accounting for about 13% of total cancer incidence and mortality in the United States. Conclusions: Overall cancer incidence and death rates continued to decline in the United States, Future progress will require sustained improvements in cancer prevention, screening, and treatment. C1 N Amer Assoc Cent Canc Registries Inc, Springfield, IL 62704 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Canc Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA USA. Amer Canc Soc, Epidemiol & Surveillance Res Dept, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. NCI, Div Canc Control & Populat Sci, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NCI, Div Canc Treatment & Diag, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Div Vital Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. RP Howe, HL (reprint author), N Amer Assoc Cent Canc Registries Inc, 2121 W White Oaks Dr, Springfield, IL 62704 USA. NR 107 TC 521 Z9 541 U1 0 U2 8 PU NATL CANCER INSTITUTE PI BETHESDA PA 9030 OLD GEORGETOWN RD, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0027-8874 J9 J NATL CANCER I JI J. Natl. Cancer Inst. PD JUN 6 PY 2001 VL 93 IS 11 BP 824 EP 842 DI 10.1093/jnci/93.11.824 PG 19 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA 439HH UT WOS:000169105100009 PM 11390532 ER PT J AU Urdaneta, L Lal, A Barnabe, C Oury, B Goldman, I Ayala, FJ Tibayrenc, M AF Urdaneta, L Lal, A Barnabe, C Oury, B Goldman, I Ayala, FJ Tibayrenc, M TI Evidence for clonal propagation in natural isolates of Plasmodium falciparum from Venezuela SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID MULTILOCUS ENZYME ELECTROPHORESIS; PARASITIC PROTOZOA; GENETIC DIVERSITY; POPULATION STRUCTURES; ANTIGENIC DIVERSITY; SURFACE-ANTIGEN; MATING PATTERNS; MALARIA; MARKERS; DNA AB We have analyzed 75 isolates of Plasmodium falciparum. collected in Venezuela during both the dry (November) and rainy (May-July) seasons, with a range of genetic markers including antigen genes and 14 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers. Thirteen P, falciparum stocks from Kenya and four other Plasmodium species are included in the analysis for comparison. Cross-hybridization shows that the 14 RAPD primers reveal 14 separate regions of the parasite's genome. The P, falciparum isolates are a monophyletic clade, significantly different from the other Plasmodium species. We identify three RAPD characters that could be useful as "tags" for rapid species identification, The Venezuelan genotypes fall into two discrete genetic subdivisions associated with either the dry or the rainy season; the isolates collected in the rainy season exhibit greater genetic diversity. There is significant linkage disequilibrium in each seasonal subsample and in the full sample. In contrast, no linkage disequilibrium is detected in the African sample. These results support the hypothesis that the population structure of P. falciparum in Venezuela, but not in Africa, is predominantly clonal, However, the impact of genetic recombination on Venezuelan P, falciparum seems higher than in parasitic species with long-term clonal evolution like Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas' disease. The genetic structure of the Venezuelan samples is similar to that of Escherichia coli. a bacterium that propagates clonally. with occasional genetic recombination. C1 CNRS, UMR, Inst Rech Dev 9926, Ctr Etud Polymorphisme Microorganismes, F-34000 Montpellier 1, France. Univ Carabobo, Ctr Invest Biomed, Maracay, Estado Aragua, Venezuela. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. RP Tibayrenc, M (reprint author), CNRS, UMR, Inst Rech Dev 9926, Ctr Etud Polymorphisme Microorganismes, BP 5045, F-34000 Montpellier 1, France. RI Barnabe, Christian/R-2904-2016 OI Barnabe, Christian/0000-0003-1857-0741 NR 48 TC 37 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 3 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD JUN 5 PY 2001 VL 98 IS 12 BP 6725 EP 6729 DI 10.1073/pnas.111144998 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 440AT UT WOS:000169151500037 PM 11371616 ER PT J AU Kahn, HS AF Kahn, HS TI Glucose tolerance in adults after prenatal exposure to famine SO LANCET LA English DT Letter ID RATIO C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Kahn, HS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, M S K-68,4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 5 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD JUN 2 PY 2001 VL 357 IS 9270 BP 1798 EP 1799 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04911-4 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 440BN UT WOS:000169156200042 PM 11407380 ER PT J AU Kuno, G AF Kuno, G TI Transmission of arboviruses without involvement of arthropod vectors SO ACTA VIROLOGICA LA English DT Review DE arbovirus; transmission mechanism; direct transmission; contact transmission ID EQUINE ENCEPHALITIS-VIRUS; TICK-BORNE ENCEPHALITIS; YELLOW-FEVER VACCINE; WEST-NILE-VIRUS; VESICULAR STOMATITIS; BLUETONGUE VIRUS; OVERWINTERING MECHANISM; AIRBORNE CHALLENGE; ORAL IMMUNIZATION; IMMUNE-RESPONSE AB Transmission of arboviruses (arthropod-borne viruses belonging to various virus families) without involvement of arthropod vectors has been documented for years, but the reports have not been reviewed systematically. The recent report of West Nile (WIN) virus isolation from a hawk in mid-winter in New York (Garmendia et al., J. Clin. Microbiol. 38, 3110-3111, 2000) generated a considerable interest in this mode of arbovirus transmission. In this article, the data available worldwide are analyzed according to the factors involved in such a transmission under natural conditions, mode of infection, virus entry mechanism, administration and efficacy evaluation of vaccines, and significance in agricultural trade and public health. Analysis of numerous reports compiled for this review revealed that peroral and intranasal/aerosol transmissions are very common among arboviruses. The mechanism of virus infections in animals was most extensively studied for intranasal/aerosol infection, confirming two routes of virus spread to central nervous system (CNS), olfactory and hematogenous. To rule out the possibility of asymptomatic, cryptic infection the efficacy evaluation of candidates for vaccines against neurotropic arboviruses should include virus isolation from tissues of not only symptomatic but also of asymptomatic animals that survive intranasal virus challenge. Human activities, such as feeding livestock animals with food containing virus-contaminated meat and assembling a large number of livestock from many geographically-separated locations, have been identified as a cause of spread of some arboviral diseases. Despite numerous laboratory reports, the significance of this mode of transmission of arboviruses under natural conditions was rarely investigated, except for a few viruses important for veterinary medicine. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Arbovirus Dis Branch, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Kuno, G (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Arbovirus Dis Branch, POB 2087, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. NR 145 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 3 PU SLOVAK ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI BRATISLAVA PA PO BOX 57 NAM SLOBODY 6, 810 05 BRATISLAVA, SLOVAKIA SN 0001-723X J9 ACTA VIROL JI Acta Virol. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 45 IS 3 BP 139 EP 150 PG 12 WC Virology SC Virology GA 494WN UT WOS:000172309000001 PM 11774892 ER PT J AU Stewart, KA AF Stewart, KA TI Toward a historical perspective on sexuality in Uganda: The reproductive lifeline technique for grandmothers and their daughters SO AFRICA TODAY LA English DT Article ID HIV-INFECTION; TRANSMITTED DISEASES; AIDS; WOMEN; TRANSMISSION; PREVENTION; BEHAVIOR; ASSOCIATION; NEVIRAPINE; DISTRICT AB Current health research on HIV-AIDS in Uganda is predominantly ahistorical and acultural. This is an inadequate analysis of a profoundly social epidemic, especially as the burden of disease shifts from adults to adolescents. As well, many Ugandan adults hold unexamined attitudes about adolescent sexuality, often declaring that today's youth are recklessly sexually active at a much younger age than in the past. This paper presents new data on sexuality reaching across three generations of Ugandans. These data were collected with on original qualitative social scientific research method-the reproductive lifeline technique. Building on the focus group method, this exercise is designed to produce fertility data with historical depth of several generations of women, and to encourage parents to speak more openly with their own children about reproduction and sexuality This paper analyzes one particular demographic variable, age at first live birth, in an effort to theorize about change over rime in another important variable, age at sexual debut. The results were surprising: age at first live birth has not changed significantly over the past forty years in western Uganda and some evidence suggests that age at sexual debut has not changed much either. Several explanations are offered to explain the discrepancy between the demographic evidence and the cultural norms held by adults about adolescent sexual behaviors. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Stewart, KA (reprint author), Northwestern Univ, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. NR 61 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU INDIANA UNIV PRESS PI BLOOMINGTON PA 601 N MORTON STREET, BLOOMINGTON, IN 47404-3797 USA SN 0001-9887 J9 AFR TODAY JI Afr. Today PD SUM-FAL PY 2001 VL 47 IS 3-4 BP 122 EP 148 DI 10.2979/AFT.2000.47.3-4.122 PG 27 WC Area Studies; Political Science SC Area Studies; Government & Law GA 429AG UT WOS:000168493400007 ER PT J AU Rietmeijer, CA Lansky, A Anderson, JE Fichtner, RR AF Rietmeijer, CA Lansky, A Anderson, JE Fichtner, RR TI Developing standards in behavioral surveillance for HIV/STD prevention SO AIDS EDUCATION AND PREVENTION LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES AB HIV/STD prevention programs are increasingly guided by behavioral rather than by disease indicators. Relevant HIV/STD-related behavioral information is currently available from a variety of surveys and surveillance systems at three levels: general population, infected populations, and high-risk populations. However, the utility of these systems for local program development is limited due to lack of standardization. In 1997 a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention working group was formed to develop a core set of items for HIV/STD behavioral surveillance for use across surveys. Core items were chosen on the basis of existing surveys and surveillance systems, relevant literature, testing in a cognitive laboratory, and field pilot-testing. A draft of the core set of sexual behavior questions is available on the web at http://www.cdc.gov/nchstp/od/core_workgroup review and feedback. Questions on drug use, including drug injection practices, as well as questions on HIV testing and sexually transmitted diseases are in preparation and will also be posted on the web site for review. C1 Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Publ Hlth, Denver, CO 80204 USA. Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Prevent Med & Biometr, Denver, CO 80262 USA. Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, CDCP, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Atlanta, GA USA. Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, CDCP, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Intervent Res & Support, Atlanta, GA USA. Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, CDCP, Prevent Informat Off, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Rietmeijer, CA (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Publ Hlth, 605 Bannock St, Denver, CO 80204 USA. NR 32 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 1 PU GUILFORD PUBLICATIONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 72 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10012 USA SN 0899-9546 J9 AIDS EDUC PREV JI Aids Educ. Prev. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 13 IS 3 BP 268 EP 278 DI 10.1521/aeap.13.3.268.19740 PG 11 WC Education & Educational Research; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Education & Educational Research; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 450WU UT WOS:000169768500007 PM 11459362 ER PT J AU Flegal, KM Ogden, CL Wei, R Kuczmarski, RL Johnson, CL AF Flegal, KM Ogden, CL Wei, R Kuczmarski, RL Johnson, CL TI Prevalence of overweight in US children: comparison of US growth charts from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention with other reference values for body mass index SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE adolescents; body weight; body mass index; children; health surveys; overweight; obesity; growth charts; National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; NHANES ID ADOLESCENTS; OBESITY AB Background: Several different sets of reference body mass index (BMI) values are available to define overweight in children. Objective: The objective of this study was to compare the prevalence of overweight in US children calculated with 3 sets of reference BMI values: the revised growth charts of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC-US growth charts), international standards proposed by Cole et al, and values developed by Must et al. Design: Data for children and adolescents came from cross-sectional nationally representative US surveys: cycles II and III of the National Health Examination Survey (1963-1965 and 1966-1970) and the first, second, and third National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys: NHANES I (1971-1974), II (1976-1980), and III (1988-1994). The reference values of Cole et al equivalent to a BMI of 25 were compared with the 85th percentiles from the other 2 methods; the values equivalent to a BMI of 30 were compared with the 95th percentiles. Results: The 3 methods gave similar but not identical results. The reference values of Cole et al gave lower estimates than did the CDC-US growth charts for young children but higher estimates for older children. The reference values of Must et al gave much higher prevalences for younger girls than did the other 2 methods. Conclusions: Differences between methods were related to differences in data sets, smoothing methods, and theoretical approaches. All 3 methods are based on statistical criteria and incorporate arbitrary assumptions. These methods should be used cautiously, with awareness of the possible limitations. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. RP Flegal, KM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, 6525 Belcrest Rd,Room 900, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. RI Flegal, Katherine/A-4608-2013; OI Flegal, Katherine/0000-0002-0838-469X NR 14 TC 191 Z9 207 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 73 IS 6 BP 1086 EP 1093 PG 8 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 435JP UT WOS:000168878600017 PM 11382664 ER PT J AU Lee, JD Unger, ER Gittenger, C Lee, DR Hebert, R Maize, JC AF Lee, JD Unger, ER Gittenger, C Lee, DR Hebert, R Maize, JC TI Interphase cytogenetic analysis of 1(q)12 satellite III DNA in melanocytic lesions - Increased aneuploidy with malignant histology SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DERMATOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE dysplastic nevus; melanoma ID COMPARATIVE GENOMIC HYBRIDIZATION; NUMERICAL CHROMOSOME-ABERRATIONS; INSITU HYBRIDIZATION; MELANOMA; NEVUS; PROGRESSION; TOOL AB To examine the relationship of chromosome 1 copy number to melanocytic tumorigenesis, interphase cytogenetic analysis of 1q12 satellite III DNA was performed on the spectrum of melanocytic lesions comprising Clark's tumor progression model. Results showed increased copy number in a "step off" pattern between melanoma in-situ and the intraepidermal component of invasive melanoma rather than a progression between each lesional group. These findings support Clark's concept of independent clonal expansion of a cell population giving rise to the vertical growth phase and further demonstrates increased chromosome 1 copy number as a late event in melanoma tumor progression. C1 Med Univ S Carolina, Dept Dermatol, Charleston, SC 29425 USA. Med Univ S Carolina, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, Charleston, SC 29425 USA. Med Univ S Carolina, Dept Biometry & Epidemiol, Charleston, SC 29425 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Maize, JC (reprint author), Med Univ S Carolina, Dept Dermatol, 96 Jonathan Lucas,Suite 623, Charleston, SC 29425 USA. NR 22 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0193-1091 J9 AM J DERMATOPATH JI Am. J. Dermatopathol. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 23 IS 3 BP 176 EP 180 DI 10.1097/00000372-200106000-00002 PG 5 WC Dermatology SC Dermatology GA 438BY UT WOS:000169034900002 PM 11391095 ER PT J AU Brogan, DJ Denniston, MM Liff, JM Flagg, EW Coates, RJ Brinton, LA AF Brogan, DJ Denniston, MM Liff, JM Flagg, EW Coates, RJ Brinton, LA TI Comparison of telephone sampling and area sampling: Response rates and within-household coverage SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE case-control studies; data collection; epidemiologic methods; interviews; random digit dialing; sampling studies; selection bias ID DRUG-USE; INTERVIEW; SELECTION AB Random digit dialing is used frequently in epidemiologic case-control studies to select population-based controls, even when both cases and controls are interviewed face-to-face. However, concerns persist about the potential biases of random digit dialing, particularly given its generally lower response rates. In an Atlanta, Georgia, case-control study of breast cancer among women aged 20-54 years, all of whom were interviewed face-to-face, two statistically independent control groups were compared: those obtained through random digit dialing (n = 652) and those obtained through area probability sampling (n = 640). The household screening rate was significantly higher for the area sample, by 5.5%. interview response rates were comparable. The telephone sample estimated a significantly larger percentage (by approximately 7%) of households to have no age-eligible women. Both control groups, appropriately weighted, had characteristics similar to US Census demographic characteristics for Atlanta women, except that respondents in both control groups were more educated and more likely to be married. The authors conclude that households contacted through random digit dialing are somewhat less likely to participate in the household screening process, and if they are cooperative, some households may not disclose that age-eligible women reside therein. Investigators need to develop improved methods for screening and enumerating household members in random digit dialing surveys that target a specific subpopulation, such as women. C1 Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Biostat, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Amer Canc Soc, Behav Res Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Canc Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Brogan, DJ (reprint author), Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Biostat, 1518 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. EM dbrogan@sph.emory.edu RI Brinton, Louise/G-7486-2015 OI Brinton, Louise/0000-0003-3853-8562 FU NCI NIH HHS [N01-CP-95604] NR 36 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2001 VL 153 IS 11 BP 1119 EP 1127 DI 10.1093/aje/153.11.1119 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 437QL UT WOS:000169005000014 PM 11390332 ER PT J AU Adams, M Stroup, D Harris, J AF Adams, M Stroup, D Harris, J TI Incorporating evidence-based standards into surveillance systems for disease prevention and control. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. 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PD JUN 1 PY 2001 VL 153 IS 11 SU S MA 513 BP S146 EP S146 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 437RB UT WOS:000169006400499 ER PT J AU Botto, LD Mulinare, J Erickson, JD AF Botto, LD Mulinare, J Erickson, JD TI Maternal multivitamin use and omphalocele: A population-based study. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2001 VL 153 IS 11 SU S MA 585 BP S164 EP S164 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 437RB UT WOS:000169006400571 ER PT J AU Bulterys, M Palumbo, P Abrams, E Nesheim, S Vink, P Wiener, J AF Bulterys, M Palumbo, P Abrams, E Nesheim, S Vink, P Wiener, J TI Mother-to-infant transmission of HIV-1 despite antenatal, intrapartum and neonatal zidovudine prophylaxis: The Perinatal AIDS Collaborative Transmission Study. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2001 VL 153 IS 11 SU S MA 1021 BP S273 EP S273 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 437RB UT WOS:000169006400990 ER PT J AU Campagna, D Lawin, MD Sarasua, SM Mueller, PW AF Campagna, D Lawin, MD Sarasua, SM Mueller, PW TI Reference ranges for sensitive kidney biomarkers using an improved method to adjust for urine dilution among children and adults. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Agcy Tox Subst, Div Hlth Studies, Hlth Invest Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Dis Registry, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2001 VL 153 IS 11 SU S MA 644 BP S178 EP S178 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 437RB UT WOS:000169006400630 ER PT J AU Cannon, MJ Dollard, S Black, J Edlin, BR Jaffe, H Offerman, MK Spira, T Pellett, P Gunthel, C AF Cannon, MJ Dollard, S Black, J Edlin, BR Jaffe, H Offerman, MK Spira, T Pellett, P Gunthel, C TI Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) viremia is associated with new Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) lesions and extracutaneous KS. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Cannon, Michael/E-5894-2011 OI Cannon, Michael/0000-0001-5776-5010 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2001 VL 153 IS 11 SU S MA 414 BP S121 EP S121 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 437RB UT WOS:000169006400406 ER PT J AU Carreon, T Ruder, AM Schulte, PA Hayes, RB Rothman, N Lemasters, GK Grant, DJ Boissy, R Bell, DA Kadlubar, FF Hemstreet, GP Yin, S Li, G Feng, P AF Carreon, T Ruder, AM Schulte, PA Hayes, RB Rothman, N Lemasters, GK Grant, DJ Boissy, R Bell, DA Kadlubar, FF Hemstreet, GP Yin, S Li, G Feng, P TI Effect of metabolic polymorphisms on benzidine-induced bladder cancer in Chinese workers: A nested case-control study. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RI Carreon, Tania/A-6548-2008; Ruder, Avima/I-4155-2012 OI Ruder, Avima/0000-0003-0419-6664 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2001 VL 153 IS 11 SU S MA 728 BP S199 EP S199 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 437RB UT WOS:000169006400711 ER PT J AU Castrodale, L Beller, M AF Castrodale, L Beller, M TI Outbreak of botulism associated with fermented beaver - Alaska, 2001. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CDC, Anchorage, AK 99524 USA. Alaska Div Publ Hlth, Anchorage, AK 99524 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2001 VL 153 IS 11 SU S MA 1024 BP S273 EP S273 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 437RB UT WOS:000169006400993 ER PT J AU Chapin, JB Lee, LM Harris, NS AF Chapin, JB Lee, LM Harris, NS TI Frequency of Papanicolaou smears among HIV-infected women in the United States. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2001 VL 153 IS 11 SU S MA 923 BP S248 EP S248 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 437RB UT WOS:000169006400893 ER PT J AU Coates, R Chen, V Wu, XC AF Coates, R Chen, V Wu, XC TI Relations between reproductive history and breast cancer histologic characteristics. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2001 VL 153 IS 11 SU S MA 72 BP S35 EP S35 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 437RB UT WOS:000169006400070 ER PT J AU Coughlin, SS AF Coughlin, SS TI Ethics, values, and mission statements in epidemiology. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CDC, NCCDPHP, Div Canc Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2001 VL 153 IS 11 SU S MA 755 BP S206 EP S206 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 437RB UT WOS:000169006400734 ER PT J AU Curtis, KM Dietz, P Spitz, A Adams, M Koonin, L Morrow, B Strauss, L AF Curtis, KM Dietz, P Spitz, A Adams, M Koonin, L Morrow, B Strauss, L TI State-specific unintended pregnancy rates. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CDC, Div Reprod Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2001 VL 153 IS 11 SU S MA 565 BP S159 EP S159 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 437RB UT WOS:000169006400551 ER PT J AU Dong, M Olson, DR Kaufmann, RB Buchanan, SD AF Dong, M Olson, DR Kaufmann, RB Buchanan, SD TI Duration of elevated blood lead levels in children after screening. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CDC, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2001 VL 153 IS 11 SU S MA 611 BP S170 EP S170 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 437RB UT WOS:000169006400596 ER PT J AU Dowling, NF Austin, H Dilley, A Hooper, WC Beckman, MG Phillips, D Evatt, BL AF Dowling, NF Austin, H Dilley, A Hooper, WC Beckman, MG Phillips, D Evatt, BL TI The role of angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene polymorphisms and plasma levels in venous thromboembolism among African-American and Caucasian adults. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hematol Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2001 VL 153 IS 11 SU S MA 158 BP S57 EP S57 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 437RB UT WOS:000169006400154 ER PT J AU Gary, TL Narayan, KMV Gregg, EW Saaddine, JB AF Gary, TL Narayan, KMV Gregg, EW Saaddine, JB TI Racial differences in the health care experience of US adults with diabetes (coverage, utilization, and satisfaction): The behavioral risk factor surveillance system (BRFSS, 1999). SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Diabet Translat, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RI Narayan, K.M. Venkat /J-9819-2012 OI Narayan, K.M. Venkat /0000-0001-8621-5405 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2001 VL 153 IS 11 SU S MA 134 BP S51 EP S51 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 437RB UT WOS:000169006400131 ER PT J AU Hall, HI Jones, SE Saraiya, M AF Hall, HI Jones, SE Saraiya, M TI Prevalence and correlates of sunscreen use among US high school students. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2001 VL 153 IS 11 SU S MA 103 BP S43 EP S43 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 437RB UT WOS:000169006400098 ER PT J AU Hasbrouck, LM Taliano, JM Hirshon, JM Dannenberg, AL AF Hasbrouck, LM Taliano, JM Hirshon, JM Dannenberg, AL TI Trends in communication between epidemiology and clinical medicine,1983-1999: A citation analysis. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. 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PD JUN 1 PY 2001 VL 153 IS 11 SU S MA 670 BP S185 EP S185 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 437RB UT WOS:000169006400657 ER PT J AU Joskow, R AF Joskow, R TI Sudden unexplained illness and death in Haiti SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2001 VL 153 IS 11 SU S MA 1023 BP S273 EP S273 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 437RB UT WOS:000169006400991 ER PT J AU Kahn, HS Demerath, EW Roche, AF Li, J Siervogel, RM AF Kahn, HS Demerath, EW Roche, AF Li, J Siervogel, RM TI Can a fingerprint ridge-count difference predict adverse anthropometric indices in adulthood?. 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RI Tolbert, Paige/A-5676-2015 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2001 VL 153 IS 11 SU S MA 996 BP S266 EP S266 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 437RB UT WOS:000169006400965 ER PT J AU Kaiser, R Cardozo, BL Gotway, CA Agani, F AF Kaiser, R Cardozo, BL Gotway, CA Agani, F TI Feelings of hatred and revenge and posttraumatic stress disorder of Kosovar Albanians one year after the war in Kosovo. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2001 VL 153 IS 11 SU S MA 336 BP S101 EP S101 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 437RB UT WOS:000169006400329 ER PT J AU Keshavarz, H Hillis, S Kieke, BA AF Keshavarz, H Hillis, S Kieke, BA TI Hysterectomy surveillance, united states, 1994-1998. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CDC, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2001 VL 153 IS 11 SU S MA 491 BP S140 EP S140 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 437RB UT WOS:000169006400477 ER PT J AU Luman, ET Stokley, S Daniels, D Klevens, M AF Luman, ET Stokley, S Daniels, D Klevens, M TI Vaccination visitis in early childhood: Just one more visit to be fully vaccinated. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2001 VL 153 IS 11 SU S MA 684 BP S188 EP S188 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 437RB UT WOS:000169006400670 ER PT J AU Macera, CA Ham, SA AF Macera, CA Ham, SA TI Measuring physical activity in grows with low educational attainment. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2001 VL 153 IS 11 SU S MA 968 BP S259 EP S259 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 437RB UT WOS:000169006400937 ER PT J AU Mainzer, HM Birr, J Seys, SA Musgrave, KJ AF Mainzer, HM Birr, J Seys, SA Musgrave, KJ TI Responding to hepatitis A in Fremont County, Wyoming: Results of a public school-based vaccination program. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2001 VL 153 IS 11 SU S MA 625 BP S174 EP S174 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 437RB UT WOS:000169006400611 ER PT J AU Mosure, DJ Dicker, LW Levine, WC AF Mosure, DJ Dicker, LW Levine, WC TI Interpreting chlamydia surveillance trends: Adjusting for changes in laboratory test type. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2001 VL 153 IS 11 SU S MA 288 BP S89 EP S89 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 437RB UT WOS:000169006400281 ER PT J AU Myers, MF Li, Z Correa, A Li, S Berry, RJ AF Myers, MF Li, Z Correa, A Li, S Berry, RJ TI Prevention of birth defects with folic acid use - Sino-us NTD prevention project. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CDC, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2001 VL 153 IS 11 SU S MA 594 BP S166 EP S166 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 437RB UT WOS:000169006400581 ER PT J AU Nash, D Labowitz, A Maldin, B Martin, D Roehrig, J Campbell, G Layton, M AF Nash, D Labowitz, A Maldin, B Martin, D Roehrig, J Campbell, G Layton, M TI A 1-year follow-up study of New York City residents infected during a 1999 outbreak of West Nile viral disease. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2001 VL 153 IS 11 SU S MA 1022 BP S273 EP S273 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 437RB UT WOS:000169006400992 ER PT J AU Ni, H Simile, CM AF Ni, H Simile, CM TI Utilization of complementary and alternative medicine among US adults: Results from the 1999 National Health Interview Survey. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CDC, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20785 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2001 VL 153 IS 11 SU S MA 838 BP S227 EP S227 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 437RB UT WOS:000169006400813 ER PT J AU Ni, H Barnes, P Hardy, A AF Ni, H Barnes, P Hardy, A TI Recreational injury and its relation to socioeconomic status among US school-aged children. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CDC, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2001 VL 153 IS 11 SU S MA 211 BP S70 EP S70 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 437RB UT WOS:000169006400203 ER PT J AU Pastor, PN Reuben, CA Parker, JD AF Pastor, PN Reuben, CA Parker, JD TI Impact of race/ethnicity on attention deficit disorder and learning disability in US children. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2001 VL 153 IS 11 SU S MA 616 BP S171 EP S171 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 437RB UT WOS:000169006400602 ER PT J AU Pederson, LL Wortley, P Husten, C Trosclair, A AF Pederson, LL Wortley, P Husten, C Trosclair, A TI Characteristics of smokers who do not smoke every day - Someday smokers in the National Health Interview Survey. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Smoking & Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30034 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2001 VL 153 IS 11 SU S MA 904 BP S243 EP S243 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 437RB UT WOS:000169006400876 ER PT J AU Schulte, P Stayner, L Okun, A AF Schulte, P Stayner, L Okun, A TI Comparative epidemiology of two potential hazards: Threshold for public health action. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2001 VL 153 IS 11 SU S MA 1012 BP S270 EP S270 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 437RB UT WOS:000169006400981 ER PT J AU Siffel, C Correa, A Wong, LYC AF Siffel, C Correa, A Wong, LYC TI Developing methods for temporal-spatial analysis of birth defects. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2001 VL 153 IS 11 SU S MA 580 BP S162 EP S162 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 437RB UT WOS:000169006400566 ER PT J AU Steenland, K Deddens, JA Piacitelli, LA AF Steenland, K Deddens, JA Piacitelli, LA TI Risk assessment for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) based on an epidemiologic study. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2001 VL 153 IS 11 SU S MA 1013 BP S271 EP S271 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 437RB UT WOS:000169006400982 ER PT J AU Steenland, K Hu, SA Walker, JT AF Steenland, K Hu, SA Walker, JT TI Heart disease and cancer mortality by socioeconomic status among 232 million employed persons aged 35-64 from 1984-1997 in the US. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2001 VL 153 IS 11 SU S MA 170 BP S60 EP S60 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 437RB UT WOS:000169006400166 ER PT J AU Swahn, MH AF Swahn, MH TI Risk factors for physical fighting among adolescent drinkers. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2001 VL 153 IS 11 SU S MA 218 BP S72 EP S72 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 437RB UT WOS:000169006400212 ER PT J AU Thompson, WW Dembling, BP Weintraub, E McDowell, A Fukuda, K AF Thompson, WW Dembling, BP Weintraub, E McDowell, A Fukuda, K TI Influenza-attributable hospitalizations and deaths in persons with HIV. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Virginia, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2001 VL 153 IS 11 SU S MA 694 BP S191 EP S191 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 437RB UT WOS:000169006400681 ER PT J AU Warner, L Newman, D Kamb, M Zenilman, J Douglas, JM Bolan, G Rogers, J Rhodes, F Peterman, T AF Warner, L Newman, D Kamb, M Zenilman, J Douglas, JM Bolan, G Rogers, J Rhodes, F Peterman, T TI Case-crossover approach to reduce confounding in condom effectiveness studies SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2001 VL 153 IS 11 SU S MA 954 BP S256 EP S256 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 437RB UT WOS:000169006400924 ER PT J AU Watkins, M Honein, M Moore, C AF Watkins, M Honein, M Moore, C TI Maternal obesity and neural tube defects: A growing problem? SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2001 VL 153 IS 11 SU S MA 586 BP S164 EP S164 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 437RB UT WOS:000169006400573 ER PT J AU Wattigney, WA Mensah, GA Croft, JB AF Wattigney, WA Mensah, GA Croft, JB TI Atrial, fibrillation as a contributory cause of mortality: United States, 1980-1998. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2001 VL 153 IS 11 SU S MA 195 BP S66 EP S66 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 437RB UT WOS:000169006400188 ER PT J AU Williams, L Correa, A AF Williams, L Correa, A TI Spousal agreement on reported drug use during pregnancy. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2001 VL 153 IS 11 SU S MA 915 BP S246 EP S246 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 437RB UT WOS:000169006400885 ER PT J AU Williams, L Liu, Y Correa, A AF Williams, L Liu, Y Correa, A TI Parental prenatal use of cocaine and marijuana and risk for ventricular septal defects. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2001 VL 153 IS 11 SU S MA 592 BP S165 EP S165 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 437RB UT WOS:000169006400578 ER PT J AU Yang, QH Khoury, MJ Friedman, JM Flanders, WD AF Yang, QH Khoury, MJ Friedman, JM Flanders, WD TI On the use of population attributable fraction to estimate sample size required in case-control study of gene-environment interaction. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN 1 PY 2001 VL 153 IS 11 SU S MA 274 BP S86 EP S86 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 437RB UT WOS:000169006400268 ER PT J AU Miller, CH Dilley, A Richardson, L Hooper, WC Evatt, BL AF Miller, CH Dilley, A Richardson, L Hooper, WC Evatt, BL TI Population differences in von Willebrand factor levels affect the diagnosis of von Willebrand disease in African-American women SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE von Willebrand disease; race; ABO blood type; factor VIII; menorrhagia ID FACTOR-VIII; VONWILLEBRAND DISEASE; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODY; RISTOCETIN COFACTOR; VENOUS THROMBOSIS; BLOOD-GROUP; THROMBOEMBOLISM; PREVALENCE; ASSAY; RISK AB Diagnosis of von Willebrand disease (vWD) is based on a panel of laboratory tests that measure the amount and function of von Willebrand factor (vWF), In population studies, vWF is higher in African Americans than Caucasians. Bleeding time, factor VIII activity (FVIII), vWF antigen (vWF:Ag), "vWF activity" ELISA (vWF:Act), ristocetin cofactor (vWF:RCof), and ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation (RIPA) were measured on 123 women with menorrhagia and 123 randomly selected control women; 70 cases and 75 controls were African American. Among controls, African Americans had significantly higher levels of vWF:Ag (mean 120 vs. 102 U/dl, P = 0.017). Among all subjects, African Americans had higher levels of vWF:Ag (mean 123 vs, 103, P = 0.001), vWF:Act (mean 101 vs, 89, P = 0.006), and FVIII (mean 118 vs, 104, P = 0.006). vWF:RCof did not differ between races (93 vs, 94 U/dl), RIPA was reduced in African Americans (P < 0.0001). In both races, women with type O blood differed significantly from those with other ABO types in vWF:Ag, vWF:Act, FVIII, and vWF:RCof. Based on criteria of two or more tests below race- and ABO-specific reference ranges, 6.5% of menorrhagia cases and 0.8% of controls were classified as having vWD, or its phenocopy. Among Caucasians, no controls and 7 cases (15.6%) were classified as affected, and in African Americans, 1 control(1.3%) and 1 case (1.4%) were so classified. Racial differences in vWF further complicate the issues surrounding diagnosis of vWD. The finding of increased vWF:Ag not accompanied by increased vWF:RCof has implications for understanding the structure-function relationships of vWF. Am. J. Hematol. 67:125-129, 2001. Published 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hematol Dis Branch, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Miller, CH (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hematol Dis Branch, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. OI Buchman, Timothy/0000-0001-7350-5921 NR 25 TC 47 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 2 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0361-8609 J9 AM J HEMATOL JI Am. J. Hematol. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 67 IS 2 BP 125 EP 129 DI 10.1002/ajh.1090 PG 5 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA 431ZC UT WOS:000168660800009 PM 11343385 ER PT J AU Brandt, VA Moon, S Ehlers, J Methner, MM Struttmann, T AF Brandt, VA Moon, S Ehlers, J Methner, MM Struttmann, T TI Exposure to endosulfan in farmers: Two case studies SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE endosulfan; pesticide; poisoning; agriculture; protective equipment; public health AB Background Endosulfan is not a restricted use organochlorine insecticide and is currently under re-registration review. In 1993, one confirmed case and one possible case of endosulfan poisoning in agricultural workers occurred in two southeastern states. Methods Two cases of suspected endosulfan poisoning were investigated utilizing record reviews, blood samples, a site visit, and clothing analysis. Results Case 1 was fatal; Case 2 resulted in permanent neurological impairment. Additionally, Case I mixed and applied two less toxic pesticides, acephate and maleic hydrazide to tobacco plants. Both farm owners had ample opportunity for endosulfan exposure while mixing concentrated endosulfan with water and applying the solution to tobacco with boom sprayers pulled by tractors, Conclusions Estimates of the absorbed dose of endosulfan were nor available because methods to determine actual personal exposure that would be found in fat or tissue samples were not used Health and safety issues associated with endosulfan require a closer examination. A cooperative multi-disciplinary approach to providing timely accurate education is needed to prevent pesticide poisonings. Am. J. Ind. Med. 39:643-649, 2001. (C) 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Univ Kentucky, Kentucky Injury Prevent & Res Ctr, Occupat Injury Prevent Program, Lexington, KY USA. Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Durham, NC USA. NIOSH, Surveillance Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Univ Kentucky, SE Ctr Agr Hlth & Injury Prevent, Lexington, KY USA. RP Brandt, VA (reprint author), Community Partners Healthy Farming Project, 745 Shaker Mill Rd, Bowling Green, KY 42103 USA. NR 22 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 6 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0271-3586 J9 AM J IND MED JI Am. J. Ind. Med. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 39 IS 6 BP 643 EP 649 DI 10.1002/ajim.1064 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 438DF UT WOS:000169037900013 PM 11385649 ER PT J AU Girouard, S Levine, G Goodrich, K Jones, S Keyserling, H Rathore, M Rubens, C Williams, E Jarvis, W AF Girouard, S Levine, G Goodrich, K Jones, S Keyserling, H Rathore, M Rubens, C Williams, E Jarvis, W TI Infection control programs at children's hospitals: A description of structures and processes SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INFECTION CONTROL LA English DT Article ID NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS; PEDIATRIC-PATIENTS; SURVEILLANCE; EPIDEMIOLOGY AB Background: Infection control (IC) structures and processes determine the effectiveness of surveillance efforts to prevent infections in health care settings. Methods: A survey was sent to 56 children's hospitals collaborating in the Pediatric Prevention Network (PPN). Results: Completed surveys were returned from 48 hospitals. Responsibility for the IC program resided with the medical director (21%); vice president for patient care (18%); quality improvement director (17%); other senior hospital administrator (15%); or other hospital personnel (18%). Forty-two hospitals had an IC committee; 32 had antimicrobial restriction/control policies; and 21 had an antimicrobial restriction/control task force or committee. Components of antimicrobial restriction programs included infectious disease specialist approval, restricted formularies, selective susceptibility test reporting, and staff education programs. Many methods were used to detect infections, including microbiology laboratory reports (100%); record reviews (98%); informal reports from providers (90%); and readmission reviews (77%). Conclusions: Children's hospitals vary widely in how they design and implement their IC functions. These variations influence adverse event detection and nosocomial infection rate calculations. If medical errors, including nosocomial infections, are to be detected and hospital rates compared, standardized methods to collect, analyze, and report data are needed. The PPN has initiated activities to standardize surveillance and IC practices in participating hospitals. C1 Natl Assoc Childrens Hosp & Related Inst, Alexandria, VA 22314 USA. Childrens Hosp & Med Ctr, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. Childrens Healthcare Atlanta, Atlanta, GA USA. Wolfson Childrens Hosp, Jacksonville, FL USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Levine, G (reprint author), Natl Assoc Childrens Hosp & Related Inst, 401 Wythe St, Alexandria, VA 22314 USA. NR 10 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU MOSBY, INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0196-6553 J9 AM J INFECT CONTROL JI Am. J. Infect. Control PD JUN PY 2001 VL 29 IS 3 BP 145 EP 151 DI 10.1067/mic.2001.115406 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 440XC UT WOS:000169201100003 PM 11391275 ER PT J AU Stover, BH Shulman, ST Bratcher, DF Brady, MT Levine, GL Jarvis, WR AF Stover, BH Shulman, ST Bratcher, DF Brady, MT Levine, GL Jarvis, WR CA Pediat Prevention Network TI Nosocomial infection rates in US children's hospitals' neonatal and pediatric intensive care units SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INFECTION CONTROL LA English DT Article AB Background: Few data are available on nosocomial infections (NIs) in US children's hospitals' neonatal or pediatric intensive care units. The Pediatric Prevention Network (PPN) was established to improve characterization of NIs in pediatric patients and to develop and test interventions to decrease NI. Methods: Fifty participating children's hospitals were surveyed in 1998 to determine NI surveillance methods used and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) 1997 NI rates. Data were collected on standardized forms and entered and analyzed by using SPSS for Windows. Restults: Forty-three (86%) children's hospitals returned a completed questionnaire. All reported conducting NICU and PICU NI surveillance (range, 2-12; median, 12 months). Nineteen children's hospitals provided NICU NI rate data in one or more formats suitable for comparison. Denominators used for NICU NI rate calculations varied: 17 reported overall NI by patient-days; 19 reported bloodstream infection (BSI) by central venous catheter (CVC)-days, and 8 reported BSI by patient-days. Sixteen (16) children's hospitals reported NICU BSI data stratified by CVC-days and birth-weight cohort, and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) by birth weight cohort was reported by 12. Twenty-four children's hospitals reported PICU NI rate data in one or more formats suitable for comparison. Denominators used for PICU NI rate calculations also varied: 20 reported overall NI rates by patient-days: 23 reported BSI rates by CVC-days, and 10 reported BSI rates by patient-days; 24 reported VAP by ventilator-days; and 15 reported urinary tract infections (UTIs) by urinary catheter-days. Median overall NI rates per 1000 patient days were 8.9 in NICUs and 13.9 in PICUs. Median NICU NI device-associated rates by birth weight (> 2500 g, 1501-2500 g, 1001-1500 g, and less than or equal to 1000 gi were BSI 4.4, 4.7, 8.9, and 12.6, and VAP 0.9, 1.1, 4.9, and 3.5, respectively. Median PICU NI rates per 1000 device days were 6.5 for BSI, 3.7 for VAP; and 5.4 for UTI. Conclusions: The number of months that NICU or PICU NI surveillance was conducted varied among hospitals. Reported NICU and PICU NI rates varied by hospital; some reported overall NI rates, and others focused on one or more particular sites of infection leg, BSI or pneumonia). Many did not provide NICU device-associated rates stratified by birth-weight group. Denominators used to calculate device-associated infection rates also varied, with hospitals reporting either patient-days or device-days. These findings suggest the need to determine reasons for variations and to identify optimal M surveillance methods at children's hospitals so that valid interhospital NI rate comparisons can be made. C1 Kosair Childrens Hosp, Louisville, KY 40202 USA. Childrens Mem Hosp, Chicago, IL 60614 USA. Northwestern Univ, Sch Med, Chicago, IL USA. Childrens Mercy Hosp, Kansas City, MO 64108 USA. Univ Missouri, Sch Med, Kansas City, MO 64108 USA. Columbus Childrens Hosp, Columbus, OH USA. Ohio State Univ, Sch Med, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Natl Assoc Childrens Hosp & Related Inst, Alexandria, VA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Stover, BH (reprint author), Kosair Childrens Hosp, 231 E Chestnut St, Louisville, KY 40202 USA. NR 12 TC 99 Z9 109 U1 0 U2 2 PU MOSBY, INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0196-6553 J9 AM J INFECT CONTROL JI Am. J. Infect. Control PD JUN PY 2001 VL 29 IS 3 BP 152 EP 157 DI 10.1067/mic.2001.115407 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 440XC UT WOS:000169201100004 PM 11391276 ER PT J AU Girouard, S Levine, G Goodrich, K Jones, S Keyserling, H Rathore, M Rubens, C Williams, E Jarvis, W AF Girouard, S Levine, G Goodrich, K Jones, S Keyserling, H Rathore, M Rubens, C Williams, E Jarvis, W TI Pediatric Prevention Network: A multicenter collaboration to improve health care outcomes SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INFECTION CONTROL LA English DT Article ID NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS; UNITS AB Nosocomial infections and antimicrobial resistance are major causes of mortality and morbidity and have become a major public health focus. To date, most national and international nosocomial infection surveillance and prevention activities have been focused on adults, despite the fact that pediatric patients are at high risk for nosocomial infections because of their immature immune systems and prevalent device usage. In 1997 the Hospital Infections Program at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the National Association of Children's Hospitals and Related Institutions partnered to establish a Pediatric Prevention Network. Infection control professionals and their hospital administrators at all children's hospitals were invited to participate. The objectives of the network are to establish baseline infection rates; design, implement, and evaluate prevention interventions establish benchmark rates and best practices; and serve as a site for multicenter studies to improve outcomes for hospitalized children. This network serves as a model for quality improvement systems in health care. C1 Natl Assoc Childrens Hosp & Related Inst, Alexandria, VA 22314 USA. Childrens Hosp & Med Ctr, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. Childrens Healthcare Atlanta, Atlanta, GA USA. Wolfson Childrens Hosp, Jacksonville, FL USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Levine, G (reprint author), Natl Assoc Childrens Hosp & Related Inst, 401 Wythe St, Alexandria, VA 22314 USA. NR 8 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU MOSBY, INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0196-6553 J9 AM J INFECT CONTROL JI Am. J. Infect. Control PD JUN PY 2001 VL 29 IS 3 BP 158 EP 161 DI 10.1067/mic.2001.115405 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 440XC UT WOS:000169201100005 PM 11391277 ER PT J AU Tokars, JI Light, P Anderson, J Miller, ER Parrish, J Armistead, N Jarvis, WR Gehr, T AF Tokars, JI Light, P Anderson, J Miller, ER Parrish, J Armistead, N Jarvis, WR Gehr, T TI A prospective study of vascular access infections at seven outpatient hemodialysis centers SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF KIDNEY DISEASES LA English DT Article DE vascular access infections; bacteremia; infection rates; antimicrobial resistance; hemodialysis; end-stage renal disease ID VANCOMYCIN-RESISTANT ENTEROCOCCI; RISK-FACTORS; SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM; UNITED-STATES; SEPTICEMIA; BACTEREMIA; DISEASES AB Vascular access infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in hemodialysis patients, and the use of antimicrobials to treat such infections contributes to the emergence and spread of anti microbial-resistant bacteria. To determine the incidence of and risk factors for vascular access infections, we studied hemodialysis patients at 7 outpatient dialysis centers (4 in Richmond, VA, and 3 in Baltimore, MD) during December 1997 to July 1998. Vascular access infections were defined as local signs (pus or redness) at the vascular access site or a positive blood culture with no known source other than the vascular access; and hospitalization or receipt of an intravenous (IV) antimicrobial. A total of 796 patients were followed for 4,134 patient-months. The vascular access infection rate was 3.5/100 patient-months, ie, patients had a 3.5% risk of infection each month. Independent risk factors were the specific dialysis unit where the patient was treated (relative hazard varying from 1.0 to 4.1 among the 7 centers), catheter access (relative hazard, 2.1 v implanted access), albumin level (relative hazard, 2.4 for lowest v highest quartile), urea reduction ratio (relative hazard, 2.2 for lowest v highest quartile), and hospitalizations during the previous 90 days (relative hazard, 4.9 for greater than or equal to6 v zero hospitalizations). These data confirm that vascular access infections are common in hemodialysis patients and that infection rates differ substantially among different centers. Catheter use should be minimized to reduce these infections. Additionally, the possibility that improved serum albumin and urea reduction ratio could reduce vascular access infections should be evaluated. (C) 2001 by the National Kidney Foundation, Inc. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Nephrol, Baltimore, MD USA. Johns Hopkins Med Inst, Div Renal Med, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Mid Atlantic Renal Coalit, Richmond, VA USA. Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Div Nephrol, Richmond, VA USA. RP Tokars, JI (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS E-69, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 29 TC 54 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 1 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0272-6386 J9 AM J KIDNEY DIS JI Am. J. Kidney Dis. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 37 IS 6 BP 1232 EP 1240 DI 10.1053/ajkd.2001.24527 PG 9 WC Urology & Nephrology SC Urology & Nephrology GA 450EW UT WOS:000169729400018 PM 11382693 ER PT J AU Wolitski, RJ Valdiserri, RO Denning, PH Levine, WC AF Wolitski, RJ Valdiserri, RO Denning, PH Levine, WC TI Are we headed for a resurgence of the HIV epidemic among men who have sex with men? SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Review ID AIDS-PREVENTIVE BEHAVIOR; AFRICAN-AMERICAN MEN; GAY MEN; BISEXUAL MEN; HOMOSEXUAL MEN; UNITED-STATES; RISK BEHAVIOR; SAN-FRANCISCO; ANAL SEX; POSTEXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS AB HIV remains a critical health issue for men who have sex with men (MSM). In the United States, an estimated 365 000 to 535 000 MSM are living with HIV and 42% of new HIV infections occur in this population. Recent data on sexually transmitted diseases and on sexual behavior indicate the potential for a resurgence in HIV infections among MSM. Outbreaks of gonorrhea and syphilis have been reported in a growing number of cities, and several studies have observed an increase in unprotected anal intercourse among MSM. These increases in HIV risk behavior may be attributed to several factors that have affected the sexual practices of MSM, including changes in beliefs regarding the severity of HIV disease. These emerging data have implications for surveillance and intervention research activities and indicate a need to reevaluate, refocus, and reinvigorate HIV prevention efforts for MSM. Our recommendations for addressing the HIV prevention needs of MSM include the need to consider HIV-related issues within the broader context of the physical, mental, and sexual health of MSM. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Off Commun, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Wolitski, RJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Off Commun, Mail Stop E-06, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Wolitski, Richard/B-2323-2008 NR 119 TC 201 Z9 206 U1 5 U2 13 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD JUN PY 2001 VL 91 IS 6 BP 883 EP 888 DI 10.2105/AJPH.91.6.883 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 461BQ UT WOS:000170345400009 PM 11392927 ER PT J AU Catania, JA Osmond, D Stall, RD Pollack, L Paul, JP Blower, S Binson, D Canchola, JA Mills, TC Fisher, L Choi, KH Porco, T Turner, C Blair, J Henne, J Bye, LL Coates, TJ AF Catania, JA Osmond, D Stall, RD Pollack, L Paul, JP Blower, S Binson, D Canchola, JA Mills, TC Fisher, L Choi, KH Porco, T Turner, C Blair, J Henne, J Bye, LL Coates, TJ TI The continuing HIV epidemic among men who have sex with men SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; HOMOSEXUAL BISEXUAL MEN; SAN-FRANCISCO; UNITED-STATES; NATIONAL-HEALTH; AIDS INCIDENCE; RISK; PREVALENCE; INFECTION; RATES AB Objectives. This study characterized the AIDS epidemic among urban men who have sex with men (MSM). Methods. A probability sample of MSM was obtained in 1997 (n = 2881; 18 years and older) from New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, and San Francisco, and HIV status was determined through self-report and biological measures. Results. HIV prevalence was 17% (95% confidence interval = 15%, 19%) overall, with-extremely high levels in African Americans (29%), MSM who used injection drugs (40%), "ultraheavy" noninjection drug users (32%), and less educated men (< high school, 37%). City-level HIV differences were nonsignificant once these other factors were controlled for. In comparing the present findings with historical data based on public records and modeling, HIV prevalence appears to have declined as a result of high mortality (69%) and stable, but high, incidence rates (1% 2%). Conclusions. Although the findings suggest that HIV prevalence has declined significantly from the mid-1980s, current levels among urban MSM in the United States approximate those of sub-Saharan countries (e.g., 14%-25%) and are extremely high in many population subsegments. Despite years of progress, the AIDS epidemic continues unabated among subsegments of the MSM community. C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Ctr AIDS Prevent Studies, San Francisco, CA 94105 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA. Dept Publ Hlth, San Francisco, CA USA. Res Triangle Inst, Washington, DC USA. Univ Maryland, Survey Res Ctr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Survey Methods Grp, San Francisco, CA USA. RP Catania, JA (reprint author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Ctr AIDS Prevent Studies, 74 New Montgomery,Suite 600, San Francisco, CA 94105 USA. FU NIMH NIH HHS [MH54320] NR 50 TC 222 Z9 233 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD JUN PY 2001 VL 91 IS 6 BP 907 EP 914 DI 10.2105/AJPH.91.6.907 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 461BQ UT WOS:000170345400019 PM 11392933 ER PT J AU Mansergh, G Colfax, GN Marks, G Rader, M Guzman, R Buchbinder, S AF Mansergh, G Colfax, GN Marks, G Rader, M Guzman, R Buchbinder, S TI The Circuit Party Men's Health Survey: Findings and implications for gay and bisexual men SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID RISK; PARTNERS; BEHAVIOR; INTERVENTION; REDUCTION; PEOPLE; SEX AB Objectives. This study examined characteristics of gay and bisexual men who attend circuit parties, frequency of and motivations for attending parties, drug use and sexual behavior during circuit party weekends, and use of risk reduction materials available at parties. Methods. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 295 gay and bisexual men from the San Francisco Bay Area who had attended a circuit party in the previous year. Results. One fourth of the men reported a drug "overuse" incident in the previous year. Nearly all respondents reported use of drugs during circuit party weekends, including ecstasy (75%), ketamine (58%). crystal methamphetamine (36%), gamma hydroxybutyrate or gamma butyrolactone (25%), and Viagra (12%). Two thirds of the men reported having sex (oral or anal), 49% reported having anal sex, and 28% reported having unprotected anal sex during the 3-day period. An association was found between use of drugs and sexual risk behavior. Prevention materials were observed at party events by some men; however, relatively few men used the materials. Common motivations for attending the parties were "to listen to music and dance" and "to be with friends." Conclusions. Intensive, targeted health promotion efforts are needed for gay and bisexual men who attend circuit parties. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Dept Publ Hlth, HIV Res Branch, San Francisco, CA USA. RP Mansergh, G (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, 167600 Clifton Rd,Mail Stop E-45, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 31 TC 184 Z9 190 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD JUN PY 2001 VL 91 IS 6 BP 953 EP 958 DI 10.2105/AJPH.91.6.953 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 461BQ UT WOS:000170345400026 PM 11392940 ER PT J AU Fox, KK del Rio, C Holmes, KK Hook, EW Judson, FN Knapp, JS Procop, GW Wang, SA Whittington, WLH Levine, WC AF Fox, KK del Rio, C Holmes, KK Hook, EW Judson, FN Knapp, JS Procop, GW Wang, SA Whittington, WLH Levine, WC TI Gonorrhea in the HIV era: A reversal in trends among men who have sex with men SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID GAY MEN; NEISSERIA-GONORRHOEAE; HOMOSEXUAL MEN; SAN-FRANCISCO; ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE; UNITED-STATES; BISEXUAL MEN; RISK; AIDS; TRANSMISSION AB Objectives. Gonorrhea cases among men who have sex with men (MSM) declined in the early years of the HIV epidemic. We evaluated more recent trends in gonorrhea among MSM through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project. Methods. Isolates and case information were collected from 29 US sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics. Gonococcal urethritis cases among MSM were compared with those among heterosexual men, and cases among MSM in 1995 to 1999 were compared with earlier MSM cases. Results. Of 34 942 cases, the proportion represented by MSM increased from 4.5% in 1992 to 13.2% in 1999 (P < .001). Compared with heterosexuals, MSM were older, more often White, and more often had had gonorrhea previously, although fewer had had gonorrhea in the past year. MSM with gonorrhea in 1995 to 1999 were slightly older than those with gonorrhea in 1992 to 1994, and a higher proportion had had gonorrhea in the past year. Conclusions. MSM account for an increasing proportion of gonococcal urethritis cases in STD clinics. Given recent evidence that gonorrhea may facilitate HIV transmission, these trends demand increased attention to safe sexual behaviors and reducing STDs among MSM. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div STD Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Emory Univ, Dept Med, Div Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Univ Washington, Ctr AIDS & STD, Div Infect Dis, Seattle, WA USA. Univ Alabama, Div Infect Dis, Birmingham, AL USA. Jefferson Cty Dept Hlth, Birmingham, AL USA. Denver Publ Hlth, Denver, CO USA. Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Med, Denver, CO 80262 USA. Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Prevent Med, Denver, CO USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Cleveland Clin Fdn, Dept Clin Pathol, Clin Microbiol Sect, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA. RP Fox, KK (reprint author), CDC, Epidemiol & Surveillance Branch, DSTDP, NCHSTP, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,MS E-02, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI del Rio, Carlos/B-3763-2012 OI del Rio, Carlos/0000-0002-0153-3517 NR 28 TC 88 Z9 88 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD JUN PY 2001 VL 91 IS 6 BP 959 EP 964 DI 10.2105/AJPH.91.6.959 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 461BQ UT WOS:000170345400027 PM 11392941 ER PT J AU MacKellar, DA Valleroy, LA Secura, GM McFarland, W Shehan, D Ford, W LaLota, M Celentano, DD Koblin, BA Torian, LV Thiede, H Janssen, RS AF MacKellar, DA Valleroy, LA Secura, GM McFarland, W Shehan, D Ford, W LaLota, M Celentano, DD Koblin, BA Torian, LV Thiede, H Janssen, RS CA Young Mens Survey Study Grp TI Two decades after vaccine license: Hepatitis B immunization and infection among young men who have sex with men SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID NUTRITION EXAMINATION SURVEYS; HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; UNITED-STATES; HOMOSEXUAL MEN; RISK-FACTORS; NATIONAL-HEALTH; BISEXUAL MEN; TRANSMISSION; PREVALENCE; GAY AB Objectives. This study investigated hepatitis B immunization coverage and the extent of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection among young men who have sex with men (MSM), a group for whom hepatitis B vaccine has been recommended since 1982. Methods. We analyzed data from 3432 MSM, aged 15 to 22 years, randomly sampled at 194 gay-identified venues in 7 US metropolitan areas from 1994 through 1998. Participants were interviewed counseled, and tested for serologic markers of HBV infection. Results. Immunization coverage was 9% and the prevalence of markers of HBV infection was 11%. HBV infection ranged from 2% among 15-year-olds to 17% among 22-year-olds. Among participants susceptible to HBV infection, 96% used a regular source of health care or accessed the health care system for HIV or sexually transmitted disease testing. Conclusions. Despite the availability of an effective vaccine for nearly 2 decades, our findings suggest that few adolescent and young adult MSM in the United States are vaccinated against hepatitis B. Health care providers should intensify their efforts to identify and vaccinate young MSM who are susceptible to HBV. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Reprint Serv, Off Commun,NCHSTP, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Dept Publ Hlth, San Francisco, CA USA. Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Dallas, TX USA. Dept Hlth Serv, Los Angeles, CA USA. Dept Hlth, Tallahassee, FL USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Baltimore, MD USA. New York Blood Ctr, New York, NY 10021 USA. New York City Dept Hlth, New York, NY 10013 USA. Seattle King Cty Dept Publ Hlth, Seattle, WA USA. RP MacKellar, DA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Reprint Serv, Off Commun,NCHSTP, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Mail Stop E-06,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 55 TC 87 Z9 94 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD JUN PY 2001 VL 91 IS 6 BP 965 EP 971 DI 10.2105/AJPH.91.6.965 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 461BQ UT WOS:000170345400028 PM 11392942 ER PT J AU Mills, TC Stall, R Pollack, L Paul, JP Binson, D Canchola, J Catania, JA AF Mills, TC Stall, R Pollack, L Paul, JP Binson, D Canchola, J Catania, JA TI Health-related characteristics of men who have sex with men: A comparison of those living in "gay ghettos" with those living elsewhere SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID PREVALENCE; INFECTION; RISK AB Objectives This study investigated the limitations of probability samples of men who have sex with men (MSM), limited to single cities and to the areas of highest concentrations of MSM ("gay ghettos"). Methods. A probability sample of 2881 MSM in 4 American cities completed interviews by telephone. Results MSM who resided in ghettos differed from other MSM, although in different ways in each city Non-ghetto-dwelling MSM were less involved in the gay and lesbian community. They were also less likely to have only male sexual partners, to identify as gay, and to have been tested for HIV. Conclusions These differences between MSM who live in gay ghettos and those who live elsewhere have clear implications fbr HIV prevention efforts and health care planning. C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Psychiat, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Ctr AIDS Prevent Studies, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, AIDS Res Inst, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. RP Stall, R (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Behav Intervent Res Branch, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mail Stop E-37, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. FU NIMH NIH HHS [MH54320] NR 17 TC 67 Z9 67 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD JUN PY 2001 VL 91 IS 6 BP 980 EP 983 DI 10.2105/AJPH.91.6.980 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 461BQ UT WOS:000170345400031 PM 11392945 ER PT J AU Trick, WE Weinstein, RA AF Trick, WE Weinstein, RA TI Intravascular catheter use - How to tell when the medicine is worse than the malady SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Editorial Material ID BLOOD-STREAM INFECTIONS; CRITICALLY ILL PATIENTS; ATTRIBUTABLE MORTALITY; COSTS C1 Ctr Dis Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Cook Cty Hosp, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. Rush Med Coll, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. RP Trick, WE (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER THORACIC SOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019-4374 USA SN 1073-449X J9 AM J RESP CRIT CARE JI Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 163 IS 7 BP 1515 EP 1516 PG 2 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA 443JE UT WOS:000169337400003 PM 11401863 ER PT J AU Vafai, A Berger, M AF Vafai, A Berger, M TI Zoster in patients infected with HIV: A review SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF THE MEDICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE HIV; AIDS; varicella-zoster virus; chickenpox; shingles; zoster; herpes tester ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; DISSEMINATED HERPES-ZOSTER; CHRONIC VARICELLA-ZOSTER; OUTER RETINAL NECROSIS; CENTRAL-NERVOUS-SYSTEM; POSTHERPETIC NEURALGIA; IMMUNOCOMPROMISED PATIENT; CEREBROSPINAL-FLUID; CEREBRAL VASCULITIS; AFRICAN PATIENTS AB Varicella-zoster virus (VZV), a member of the human herpesvirus family, causes childhood chickenpox (varicella), becomes latent in sensory ganglia, and reactivates years later in immunocompromised and elderly persons to produce shingles (herpes tester). Early in the AIDS epidemic, tester was noted in adults and children infected with HIV. Severe and debilitating zoster-associated dermatological, ophthalmic, and neurological complications may occur in patients infected with HIV. Antiviral therapy can modify the duration of tester and alleviate its attendant complications. Varicella vaccine may boost the immunity and prevent virus reactivation. VZV immune globulin (VZIG) prevents or modifies clinical illness in persons who have been exposed to varicella or tester. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Vafai, A (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, D-34,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 88 TC 39 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0002-9629 J9 AM J MED SCI JI Am. J. Med. Sci. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 321 IS 6 BP 372 EP 380 DI 10.1097/00000441-200106000-00003 PG 9 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 440JR UT WOS:000169172600003 PM 11417752 ER PT J AU Sauer, SW Keim, ME AF Sauer, SW Keim, ME TI Hydroxocobalamin: Improved public health readiness for cyanide disasters SO ANNALS OF EMERGENCY MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID SMOKE-INHALATION VICTIMS; CARBON-MONOXIDE; CONSCIOUS DOGS; ANTIDOTES; HOSPITALS; PHARMACOKINETICS; CYANOCOBALAMIN; EMERGENCY; TOXICITY; HYDROXYCOBALAMIN AB The United Stales is under the constant threat of a mass casualty cyanide disaster from industrial accidents, hazardous material transportation incidents, and deliberate terrorist attacks. The current readiness for cyanide disaster by the emergency medical system in the United States is abysmal. We, as a nation, are simply not prepared for a significant cyanide-related event. The standard of care for cyanide intoxication is the cyanide antidote kit, which is based on the use of nitrites to induce methemoglobinemia. This kit is both expensive and ill suited for out-of-hospital use. It also has its own inherent toxicity that prevents rapid administration. Furthermore, our hospitals frequently fail to stock this life-saving antidote or decline to stock more than one. Hydroxocobalamin is well recognized as an efficacious, safe, and easily administered cyanide antidote. Because of its extremely low adverse effect profile, it is ideal for out-of-hospital use in suspected cyanide intoxication. To effectively prepare for a cyanide disaster, the United States must investigate, adopt, manufacture, and stockpile hydroxocobalamin to prevent needless morbidity and mortality. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Emergency Med, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Hawaii Manoa, USA, Med Corps, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Hawaii Manoa, Sch Publ Hlth, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Keim, ME (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, 4770 Buford Highway,MS-F38, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 53 TC 55 Z9 57 U1 1 U2 4 PU MOSBY, INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0196-0644 J9 ANN EMERG MED JI Ann. Emerg. Med. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 37 IS 6 BP 635 EP 641 DI 10.1067/mem.2001.114315 PG 7 WC Emergency Medicine SC Emergency Medicine GA 438UE UT WOS:000169072000011 PM 11385334 ER PT J AU Pesik, N Keim, ME Iserson, KV AF Pesik, N Keim, ME Iserson, KV TI Terrorism and the ethics of emergency medical care SO ANNALS OF EMERGENCY MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID BIOLOGICAL TERRORISM; BIOTERRORISM; WEAPONS; THREAT; HEALTH AB The threat of domestic and international terrorism involving weapons of mass destruction-terrorism (WMD-T) has become an increasing public health concern for US citizens. WMD-T events may have a major effect on many societal sectors but particularly on the health care delivery system. Anticipated medical problems might include the need for large quantities of medical equipment and supplies, as well as capable and unaffected health care providers. In the setting of WMD-T, triage may bear little resemblance to the standard approach to civilian triage. To address these issues to the maximum benefit of our patients, we must first develop collective forethought and a broad-based consensus that these decisions must reach beyond the hospital emergency department. Critical decisions like these should not be made on an individual case-by-case basis. Physicians should never be placed in a position of individually deciding to deny treatment to patients without the guidance of a policy or protocol. Emergency physicians, however, may easily find themselves in a situation in which the demand for resources clearly exceeds supply. It is far this reason that emergency care providers, personnel, hospital administrators, religious leaders, and medical ethics committees need to engage in bioethical decisionmaking before an acute bioterrorist event. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Univ Arizona, Coll Med, Arizona Bioeth Program, Tucson, AZ USA. Emory Univ, Dept Emergency Med, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RP Keim, ME (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, 4770 Buford Highway,MS-F38, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 24 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 3 PU MOSBY, INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0196-0644 J9 ANN EMERG MED JI Ann. Emerg. Med. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 37 IS 6 BP 642 EP 646 DI 10.1067/mem.2001.114316 PG 5 WC Emergency Medicine SC Emergency Medicine GA 438UE UT WOS:000169072000012 PM 11385335 ER PT J AU Gonzales, R Bartlett, JG Besser, RE Cooper, RJ Hickner, JM Hoffman, JR Sande, MA AF Gonzales, R Bartlett, JG Besser, RE Cooper, RJ Hickner, JM Hoffman, JR Sande, MA TI Principles of appropriate antibiotic use for treatment of acute respiratory tract infections in adults: Background, specific aims, and methods (Reprinted from Annals Internal Med, March 20, 2001) SO ANNALS OF EMERGENCY MEDICINE LA English DT Reprint ID RESISTANT STREPTOCOCCUS-PNEUMONIAE; CLINICAL-PRACTICE GUIDELINES; DAY-CARE-CENTER; MEDICAL LITERATURE; PNEUMOCOCCAL PNEUMONIA; UNITED-STATES; RISK-FACTORS; PENICILLIN; MENINGITIS; CHILDREN AB The need to decrease excess antibiotic use in ambulatory practice has been fueled by the epidemic increase in antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. The majority of antibiotics prescribed to adults in ambulatory practice in the United States are for acute sinusitis, acute pharyngitis, acute bronchitis, and nonspecific upper respiratory tract infections (including the common cold). Far each of these conditions-especially colds, nonspecific upper respiratory tract infections, and acute bronchitis (for which routine antibiotic treatment is not recommended)-a large proportion of the antibiotics prescribed are unlikely to provide clinical benefit to patients. Because decreasing community use of antibiotics is an important strategy for combating the increase in community-acquired antibiotic-resistant infections, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention convened a panel of physicians representing the disciplines of internal medicine, family medicine, emergency medicine, and infectious diseases to develop a series of "Principles of Appropriate Antibiotic Use for Treatment of Acute Respiratory Tract Infections in Adults." These principles provide evidence-based recommendations for evaluation and treatment of adults with acute respiratory illnesses. This paper describes the background and specific aims of and methods used to develop these principles. The goal of the principles is to provide clinicians with practical strategies for limiting antibiotic use to the patients who are most likely to benefit from it. These principles should be used in conjunction with effective patient educational campaigns and enhancements to the health care delivery system that facilitate nonantibiotic treatment of the conditions in question. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp Dis Branch C 23, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Div Gen Internal Med, Denver, CO 80262 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Ctr Emergency Med, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Family Practice, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Ctr Emergency Med, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. Univ Utah, Deot Med 4C104, Salt Lake City, UT 84132 USA. RP Besser, RE (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp Dis Branch C 23, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. FU AHRQ HHS [F32 HS00134-1] NR 56 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 5 PU MOSBY, INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0196-0644 J9 ANN EMERG MED JI Ann. Emerg. Med. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 37 IS 6 BP 690 EP 697 DI 10.1067/S0196-0644(01)70087-X PG 8 WC Emergency Medicine SC Emergency Medicine GA 438UE UT WOS:000169072000020 PM 11385342 ER PT J AU Gonzales, R Bartlett, JG Besser, RE Hickner, JM Hoffman, JR Sande, MA AF Gonzales, R Bartlett, JG Besser, RE Hickner, JM Hoffman, JR Sande, MA TI Principles of appropriate antibiotic use for treatment of nonspecific upper respiratory tract infections in adults: Background (reprinted from Annals of Internal Med, March 20, 2001) SO ANNALS OF EMERGENCY MEDICINE LA English DT Reprint ID PLACEBO-CONTROLLED TRIAL; COMMON-COLD; DOUBLE-BLIND; PHYSICIANS AB The following principles of appropriate antibiotic use for adults with nonspecific upper respiratory tract infections apply to immunocompetent adults without complicating comorbid conditions, such as chronic lung or heart disease. 1. The diagnosis of nonspecific upper respiratory tract infection or acute rhinopharyngitis should be used to denote an acute infection that is typically viral in origin and in which sinus, pharyngeal, and lower airway symptoms, although frequently present, are not prominent. 2. Antibiotic treatment of adults with nonspecific upper respiratory tract infection does not enhance illness resolution and is not recommended. Studies specifically testing the impact of antibiotic treatment on complications of nonspecific upper respiratory tract infections have not been performed in adults. life-threatening complications of upper respiratory tract infection are rare. 3. Purulent secretions from the nares or throat (commonly observed in patients with uncomplicated upper respiratory tract infection) predict neither bacterial infection nor benefit from antibiotic treatment. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp Dis Branch C 23, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Div Gen Internal Med, Denver, CO 80262 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Family Practice, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Ctr Emergency Med, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. Univ Utah, Dept Med 4C104, Salt Lake City, UT 84132 USA. RP Besser, RE (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp Dis Branch C 23, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 35 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU MOSBY, INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0196-0644 J9 ANN EMERG MED JI Ann. Emerg. Med. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 37 IS 6 BP 698 EP 702 DI 10.1067/S0196-0644(01)70088-1 PG 5 WC Emergency Medicine SC Emergency Medicine GA 438UE UT WOS:000169072000021 PM 11385343 ER PT J AU Hickner, JM Bartlett, JG Besser, RE Gonzales, R Hoffman, JR Sande, MA AF Hickner, JM Bartlett, JG Besser, RE Gonzales, R Hoffman, JR Sande, MA TI Principles of appropriate antibiotic use for acute rhinosinusitis: Background (reprinted from Annals of Internal Med, March 20, 2001) SO ANNALS OF EMERGENCY MEDICINE LA English DT Reprint ID ACUTE MAXILLARY SINUSITIS; PLACEBO-CONTROLLED TRIAL; GENERAL-PRACTICE; COMMON COLD; ALLERGIC RHINITIS; ACUTE BRONCHITIS; DOUBLE-BLIND; ADULTS; DIAGNOSIS; RESISTANCE AB The following principles of appropriate antibiotic use for adults with acute rhinosinusitis apply to the diagnosis and treatment of acute maxillary and ethmoid rhinosinusitis in adults who are not Immunocompromised. 1. Most cases of acute rhinosinusitis diagnosed in ambulatory care are caused by uncomplicated viral upper respiratory tract infections. 2. Bacterial and viral rhinosinusitis are difficult to differentiate on clinical grounds. The clinical diagnosis of acute bacterial rhinosinusitis should be reserved for patients with rhinosinusitis symptoms lasting 7 days or more who have maxillary pain or tenderness in the face or teeth (especially when unilateral) and purulent nasal secretions. Patients with rhinosinusitis symptoms that last less than 7 days are unlikely to have bacterial infection, although rarely same patients with acute bacterial rhinosinusitis present with dramatic symptoms of severe unilateral maxillary pain, swelling, and fever. 3. Sinus radiography is not recommended for diagnosis in routine cases. 4. Acute rhinosinusitis resolves without antibiotic treatment in most cases. Symptomatic treatment and reassurance is the preferred initial management strategy for patients with mild symptoms. Antibiotic therapy should be reserved for patients with moderately severe symptoms who meet the criteria for the clinical diagnosis of acute bacterial rhinosinusitis and for those with severe rhinosinusitis symptoms-especially those with unilateral facial pain-regardless of duration of illness. For initial treatment, the most narrow-spectrum agent active against the likely pathogens, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae, should be used. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp Dis Branch C 23, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Family Practice, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA. Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Div Gen Internal Med, Denver, CO 80262 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Ctr Emergency Med, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. Univ Utah, Dept Med 4C104, Salt Lake City, UT 84132 USA. RP Besser, RE (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp Dis Branch C 23, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 53 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 0 PU MOSBY, INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0196-0644 J9 ANN EMERG MED JI Ann. Emerg. Med. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 37 IS 6 BP 703 EP 710 PG 8 WC Emergency Medicine SC Emergency Medicine GA 438UE UT WOS:000169072000022 PM 11385344 ER PT J AU Cooper, RJ Hoffman, JR Bartlett, JG Besser, RE Gonzales, R Hickner, JM Sande, MA AF Cooper, RJ Hoffman, JR Bartlett, JG Besser, RE Gonzales, R Hickner, JM Sande, MA TI Principles of appropriate antibiotic use for acute pharynigitis: Background (reprinted from Annals of Internal Med, March 20, 2001) SO ANNALS OF EMERGENCY MEDICINE LA English DT Reprint ID ACUTE RHEUMATIC-FEVER; BETA-HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI; GROUP-A STREPTOCOCCI; MANAGING SORE THROAT; GENERAL-PRACTICE; PRESCRIBING STRATEGIES; OPTICAL IMMUNOASSAY; UNITED-STATES; RESPIRATORY-INFECTIONS; PENICILLIN THERAPY AB The following principles of appropriate antibiotic use for adults with acute pharyngitis apply to immunocompetent adults without complicated comorbid conditions, such as chronic lung or heart disease, and history of rheumatic fever. They do not apply during known outbreaks of group A streptococcus. 1. Group A P-hemolytic streptococcus (GABHS) is the causal agent in approximately 10% of adult cases of pharyngitis. The large majority of adults with acute pharyngitis have a self-limited illness, for which supportive care only is needed. 2. Antibiotic treatment of adult pharyngitis benefits only those patients with GABHS infection. All patients with pharyngitis should be offered appropriate doses of analgesics and antipyretics, as well as other supportive care. 3. Limit antibiotic prescriptions to patients who are most likely to;have GABHS infection. Clinically screen all adult patients with pharyngitis far the presence of the four Center criteria: history of fever, tonsillar exudates, no cough, and tender anterior cervical lymphadenopathy (lymphadenitis). Do not test or treat patients with none or only one of these criteria, since these patients are unlikely to have GABHS infection. For patients with two or more criteria the following strategies are appropriate: (a) Test patients with two, three, or four criteria by using a rapid antigen test, and limit antibiotic therapy to patients with positive test results; (b) test patients with two or three criteria by using a rapid antigen test, and limit antibiotic therapy to patients with positive test results or patients with four criteria; or (c) do not use any diagnostic tests, and limit antibiotic therapy to patients with three or four criteria. 4. Throat cultures are not recommended for the routine primary evaluation of adults with pharyngitis or for confirmation of negative results on rapid antigen tests when the test sensitivity exceeds 80%. Throat cultures may be indicated as part of investigations of outbreaks of GABHS disease, for monitoring the development and spread of antibiotic resistance, or when such pathogens as gonococcus are being considered. 5. The preferred antibiotic for treatment of acute GABHS pharyngitis is penicillin, or erythromycin in a penicillin-allergic patient. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp Dis Branch C 23, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Ctr Emergency Med, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA. Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Div Gen Internal Med, Denver, CO 80262 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Family Practice, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Univ Utah, Dept Med 4C104, Salt Lake City, UT 84132 USA. RP Besser, RE (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp Dis Branch C 23, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. FU AHRQ HHS [F32 HS00134-01] NR 78 TC 21 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 4 PU MOSBY, INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0196-0644 J9 ANN EMERG MED JI Ann. Emerg. Med. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 37 IS 6 BP 711 EP 719 DI 10.1067/S0196-0644(01)70090-X PG 9 WC Emergency Medicine SC Emergency Medicine GA 438UE UT WOS:000169072000023 PM 11385345 ER PT J AU Gonzales, R Bartlett, JG Besser, RE Cooper, RJ Hickner, JM Hoffman, JR Sande, MA AF Gonzales, R Bartlett, JG Besser, RE Cooper, RJ Hickner, JM Hoffman, JR Sande, MA TI Principles of appropriate antibiotic use for treatment of uncomplicated acute bronchitis: Background (reprinted from Annals of Internal Med, March 20, 2001) SO ANNALS OF EMERGENCY MEDICINE LA English DT Reprint ID RESPIRATORY-TRACT INFECTIONS; NEURAMINIDASE INHIBITOR ZANAMIVIR; COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA; INFLUENZA-A; ACUTE COUGH; CLINICAL-PREDICTION; AMBULATORY PRACTICE; PULMONARY-FUNCTION; CONTROLLED TRIALS; VIRUS-INFECTIONS AB The following principles of appropriate antibiotic use for adults with acute bronchitis apply to immunocompetent adults without complicating comorbid conditions, such as chronic lung or heart disease. 1. The evaluation of adults with an acute cough illness or a presumptive diagnosis of uncomplicated acute bronchitis should focus on ruling out serious illness, particularly pneumonia. In healthy, nonelderly adults, pneumonia is uncommon in the absence of vital sign abnormalities or asymmetrical lung sounds, and chest radiography is usually not indicated. In patients with cough lasting 3 weeks or longer, chest radiography may be warranted in the absence of other known causes. 2. Routine antibiotic treatment of uncomplicated acute bronchitis is not recommended, regardless of duration of cough. If pertussis infection is suspected (an unusual circumstance), a diagnostic test should be performed and antimicrobial therapy initiated. 3. Patient satisfaction with care for acute bronchitis depends most on physician-patient communication rather than on antibiotic treatment. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp Dis Branch C 23, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Div Gen Internal Med, Denver, CO 80262 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Ctr Emergency Med, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Family Practice, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Univ Utah, Dept Med 4C104, Salt Lake City, UT 84132 USA. RP Besser, RE (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp Dis Branch C 23, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. FU AHRQ HHS [F32 HS-00134-1] NR 75 TC 30 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 2 PU MOSBY, INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0196-0644 J9 ANN EMERG MED JI Ann. Emerg. Med. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 37 IS 6 BP 720 EP 727 DI 10.1067/S0196-0644(01)70091-1 PG 8 WC Emergency Medicine SC Emergency Medicine GA 438UE UT WOS:000169072000024 PM 11385346 ER PT J AU Hines, CJ Deddens, JA AF Hines, CJ Deddens, JA TI Determinants of chlorpyrifos exposures and urinary 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol levels among termiticide applicators SO ANNALS OF OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE LA English DT Article DE chlorpyrifos; 3.5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol; exposure determinants; mixed models; variance components; pesticide ID HUMAN VOLUNTEERS; PHARMACOKINETICS; VARIABILITY; WORKERS AB The exposures and work activities of 41 applicators in North Carolina using chlorpyrifos-containing termiticides were characterized, Personal air and urine samples were collected on multiple days within one week. Detailed information about chemical use, tasks, personal protective equipment and hygiene was recorded, During the 202 applicator-days monitored, 415 treatment jobs were performed, Full-shift chlorpyrifos exposures ranged from <0.048 to 110 mug/m(3) (N = 184), with a geometric mean (GM) of 10 mug/m(3). Urinary 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP) levels ranged from 9.42 to 1960 mug/g creatinine (N = 271) and varied significantly by day of the week (GM range: (69-262 mug/g creatinine), Predictive models for chlorpyrifos air exposure and urinary TCP levels were developed using mixed-effects stepwise linear regression, Determinants of airborne chlorpyrifos exposure included minutes chlorpyrifos applied and enclosed crawl space treated (yes/no), Determinants of TCP levels (depending on the model) included day-of-the-week. the chlorpyrifos air concentration one and two days before urine collection, minutes of chlorpyrifos applied one and two days before urine collection, enclosed crawl space treated (yes/no), and commercial structure treated (time-weighted), Within- and between-worker variablity was similar for airborne chlorpyrifos; however, for TCP, between-worker variability exceeded within-worker variability by six times. The elimination half-life of TCP (26.9 h) and possibly the short sampling interval lone week) may explain the low TCP within-worker variability. Applicators' weekly mean In(TCP levels) and weekly mean In(chlorpyrifos air concentrations) were highly and positively Linearly correlated (r(2) = 0.73, P < 0.0001). In summary, mixed-effects models were successfully constructed to predict airborne chlorpyrifos exposure and urinary TCP Levels, Published by Elsevier Science Ltd on behalf of British Occupational Hygiene Society. C1 NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Dept Math Sci, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. RP Hines, CJ (reprint author), NIOSH, 4676 Columbia Pkwy, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 36 TC 29 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0003-4878 J9 ANN OCCUP HYG JI Ann. Occup. Hyg. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 45 IS 4 BP 309 EP 321 DI 10.1016/S0003-4878(01)00026-6 PG 13 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 438TQ UT WOS:000169070700008 PM 11378153 ER PT J AU Lowe, BD Wurzelbacher, SJ Shulman, SA Hudock, SD AF Lowe, BD Wurzelbacher, SJ Shulman, SA Hudock, SD TI Electromyographic and discomfort analysis of confined-space shipyard welding processes SO APPLIED ERGONOMICS LA English DT Article DE muscle fatigue; confined space; welding; electromyography ID MUSCULAR FATIGUE; MUSCLE FATIGUE; BACK-PAIN; EMG; PERFORMANCE; POSTURES; INDUSTRY; WELDERS; TASKS; WORK AB This study examined muscle fatigue and discomfort in a confined-space welding operation at a shipyard. Surface electromyography (SEMG) was recorded from seven upper extremity and torso muscles of welders welding in a mock-up of the work environment. Following spectral transform of the SEMG data the percentage of the total signal power in the 10-30 Hz frequency band was compared over time during welding. For the conventional stick electrode welding process (SMAW) several muscles exhibited an increase in the percent of the total signal power in the low-frequency band. Fewer muscles exhibited this fatigue-related spectral density shift with a wire welding process (FCAW) the shipyard has considered adopting. This finding suggests that localized muscle fatigue may he reduced by a change to the wire welding process. Subjectively reported discomfort was generally low for both processes, but confirmed the finding that discomfort in the low back and shoulder regions is experienced in this welding operation. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Lowe, BD (reprint author), US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, NIOSH, 4676 Columbia Pkwy,MS C-24, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 32 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0003-6870 J9 APPL ERGON JI Appl. Ergon. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 32 IS 3 BP 255 EP 269 DI 10.1016/S0003-6870(00)00064-8 PG 15 WC Engineering, Industrial; Ergonomics; Psychology, Applied SC Engineering; Psychology GA 433AX UT WOS:000168734100006 PM 11394466 ER PT J AU Oyok, T Odonga, C Mulwani, E Abur, J Kaducu, F Akech, M Olango, J Onek, P Turyanika, J Mutyaba, I Luwaga, HRS Bisoborwa, G Kaguna, A Omaswa, FG Zaramba, S Okware, S Opio, A Amandua, J Kamugisha, J Mukoyo, E Wanyana, J Mugero, C Lamunu, M Ongwen, GW Mugaga, M Kiyonga, C Yoti, Z Olwa, A deSanto, M Lukwiya, M Bitek, P Louart, P Maillard, C Delforge, A Levenby, C Munaaba, E Lutwama, J Banonya, S Akol, Z Lukwago, L Tanga, E Kiryabwire, L AF Oyok, T Odonga, C Mulwani, E Abur, J Kaducu, F Akech, M Olango, J Onek, P Turyanika, J Mutyaba, I Luwaga, HRS Bisoborwa, G Kaguna, A Omaswa, FG Zaramba, S Okware, S Opio, A Amandua, J Kamugisha, J Mukoyo, E Wanyana, J Mugero, C Lamunu, M Ongwen, GW Mugaga, M Kiyonga, C Yoti, Z Olwa, A deSanto, M Lukwiya, M Bitek, P Louart, P Maillard, C Delforge, A Levenby, C Munaaba, E Lutwama, J Banonya, S Akol, Z Lukwago, L Tanga, E Kiryabwire, L CA Minist Hlth Markere Univ Regional Off Africa Country Off World Hlth Org Italian Cooperation Epicentre Med Sans Frontieres Hlth Canada Intl Comm Red Cross Catholic Relief Serv Off US Foreign Disaster Assistance US Agcy Int Dev Int Rescue Comm Italian Inst Hlth Inst Tropical Med Nagoya City Univ Univ Tokyo Natl Inst Infect Dis Kansai Airport Quarantine Stn Minist Hlth Labor Welf Natl Hlth Serv Public Hlth Lab Serv Natl Inst Virology Tropical Med Inst Natl Ctr Infect Dis CDC TI Outbreak of Ebola hemorrhagic fever - Uganda, August 2000-January 2001 SO ARCHIVES OF DERMATOLOGY LA English DT Reprint C1 Minist Hlth, Kampala, Uganda. Gulu Hosp, Gulu, Uganda. Kiryandongo Hosp, Kiryandongo, Uganda. Masindi Hosp, Masindi, Uganda. St Marys Hosp, Gulu, Uganda. Uganda Red Cross Soc, Gulu Dist Br, Gulu, Uganda. Int Comm Red Cross, Gulu Dist Br, Gulu, Uganda. African Med Relief Fdn, Nairobi, Kenya. Uganda Virus Res Inst, Entebbe, Uganda. Makerere Univ, Inst Publ Hlth, Kampala, Uganda. Reg Off Africa, Harare, Zimbabwe. Country Off, Kampala, Uganda. WHO, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. Italian Cooperat, Emergency Dept, Kampala, Uganda. Epictr, Paris, France. Med Sans Frontieres, Amsterdam, Netherlands. Med Sans Frontieres, Brussels, Belgium. Hlth Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0L2, Canada. Int Comm Red Cross, Geneva, Switzerland. US Agcy Int Dev, Off US Foreign Disaster Assistance, Washington, DC 20523 USA. Int Rescue Comm, New York, NY USA. Italian Inst Hlth, Rome, Italy. Inst Trop Med, B-2000 Antwerp, Belgium. Nagoya City Univ, Sch Med, Nagoya, Aichi 467, Japan. Univ Tokyo, Inst Med Sci, Tokyo, Japan. Natl Inst Infect Dis, Tokyo, Japan. Minist Hlth Labor & Welf, Tokyo, Japan. Publ Hlth Lab Serv, Natl Hlth Serv, London, England. Sendai Quarantine Stn, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan. Natl Inst Virol, Johannesburg, South Africa. Inst Trop Med, Hamburg, Germany. Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Oyok, T (reprint author), Minist Hlth, Kampala, Uganda. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0003-987X J9 ARCH DERMATOL JI Arch. Dermatol. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 137 IS 6 BP 839 EP 840 PG 2 WC Dermatology SC Dermatology GA 442EP UT WOS:000169272500044 ER PT J AU DiGirolamo, AM Grummer-Strawn, LM Fein, S AF DiGirolamo, AM Grummer-Strawn, LM Fein, S TI Maternity care practices: Implications for breastfeeding SO BIRTH-ISSUES IN PERINATAL CARE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 127th Annual Meeting of the American-Public-Health-Association CY NOV 07-10, 1999 CL CHICAGO, ILLINOIS SP Amer Public Hlth Assoc ID 10 STEPS; POLICIES; DISEASE AB Background: Many United Starts mothers never breastfeed their infants or do so for very short periods. The Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative was developed to help make breastfeeding the norm in birthing environments, and consists of specific recommendations for maternity care practices. The objective of the current study was to assess the impact of the type and number of Baby-Friendly practices experienced on breastfeeding. Methods: A longitudinal mail survey (1993-1994) was administered to women prenatally through 12 months postpartum. The study focused on the 1085 women with prenatal intentions to breastfeed for more than 2 months who initiated breastfeeding, using data from the prenatal and neonatal periods. Predictor variables included indicators of the absence of specific Baby-Friendly practices (late breastfeeding initiating, introduction of supplements, no rooming-in, not breastfeeding on demand, use of pacifiers), and number of Baby-Friendly practices experienced. The main outcome measure was breastfeeding termination before 6 weeks. Results: Only 7 percent of mothers experienced all five Baby-Friendly practices. The strongest risk factors for early breastfeeding termination were late breastfeeding initiating and supplementing the infant. Compared with mothers experiencing all five Baby-Friendly practices, mothers experiencing none were approximately eight times more likely to stop breastfeeding early. Additional practices decreased the risk for early termination. Conclusion: Increased Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative practices improve the chances of breastfeeding beyond 6 weeks. The need to work with hospitals to increase adoption of these practices in illustrated by the small proportion of mothers who experienced all five practices measured in this study. C1 CDCP, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. US FDA, Consumer Studies Branch, US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Washington, DC 20204 USA. RP Grummer-Strawn, LM (reprint author), CDCP, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Mailstop K-25,4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 20 TC 82 Z9 85 U1 0 U2 3 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0730-7659 J9 BIRTH-ISS PERINAT C JI Birth-Issue Perinat. Care PD JUN PY 2001 VL 28 IS 2 BP 94 EP 100 DI 10.1046/j.1523-536X.2001.00094.x PG 7 WC Nursing; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Pediatrics SC Nursing; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Pediatrics GA 435HU UT WOS:000168872000004 PM 11380380 ER PT J AU Renshaw, MA Ellingsen, D Costner, B Benson, J Heit, JA Hooper, WC AF Renshaw, MA Ellingsen, D Costner, B Benson, J Heit, JA Hooper, WC TI Fluorescent multiplex polymerase chain reaction analysis of four genes associated with inpaired fibrinolysis and myocardial infarction SO BLOOD COAGULATION & FIBRINOLYSIS LA English DT Article DE multiplex polymerase chain reaction; angiotensin converting enzyme; tissue plasminogen activator; plasminogen activator inhibitor-1; endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase ID DNA-POLYMERASE; PCR; POLYMORPHISM; DISEASE; RISK AB Mltiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) allows for the simultaneous amplification of several genes, thereby optimizing the use of reagents and decreasing personnel time. Multiplex PCR was used to amplify four genes in one PCR reaction, demonstrating the advantage of multiplex PCR for our study since it allowed us to amplify four separate genes using only 1 mul DNA, thus maximizing the use of study DNA. As compared with conventional multiplex PCR analysis with ethidium bromide, incorporating fluorescence-labeled primers into multiplex PCR reactions facilitated accurate, simultaneous analysis of many DNA fragments within one base discrimination. We have used this fluorescence methodology to analyze polymorphisms associated with either impaired fibrinolysis or myocardial infarction. These include the angiotensin converting enzyme insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism in intron 16 of the DCP1 gene, the Alu I/D polymorphism of the tissue plasminogen activator-25 locus in intron 8, the plasminogen activator inhibitor 4G/5G repeat polymorphism, and the variable number tandem repeat of the endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase gene, all characterized by an insertion, deletion, or repeat. The amplified products were diluted 1 :60 and analyzed on the ABI PRISMN 310 Genetic Analyzer using GeneScan(N) software. With this method, we were able to amplify four genes using 75% less reagents and personnel time, thus demonstrating the benefit of multiplex PCR and fluorescence technology. (C) 2001 Lippincott Williams & ilkins. C1 CDCP, Hematol Dis Branch, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Hooper, WC (reprint author), CDCP, Hematol Dis Branch, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, MS DO2,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0957-5235 J9 BLOOD COAGUL FIBRIN JI Blood Coagul. Fibrinolysis PD JUN PY 2001 VL 12 IS 4 BP 245 EP 251 DI 10.1097/00001721-200106000-00004 PG 7 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA 451TW UT WOS:000169818200004 PM 11460007 ER PT J AU Coates, RJ Uhler, RJ Brogan, DJ Gammon, MD Malone, KE Swanson, CA Flagg, EW Brinton, LA AF Coates, RJ Uhler, RJ Brogan, DJ Gammon, MD Malone, KE Swanson, CA Flagg, EW Brinton, LA TI Patterns and predictors of the breast cancer detection methods in women under 45 years of age (United States) SO CANCER CAUSES & CONTROL LA English DT Article DE breast cancer; detection; mammography; screening; young women ID MAMMOGRAPHY SCREENING GUIDELINES; SOCIETY GUIDELINES; SELF-EXAMINATION; RISK-FACTORS; CARCINOMA; SURVIVAL; HISTORY; POPULATION; ADHERENCE; PATIENT AB Objectives: Few studies have examined methods by which breast cancers are detected, and only one study has been published on predictors of those methods. This study examined patterns and predictors of breast cancer detection methods during 1990-1992 among women age 20-44. Methods: In-person interview and medical record data were obtained during a population-based case-control study of 1619 women newly diagnosed with breast cancer in three areas of the United States (US). Results: Seventy-one percent of the cancers were identified by self-detection, 9% by routine clinical breast exam (CBE), and 20% by routine mammography. Cancers detected by mammography and CBE, but not those detected by breast self-exam, were much more likely to be early-stage. Detection by mammography increased with age, and a history of mammography use was associated with detection by mammography or CBE. Several commonly studied predictors of screening utilization in the US population were associated with CBE detection, but were less clearly related to or unrelated to mammography detection. Conclusion: Findings suggest that, during the 1990s in the US, most breast cancers among women under age 45, including those age 40-44, were self-detected. Few factors other than age and prior screening are verified predictors of method of breast cancer detection. C1 CDC, Div Canc Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Emory Univ, Dept Biostat, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Columbia Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Div Epidemiol, New York, NY 10032 USA. Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Div Publ Hlth Sci, Seattle, WA 98104 USA. NCI, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Emory Univ, Dept Med, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RP Coates, RJ (reprint author), CDC, Div Canc Prevent & Control, K-55,4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RI Brinton, Louise/G-7486-2015 OI Brinton, Louise/0000-0003-3853-8562 FU NCI NIH HHS [N01-CP 95604, N01-CP-95671, N01-CP-95672] NR 78 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0957-5243 J9 CANCER CAUSE CONTROL JI Cancer Causes Control PD JUN PY 2001 VL 12 IS 5 BP 431 EP 442 DI 10.1023/A:1011218005063 PG 12 WC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 455XA UT WOS:000170052000006 PM 11545458 ER PT J AU Granade, SE Gonin, R Bethel, J Hancock, JS Steindel, SJ AF Granade, SE Gonin, R Bethel, J Hancock, JS Steindel, SJ TI Results from the National Inventory of Clinical Laboratory Testing Services of an analysis grouping US laboratories by testing performed. SO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. WESTAT Corp, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC CLINICAL CHEMISTRY PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 L STREET NW, SUITE 202, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-1526 USA SN 0009-9147 J9 CLIN CHEM JI Clin. Chem. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 47 IS 6 SU S MA 711 BP A217 EP A217 PN 2 PG 1 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA 437MX UT WOS:000168996400828 ER PT J AU Howanitz, PJ Steindel, SJ Heard, NV AF Howanitz, PJ Steindel, SJ Heard, NV TI Use of critical values lists in 623 institutions. SO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 SUNY Brooklyn, Brooklyn, NY USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. W Los Angeles Vet Affairs Med Ctr, W Los Angeles, CA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC CLINICAL CHEMISTRY PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 L STREET NW, SUITE 202, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-1526 USA SN 0009-9147 J9 CLIN CHEM JI Clin. Chem. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 47 IS 6 SU S MA 718 BP A219 EP A220 PN 2 PG 2 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA 437MX UT WOS:000168996400835 ER PT J AU Little, RR Goldstein, DE Wiedmeyer, H Rohlfing, CL Myers, GL Sacks, DB Nathan, D Parker, KM Steffes, MW AF Little, RR Goldstein, DE Wiedmeyer, H Rohlfing, CL Myers, GL Sacks, DB Nathan, D Parker, KM Steffes, MW TI The National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program (NGSP): 4 year update. SO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Missouri, Sch Med, Columbia, MO USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Chamblee, GA USA. Brigham & Womens Hosp, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Univ Hosp, Oklahoma City, OK USA. Univ Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC CLINICAL CHEMISTRY PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 L STREET NW, SUITE 202, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-1526 USA SN 0009-9147 J9 CLIN CHEM JI Clin. Chem. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 47 IS 6 SU S MA 301 BP A92 EP A92 PN 2 PG 1 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA 437MX UT WOS:000168996400417 ER PT J AU Pfeiffer, CM Gunter, EW Caudill, SP AF Pfeiffer, CM Gunter, EW Caudill, SP TI Comparison of serum and whole blood folate measurements in 12 laboratories: An international study. SO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC CLINICAL CHEMISTRY PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 L STREET NW, SUITE 202, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-1526 USA SN 0009-9147 J9 CLIN CHEM JI Clin. Chem. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 47 IS 6 SU S MA 203 BP A62 EP A63 PN 2 PG 2 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA 437MX UT WOS:000168996400320 ER PT J AU Vesper, HW Smith, SJ Audain, C Myers, GL AF Vesper, HW Smith, SJ Audain, C Myers, GL TI Comparison study of urinary pyridinoline and deoxypyridinoline measurements in 14 US laboratories. SO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC CLINICAL CHEMISTRY PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 L STREET NW, SUITE 202, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-1526 USA SN 0009-9147 J9 CLIN CHEM JI Clin. Chem. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 47 IS 6 SU S MA 28 BP A9 EP A10 PN 2 PG 2 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA 437MX UT WOS:000168996400147 ER PT J AU Waymack, PP Chen, W Ethridge, SF Myers, GL AF Waymack, PP Chen, W Ethridge, SF Myers, GL TI Effect of temperature on the measurement of HDL cholesterol in serum by methods using ultracentrifugation. SO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC CLINICAL CHEMISTRY PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 L STREET NW, SUITE 202, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-1526 USA SN 0009-9147 J9 CLIN CHEM JI Clin. Chem. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 47 IS 6 SU S MA 189 BP A58 EP A58 PN 2 PG 1 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA 437MX UT WOS:000168996400306 ER PT J AU Gunter, EW AF Gunter, EW TI The national health and nutrition examination survey of the United States: How national normal values are established SO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC CLINICAL CHEMISTRY PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 L STREET NW, SUITE 202, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-1526 USA SN 0009-9147 J9 CLIN CHEM JI Clin. Chem. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 47 IS 6 SU S BP S16 EP S16 PN 2 PG 1 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA 437MX UT WOS:000168996400012 ER PT J AU Hannah, EL Bailey, AM Hajjeh, R Gershman, K Lindsley, M Hoffman, RE AF Hannah, EL Bailey, AM Hajjeh, R Gershman, K Lindsley, M Hoffman, RE TI Public health response to 2 clinical cases of blastomycosis in Colorado residents SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID DERMATITIDIS; WISCONSIN AB We summarize the public health response after the identification of 2 cases of pneumonia caused by Blastomyces dermatitidis infection in Colorado residents. The response to these cases emphasizes the need for physicians to add fungal infection to the list of differential diagnoses for patients who have refractory pneumonia, even those who live in areas of nonendemicity. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Mycot Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Colorado Dept Publ Hlth & Environm, Denver, CO USA. Boulder Cty Hlth Dept, Boulder, CO USA. RP Hajjeh, R (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Mycot Dis, Mailstop C-09,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 11 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JUN 1 PY 2001 VL 32 IS 11 BP E151 EP E153 DI 10.1086/320516 PG 3 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 430RC UT WOS:000168588500029 PM 11340548 ER PT J AU Kotchick, BA Shaffer, A Forehand, R AF Kotchick, BA Shaffer, A Forehand, R TI Adolescent sexual risk behavior: A multi-system perspective SO CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW LA English DT Review DE adolescents; sexual risk behavior; multisystemic ID HIGH-SCHOOL-STUDENTS; AFRICAN-AMERICAN ADOLESCENTS; SUBSTANCE USE; CONDOM USE; UNITED-STATES; FEMALE ADOLESCENTS; HIV-INFECTION; PREGNANT ADOLESCENTS; ACTIVE ADOLESCENTS; BLACK-ADOLESCENTS AB Adolescents are at high, risk for a number of negative health consequences associated with early and unsafe sexual activity, including infection with human immunodeficiency virus, other sexually transmitted diseases, and unintended pregnancy. As a result, researchers have attempted to identify those factors that influence adolescent sexual risk behavior so that meaningful prevention and intervention programs may be developed. We propose that research efforts so far have been hampered by the adoption of models and perspectives that are narrow and do not adequately capture the complexity associated with the adolescent sexual experience. In this article, we review the recent literature (i.e., 1990-1999) pertaining to the correlates of adolescent sexual risk-taking; and organize the findings into a multisystemic perspective. Factors from the self family, and extrafamilial systems of influence are discussed. We also consider several methodological problems that limit the literature's current scope, and consider implications of the adoption of a multisystemic framework for future research endeavors. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of the available research for practitioners working to reduce sexual risk behavior among adolescents. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Georgia, Inst Behav Res, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Kotchick, BA (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Inst Behav Res, Room 111,Barrow Hall, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 121 TC 267 Z9 271 U1 6 U2 51 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0272-7358 J9 CLIN PSYCHOL REV JI Clin. Psychol. Rev. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 21 IS 4 BP 493 EP 519 DI 10.1016/S0272-7358(99)00070-7 PG 27 WC Psychology, Clinical SC Psychology GA 438GJ UT WOS:000169045000001 PM 11413865 ER PT J AU Ma, Q AF Ma, Q TI Induction of CYP1A1. The AhR/DRE paradigm: Transcription, receptor regulation, and expanding biological roles SO CURRENT DRUG METABOLISM LA English DT Review ID ARYL-HYDROCARBON RECEPTOR; AH DIOXIN RECEPTOR; PROTEIN-DNA INTERACTIONS; X-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN-2; MOUSE HEPATOMA-CELLS; HEAT-SHOCK PROTEIN; GENE-EXPRESSION; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN TCDD; LUNG-CANCER; IN-VIVO AB The CYP1A1 gene encodes microsomal cytochrome P4501A1 that catalyzes the metabolism of many xenobiotics, including the oxygenation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Induction of CYP1A1 enhances the metabolism of PAHs, and therefore, represents an adaptive response to chemical exposure in mammalian cells. Mechanistic studies reveal an AhR/DRE paradigm for the induction, which involves activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) by an agonist, dimerization of AhR with the Ab receptor nuclear translocator (Arnt), followed by binding of the AhR/Arnt heterodimer to the dioxin-responsive enhancer (DRE) and transcription of the gene. The AhR mediated transcription is tightly regulated through, at least, two mechanisms: (a) the cytoplasmic AhR interacts with hsp90 and an immunophilin chaperone AIP for proper folding and receptivity, and (b) the agonist-activated, nuclear AhR is degraded through the ubiquitin-26S proteasome mediated protein turnover, such that the transcription by AhR is controlled at a physiologically adequate level. In addition to CYP1A1 induction, AhR mediates a broad range of biological responses to CYP1A1 inducers, typified by the environmental contaminant dioxin, via modulating gene expression. Thus, mechanistic studies of CYP1A1 induction have provided insights into P450 induction, PAH carcinogenesis, dioxin action, AhR Function, and receptor-mediated mammalian gene expression. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NIOSH, Hlth Effects Lab Div, Receptor Biol Lab,Toxicol & Mol Biol Branch, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RP Ma, Q (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NIOSH, Hlth Effects Lab Div, Receptor Biol Lab,Toxicol & Mol Biol Branch, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. NR 114 TC 147 Z9 151 U1 2 U2 13 PU BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBL LTD PI HILVERSUM PA PO BOX 1673, 1200 BR HILVERSUM, NETHERLANDS SN 1389-2002 J9 CURR DRUG METAB JI Curr. Drug Metab. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 2 IS 2 BP 149 EP 164 DI 10.2174/1389200013338603 PG 16 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 438WH UT WOS:000169076900005 PM 11469723 ER PT J AU Wohlsein, P Bauder, B Kuttin, ES Kaufman, L Seeliger, F von Keyserlingk, M AF Wohlsein, P Bauder, B Kuttin, ES Kaufman, L Seeliger, F von Keyserlingk, M TI Histoplasmosis in two badgers (Meles meles) in northern Germany SO DEUTSCHE TIERARZTLICHE WOCHENSCHRIFT LA German DT Article DE badger; Meles meles; Histoplasma capsulatum; histoplasmosis; Germany ID AFRICAN HISTOPLASMOSIS; SKIN-LESIONS; BABOON AB An infection with Histoplasma capsulatum was diagnosed in two wild badgers (Meles meles) in northern Germany, which was predominantly localized in the skin and the regional lymph nodes. The yeast-like fungi were identified in tissue sections using histological and immunhistological methods. C1 Tierarztlichen Hsch Hannover, Inst Pathol, D-30559 Hannover, Germany. Univ Vet Med, Inst Pathol & Forens Vet Med, Vienna, Austria. Ctr Dis Control, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Staatl Vet Untersuchungsamt, Hannover, Germany. RP Wohlsein, P (reprint author), Tierarztlichen Hsch Hannover, Inst Pathol, Bunteweg 17, D-30559 Hannover, Germany. NR 21 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU M H SCHAPER GMBH CO KG PI ALFELD PA BORSIGSTRASSE 5, POSTFACH 16 42, 310460 ALFELD, GERMANY SN 0341-6593 J9 DEUT TIERARZTL WOCH JI Dtsch. Tierarztl. Wochenschr. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 108 IS 6 BP 273 EP 276 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 441XH UT WOS:000169254500012 PM 11449917 ER PT J AU Harwell, TS Fagot-Campagna, A McDowall, JM Helgerson, SD Moore, K Gohdes, D AF Harwell, TS Fagot-Campagna, A McDowall, JM Helgerson, SD Moore, K Gohdes, D TI Establishing surveillance for diabetes in American Indian youth SO DIABETES CARE LA English DT Article ID CHILDREN; MELLITUS; ADOLESCENTS; PREVALENCE; HEALTH; MANITOBA; CANADA AB OBJECTIVE - To determine prevalence estimates in order to monitor diabetes, particularly type 2 diabetes, in American Indian youth. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS - To explore the feasibility of developing a case definition using information from primary care records, all youth aged <20 years with an outpatient visit or hospitalization for diabetes were identified from the Billings Area Indian Health Service database in Montana and Wyoming, from 1997 to 1999, and the medical records were reviewed. Classification for probable type 1 diabetes was based on age 5 years, weight per age less than or equal to 15th percentile at diagnosis, or positive results of islet cell antibody test. Classification For probable type 2 diabetes was based on weight per age greater than or equal to 85th percentile or presence of acanthosis nigricans at diagnosis, elevated C-peptide or insulin, family history for type 2 diabetes, or use of oral hypoglycemic agents with or without insulin or absence of current treatment 1 year after diagnosis. RESULTS - A total of 52 case subjects with diabetes were identified, 3 of whom had diabetes secondary to other conditions. Of the remaining 49 case subjects, 25 (51%) were categorized as having probable type 2 diabetes, 14 (29%) as having probable type 1 diabetes, and 10 (20%) could not be categorized because of missing err negative information. Prevalence estimates for diabetes of all types, type 1 diabetes, and type 2 diabetes were 2.3, 0.6, and 1.1, respectively, per 1,000 youth aged <20 years. CONCLUSIONS - Our definitions may be useful for surveillance in primary care settings until further studies develop feasible case definitions for monitoring trends in diabetes among youth. C1 Montana Dept Publ Hlth & Human Serv, Montana Diabet Project, Helena, MT 59620 USA. Billings Area Indian Hlth Serv, Billings, MT USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Diabet Translat, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Harwell, TS (reprint author), Montana Dept Publ Hlth & Human Serv, Montana Diabet Project, Cogswell Bldg,C-317,POB 202951, Helena, MT 59620 USA. FU PHS HHS [U32/CCU815663-02] NR 30 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER DIABETES ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1660 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0149-5992 J9 DIABETES CARE JI Diabetes Care PD JUN PY 2001 VL 24 IS 6 BP 1029 EP 1032 DI 10.2337/diacare.24.6.1029 PG 4 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 436XX UT WOS:000168962100011 PM 11375365 ER PT J AU Longnecker, MP Klebanoff, MA Brock, JW Zhou, HB AF Longnecker, MP Klebanoff, MA Brock, JW Zhou, HB TI Polychlorinated biphenyl serum levels in pregnant subjects with diabetes SO DIABETES CARE LA English DT Article ID 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN TCDD; CAPACITOR WORKERS; EXPOSURE; MELLITUS; PCBS; MORTALITY; CHILDREN; VETERANS; INSULIN; DIOXINS AB OBJECTIVE - Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent pollutants that are ubiquitous in the food chain; detectable amounts are in the blood of nearly every one. Their effect on humans at background levels of exposure is an area of active investigation. Increased blood levels of dioxin (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin), a PCB-like compound. have recently been reported among subjects with diabetes, suggesting that PCB levels could be similarly elevated. To test this hypothesis, we examined a group of pregnant women whose serum PCB levels had been measured and whose diabetes status had been previously recorded. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS - Using stored serum from a large birth cohort study, we conducted a cross-sectional study of 2,245 pregnant women, of whom 44 had diabetes (primarily type 1) and 2,201 were control subjects. RESULTS - The adjusted mean serum level of PCBs among, the subjects with diabetes was 30% higher than in the control subjects (P = 0.0002), and the relationship of PCB level to adjusted odds of diabetes was linear. CONCLUSIONS - The possibility exists that PCBs and diabetes are causality related; alternatively, the pharmacokinetics of PCBs could be altered among patients with diabetes. At any event, if the association is replicated in other studies, increased serum levels of PCBs in subjects with diabetes or their offspring may put them at increased risk of PCB-induced changes in thyroid metabolism or neurodevelopment. C1 NIEHS, Epidemiol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NICHHD, Div Epidemiol Stat & Prevent Res, Rockville, MD USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Biostat, Chapel Hill, NC USA. NIEHS, Biostat Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Longnecker, MP (reprint author), NIEHS, Epidemiol Branch, POB 12233 MD A3-05, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. OI Longnecker, Matthew/0000-0001-6073-5322 NR 20 TC 65 Z9 71 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER DIABETES ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1660 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0149-5992 J9 DIABETES CARE JI Diabetes Care PD JUN PY 2001 VL 24 IS 6 BP 1099 EP 1101 DI 10.2337/diacare.24.6.1099 PG 3 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 436XX UT WOS:000168962100023 PM 11375377 ER PT J AU Spiegel, PB Sheik, M Woodruff, BA Burnham, G AF Spiegel, PB Sheik, M Woodruff, BA Burnham, G TI The accuracy of mortality reporting in displaced persons camps during the post-emergency phase SO DISASTERS LA English DT Article DE refugee; displaced person; mortality; post-emergency phase; mortality reporting ratio; health information systems ID PUBLIC-HEALTH; REFUGEE; POPULATIONS; SITUATIONS; SOMALIA AB For humanitarian organisations, accurate data are essential to identify emerging health problems and determine programme needs. We visited 45 post-emergency phase displaced persons camps and collected three months' mortality data which we compared with organisations' routine mortality reports. Organisations reported 612 deaths and we identified 741 deaths, for a mortality-reporting ratio, defined as the number of organisation-reported deaths divided by the number of investigator-identified deaths, of 83 per cent. For the majority of camps which tinder-reported deaths, mortality reporting ratios were significantly higher for women than men, and for camps with central mortality registers rather than those without. In the few camps which over-reported deaths, these occurred primarily among children younger than Jive years of age, probably die to the inclusion of abortions and stillbirths. Despite the overall tinder-reporting of deaths by humanitarian organisations, the existing health information systems appear to estimate mortality rates adequately in these post-emergency camps. However, organisations should improve the precision and completeness with which the), report the characteristics of deaths in order to provide valuable data to target their programmes at the most vulnerable people. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Inst Emergency & Refugee Hlth Branch, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. RP Spiegel, PB (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Inst Emergency & Refugee Hlth Branch, Mailstop F-48,4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM pspiegel@cdc.gov NR 16 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0361-3666 EI 1467-7717 J9 DISASTERS JI Disasters PD JUN PY 2001 VL 25 IS 2 BP 172 EP 180 DI 10.1111/1467-7717.00169 PG 9 WC Planning & Development SC Public Administration GA 442JM UT WOS:000169281500006 PM 11434236 ER PT J AU Maisonet, M Bush, TJ Correa, A Jaakkola, JJK AF Maisonet, M Bush, TJ Correa, A Jaakkola, JJK TI Relation between ambient air pollution and low birth weight in the northeastern United States SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE air pollution; carbon monoxide; epidemiology; health effects; low birth weight; particulate matter; sulfur dioxide ID INFANT-MORTALITY; CARBON-MONOXIDE; EXPOSURE; PREGNANCY; PRETERM; EPIDEMIOLOGY; ASSOCIATION; MATTER; TERM AB We evaluated the relation between term low birth weight (LBW) and ambient air levels of carbon monoxide (CO), particulate matter up to 10 mum in diameter (PM10), and sulfur dioxide (SO2). The study population consisted of singleton, term live births (37-44 weeks of gestation) born between 1 January 1994 and 31 December 1996 in six northeastern cities of the United States: Boston, Massachusetts; Hartford, Connecticut; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Springfield, Massachusetts; and Washington, DC. Birth data were obtained from National Center for Health Statistics Natality Data Sets. Infants with a birth weight < 2,500 g were classified as LBW. Air monitoring data obtained from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency were used to estimate average trimester exposures to ambient CO, PM10, and SO2. Our results suggest that exposures to ambient CO and SO2 increase the risk for term LBW. This risk increased by a unit increase in CO third trimester average concentration [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 1.31; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.06,1.62]. Infants with SO2 second trimester exposures falling within the 25 and < 50th (AOR 1.21; CI 1.07,1.37), the 50 to < 75th (AOR 1.20; CI 1.08,1.35), and the 75 to < 95th (AOR 1.21; CI 1.03,1.43) percentiles were also at increased risk for term LBW when compared to those in the reference category (< 25th percentile). There was no indication of a positive association between prenatal exposures to PM10 and term LBW. Increased ambient levels of air pollution may be associated with an increased risk for LBW. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Baltimore, MD USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Nord Sch Publ Hlth, Environm Hlth Program, Gothenburg, Sweden. RP Maisonet, M (reprint author), Pan Amer Ctr Sanit Engn & Environm Sci, Los Pinos 259,Urb Camacho, Lima 12, Peru. RI Jaakkola, Jouni/G-4314-2012; OI Maisonet, Mildred/0000-0003-3561-2632 NR 26 TC 136 Z9 145 U1 2 U2 10 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 109 SU 3 BP 351 EP 356 DI 10.2307/3434782 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 448FU UT WOS:000169616900002 PM 11427384 ER PT J AU Samet, JM Dearry, A Eggleston, PA Ford, J Froines, J Gelobter, M Gong, H Kinney, PL Leikauf, GD Lipsett, M Lwebuga-Mukasa, JS Mannino, D McDonnell, W Morandi, MT Neas, LM Porras, C Prasad, S Redd, S Schwab, M Servin, T Shepard, P Spengler, JD Sugerman-Brozan, J Targ, N Wallace, D Wallace, R White, RH Woodruff, T AF Samet, JM Dearry, A Eggleston, PA Ford, J Froines, J Gelobter, M Gong, H Kinney, PL Leikauf, GD Lipsett, M Lwebuga-Mukasa, JS Mannino, D McDonnell, W Morandi, MT Neas, LM Porras, C Prasad, S Redd, S Schwab, M Servin, T Shepard, P Spengler, JD Sugerman-Brozan, J Targ, N Wallace, D Wallace, R White, RH Woodruff, T CA Amer Lung Assoc TI Urban air pollution and health inequities: A workshop report SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Review DE air pollution; community intervention; environmental justice; environmental monitoring; genetic susceptibility; health status susceptibility; population surveillance; public policy; urban health ID OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY-DISEASE; SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA COMMUNITIES; CHRONIC RESPIRATORY SYMPTOMS; DIESEL EXHAUST PARTICLES; NORTH-AMERICAN CHILDREN; DAILY ASTHMA SEVERITY; PEAK EXPIRATORY FLOW; INNER-CITY CHILDREN; SMALL-AREA ANALYSIS; LOW-BIRTH-WEIGHT AB Over the past three decades, an array of legislation with attendant regulations has been implemented to enhance the quality of the environment and thereby improve the public's health. Despite the many beneficial changes that have followed, there remains a disproportionately higher prevalence of harmful environmental exposures, particularly air pollution, for certain populations. These populations most often reside in urban settings, have low socioeconomic status, and include a large proportion of ethnic minorities. The disparities between racial/ethnic minority and/or low-income populations in cities and the general population in terms of environmental exposures and related health risks have prompted the "environmental justice" or "environmental equity" movement, which strives to create cleaner environments for the most polluted communities. Achieving cleaner environments will require interventions based on scientific data specific to the populations at risk; however, research in this area has been relatively limited. To assess the current scientific information on urban air pollution and its health impacts and to help set the agenda for immediate intervention and future research, the American Lung Association organized an invited workshop on Urban Air Pollution and Health Inequities held 22-24 October 1999 in Washington, DC. This report builds on literature reviews and summarizes the discussions of working groups charged with addressing key areas relevant to air pollution and health effects in urban environments. An overview was provided of the state of the science for health impacts of air pollution and technologies available for air quality monitoring and exposure assessment. The working groups then prioritized research needs to address the knowledge gaps and developed recommendations for community interventions and public policy to begin to remedy the exposure and health inequities. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. NIEHS, NIH, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Johns Hopkins Hosp, Dept Pediat, Div Immunol & Allergy, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA. Columbia Univ Coll Phys & Surg, Harlem Hosp Ctr, Div Pulm Med, New York, NY 10032 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, Ctr Environm & Occupat Hlth, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Grad Dept Publ Adm, Newark, NJ 07102 USA. Univ So Calif, Rancho Los Amigos Med Ctr, Environm Hlth Serv, Downey, CA 90242 USA. Columbia Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, New York, NY USA. Univ Cincinnati, Med Ctr, Dept Environm Hlth, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Med Ctr, Dept Physiol Biophys, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Med Ctr, Dept Med, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Sch Med, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. Buffalo Gen Hosp, Dept Med, Buffalo, NY 14203 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. US EPA, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Univ Texas, Sch Publ Hlth, Houston, TX USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Communities Better Environm, Los Angeles, CA USA. Calif Environm Protect Agcy, Sacramento, CA USA. Johns Hopkins Sch Publ Hlth, Risk Sci & Publ Policy Inst, Baltimore, MD USA. Calif Air Resources Board, Sacramento, CA USA. W Harlem Environm Act, New York, NY USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth, Environm Sci & Engn Program, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Alternat Community & Environm, Roxbury, MA USA. US EPA, Off Environm Justice, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Columbia Univ, Joseph L Mailman Sch Publ Hlth, Ctr Childrens Environm Hlth, New York, NY 10027 USA. Columbia Univ, Joseph L Mailman Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Sociomed Sci, New York, NY 10027 USA. New York State Psychiat Inst, Epidemiol Mental Disorders Res Dept, New York, NY 10032 USA. Amer Lung Assoc, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, Off Policy Econ & Innovat, Natl Ctr Environm Econ, Washington, DC 20460 USA. RP Samet, JM (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, 615 N Wolfe St,Suite 6041, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. NR 155 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 13 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 109 SU 3 BP 357 EP 374 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 448FU UT WOS:000169616900003 ER PT J AU Kaiser, R Henderson, AK Daley, WR Naughton, M Khan, MH Rahman, M Kieszak, S Rubin, CH AF Kaiser, R Henderson, AK Daley, WR Naughton, M Khan, MH Rahman, M Kieszak, S Rubin, CH TI Blood lead levels of primary school children in Dhaka, Bangladesh SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE Bangladesh; blood lead levels; children; lead poisoning; risk factors ID EXPOSURE; COHORT; HEALTH; CITY AB Dhaka, Bangladesh, has one of the highest air lead levels in the world. In February 2000, we evaluated children at five primary schools in Dhaka to determine blood lead (BPb) levels, sources of environmental exposure, and potential risk factors for lead poisoning. Selected schools represented a range of geographic and socioeconomic strata. A total of 779 students 4-12 years of age participated. The mean BPb level was 15.0 mug/dL (range 4.2-63.1 mug/dL). Most students (87.4%) had BPb level above the Centers for Disease Control and prevention's level of concern (10 mug/dL). Elevated BPb levels correlated with soil eating [odds ratio (OR) = 3.31; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.30-8.39], low parental education (OR = 2.72; 95% CI, 1.97-3.75), living dose to major roads (OR = 2.30; 95% CI, 1.23-4.29), and increasing age (OR = 1.11; 95% CI, 1.06-1.16). BPb levels measured were similar to those in other countries that use leaded gasoline. No other potential sources of lead exposure were consistently identified. Combustion of leaded gasoline is the main source of lead exposure in Dhaka, resulting in ubiquitous contamination of the environment. The increase in BPb levels with age, a finding contrary to observations in the United States and Australia, may be related to increased outdoor activities. The Bangladeshi government recently announced a plan to eliminate leaded gasoline. Baseline BPb surveys are critical to develop and evaluate intervention policies. Strategies to reduce BPb levels need to address variations in socioeconomic status, construction type and location of housing, and levels of hygiene. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidem Intellicence Serv, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. Natl Inst Prevent & Social Med, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Minist Hlth, Dhaka, Bangladesh. RP Kaiser, R (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control, NCEH, EHHE, HSB, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mail Stop E-23, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 28 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 0 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 109 IS 6 BP 563 EP 566 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 450DP UT WOS:000169726500023 PM 11445508 ER PT J AU Adgate, JL Barr, DB Clayton, CA Eberly, LE Freeman, NCG Lioy, PJ Needham, LL Pellizzari, ED Quackenboss, JJ Roy, A Sexton, K AF Adgate, JL Barr, DB Clayton, CA Eberly, LE Freeman, NCG Lioy, PJ Needham, LL Pellizzari, ED Quackenboss, JJ Roy, A Sexton, K TI Measurement of children's exposure to pesticides: Analysis of urinary metabolite levels in a probability-based sample SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE children's health; exposure assessment; Minnesota Children's Pesticide Exposure Study (MNCPES); National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES); National Human Exposure Assessment Survey; (NHEXAS); organophosphate pesticides; urinary biomarkers ID UNITED-STATES; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; CHARACTERIZE; CHLORPYRIFOS; POPULATION; RESIDUES; ADULTS; HEALTH; RISKS AB The Minnesota Children's Pesticide Exposure Study is a probability-based sample of 102 children 3-13 years old who were monitored for commonly used pesticides. During the summer of 1997, first-morning-void urine samples (1-3 per child) were obtained for 88% of study children and analyzed for metabolites of insecticides and herbicides: carbamates and related compounds (1-NAP), atrazine (Ah?), malathion (MDA), and chlorpyrifos and related compounds (TCPy). TCPy was present in 93% of the samples, whereas 1-NAP, MDA, and AM were detected in 45%, 37%, and 2% of samples, respectively. Measured intrachild means ranged from 1.4 mug/L for MDA to 9.2 mug/L for TCPy, and there was considerable intrachild variability. For children providing three urine samples, geometric mean TCPy levels were greater than the detection limit in 98% of the samples, and nearly half the children had geometric mean 1-NAP and MDA levels greater than the detection limit. Interchild variability was significantly greater than intrachild variability for 1-NAP (p = 0.0037) and TCPy (p < 0.0001). The four metabolites measured were not correlated within urine samples, and children's metabolite levels did not vary systematically by sex, age, race, household income, or putative household pesticide use. On a log scale, mean TCPy levels were significantly higher in urban than in nonurban children (7.2 vs. 4.7 mug/L; p = 0.036). Weighted population mean concentrations were 3.9 [standard error (SE) = 0.7; 95% confidence interval (CI), 2.5, 5.3] mug/L for 1-NAP, 1.7 (SE = 0.3; 95% CI, 1.1, 2.3) mug/L for MDA, and 9.6 (SE = 0.9; 95% CI, 7.8, 11) mug/L for TCPy. The weighted population results estimate the overall mean and variability of metabolite levels for more than 84,000 children in the census tracts sampled. Levels of 1-NAP were lower than reported adult reference range concentrations, whereas TCPy concentrations were substantially higher. Concentrations of MDA were detected more frequently and found at higher levels in children than in a recent nonprobability-based sample of adults. Overall, Minnesota children's TCPy and MDA levels were higher than in recent population-based studies of adults in the United States, but the relative magnitude of intraindividual variability was similar for adults and children. C1 Univ Minnesota, Sch Publ Hlth, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. Res Triangle Inst, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Environm & Occupat Hlth Sci Inst, Piscataway, NJ USA. US EPA, Las Vegas, NV 89193 USA. RP Adgate, JL (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Sch Publ Hlth, MMC 807,Room 1260,420 Delaware St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. RI Needham, Larry/E-4930-2011; Lioy, Paul/F-6148-2011; Barr, Dana/E-2276-2013; Barr, Dana/E-6369-2011; Quackenboss, James/I-1960-2013 NR 30 TC 134 Z9 138 U1 2 U2 20 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 109 IS 6 BP 583 EP 590 DI 10.2307/3455032 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 450DP UT WOS:000169726500027 PM 11445512 ER PT J AU Lynberg, M Nuckols, JR Langlois, P Ashley, D Singer, P Mendola, P Wilkes, C Krapfl, H Miles, E Speight, V Lin, B Small, L Miles, A Bonin, M Zeitz, P Tadkod, A Henry, J Forrester, MB AF Lynberg, M Nuckols, JR Langlois, P Ashley, D Singer, P Mendola, P Wilkes, C Krapfl, H Miles, E Speight, V Lin, B Small, L Miles, A Bonin, M Zeitz, P Tadkod, A Henry, J Forrester, MB TI Assessing exposure to disinfection by-products in women of reproductive age living in Corpus Christi, Texas, and Cobb County, Georgia: Descriptive results and methods SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE biomarkers; disinfection by-products; epidemiology; exposure assessment; exposure modeling; tap water; trihalomethanes ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; DRINKING-WATER; HUMAN BLOOD; TRIHALOMETHANE LEVELS; HOUSEHOLD WATER; NORTH-CAROLINA; CHLOROFORM; INHALATION; BROMODICHLOROMETHANE; CONTAMINANTS AB We conducted a field study in Corpus Christi, Texas, and Cobb County, Georgia, ro evaluate exposure measures for disinfection by-products, with special emphasis on trihalomethanes (THMs). Participants were mothers living in either geographic area who had given birth to healthy infants from June 1998 through May 1999. We assessed exposure by sampling blood and water and obtaining information about water use habits and tap water characteristics. Two 10-mL whole blood samples were collected from each participant before and immediately after her shower. Levels of individual THM species (chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, and bromoform) were measured in whole blood [parts per trillion (pptr)] and in water samples (parts per billion). In the Corpus Christi water samples, brominated compounds accounted for 71% of the total THM concentration by weight; in Cobb County, chloroform accounted for 88%. Significant differences in blood THM levels were observed between study locations. For example, the median baseline blood level of bromoform was 0.3 pptr and 3.5 pptr for participants in Cobb County and Corpus Christi, respectively (p = 0.0001). Differences were most striking in blood obtained after showering. For bromoform, the median blood levels were 0.5 pptr and 17 pptr for participants in Cobb County and Corpus Christi, respectively (p = 0.0001). These results suggest that blood levels of THM species vary substantially across populations, depending on both water quality characteristics and water use activities. Such variation has important implications for epidemiologic studies of the potential health effects of disinfection byproducts. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Enivornm Hazards & Hlth Effects, Atlanta, GA USA. Div Environm Hlth Lab, Atlanta, GA USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Environm Hlth, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Texas Dept Hlth, Austin, TX 78756 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Chapel Hill, NC USA. US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Wilkes Technol Inc, Bethesda, MD USA. RP Lynberg, M (reprint author), CDC, NCEH, EHHE, HSB, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,MS E-23, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. OI Speight, Vanessa/0000-0001-7780-7863; Mendola, Pauline/0000-0001-5330-2844 FU PHS HHS [U50/CCU613232] NR 48 TC 61 Z9 65 U1 0 U2 7 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 109 IS 6 BP 597 EP 604 DI 10.2307/3455034 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 450DP UT WOS:000169726500029 PM 11445514 ER PT J AU Trout, D Bernstein, J Martinez, K Biagini, R Wallingford, K AF Trout, D Bernstein, J Martinez, K Biagini, R Wallingford, K TI Bioaerosol lung damage in a worker with repeated exposure to fungi in a water-damaged building SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE bioaerosol; building-related illness; fungi; hypersensitivity pneumonitis; mycotoxin; Stachybotrys; water damage ID HYPERSENSITIVITY PNEUMONITIS; ENZYME-IMMUNOASSAY; STACHYBOTRYS; ANTIBODIES; HEALTH AB There has been increased concern over health effects related to potential exposure of building occupants to bioaerosols. We report the case of a worker with a respiratory illness related to bioaerosol exposure in a water-damaged building with extensive fungal contamination. We performed environmental tests to evaluate potential exposure to fungi, and we used mycotoxin-specific IgG antibody in serologic studies in the attempt to evaluate exposure to mycotoxins. Extensive fungal contamination was documented in many areas of the building. Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Stachybotrys species were the most predominant fungi found in air sampling. Our serologic test was not useful in differentiating workers who were probably occupationally exposed to mycotoxins from those who were not; however, it did yield evidence that individuals may make specific Ige antibodies to macrocyclic tricothecene mycotoxins. Further research is needed concerning heath effects related to bioaerosol exposures, particularly regarding markers of exposure to specific fungi that may produce mycotoxins. In the absence of clinical tools specific for evaluation of mycotoxin-related illness, a systematic clinical approach for evaluating persons with suspected building-related respiratory illness is warranted. C1 NIOSH, Div Surveillance Hazard Evaluat & Field Studi, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Coll Med, Div Immunol, Allergy Sect, Cincinnati, OH USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NIOSH, Div Appl Res & Technol, Cincinnati, OH USA. RP Trout, D (reprint author), NIOSH, Div Surveillance Hazard Evaluat & Field Studi, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 656 Columbia Pkwy,R-10, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 24 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 3 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 109 IS 6 BP 641 EP 644 DI 10.2307/3455040 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 450DP UT WOS:000169726500035 PM 11445520 ER PT J AU Brown, CM Cann, JW Simons, G Fankhauser, RL Thomas, W Parashar, UD Lewis, MJ AF Brown, CM Cann, JW Simons, G Fankhauser, RL Thomas, W Parashar, UD Lewis, MJ TI Outbreak of Norwalk virus in a Caribbean island resort: application of molecular diagnostics to ascertain the vehicle of infection SO EPIDEMIOLOGY AND INFECTION LA English DT Article ID ROUND-STRUCTURED VIRUSES; VIRAL GASTROENTERITIS; UNITED-STATES; WATER; CONSUMPTION; OYSTERS; ICE AB In 1998, an outbreak of gastroenteritis affected at least 448 persons including 122 staff at a resort hotel in Bermuda. A survey among staff indicated that gastroenteritis was associated with eating or drinking at the hotel (OR = 6(.)0, 95% CI = 2(.)4-15(.)1). Multiple specimens of drinking water had elevated faecal coliform levels and Escherichia coli present, suggestive of faecal contamination. Stools from 18 of the 19 persons with gastroenteritis that were tested were positive for genogroup-II Norwalk-like viruses (NLVs). RT-PCR analysis of a 31 specimen of water produced a genogroup-II NLV genome with a sequence identical to that of NLVs in the stools of three ill persons. This outbreak shows the value of new molecular diagnostics to link illness with a contaminated source through the use of sequence analysis. The risk of outbreaks such as these could be reduced in tourism dependent regions like Bermuda and the Caribbean by regular evaluation of data from the inspection and monitoring of drinking water supplies and waste water systems, by ensuring the chlorination of supplemental drinking water supplies and by establishing food-safety initiatives. C1 Pan Amer Hlth Org, Caribbean Epidemiol Ctr, Div Epidemiol, Federation Pk, Trinid & Tobago. CDCP, Viral Gastroenteritis Sect, Resp & Enter Viruses Brach, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis,Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Lewis, MJ (reprint author), Pan Amer Hlth Org, Caribbean Epidemiol Ctr, Div Epidemiol, 16-18 Jamaica Blvd, Federation Pk, Trinid & Tobago. NR 20 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 1 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI PORT CHESTER PA 110 MIDLAND AVE, PORT CHESTER, NY 10573-9863 USA SN 0950-2688 J9 EPIDEMIOL INFECT JI Epidemiol. Infect. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 126 IS 3 BP 425 EP 432 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 482MK UT WOS:000171579800011 PM 11467799 ER PT J AU MacDonald, LA Karasek, RA Punnett, L Scharf, T AF MacDonald, LA Karasek, RA Punnett, L Scharf, T TI Covariation between workplace physical and psychosocial stressors: evidence and implications for occupational health research and prevention SO ERGONOMICS LA English DT Article DE ergonomics; psychosocial; work organization; job design; epidemiology ID MUSCULOSKELETAL SYMPTOMS; WORK LOAD AB There is increasing interest in distinguishing the effects of physical and psychosocial workplace stressors on the aetiology of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (MSD). Modest associations have been found between psychosocial stressors and MSD, such as intensive load, monotonous work and low job control. Interpretation of these results has been limited by likely covariation between physical and psychosocial stressors. This investigation examined exposure covariation among blue- and white-collar workers employed in a mass production manufacturing environment (N = 410). Physical stressors were assessed from questionnaire and accelerometry. Psychosocial stressors were assessed from questionnaire. Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients were computed. An exploratory factor analysis procedure identified possible common factors linking specific physical and psychosocial stressors. Moderate to high correlations between some physical and psychosocial stressors showed evidence of covariation both across and within groups. Covariation was strongest among blue- collar production and low-status office workers. Factor analysis results showed considerable shared variance between some physical and psychosocial stressors, such as repetition and job control, suggesting that these disparate stressors manifest from common work organization factors that govern the structure of work. While recognizing the conceptual differences between physical and psychosocial stressors, these results call attention to the strong empirical relationships that can exist between some stressors in the workplace setting. To guard against ambiguous study findings that can occur when exposures are mixed, it is critical that future epidemiologic studies include information about the degree of association between task-level stressors. Future research on work organization determinants of task-level stressors, and their coincident occurrence in jobs with greater specialization, may provide promising new insights into the nature of risk for MSD and effective prevention strategies. C1 NIOSH, US Dept HHS, Publ Hlth Serv, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Work Environm, Lowell, MA 01854 USA. RP MacDonald, LA (reprint author), NIOSH, US Dept HHS, Publ Hlth Serv, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 4676 Columbia Pkwy,MS R-15, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RI MacDonald, Leslie/D-2201-2014 NR 32 TC 81 Z9 82 U1 1 U2 14 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA 11 NEW FETTER LANE, LONDON EC4P 4EE, ENGLAND SN 0014-0139 J9 ERGONOMICS JI Ergonomics PD JUN PY 2001 VL 44 IS 7 BP 696 EP 718 DI 10.1080/00140130119943 PG 23 WC Engineering, Industrial; Ergonomics; Psychology, Applied; Psychology SC Engineering; Psychology GA 435HZ UT WOS:000168872500002 PM 11437204 ER PT J AU Probert, WS Kim, JH Hook, M Johnson, BJB AF Probert, WS Kim, JH Hook, M Johnson, BJB TI Mapping the ligand-binding region of Borrelia burgdorferi fibronectin-binding protein BBK32 SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID LYME-DISEASE SPIROCHETE; STREPTOCOCCUS-PYOGENES; EXTRACELLULAR-MATRIX; EPITHELIAL-CELLS; SENSU-LATO; ADHERENCE; ENTRY; MYCOBACTERIA; FIBROBLASTS; INVITRO AB The cellular attachment and entry of pathogenic microorganisms can be facilitated by the expression of microbial adhesins that bind fibronectin. We have previously described a Borrelia burgdorferi gene, bbk32, that encodes a 47-kDa fibronectin-binding protein. In this study, the ligand-binding region of BBK32 from B. burgdorferi isolate B31 was localized to 32 amino acids. The bbk32 gene was cloned and sequenced from three additional B. burgdorferi isolates representing different genospecies of B. burgdorferi sensu late. All four bbk32 genes encoded proteins having fibronectin-binding activity when expressed in Escherichia coli, and the deduced proteins shared 81 to 91% amino acid sequence identity within the ligand-binding domain. In addition, the ligand-binding region of BBK32 was found to share sequence homology with a fibronectin-binding peptide defined for protein F1 of Streptococcus pyogenes. The structural and functional similarity between the ligand-binding region of BBK32 and the UR region of protein F1 suggests a common mechanism of cellular adhesion and entry for B. burgdorferi and S. pyogenes. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Ctr Infect Dis, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Ctr Extracellular Matrix Biol, Albert B Alkek Inst Biosci & Technol, Houston, TX 77030 USA. RP Johnson, BJB (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Ctr Infect Dis, POB 2087, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. NR 30 TC 54 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 69 IS 6 BP 4129 EP 4133 DI 10.1128/IAI.69.6.4129-4133.2001 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 433WU UT WOS:000168784300079 PM 11349087 ER PT J AU Secor, WE Freeman, GL AF Secor, WE Freeman, GL TI Differential V beta T-cell receptor usage during chronic experimental schistosomiasis corresponds with distinct pathological presentations SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID MANSONI INFECTIONS; IMMUNE-RESPONSES; CBA/J MICE; IDIOTYPES; EXPOSURE; CYTOKINE AB CBA/J male mice with chronic Schistosoma mansoni infections display either moderate splenomegaly syndrome (MSS) or hypersplenomegaly syndrome (HSS). As MSS and HSS mice differ in several immunologic characteristics, we investigated T-cell receptor V beta usage. The groups had significantly different expression of several V betas, suggesting a relationship between the T-cell repertoire and schistosomiasis pathology. C1 US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Immunol Branch, Div Parasit Dis,Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis,Publ Hlth Serv, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Secor, WE (reprint author), US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Immunol Branch, Div Parasit Dis,Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis,Publ Hlth Serv, 4770 Buford Hwy NE,MS-F13, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 69 IS 6 BP 4177 EP 4179 DI 10.1128/IAI.69.6.4177-4179.2001 PG 3 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 433WU UT WOS:000168784300088 PM 11349096 ER PT J AU Pearson, ML Levine, WC Finton, RJ Ingram, CT Gay, KB Tapelband, G Smith, JD Jarvis, WR AF Pearson, ML Levine, WC Finton, RJ Ingram, CT Gay, KB Tapelband, G Smith, JD Jarvis, WR TI Anesthesia-associated carbon monoxide exposures among surgical patients SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DESFLURANE ANESTHESIA AB OBJECTIVE: To estimate the extent of, and evaluate risk factors for, elevated carboxyhemoglobin levels among patients undergoing general anesthesia and to identify the source of carbon monoxide. DESIGN: Matched case-control study to measure carboxyhemoglobin levels. SETTING: Large academic medical center. PARTICIPANTS: 45 surgical patients who underwent general anesthesia. RESULTS: Case-patients were more likely than controls to undergo surgery on Monday or Tuesday (10/15 vs 7/30; matched odds ratio [mOR], 7.7; 95% confidence interval [CI95], 1.8-34; P=.01), in one particular room (7/15 vs 4/30; mOR, 8.5; CI95,1.5-48; P=.03) or in a room that was idle for greater than or equal to 24 hours (11/15 vs 1/30; mOR, 95.5; CI95, 8.0-1,138; P less than or equal to .001). In a multivariate model, only rooms, and hence the anesthesia equipment, that were idle for greater than or equal to 24 hours were independently associated with elevated intraoperative carboxyhemoglobin levels (OR, 22.4; CI95, 1.5-338; P=.025). Moreover, peak carboxyhernoglobin levels were correlated with the length of time that the room was idle (r=0.7; CI95, 0.3-0.9). Carbon monoxide was detected in the anesthesia machine outflow during one case-procedure. No contamination of anesthesia gas supplies or CO2 absorbents was found. CONCLUSIONS: Carbon monoxide may accumulate in anesthesia circuits left idle for greater than or equal to 24 hours as a result of a chemical interaction between CO2-absorbent granules and anesthetic gases. Patients administered anesthesia through such circuits may be at increased risk for elevated carboxyhemoglobin levels during surgery or the early postoperative period. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Healthcare Qual Promot, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol Program Off, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Fulton Cty Hlth Dept, Off Epidemiol, Atlanta, GA USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Anesthesiol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Morehouse Sch Med, Dept Community Hlth & Prevent Med, Atlanta, GA 30310 USA. Georgia Dept Human Resources, Epidemiol Off, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Pearson, ML (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Healthcare Qual Program, MS E-68,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 18 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 USA SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 22 IS 6 BP 352 EP 356 DI 10.1086/501912 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 464JZ UT WOS:000170530600006 PM 11519912 ER PT J AU Dotson, EM Beard, CB AF Dotson, EM Beard, CB TI Sequence and organization of the mitochondrial genome of the Chagas disease vector, Triatoma dimidiata SO INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Triatoma dimidiata; Triatominae; Chagas disease; mitochondrial DNA ID MEDITERRANEAN FRUIT-FLY; DNA-SEQUENCES; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; ANOPHELES-GAMBIAE; CONTROL REGION; CERATITIS-CAPITATA; GENE ORGANIZATION; EVOLUTION; DROSOPHILA; POPULATIONS AB The 17 019 bp mitochondrial genome of Triatoma dimidiata is composed of thirteen protein coding sequences, twenty-two tRNAs, small and large ribosomal units, and a control region. The gene order and orientation are identical to that of Drosophila yakuba. The nucleotide composition is biased toward adenine and thymine (69.5% A + T). The 2.1 kb putative control region, known as the A + T rich region in most insects, has an A + T bias of 66%, but contains a 400 bp sequence that is 77.5% A + T and two other distinct regions: (1) one with a lower A + T bias (60.1%) and (2) a region of eight tandem repeat units. The identified 1.4 kb nuclear copy of mitochondrial sequences encompasses the string of Gs and the beginning of the cytochrome c oxidase 1 gene but lacks the 1.8 kb region spanning the eight tandem repeats and the 5' end of the NADH dehydrogenase subunit II gene. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Parasit Dis, Entomol Branch, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Dotson, EM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Parasit Dis, Entomol Branch, Mailstop F-22,4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM ebd6@cdc.gov NR 41 TC 111 Z9 121 U1 1 U2 8 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0962-1075 EI 1365-2583 J9 INSECT MOL BIOL JI Insect Mol. Biol. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 10 IS 3 BP 205 EP 215 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2583.2001.00258.x PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology GA 445TL UT WOS:000169474600003 PM 11437912 ER PT J AU Newton, R Ziegler, J Beral, V Mbidde, E Carpenter, L Wabinga, H Mbulaiteye, S Appleby, P Reeves, G Jaffe, H AF Newton, R Ziegler, J Beral, V Mbidde, E Carpenter, L Wabinga, H Mbulaiteye, S Appleby, P Reeves, G Jaffe, H CA Uganda Kaposis Sarcoma Study Grp TI A case-control study of human immunodeficiency virus infection and cancer in adults and children residing in Kampala, Uganda SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER LA English DT Article DE HIV; cancer; Kaposi's sarcoma; Burkitt's lymphoma; Uganda ID SQUAMOUS-CELL CARCINOMA; NON-HODGKINS-LYMPHOMA; KAPOSIS-SARCOMA; HIV-INFECTION; DNA-SEQUENCES; SOUTH-AFRICA; AIDS; CONJUNCTIVA; POPULATION; EPIDEMIC AB Uganda offers a unique setting in which to study the effect of human immunodeficiency virus-l (HIV-l) on cancer. HIV-l is prevalent there, and cancers which are known to be HIV-associated, such as Kaposi's sarcoma and Burkitt's lymphoma, are endemic. Adults residing in Kampala, Uganda, presenting with cancer in city hospitals were interviewed and had an HIV test. Of the 302 adults recruited, 190 had cancers with a potentially infectious aetiology (cases). The remaining 112 adults with tumours not known to have an infectious aetiology formed the control group. In addition, 318 children who were also Kampala residents were recruited and tested for HIV: 128 with cancer (cases) and 190 with non-malignant conditions (controls). HIV seroprevalence was 24% in adult controls and 6% in childhood controls. The odds of HIV seropositivity among cases with specific cancers (other than Kaposi's sarcoma in adults) were compared with that among controls, using odds ratios (ORs), estimated with unconditional logistic regression. All ORs were adjusted for age (<5, 5-14, 15-19, 30-44, 45+) and sex and, in adults, also for the number of lifetime sexual partners (1 or 2, 3-9, 10+). In adults, HIV infection was associated with a significantly (p < 0.05) increased risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma COR 6.2, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.9-19.9, based on 2 1 cases] and conjunctival squamous-cell carcinoma (OR 10.9, 95% CI 3.1-37.7, based on 22 cases) but not with cancer at other common sites, including liver and uterine cervix. In children, HIV infection was associated with a significantly increased risk of Kaposi's sarcoma (OR 94.9, 95% CI 28.5-315.3, based on 36 cases) and Burkitt's lymphoma (OR 7.5, 95% CI 2.8-20.1, based on 33 cases) but not with other cancers. The pattern of HIV-associated cancers in Uganda is broadly similar to that described elsewhere, but the relative frequency of specific cancers, such as conjunctival carcinoma, in HIV-infected people differs. C1 Univ Oxford, Radcliffe Infirm, Imperial Canc Res Fund, Canc Epidemiol Unit, Oxford OX2 6HE, England. Uganda Canc Inst, Kampala, Uganda. Makerere Univ, Sch Med, Kampala, Uganda. Uganda Virus Res Inst, MRC, Programme AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Newton, R (reprint author), Univ Oxford, Radcliffe Infirm, Imperial Canc Res Fund, Canc Epidemiol Unit, Gibson Bldg, Oxford OX2 6HE, England. RI Beral, Valerie/B-2979-2013 NR 34 TC 78 Z9 79 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0020-7136 J9 INT J CANCER JI Int. J. Cancer PD JUN 1 PY 2001 VL 92 IS 5 BP 622 EP 627 DI 10.1002/1097-0215(20010601)92:5<622::AID-IJC1256>3.0.CO;2-K PG 6 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA 427RZ UT WOS:000168420400002 PM 11340563 ER PT J AU Will, JC Galuska, DA Ford, ES Mokdad, A Calle, EE AF Will, JC Galuska, DA Ford, ES Mokdad, A Calle, EE TI Cigarette smoking and diabetes mellitus: evidence of a positive association from a large prospective cohort study SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE diabetes mellitus; smoking; prospective study ID IMPAIRED GLUCOSE-TOLERANCE; RISK-FACTORS; MEN; DISEASE; POPULATION; PREVALENCE; ADULTS; NIDDM AB Objective Only a few prospective studies have examined the relationship between the frequency of cigarette smoking and the incidence of diabetes mellitus. The purpose of this study was to determine whether greater frequency of cigarette smoking accelerated the development of diabetes mellitus, and whether quitting reversed the effect. Methods Data were collected in the Cancer Prevention Study I, a prospective cohort study conducted from 1959 through 1972 by the American Cancer Society where volunteers recruited more than one million acquaintances in 25 US states. From these over one million original participants, 275 190 men and 434 637 women aged greater than or equal to 30 years were selected for the primary analysis using predetermined criteria. Results As smoking increased, the rate of diabetes increased for both men and women. Among those who smoked greater than or equal to2 packs per day at baseline, men had a 45% higher diabetes rate than men who had never smoked; the comparable increase for women was 74%. Quitting smoking reduced the rate of diabetes to that of nonsmokers after 5 years in women and after 10 years in men. Conclusions A dose-response relationship seems likely between smoking and incidence of diabetes. Smokers who quit may derive substantial benefit from doing so. Confirmation of these observations is needed through additional epidemiological and biological research. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Amer Canc Soc, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. RP Will, JC (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Nutr & Phys Act, 4770 Buford Highway NE,Mailstop K-26, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 29 TC 165 Z9 174 U1 1 U2 8 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0300-5771 J9 INT J EPIDEMIOL JI Int. J. Epidemiol. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 30 IS 3 BP 540 EP 546 DI 10.1093/ije/30.3.540 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 449TM UT WOS:000169703300027 PM 11416080 ER PT J AU Lan, NTN Iademarco, MF Binkin, NJ Tung, LB Quy, HT Co, NV AF Lan, NTN Iademarco, MF Binkin, NJ Tung, LB Quy, HT Co, NV TI A case series: initial outcome of persons with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis after treatment with the WHO standard retreatment regimen in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TUBERCULOSIS AND LUNG DISEASE LA English DT Article DE multidrug-resistant tuberculosis; relapse and failure cases; retreatment regimen ID MDR-TB; DOTS PLUS AB Few data address the outcomes of patients who have multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), defined as resistance to at least isoniazid and rifampin, and who receive a standard World Health Organization (WHO) recommended retreatment regimen after relapse or failure with initial treatment. hi this case series, we examined treatment outcomes of a convenience sample of 42 relapse or failure patients who had documented MDR-TB and who had received a standard WHO retreatment regimen (2SHRZW/1HRZE/5H(3)R(3)E(3)). One patient died of tuberculosis in the last month of treatment; the remaining 41 patients completed retreatment. Of the 42, 14 (33%) were sputum smear-negative on completion of therapy. The proportion of patients cured of MDR-TB with the WHO retreatment regimen was similar to historic outcomes when no chemotherapy for TB was given. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div TB Eliminat, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Pham Ngoc Thach TB & Lung Dis Ctr, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam. Natl Inst TB & Resp Dis, Hanoi, Vietnam. RP Iademarco, MF (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div TB Eliminat, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop E-10, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 9 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT UNION AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS LUNG DISEASE (I U A T L D) PI PARIS PA 68 BOULEVARD SAINT-MICHEL,, 75006 PARIS, FRANCE SN 1027-3719 J9 INT J TUBERC LUNG D JI Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 5 IS 6 BP 575 EP 578 PG 4 WC Infectious Diseases; Respiratory System SC Infectious Diseases; Respiratory System GA 439GF UT WOS:000169101900015 PM 11409587 ER PT J AU Nicholson, JKA Browning, SW Hengel, RL Lew, E Gallagher, LE Rimland, D McDougal, JS AF Nicholson, JKA Browning, SW Hengel, RL Lew, E Gallagher, LE Rimland, D McDougal, JS TI CCR5 and CXCR4 expression on memory and naive T cells in HIV-1 infection and response to highly active antiretroviral therapy SO JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES LA English DT Article DE chemokine receptor; CCR5; CXCR4; T cells; HIV-1; immune activation ID VIRUS TYPE-1 INFECTION; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR EXPRESSION; BETA-CHEMOKINES; IN-VITRO; LYMPHOCYTE-ACTIVATION; DISEASE PROGRESSION; CD28 COSTIMULATION; SURFACE EXPRESSION; FUSION COFACTOR; TROPIC HIV-1 AB Objective: To measure CCR5 and CXCR4 chemokine receptor expression on CD4 and CD8 T cells in HIV-1 infection and to relate levels to the distribution of CD45RO memory and CD45RA-naive subsets, measures of disease activity? and response to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Design: Fourteen untreated HIV-1-infected patients, 18 patients at 3- to 4-weeks after beginning HAART, and 35 uninfected control subjects were studied. Methods: Four-color cytofluorometry with appropriate conjugated monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) was performed to define CD45RA and CD45RO subsets of CD4 and CD8 T cells and measure their expression of CCR5, CXCR4, and CD38. Results: HIV-1-infected patients had higher CCR5 levels and lower CXCR4 levels on CD4 and CD8 T cells and their CD45RO/CD45RA subsets than control subjects did. However, CCR5 elevation was statistically significant only for CD4 T cells and their subsets, and CXCR4 depression was significant for CD8 T cells and their subsets (and for CD4:CD45RO cells). The elevation of CCR5 and depression of CXCR4 were not due to shifts in CD45RO/CD45RA subset proportions but to upregulation or downregulation within the subsets. CCR5 elevation on CD4 T cells was significantly restored toward normal by HAART, but the CXCR4 depression was not. CCR5 expression but not CXCR4 expression correlated with other measures of immunodeficiency (CD4 T-cell levels), active infection (viral load), and cellular activation (CD38), Conclusions: CCR5 elevation is a concomitant of immune activation and viral replication that occurs in HIV-1 infection, but the relation of CXCR4 depression to severity of infection, disease progression, and response to therapy remains undefined. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, HIV Immunol & Diagnost Branch, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Div Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30033 USA. RP McDougal, JS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, HIV Immunol & Diagnost Branch, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Mail Stop A25, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 64 TC 35 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1525-4135 J9 J ACQ IMMUN DEF SYND JI J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. PD JUN 1 PY 2001 VL 27 IS 2 BP 105 EP 115 PG 11 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 442YK UT WOS:000169312400002 PM 11404531 ER PT J AU Aizenberg, V Choe, K Grinshpun, SA Willeke, K Baron, PA AF Aizenberg, V Choe, K Grinshpun, SA Willeke, K Baron, PA TI Evaluation of personal aerosol samplers challenged with large particles SO JOURNAL OF AEROSOL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE personal aerosol sampler; large particles; wind tunnel ID SAMPLING EFFICIENCY; AIR-FLOW; PERFORMANCE; ASPIRATION; ERRORS; DUST AB The Simplified Test Protocol, developed in our earlier studies for testing personal inhalable aerosol samplers, was evaluated in a specially designed small open-section, close-loop wind tunnel. The sampling efficiencies of three personal inhalable aerosol samplers (IOM, GSP, and Button Aerosol Sampler) were measured with 65 mum particles, using the Simplified Test Protocol at four inlet orientations to the wind (0, 90, 180? and 270 degrees). The results were compared with the data collected from other evaluation approaches. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) has shown that there is no statistically significant difference in the samplers performance when they are tested in the small and large wind tunnels following the Simplified Test Protocol and in the large wind tunnel following the conventional approach (samplers on a full-size human manikin). Thus, the Simplified Test Protocol has been shown to be suitable for the performance evaluation of personal inhalable aerosol samplers. The new wind tunnel facility was also found useful for handling very large particles, which is a considerable advantage over traditional wind tunnels. Our new wind tunnel was successfully used to measure the sampling efficiencies of the IOM, GSP, and Button Aerosol Sampler when challenged with particles of up to approximately 250 mum aerodynamic diameter at wind velocities of 50 and 100 cm s(-1). The data show that the sampling efficiency of the IOM sampler depends significantly on the wind velocity and is above 100% for particles of 165 and 241 mum mass median aerodynamic diameter. This dependence is not statistically significant for the GSP and Button Aerosol Sampler, whose sampling efficiencies are similar to each other and do not change with increasing test particle size at the indicated wind velocities. Also, the sampling efficiencies of the GSP and Button Aerosol Sampler closely follow the independent data obtained by using a breathing and rotating manikin at a wind velocity of 100 cm s(-1). The new wind tunnel design is expected to enhance the ability to extend the inhalable convention beyond 100 mum. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Cincinnati, Dept Environm Hlth, Aerosol Res & Exposure Assessment Lab, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA. NIOSH, US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Publ Hlth Serv, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Grinshpun, SA (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Dept Environm Hlth, Aerosol Res & Exposure Assessment Lab, POB 670056, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA. NR 34 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0021-8502 J9 J AEROSOL SCI JI J. Aerosol. Sci. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 32 IS 6 BP 779 EP 793 DI 10.1016/S0021-8502(00)00119-1 PG 15 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 430RN UT WOS:000168589500006 ER PT J AU Reese, LE Vera, EM Thompson, K Reyes, R AF Reese, LE Vera, EM Thompson, K Reyes, R TI Qualitative investigation of perceptions of violence risk factors in low-income African American children SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; MENTAL-HEALTH; PREVENTION; FAMILY; DELINQUENCY; TRENDS; SCHOOL AB Conducted a qualitative investigation to identify the perceptions of risk factors for violence in a sample of inner-cin, African American youth. Using ethnographic analyses. themes emerging from these darn included concerns about the reciprocity between drugs and violence, familial quality of life issues. gentler differences in the experience of violence and risk for violence. community safety concerns, and fears about managing peer relationships specific to violence. These data are interpreted relative to the risk factors the violence prevention literature has identified among youth residing in urban environments. Findings are discussed in terms of their potential contribution to generating hypotheses for the development of theory and effective violence prevention practice. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Loyola Univ, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA. RP Reese, LE (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Mailstop K-60,4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 47 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 2 PU LAWRENCE ERLBAUM ASSOC INC PI MAHWAH PA 10 INDUSTRIAL AVE, MAHWAH, NJ 07430-2262 USA SN 0047-228X J9 J CLIN CHILD PSYCHOL JI J. Clin. Child Psychol. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 30 IS 2 BP 161 EP 171 DI 10.1207/S15374424JCCP3002_4 PG 11 WC Psychology, Clinical; Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 435DG UT WOS:000168861700003 PM 11393917 ER PT J AU Erickson, K Thorsen, P Chrousos, G Grigoriadis, DE Khongsaly, O McGregor, J Schulkin, J AF Erickson, K Thorsen, P Chrousos, G Grigoriadis, DE Khongsaly, O McGregor, J Schulkin, J TI Preterm birth: Associated neuroendocrine, medical, and behavioral risk factors SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM LA English DT Article ID CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE; CRF-BINDING-PROTEIN; MATERNAL PLASMA; HUMAN-PLACENTA; MESSENGER-RNA; FETAL MEMBRANES; PRENATAL STRESS; DELIVERY; PREGNANCY; LABOR AB Increased CRH secretion by the placenta of pregnant women has been associated with preterm birth. Certain indices of risk, both medical and psychosocial in nature, have been linked to preterm delivery. Levels of total, bound, and free CRH, CRH-binding protein (CRH-BP), and cortisol were measured prospectively in a large sample of pregnant Danish women who delivered preterm and term infants. Measures of maternal serum hormones were taken at 7-23 and 27-37 weeks gestation and, for those who delivered at term, at 37-43 weeks gestation. At 7-23 weeks gestation, maternal levels of total CRH (P = 0.01), bound CRH (P = 0.03), and CRH-BP (P = 0.01) were higher in the preterm than in the term group. At 27-37 weeks gestation, levels of total CRH (P < 0.0001), bound CRH (P < 0.0001), free CRH (P < 0.0001), and cortisol (P < 0.0001) were all higher in the preterm than the term group, whereas levels of CRH-BP (P < 0.0001) were lower in the preterm than in the term group. The best medical and behavioral factors associated with preterm delivery were, respectively, previous preterm delivery (P < 0.0001) and engagement in certain risk-taking behaviors (P = 0.008). The positive relations between preterm delivery and various adverse medical and socioeconomic variables with increases in placental secretion of CRH suggest that the latter may participate in the pathophysiology of preterm delivery. C1 Georgetown Univ, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Washington, DC 20007 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Denver, CO 80217 USA. Neurocrine Biosci Inc, San Diego, CA 92121 USA. NICHHD, Pediat & Reprod Emdocrinol Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Univ Aarhus, Danish Epidemiol Sci Ctr, Aarhus, Denmark. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Child Dev Disabil & Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. American Univ, Dept Psychol, Washington, DC 20016 USA. RP Schulkin, J (reprint author), Georgetown Univ, Dept Physiol & Biophys, Basic Sci Bldg, Washington, DC 20007 USA. EM jschulkin@acog.org NR 48 TC 91 Z9 94 U1 0 U2 3 PU ENDOCRINE SOC PI CHEVY CHASE PA 8401 CONNECTICUT AVE, SUITE 900, CHEVY CHASE, MD 20815-5817 USA SN 0021-972X EI 1945-7197 J9 J CLIN ENDOCR METAB JI J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 86 IS 6 BP 2544 EP 2552 DI 10.1210/jc.86.6.2544 PG 9 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 444QX UT WOS:000169412000034 PM 11397853 ER PT J AU Chang, MH Hahn, RA Teutsch, SM Hutwagner, LC AF Chang, MH Hahn, RA Teutsch, SM Hutwagner, LC TI Multiple risk factors and population attributable risk for ischemic heart disease mortality in the United States, 1971-1992 SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ischemic heart disease; population-attributable risk; risk factors; mortality; relative risk; multivariable models ID FOLLOW-UP; CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE; SERUM-CHOLESTEROL; CIGARETTE-SMOKING; PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY; NATIONAL-HEALTH; WOMEN; DEATH; FRAMINGHAM; MEN AB The objective of this study was to assess the associations and population attributable risks (PAR) of risk factor combinations and ischemic heart disease (IHD) mortality in the United States. We used logistic regression models to assess the association of risk factors with IHD in the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1971-1974) and Epidemiologic Follow-up Study (1982-1992) among white and black men and women. We examined eight modifiable risk factors: hypertension, elevated serum cholesterol, diabetes, overweight, current smoking, physical inactivity, depression, and nonuse of replacement hormones. Risk factors associated with IHD mortality were the same among white and black men (i.e., age, education, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, and serum cholesterol). Age, education, smoking, diabetes, and hypertension were the risk factors among white and black women. Physical inactivity, nonuse of replacement hormones, serum cholesterol, and overweight were the additional risk factors among white women. Adjusted for demographic risk factors, overall PARs for study risk factors were 41.2% for white men, 60.5% for white women (with five risk factors only), 49.2% for black men, and 71.2% for black women. Much IHD mortality attributable to individual risk factors is caused by those factors in combination with other risk factors; relatively little mortality is attributable to each risk factor in isolation. Analysis that does not examine risk factor combinations may greatly overestimate PARs associated with individual risk factors. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol Program Off, Div Publ Hlth Surveillance & Informat, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol Program Off, Div Prevent Res & Analyt Methods, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Merck & Co Inc, W Point, PA 19486 USA. RP Chang, MH (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol Program Off, Div Publ Hlth Surveillance & Informat, 4770 Buford Highway,MS K-74, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 76 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0895-4356 J9 J CLIN EPIDEMIOL JI J. Clin. Epidemiol. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 54 IS 6 BP 634 EP 644 DI 10.1016/S0895-4356(00)00343-7 PG 11 WC Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 437AC UT WOS:000168967200013 PM 11377125 ER PT J AU Agwale, SM Robbins, KE Odama, L Saekhou, A Zeh, C Edubio, A Njoku, OM Sani-Gwarzo, N Gboun, MF Gao, F Reitz, M Hone, D Folks, TM Pieniazek, D Wambebe, C Kalish, ML AF Agwale, SM Robbins, KE Odama, L Saekhou, A Zeh, C Edubio, A Njoku, OM Sani-Gwarzo, N Gboun, MF Gao, F Reitz, M Hone, D Folks, TM Pieniazek, D Wambebe, C Kalish, ML TI Development of an env gp41-based heteroduplex mobility assay for rapid human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtyping SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CENTRAL-AFRICA; HIV-1; EVOLUTION; STRAINS; IDENTIFICATION; SEQUENCES; NIGERIA AB The gp120 region of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope (env) gene exhibits a high level. of genetic heterogeneity across the group M subtypes. The heteroduplex mobility assay (HMA) has successfully been used to assign subtype classifications, but C2V5 primers often fail to amplify African strains. We developed an env gp41-based HMA for which the target sequence is amplified with highly conserved gp41 primers, known to efficiently amplify nucleic acids from HIV-1 group M, N, and O viruses. By using gp al from a new panel of reference strains, the subtype assignments made by our modified HMA were concordant with those obtained by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of 34 field strains from 10 countries representing subtypes A to G. Testing of field strains from Nigeria further demonstrated the utility of this modified assay. Of 28 samples, all could be amplified with gp41 primers but only 17 (60.7%) could be amplified with the standard C2V5 primers. Therefore, gp41-based HMA can be a useful tool for the rapid monitoring of prevalent subtypes in countries with divergent strains of circulating HIV-1. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Inst Human Virol, Div Vaccine Res, Baltimore, MD USA. Natl Inst Pharmaceut Res & Dev, Abuja, Nigeria. Fed Minist Hlth, Abuja, Nigeria. Robert Koch Inst, D-1000 Berlin, Germany. Univ Alabama, Birmingham, AL USA. RP Kalish, ML (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mail Stop G19,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 27 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 39 IS 6 BP 2110 EP 2114 DI 10.1128/JCM.39.6.2110-2114.2001 PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 439ED UT WOS:000169097100012 PM 11376043 ER PT J AU Xiao, LH Li, LX Moura, H Sulaiman, I Lal, AA Gatti, S Scaglia, M Didier, ES Visvesvara, GS AF Xiao, LH Li, LX Moura, H Sulaiman, I Lal, AA Gatti, S Scaglia, M Didier, ES Visvesvara, GS TI Genotyping Encephalitozoon hellem isolates by analysis of the polar tube protein gene SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ACQUIRED-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-SYNDROME; ENTEROCYTOZOON-BIENEUSI; DISSEMINATED MICROSPORIDIOSIS; INTESTINAL MICROSPORIDIOSIS; CUNICULI STRAINS; FECAL SAMPLES; AIDS PATIENTS; IDENTIFICATION; HUMANS; DOGS AB To develop an alternative genotyping tool, the genetic diversity of Encephalitozoon hellem was examined at the polar tube protein (PTP) locus. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the PTP gene divided 24 E. hellem isolates into four genotypes, compared to two genotypes identified by analysis of the internal transcribed spacer of the rRNA gene. The four PTP genotypes differed from each other by the copy number of the 60-bp central repeat as well as by point mutations. A simple PCR test was developed to differentiate E. hellem genotypes based on the difference in the size of PTP PCR products, which should facilitate the genotyping of E. hellem in clinical samples. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Immunol Branch, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis,Publ Hlth Sci,US Dept Hlth &, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Parasite Biol & Diagnost Branch, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis,Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept Hlth &, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Atlanta Res & Educ Fdn, Atlanta, GA 30033 USA. Univ Pavia, IRCCS San Matteo, Lab Clin Parasitol, Pavla, Italy. Tulane Univ, Med Ctr, Tulane Reg Primate Res Ctr, Dept Microbiol, Covington, LA 70433 USA. RP Xiao, LH (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Immunol Branch, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis,Publ Hlth Sci,US Dept Hlth &, Bldg 22,Mail Stop F-12,4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RI Xiao, Lihua/B-1704-2013 OI Xiao, Lihua/0000-0001-8532-2727 NR 40 TC 24 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 39 IS 6 BP 2191 EP 2196 DI 10.1128/JCM.39.6.2191-2196.2001 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 439ED UT WOS:000169097100025 PM 11376056 ER PT J AU Xiao, LH Li, LX Visvesvara, GS Moura, H Didier, ES Lal, AA AF Xiao, LH Li, LX Visvesvara, GS Moura, H Didier, ES Lal, AA TI Genotyping Encephalitozoon cuniculi by multilocus analyses of genes with repetitive sequences SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ENTEROCYTOZOON-BIENEUSI; INTESTINAL MICROSPORIDIOSIS; FECAL SAMPLES; DOGS; IDENTIFICATION; STRAINS; HUMANS; PROTEIN; PIGS AB Encephalitazoon cuniculi infects a nide range of mammalian hosts, Three genotypes based on the number of GTTT repeats in the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of the rRNA have been described, of which genotypes I and III have been identified in humans, In this study, the genetic diversity of E. cuniculi was examined at the polar tube protein (PTP) and spore wall protein I (SWP-1) loci, Nucleotide sequence analysis of the PTP gene divided 11 E, cuniculi isolates into three genotypes in congruence with the result of analysis of the ITS of the rRNA gene. The three PTP genotypes differed from one another by the copy number of the 78-bp central repeat as well as point mutations. These E. cuniculi isolates also differed from one another in the number of 15- and 36-bp repeats in the SWP-1 gene. In addition, some E. cuniculi isolates had heterogeneous copies of the SWP-1 gene with various numbers of repeats. Intragenotypic variation was also observed at the SWP-1 locus. Based on the length polymorphism and sequence diversities of the PTP and SWP-1 genes, two simple PCR tests were developed to differentiate E. cuniculi in clinical samples. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Tulane Univ, Med Ctr, Tulane Reg Primate Res Ctr, Dept Microbiol, Covington, LA 70433 USA. RP Xiao, LH (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Bldg 22,Mail Stop F-12,4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RI Xiao, Lihua/B-1704-2013 OI Xiao, Lihua/0000-0001-8532-2727 NR 24 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 39 IS 6 BP 2248 EP 2253 DI 10.1128/JCM.39.6.2248-2253.2001 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 439ED UT WOS:000169097100034 PM 11376065 ER PT J AU Murga, R Miller, JM Donlan, RM AF Murga, R Miller, JM Donlan, RM TI Biofilm formation by gram-negative bacteria on central venous catheter connectors: Effect of conditioning films in a laboratory model SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PSEUDOMONAS-AERUGINOSA; FIBRONECTIN; ADHERENCE; CELLS; PREVENTION; INFECTIONS; LAMININ; BIND AB Human blood components have been shown to enhance biofilm formation by gram-positive bacteria. We investigated the effect of human blood on biofilm formation on the inner lumen of needleless central venous catheter connectors by several gram-negative bacteria, specifically Enterobacter cloacae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Pantoea agglomerans. Results suggest that a conditioning him of blood components promotes biofilm formation by these organisms in an in vitro system. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Biofilm Res Lab, Div Healthcare Qual Promot, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Murga, R (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Biofilm Res Lab, Div Healthcare Qual Promot, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Mail Stop C-16,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 20 TC 52 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 39 IS 6 BP 2294 EP 2297 DI 10.1128/JCM.39.6.2294-2297.2001 PG 4 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 439ED UT WOS:000169097100043 PM 11376074 ER PT J AU Abbadi, S Rashed, HG Morlock, GP Woodley, CL El Shanawy, O Cooksey, RC AF Abbadi, S Rashed, HG Morlock, GP Woodley, CL El Shanawy, O Cooksey, RC TI Characterization of IS6110 restriction fragment length polymorphism patterns and mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance for multidrug-resistant isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from a major reference hospital in Assiut, Egypt SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NEW-YORK-CITY; STREPTOMYCIN RESISTANCE; IDENTIFICATION; MUTATIONS; GENE AB We evaluated 25 Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from patients at a major Egyptian reference hospital in Assiut, Egypt, who had been treated for at least 1 year for tuberculosis. Typing patterns (IS6110) were diverse, and multidrug resistance mas found among 11 (44%) of the isolates. Mutations associated with antimicrobial drag resistance were found in rpoB, katG, rpsL, and embB in the resistant isolates. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, TB Mycobacteriol Branch, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Assiut Univ Hosp, Assiut, Egypt. RP Cooksey, RC (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, TB Mycobacteriol Branch, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Mail Stop F-08, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 16 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 39 IS 6 BP 2330 EP 2334 DI 10.1128/JCM.39.6.2330-2334.2001 PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 439ED UT WOS:000169097100053 PM 11376084 ER PT J AU Garcia-Lerma, JG Heneine, W AF Garcia-Lerma, JG Heneine, W TI Resistance of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 to reverse transcriptase and protease inhibitors: genotypic and phenotypic testing SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL VIROLOGY LA English DT Review DE HIV-1 drug resistance; phenotype; genotype ID HIGH-LEVEL RESISTANCE; HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS; POL GENE-MUTATIONS; IN-VIVO MUTATION; LINE PROBE ASSAY; CD4 CELL COUNTS; DRUG-RESISTANCE; COMBINATION THERAPY; NONNUCLEOSIDE INHIBITORS; NUCLEOSIDE ANALOGS AB Treatment of HIV-l-infected persons with antiretroviral drugs including reverse transcriptase (RT) and protease inhibitors has significantly reduced the rate of HIV and AIDS-related morbidity and mortality. However, these treatments can select for drug-resistant viruses which are associated with poor virologic responses to the antiretroviral therapies and loss of clinical benefit. Drug resistance is conferred by single or several amino acid changes in the pol gene. These mutations can be classified as primary when they directly confer reduced drug susceptibility, or secondary when their influence is primarily on replication capabilities of resistant viruses. Both genotypic and phenotypic methods are used for drug resistance testing. Genotypic assays detect resistance-related mutations by sequence analysis or point mutations assays. Phenotypic testing measures drug susceptibility of patient-derived viruses in culture assays. Viruses can be conventionally isolated from peripheral blood lymphocytes, or generated more rapidly through recombination of plasma-derived RT/protease sequences and modified HIV-1 vectors. Phenotypic testing provides direct evidence of resistance, is easy to interpret, but is laborious and expensive. In contrast, genotypic testing provides indirect evidence of resistance, is relatively faster and cheaper, but some complex mutation patterns may be difficult to interpret. Non-culture based phenotypic assays that measure susceptibility of RT activity in plasma to RT inhibitors have been described recently, and provide new tools for rapid phenotypic testing. Resistance testing is currently recommended to help guide the choice of new regimens after treatment failure and for guiding therapy in pregnant women. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, HIV & Retrovirol Branch, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Heneine, W (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, HIV & Retrovirol Branch, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 110 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1386-6532 J9 J CLIN VIROL JI J. Clin. Virol. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 21 IS 3 SI SI BP 197 EP 212 PG 16 WC Virology SC Virology GA 442RE UT WOS:000169298100004 PM 11397656 ER PT J AU Kann, L AF Kann, L TI Substance use survey data collection methodologies and selected papers - Commentary SO JOURNAL OF DRUG ISSUES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Adolescent & Sch Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Surveillance & Evaluat Res Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Kann, L (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Adolescent & Sch Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Surveillance & Evaluat Res Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 2 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU J DRUG ISSUES INC PI TALLAHASSEE PA FLORIDA STATE UNIV, SCHOOL CRIMINOLOGY CRIMINAL JUSTICE, PO BOX 66696, TALLAHASSEE, FL 32313-6696 USA SN 0022-0426 J9 J DRUG ISSUES JI J. Drug Issues PD SUM PY 2001 VL 31 IS 3 BP 725 EP 727 PG 3 WC Substance Abuse SC Substance Abuse GA 474FZ UT WOS:000171096800009 ER PT J AU Choi, BCK Bonita, R McQueen, DV AF Choi, BCK Bonita, R McQueen, DV TI The need for global risk factor surveillance SO JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY AND COMMUNITY HEALTH LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Hlth Canada, Populat & Publ Hlth Branch, Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Control, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada. WHO, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Choi, BCK (reprint author), Hlth Canada, Populat & Publ Hlth Branch, Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Control, Tunneys Pasture,PL 1918C3, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada. NR 0 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU BRITISH MED JOURNAL PUBL GROUP PI LONDON PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON WC1H 9JR, ENGLAND SN 0143-005X J9 J EPIDEMIOL COMMUN H JI J. Epidemiol. Community Health PD JUN PY 2001 VL 55 IS 6 BP 370 EP 370 DI 10.1136/jech.55.6.370 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 433FY UT WOS:000168750600003 ER PT J AU Ervin, RB AF Ervin, RB TI Update on dietary supplements in NHANES SO JOURNAL OF FOOD COMPOSITION AND ANALYSIS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 24th National Nutrient Databank Conference CY JUL 27-29, 2000 CL ST PAUL, MINNESOTA SP Univ Minnesota, Nutrit Coordinating Ctr DE continuous NHANES; dietary supplements; vitamins; minerals; supplements database AB The National Center for Health Statistics periodically conducts the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey or NHANES to assess the health and nutritional status of the civilian. noninstitutionalized population of the United States. Beginning in 1999 this survey became continuous, Interviewers collect detailed information about use of dietary supplements during the household interview. Unlike in the past, the current survey does not limit the types of supplements respondents can report, Dietary supplements include vitamins, minerals, amino acids, oils, botanicals, enzymes, metabolites, and extracts, to name a few, This paper briefly reviews the types of dietary-supplement information collected during the household interview and staff efforts to build a dietary supplements concentration database, called DUMPS, based on the products reported in the survey. Plans are being made to update the supplement names and concentration information each year the product is reported. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Div Hlth Examinat Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. RP Ervin, RB (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Div Hlth Examinat Stat, 6525 Belcrest Rd,Rm 900, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0889-1575 J9 J FOOD COMPOS ANAL JI J. Food Compos. Anal. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 14 IS 3 BP 237 EP 240 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 473XP UT WOS:000171074700002 ER PT J AU Gregory, V Lim, W Cameron, K Bennett, M Marozin, S Klimov, A Hall, H Cox, N Hay, A Lin, YP AF Gregory, V Lim, W Cameron, K Bennett, M Marozin, S Klimov, A Hall, H Cox, N Hay, A Lin, YP TI Infection of a child in Hong Kong by an influenza A H3N2 virus closely related to viruses circulating in European pigs SO JOURNAL OF GENERAL VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID A VIRUSES; GENETIC REASSORTMENT; NUCLEOPROTEIN GENES; SOUTHERN CHINA; SWINE; TRANSMISSION; H1N1; EVOLUTION; HEMAGGLUTININ; EMERGENCE AB Influenza virus All-long Kong/1774/99, isolated from a young child with mild influenza, was shown to be similar in its antigenic and genetic characteristics to H3N2 viruses circulating in pigs in Europe during the 1990s and in particular to be closely related to viruses isolated from two children in the Netherlands in 1993, Similar viruses had previously not been identified outside Europe. Although there is little evidence as to how the child contracted the infection, it appears likely that pigs in southern China were the source of infection. Characteristics shared with the European swine viruses include resistance to the anti-influenza drugs amantadine and rimantadine. Thus not only does this incident once again highlight the potential of pigs as a source of novel human influenza viruses, but also indicates the potential for emergence of amantadine-resistant human viruses. C1 Natl Inst Med Res, Div Virol, London NW7 1AA, England. Queen Mary Hosp, Govt Virus Unit, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Influenza Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Lin, YP (reprint author), Natl Inst Med Res, Div Virol, London NW7 1AA, England. RI Marozin, Sabrina/N-7033-2014 NR 32 TC 52 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING RG7 1AE, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0022-1317 J9 J GEN VIROL JI J. Gen. Virol. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 82 BP 1397 EP 1406 PN 6 PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology GA 435TE UT WOS:000168896600017 PM 11369884 ER PT J AU Sutton, MY Liu, H Steiner, B Pillay, A Mickey, T Finelli, L Morse, S Markowitz, LE St Louis, ME AF Sutton, MY Liu, H Steiner, B Pillay, A Mickey, T Finelli, L Morse, S Markowitz, LE St Louis, ME TI Molecular subtyping of Treponema pallidum in an Arizona county with increasing syphilis morbidity: Use of specimens from ulcers and blood SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT National STD Prevention Conference CY DEC 08, 1998 CL DALLAS, TEXAS ID SEXUALLY-TRANSMITTED DISEASES; TRANSMISSION; INFECTION; EPIDEMIOLOGY AB A molecular-based subtyping system for Treponema pallidum was used during an investigation of increasing syphilis in Maricopa County, Arizona. Genital ulcer or whole blood specimens from patients with syphilis were assayed by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of a T. pallidum DNA polymerase I gene. Positive specimens were typed on the basis of PCR amplification of 2 variable genes. In all, 41 (93%) of 44 of ulcer specimens and 4 (27%) of 15 blood specimens yielded typeable T. pallidum DNA. Twenty-four (53%) of 45 specimens were subtype 14f; other subtypes identified included 4f, 4i, 5f, 12a, 12f, 14a, 14d, 14e, and 14i. Only 2 specimens were from epidemiologically linked patients. This investigation demonstrates that multiple subtypes of T. pallidum can be found in an area with high syphilis morbidity, although 1 subtype (14f) was predominant. Four typeable specimens were from blood, a newly identified specimen source for subtyping. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Sexually Transmitted Dis Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div AIDS Sexually Transmitted Dis & TB Lab Res, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Maricopa Cty Dept Publ Hlth Serv, Phoenix, AZ USA. RP Sutton, MY (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Sexually Transmitted Dis Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop E-02, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 19 TC 47 Z9 63 U1 2 U2 7 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD JUN 1 PY 2001 VL 183 IS 11 BP 1601 EP 1606 DI 10.1086/320698 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 430XZ UT WOS:000168601900007 PM 11343208 ER PT J AU Nomura, T Carlton, JMR Baird, JK del Portillo, HA Fryauff, DJ Rathore, D Fidock, DA Su, XZ Collins, WE McCutchan, TF Wootton, JC Wellems, TE AF Nomura, T Carlton, JMR Baird, JK del Portillo, HA Fryauff, DJ Rathore, D Fidock, DA Su, XZ Collins, WE McCutchan, TF Wootton, JC Wellems, TE TI Evidence for different mechanisms of chloroquine resistance in 2 Plasmodium species that cause human malaria SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID VIVAX MALARIA; AOTUS MONKEYS; ANOPHELINE MOSQUITOS; IRIAN-JAYA; IN-VITRO; STRAIN; FALCIPARUM; GENE; INDONESIA; PYRIMETHAMINE AB Chloroquine (CQ)-resistant Plasmodium vivax malaria was first reported 12 years ago, nearly 30 years after the recognition of CQ-resistant P. falciparum. Loss of CQ efficacy now poses a severe problem for the prevention and treatment of both diseases. Mutations in a digestive vacuole protein encoded by a 13-exon gene, pfcrt, were shown recently to have a central role in the CQ resistance (CQR) of P. falciparum. Whether mutations in pfcrt orthologues of other Plasmodium species are involved in CQR remains an open question. This report describes pfcrt homologues from P. vivax, P. knowlesi, P. berghei, and Dictyostelium discoideum. Synteny between the P. falciparum and P. vivax genes is demonstrated. However, a survey of patient isolates and monkey-adapted lines has shown no association between in vivo CQR and codon mutations in the P. vivax gene. This is evidence that the molecular events underlying P. vivax CQR differ from those in P. falciparum. C1 NIAID, Parasit Dis Lab, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NIH, Natl Lib Med, Natl Ctr Biotechnol Informat, Computat Biol Branch, Bethesda, MD USA. USN, Med Res Ctr, Malaria Program, Silver Spring, MD USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Chamblee, GA USA. USN, Med Res Unit 2, Jakarta, Indonesia. Univ Sao Paulo, Dept Parasitol, Sao Paulo, Brazil. RP Wellems, TE (reprint author), Bldg 4,Rm 126,Natl Inst Hlth Campus, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RI del Portillo, Hernando /L-2131-2014; OI del Portillo, Hernando /0000-0002-5278-3452; Fidock, David/0000-0001-6753-8938; Su, Xinzhuan/0000-0003-3246-3248 FU NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI050234] NR 54 TC 112 Z9 118 U1 1 U2 4 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD JUN 1 PY 2001 VL 183 IS 11 BP 1653 EP 1661 DI 10.1086/320707 PG 9 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 430XZ UT WOS:000168601900014 PM 11343215 ER PT J AU Shapiro, RL Kumar, L Phillips-Howard, P Wells, JG Adcock, P Brooks, J Ackers, ML Ochieng, JB Mintz, E Wahlquist, S Waiyaki, P Slutsker, L AF Shapiro, RL Kumar, L Phillips-Howard, P Wells, JG Adcock, P Brooks, J Ackers, ML Ochieng, JB Mintz, E Wahlquist, S Waiyaki, P Slutsker, L TI Antimicrobial-resistant bacterial diarrhea in rural western Kenya SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID EPIDEMIC; CHOLERA; AFRICA AB Bacterial diarrheal diseases cause substantial morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa, but data on the epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of enteric bacterial pathogens are limited. Between May 1997 and April 1998, a clinic-based surveillance for diarrheal disease was conducted in Asembo, a rural area in western Kenya. In total, 729 diarrheal specimens were collected, and 244 (33%) yielded greater than or equal to1 bacterial pathogen, as determined by standard culture techniques; 107 (44%) Shigella isolates, 73 (30%) Campylobacter isolates, 45 (18%) Vibrio cholerae O1 isolates, and 33 (14%) Salmonella isolates were identified. Shigella dysenteriae type 1 accounted for 22 (21%) of the Shigella isolates. Among 112 patients empirically treated with an antimicrobial agent and whose stool specimens yielded isolates on which resistance testing was done, 57 (51%) had isolates that were not susceptible to their antimicrobial treatment. Empiric treatment strategies for diarrheal disease in western Kenya need to be reevaluated, to improve clinical care. C1 CDCP, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDCP, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Epidemiol Program Off, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDCP, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Kenya Med Res Inst, Vector Biol & Control Res Ctr, Kisumu, Kenya. RP Shapiro, RL (reprint author), CDCP, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, MS A-38,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 15 TC 44 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 2 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD JUN 1 PY 2001 VL 183 IS 11 BP 1701 EP 1704 DI 10.1086/320710 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 430XZ UT WOS:000168601900023 PM 11343224 ER PT J AU Gostin, LO AF Gostin, LO TI Public health, ethics, and human rights: A tribute to the late Jonathan Mann SO JOURNAL OF LAW MEDICINE & ETHICS LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; LAW; COMMUNITY; TIME C1 Georgetown Univ, Washington, DC 20057 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. CDC, Collaborating Ctr Law, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Gostin, LO (reprint author), Georgetown Univ, Washington, DC 20057 USA. NR 38 TC 36 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC LAW MEDICINE ETHICS PI BOSTON PA 765 COMMONWEALTH AVE, 16TH FL, BOSTON, MA 02215 USA SN 1073-1105 J9 J LAW MED ETHICS JI J. Law Med. Ethics PD SUM PY 2001 VL 29 IS 2 BP 121 EP 130 PG 10 WC Ethics; Law; Medical Ethics; Medicine, Legal SC Social Sciences - Other Topics; Government & Law; Medical Ethics; Legal Medicine GA 460JP UT WOS:000170304700001 PM 11508186 ER PT J AU Gostin, LO AF Gostin, LO TI A vision of health and human rights for the 21st century: A continuing discussion with Stephen P. Marks SO JOURNAL OF LAW MEDICINE & ETHICS LA English DT Article C1 Georgetown Univ, Washington, DC 20057 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. CDC, Collaborating Ctr Law & Publ Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Gostin, LO (reprint author), Georgetown Univ, Washington, DC 20057 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC LAW MEDICINE ETHICS PI BOSTON PA 765 COMMONWEALTH AVE, 16TH FL, BOSTON, MA 02215 USA SN 1073-1105 J9 J LAW MED ETHICS JI J. Law Med. Ethics PD SUM PY 2001 VL 29 IS 2 BP 139 EP 140 PG 2 WC Ethics; Law; Medical Ethics; Medicine, Legal SC Social Sciences - Other Topics; Government & Law; Medical Ethics; Legal Medicine GA 460JP UT WOS:000170304700003 PM 11508188 ER PT J AU Smith, LM Priest, JW Lammie, PJ Mead, JR AF Smith, LM Priest, JW Lammie, PJ Mead, JR TI Human T and B cell immunoreactivity to a recombinant 23-kDa Cryptosporidium parvum antigen SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INFECTION; ANTIBODIES; OOCYSTS; PROLIFERATION; BRAZIL; MICE AB Cryptosporidial infection in humans results in parasite-specific IgG, IgM, and IgA antibody responses, but little is known of the cell-mediated immune responses to cryptosporidial antigens. In a convenience sample of 35 Haitian residents, there was a high level of cryptosporidial exposure (> 90%) as determined by immunoblot reactivity of serum against cryptosporidial antigens. An attempt was made to determine if there was a relationship between antibody and T cell-mediated responses to recombinant Cp23 antigen and how this correlated with reactivity to crude sporozoite antigen preparations (SAg). T cell reactivity was greater against SAg (57%) than to Cp23 (34.3%) as measured by [H-3]thymidine incorporation. Proliferative responses to Cp23 were significantly correlated with SAg responses. By enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, most persons had IgG responses to both SAg (91.4%) and to recombinant Cp23 (88.5%). Antibody responses were greater among persons who exhibited T cell responses to SAg and Cp23. This study demonstrates that recombinant Cp23 antigen could be a useful antigen for detection of both antibody and cell-mediated responses in epidemiologic studies. C1 Emory Univ, Dept Pediat, Decatur, GA 30033 USA. Atlanta Vet Med Ctr, Decatur, GA 30033 USA. US Dept HHS, Publ Hlth Serv, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Smith, LM (reprint author), Emory Univ, Dept Pediat, Decatur, GA 30033 USA. NR 17 TC 15 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 87 IS 3 BP 704 EP 707 DI 10.1645/0022-3395(2001)087[0704:HTABCI]2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA 444GP UT WOS:000169392000034 PM 11426740 ER PT J AU Schmid, G Narcisi, E Mosure, D Secor, WE Higgins, J Moreno, H AF Schmid, G Narcisi, E Mosure, D Secor, WE Higgins, J Moreno, H TI Prevalence of metronidazole-resistant Trichomonas vaginalis in a gynecology clinic SO JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE metronidazole; Trichomonas vaginalis; drug resistance, microbial ID SUSCEPTIBILITY AB OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of in vitro resistance to metronidazole among unselected isolates of Trichomonas vaginalis and correlate in vitro findings with response to metronidazole therapy. STUDY DESIGN: Vaginal fluid from women attending a gynecology clinic at an urban hospital was cultured, isolates were tested for in vitro resistance to metronidazole, and these results were correlated with therapeutic outcome. RESULTS: Among 911 women, T vaginalis was detected by culture in 82 (9.0%). Of the 82 isolates, 2 (2.4%; 95% CI, 0.3-8.5%) had low-level in vitro resistance (minimum lethal concentration, 50 mug/mL). Women with positive wet mount examinations were treated with metronidazole, 2 g, once and asked to return in one week. Of the 42 infected women agreeing to return for a repeat examination and culture, 26 (61.9%) did, and all (including one woman with a resistant isolate) were cured. CONCLUSION: Isolates of T vaginalis resistant to metronidazole occur widely throughout the United States. Although the in vitro susceptibility of T vaginalis to metronidazole has been very poorly studied, our study is consistent with a decade-old prevalence estimate of in vitro resistance (5%), and suggests that high-level resistance is uncommon. This study confirmed, in the absence of reinfection, the continuing clinical effectiveness of single-dose metronidazole for the large majority of trichomoniasis cases. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div STD Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasitol, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Grady Mem Hosp, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Schmid, G (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div STD Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Mailstop E-27, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 23 TC 51 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 2 PU SCI PRINTERS & PUBL INC PI ST LOUIS PA PO DRAWER 12425 8342 OLIVE BLVD, ST LOUIS, MO 63132 USA SN 0024-7758 J9 J REPROD MED JI J. Reprod. Med. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 46 IS 6 BP 545 EP 549 PG 5 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA 447QV UT WOS:000169584700001 PM 11441678 ER PT J AU Goldenhar, LM Moran, SK Colligan, M AF Goldenhar, LM Moran, SK Colligan, M TI Health and safety training in a sample of open-shop construction companies SO JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE construction; safety and health training; open-shop contractors; qualitative AB Problem: Compared to other industries, construction has the third-highest death rate. Many agree, and research has shown, that one way to change these statistics is through effective worker safety and health training. Little is known about the quality and nature of safety and health training available to open-shop (nonunion) construction workers. Method: It was the goal of this preliminary study to provide some initial background information about the nature and quality of safety and training in open-shop construction operations. Results: While the majority of contractors surveyed did provide safety and health training, most did not quantitatively evaluate their training programs in terms of reduction in hazardous behaviors or exposures, or increased job satisfaction or productivity. Impact on industry: Learning about the major parameters (e.g., methods, policies, barriers, company/worker perceptions, etc.) influencing nonunion construction safety training will help guide future construction safety-related research and intervention strategies on a national basis. (C) 2001 National Safety Council and Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Cincinnati, Inst Hlth Policy & Hlth Serv Res, Ctr Med, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA. St Paul Fire & Marine Insurance, St Paul, MN USA. NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Goldenhar, LM (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Inst Hlth Policy & Hlth Serv Res, Ctr Med, POB 670840, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA. NR 7 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-4375 J9 J SAFETY RES JI J. Saf. Res. PD SUM PY 2001 VL 32 IS 2 BP 237 EP 252 DI 10.1016/S0022-4375(01)00045-7 PG 16 WC Ergonomics; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary; Transportation SC Engineering; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences - Other Topics; Transportation GA 459GA UT WOS:000170241600008 ER PT J AU Comer, JA Vargas, MC Poshni, I Childs, JE AF Comer, JA Vargas, MC Poshni, I Childs, JE TI Serologic evidence of Rickettsia akari infection among dogs in a metropolitan city SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID MOUNTAIN SPOTTED-FEVER; NEW-YORK-CITY; ANTIBODIES AB Objective-To determine whether dogs in New York, NY are naturally infected with Rickettsia akari, the causative agent of rickettsialpox in humans. Design-Serologic survey. Animals-311 dogs. Procedure-Serum samples were obtained from dogs as a part of a study on Rocky Mountain spotted fever and borreliosis or when dogs were examined at area veterinary clinics for routine care. Dog owners were asked to complete a questionnaire inquiring about possible risk factors at the time serum samples were obtained. Samples were tested for reactivity to spotted fever group rickettsiae by use of an enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Twenty-two samples for which results were positive were tested by use of an indirect immunofluorescence antibody (IFA) assay followed by confirmatory cross-absorption testing. Results-Results of the EIA were positive for 24 (7.7%) dogs. A history of tick infestation and increasing age were significantly associated with whether dogs were seropositive. Distribution of seropositive dogs was focal. Seventeen of the 22 samples submitted for IFA testing had titers to R rickeltsii and R akari; for 11 of these, liters to R akari were higher than liters to R rickettsii. Cross-absorption testing indicated that in 6 of 7 samples, infection was caused by R akan. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance-Results suggest that dogs can be naturally infected with R akari. Further studies are needed to determine the incidence of R akari infection in dogs, whether infection is associated with clinical illness, and whether dogs can serve as sentinels for human disease. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. New York City Dept Hlth, Bur Communicable Dis, New York, NY 10013 USA. RP Comer, JA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Childs, James/B-4002-2012 NR 20 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 USA SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD JUN 1 PY 2001 VL 218 IS 11 BP 1780 EP 1782 DI 10.2460/javma.2001.218.1780 PG 3 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 437JV UT WOS:000168989300061 PM 11394829 ER PT J AU Welch, KJ AF Welch, KJ TI Survival patterns among HIV plus individuals based on health care utilization SO JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE HIV; healthcare utilization; public hospital; survival; drug use ID IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS INFECTION; MYCOBACTERIUM-AVIUM COMPLEX; ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; SERVICE USE; DISEASE; AIDS; INDINAVIR AB The purpose of this study was to determine if HIV+ persons who first obtained health care in New Orleans through public hospital inpatient services had a higher risk of death or disease progression than patients who first entered care through public outpatient services. The sites included the largest HN outpatient clinic in the Gulf South, two early intervention sites and a public hospital. A medical record review on patients who attended these sites from July 1995 through December 1999 and were enrolled in the Adult Spectrum of Disease (ASD) Study was conducted (n = 3402). The multivariate analysis examined the associations between inpatient services and the main effects. Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazards regression were performed. Risk of death or disease progression was analyzed for three different endpoints: time from study entry to death, time from HIV to AIDS, and time from AIDS to death. The multivariate analysis showed that patients first entering care through inpatient services were significantly more likely to be African American, have AIDS, and use drugs. The risk of death or disease progression wets significantly higher for all three endpoints. Results from this study indicate that HIV+ individuals receiving initial care through public hospital inpatient services may require more effective early intervention. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Louisana Off Publ Hlth, ASD Study, Med Ctr Louisana,HIV Outpatient Clin, New Orleans, LA 70119 USA. RP Welch, KJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Louisana Off Publ Hlth, ASD Study, Med Ctr Louisana,HIV Outpatient Clin, 3rd Floor,136 S Roman St, New Orleans, LA 70119 USA. NR 23 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 2 PU NATL MED ASSOC PI WASHINGON PA 1012 10TH ST, N W, WASHINGON, DC 20001 USA SN 0027-9684 J9 J NATL MED ASSOC JI J. Natl. Med. Assoc. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 93 IS 6 BP 214 EP 219 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 447HE UT WOS:000169565200010 PM 11446393 ER PT J AU Sabin, KM Frey, RL Horsley, R Greby, SM AF Sabin, KM Frey, RL Horsley, R Greby, SM TI Characteristics and trends of newly identified HIV infections among incarcerated populations: CDC HIV voluntary counseling, testing, and referral system, 1992-1998 SO JOURNAL OF URBAN HEALTH-BULLETIN OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE correctional facilities; counseling and testing; HIV ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; UNITED-STATES; HEPATITIS-B; MALE PRISONERS; PREVALENCE; ANTIBODY; INMATES AB Inmate contact with the correctional health care system Provides public health professionals an opportunity to offer HIV screening to a population that might prove difficult to reach otherwise. We report on publicly funded human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) voluntary counseling, testing, and referral (VCTR) services provided to incarcerated persons in the United States. Incarcerated Persons seeking VCTR services received pretest counseling and gave a blood specimen for HIV antibody testing. Specimens were considered positive if the enzyme immunoassays were repeatedly reactive and the Western blot or immunofluorescent assay was reactive. Demographics, HIV risk information, and laboratory test results were collected from each test episode. Additional counseling sessions provided more data. From 1992 to 1998, there were 527,937 records available from correctional facilities from 48 project areas; 484,277 records included a test result and 459,155 (87.0%) tests came with complete data. Overall, 3.4% (16,797) of all tests were reactive for HIV antibodies. Of reactive rests accompanied by self-reports of previous HIV test results (15,888), previous test results were 44% positive, 23% negative, 6% inconclusive or unspecified, and 27% no previous test. This indicates that 56% of positive tests were newly identified. During the study period, the number of tests per year increased three-fold. Testing increased among all racial/ethnic groups and both sexes. The largest increase was for heterosexuals who reported no other risk, followed by persons with a sex partner at risk. Overall, the greatest number of tests was reported for injection drug users (ID Us) (128,262), followed by men who have sex with men (MSM) (19,928); however, episodes for MSM doubled during the study, while for IDUs, they increased 74%. The absolute number of HIV-positive (HIV+) tests increased 50%; however, the percentage of all rests that were HIV+ decreased nearly 50% due to the increased number of tests performed. HIV+ tests fell 50% among blacks (7.6% to 3.7%), Hispanics (6.7% to 2.5%), and males (5.1% to 2.5%); 33% among females (4.5% to 3.1%); 95% among IDUs (8.6% to 4.4%); and 64% among MSM (19.3% to 11.8%). Among HIV+ episodes, those for IDUs dropped from 61.5% to 36.6%, while episodes for heterosexuals with no reported risk factor increased from 4.3% to 18.2%. The use of VCTR services by incarcerated Persons rose steadily from 1992 to 1998, and 56% of HIV+ tests were newly identified. High numbers of tests that recorded risk behaviors for contracting HIV indicate that correctional facilities provide an important access point for prevention efforts. C1 CDCP, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Sabin, KM (reprint author), CDCP, Prevent Serv Res Branch, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop E-46, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 31 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 3 U2 9 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 1099-3460 J9 J URBAN HEALTH JI J. Urban Health PD JUN PY 2001 VL 78 IS 2 BP 241 EP 255 DI 10.1093/jurban/78.2.241 PG 15 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 441UZ UT WOS:000169249100003 PM 11419578 ER PT J AU Thiede, H Romero, M Bordelon, K Hagan, H Murrill, CS AF Thiede, H Romero, M Bordelon, K Hagan, H Murrill, CS TI Using a jail-based survey to monitor HIV and risk behaviors among Seattle area injection drug users SO JOURNAL OF URBAN HEALTH-BULLETIN OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE correctional facility; hepatitis B and C prevention; HIV; injection drug users; risk behaviors ID NEW-YORK-CITY; UNITED-STATES; LOS-ANGELES; PREVALENCE; INFECTION; TRENDS; INMATES; PRISONS; SEROPREVALENCE; SURVEILLANCE AB Routine monitoring of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and risk behaviors among injection drug users (IDUs) is difficult outside drug treatment settings. We developed and implemented a survey of recently arrested IDUs to describe the prevalence of HIV, drug use, and sexual behaviors among them. A probability sampling survey was instituted in the King County Correctional Facility in Seattle, Washington, to sample recently arrested IDUs at the time of booking and in the jail health clinic between 1998 and 1999. Following HIV risk assessment and blood draw, additional information on drug use practices was gathered using a standardized questionnaire. Potential participants who were released from jail early could complete the study at a nearby research storefront office. Of the 4,344 persons intercepted at booking, 503 (12%) reported injection drug use, and 201 of the IDUs (40%) participated in the study. An additional 161 IDUs were enrolled in the study from the jail health clinic. Among the 348 unduplicated subjects, HIV prevalence was 2%; in the east 6 months, 69% reported two or more shooting partners, 72% used a cooker after someone else, 60% shared a syringe to divide up drugs, and 62% injected with used needles. Only 37% reported being hepatitis C seropositive, and 8% reported hepatitis B vaccination. It was feasible to conduct a jail-based survey of recently arrested IDUs that yielded useful information. The high prevalence of reported risky drug use practices warrants ongoing monitoring and illustrates the need for improving prevention programs for HIV and hepatitis B and C in this population, including expansion of hepatitis C screening and provision of hepatitis B vaccination at the jail health clinic. C1 Publ Hlth Seattle & King Cty, Seattle, WA 98104 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Epidemiol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Thiede, H (reprint author), Publ Hlth Seattle & King Cty, 106 Prefontaine Pl S, Seattle, WA 98104 USA. FU PHS HHS [U62/CCU006260] NR 27 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 1099-3460 J9 J URBAN HEALTH JI J. Urban Health PD JUN PY 2001 VL 78 IS 2 BP 264 EP 278 DI 10.1093/jurban/78.2.264 PG 15 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 441UZ UT WOS:000169249100005 PM 11419580 ER PT J AU Varghese, B Peterman, TA AF Varghese, B Peterman, TA TI Cost-effectiveness of HIV counseling and testing in US prisons SO JOURNAL OF URBAN HEALTH-BULLETIN OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE correctional health care; cost-effectiveness analysis; HIV counseling and testing; HIV prevention ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; INTRAVENOUS-DRUG-USERS; PARTNER NOTIFICATION; INFECTION; BEHAVIOR; AIDS AB The prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in correctional facilities is much higher than in the general population. However, HIV prevention resources are limited, making it important to evaluate different prevention programs in prison settings. Our study presents the cost-effectiveness of offering HIV counseling and testing (CTI to soon-to-be-released inmates in US prisons. A decision model was used to estimate the costs and benefits (averted HIV cases) of HIV testing and counseling compared to no CT from a societal perspective. Model parameters were HIV prevalence among otherwise untested inmates (1%); acceptance of CT (50%); risk for HIV transmission from infected individuals (7%); risk of HIV acquisition for uninfected individuals (0.3%); and reduction of risk after counseling for those infected (25%) and uninfected (20%). Marginal costs of testing and counseling per person were used Ino fixed costs). If infected, the cost was $78.17; if uninfected, it runs $24.63. A lifetime treatment cost of $186,900 was used to estimate the benefits of Prevented HIV infections. Sensitivity and threshold analysis were done to test the robustness of these parameters. Our baseline model shows that, compared to no CT, offering CT to 10,000 inmates detects 50 new or previously undiagnosed infections and averts 4 future cases of HIV at a cost of $125,000 to prison systems. However, this will save society over $550,000. Increase in HIV prevalence, risk of transmission, or effectiveness of counseling increased societal savings. As prevalence increases, focusing on HIV-infected inmates prevents additional future infections; however, when HIV prevalence is less than 5%, testing and counseling of both infected and uninfected inmates are important for HIV prevention. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Varghese, B (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS E-46, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 27 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 2 U2 5 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 1099-3460 J9 J URBAN HEALTH JI J. Urban Health PD JUN PY 2001 VL 78 IS 2 BP 304 EP 312 DI 10.1093/jurban/78.2.304 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 441UZ UT WOS:000169249100008 PM 11419583 ER PT J AU Whitfield, SG Fekadu, M Shaddock, JH Niezgoda, M Warner, CK Messenger, SL AF Whitfield, SG Fekadu, M Shaddock, JH Niezgoda, M Warner, CK Messenger, SL CA Rabies Working Grp TI A comparative study of the fluorescent antibody test for rabies diagnosis in fresh and formalin-fixed brain tissue specimens SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGICAL METHODS LA English DT Article DE formalin-fixed; rabies; fluorescent antibody test; diagnostics ID IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE; ANTIGEN AB Many diagnostic methods have been used to detect rabies virus antigen. The preferred method for routine diagnosis of rabies in fresh or frozen brain tissues is the fluorescent antibody test (FAT). In this study, the FAT was used to evaluate the rabies status of fresh/frozen brain specimens from more than 800 rabies-suspected cases, in more than 14 different species of animals. A comparable brain specimen from each case was fixed in 10%, buffered formalin and examined by the FAT. The evaluation of rabies status between fresh and formalin-fixed tissues was in agreement in more than 99.8% of the cases. When fresh tissue is not available for testing, these results validate the use of this procedure for routine diagnosis of rabies in formalin-fixed brain tissues. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Rabies Sect, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis,Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Whitfield, SG (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Rabies Sect, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis,Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 23 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 4 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-0934 J9 J VIROL METHODS JI J. Virol. Methods PD JUN PY 2001 VL 95 IS 1-2 BP 145 EP 151 DI 10.1016/S0166-0934(01)00304-4 PG 7 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology GA 443LD UT WOS:000169341900014 PM 11377721 ER PT J AU Tumpey, TM Renshaw, M Clements, JD Katz, JM AF Tumpey, TM Renshaw, M Clements, JD Katz, JM TI Mucosal delivery of inactivated influenza vaccine induces B-cell-dependent heterosubtypic cross-protection against lethal influenza a H5N1 virus infection SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID T-LYMPHOCYTE RESPONSES; HEAT-LABILE ENTEROTOXIN; A VIRUS; DEFICIENT MICE; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; MOUSE MODEL; HONG-KONG; ADJUVANT ACTIVITY; M2 PROTEIN; IMMUNITY AB Influenza vaccines that induce greater cross-reactive or heterosubtypic immunity (Het-L) may overcome limitations in vaccine efficacy imposed by the antigenic variability of influenza A viruses, We have compared mucosal versus traditional parenteral administration of inactivated influenza vaccine for the ability to induce Het-I in BALB/c mice and evaluated a modified Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin adjuvant, LT(R192G), for augmentation of Het-I. Mice that received three intranasal (i.n.) immunizations of H3N2 vaccine in the presence of LT(R192G) were completely protected against lethal challenge with a highly pathogenic human H5N1 virus and had nasal and lung viral titers that were at least 2,500-fold lower than those of control mice receiving LT(R192G) alone. In contrast, mice that received three vaccinations of H3N2 vaccine subcutaneously in the presence or absence of LT(R192G) or incomplete Freund's adjuvant were not protected against lethal challenge and had no significant reductions in tissue virus titers observed on day 5 post-H5N1 virus challenge, Mice that were i.n, administered H3N2 vaccine alone, without LT(R192G), displayed partial protection against heterosubtypic challenge. The immune mediators of Het-I were investigated. The functional role of B and CD8(+) T cells in Het-I were evaluated by using gene-targeted B-cell (IgH-6(-/-))- or beta2-microglobulin (beta 2m(-/-))-deficient mice, respectively. beta 2m(-/-) but not IgH-6(-/-) vaccinated mice were protected by Het-I and survived a lethal infection with H5N1, suggesting that B cells, but not CD8(+) T cells, were vital for protection of mice against heterosubtypic challenge. Nevertheless, CD8(+) T cells contributed to viral clearance in the lungs and brain tissues of heterotypically immune mice. Mucosal but not parenteral vaccination induced subtype cross-reactive lung immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgA, and serum IgG anti-hemagglutinin antibodies, suggesting the presence of a common cross-reactive epitope in the hemagglutinins of H3 and H5. These results suggest a strategy of mucosal vaccination that stimulates cross-protection against multiple Influenza virus subtypes, including viruses with pandemic potential. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Influenza Branch, DVRD, NCID, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Tulane Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA. RP Katz, JM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Influenza Branch, DVRD, NCID, Mailstop G-16,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 73 TC 185 Z9 194 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 75 IS 11 BP 5141 EP 5150 DI 10.1128/JVI.75.11.5141-5150.2001 PG 10 WC Virology SC Virology GA 430UJ UT WOS:000168593600022 PM 11333895 ER PT J AU Novembre, FJ de Rosyaro, J Nidtha, S O'Neil, SP Gibson, TR Evans-Strickfaden, T Hart, CE McClure, HM AF Novembre, FJ de Rosyaro, J Nidtha, S O'Neil, SP Gibson, TR Evans-Strickfaden, T Hart, CE McClure, HM TI Rapid CD4(+) T-cell loss induced by human immunodeficiency virus type 1(NC) in uninfected and previously infected chimpanzees (vol 75, pg 1533, 2001) SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Correction C1 Emory Univ, Yerkes Reg Primate Res Ctr, Div Microbiol & Immunol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Emory Univ, Yerkes Reg Primate Res Ctr, Div Res Resources, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Emory Univ, Dept Microbiol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Emory Univ, Dept Pathol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, DASTLR, Retroviral Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Novembre, FJ (reprint author), Emory Univ, Yerkes Reg Primate Res Ctr, Div Microbiol & Immunol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 75 IS 11 BP 5441 EP 5441 PG 1 WC Virology SC Virology GA 430UJ UT WOS:000168593600060 ER PT J AU Jorgensen, CM Gelb, CA Merritt, TL Seeff, LC AF Jorgensen, CM Gelb, CA Merritt, TL Seeff, LC TI CDC's Screen for Life: A National Colorectal Cancer Action Campaign SO JOURNAL OF WOMENS HEALTH & GENDER-BASED MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID FECAL-OCCULT-BLOOD; MORTALITY; SIGMOIDOSCOPY AB Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States. Despite the availability of several different screening tests for colorectal cancer, screening rates remain low. To raise awareness about colorectal cancer and encourage men and women aged 50 and older to speak with their physicians about being screened for colorectal cancer, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Health Care Financing Administration launched Screen for Life: A National Colorectal Cancer Action Campaign in 1999. The purpose of this paper is to outline the development of this multiyear, multimedia campaign, from conducting formative research to developing campaign messages and materials. Limited process evaluation results are presented. C1 CDCP, Commun & Behav Sci Branch, Div Canc Prevent & Control, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. CDCP, Epidemiol & Hlth Serv Res Branch, Div Canc Prevent & Control, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Jorgensen, CM (reprint author), CDCP, Commun & Behav Sci Branch, Div Canc Prevent & Control, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, 4770 Buford Highway NE,Mailstop K-48, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 20 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 1524-6094 J9 J WOMEN HEALTH GEN-B JI J. WOMENS HEALTH GENDER-BASED MED. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 10 IS 5 BP 417 EP 422 DI 10.1089/152460901300233876 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Women's Studies SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Women's Studies GA 449QM UT WOS:000169698400003 PM 11445039 ER PT J AU Reese, S Owen, P Bender, B Potts, G Davis, B Leff, M Adams, M Breukelman, F Bullo, I Hoecherl, S Martin, L Reyes-Salvail, F Aydelotte, J Steiner, B Stemnock, L Davila, J Hunt, C Sparks, T Bates, B Maines, D Weinstein, A Brooks, D McGee, H Salem, N Johnson, D Jackson-Thompson, J Feigley, P Andelt, L DeJan, E Powers, L Boeselager, G Honey, W Baker, C Gizlice, Z Shireley, L Pullen, P Baker, K Pickle, K Mann, L Cintron, Y Hesser, J Wu, M Gildemaster, M Ridings, D Condon, K Marti, K Roe, C Carswell, K Simmons, KW King, F Pearson, K Futa, M AF Reese, S Owen, P Bender, B Potts, G Davis, B Leff, M Adams, M Breukelman, F Bullo, I Hoecherl, S Martin, L Reyes-Salvail, F Aydelotte, J Steiner, B Stemnock, L Davila, J Hunt, C Sparks, T Bates, B Maines, D Weinstein, A Brooks, D McGee, H Salem, N Johnson, D Jackson-Thompson, J Feigley, P Andelt, L DeJan, E Powers, L Boeselager, G Honey, W Baker, C Gizlice, Z Shireley, L Pullen, P Baker, K Pickle, K Mann, L Cintron, Y Hesser, J Wu, M Gildemaster, M Ridings, D Condon, K Marti, K Roe, C Carswell, K Simmons, KW King, F Pearson, K Futa, M TI Trends in screening for colorectal cancer - United States, 1997 and 1999 (Reprinted from MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, vol 50, pg 162-166, 2001) SO LABORATORY MEDICINE LA English DT Reprint C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Reese, S (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC CLIN PATHOLOGISTS PI CHICAGO PA 2100 W HARRISON ST, CHICAGO, IL 60612 USA SN 0007-5027 J9 LAB MED JI Lab. Med. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 32 IS 6 BP 295 EP 298 PG 4 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA 435JZ UT WOS:000168879500021 ER PT J AU Morse, SA AF Morse, SA TI Bioterrorism: Laboratory security SO LABORATORY MEDICINE LA English DT Editorial Material ID CASE-HISTORY; ANTHRAX; OUTBREAK; ATTACK; CONTAMINATION; SCENARIOS; SMALLPOX C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Bioterrorism Preparedness & Response Program, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Morse, SA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Bioterrorism Preparedness & Response Program, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 25 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL PATHOLOGY PI CHICAGO PA 2100 W HARRISON ST, CHICAGO, IL 60612 USA SN 0007-5027 J9 LAB MED JI Lab. Med. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 32 IS 6 BP 303 EP 306 PG 4 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA 435JZ UT WOS:000168879500023 ER PT J AU Ryan, JR Dave, K Emmerich, E Garcia, L Yi, L Coleman, RE Sattabongkot, J Dunton, RF Chan, AST Wirtz, RA AF Ryan, JR Dave, K Emmerich, E Garcia, L Yi, L Coleman, RE Sattabongkot, J Dunton, RF Chan, AST Wirtz, RA TI Dipsticks for rapid detection of Plasmodium in vectoring Anopheles mosquitoes SO MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Anopheles; Plasmodium falciparum; P. vivax variants 210 and 247; circumsporozoite protein; dipstick assay; malaria sporozoite; malaria vectors; rapid detection; wicking assay ID LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; CIRCUMSPOROZOITE PROTEIN; INFECTED MOSQUITOS; VIVAX SPOROZOITES; FALCIPARUM; IDENTIFICATION; MALARIA; ELISA AB Malaria remains the most serious vector-borne disease, affecting some 300-500 million people annually, transmitted by many species of Anopheles mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). Monoclonal antibodies developed against specific circumsporozoite (CS) proteins of the main malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax have been used previously for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), widely employed for detection of malaria sporozoites in vector Anopheles for local risk assessment, epidemiological studies and targeting vector control. However, ELISA procedures are relatively slow and impractical for field use. To circumvent this, we developed rapid wicking assays that identify the presence or absence of specific peptide epitopes of CS protein of the most important P. falciparum and two strains (variants 210 and 247) of the more widespread P. vivax. The resulting assay is a rapid, one-step procedure using a 'dipstick' wicking test strip. In laboratory assessment, dipsticks identified 1 ng/mL of any of these three CS protein antigens, with sensitivity nearly equal to the CS standard ELISA. We have developed and are evaluating a combined panel assay that will be both qualitative and quantitative. This quick and easy dipstick test (VecTest(TM) Malaria) offers practical advantages for field workers needing to make rapid surveys of malaria vectors. C1 Walter Reed Army Inst Res, Dept Entomol, Div Communicable Dis & Immunol, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Navix Inc, Camarillo, CA USA. Armed Forces Res Inst Med Sci, Bangkok 10400, Thailand. USA, Med Res Unit, Nairobi, Kenya. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Entomol Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Ryan, JR (reprint author), Walter Reed Army Inst Res, Dept Entomol, Div Communicable Dis & Immunol, 503 Robert Grant Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 13 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0269-283X J9 MED VET ENTOMOL JI Med. Vet. Entomol. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 15 IS 2 BP 225 EP 230 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2915.2001.00296.x PG 6 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA 446DG UT WOS:000169497200017 PM 11434560 ER PT J AU Hodgson, TA Cai, LM AF Hodgson, TA Cai, LM TI Medical care expenditures for hypertension, its complications, and its comorbidities SO MEDICAL CARE LA English DT Article DE hypertension; costs; expenditures ID POPULATION ATTRIBUTABLE RISK; NUTRITION EXAMINATION SURVEY; COST-EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; STAGE RENAL-DISEASE; BLOOD-PRESSURE; NATIONAL-HEALTH; DIABETES-MELLITUS; OUTCOMES; CANCER; US AB OBJECTIVES. Medical expenditures attributed to hypertension were estimated, including expenditures for cardiovascular complications, other conditions for which hypertensives are at higher risk, and comorbidities (secondary diagnoses) that raise the cost of medical care. This article presents total, per capita, and per condition US expenditures in 1998 according to sex, age, and type of health service. METHODS. A variety of national data sources were used to disaggregate national health expenditures in 1998 by diagnosis. Expenditures for cardiovascular complications and other conditions for which hypertensives had higher rates of utilization were determined by analysis of attributable risks. Additional expenditures generated by extra hospital inpatient days and higher charges for nursing home and home health care for comorbidities were estimated by regression analyses. RESULTS. In 1998, $108.8 billion in health care spending was attributed to hypertension, 12.6% of total national spending that could be allocated to diagnoses, including $22.8 billion for hypertension, $29.7 billion for cardiovascular complications, and $56.4 billion for other diagnoses. Per capita expenditures increased with age from $249 for those younger than 65 years to $3,007 for those 85 years and older. The average amount spent per hypertensive condition was $3,787. Expenditures were generally higher for females. CONCLUSIONS. The economic burden of hypertension is large, but health services directly related to hypertension account for only a fraction of attributed expenditures. Comprehensive accounting of expenditures more accurately assesses the cost of hypertension and potential savings from prevention and treatment. Alteration of lifestyles and medical intervention provide opportunities to reduce national health expenditures. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Off Anal Epidemiol & Hlth Promot, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. NOVA Res Co, Bethesda, MD USA. RP Hodgson, TA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Off Anal Epidemiol & Hlth Promot, 6525 Belcrest Rd, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. NR 60 TC 87 Z9 90 U1 2 U2 5 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0025-7079 J9 MED CARE JI Med. Care PD JUN PY 2001 VL 39 IS 6 BP 599 EP 615 DI 10.1097/00005650-200106000-00008 PG 17 WC Health Care Sciences & Services; Health Policy & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 436FC UT WOS:000168925000008 PM 11404643 ER PT J AU Knapik, JJ Sharp, MA Canham-Chervak, M Hauret, K Patton, JF Jones, BH AF Knapik, JJ Sharp, MA Canham-Chervak, M Hauret, K Patton, JF Jones, BH TI Risk factors for training-related injuries among men and women in basic combat training SO MEDICINE AND SCIENCE IN SPORTS AND EXERCISE LA English DT Article DE exercise; V(over dot)O-2max; body composition; strength; muscle contraction; flexibility; muscular endurance; physical fitness ID UNITED-STATES-ARMY; PHYSICAL-FITNESS; CIGARETTE-SMOKING; INFANTRY SOLDIERS; YOUNG MEN; EXERCISE; AGE; FLEXIBILITY; STRENGTH; NICOTINE AB Purpose: Past investigations indicate that training-related injuries are associated with certain performance-oriented measures of physical fitness and certain lifestyle characteristics. This study examined associations between injuries, direct (physiological) measures of physical fitness, and lifestyle characteristics. Methods: Subjects were 756 men and 474 women performing the standardized activities involved in U.S. Army Basic Combat Training (BCT). Before BCT, a subsample of subjects (182 men and 168 women) were administered a series of rests that included a treadmill running test (peak (V)over dotO(2)), dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (for body composition), several measures of muscle strength, a hamstring flexibility test, and a vertical jump. A questionnaire addressed smoking habits and prior physical activity. All subjects were administered the Army Physical Fitness test consisting of push-ups, sit-ups, and a 3.2-km run. Gender, age, stature, and body mass were obtained from physical examination records. Injuries incurred during BCT were transcribed from medical records; for each medical visit, the diagnosis, anatomical location, disposition (final outcome of visit), and days of limited duty were recorded. Results: Women had over twice the injury rate of men. For men and women, fewer push-ups, slower 3.2-km run times, lower peak (V)over dotO(2) and cigarette smoking were risk factors for time-loss injury. Among the men only, lower levels of physical activity before BCT and both high and low levels of flexibility were also time-loss injury risk factors. Multivariate analysis revealed that lower peak (V)over dotO(2) and cigarette smoking were independent risk factors for time-loss injury. Conclusions: Lower aerobic capacity and cigarette smoking were independently associated with a higher likelihood of injury in both men and women during a standardized program of physical training. Further studies are needed to assess associations between injury and body composition and muscular strength. C1 USA, Ctr Hlth Promot & Prevent Med, Directorate Epidemiol & Dis Surveillance, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010 USA. USA, Environm Med Res Inst, Natick, MA 01760 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Knapik, JJ (reprint author), USA, Ctr Hlth Promot & Prevent Med, Directorate Epidemiol & Dis Surveillance, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010 USA. NR 47 TC 201 Z9 204 U1 1 U2 24 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0195-9131 J9 MED SCI SPORT EXER JI Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 33 IS 6 BP 946 EP 954 DI 10.1097/00005768-200106000-00014 PG 9 WC Sport Sciences SC Sport Sciences GA 439UL UT WOS:000169135900014 PM 11404660 ER PT J AU Macera, CA Powell, KE AF Macera, CA Powell, KE TI Population attributable risk: implications of physical activity dose SO MEDICINE AND SCIENCE IN SPORTS AND EXERCISE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Dose-Response Issues Concerning Physical Activity and health CY OCT 11-15, 2000 CL ONTARIO, CANADA DE attributable risk; epidemiologic methods; exercise; physical activity; prevalence; relative risk ID CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; PUBLIC-HEALTH; PREVENTION; MODERATE AB Purpose: The purpose of this study is to describe the application of population attributable risk estimates in relation to the dose-related benefits or risks of physical activity. Methods: Assumptions and limitations of population attributable risk calculations and interpretations are reviewed and evaluated in the context of physical activity dose. Theoretical estimates are developed for several hypothetical situations. Results: National estimates of population attributable risk may be inaccurate because definitions and measurement techniques applied in physical activity research studies and physical activity prevalence surveys do not correspond. In addition, it is not established whether Vigorous or moderate physical activity are independent contributors, sequential categories, or interactive variables in the process of disease reduction. This information is necessary to calculate population attributable risk most appropriately. Conclusion: Estimates of the disease burden of physical inactivity will be improved by two advances in empirical studies: first, the pairing of prevalence and relative risk estimates for nationally representative population-based samples; and second, refined relative risk estimates for various doses of physical activity. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Phys Activ & Hlth Branch, Div Nutr & Phys Activ, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Georgia Dept Human Resources, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Macera, CA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Phys Activ & Hlth Branch, Div Nutr & Phys Activ, 4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 14 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 5 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0195-9131 J9 MED SCI SPORT EXER JI Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 33 IS 6 SU S BP S635 EP S639 DI 10.1097/00005768-200106001-00032 PG 5 WC Sport Sciences SC Sport Sciences GA 441GT UT WOS:000169223200032 PM 11427788 ER PT J AU Lott, TJ Effat, MM AF Lott, TJ Effat, MM TI Evidence for a more recently evolved clade within a Candida albicans North American population SO MICROBIOLOGY-SGM LA English DT Article DE genetics; population structure; SNPs; microsatellites ID SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; YEAST; STRAINS; LENGTH; MICROSATELLITE; POLYMORPHISM; CONSTRUCTION; SURVEILLANCE; EPIDEMIOLOGY; CLONALITY AB Candida albicans is diploid and displays a primarily clonal mode of reproduction. There is, however, evidence for meiosis and the degree to which this occurs in nature is unknown. Although random mating would act to obscure clonal lineages, previous studies have demonstrated that collections of North American isolates display three major partitions with no evidence of geographic clustering. To better understand the extent of sexuality and its role in the phylogeny of the species, a reference subset of 50 isolates representing this tripartite division was analysed using 1 minisatellite, 5 microsatellites (MSs) and 15 nuclear polymorphisms (NP). A total of 87 alleles were observed for 21 loci and 12/16 informative loci exhibited a departure from Hardy-Weinberg expectations (G(2) less than or equal to 0.05). We did not observe an absolute correlation between MSs and NP, although isolates with identical NP genotypes were correlated with a previously defined, predominant class (putative group I). The use of additional markers did not give increased support for the tripartite structure of the population. However, (9/19) group I isolates were found to be highly related, differing by only one or a few alleles, Designated subgroup A, the interpretation is that these isolates are related by descent and that they are of a more recent evolutionary origin, diverging from an ancestral group I clone. The reason for their relative abundance in the population is unknown; one possibility is that they may be under positive selection. C1 CDCP, Mycot Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Lott, TJ (reprint author), CDCP, Mycot Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 32 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING RG7 1AE, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 1350-0872 J9 MICROBIOL-SGM JI Microbiology-(UK) PD JUN PY 2001 VL 147 BP 1687 EP 1692 PN 6 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA 440UZ UT WOS:000169194100032 PM 11390700 ER PT J AU Galinski, MR Ingravallo, P Corredor-Medina, C Al-Khedery, B Povoa, M Barnwell, JW AF Galinski, MR Ingravallo, P Corredor-Medina, C Al-Khedery, B Povoa, M Barnwell, JW TI Plasmodium vivax merozoite surface proteins-3 beta and-3 gamma share structural similarities with P. vivax merozoite surface protein-3 alpha and define a new gene family SO MOLECULAR AND BIOCHEMICAL PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Plasmodium vivax; malaria; merozoite; vaccine; surface protein; coiled-coils ID PREDICTING COILED COILS; DUFFY BLOOD-GROUP; FALCIPARUM MEROZOITES; CIRCUMSPOROZOITE PROTEIN; KNOWLESI MEROZOITES; ANTIGENIC DIVERSITY; MOLECULAR VARIATION; CLEAVAGE SITES; GENOMIC DNA; IDENTIFICATION AB The genes encoding two merozoite surface proteins of Plasmodium vivax that are related to PvMSP3 [1] are reported. One of these genes was identified within P. vivax, lambda gt11 clone 5.4, which was selected by immunoscreening with a Saimiri monkey antiserum. The insert DNA of this clone was used as a probe to isolate the complete gene from a P. vivax lambda DASH genomic (g) DNA library. Antibodies to recombinant 5.4 and subsequent fusion proteins produce a pattern of circumferential surface fluorescence by indirect immunofluorescence assays (IFA) on segmented schizonts and free intact merozoites, and recognize a 125 kDa protein via western immunoblots. The gene, however, encodes a protein with a calculated size of 75 677 Da, and 3 ' and 5 ' RACE analyses were employed to confirm the size of the gene and its coding region. The second related P. vivax gene was isolated by hybridization of a fragment of an orthologous P. knowlesi gene. The encoded proteins of all three related P. vivax genes have putative signal peptides, large central domains that contain > 20% alanine residues bound by charged regions, are predicted to form alpha -helices with heptad repeat coiled-coil structures, and do not have a hydrophobic region that could anchor them to the surface of the merozoite. Although the overall identity in amino acid alignment among the three encoded proteins is low ( < 40%) the shared predicted structural features and motifs indicate that they are members of an intra-species family, which we are designating as the PvMSP-3 family with the reported members being Pvmsp-3 alpha, Pvmsp-3 beta, and Pvmsp-3 gamma. We further demonstrate that this family also includes related proteins from P, knowlesi and P. falciparum. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Emory Univ, Dept Med, Emory Vaccine Res Ctr, Yerkes Primate Res Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. NYU, Sch Med, New York, NY 10010 USA. Inst Evandros Chagas, Belem, Para, Brazil. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Galinski, MR (reprint author), Emory Univ, Dept Med, Emory Vaccine Res Ctr, Yerkes Primate Res Ctr, 954 Gatewood Rd, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI24710-14] NR 55 TC 51 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-6851 J9 MOL BIOCHEM PARASIT JI Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 115 IS 1 BP 41 EP 53 DI 10.1016/S0166-6851(01)00267-5 PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Parasitology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Parasitology GA 457GE UT WOS:000170128100004 PM 11377738 ER PT J AU Keshava, N Zhou, G Spruill, M Ensell, M Ong, TM AF Keshava, N Zhou, G Spruill, M Ensell, M Ong, TM TI Carcinogenic potential and genomic instability of beryllium sulphate in BALB/c-3T3 cells SO MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Molecular Mechanisms of Metal Toxicity and Carcinogenesis CY SEP 10-12, 2000 CL MORGANTOWN, VIRGINIA DE cell transformation; tumorigenicity; genomic instability; beryllium sulphate ID INORGANIC METAL-SALTS; RAT LUNG-TUMORS; 3T3 CELLS; K-RAS; TRANSFORMATION; HAMSTER; MUTAGENICITY; GENOTOXICITY; INVITRO; CATIONS AB Occupational exposure to beryllium (Be) and Be compounds occurs in a wide range of industrial processes. A large number of workers are potentially exposed to this metal during manufacturing and processing, so there is a concern regarding the potential carcinogenic hazard of Be. Studies were performed to determine the carcinogenic potential of beryllium sulfate (BeSO4) in cultured mammalian cells. BALB/c-3T3 cells were treated with varying concentrations of BeSO4 for 72 h and the transformation frequency was determined after 4 weeks of culturing. Concentrations from 50-200 mug BeSO4/ml, caused a concentration-dependent increase (9-41 fold) in transformation frequency. Non-transformed BALB/c-3T3 cells and cells from transformed foci induced by BeSO4 were injected into both axillary regions of nude mice. All ten Be-induced transformed cell lines injected into nude mice produced fibrosarcomas within 50 days after cell injection. No tumors were found in nude mice receiving non-transformed BALB/c-3T3 cells 90 days post-injection. Gene amplification was investigated in K-ras, c-myc, c-fos, c-jun, c-sis, erb-B2 and p53 using differential PCR while random amplified polymorphic DNA fingerprinting was employed to detect genomic instability. Gene amplification was found in K-ras and c-jun, however no change in gene expression or protein level was observed in any of the genes by Western blotting. Five of the 10 transformed cell lines showed genetic instability using different random primers. In conclusion, these results indicate that BeSO4 is capable of inducing morphological cell transformation in mammalian cells and that transformed cells induced by BeSO4 are potentially tumorigenic. Also, cell transformation induced by BeSO4 may be attributed, in part, to the gene amplification of K-ras and c-jun and some BeSO4-induced transformed cells possess neoplastic potential resulting from genomic instability. C1 NIOSH, HELD, Toxicol & Mol Biol Branch, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RP Keshava, N (reprint author), NIOSH, HELD, Toxicol & Mol Biol Branch, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, M-S 3014,1095 Willowdale Rd, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. NR 31 TC 9 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0300-8177 J9 MOL CELL BIOCHEM JI Mol. Cell. Biochem. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 222 IS 1-2 BP 69 EP 76 DI 10.1023/A:1017911306449 PG 8 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA 471UR UT WOS:000170947500010 PM 11678613 ER PT J AU Tarkowski, TA Rajeevan, MS Lee, DR Unger, ER AF Tarkowski, TA Rajeevan, MS Lee, DR Unger, ER TI Improved detection of viral RNA isolated from liquid-based cytology samples SO MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Experimental Biology 2000 Meeting CY APR 14-19, 2000 CL SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA SP Amer Soc Nutr Sci DE molecular epidemiology; RNA extraction; HPV; E6/E7 RT-PCR ID GENE-EXPRESSION; TRANSCRIPTS AB Background: Molecular diagnosis requires the ability to obtain high-quality nucleic acids that are representative of the disease state. We evaluated the recovery and detection of limiting amounts of viral oncogenic RNA from cells fixed in liquid-based cytology media. Methods and Results: Serial dilutions of a human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive cell line fixed in a liquid media was used as a model system. Total nucleic acid (TNA) extraction produced RNA with clearly visible ribosomal bands even after one year of storage. These TNA extracts, treated with DNase-I, were used in an RT-PCR assay for HPV-16 E6-E7 oncogenic transcripts. With chemiluminscent Southern blot detection, samples with one HPV-positive cell in 30,000 were consistently detected. Conclusion: PreservCyt-fixed cells can yield RNA suitable for molecular assays even after one year of storage. C1 CDCP, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Viral Exanthems & Herpesvirus Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Unger, ER (reprint author), CDCP, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Viral Exanthems & Herpesvirus Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd,MSG18, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. OI Unger, Elizabeth/0000-0002-2925-5635 NR 10 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 1 PU CHURCHILL LIVINGSTONE INC MEDICAL PUBLISHERS PI PHILADELPHIA PA CURTIS CENTER, INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 1084-8592 J9 MOL DIAGN JI Mol. Diagn. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 6 IS 2 BP 125 EP 130 DI 10.2165/00066982-200106020-00007 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Medical Laboratory Technology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Medical Laboratory Technology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 451FM UT WOS:000169790500007 PM 11468697 ER PT J AU Snyder, RH AF Snyder, RH TI Recommendations for storing and handling vaccines SO PEDIATRIC ANNALS LA English DT Article AB The author provides suggestions for storing and handling vaccines to maintain their efficacy and improve their cost-efficiency. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. RP Snyder, RH (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Corp Sq,Bldg 12,Room 4315,MS E-52, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 USA SN 0090-4481 J9 PEDIATR ANN JI Pediatr. Annu. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 30 IS 6 BP 346 EP + PG 4 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 441PN UT WOS:000169238900006 PM 11424854 ER PT J AU Balter, S Van Beneden, C AF Balter, S Van Beneden, C TI An update on the new pneumococcal conjugate vaccine SO PEDIATRIC ANNALS LA English DT Article ID STREPTOCOCCUS-PNEUMONIAE; DISEASE; CHILDREN; POPULATION; EPIDEMIOLOGY; PREVALENCE; EFFICACY AB The authors review the history of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and discuss its use, adverse effects, and efficacy. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Balter, S (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS E-61, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 23 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 USA SN 0090-4481 J9 PEDIATR ANN JI Pediatr. Annu. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 30 IS 6 BP 350 EP + PG 5 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 441PN UT WOS:000169238900007 PM 11424855 ER PT J AU Iwane, MK Schwartz, B AF Iwane, MK Schwartz, B TI Pediatric influenza immunization: Should healthy children be vaccinated? SO PEDIATRIC ANNALS LA English DT Article ID ACUTE RESPIRATORY-DISEASE; HOSPITALIZATIONS; INFANTS; IMPACT; EPIDEMICS; MORBIDITY; YOUNG AB The authors discuss current recommendations for vaccinating children against influenza and how to overcome barriers to effective immunization. C1 CDCP, Natl Immunizat Program, Epidemiol & Surveillance Div, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Iwane, MK (reprint author), CDCP, Natl Immunizat Program, Epidemiol & Surveillance Div, MS E-61,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 22 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 USA SN 0090-4481 J9 PEDIATR ANN JI Pediatr. Annu. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 30 IS 6 BP 354 EP + PG 5 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 441PN UT WOS:000169238900008 PM 11424856 ER PT J AU Dull, P Rosenstein, N AF Dull, P Rosenstein, N TI Meningococcal disease and vaccines SO PEDIATRIC ANNALS LA English DT Article ID NEISSERIA-MENINGITIDIS; UNITED-STATES; GROUP-C; POLYSACCHARIDE VACCINATION; COLLEGE-STUDENTS; GROUP-A; INFECTION; EFFICACY; ANTIBODY; DURATION AB The authors discuss the recent increase in the incidence of meningococcal disease and the development of more effective vaccines to combat it. C1 CDCP, Meningitis & Special Pathogens Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Dull, P (reprint author), CDCP, Meningitis & Special Pathogens Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1660 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 37 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 USA SN 0090-4481 J9 PEDIATR ANN JI Pediatr. Annu. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 30 IS 6 BP 358 EP + PG 5 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 441PN UT WOS:000169238900009 PM 11424857 ER PT J AU Kellerman, SE Saiman, L San Gabriel, P Besser, R Jarvis, WR AF Kellerman, SE Saiman, L San Gabriel, P Besser, R Jarvis, WR TI Observational study of the use of infection control interventions for Mycobacterium tuberculosis in pediatric facilities SO PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASE JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE Mycobacterium tuberculosis; pediatric; children; nosocomial; multidrug-resistant tuberculosis; infection control ID MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS; HEALTH-CARE WORKERS; NOSOCOMIAL TRANSMISSION; CDC SURVEY; HOSPITALS; CHILDREN; OUTBREAK; COST AB Introduction. Hospital transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) is a problem in US facilities where adults are treated. However, specific guidelines for facilities in which pediatric patients are cared for have never been defined, nor has any study attempted to assess pediatric health care worker (HCW) compliance with TB infection control (IC) guidelines. Methods, An observational study was performed in two pediatric inpatient hospitals from May, 1996, to December, 1997. A trained observer tallied persons (i.e. professional HCWs, ancillary HCWs and non-HCWs) entering and leaving occupied TB isolation rooms and recorded adherence with IC practices (e.g. proper use of respirators, prompt door closures, door signage). Results. Thirty children with confirmed or suspected TB were admitted during the study period and observed for a total of 242 h during which 656 visits by professional (n = 391) and ancillary (n = 131) HCWs and by family members (n = 134) were recorded. During 30% of visits doors remained open an average of 10 min, and during 20% of visits no respiratory protection was worn. In all, visitors wore the correct respiratory protection appropriately only 55% of the time. HCWs were more likely to wear respiratory protection when caring for children with a positive acid-fast bacillus smear than family members, but professional staff were no more likely than ancillary staff to do so. Conclusions. This is the first study to quantify compliance with IC practices for TB in pediatric hospitals. The majority of visitors entering TB isolation rooms occupied by children with confirmed or suspected TB complied with IC guidelines, but discrepancies were seen. Rather than relying on TB IC guidelines designed for adult facilities, guidelines specific for pediatric facilities that consider the local epidemiology of TB should be developed. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Invest & Prevent Branch, Hosp Infect Program, Atlanta, GA USA. New York Presbyterian Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, New York, NY USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Pediat, San Diego, CA 92103 USA. RP Kellerman, SE (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Surveillance Branch, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Mailstop E-47, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 23 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0891-3668 J9 PEDIATR INFECT DIS J JI Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 20 IS 6 BP 566 EP 570 DI 10.1097/00006454-200106000-00004 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics GA 443MC UT WOS:000169344100003 PM 11419496 ER PT J AU Arbona, SI Melville, SK Hanson, C Squires, JE Doyle, M Doran, TI Patel, JA Handal, GA Hauger, SB Murphey, DK Dominguez, K AF Arbona, SI Melville, SK Hanson, C Squires, JE Doyle, M Doran, TI Patel, JA Handal, GA Hauger, SB Murphey, DK Dominguez, K TI Mother-to-child transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus in Texas SO PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASE JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE mother-to-child; human immunodeficiency virus; Texas ID PERINATAL TRANSMISSION; ZIDOVUDINE; TYPE-1; RISK AB Background. The Pediatric Spectrum of HIV Diseases (PSD) project has been collecting data on HIV-exposed children in Texas since 1989. These data have now been analyzed to describe mother-to child transmission in Texas and to provide much needed information on the magnitude of the pediatric HIV epidemic in the state. Methods. We examined trends in the numbers of perinatally exposed children and perinatally acquired cases of HIV in the Texas PSD cohort. We calculated transmission rates and relative risks for 656 children born from January, 1995, to July, 1998, that received all or part of the ACTG 076 regimen. Results. Only a small proportion (38%) of pairs of an HIV-infected mother and her HIV-exposed child received the full AIDS Clinical Trial Group 076 (ACTG 076) regimen; only 73% of the mothers received at least some prenatal care. In recent years, however, the numbers of perinatally exposed children and perinatally acquired cases of HIV have decreased in Texas. Univariate analyses showed that a reduction in the vertical trans mission of HIV was associated with receipt of a full ACTG 076 regimen, receipt of a partial ACTG 076 regimen and residence in Dallas County. Conclusions. Findings identify a gap in meeting the health care needs of pregnant HIV-infected women and suggest missed opportunities to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV. At the same time this study confirms progress in prevention efforts to reduce mother to child transmission of HIV in Texas. C1 Texas Dept Hlth, Bur HIV & STD Prevent, Austin, TX 78756 USA. Texas Dept Hlth, Childrens Hosp Austin, Austin, TX USA. Texas Childrens Hosp, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Univ Texas, Dept Pediat, Houston, TX USA. Childrens Med Ctr, Dallas, TX 75235 USA. Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, San Antonio, TX USA. Univ Texas, Med Branch, Childrens Hosp, Galveston, TX 77550 USA. Texas Tech Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, El Paso, TX USA. Cook Childrens Med Ctr, Ft Worth, TX USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Arbona, SI (reprint author), Texas Dept Hlth, Bur HIV & STD Prevent, 1100 W 49th St, Austin, TX 78756 USA. NR 18 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0891-3668 J9 PEDIATR INFECT DIS J JI Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 20 IS 6 BP 602 EP 606 DI 10.1097/00006454-200106000-00011 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics GA 443MC UT WOS:000169344100010 PM 11419503 ER PT J AU Seward, JF AF Seward, JF TI Update on varicella SO PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASE JOURNAL LA English DT Editorial Material ID VACCINE; POSTLICENSURE; CHILDREN; SAFETY C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Seward, JF (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 18 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0891-3668 J9 PEDIATR INFECT DIS J JI Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 20 IS 6 BP 619 EP 621 DI 10.1097/00006454-200106000-00014 PG 3 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics GA 443MC UT WOS:000169344100013 PM 11419506 ER PT J AU Eldridge, J Dilley, A Austin, H EL-Jamil, M Wolstein, L Doris, J Hooper, WC Meehan, PL Evatt, B AF Eldridge, J Dilley, A Austin, H EL-Jamil, M Wolstein, L Doris, J Hooper, WC Meehan, PL Evatt, B TI The role of protein C, protein S, and resistance to activated protein C in Legg-Perthes disease SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE avascular necrosis; coagulation factors; genetics; Legg-Perthes disease; risk factors; thrombosis ID POOR ANTICOAGULANT RESPONSE; COAGULATION-FACTOR-V; VENOUS THROMBOSIS; LUPUS ANTICOAGULANT; BLOOD-COAGULATION; PURPURA FULMINANS; DEFICIENCY; THROMBOPHILIA; MUTATION; MECHANISM AB Objectives. It has been hypothesized that Legg-Perthes disease is caused by repeated vascular interruptions of the blood supply to the proximal femur, which are precipitated by coagulation system abnormalities. To test this theory, we conducted a case-control study among 57 patients with Legg-Perthes disease and an equal number of community controls. We measured protein C and protein S and resistance to activated protein C (APC-R) from plasma. Study Design. Participants were placed into 1 of 3 mutually exclusive categories based on the control distribution: 1) normal, defined as either above or within 1 standard deviation below the expected mean; 2) low normal, defined as between 1 and 2 standard deviations below the expected mean; and 3) low, defined as >2 standard deviations below the expected mean. DNA was analyzed to determine the presence of a point mutation in the factor V gene that causes APC-R. Results. We observed a statistically significant increased risk of Legg-Perthes disease with decreasing levels of protein C and a nearly significant increased risk with decreasing levels of protein S. The factor V gene defect was present in 5 (9%) of 55 cases and 3 (5%) of 56 controls (odds ratio 1.8, 95% confidence interval: 0.4-7.7), but the mean level on the APC-R plasma test was similar for cases and controls. Nine cases and 1 control had 2 low normal or low test results (odds ratio 13.0, 95% confidence interval: 2.2-75). Conclusions. Our results support the belief that abnormalities of the coagulation system leading to a thrombophilic state play a role in Legg-Perthes disease; however, larger studies are needed before definitive recommendations for coagulation testing can be made. C1 Univ Louisville, Sch Med, Dept Orthoped & Pediat, Louisville, KY 40292 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hematol Dis Branch, Div AIDS STD & Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis,US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Atlanta, GA USA. Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Eldridge, J (reprint author), 4001 Kresge Wy,Suite 324, Louisville, KY 40207 USA. NR 25 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD JUN PY 2001 VL 107 IS 6 BP 1329 EP 1334 DI 10.1542/peds.107.6.1329 PG 6 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 439HJ UT WOS:000169105500037 PM 11389252 ER PT J AU Grosse, SD Khoury, MJ Hannon, WH Boyle, CA AF Grosse, SD Khoury, MJ Hannon, WH Boyle, CA TI Early diagnosis of cystic fibrosis SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Off Planning Evaluat & Legislat, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Grosse, SD (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Off Planning Evaluat & Legislat, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 4 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD JUN PY 2001 VL 107 IS 6 BP 1492 EP 1492 DI 10.1542/peds.107.6.1492 PG 1 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 439HJ UT WOS:000169105500070 PM 11400707 ER PT J AU Zanardi, LR Haber, P Mootrey, GT Niu, MT Wharton, M AF Zanardi, LR Haber, P Mootrey, GT Niu, MT Wharton, M CA VAERS Working Grp TI Intussusception among recipients of rotavirus vaccine: Reports to the vaccine adverse event reporting system SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE intussusception; rotavirus vaccine; Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System; vaccine safety ID INFECTION; CHILDREN; VAERS; EPIDEMIOLOGY; ADENOVIRUS; CHILDHOOD AB Background. Rotavirus vaccine was licensed on August 31, 1998, and subsequently recommended for routine use among infants. To assess rare adverse events, postlicensure surveillance was conducted. Objective. To describe the cases of intussusception among rotavirus vaccine recipients reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System from October 1998 through December 1999. Setting and Participants. Infants vaccinated with rotavirus vaccine in the United States. Outcome Measures. Intussusception confirmed by radiology, surgery, or autopsy report with medical record documentation or confirmed by a primary health care provider. Results. There were 98 confirmed cases of intussusception after vaccination with rotavirus vaccine reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System; 60 of these developed intussusception within 1 week after vaccination. Based on calculations using vaccine distribution data and intussusception incidence rates from 2 separate databases, an estimated 7 to 16 cases would have been expected to occur in the week after vaccination by chance alone. Conclusion. Using a passive surveillance system for vaccine adverse events, we observed at least a fourfold increase over the expected number of intussusception cases occurring within 1 week of receipt of rotavirus vaccine. Other studies were initiated to further define the relationship between rotavirus vaccine and intussusception. In light of these and other data, the rotavirus vaccine manufacturer voluntarily removed its product from the market, and the recommendation for routine use of rotavirus vaccine among US infants has been withdrawn. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Child Vaccine Preventable Dis Branch, Epidemiol & Surveillance Div, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol Intellegence Serv Program, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. US FDA, Vaccine Safety Branch, Div Epidemiol, Off Biostat & Epidemiol, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. RP Zanardi, LR (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Child Vaccine Preventable Dis Branch, Epidemiol & Surveillance Div, Natl Immunizat Program, 1600 Clifton Rd,E-61, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 24 TC 57 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD JUN PY 2001 VL 107 IS 6 AR e97 DI 10.1542/peds.107.6.e97 PG 6 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 439HJ UT WOS:000169105500012 PM 11389295 ER PT J AU Silvers, LE Ellenberg, SS Wise, RP Varricchio, FE Mootrey, GT Salive, ME AF Silvers, LE Ellenberg, SS Wise, RP Varricchio, FE Mootrey, GT Salive, ME TI The epidemiology of fatalities reported to the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System 1990-1997 SO PHARMACOEPIDEMIOLOGY AND DRUG SAFETY LA English DT Article DE epidemiology; VAERS (Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System); fatalities; deaths; reports; vaccination; immunization; vaccine safety surveillance; SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome); reporting rates ID INFANT DEATH SYNDROME; IMMUNIZATION; VAERS; RISK AB Purpose To examine the fatalities reported to the federally administered Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), a passive surveillance system, in its first 7 years. Methods The working data set included variables such as demographic information, dates of vaccination, adverse event onset and death, vaccines administered, and vaccination facility data. Frequencies for these data and state reporting rates were calculated. Results A total of 1266 fatalities were reported to VAERS during July 1990 through June 1997. The number of death reports peaked in 1992-1993 and then declined. The overall median age of cases was 0.4 years, with a range of 1 day to 104 years. Nearly half of the deaths were attributed to sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Conclusions The trend of decreasing numbers of deaths reported to VAERS since 1992-1993 follows that observed for SIDS overall for the US general population following implementation of the 'Back to Sleep' program. These data may support findings of past controlled studies showing that the association between infant vaccination and SIDS is coincidental and not causal. VAERS reports of death after vaccination may be stimulated by the temporal association, rather than by any causal relationship. C1 US FDA, Ctr Biol Evaluat & Res, Off Biostat & Epidemiol, Bethesda, MD USA. CDCP, Vaccine Safety & Dev Branch, Epidemiol & Surveillance Div, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Silvers, LE (reprint author), POB 34889, Bethesda, MD 20827 USA. NR 20 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 1053-8569 J9 PHARMACOEPIDEM DR S JI Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf. PD JUN-JUL PY 2001 VL 10 IS 4 BP 279 EP 285 DI 10.1002/pds.619 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 490PR UT WOS:000172060700001 PM 11760487 ER PT J AU Galperin, B Sukoriansky, S Huang, HP AF Galperin, B Sukoriansky, S Huang, HP TI Universal n(-5) spectrum of zonal flows on giant planets SO PHYSICS OF FLUIDS LA English DT Letter ID JUPITERS ATMOSPHERE; 2-DIMENSIONAL TURBULENCE; MOIST CONVECTION; STABILITY; DYNAMICS; WINDS AB The energy spectra of the observed zonal flows on Jupiter and Saturn are shown to obey the scaling law E-Z(n)=C-Z(Omega /R)(2)n(-5) in the range of total wave numbers n not affected by large scale friction (here, Omega and R are the rotation rate and the radius of the planet, and C-Z is an order-one constant). These spectra broadly resemble their counterpart in recent simulations of turbulent flows on the surface of a rotating sphere [Huang , Phys. Fluids 13, 225 (2001)] that represents a strongly anisotropic flow regime evoked by the planetary vorticity gradient. It is conjectured that this regime governs the large scale circulations and the multiple zonal jets on giant planets. The observed strong equatorial jets that were not produced in the nearly inviscid simulations by Huang are attributed to the combined effect of the energy condensation in the lowest zonal modes and the large scale friction. (C) 2001 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ S Florida, Coll Marine Sci, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. Ben Gurion Univ Negev, Perlstone Ctr Aeronaut Engn Studies, Dept Mech Engn, IL-84105 Beer Sheva, Israel. Univ Colorado, CIRES, CDC, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Galperin, B (reprint author), Univ S Florida, Coll Marine Sci, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. RI SUKORIANSKY, SEMION/F-1260-2012 NR 15 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 1070-6631 J9 PHYS FLUIDS JI Phys. Fluids PD JUN PY 2001 VL 13 IS 6 BP 1545 EP 1548 DI 10.1063/1.1373684 PG 4 WC Mechanics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Mechanics; Physics GA 432ZC UT WOS:000168730000003 ER PT J AU Cooper, CP Roter, DL AF Cooper, CP Roter, DL TI Recruitment of research participants from US jury pools SO PSYCHOLOGICAL REPORTS LA English DT Article ID TRANSPLANT ALLOCATION; PUBLIC PREFERENCES; NEWS STORIES; PREVENTION; EFFICIENCY; DECISIONS; PROGNOSIS; LIVERS; EQUITY; IF AB Psychological research is often criticized for routine use of a narrow and unrepresentative study population-college students. This study investigated the feasibility of recruiting research participants from U.S. jury pools, which by law must include a representative cross-section of the public. A questionnaire was mailed to the jury administrators in the 217 U.S. state court jurisdictions with populations of 250,000 or more. Court officials representing 79 jurisdictions in 30 states and the District of Columbia returned surveys (36% response rate). In addition, respondents who indicated in the mail survey that their court had previously allowed outside investigators to recruit jurors also completed a follow-up telephone interview. While the majority of jurisdictions (61%) opposed participation of jurors in research, 31 jurisdictions (39%) did not object to this practice. Only 8 of the nonopposed jurisdictions had been asked to host research, and 7 had agreed to do so. The jurisdictions that opened their jury pools to researchers employed a number of strategies to circumvent potential problems and generally reported that hosting research was a positive experience. jury pools represent a viable and relatively untapped source of research participants. Many courts are open to the possibility of hosting research but have never been asked to do so. Both researchers and court officials should be reassured by the positive experiences of courts that have hosted research. C1 CDCP, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Canc Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Hlth Policy & Management, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. RP Cooper, CP (reprint author), CDCP, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Canc Prevent & Control, Mail Stop K-48,4779 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RI Roter, Debra/N-8830-2014 NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PSYCHOLOGICAL REPORTS PI MISSOULA PA P O BOX 9229, MISSOULA, MT 59807 USA SN 0033-2941 J9 PSYCHOL REP JI Psychol. Rep. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 88 IS 3 BP 981 EP 986 PN 2 PG 6 WC Psychology, Multidisciplinary SC Psychology GA 477UZ UT WOS:000171303800006 ER PT J AU Trees, DL Sandul, AL Neal, SW Higa, H Knapp, JS AF Trees, DL Sandul, AL Neal, SW Higa, H Knapp, JS TI Molecular epidemiology of Neisseria gonorrhoeae exhibiting decreased susceptibility and resistance to ciprofloxacin in Hawaii, 1991-1999 SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES LA English DT Article ID QUINOLONE RESISTANCE; POINT MUTATIONS; UNITED-STATES; PARC GENE; STRAINS; GYRA; IDENTIFICATION AB Background: Clinically significant resistance to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)-recommended doses of fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin) has been reported for Neisseria gonorrhoeae. In Hawaii, fluoroquinolone-resistant gonococcal isolates were first identified in 1991. Goal: To assess the diversity, based on phenotypic and genotypic characterization, of gonococcal isolates exhibiting decreased susceptibility (CipI; MICs = 0.125-0.5 mug/ml) or clinically significant resistance (CipR; MICs greater than or equal to 1 mug/ml) to ciprofloxacin in Hawaii from 1991 through 1999, Study Design: Antimicrobial susceptibilities, auxotype/serovar (A/S) class, GyrA/ParC alteration patterns, and plasmid profiles were determined for gonococci isolated in Honolulu from 1991 through 1999 that exhibited intermediate or clinically significant resistance to ciprofloxacin, Strain phenotypes mere defined by A/S class, GyrA/ParC alteration pattern, and penicillin-tetracycline resistance phenotype supplemented with plasmid profiles for beta -lactamase-producing isolates. Results: Altogether, 68 isolates exhibiting intermediate or clinically significant resistance to ciprofloxacin belonged to 23 and 19 strain phenotypes, respectively, Among the CipI and CipR isolates, 4 and 13 GyrA/ParC alterations patterns were identified, respectively. The 91,95/Asp-86 alteration pattern occurred most frequently among CipR isolates. Forty-four strain phenotypes were represented by only one isolate. In addition, seven pairs and two clusters of isolates were identified. Conclusions: From 1991 through 1997, few gonococcal strains exhibiting intermediate or clinically significant resistance to CDC-recommended doses of fluoroquinolones were identified from Hawaii, Isolates belonged to a large number of phenotypic and genotypic types, suggesting that most cases were imported, with only a few instances in which isolate pairs indicated that secondary transmission of infections had occurred in Hawaii. Beginning in 1998, the number of CipR isolates increased markedly, and more isolates belonged to fewer phenotypic and genotypic types, suggesting either more frequent importation of fewer strain types or the possibility that the endemic spread of a few strains is beginning to occur. C1 CDCP, Div Sexually Transmitted Dis Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. State Hawaii Dept Hlth, Pearl City, HI USA. RP Trees, DL (reprint author), CDCP, Bacterial STD Branch, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Mailstop G-39,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 27 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0148-5717 J9 SEX TRANSM DIS JI Sex. Transm. Dis. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 28 IS 6 BP 309 EP 314 DI 10.1097/00007435-200106000-00001 PG 6 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA 438QD UT WOS:000169063800001 PM 11403186 ER PT J AU Schulte, JM Burkham, S Hamaker, D St Louis, ME Paffel, JM Hutcheson, D Caldwell, MB Dominguez, KL Levine, WC AF Schulte, JM Burkham, S Hamaker, D St Louis, ME Paffel, JM Hutcheson, D Caldwell, MB Dominguez, KL Levine, WC TI Syphilis among HIV-infected mothers and their infants in Texas from 1988 to 1994 SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; CARE UTILIZATION INDEX; UNITED-STATES; CONGENITAL-SYPHILIS; PRENATAL-CARE; PERINATAL TRANSMISSION; MATERNAL SYPHILIS; WOMEN; PREVALENCE; EPIDEMIOLOGY AB Background: Syphilis was investigated in a group of HIV-infected women and their infants. Goal: To assess syphilis morbidity among HIV-infected women and their infants. Among women with syphilis during pregnancy, the risks for delivering an infant with congenital syphilis were assessed. Study Design: Through the Pediatric Spectrum of HIV Disease project, Texas infants born to HIV-infected women were identified, After the infants were matched with their mothers, it was determined which had been reported as syphilis cases. Results: In this study 18% of the HIV-infected mothers were reported as syphilis cases, most during pregnancy. Half of these mothers delivered infants (n = 49) with congenital syphilis, Inadequate prenatal care was the only significant risk for delivering an infant with congenital syphilis. The congenital syphilis rate among Texas infants of HIV-infected mothers was 48.8 per 1000 live births. Conclusion: The congenital syphilis rate among Texas infants born to HIV-infected mothers was almost 50 times that of the general population. C1 CDCP, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Div Sexually Transmitted Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Texas Dept Hlth, Austin, TX 78756 USA. Houston Hlth & Human Serv, Houston, TX USA. Dallas Cty Hlth & Human Serv, Dallas, TX USA. RP Schulte, JM (reprint author), CDCP, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Div Sexually Transmitted Dis, Mailstop E-47,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 38 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0148-5717 J9 SEX TRANSM DIS JI Sex. Transm. Dis. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 28 IS 6 BP 315 EP 320 DI 10.1097/00007435-200106000-00002 PG 6 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA 438QD UT WOS:000169063800002 PM 11403187 ER PT J AU Diseker, RA Lin, LS Kamb, ML Peterman, TA Kent, C Zenilman, J Lentz, A Douglas, JM Rhodes, F Malotte, KC Iatesta, M AF Diseker, RA Lin, LS Kamb, ML Peterman, TA Kent, C Zenilman, J Lentz, A Douglas, JM Rhodes, F Malotte, KC Iatesta, M TI Fleeting foreskins: The misclassification of male circumcision status SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES LA English DT Article ID SEXUALLY-TRANSMITTED DISEASES; HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; GENITAL ULCER DISEASE; INFECTIOUS-DISEASES; HIV-INFECTION; RISK; ASSOCIATION; MEN AB Background: Errors in the classification of male circumcision status could bias studies linking infection to lack of circumcision. Goal: To determine the frequency and factors associated with the reproducibility of reporting circumcision status. Study Design: Secondary analysis of data using logistic regression modeling from a multicenter randomized controlled trial was performed. Results: At follow-up assessment, 15.6% of clinician reports on circumcision status disagreed with baseline reports. Disagreement was more common if both clinicians were women than if both were men (odds ratio [OR], 2.8; 95% CI, 1.9-4.1). As compared with whites reported as circumcised (4%, 19/532 visits), the highest disagreement involved uncircumcised Hispanic (OR, 3.3; 95% CI, 1.7-6.3), white (OR, 12.2; 95% CI, 5.8-25.6), or black (OR, 17.1; 95% CI, 10.4-27.9) men. Conclusions: This is one study among a small number of studies examining the reproducibility of clinician-reported circumcision status by comparing multiple clinical examinations of the same patient, The magnitude of the misclassification discovered could bias results and indicates the need for greater accuracy in reporting circumcision status in future studies. C1 CDCP, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Off Commun, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Kaiser Permanente, Atlanta, GA USA. San Francisco Hlth Dept, Project RESPECT Study Grp, San Francisco, CA USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Baltimore, MD USA. Baltimore City Hlth Dept, Project RESPECT Study Grp, Baltimore, MD USA. Denver Publ Hlth Dept, Project RESPECT Study Grp, Denver, CO USA. Calif State Univ Long Beach, Long Beach, CA 90840 USA. Long Beach Hlth Dept, Project RESPECT Study Grp, Long Beach, CA USA. New Jersey Hlth Dept, Project RESPECT Study Grp, Newark, NJ USA. Newark STD Clin, Newark, NJ USA. RP Diseker, RA (reprint author), CDCP, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Off Commun, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mail Stop E-06, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 25 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 3 U2 4 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0148-5717 J9 SEX TRANSM DIS JI Sex. Transm. Dis. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 28 IS 6 BP 330 EP 335 DI 10.1097/00007435-200106000-00005 PG 6 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA 438QD UT WOS:000169063800005 PM 11403190 ER PT J AU Rein, DB Anderson, LA Gowda, VR Dixon, J Irwin, KL AF Rein, DB Anderson, LA Gowda, VR Dixon, J Irwin, KL TI Federally funded sexually transmitted disease programs and managed care - A review of current and planned partnerships SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES LA English DT Article ID PUBLIC-HEALTH; PREVENTION AB Background: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention requested that sexually transmitted disease (STD) programs report their current activities and plans to collaborate with managed care organizations in their 1999 applications for federal funding. Goal: To review CDC STD program applications for funding to assess the number of activities between STD programs and managed care organizations, Methods: Narrative data on managed care topics were abstracted from 59 funding applications (50 states, 7 cites or counties, and 2 US territories), using standard qualitative methods, A coding system was applied to categorize each managed fare activity into one of nine categories (interrater reliability, 93%), An expert panel ranked activities by complexity, and these scores were used to develop an overall complexity score for each program. Results: All but 9 of the 59 applicants reported managed care organization activities, Altogether, 208 activities were specifically documented, 45% of which were classified as operational in 1999, The most frequently reported activities involved gathering and giving information and promoting STD care through legislation and state Medicaid activities. Conclusions: Considerable information transfer and policy action between STD programs and managed care organizations are taking place. Further integration of services and policies should be studied and encouraged to promote the effective treatment of STD. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Sexually Transmitted Dis Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Georgia State Univ, Ivan Allen Coll, Andrew Young Sch Policy Studies, Georgia Inst Technol, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. Arizona Dept Hlth Serv, Phoenix, AZ 85007 USA. RP Rein, DB (reprint author), 1421 Peachtree St 106, Atlanta, GA 30309 USA. NR 23 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0148-5717 J9 SEX TRANSM DIS JI Sex. Transm. Dis. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 28 IS 6 BP 336 EP 342 DI 10.1097/00007435-200106000-00006 PG 7 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA 438QD UT WOS:000169063800006 PM 11403191 ER PT J AU Kilmarx, PH Mock, PA Levine, WC AF Kilmarx, PH Mock, PA Levine, WC TI Effect of Chlamydia trachomatis coinfection on HIV shedding in genital tract secretions SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES LA English DT Letter ID SEXUALLY-TRANSMITTED DISEASES; VITAMIN-A-DEFICIENCY; IMMUNOSUPPRESSION; ASSOCIATION; DNA AB The relations between HIV infection and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are complex.(1) Some studies show that other STDs may enhance HIV infectiousness in men and women by increasing viral shedding in genital tract secretions. In their review, Rotchford et al.(2) combined data from four studies and concluded that HIV was not detected significantly more frequently in the genital secretions of HIV-infected persons with Chlamydia trachomatis infection than in the secretions of those without HIV. This report seeks to underscore and expand on the authors' caveats, including problems in choosing appropriate comparison groups, gender of the participants, and methods for detecting chlamydia and HIV. One of the four Rotchford et al.(2) studies assessed 106 men who, as specified by the study protocol, had dysuria, urethral discharge, or genital ulceration.(3) The nine men in the study who had nongonococcal urethritis were somewhat less likely than those without the disorder to be shedding HIV. However, the current authors believe this study should not be included in an analysis of chlamydial infection and HIV shedding because everyone in the comparison group had other STD syndromes, also potentially making them more likely to be shedding HIV. For instance, 73% of the men in the comparison group had gonorrhea, and those with gonorrhea accounted for 83% of those who were shedding HIV. Furthermore, in that particular study, specific chlamydial testing was not performed, so it should not be used to address the issue of chlamydial infection and HIV shedding. Each of the remaining three studies involved women. The largest of these studies showed that female sex workers with chlamydial infection were three times more likely to be shedding HIV than those without chlamydia.(4) In the other two studies, HIV shedding was also somewhat more commonly detected among women with chlamydial infection than among those without chlamydia, although these differences were not statistically significant.(5,6) However, the results pooled from these three studies showed that chlamydial infection was significantly associated with HIV shedding (Mantel-Haenszel odds ratio, 1.85; 95% CI, 1.1-3.2; P = 0.02). There was not substantial heterogeneity in the results from these three studies (Breslow-Day test for heterogeneity, P = 0.3), but meta-analysis may not be appropriate because of differences in study populations and methods. The current authors agree with the call of Rotchford et al(2) for additional high-quality studies to address this issue. In the meantime, screening, treatment, and prevention of STDs, including chlamydial infection, remain an important part of care for HIV-infected persons.(7) C1 Minist Publ Hlth, HIV AIDS Collaborat, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div STD Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Kilmarx, PH (reprint author), Minist Publ Hlth, HIV AIDS Collaborat, DMS 6 Bldg,Tivanon Rd, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand. NR 7 TC 14 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0148-5717 J9 SEX TRANSM DIS JI Sex. Transm. Dis. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 28 IS 6 BP 347 EP 348 DI 10.1097/00007435-200106000-00008 PG 2 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA 438QD UT WOS:000169063800008 PM 11403193 ER PT J AU Fortenberry, JD McFarlane, MM Hennessy, M Bull, SS Grimley, DM St Lawrence, J Stoner, BP VanDevanter, N AF Fortenberry, JD McFarlane, MM Hennessy, M Bull, SS Grimley, DM St Lawrence, J Stoner, BP VanDevanter, N TI Relation of health literacy to gonorrhoea related care SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS LA English DT Article DE literacy; care seeking behaviour; gonorrhoea ID SAMPLE SELECTION BIAS; CHRONIC DISEASE; READABILITY; ILLITERACY; COMPREHENSION; COMMUNICATION; INFORMATION; STRATEGIES; KNOWLEDGE; SEEKING AB Objective: To assess the relation between health literacy and receipt of a screening test for gonorrhoea in the past year. Methods: Study design was multisite, cross sectional survey of subjects enrolled from clinics, from community based organisations, and by street intercept. Data were obtained using face to face interview. The dependent variable was self reported receipt of a test for gonorrhoea in the past year. Health literacy was measured by the Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine (REALM), recoded to represent 8th grade or lower reading or 9th grade and higher reading level. Statistical analyses were adjusted to account for selection bias in literacy assessment. Results: 54% of the sample reported at least one gonorrhoea test in the previous year. 65% of the sample read at a 9th grade level or higher. REALM score was moderately correlated with the respondent's years of education. After adjustment for missing REALM data, past suspicion of gonorrhoea, self inspection for gonorrhoea, self efficacy for care seeking, REALM score of 9th grade reading level or higher, and younger age were independently associated with gonorrhoea testing in the previous year. For the average respondent, REALM reading grade level of 9th grade or higher is associated with a 10% increase in the probability of having a gonorrhoea test in the past year. Conclusions: Low literacy appears to pose a barrier to care for sexually transmitted infections such as gonorrhoea. C1 Indiana Univ, Sch Med, Indianapolis, IN USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Colorado, Denver Publ Hlth Dept, Denver, CO 80202 USA. Univ Alabama, Sch Publ Hlth, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA. Washington Univ, St Louis, MO USA. Columbia Univ, New York, NY USA. RP Fortenberry, JD (reprint author), Riley Outpatients, Garage,Room 070 575 N,West Dr, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA. NR 35 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 1 PU BRITISH MED JOURNAL PUBL GROUP PI LONDON PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON WC1H 9JR, ENGLAND SN 1368-4973 J9 SEX TRANSM INFECT JI Sex. Transm. Infect. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 77 IS 3 BP 206 EP 211 DI 10.1136/sti.77.3.206 PG 6 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA 444WP UT WOS:000169423300014 PM 11402232 ER PT J AU Rowe, AE Frankel, MR Sanders, KA AF Rowe, AE Frankel, MR Sanders, KA TI Stroke awareness among Georgia adults: Epidemiology and considerations regarding measurement SO SOUTHERN MEDICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID RISK-FACTORS; POPULATION; KNOWLEDGE; SYMPTOMS; DELAY; SIGNS AB Background. To design and evaluate interventions for reducing the impact of stroke ill Georgia, we assessed knowledge of signs, risk factors, and burden of stroke. Methods. Adults in Georgia were studied with a random digit dial telephone survey. Results. Answering an unaided question, 39% of 602 respondents named greater than or equal to1 stroke warning sign. Awareness was considerably greater when assessed with prompted questions. Most respondents (70%) said they would call 911 if someone had a stroke: almost all (95%) considered stroke all emergency. Risk factor awareness ranged from 97% (previous stroke) to 69% (diabetes). Altogether, 6% reported having had a stroke; 48% reported a stroke in their family. Conclusions. Georgia adults have low awareness of stroke warning signs. Our findings underscore the importance of conducting an effective educational campaign. Furthermore, a need exists for questions on stroke awareness that approximate more closely the situation in which a person must identify a potential stroke. C1 CDCP, Div Adult & Community Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Georgia Dept Human Resources, Div Publ Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. St Josephs Hosp, Stroke Ctr, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Rowe, AE (reprint author), CDCP, Div Adult & Community Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Mailstop F22,4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 20 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOUTHERN MEDICAL ASSN PI BIRMINGHAM PA 35 LAKESHORE DR PO BOX 190088, BIRMINGHAM, AL 35219 USA SN 0038-4348 J9 SOUTHERN MED J JI South.Med.J. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 94 IS 6 BP 613 EP 618 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 447YQ UT WOS:000169600400007 PM 11440330 ER PT J AU Thomas, AR Hedberg, K Fleming, DW AF Thomas, AR Hedberg, K Fleming, DW TI Comparison of physician based reporting of tobacco attributable deaths and computer derived estimates of smoking attributable deaths, Oregon, 1989 to 1996 SO TOBACCO CONTROL LA English DT Article DE mortality; prevention; control; cause of death; population surveillance AB Background-Tobacco use prevention programmes need accurate information about smoking related mortality. Beginning in 1989, Oregon began asking physicians to report on death certificates whether tobacco use contributed to the death. Objective-To determine the long term comparability of this method of estimating tobacco attributable mortality to estimates of smoking attributable mortality derived from a computer model. Design-For the period 1989 to 1996, we compared mortality resulting from tobacco use reported by Oregon physicians to estimates of smoking attributable deaths (SADs) derived by "Smoking attributable mortality, morbidity and economic costs)) software version 3.0 (SAMMEC 3.0), a widely used software program that estimates SADs on the basis of smoking prevalence and relative risks of specific diseases among current and former smokers. Main outcome measures-Numbers of deaths, age, sex, and category of disease. Results-Of 212 448 Oregon deaths during 1989-1996, SAMMEC 3.0 estimated that 42 778 (20.1%) were attributable to cigarette smoking. For the same 27 diagnoses, physicians reported that tobacco contributed to 42 839 (20.2%) deaths-a cumulative difference of only 61 deaths over the eight year period. The age and sex distributions of tobacco and smoking attributable deaths reported by the two systems were also similar. By category of disease, the ratio of SAMMEC 3.0 estimates to physician reported deaths was 1.11 for neoplasms, 0.88 for heart disease, and 1.04 for respiratory disease. Conclusions-Physician reporting provides comparable estimates of smoking attributable mortality and can be a valuable source of data for communicating the risks of tobacco use to the public. C1 Oregon Hlth Div, Portland, OR 97232 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Appl Publ Hlth Training, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Director, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Thomas, AR (reprint author), Oregon Hlth Div, 800 NE Oregon St,Suite 772, Portland, OR 97232 USA. NR 2 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU BRITISH MED JOURNAL PUBL GROUP PI LONDON PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON WC1H 9JR, ENGLAND SN 0964-4563 J9 TOB CONTROL JI Tob. Control PD JUN PY 2001 VL 10 IS 2 BP 161 EP 164 DI 10.1136/tc.10.2.161 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 442YF UT WOS:000169312000020 PM 11387537 ER PT J AU Joseph, P Muchnok, TK Klishis, ML Roberts, JR Antonini, JM Whong, WZ Ong, TM AF Joseph, P Muchnok, TK Klishis, ML Roberts, JR Antonini, JM Whong, WZ Ong, TM TI Cadmium-induced cell transformation and tumorigenesis are associated with transcriptional activation of c-fos, c-jun, and c-myc proto-oncogenes: Role of cellular calcium and reactive oxygen species SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE cadmium; cell transformation; carcinogenesis; gene expression; immediate early response genes; reactive oxygen species; calcium ID METAL CARCINOGENESIS; REDOX REGULATION; MESSENGER-RNA; KINASE-C; IN-VIVO; EXPRESSION; APOPTOSIS; GENE; INHIBITOR; INDUCTION AB The molecular mechanisms of carcinogenesis by cadmium were studied using BALB/c-3T3 cell transformation and nude mouse tumorigenesis models. BALB/c-3T3 cells transformed with cadmium chloride were subcutaneously injected into nude mice to develop tumors and the cell lines derived from these tumors were used in the present study. The proto-oncogenes c-fos and c-jun were overexpressed in 100% (10 out of 10) of the cell lines, while a statistically significant overexpression of c-myc was observed in 40% (4 out of 10) of the cell lines. Analysis of tumor cells stained with fluorescent dyes specific for reactive oxygen species revealed that these cells possessed markedly higher levels of superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide compared with the nontransformed cells. Similarly, the intracellular calcium level was higher in the tumor cells compared with the nontransformed cells, Overexpression of the proto-oncogenes in these cells was blocked by treating the cells with superoxide dismutase, catalase, and 1,2-bis(o-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N ' ,N ' -tetra acetoxy methyl ester (BAPTA/AM), which are scavengers of superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and calcium, respectively. This confirmed that the overexpression of the proto-oncogenes in the tumor cells required elevated intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species and calcium. In addition to the scavengers of reactive oxygen species and calcium, inhibitors specific for transcription (actinomycin D), protein kinase C (RO-31-8220), and MAP kinase (PD 98059) also blocked the cadmium-induced overexpression of the proto-oncogenes in the tumor cells. Exposure of the nontransformed BALB/c-3T3 cells to 20 muM cadmium chloride for 1 h caused elevated intracellular levels of superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and calcium, with corresponding increases in the expression levels of c-fos, c-jun, and c-myc. As in the case of the tumor cells, treating the nontransformed cells with the various modulators prior to their exposure to cadmium chloride resulted in inhibition in the expression of the proto-oncogenes, Based on these data, we conclude that the cadmium-induced overexpression of cellular protooncogenes is mediated by the elevation of intracellular levels of superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and calcium. Further, the cadmium-induced overexpression of the proto-oncogenes is dependent on transcriptional activation as well as on pathways involving protein kinase C and MAP kinase. C1 NIOSH, CDC, Toxicol & Mol Biol Branch, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. NIOSH, Pathol & Physiol Res Branch, Hlth Effects Lab Div, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RP Joseph, P (reprint author), NIOSH, CDC, Toxicol & Mol Biol Branch, 1095 Willowdale Rd,MS 3014, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. NR 37 TC 108 Z9 114 U1 2 U2 7 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 61 IS 2 BP 295 EP 303 DI 10.1093/toxsci/61.2.295 PG 9 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 438XJ UT WOS:000169079300013 PM 11353138 ER PT J AU Peden-Adams, MM Eudaly, J Eudaly, E Dudley, A Zeigler, J Lee, A Robbs, J Gilkeson, G Keil, DE AF Peden-Adams, MM Eudaly, J Eudaly, E Dudley, A Zeigler, J Lee, A Robbs, J Gilkeson, G Keil, DE TI Evaluation of immunotoxicity induced by single or concurrent exposure to N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET), pyridostigmine bromide (PYR), and JP-8 jet fuel SO TOXICOLOGY AND INDUSTRIAL HEALTH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 36th Annual Conference on Theories and Practices in Toxicology and Risk Assessment CY APR 15-18, 2002 CL CINCINNATI, OHIO SP AFRL/HEST, NHRC/TD, USACEHR, Army Ctr Hlth Promot & Prevent Med, AF Off Sci Res, US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment-Cincinnati, Agcy Toxic Substances Dis Registry, Natl Inst Occup Safety & Hlth, US FDA, Natl Res Council, Natl Acad Sci DE DEET; Gulf War Illness; immunotoxicology; JP-8; pyridostigmine bromide ID PERSIAN-GULF-WAR; N-NITROSODIMETHYLAMINE; DERMAL APPLICATION; RATS; MICE; ACTIVATION; EXERCISE; TOXICITY; STRESS; BRAIN AB Approximately 5000 to 80000 of the US service personnel involved in the Persian Gulf War have complained of a variety of nonspecific symptoms since their return in 1991. These symptoms have been collectively labeled Gulf War Illness and include muscle fatigue, general malaise, myalgia, impaired cognition, ataxia, headaches, fever, joint pain, skin rash, gastrointestinal disturbances, sleep disturbances, and respiratory difficulties. Exposures of military and service personnel were diverse and included the prescribed anti-nerve gas agent pyridostigmine bromide (PYR), N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET) insect repellent, and environmental exposures to jet fuel. Thus, studies in our laboratory were undertaken to determine if concurrent exposure to these agents, singly or in combination, would contribute to significant alterations in immunological function and disease susceptibility. To assess immune status, eight-week old B6C3F1 female mice were exposed for 14 days to single compounds or tertiary mixtures of 15.5 mg/kg DEET, 2 mg/kg PYR, and 500 mg/kg JP-8 (termed low dose), or 31 mg/kg DEET, 5 mg/kg PYR, and 1000 mg/kg JP-8 (termed high dose). Immunosuppression was assessed 24 h after the last exposure. No remarkable alterations were evident in hematological parameters, spleen and thymus organ weight and total cellularity, natural killer (NK) cell activity, cytotoxic T-cell activity, or mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation after exposure to either single or tertiary mixtures at low or high doses. A few changes in CD4/CD8 flow cytometric lymphocyte subpopulations were detected after exposure to the tertiary mixture at the high dose. Delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) was decreased by 88% after exposure to the high-dose mixture, and suppression of antibody-specific IgM immune responses (plaque-forming cell, PFC) occurred after exposure to all single and tertiary mixtures at both dose levels. In the PFC response, antagonism was apparent in the mixture, while coexposure to these agents resulted in a synergistic effect in the DTH response. Susceptibility to B16F10 tumor or Listeria monocytogenes challenge was not affected after single or tertiary exposures. These data suggest that combined exposure to DEET, PYR, and JP-8 does not profoundly alter many immunological endpoints, but does selectively target functional endpoints such as the PFC and DTH response. This should be considered when assessing human health risks in the military environment. C1 Med Univ S Carolina, Coll Med, Dept Rheumatol, Charleston, SC 29425 USA. Med Univ S Carolina, Coll Hlth Profess, Dept Hlth Profess, Charleston, SC 29425 USA. RP Keil, DE (reprint author), NIOSH, Agr & Immunotoxicol Grp, CDC, 1095 Willowdale Rd,MS L1119, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. NR 60 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU ARNOLD, HODDER HEADLINE PLC PI LONDON PA 338 EUSTON ROAD, LONDON NW1 3BH, ENGLAND SN 0748-2337 J9 TOXICOL IND HEALTH JI Toxicol. Ind. Health PD JUN PY 2001 VL 17 IS 5-10 BP 192 EP 209 DI 10.1191/0748233701th120oa PG 18 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 634CB UT WOS:000180321500007 PM 12539864 ER PT J AU Wallingford, KM Snyder, EM AF Wallingford, KM Snyder, EM TI Occupational exposures during the World Trade Center disaster response SO TOXICOLOGY AND INDUSTRIAL HEALTH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 36th Annual Conference on Theories and Practices in Toxicology and Risk Assessment CY APR 15-18, 2002 CL CINCINNATI, OHIO SP AFRL/HEST, NHRC/TD, USACEHR, Army Ctr Hlth Promot & Prevent Med, AF Off Sci Res, US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment-Cincinnati, Agcy Toxic Substances Dis Registry, Natl Inst Occup Safety & Hlth, US FDA, Natl Res Council, Natl Acad Sci DE asbestos; cadmium; carbon monoxide; occupational exposure; World Trade Center AB Upon the request of the New York City Department of Health, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) monitored occupational exposures among emergency response workers during the rescue and recovery activities at the World Trade Center disaster site from September 18 through 4 October 2001. During this period, over 1200 bulk and air samples were collected to estimate or characterize workers' occupational exposures. Samples were collected and analyzed for asbestos, carbon monoxide (CO), chlorodifluoromethane (Freon(R) 22), diesel exhaust, hydrogen sulfide, inorganic acids, mercury and other metals, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, respirable particulate not otherwise regulated (PNOR), respirable crystalline silica, total PNOR, and volatile organic compounds. Exposures to most of these potential hazards did not exceed NIOSH Recommended Exposure Limits or Occupational Safety and Health Administration Permissible Exposure Limits. However, one torch cutter was overexposed to cadmium and another worker (and possibly three others) was overexposed to CO. The elevated cadmium and CO levels were the result of workers using oxy-acetylene cutting torches and gasoline-powered cutting saws. Recommendations were made to ensure adequate ventilation and worker understanding when using these tools and, where possible, to substitute rechargeable, battery-powered cutting saws for gasoline-powered ones. C1 NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Wallingford, KM (reprint author), NIOSH, 4676 Columbia Pkwy R-11, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 11 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU ARNOLD, HODDER HEADLINE PLC PI LONDON PA 338 EUSTON ROAD, LONDON NW1 3BH, ENGLAND SN 0748-2337 J9 TOXICOL IND HEALTH JI Toxicol. Ind. Health PD JUN PY 2001 VL 17 IS 5-10 BP 247 EP 253 DI 10.1191/0748233701th112oa PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 634CB UT WOS:000180321500012 PM 12539869 ER PT J AU DeStefano, F AF DeStefano, F TI More evidence to reassure physicians and parents about vaccination - Commentary SO WESTERN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP DeStefano, F (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, MS E61, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU B M J PUBLISHING INC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 221 MAIN ST, PO BOX 7690, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94120-7690 USA SN 0093-0415 J9 WESTERN J MED JI West. J. Med. PD JUN PY 2001 VL 174 IS 6 BP 390 EP 391 DI 10.1136/ewjm.174.6.390 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 438PM UT WOS:000169062300014 PM 11381002 ER PT J AU Gupta, M Mahanty, S Ahmed, R Rollin, PE AF Gupta, M Mahanty, S Ahmed, R Rollin, PE TI Monocyte-derived human macrophages and peripheral blood mononuclear cells infected with ebola virus secrete MIP-1 alpha and TNF-alpha and inhibit poly-IC-induced IFN-alpha in vitro SO VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID ENDOTHELIAL-CELLS; RESPONSES; MARBURG; REPLICATION; INTERFERONS; APOPTOSIS AB Ebola virus infection of humans is associated with high levels of circulating inflammatory chemokines and cytokines, We demonstrate that direct infection of human PBMC results in the induction of MCP-1, MIP-1 alpha, RANTES, and TNF-alpha as early as 24 h p.i. in response to live virus. Monocyte-derived macrophages infected with live Ebola-virus secreted MIP-alpha and TNF-alpha specifically while RANTES and MCP-1 were secreted by with both live or inactivated virus stimulation and do not require viral replication. Type I interferons (IFN-alpha and -beta), IL-10 and IL-10, were not induced by Ebola virus. Furthermore, live virus infection of both PBMCs and monocytes-derived macrophages inhibited IFN-alpha induced by double-stranded RNA in vitro. These data provide the first direct evidence of a role for macrophages in the pathogenesis to Ebola virus and suggest that Ebola virus can inhibit cellular antiviral mechanisms mediated by type I interferons. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 Ctr Dis Control, DVRD, Special Pathogen Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Emory Vaccine Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RP Rollin, PE (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control, DVRD, Special Pathogen Branch, Mailstop G14,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 27 TC 111 Z9 121 U1 0 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0042-6822 J9 VIROLOGY JI Virology PD MAY 25 PY 2001 VL 284 IS 1 BP 20 EP 25 DI 10.1006/viro.2001.0836 PG 6 WC Virology SC Virology GA 438PA UT WOS:000169061200003 PM 11352664 ER PT J AU Olsen, SJ DeBess, EE McGivern, TE Marano, N Eby, T Mauvais, S Balan, VK Zirnstein, G Cieslak, PR Angulo, FJ AF Olsen, SJ DeBess, EE McGivern, TE Marano, N Eby, T Mauvais, S Balan, VK Zirnstein, G Cieslak, PR Angulo, FJ TI A nosocomial outbreak of fluoroquinolone-resistant salmonella infection. SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; CIPROFLOXACIN; CHILDREN; ANIMALS AB Background: Infection with fluoroquinolone-resistant strains of salmonella is rare, as is nosocomial salmonella infection. We describe the first recognized outbreak of fluoroquinolone-resistant salmonella infection in the United States, which occurred in two nursing homes and one hospital in Oregon. Methods: We interviewed medical staff and reviewed patients' charts and death certificates. In Nursing Home A we conducted a case-control study. Patients were defined as residents of the nursing home from whom fluoroquinolone-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype Schwarzengrund was isolated between February 1996 and December 1998. Controls were residents with similar medical conditions whose cultures did not yield salmonella. Results: Eleven patients with fluoroquinolone-resistant salmonellosis were identified at two nursing homes. In nine patients a urine culture was positive, in one a stool culture, and in one a wound culture. The index patient had been hospitalized in the Philippines and had probably acquired the infection there. Transmission was probably direct (from patient to patient) or through contact with contaminated surfaces. Treatment with fluoroquinolones during the six months before a culture was obtained was associated with a significant risk of salmonella infection. More fluoroquinolones were used at Nursing Home A than at similar nursing homes in Oregon. The isolates from the outbreak had similar patterns on pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and the same gyrA mutations. The isolates from the outbreak were also similar to the only previous isolate of fluoroquinolone-resistant salmonella in the United States, which came from a patient in New York who had been transferred from a hospital in the Philippines. Conclusions: We describe a prolonged nosocomial outbreak of infection with fluoroquinolone-resistant S. enterica serotype Schwarzengrund. More such outbreaks are likely in institutional settings, particularly those in which there is heavy use of antimicrobial agents. (N Engl J Med 2001;344:1572-9.) Copyright (C) 2001 Massachusetts Medical Society. C1 CDCP, Foodborne Diarrheal Dis Branch, Div Bacterial Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDCP, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Div Appl Publ Hlth Training, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Oregon Dept Human Serv, Hlth Div, Portland, OR USA. Oregon Dept Human Serv, Hlth Div, Portland, OR USA. Multnomah Cty Dept Hlth, Portland, OR USA. RP Olsen, SJ (reprint author), CDCP, Foodborne Diarrheal Dis Branch, Div Bacterial Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop A-38, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 22 TC 93 Z9 102 U1 0 U2 2 PU MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SOC PI WALTHAM PA WALTHAM WOODS CENTER, 860 WINTER ST,, WALTHAM, MA 02451-1413 USA SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD MAY 24 PY 2001 VL 344 IS 21 BP 1572 EP 1579 DI 10.1056/NEJM200105243442102 PG 8 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 434RM UT WOS:000168829700002 PM 11372008 ER PT J AU DeMartino, M Maniscalco, J Greenberg, A Grabau, J Oxtoby, M Foster, E Smith, P Kozarsky, P Pox, C AF DeMartino, M Maniscalco, J Greenberg, A Grabau, J Oxtoby, M Foster, E Smith, P Kozarsky, P Pox, C TI Fatal and severe hepatitis associated with rifampin and pyrazinamide for the treatment of latent tuberculosis infection - New York and Georgia, 2000 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 50, pg 289-291, 2001) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Nassau Cty Off Med Examiner, Mineola, NY 11501 USA. Nassau Cty Dept Hlth, Mineola, NY USA. New York State Dept Hlth, Albany, NY 12237 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Atlanta, GA USA. Natl Inst Diabet & Dis Digest Syst & Kidneys, NIH, Bethesda, MD USA. CDC, Occupat Hlth Clin,Off Hlth & Safety, Off Director,Hepatitis Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis,Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Div TB Eliminat, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP DeMartino, M (reprint author), Nassau Cty Off Med Examiner, Mineola, NY 11501 USA. NR 1 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAY 23 PY 2001 VL 285 IS 20 BP 2572 EP 2573 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 433LY UT WOS:000168761900010 ER PT J AU Carvalho, N Tomashek, K Parashar, U Powell, K Mellinger-Birdsong, A AF Carvalho, N Tomashek, K Parashar, U Powell, K Mellinger-Birdsong, A TI Severe malnutrition among young children - Georgia, January 1997-June 1999 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 50, pg 224-227, 2001) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Childrens Healthcare Atlanta, Scottish Rite Pediat & Adolescent Consultants, Atlanta, GA USA. Georgia Dept Human Resources, Epidemiol Branch, Div Publ Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. CDC, Maternal Child Nutr Branch, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Carvalho, N (reprint author), Childrens Healthcare Atlanta, Scottish Rite Pediat & Adolescent Consultants, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 9 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAY 23 PY 2001 VL 285 IS 20 BP 2573 EP 2574 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 433LY UT WOS:000168761900011 ER PT J CA CDC TI Prevalence of arthritis - United States, 1997 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 50, pg 334-336, 2001) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 CDC, Hlth Care & Aging Studies Branch, Div Adult & Community Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP CDC (reprint author), CDC, Hlth Care & Aging Studies Branch, Div Adult & Community Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAY 23 PY 2001 VL 285 IS 20 BP 2574 EP 2575 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 433LY UT WOS:000168761900012 ER PT J AU Franco, S AF Franco, S TI Trends in blood lead levels among children - Boston, Massachusetts, 1994-1999 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 50, pg 337-339, 2001) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Boston Publ Hlth Commiss, Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevent Program, Boston, MA USA. CDC, Lead Poisoning Prevent Branch, Div Environm Hazards & Hlth Effects, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Franco, S (reprint author), Boston Publ Hlth Commiss, Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevent Program, Boston, MA USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAY 23 PY 2001 VL 285 IS 20 BP 2575 EP 2576 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 433LY UT WOS:000168761900013 ER PT J AU Bond, KB Sriwanthana, B Hodge, TW De Groot, AS Mastro, TD Young, NL Promadej, N Altman, JD Limpakarnjanarat, K McNicholl, JM AF Bond, KB Sriwanthana, B Hodge, TW De Groot, AS Mastro, TD Young, NL Promadej, N Altman, JD Limpakarnjanarat, K McNicholl, JM TI An HLA-directed molecular and bioinformatics approach identifies new HLA-A11 HIV-1 subtype E cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes in HIV-1-infected thais SO AIDS RESEARCH AND HUMAN RETROVIRUSES LA English DT Article ID INJECTING DRUG-USERS; EPSTEIN-BARR-VIRUS; FEMALE SEX WORKERS; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODY; ENZYME-IMMUNOASSAY; NORTHERN THAILAND; TYPE-1; PEPTIDE; INFECTION; RESPONSES AB Only limited cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitope mapping has been done in nonsubtype B HIV-infected persons. We used molecular immunogenetic tools to determine HIV-specific CTL responses in HIV-1 Env subtype E-infected female sex workers (FSWs) from northern Thailand, where more than 50% of the population is HLA-A11 positive. EpiMatrix, a computer-based T cell epitope prediction algorithm, and a manual editing approach were used to predict 77 possible HLA-A11 CTL epitopes in HIV-1, some of which were conserved between subtypes B and E, MHC binding of these peptides was determined in an HLA-A11 stabilization assay, and binding peptides were tested for CTL recognition in eight HLA-A11-positive FSWs, Subtype E versions of known HLA-A2 subtype B HIV epitopes were also tested in four HLA-A2 positive FSWs, CTL responses were detected in all HLA-A11-positive and in three of four HLA-A2-positive persons. Among the 12 FSWs responses to peptides were found to Pol in 9 (75%), Env in 7 (58%), Nef in 5 (42%), and Gag in 5 (42%), and to conserved epitopes in 8 (67%), To identify HLA-A11 CTL epitopes in the absence of prediction tools, it would have been necessary to test almost 3000 10-mer peptides, EpiMatrix and manual predictions reduced this number to 77, of which 26 were MHC binding and 12 were CTL epitopes, Six of these HLA-A11 CTL epitopes have not been previously reported and are located in RT, gp120, and gp41. This report of CTL responses in subtype E-infected individuals defines epitopes that may be useful in HIV pathogenesis or vaccine studies. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Immunogenet Lab, DASTLR, NCID,MS A25, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Minist Publ Hlth, Dept Med Sci, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand. Brown Univ, Sch Med, TB HIV Res Lab, Providence, RI 02912 USA. HIV AIDS Collaborat, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand. Emory Univ, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RP McNicholl, JM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Immunogenet Lab, DASTLR, NCID,MS A25, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI De Groot, Anne/B-6221-2013 OI De Groot, Anne/0000-0001-5911-1459 NR 57 TC 40 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 8 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 0889-2229 J9 AIDS RES HUM RETROV JI Aids Res. Hum. Retrovir. PD MAY 20 PY 2001 VL 17 IS 8 BP 703 EP 717 DI 10.1089/088922201750236988 PG 15 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA 441HX UT WOS:000169225900006 PM 11429111 ER PT J AU Sriwanthana, B Hodge, T Mastro, TD Dezzutti, CS Bond, K Stephens, HAF Kostrikis, LG Limpakarnjanarat, K Young, NL Qari, SH Lal, RB Chandanayingyong, D McNicholl, JM AF Sriwanthana, B Hodge, T Mastro, TD Dezzutti, CS Bond, K Stephens, HAF Kostrikis, LG Limpakarnjanarat, K Young, NL Qari, SH Lal, RB Chandanayingyong, D McNicholl, JM TI HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes, HLA-A11, and chemokine-related factors may act synergistically to determine HIV resistance in CCR5 Delta 32-negative female sex workers in Chiang Rai, Northern Thailand SO AIDS RESEARCH AND HUMAN RETROVIRUSES LA English DT Article ID IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS TYPE-1; INJECTING DRUG-USERS; SERONEGATIVE PERSONS; EXPOSED INDIVIDUALS; DISEASE PROGRESSION; GENETIC RESTRICTION; ENZYME-IMMUNOASSAY; CELLULAR-IMMUNITY; INFECTED PATIENTS; EOTAXIN RECEPTOR AB Understanding how highly HIV-exposed individuals remain HIV uninfected may be useful for HIV vaccine design and development of new HIV prevention strategies. To elucidate mechanisms associated with resistance to HIV infection, immunologic and genetic factors were examined in 14 HIV-exposed but persistently seronegative (HEPS) female sex workers from Chiang Rai, northern Thailand and in ethnically matched, HIV-positive (n = 9) and HIV-negative women (n = 9), The HERS women were identified in a study of commercial sex workers who had an HIV-1 incidence of 20.3 per 100 person-years. A high frequency of HLA-A11 was observed in HEPS women (86%) compared with northern Thai controls (56%), HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) lytic responses were detected in cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), using HLA-A-matched subtype E HIV-1 peptides in four of seven (57%) HEPS women, eight of eight HIV-positive women, and zero of nine HIV-negative unexposed controls (p = 0.019 HEPS women vs. HIV-negative controls). CTL lysis levels were low, but responses were detected to peptides from Nef, Pol, Gag, and Env, Nef responses predominated in HEPS women. Compared with controls, HEPS women tended to have higher frequencies of CCR5 promotor 59402GG and SDF-1 3'UTR 801A genotypes known to influence HIV transmission or course of disease. HEPS women also had higher levels of spontaneous RANTES production by PBMCs than other groups. Each of these factors could potentially contribute to HIV resistance. As most HEPS women had one or more of these factors, they may prevent HIV infection synergistically by blocking HIV cell entry, delaying its dissemination, or killing HIV-infected cells. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Immunogenet Lab, DASTLR, NCID,MS A25, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Minist Publ Hlth, Dept Med Sci, Nanthaburi 11000, Thailand. HIV AIDS Collaborat, Nanthaburi 11000, Thailand. UCL, Sch Med, London WC1E 6BT, England. Rockefeller Univ, Aaron Diamond AIDS Res Ctr, New York, NY 10016 USA. Mahidol Univ, Siriraj Hosp, Fac Med, Bangkok 10700, Thailand. RP McNicholl, JM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Immunogenet Lab, DASTLR, NCID,MS A25, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM Jkm7@cdc.gov RI Kostrikis, Leondios/A-5330-2016 OI Kostrikis, Leondios/0000-0002-5340-7109 NR 71 TC 65 Z9 70 U1 0 U2 2 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PI NEW ROCHELLE PA 140 HUGUENOT STREET, 3RD FL, NEW ROCHELLE, NY 10801 USA SN 0889-2229 J9 AIDS RES HUM RETROV JI Aids Res. Hum. Retrovir. PD MAY 20 PY 2001 VL 17 IS 8 BP 719 EP 734 DI 10.1089/088922201750236997 PG 16 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA 441HX UT WOS:000169225900007 PM 11429112 ER PT J AU Butera, ST Pisell, TL Limpakarnjanarat, K Young, NL Hodge, TW Mastro, TD Folks, TM AF Butera, ST Pisell, TL Limpakarnjanarat, K Young, NL Hodge, TW Mastro, TD Folks, TM TI Production of a novel viral suppressive activity associated with resistance to infection among female sex workers exposed to HIV type 1 SO AIDS RESEARCH AND HUMAN RETROVIRUSES LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; CD8(+) T-CELLS; BETA-CHEMOKINES; INDIVIDUALS; REPLICATION; LYMPHOCYTES; MIP-1-ALPHA; MIP-1-BETA; RANTES; WOMEN AB To investigate mechanisms of natural resistance to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), we obtained blood samples from eight women who remained HIV-1 negative after >3 years of high-risk sex work in Chiang Rai, Thailand. CD4(+) T lymphocytes from these highly exposed, persistently seronegative (HEPS) women were readily infectable in vitro with HIV-1 subtypes B and E, Autologous CD8(+) cell suppression of both HIV-1 subtypes was evident in HEPS infection cultures, but to an extent also observed in cultures from non-HIV-exposed individuals, Furthermore, production of beta -chemokines was not enhanced in HEPS cultures. However, HEPS cultures displayed significantly enhanced production of a soluble activity that suppressed postintegrated HIV-1 replication. This activity was the unique product of CD4(+) T cell and monocyte cocultures, Therefore, although HEPS individuals are apparently susceptible to infection, the production of a postintegrated HIV-1 suppressive activity during monocyte-T cell interactions might protect against the establishment of infection by limiting viral dissemination. C1 CDCP, HIV AIDS & Retrovirol Branch, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. HIV AIDS Collaborat, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand. CDCP, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Natl Ctr HIV STP & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, HIV Immunol & Diagnost Branch, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Butera, ST (reprint author), CDCP, HIV & Retrovirol Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mail Stop G-19, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 35 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 0889-2229 J9 AIDS RES HUM RETROV JI Aids Res. Hum. Retrovir. PD MAY 20 PY 2001 VL 17 IS 8 BP 735 EP 744 DI 10.1089/088922201750237004 PG 10 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA 441HX UT WOS:000169225900008 PM 11429113 ER PT J AU Grohskopf, LA Roth, VR Feikin, DR Arduino, MJ Carson, LA Tokars, JI Holt, SC Jensen, BJ Hoffman, RE Jarvis, WR AF Grohskopf, LA Roth, VR Feikin, DR Arduino, MJ Carson, LA Tokars, JI Holt, SC Jensen, BJ Hoffman, RE Jarvis, WR TI Serratia liquefaciens bloodstream infections from contamination of epoetin alfa at a hemodialysis center. SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID BACTERIAL-CONTAMINATION; TRANSFUSION; BLOOD; SEPSIS AB Background: In one month, 10 Serratia liquefaciens bloodstream infections and 6 pyrogenic reactions occurred in outpatients at a hemodialysis center. Methods: We performed a cohort study of all hemodialysis sessions on days that staff members reported S. liquefaciens bloodstream infections or pyrogenic reactions. We reviewed procedures and cultured samples of water, medications, soaps, and hand lotions and swabs from the hands of personnel. Results: We analyzed 208 sessions involving 48 patients. In 12 sessions, patients had S. liquefaciens bloodstream infections, and in 8, patients had pyrogenic reactions without bloodstream infection. Sessions with infections or reactions were associated with higher median doses of epoetin alfa than the 188 other sessions (6500 vs. 4000 U, P = 0.03) and were more common during afternoon or evening shifts than morning shifts (P = 0.03). Sessions with infections or reactions were associated with doses of epoetin alfa of more than 4000 U (multivariate odds ratio, 4.0; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.3 to 12.3). A review of procedures revealed that preservative-free, single-use vials of epoetin alfa were punctured multiple times, and residual epoetin alfa from multiple vials was pooled and administered to patients. S. liquefaciens was isolated from pooled epoetin alfa, empty vials of epoetin alfa, antibacterial soap, and hand lotion. All the isolates were identical by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. After the practice of pooling epoetin alfa was discontinued and the contaminated soap and lotion were replaced, no further S. liquefaciens bloodstream infections or pyrogenic reactions occurred at this hemodialysis facility. Conclusions: Puncturing single-use vials multiple times and pooling preservative-free epoetin alfa caused this outbreak of bloodstream infections in a hemodialysis unit. To prevent similar outbreaks, dialysis units should use medication vials containing the doses most appropriate to their clinical needs. (N Engl J Med 2001;344:1491-7.) Copyright (C) 2001 Massachusetts Medical Society. C1 CDCP, Hosp Infect Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDCP, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Div Appl Publ Hlth Training, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDCP, Prevent Med Residency, Div Appl Publ Hlth Training, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Colorado Dept Publ Hlth & Environm, Denver, CO USA. RP Grohskopf, LA (reprint author), CDCP, Hosp Infect Program, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop E-69, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Arduino, Matthew/C-1461-2012; Brugnara, Carlo/A-8041-2010 OI Arduino, Matthew/0000-0001-7072-538X; Brugnara, Carlo/0000-0001-8192-8713 NR 19 TC 77 Z9 78 U1 0 U2 2 PU MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SOC PI WALTHAM PA WALTHAM WOODS CENTER, 860 WINTER ST,, WALTHAM, MA 02451-1413 USA SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD MAY 17 PY 2001 VL 344 IS 20 BP 1491 EP 1497 DI 10.1056/NEJM200105173442001 PG 7 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 432DP UT WOS:000168677200001 PM 11357151 ER PT J CA CDC TI Fatal occupational injuries - United States, 1980-1997 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 50, pg 317-320, 2001) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 NIOSH, Div Safety Res, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP NIOSH, Div Safety Res, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 330 N WABASH AVE, STE 39300, CHICAGO, IL 60611-5885 USA SN 0098-7484 EI 1538-3598 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAY 16 PY 2001 VL 285 IS 19 BP 2440 EP 2441 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 429ZC UT WOS:000168547600009 ER PT J CA CDC TI Baler and compactor-related deaths in the workplace - United States, 1992-2000 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 50, pg 309-313, 2001) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 NIOSH, Fatal Assessment & Control Evaluat Program, Div Safety Res, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP NIOSH, Fatal Assessment & Control Evaluat Program, Div Safety Res, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 330 N WABASH AVE, STE 39300, CHICAGO, IL 60611-5885 USA SN 0098-7484 EI 1538-3598 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAY 16 PY 2001 VL 285 IS 19 BP 2441 EP 2443 PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 429ZC UT WOS:000168547600010 ER PT J CA CDC TI Nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses treated in hospital emergency departments - United States, 1998 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 50, pg 313-317, 2001) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 NIOSH, Div Safety Res, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP NIOSH, Div Safety Res, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 330 N WABASH AVE, STE 39300, CHICAGO, IL 60611-5885 USA SN 0098-7484 EI 1538-3598 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAY 16 PY 2001 VL 285 IS 19 BP 2443 EP 2444 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 429ZC UT WOS:000168547600011 ER PT J AU Khoury, MJ Beskow, L Gwinn, ML AF Khoury, MJ Beskow, L Gwinn, ML TI Translation of genomic research into health care SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Genet & Dis Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Khoury, MJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Genet & Dis Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 3 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAY 16 PY 2001 VL 285 IS 19 BP 2447 EP 2447 DI 10.1001/jama.285.19.2447 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 429ZC UT WOS:000168547600016 PM 11368688 ER PT J AU Gelman, BB Rauf, SJ Nader, R Popov, V Borkowski, J Chaljub, G Nauta, HW Visvesvara, GS AF Gelman, BB Rauf, SJ Nader, R Popov, V Borkowski, J Chaljub, G Nauta, HW Visvesvara, GS TI Amoebic encephalitis due to Sappinia diploidea SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Letter ID INFECTIONS C1 Univ Texas, Med Branch, Dept Pathol, Galveston, TX 77550 USA. Univ Texas, Med Branch, Dept Surg, Galveston, TX 77550 USA. Univ Texas, Med Branch, Dept Internal Med, Galveston, TX 77550 USA. Univ Texas, Med Branch, Dept Radiol, Galveston, TX 77550 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Gelman, BB (reprint author), Univ Texas, Med Branch, Dept Pathol, Galveston, TX 77550 USA. NR 6 TC 37 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAY 16 PY 2001 VL 285 IS 19 BP 2450 EP 2451 DI 10.1001/jama.285.19.2450 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 429ZC UT WOS:000168547600024 PM 11368696 ER PT J AU Hediger, ML Overpeck, MD Kuczmarski, RJ Ruan, WJ AF Hediger, ML Overpeck, MD Kuczmarski, RJ Ruan, WJ TI Association between infant breastfeeding and overweight in young children SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID NUTRITION EXAMINATION SURVEY; 3RD NATIONAL-HEALTH; GESTATIONAL-AGE; FEEDING PRACTICES; UNITED-STATES; BIRTH-WEIGHT; OBESITY; GROWTH; BORN; ADIPOSITY AB Context it has been suggested that breastfeeding is protective against children becoming overweight, and that there is a dose-dependent effect of its duration. Objective To determine whether breastfeeding and its duration are associated with a reduced risk of being overweight among young children in the United States. Design and Setting Data on infant feeding and child overweight status were taken from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES iii), a cross-sectional health examination survey conducted from 1988-1994. Subjects Sample of 2685 US-born children between the ages of 3 and 5 years, with birth certificates, height and weight measures, and information on infant feeding. Main Outcome Measures A body mass index (BMI) between the 85th and 94th percentile was considered at risk of overweight and a BMI in the 95th percentile or higher was considered being overweight. Results After adjusting for potential confounders, there was a reduced risk of being at risk of overweight for ever breastfed children (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 0.63; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.41-0.96) compared with those never breastfed. There was no reduced risk of being overweight (AOR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.62-1.13), There was no clear dose-dependent effect of the duration of full breastfeeding on being at risk of overweight or overweight and no threshold effect. The strongest predictor of child overweight status was the mother's concurrent weight. The rate of children being overweight nearly tripled with maternal overweight status (BMI, 25.0-29.9 kg/m(2); AOR, 2.95; 95% CI, 1.35-6.42) and more than quadrupled with maternal obesity status (BMI greater than or equal to 30.0 kg/m(2); AOR, 4.34; 95% CI, 2.50-7.54). Conclusions There are inconsistent associations among breastfeeding, its duration, and the risk of being overweight in young children, Breastfeeding continues to be strongly recommended, but may not be as effective as moderating familial factors, such as dietary habits and physical activity, in preventing children from becoming overweight. C1 NICHD, Div Epidemiol Stat & Prevent Res, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. US Hlth Resources & Serv Adm, Maternal & Child Hlth Bur, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Hlth Examinat Stat, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. RP Hediger, ML (reprint author), NICHD, Div Epidemiol Stat & Prevent Res, NIH, Bldg 6100,Room 7B03,9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NR 38 TC 213 Z9 225 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAY 16 PY 2001 VL 285 IS 19 BP 2453 EP 2460 DI 10.1001/jama.285.19.2453 PG 8 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 429ZC UT WOS:000168547600026 PM 11368697 ER PT J AU Dietz, WH AF Dietz, WH TI Breastfeeding may help prevent childhood overweight SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Editorial Material ID OBESITY; BEHAVIOR C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Atlanta, GA 30307 USA. RP Dietz, WH (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr & Phys Act, 4770 Buford Hwy NE,Mailstop K-24, Atlanta, GA 30307 USA. NR 11 TC 60 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAY 16 PY 2001 VL 285 IS 19 BP 2506 EP 2507 DI 10.1001/jama.285.19.2506 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 429ZC UT WOS:000168547600033 PM 11368704 ER PT J AU Schwarcz, S Kellogg, T McFarland, W Louie, B Kohn, R Busch, M Katz, M Bolan, G Klausner, J Weinstock, H AF Schwarcz, S Kellogg, T McFarland, W Louie, B Kohn, R Busch, M Katz, M Bolan, G Klausner, J Weinstock, H TI Differences in the temporal trends of HIV seroincidence and seroprevalence among sexually transmitted disease clinic patients, 1989-1998: Application of the serologic testing algorithm for recent HIV seroconversion SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; HIV; incidence; prevalence; sexually transmitted diseases ID IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS TYPE-1; NEW-YORK-CITY; RISK-FACTORS; UNITED-STATES; INFECTION; PREVALENCE; TRANSMISSION; PREVENTION; POPULATION; EPIDEMICS AB The authors compared temporal trends in the prevalence and incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection based upon 34,866 specimens from patients who attended the San Francisco, California, municipal sexually transmitted disease clinic between 1989 and 1998. HIV infection data were collected during annual blinded HIV serologic surveys. Incidence was determined by applying a serologic testing algorithm for recent HIV seroconversion that uses both a sensitive and a less sensitive enzyme immunoassay to stored HIV positive sera. The HIV seroprevalence declined from 15.2% in 1989 to 7.2% in 1998 (odds ratio per year = 0.92, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.91, 0.94). Among homosexual men, the HIV prevalence declined from 50.9% in 1989 to 19.9% in 1998 (odds ratio per year = 0.86, 95% CI: 0.85, 0.88). The pooled seroincidence was 1.6% and did not change significantly over time (odds ratio per year = 1.0, 95% CI: 0.98, 1.1). The pooled seroincidence among homosexual men was 6.6% per year and remained steady between 1989 and 1998 (odds ratio per year = 0.99, 95% CI: 0.92, 1.1). During a dramatic, 10-year decline in seroprevalence of HIV infection, the incidence of HIV infection remained remarkably stable. C1 San Francisco Dept Publ Hlth, San Francisco, CA 94102 USA. Blood Ctr Pacific, San Francisco, CA USA. Calif Dept Hlth Serv, Berkeley, CA 94704 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Schwarcz, S (reprint author), San Francisco Dept Publ Hlth, 25 Van Ness Ave,Suite 500, San Francisco, CA 94102 USA. FU PHS HHS [U62/CCU906258] NR 35 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD MAY 15 PY 2001 VL 153 IS 10 BP 925 EP 934 DI 10.1093/aje/153.10.925 PG 10 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 431AR UT WOS:000168610200001 PM 11384946 ER PT J AU Schwarcz, S McFarland, W Katz, M Weinstock, H AF Schwarcz, S McFarland, W Katz, M Weinstock, H TI Schwarcz et al. respond to "Should we estimate incidence for undefined populations?" SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID TEMPORAL TRENDS; SEROPREVALENCE; COHORT; MEN C1 San Francisco Dept Publ Hlth, San Francisco, CA 94102 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Schwarcz, S (reprint author), San Francisco Dept Publ Hlth, 25 Van Ness Ave, San Francisco, CA 94102 USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD MAY 15 PY 2001 VL 153 IS 10 BP 938 EP 938 DI 10.1093/aje/153.10.938 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 431AR UT WOS:000168610200003 ER PT J AU England, LJ Kendrick, JS Gargiullo, PM Zahniser, SC Hannon, WH AF England, LJ Kendrick, JS Gargiullo, PM Zahniser, SC Hannon, WH TI Measures of maternal tobacco exposure and infant birth weight at term SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE birth weight; cotinine; pregnancy; smoking; tobacco ID SERUM COTININE LEVELS; CIGARETTE-SMOKING; PREGNANCY; NICOTINE; FETAL; SMOKERS; GROWTH; HUMANS; URINE; AGE AB This study was undertaken to determine the relation between self-reported number of cigarettes smoked per day and urine cotinine concentration during pregnancy and to examine the relations between these two measures of tobacco exposure and birth weight. Data were obtained from the Smoking Cessation in Pregnancy project, conducted between 1987 and 1991. Cigarette smoking information and urine cotinine concentration were collected for 3,395 self-reported smokers who were receiving prenatal care at public clinics in three US states (Colorado, Maryland, and Missouri) and who delivered term infants. General linear models were used to quantify urine cotinine variability explained by the number of cigarettes smoked per day and to generate mean adjusted birth weights for women with different levels of tobacco exposure. Self-reported number of cigarettes smoked per day explained only 13.9% of the variability in urine cotinine concentration. Birth weight declined as tobacco exposure increased; however, the relation was not linear. The sharpest declines in birth weight occurred at low levels of exposure. Furthermore, urine cotinine concentration did not explain more variability in birth weight than did number of cigarettes smoked. These findings should be considered by researchers studying the effects of smoking reduction on birth outcomes. C1 CDCP, Epidemiol Program Off, Div Appl Publ Hlth Training, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Atlanta, GA USA. CDCP, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Reprod Hlth, Pregnancy & Infant Hlth Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. CDCP, Natl Immunizat Program, Childhood Vaccine Preventable Dis Branch, Epidemiol & Surveillance Div, Atlanta, GA USA. CDCP, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Sci Lab, Clin Biochem Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. RP England, LJ (reprint author), NICHHD, 6100 Execut Blvd,Room 7B03,MSC 7510, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NR 28 TC 77 Z9 79 U1 2 U2 4 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD MAY 15 PY 2001 VL 153 IS 10 BP 954 EP 960 DI 10.1093/aje/153.10.954 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 431AR UT WOS:000168610200006 PM 11384951 ER PT J AU Botto, LD Khoury, MJ AF Botto, LD Khoury, MJ TI Commentary: Facing the challenge of gene-environment interaction: The two-by-four table and beyond SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE environment; epidemiologic methods; genes; Human Genome Project ID ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS; DEEP-VEIN THROMBOSIS; METHYLENETETRAHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE; METHIONINE SYNTHASE; LOGISTIC-REGRESSION; G20210A MUTATION; PROTHROMBIN GENE; SPINA-BIFIDA; RISK; EPIDEMIOLOGY AB As a result of the Human Genome Project, epidemiologists can study thousands of genes and their interaction with the environment. The challenge is how to best present and analyze such studies of multiple genetic and environmental factors. The authors suggest emphasizing the fundamental core of gene-environment interaction-the separate assessment of the effects of individual and joint risk factors. In the simple analysis of one genotype and an exposure (both dichotomous), such study can be summarized in a two-by-four table. The advantages of such a table for data presentation and analysis are many: The table displays the data efficiently and highlights sample size issues; it allows for evaluation of the independent and joint roles of genotype and exposure on disease risk; and it emphasizes effect estimation over model testing. Researchers can easily estimate relative risks and attributable fractions and test different models of interaction. The two-by-four table is a useful tool for presenting, analyzing, and synthesizing data on gene-environment interaction. To highlight the role of gene-environment interaction in disease causation, the authors propose that the two-by-four table is the fundamental unit of epidemiologic analysis. C1 CDCP, Natl Birth Defects Ctr & Dev Disabil, Birth Defects & Pediat Genet Branch, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. CDCP, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Off Genet & Dis Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Botto, LD (reprint author), CDCP, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Birth Defects & Pediat Genet Branch, Mailstop F-45, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 21 TC 140 Z9 142 U1 1 U2 5 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD MAY 15 PY 2001 VL 153 IS 10 BP 1016 EP 1020 DI 10.1093/aje/153.10.1016 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 431AR UT WOS:000168610200013 PM 11384958 ER PT J AU Boneva, RS Botto, LD Moore, CA Yang, QH Correa, A Erickson, JD AF Boneva, RS Botto, LD Moore, CA Yang, QH Correa, A Erickson, JD TI Mortality associated with congenital heart defects in the United States - Trends and racial disparities, 1979-1997 SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Article DE heart defects, congenital; vital statistics; race; mortality ID CARDIOVASCULAR MALFORMATIONS; CARDIAC MALFORMATION; DEATH CERTIFICATES; SURGICAL REPAIR; PREVALENCE; POPULATION; DISEASE; EPIDEMIOLOGY; MORBIDITY; OPERATION AB Background-Surgical series and some population-based studies have documented a decrease in mortality from heart defects. Recent population-based data for the United States are lacking, however. We examined population-based data for patterns, time trends, and racial differences of mortality from heart defects for the United States from 1979 through 1997. Methods and Results-We examined the multiple-cause mortality files compiled by the National Center for Health Statistics of the CDC from all death certificates filed in the United States. From these data, we derived death rates (deaths per 100 000 population) by the decedent's age, race, year of death, and heart defect type. We also analyzed age at death as an indirect indicator of survival. From 1979 through 1997, mortality from heart defects tall ages) declined 39%, from 2.5 to 1.5 per 100 000 population: among infants, the decline was 39%, or 2.7% per year. In 1995 to 1997, heart defects contributed to 5822 deaths per year. Of these deaths, 51% were among infants and 7% among children 1 to 4 years old. Mortality was on average 19% higher among blacks than among whites; this gap does not appear to be closing. Age at death increased for most heart defects, although less among blacks than among whites. Conclusions-Mortality from heart defects is declining in the United States, although it remains a major cause of death in infancy and childhood. Age at death is increasing, suggesting that more affected persons are living to adolescence and adulthood. The racial discrepancies should be investigated to identify opportunities for prevention. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Birth Defects & Dev Disabil, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Boneva, RS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, CDC, Mailstop G-19,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 30 TC 250 Z9 258 U1 0 U2 9 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD MAY 15 PY 2001 VL 103 IS 19 BP 2376 EP 2381 PG 6 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 434FH UT WOS:000168804100014 PM 11352887 ER PT J AU Lyon, GM Smilack, JD Komatsu, KK Pasha, TM Leighton, JA Guarner, J Colby, TV Lindsley, MD Phelan, M Warnock, DW Hajjeh, RA AF Lyon, GM Smilack, JD Komatsu, KK Pasha, TM Leighton, JA Guarner, J Colby, TV Lindsley, MD Phelan, M Warnock, DW Hajjeh, RA TI Gastrointestinal basidiobolomycosis in Arizona: Clinical and epidemiological characteristics and review of the literature SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID RISK-FACTORS; INFECTION; RANARUM; OUTBREAK; ENTOMOPHTHOROMYCOSIS; HISTOPLASMOSIS; HAPTOSPORUS; ZYGOMYCOSIS; DISEASE AB Gastrointestinal basidiobolomycosis (GIB) is an unusual fungal infection that is rarely reported in the medical literature. From April 1994 through May 1999, 7 cases of GIB occurred in Arizona, 4 from December 1998 through May 1999. We reviewed the clinical characteristics of the patients and conducted a case-control study to generate hypotheses about potential risk factors. All patients had histopathologic signs characteristic of basidiobolomycosis. Five patients were male (median age, 52 years; range, 37-59 years) and had a history of diabetes mellitus (in 3 patients), peptic ulcer disease (in 2), or pica (in 1). All patients underwent partial or complete surgical resection of the infected portions of their gastrointestinal tracts, and all received itraconazole postoperatively for a median of 10 months (range, 3-19 months). Potential risk factors included prior ranitidine use and longer residence in Arizona. GIB is a newly emerging infection that causes substantial morbidity and diagnostic confusion. Further studies are needed to better define its risk factors and treatment. C1 CDCP, Mycot Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDCP, Biostat & Informat Management Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDCP, Infect Dis Pathol Act, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Mayo Clin Scottsdale, Div Infect Dis, Scottsdale, AZ 85251 USA. Mayo Clin Scottsdale, Div Gastroenterol, Scottsdale, AZ 85251 USA. Mayo Clin Scottsdale, Dept Lab Med & Pathol, Scottsdale, AZ 85251 USA. Arizona Dept Hlth Serv, Communicable Dis Sect, Phoenix, AZ 85007 USA. RP Hajjeh, RA (reprint author), CDCP, Mycot Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Bldg 1,Rm 4057,1600 Clifton Rd,MS C-09, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Guarner, Jeannette/B-8273-2013 NR 47 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD MAY 15 PY 2001 VL 32 IS 10 BP 1448 EP 1455 DI 10.1086/320161 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 430FB UT WOS:000168562900010 PM 11317246 ER PT J AU Kuhn, L Abrams, EJ Bulterys, M AF Kuhn, L Abrams, EJ Bulterys, M CA Perinatal AIDS Collaborative Trans TI Prenatal short-course zidovudine reduces mortality in children born to human immunodeficiency virus-positive mothers in rural Kenya - Reply SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Letter ID DISEASE PROGRESSION; INFANTS C1 Columbia Univ, Gertrude H Sergievsky Ctr, New York, NY 10032 USA. Harlem Hosp Ctr, New York, NY USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Kuhn, L (reprint author), Columbia Univ, Gertrude H Sergievsky Ctr, 630 W 168th St, New York, NY 10032 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD MAY 15 PY 2001 VL 183 IS 10 BP 1541 EP 1542 DI 10.1086/320208 PG 2 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 425HB UT WOS:000168284200019 ER PT J AU Sieber, WK AF Sieber, WK TI Symposium on emerging statistical issues in public health for the 21st century - Preface SO STATISTICS IN MEDICINE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NIOSH, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Sieber, WK (reprint author), NIOSH, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0277-6715 J9 STAT MED JI Stat. Med. PD MAY 15 PY 2001 VL 20 IS 9-10 BP 1307 EP 1308 DI 10.1002/sim.665 PG 2 WC Mathematical & Computational Biology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medical Informatics; Medicine, Research & Experimental; Statistics & Probability SC Mathematical & Computational Biology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medical Informatics; Research & Experimental Medicine; Mathematics GA 429JR UT WOS:000168513900001 ER PT J AU Speers, MA AF Speers, MA TI Symposium on emerging statistical issues in public health for the 21st century - Welcome and opening remarks SO STATISTICS IN MEDICINE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Speers, MA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Bldg 16,Room 4322,M-S D50,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0277-6715 J9 STAT MED JI Stat. Med. PD MAY 15 PY 2001 VL 20 IS 9-10 BP 1321 EP 1322 DI 10.1002/sim.668 PG 2 WC Mathematical & Computational Biology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medical Informatics; Medicine, Research & Experimental; Statistics & Probability SC Mathematical & Computational Biology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medical Informatics; Research & Experimental Medicine; Mathematics GA 429JR UT WOS:000168513900002 ER PT J AU Howard, RJ AF Howard, RJ TI Perspective: media coverage of emerging and re-emerging diseases behind the headlines SO STATISTICS IN MEDICINE LA English DT Article C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Howard, RJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Decatur 1 5059,MS C-14, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 3 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 3 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0277-6715 J9 STAT MED JI Stat. Med. PD MAY 15 PY 2001 VL 20 IS 9-10 BP 1357 EP 1361 DI 10.1002/sim.673 PG 5 WC Mathematical & Computational Biology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medical Informatics; Medicine, Research & Experimental; Statistics & Probability SC Mathematical & Computational Biology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medical Informatics; Research & Experimental Medicine; Mathematics GA 429JR UT WOS:000168513900007 PM 11343357 ER PT J AU Steinberg, KK AF Steinberg, KK TI Ethical challenges at the beginning of the millennium SO STATISTICS IN MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-GENOME-PROJECT AB In the mid-1980s, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recognized the need to study genetic risk factors for common diseases such as diabetes and heart disease. To take advantage of a rare opportunity to obtain a nationally representative, population-based sample to study genetic risk factors, the CDC collected and stored DNA as part of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). At the time, the methods for studying these risk factors in large epidemiologic studies were not available. However, in the midst of planning for NHANES III, a revolution was occurring in the field of genetics. The resulting changes would provide a means to realize the goal of explaining why some people are more susceptible than others to risks such as elevated cholesterol or exposure to carcinogens. During this period, ethicists were increasingly asking questions about the safety and risks for participants in genetic research. Was genetic research different from other research? Were new rules for obtaining informed consent for genetic research needed, or should our methods of obtaining informed consent be equally rigorous for all research? When collection of the NHANES III DNA bank was complete in 1994, the CDC and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) held a workshop to address these questions. The published recommendations of this workshop stimulated a national debate that resulted in a significant change in the way genetic epidemiologic research is done in the United States including not only stored biologic specimens but data collected for one purpose but used for another. In 1999, the National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC) published recommendations for the ethical use of human biological materials. The recommendations of the NBAC and policies and practices of the CDC about informed consent for research on stored tissue samples will serve as models for future epidemiologic research. The problems that were recognized in the national debate that ensued and the solutions that followed will affect the way we gain access to biological specimens and data in the 21st century. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Ctr Dis Control, Mol Biol Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Steinberg, KK (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control, Mol Biol Branch, 4770 Buford Highway MS F-24, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 8 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0277-6715 J9 STAT MED JI Stat. Med. PD MAY 15 PY 2001 VL 20 IS 9-10 BP 1415 EP 1419 DI 10.1002/sim.678 PG 5 WC Mathematical & Computational Biology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medical Informatics; Medicine, Research & Experimental; Statistics & Probability SC Mathematical & Computational Biology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medical Informatics; Research & Experimental Medicine; Mathematics GA 429JR UT WOS:000168513900012 PM 11343362 ER PT J AU Barker, L Brown, C AF Barker, L Brown, C TI Logistic regression when binary predictor variables are highly correlated SO STATISTICS IN MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID RIDGE AB Standard logistic regression can produce estimates having large mean square error when predictor variables are multicollinear. Ridge regression and principal components regression can reduce the impact of multicollinearity in ordinary least squares regression. Generalizations of these, applicable in the logistic regression framework, are alternatives to standard logistic regression. It is shown that estimates obtained via ridge and principal components logistic regression can have smaller mean square error than estimates obtained through standard logistic regression. Recommendations for choosing among standard, ridge and principal components logistic regression are developed. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30033 USA. RP Barker, L (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, 1600 Clifton Ave,MS E62, Atlanta, GA 30033 USA. NR 14 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 9 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0277-6715 J9 STAT MED JI Stat. Med. PD MAY 15 PY 2001 VL 20 IS 9-10 BP 1431 EP 1442 DI 10.1002/sim.680 PG 12 WC Mathematical & Computational Biology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medical Informatics; Medicine, Research & Experimental; Statistics & Probability SC Mathematical & Computational Biology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medical Informatics; Research & Experimental Medicine; Mathematics GA 429JR UT WOS:000168513900014 PM 11343364 ER PT J AU Cannon, MJ Warner, L Taddei, JA Kleinbaum, DG AF Cannon, MJ Warner, L Taddei, JA Kleinbaum, DG TI What can go wrong when you assume that correlated data are independent: an illustration from the evaluation of a childhood health intervention in Brazil SO STATISTICS IN MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID LONGITUDINAL DATA AB The key analytical challenge presented by longitudinal data is that observations from one individual tend to be correlated. Although longitudinal data commonly occur in medicine and public health, the issue of correlation is sometimes ignored or avoided in the analysis. If longitudinal data are modelled using regression techniques that ignore correlation, biased estimates of regression parameter variances can occur. This bias can lead to invalid inferences regarding measures of effect such as odds ratios (OR) or risk ratios (RR). Using the example of a childhood health intervention in Brazil, we illustrate how ignoring correlation leads to incorrect conclusions about the effectiveness of the intervention. Copyright (C) 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Emory Univ, Dept Epidemiol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Escola Paulista Med, Dept Pediat, BR-04023 Sao Paulo, Brazil. RP Cannon, MJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Cannon, Michael/E-5894-2011; TADDEI, JOSE AUGUSTO/D-8216-2015 OI Cannon, Michael/0000-0001-5776-5010; TADDEI, JOSE AUGUSTO/0000-0003-3833-392X NR 11 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 1 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0277-6715 J9 STAT MED JI Stat. Med. PD MAY 15 PY 2001 VL 20 IS 9-10 BP 1461 EP 1467 DI 10.1002/sim.682 PG 7 WC Mathematical & Computational Biology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medical Informatics; Medicine, Research & Experimental; Statistics & Probability SC Mathematical & Computational Biology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medical Informatics; Research & Experimental Medicine; Mathematics GA 429JR UT WOS:000168513900016 PM 11343366 ER PT J AU Kresnow, M Powell, KE Webb, KB Mercy, JA Potter, LB Simon, TA Ikeda, RM Frankowski, R AF Kresnow, M Powell, KE Webb, KB Mercy, JA Potter, LB Simon, TA Ikeda, RM Frankowski, R TI Assigning time-linked exposure status to controls in unmatched case-control studies: alcohol use and nearly lethal suicide attempts SO STATISTICS IN MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID INJURIES AB In case-control studies, determination of alcohol consumption by cases immediately prior to the injury event is often conceptually straightforward. However, determination of consumption status by controls is difficult because they lack a reference point, especially when cases and controls are not individually matched. We describe a method of assigning alcohol consumption status to controls using a 24-hour drinking history, the distribution in time of case events, and the random assignment of a specific time period to each control subject. This methodology offers a practical approach for determining alcohol consumption status among control subjects immediately prior to a case event, when controls lack a reference point and have not been individually matched to cases. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Stat & Programming, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Univ Texas, Sch Publ Hlth, Biometry Fac, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Violence Prevent, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Kresnow, M (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Stat & Programming, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, 4770 Buford Highway,MS K-59, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. FU NIAAA NIH HHS [2Y02-AA30017] NR 9 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0277-6715 J9 STAT MED JI Stat. Med. PD MAY 15 PY 2001 VL 20 IS 9-10 BP 1479 EP 1485 DI 10.1002/sim.684 PG 7 WC Mathematical & Computational Biology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medical Informatics; Medicine, Research & Experimental; Statistics & Probability SC Mathematical & Computational Biology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medical Informatics; Research & Experimental Medicine; Mathematics GA 429JR UT WOS:000168513900018 PM 11343368 ER PT J AU Sternberg, MR Hadgu, A AF Sternberg, MR Hadgu, A TI A GEE approach to estimating sensitivity and specificity and coverage properties of the confidence intervals SO STATISTICS IN MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID CHLAMYDIA-TRACHOMATIS; DIAGNOSTIC-TESTS; REGRESSION AB A generalized estimating equation (GEE) approach is used to estimate the sensitivity and specificity of five non-culture screening tests for detecting Chlamydia trachomatis in endocervical specimens from women attending family planning clinics. Since the estimates of these parameters can be very close to the upper limit of one, confidence interval construction based on the traditional approaches, such as the delta method or a back-transformation approach, may not have the stated coverage. We compare different approaches to calculating confidence intervals for the sensitivity and specificity from the results of the GEE approach. These methods include the delta method, a back-transformation approach, and a bootstrap approach. In addition, we use simulations to investigate the estimated coverage rates of the delta method and the back-transformation approach. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Sternberg, MR (reprint author), CDC, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop E-63, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 12 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0277-6715 J9 STAT MED JI Stat. Med. PD MAY 15 PY 2001 VL 20 IS 9-10 BP 1529 EP 1539 DI 10.1002/sim.688 PG 11 WC Mathematical & Computational Biology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medical Informatics; Medicine, Research & Experimental; Statistics & Probability SC Mathematical & Computational Biology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medical Informatics; Research & Experimental Medicine; Mathematics GA 429JR UT WOS:000168513900022 PM 11343372 ER PT J AU Sieber, WK AF Sieber, WK TI Symposium on emerging statistical issues in public health for the 21st century - Meeting summary and closing remarks SO STATISTICS IN MEDICINE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Sieber, WK (reprint author), NIOSH, 4476 Columbia Pkwy,MS R-4, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0277-6715 J9 STAT MED JI Stat. Med. PD MAY 15 PY 2001 VL 20 IS 9-10 BP 1559 EP 1561 PG 3 WC Mathematical & Computational Biology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medical Informatics; Medicine, Research & Experimental; Statistics & Probability SC Mathematical & Computational Biology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medical Informatics; Research & Experimental Medicine; Mathematics GA 429JR UT WOS:000168513900024 ER PT J AU Coresh, J Wei, L McQuillan, G Brancati, FL Levey, AS Jones, C Klag, MJ AF Coresh, J Wei, L McQuillan, G Brancati, FL Levey, AS Jones, C Klag, MJ TI Prevalence of high blood pressure and elevated serum creatinine level in the United States - Findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1994) SO ARCHIVES OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID STAGE RENAL-DISEASE; GLOMERULAR-FILTRATION RATE; FACTOR INTERVENTION TRIAL; CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE; AFRICAN-AMERICAN; RISK-FACTORS; HYPERTENSION; MORTALITY; PREDICTION; CLEARANCE AB Background: The prevalence and incidence of endstage renal disease in the United States are increasing, but milder renal disease is much more common and may often go undiagnosed and undertreated. Methods: A cross-sectional study of a representative sample of the US population was conducted using 16589 adult participants aged 17 years and older in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) conducted from 1988 to 1994. An elevated serum creatinine level was defined as 141 mu mol/L or higher (greater than or equal to1.6 mg/dL) for men and 124 mu mol/L or higher (greater than or equal to1.4 mg/dL) for women (>99th percentile for healthy young adults) and was the main outcome measure. Results: Higher systolic and diastolic blood pressures, presence of hypertension, antihypertensive medication use, older age, and diabetes mellitus were all associated with higher serum creatinine levels. An estimated 3.0% (5.6 million) of the civilian, noninstitutionalized US population had elevated serum creatinine levels, 70% of whom were hypertensive. Among hypertensive individuals with an elevated serum creatinine level, 75% received treatment. However, only 11% of all individuals with hypertension had their blood pressure reduced to lower than 130/85 mm Hg (the Sixth Report of the Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure recommendation for hypertensive individuals with renal disease); 27% had a blood pressure lower than 140/90 mm Hg. Treated hypertensive individuals with an elevated creatinine level had a mean blood pressure of 147/77 mm Hg, 48% of whom were prescribed one antihypertensive medication. Conclusion: Elevated serum creatinine level, an indicator of chronic renal disease, is common and strongly related to inadequate treatment of high blood pressure. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Epidemiol, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Biostat, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Hlth Policy & Management, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Johns Hopkins Med Inst, Welch Ctr Prevent Epidemiol & Clin Res, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Div Hlth Examinat Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. Tufts Univ, New England Med Ctr, Dept Med, Div Nephrol, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NIDDKD, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Coresh, J (reprint author), 2024 E Monument St,Suite 2-600, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [5M01RR00722, RR00035]; NIDDK NIH HHS [R29-DK48362] NR 41 TC 332 Z9 347 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0003-9926 J9 ARCH INTERN MED JI Arch. Intern. Med. PD MAY 14 PY 2001 VL 161 IS 9 BP 1207 EP 1216 DI 10.1001/archinte.161.9.1207 PG 10 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 431HB UT WOS:000168624800008 PM 11343443 ER PT J AU Rogan, WJ Dietrich, KN Ware, JH Dockery, DW Salganik, M Radcliffe, J Jones, RL Ragan, NB Chisolm, JJ Rhoads, GG AF Rogan, WJ Dietrich, KN Ware, JH Dockery, DW Salganik, M Radcliffe, J Jones, RL Ragan, NB Chisolm, JJ Rhoads, GG CA Treatment Lead Exposed Children Tr TI The effect of chelation therapy with succimer on neuropsychological development in children exposed to lead. SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the Society-of-Toxicology CY MAR 27, 2001 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA SP Soc Toxicol ID PORT-PIRIE COHORT; COGNITIVE FUNCTION; CINCINNATI LEAD; CLINICAL-TRIAL; INTELLIGENCE; AGE AB Background: Thousands of children, especially poor children living in deteriorated urban housing, are exposed to enough lead to produce cognitive impairment. It is not known whether treatment to reduce blood lead levels prevents or reduces such impairment. Methods: We enrolled 780 children with blood lead levels of 20 to 44 mug per deciliter (1.0 to 2.1 mu mol per liter) in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial of up to three 26-day courses of treatment with succimer, a lead chelator that is administered orally. The children lived in deteriorating inner-city housing and were 12 to 33 months of age at enrollment; 77 percent were black, and 5 percent were Hispanic. Follow-up included tests of cognitive, motor, behavioral, and neuropsychological function over a period of 36 months. Results: During the first six months of the trial, the mean blood lead level in the children given succimer was 4.5 mug per deciliter (0.2 mu mol per liter) lower than the mean level in the children given placebo (95 percent confidence interval, 3.7 to 5.3 mug per deciliter [0.2 to 0.3 mu mol per liter]). At 36 months of follow-up, the mean IQ score of children given succimer was 1 point lower than that of children given placebo, and the behavior of children given succimer was slightly worse as rated by a parent. However, the children given succimer scored slightly better on the Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment, a battery of tests designed to measure neuropsychological deficits thought to interfere with learning. All these differences were small, and none were statistically significant. Conclusions: Treatment with succimer lowered blood lead levels but did not improve scores on tests of cognition, behavior, or neuropsychological function in children with blood lead levels below 45 mug per deciliter. Since succimer is as effective as any lead chelator currently available, chelation therapy is not indicated for children with these blood lead levels. (N Engl J Med 2001;344:1421-6.) Copyright (C) 2001 Massachusetts Medical Society. C1 NIEHS, Epidemiol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Dept Environm Hlth, Cincinnati, OH USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Childrens Hosp Philadelphia, Dept Psychol, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Nutr Biochem Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. Kennedy Krieger Inst, Baltimore, MD USA. Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Environm & Occupat Hlth Sci Inst, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. RP Rogan, WJ (reprint author), NIEHS, Epidemiol Branch, A3-05,POB 12233, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RI Jones, Robert/E-1170-2011; Rogan, Walter/I-6034-2012 OI Rogan, Walter/0000-0002-9302-0160 NR 25 TC 176 Z9 186 U1 3 U2 5 PU MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SOC PI WALTHAM PA WALTHAM WOODS CENTER, 860 WINTER ST,, WALTHAM, MA 02451-1413 USA SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD MAY 10 PY 2001 VL 344 IS 19 BP 1421 EP 1426 DI 10.1056/NEJM200105103441902 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 430BQ UT WOS:000168554000002 PM 11346806 ER PT J AU Ostrowsky, BE Trick, WE Sohn, AH Quirk, SB Holt, S Carson, LA Hill, BC Arduino, MJ Kuehnert, MJ Jarvis, WR AF Ostrowsky, BE Trick, WE Sohn, AH Quirk, SB Holt, S Carson, LA Hill, BC Arduino, MJ Kuehnert, MJ Jarvis, WR TI Control of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus in health care facilities in a region. SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID COLONIZATION; EPIDEMIOLOGY; FAECIUM; RISK AB Background: In late 1996, vancomycin-resistant enterococci were first detected in the Siouxland region of Iowa, Nebraska, and South Dakota. A task force was created, and in 1997 the assistance of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention was sought in assessing the prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in the region's facilities and implementing recommendations for screening, infection control, and education at all 32 health care facilities in the region. Methods: The infection-control intervention was evaluated in October 1998 and October 1999. We performed point-prevalence surveys, conducted a case-control study of gastrointestinal colonization with vancomycin-resistant enterococci, and compared infection-control practices and screening policies for vancomycin-resistant enterococci at the acute care and long-term care facilities in the Siouxland region. Results: Perianal-swab samples were obtained from 1954 of 2196 eligible patients (89 percent) in 1998 and 1820 of 2049 eligible patients (89 percent) in 1999. The overall prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci at 30 facilities that participated in all three years of the study decreased from 2.2 percent in 1997 to 1.4 percent in 1998 and to 0.5 percent in 1999 (P<0.001 by chi-square test for trend). The number of facilities that had had at least one patient with vancomycin-resistant enterococci declined from 15 in 1997 to 10 in 1998 to 5 in 1999. At both acute care and long-term care facilities, the risk factors for colonization with vancomycin-resistant enterococci were prior hospitalization and treatment with antimicrobial agents. Most of the long-term care facilities screened for vancomycin-resistant enterococci (26 of 28 in 1998 [93 percent] and 23 of 25 in 1999 [92 percent]) and had infection-control policies to prevent the transmission of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (22 of 25 [88 percent] in 1999). All four acute care facilities had screening and infection-control policies for vancomycin-resistant enterococci in 1998 and 1999. Conclusions: An active infection-control intervention, which includes the obtaining of surveillance cultures and the isolation of infected patients, can reduce or eliminate the transmission of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in the health care facilities of a region. (N Engl J Med 2001;344:1427-33.) Copyright (C) 2001 Massachusetts Medical Society. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Div Appl Publ Hlth Training, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA USA. Siouxland Dist Hlth Dept, Sioux City, IA USA. RP Ostrowsky, BE (reprint author), Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Epidemiol & Infect Control Unit, W Hosp, Med Coll Virginia Campus,1200 E Broad St,E Wing,R, Richmond, VA 23298 USA. RI Arduino, Matthew/C-1461-2012 OI Arduino, Matthew/0000-0001-7072-538X NR 19 TC 202 Z9 203 U1 0 U2 2 PU MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SOC PI WALTHAM PA WALTHAM WOODS CENTER, 860 WINTER ST,, WALTHAM, MA 02451-1413 USA SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD MAY 10 PY 2001 VL 344 IS 19 BP 1427 EP 1433 DI 10.1056/NEJM200105103441903 PG 7 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 430BQ UT WOS:000168554000003 PM 11346807 ER PT J AU Grosse, SD Morris, JM Khoury, MJ AF Grosse, SD Morris, JM Khoury, MJ TI Disease-related conditions in relatives of patients with hemochromatosis. SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Grosse, SD (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SOC PI WALTHAM PA WALTHAM WOODS CENTER, 860 WINTER ST,, WALTHAM, MA 02451-1413 USA SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD MAY 10 PY 2001 VL 344 IS 19 BP 1477 EP 1478 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 430BQ UT WOS:000168554000016 PM 11357841 ER PT J AU Chapman, LE Bloom, ET AF Chapman, LE Bloom, ET TI Clinical xenotransplantation SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Editorial Material ID PORCINE ENDOGENOUS RETROVIRUS; BIOARTIFICIAL LIVER; NO EVIDENCE; HUMAN-CELLS; INFECTION; TRANSPLANTATION; XENOGRAFTS; RECIPIENTS; TISSUE; RISK C1 CDC, HIV AIDS & Retrovirol Branch, Div HIV STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. US FDA, Ctr Biol Evaluat & Res, Div Cellular & Gene Therapy, Lab Immunol & Virol, Bethesda, MD USA. RP Chapman, LE (reprint author), CDC, HIV AIDS & Retrovirol Branch, Div HIV STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Mailstop G-19,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 31 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAY 9 PY 2001 VL 285 IS 18 BP 2304 EP 2306 DI 10.1001/jama.285.18.2304 PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 427NB UT WOS:000168411200002 PM 11343460 ER PT J AU Gage, R Crielly, A Baysinger, M Chernak, E Herbert, G Johnson-Entsuah, A Fraser, G Rinehardt, C Solomon, M Withers, G Berman, R Moll, M Rankin, J Carroll, J Ettinger, M Henderson, S Mismas, M Patel, D Reed, T Smith, E Wozniak, J Toney, D Pearson, J Hofmann, J Grendon, J Kobayashi, J AF Gage, R Crielly, A Baysinger, M Chernak, E Herbert, G Johnson-Entsuah, A Fraser, G Rinehardt, C Solomon, M Withers, G Berman, R Moll, M Rankin, J Carroll, J Ettinger, M Henderson, S Mismas, M Patel, D Reed, T Smith, E Wozniak, J Toney, D Pearson, J Hofmann, J Grendon, J Kobayashi, J CA CDC TI Outbreaks of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 infections among children associated with farm visits - Pennsylvania and Washington, 2000 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 50, pg 293-297, 2001) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Montgomery Cty Hlth Dept, Norristown, PA USA. Bur Labs, Lionville, PA USA. Penn Dept Hlth, Harrisburg, PA 17108 USA. Virginia Div Consolidated Lab Serv, Richmond, VA USA. Snohomish Hlth Dist, Everett, WA USA. Washington Dept Hlth, Washington, DC USA. US Anim & Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, USDA, Ames, IA USA. CDC, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Gage, R (reprint author), Montgomery Cty Hlth Dept, Norristown, PA USA. NR 1 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAY 9 PY 2001 VL 285 IS 18 BP 2320 EP 2322 PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 427NB UT WOS:000168411200009 ER PT J AU Magruder, C Woodruff, R Minns, G Barnett, V Baker, P Brady, E Julian, T Pezzino, G Reece, M Alejos, A Cave, MD Rothenberg, R AF Magruder, C Woodruff, R Minns, G Barnett, V Baker, P Brady, E Julian, T Pezzino, G Reece, M Alejos, A Cave, MD Rothenberg, R CA CDC TI Cluster of tuberculosis cases among exotic dancers and their close contacts - Kansas, 1994-2000 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 50, pg 291-293, 2001) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Wichita Sedgwick Cty Dept Community Hlth, Wichita, KS USA. Kansas Dept Hlth & Environm, Topeka, KS USA. Natl TB Genotype Surveillance Network, Little Rock, AR USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Atlanta, GA USA. CDC, Div Appl Publ Hlth Training, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Stat & Epidemiol Branch, Div Prevent Res & Analyt Methods, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Field Serv Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Surveillance & Epidemiol Branch, Div TB Eliminat, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Magruder, C (reprint author), Wichita Sedgwick Cty Dept Community Hlth, Wichita, KS USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAY 9 PY 2001 VL 285 IS 18 BP 2322 EP 2322 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 427NB UT WOS:000168411200010 ER PT J AU Narayan, KMV AF Narayan, KMV TI Prospects for research in diabetes mellitus SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Narayan, KMV (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Narayan, K.M. Venkat /J-9819-2012 OI Narayan, K.M. Venkat /0000-0001-8621-5405 NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAY 9 PY 2001 VL 285 IS 18 BP 2327 EP 2327 DI 10.1001/jama.285.18.2327 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 427NB UT WOS:000168411200020 PM 11343476 ER PT J AU Hazlett, KRO Sellati, TJ Nguyen, TT Cox, DL Clawson, ML Caimano, MJ Radolf, JD AF Hazlett, KRO Sellati, TJ Nguyen, TT Cox, DL Clawson, ML Caimano, MJ Radolf, JD TI The TprK protein of Treponema pallidum is periplasmic and is not a target of opsonic antibody or protective immunity SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE spirochete; membrane protein; vaccine; antigenic variation; opsonization ID MAJOR SHEATH PROTEIN; OUTER-MEMBRANE; GLYCEROPHOSPHODIESTER PHOSPHODIESTERASE; SYPHILIS SPIROCHETE; SUBSPECIES PALLIDUM; SURFACE-PROTEIN; SEQUENCE; HOMOLOG; IDENTIFICATION; ANTIGENICITY AB The finding that Treponema pallidum, the syphilis spirochete, contains 12 orthologs of the Treponema denticola outer membrane major sheath protein has engendered speculation that members of this T. pallidum repeat (Tpr) family may be similarly surface exposed. In this regard, the TprK protein was reported to he a target of opsonic antibody and protective immunity and subject to immunologically driven sequence variation. Despite these findings, results front our previous analyses of treponemal outer membranes in concert with computer-based predictions for TprK prompted us to examine the cellular location of this protein. TprK-alkaline phosphatase fusions expressed in Escherichia coli demonstrate that TprK contains a signal peptide. However, opsonophagocytosis assays failed to indicate surface exposure of TprK. Moreover, results from three independent methodologies, i.e., (a) indirect immunofluorescence analysis of agarose-encapsulated organisms, (b) proteinase K treatment of intact spirochetes, and (c) Triton X-114 phase partitioning of T. pallidum conclusively demonstrated that native TprK is entirely periplasmic. Consistent with this location, immunization with the recombinant protein failed to induct either protective immunity or select for TprK variants in the rabbit model experimental syphilis. These findings challenge the notion that TprK will be a component of an efficacious syphilis vaccine. C1 Univ Connecticut, Ctr Hlth, Ctr Microbial Pathogenesis, Farmington, CT 06030 USA. Univ Connecticut, Ctr Hlth, Dept Genet & Dev Biol, Farmington, CT 06030 USA. Univ Connecticut, Ctr Hlth, Dept Med, Farmington, CT 06030 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div STD Lab Res, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Radolf, JD (reprint author), Univ Connecticut, Ctr Hlth, Ctr Microbial Pathogenesis, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030 USA. OI Clawson, Michael/0000-0002-3355-5390 FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI-267856, AI-09973, AI-10573, AI-38894, F32 AI009973, F32 AI010573, R01 AI026756, R01 AI038894, R37 AI026756] NR 33 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 2 PU ROCKEFELLER UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 1114 FIRST AVE, 4TH FL, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0022-1007 J9 J EXP MED JI J. Exp. Med. PD MAY 7 PY 2001 VL 193 IS 9 BP 1015 EP 1026 DI 10.1084/jem.193.9.1015 PG 12 WC Immunology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Immunology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 432DX UT WOS:000168677900004 PM 11342586 ER PT J AU Song, R Schlecht, PC Ashley, K AF Song, R Schlecht, PC Ashley, K TI Field screening test methods: performance criteria and performance characteristics SO JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE screening analysis; performance characteristics; performance criteria; on-site analysis ID LEAD; PAINT AB Field-portable test methods may be quantitative, semi-quantitative, or qualitative and screening methods are often used in the field to determine if the concentration of a toxic substance exceeds regulatory or recommended standards or action levels. For on-site analysis, accurate quantitative tests for held measurements may not be available, depending on the analyte(s) or specific field situation. Thus, in lieu of more definitive test methods, screening tests which are based on qualitative or semi-quantitative methods are often used for making immediate decisions in the field, e.g. for compliance or risk assessment. Also, quantitative methods may be used for screening purposes in many instances. To ensure the quality of these screening tests and the decisions that are made based upon their results, screening methods need to be evaluated with sufficient data and should meet basic performance criteria prior to their being employed for decision-making purposes. Although quantitative, semi-quantitative and qualitative methods demonstrate different characteristics, it is desired that the performance criteria for all three method categories be consistent. If there is consistency, then one can have a sound basis for selecting the most appropriate test(s) for a given application. In order to unify the performance criteria for the different types of methods, a performance function is used to characterise both qualitative and semi-quantitative methods; in turn, this performance function is related to that for quantitative methods. False negative rates, false positive rates, sensitivity and specificity are key characteristics of screening methods that can be determined from the pertinent performance curves. The performance characteristics of each method are related to the uncertainty region that is associated with each method and the applicable uncertainty regions can be gleaned from the performance curves. Also, various options for using multiple test results to improve decisions based on test results are provided. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 NIOSH, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. HGO Technol Inc, Cincinnati, OH 45213 USA. RP Ashley, K (reprint author), NIOSH, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RI Ashley, Kevin/C-9005-2011 NR 11 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3894 J9 J HAZARD MATER JI J. Hazard. Mater. PD MAY 7 PY 2001 VL 83 IS 1-2 BP 29 EP 39 DI 10.1016/S0304-3894(00)00325-3 PG 11 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 416UZ UT WOS:000167799700004 PM 11267743 ER PT J AU Ashley, K Wise, TJ Mercado, W Parry, DB AF Ashley, K Wise, TJ Mercado, W Parry, DB TI Ultrasonic extraction and field-portable anodic stripping voltammetric measurement of lead in dust wipe samples SO JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE anodic stripping voltammetry; ultrasonic extraction; wipes; lead; on-site analysis ID PAINT; AIR AB Dust wipe samples were subjected to ultrasonic extraction (UE) in diluted nitric acid, and then analyzed for lead content using field-portable anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV), Recoveries of lead were determined from wipe materials which were spiked with certified reference materials (CRMs) containing known quantities of lead. Four different wipe materials and four different CRMs were tested, with and without filtration of aliquots of sample extract through 0.45 mum hydrophilic polytetrafluoroethylene filters. The CRMs consisted of paint, soil, particulate, and dust matrices. Wipe materials were chosen from those which have been found to meet the performance aspects of an ASTM standard specification. UE/ASV experiments were carried out in accordance with newly published ASTM procedures for on-site extraction and electroanalysis, Recoveries were found to vary for different wipe materials and CRMs. For several CRMs, quantitative (80-120%) recoveries for UE/ASV were observed for one wipe material whether filtration was used or not, while other wipe materials required filtration for quantitative recovery. In the case of one wipe material which contained detergents, quantitative recoveries could not be achieved whether filtration was used or not. The total analysis time for a sample set of 6-12 samples was 60-90 min, including extraction time and sample manipulation. The results of this work have provided information on the choice of wipe materials that can be used for quantitative lead measurements by UE/ASV in materials that are representative of sources of lead in surface dust. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 NIOSH, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Procter & Gamble Co, Ivorydale Tech Ctr, Cincinnati, OH 45217 USA. RP Ashley, K (reprint author), NIOSH, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RI Ashley, Kevin/C-9005-2011 NR 26 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3894 J9 J HAZARD MATER JI J. Hazard. Mater. PD MAY 7 PY 2001 VL 83 IS 1-2 BP 41 EP 50 DI 10.1016/S0304-3894(00)00326-5 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 416UZ UT WOS:000167799700005 PM 11267744 ER PT J AU Salama, P Spiegel, P Brennan, R AF Salama, P Spiegel, P Brennan, R TI No less vulnerable: the internally displaced in humanitarian emergencies SO LANCET LA English DT Article ID WAR; HEALTH; KOSOVO C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Int Emergency & Refugee Hlth Branch, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Int Rescue Comm, Hlth Unit, New York, NY USA. RP Salama, P (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Mail Stop F48, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 4 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD MAY 5 PY 2001 VL 357 IS 9266 BP 1430 EP 1431 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04570-0 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 428TW UT WOS:000168478200036 PM 11356464 ER PT J AU Pilcher, CD Shugars, DC Fiscus, SA Miller, WC Menezes, P Giner, J Dean, B Robertson, K Hart, CE Lennox, JL Eron, JJ Hicks, CB AF Pilcher, CD Shugars, DC Fiscus, SA Miller, WC Menezes, P Giner, J Dean, B Robertson, K Hart, CE Lennox, JL Eron, JJ Hicks, CB TI HIV in body fluids during primary HIV infection: implications for pathogenesis, treatment and public health SO AIDS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections CY JAN 30-FEB 02, 2000 CL CHICAGO, ILLINOIS DE acute infection; antiretroviral therapy; sexual transmission; semen; neurological/brain; oral medicine; viral load ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; SEXUAL TRANSMISSION; CEREBROSPINAL-FLUID; ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; VIRAL DYNAMICS; TYPE-1 RNA; V3 REGION; PLASMA; SEMEN; PREVENTION AB Objective: To describe initial viral dissemination to peripheral tissues and infectious body fluids during human primary HIV infection. Design: Observational cohort study. Methods: Blood plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), seminal plasma, cervicovaginal lavage fluid and/or saliva were sampled from 17 individuals with primary HIV infection (range of time from symptoms onset to sampling, 8-70 days) and one individual with early infection (168 days). Subjects' HIV-1 RNA levels in each fluid were compared with levels from antiretroviral-naive controls with established HIV infection. For study subjects, correlations were assessed between HIV-1 RNA levels and time from symptoms onset. Responses to antiretroviral therapy with didanosine + stavudine + nevirapine +/- hydroxyurea were assessed in each compartment. Results: HIV-1 RNA levels were highest closest to symptoms onset in blood plasma (18 patients) and saliva (11 patients). CSF HIV-1 RNA levels (five patients) appeared lower closer to symptoms onset, although they were higher overall in primary versus established infection. Shedding into seminal plasma (eight patients) and cervicovaginal fluid (two patients) was established at revels observed in chronic infection within 3-5 weeks of symptoms onset. High-level seminal plasma shedding was associated with coinfection with other sexually transmitted pathogens. Virus replication was suppressed in all compartments by antiretroviral therapy. Conclusions: Peak level HIV replication is established in blood, oropharyngeal tissues and genital tract, but potentially not in CSF, by the time patients are commonly diagnosed with primary HIV infection. Antiretroviral therapy is unlikely to limit initial virus spread to most tissue compartments, but may control genital tract shedding and central nervous system expansion in primary infection. (C) 2001 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. C1 Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Dent, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Durham, NC USA. Emory Univ, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Pilcher, CD (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, CB7030,547 Burnett Womack Bldg, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. RI Lennox, Jeffrey/D-1654-2014; Miller, William/H-4800-2014 OI Lennox, Jeffrey/0000-0002-2064-5565; Miller, William/0000-0002-1934-7827 FU NCRR NIH HHS [RR-M0100046]; NIAID NIH HHS [5-P30-AI28662-10A, 9P30-AI50410-04, AI-07001, K23AI101781-01] NR 40 TC 99 Z9 100 U1 0 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0269-9370 J9 AIDS JI Aids PD MAY 4 PY 2001 VL 15 IS 7 BP 837 EP 845 DI 10.1097/00002030-200105040-00004 PG 9 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA 431HU UT WOS:000168626400004 PM 11399956 ER PT J AU Pinkerton, SD Johnson-Masotti, AP Holtgrave, DR Farnham, PG AF Pinkerton, SD Johnson-Masotti, AP Holtgrave, DR Farnham, PG TI Using cost-effectiveness league tables to compare interventions to prevent sexual transmission of HIV SO AIDS LA English DT Article DE HIV; cost-effectiveness; prevention; economic analysis ID RISK REDUCTION INTERVENTION; ECONOMIC-EVALUATION; POSTEXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS; PARTNER NOTIFICATION; MALE-ADOLESCENTS; INFECTION; PROGRAMS; SERVICES; EXPOSURE; OREGON AB Cost-effectiveness information is needed to help public health decision makers choose between competing HIV prevention programs. One way to organize this information is in a 'league table' that lists cost-effectiveness ratios for different interventions and which facilitates comparisons across interventions. Herein we propose a common outcome measure for use in HIV prevention league tables and present a preliminary league table of interventions to reduce sexual transmission of HIV in the US. Fifteen studies encompassing 29 intervention for different population groups are included in the table. Approximately half of the interventions are cost-saving (i.e, save society money, in the long run), and three-quarters are cost-effective by conventional standards. We discuss the utility of such a table for informing the HIV prevention resource allocation process and delineate some of the difficulties associated with the league table approach, especially as applied to HIV prevention cost-effectiveness analysis. (C) 2001 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. C1 Med Coll Wisconsin, Dept Psychiat & Behav Med, Ctr AIDS Intervent Res, Milwaukee, WI 53202 USA. CDCP, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Intervent Res & Support, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Georgia State Univ, Dept Econ, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. RP Pinkerton, SD (reprint author), Med Coll Wisconsin, Dept Psychiat & Behav Med, Ctr AIDS Intervent Res, 2071 N Summit Ave, Milwaukee, WI 53202 USA. FU NIMH NIH HHS [K02-MH01919, R01-MH55440, P30-MH52776] NR 57 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0269-9370 J9 AIDS JI Aids PD MAY 4 PY 2001 VL 15 IS 7 BP 917 EP 928 DI 10.1097/00002030-200105040-00012 PG 12 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA 431HU UT WOS:000168626400012 PM 11399964 ER PT J AU Ainsworth, M Bhamarapravati, N Batson, A Bishai, D Moran-Carpentier, O Casabona, J Clemens, J Collins, C El Habib, R Forsythe, S Goldenthal, K Kunanusont, C Longini, IM Mahoney, R Mastro, TD Ndumbe, P Pallangyo, K Rowley, J Sadoff, J Shin, SI Pratt, D Stanton, BF Suraratdecha, C Teixeira, PR van den Bussche, I Vandermissen, W Walsh, JA Whittington, D Widdus, R AF Ainsworth, M Bhamarapravati, N Batson, A Bishai, D Moran-Carpentier, O Casabona, J Clemens, J Collins, C El Habib, R Forsythe, S Goldenthal, K Kunanusont, C Longini, IM Mahoney, R Mastro, TD Ndumbe, P Pallangyo, K Rowley, J Sadoff, J Shin, SI Pratt, D Stanton, BF Suraratdecha, C Teixeira, PR van den Bussche, I Vandermissen, W Walsh, JA Whittington, D Widdus, R CA WHO-UNAIDS Consultat TI Future access to HIV vaccines - Report from a WHO-UNAIDS Consultation, Geneva, 2-3 October 2000 SO AIDS LA English DT Article DE HIV vaccines; vaccine trials; vaccine access; vaccine delivery ID EFFICACY; PREVALENCE; ACCEPTANCE; INFECTION; EPIDEMICS; COHORTS; TRIALS; DESIGN AB Results from the first phase III efficacy trial of an HIV vaccine will be available within the next 2-3 years. Thus, it is imperative to start planning now to address how any effective vaccines should be used. In the absence of definitive information on the characteristics of the first generation of HIV vaccines, the following assumptions were made: the vaccine will (i) have only low to moderate efficacy ton the order of 50%); (ii) not be inexpensive ton the order of 10 to 30 US $ per dose); (iii) require multiple doses; and, (iv) at least initially, be available in limited quantities. A vaccine with that profile would not be suitable for general use in all countries, and it might have to be initially targeted to populations at higher risk of HIV infection. These populations will differ from region to region, according to the epidemiological situation. In most high and middle income countries potential target groups for an initial HIV immunization programme would include intravenous drug users, gay men, commercial sex workers, and high-risk heterosexuals, as well as healthcare workers exposed to blood. In sub-Saharan Africa, future HIV immunization programmes might include larger segments of the population. In order to plan future vaccination programmes it is important to estimate the need (size of target population) and the demand (uptake in target populations) for future HIV vaccines. In addition to the public sector demand for an HIV vaccine (to be used in public health programmes), there will also be a private sector demand driven by the willingness and ability of individuals and employers to pay for the vaccine. HIV vaccines would need to be delivered as part of comprehensive HIV prevention packages, including behavioral and health promotion interventions. This would be especially important with vaccines of moderate efficacy, in order to prevent increased risk behavior among Vaccine recipients. To avoid false expectations, the vaccine message would need to be recast as part of the total prevention strategy, rather than the "magic bullet" that people have come to expect. Initial deployment of HIV vaccines could proceed through targeted vaccination campaigns, drawing from experience with other vaccines. These campaigns would be complex and expensive, and would require full participation and collaboration from all levels of the community, as well as considerable strengthening of the infrastructures required for vaccine delivery. Current candidate vaccines in phase III trials may not be appropriate for much of Africa and South Asia, two areas most in need of an HIV vaccine. Credible international efforts ("push and pull" mechanisms) are needed to create incentives for the industry to develop vaccines for these regions. Feasible financing mechanisms may have to be established to cover the cost of production and delivery of vaccines, in order to ensure equitable access to HIV vaccines around the world. In parallel to the deployment of the initial vaccine, additional bridging studies and effectiveness trials may be needed to expand vaccine use. Research should also continue at an increased pace to develop new generations of more effective vaccines, especially vaccines appropriate to Africa. Achieving these goals will require real political commitment from government and international organizations, to be materialized in specific actions and budget allocations. The daunting challenge of making future effective vaccines accessible to all populations in need will require a sustained collaborative effort on the part of all parties involved. C1 WHO, WHO UNAIDS HIV Vaccine Initiat, CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. World Bank, Washington, DC 20433 USA. Mahidol Univ, Bangkok 10700, Thailand. Johns Hopkins Sch Publ Hlth, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Int Federat Pharmaceut Manufacturers Assoc, Geneva, Switzerland. Ctr Epidemiol Studies HIV AIDS, Barcelona, Spain. Int Vaccine Inst, Seoul, South Korea. AIDS Vaccine Advocacy Coalit, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. Aventis Pasteur, Marcy Letoile, France. Wellcome Trust Res Labs, Nairobi, Kenya. US FDA, Bethesda, MD 20014 USA. Minist Publ Hlth, Bangkok, Thailand. Emory Univ, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Yaounde, Yaounde, Cameroon. Muhimbili Med Ctr, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania. W Virginia Univ, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. Sukhotai Thammathirat Open Univ, Nonthaburi, Thailand. Minist Hlth, Brasilia, DF, Brazil. European Community AIDS Vaccine Task Force, Brussels, Belgium. SmithKline Beecham Biol, Rixensart, Belgium. Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Int AIDS Vaccine Initiat, Geneva, Switzerland. RP Ainsworth, M (reprint author), WHO, WHO UNAIDS HIV Vaccine Initiat, CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. NR 28 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 7 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0269-9370 J9 AIDS JI Aids PD MAY 4 PY 2001 VL 15 IS 7 BP W27 EP W44 PG 18 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA 431HU UT WOS:000168626400022 ER PT J AU Rosenstein, NE Perkins, BA Stephens, DS Popovic, T Hughes, JM AF Rosenstein, NE Perkins, BA Stephens, DS Popovic, T Hughes, JM TI Medical progress: Meningococcal disease. SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Review ID PROTEIN CONJUGATE VACCINE; MEMBRANE VESICLE VACCINE; MENINGITIDIS SEROGROUP-B; NEISSERIA-MENINGITIDIS; UNITED-STATES; BACTERIAL-MENINGITIS; GROUP-A; GROUP-Y; POLYSACCHARIDE VACCINATION; CAPSULAR POLYSACCHARIDE C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Meningitis & Special Pathogens Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Rosenstein, NE (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Meningitis & Special Pathogens Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop C-09, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Stephens, David/A-8788-2012 NR 108 TC 658 Z9 692 U1 9 U2 57 PU MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SOC PI WALTHAM PA WALTHAM WOODS CENTER, 860 WINTER ST,, WALTHAM, MA 02451-1413 USA SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD MAY 3 PY 2001 VL 344 IS 18 BP 1378 EP 1388 DI 10.1056/NEJM200105033441807 PG 11 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 427NY UT WOS:000168413500007 PM 11333996 ER PT J AU Materna, B AF Materna, B TI Occupational and take-home lead poisoning associated with restoring chemically stripped furniture - California, 1998 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 50, pg 246-248, 2001) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Calif Dept Hlth Serv, Occupat Lead Poisoning Prevent Program, Berkeley, CA 94704 USA. CDC, Div Surveillance Hazard Evaluat & Field Studies, Natl Inst Occupat Safety & Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Materna, B (reprint author), Calif Dept Hlth Serv, Occupat Lead Poisoning Prevent Program, Berkeley, CA 94704 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAY 2 PY 2001 VL 285 IS 17 BP 2187 EP 2188 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 424WC UT WOS:000168256100011 ER PT J AU Cartter, M Mayo, D Nelson, R Wilcox, L Hadler, J Sorhage, F Wolf, B Bresnitz, E Greenko, J Kellachan, J Edwin, B Poshni, I Layton, M Johnson, G Lukacik, G Wallace, B Huang, C Kramer, L Wong, S Smith, P AF Cartter, M Mayo, D Nelson, R Wilcox, L Hadler, J Sorhage, F Wolf, B Bresnitz, E Greenko, J Kellachan, J Edwin, B Poshni, I Layton, M Johnson, G Lukacik, G Wallace, B Huang, C Kramer, L Wong, S Smith, P TI Human West Nile virus surveillance - Connecticut, New Jersey, and New York, 2000 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 50, pg 265-268, 2001) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Connecticut Dept Publ Hlth, Hartford, CT 06134 USA. New Jersey Dept Hlth & Senior Serv, Trenton, NJ 08625 USA. New York City Dept Hlth, New York, NY 10013 USA. New York State Dept Hlth, Albany, NY 12237 USA. CDC, Arbovirus Dis Branch, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, State Branch, Div Appl Publ Hlth Training, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Cartter, M (reprint author), Connecticut Dept Publ Hlth, Hartford, CT 06134 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAY 2 PY 2001 VL 285 IS 17 BP 2188 EP 2190 PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 424WC UT WOS:000168256100012 ER PT J AU Steinberg, KK Cogswell, ME Chang, JC Caudill, SP McQuillan, GM Bowman, BA Grummer-Strawn, LM Sampson, EJ Khoury, MJ Gallagher, ML AF Steinberg, KK Cogswell, ME Chang, JC Caudill, SP McQuillan, GM Bowman, BA Grummer-Strawn, LM Sampson, EJ Khoury, MJ Gallagher, ML TI Prevalence of CY282Y and H63D mutations in the hemochromatosis (HFE) gene in the United States SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID HEREDITARY HEMOCHROMATOSIS; IRON OVERLOAD; POPULATION; CYS282TYR; HEALTH; EXPRESSION; PRODUCT; C282Y AB Context Population-based estimates of the prevalence of disease-associated mutations. such as hemochromatosis (HFE) gene mutations, are needed to determine the usefulness of genetic screening. Objective To estimate the prevalence of the HFE mutations C282Y and H63D in the US population. Design Cross-sectional population-based study of samples in the DNA bank from phase 2 of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted from 1992 to 1994. Setting and Participants Genotyped samples of cells from a total of 5171 participants, cross-classified by sex, age, and race/ethnicity in the analysis. Main Outcome Measures Estimates of the prevalence of C282Y and H63D mutations. Results The prevalence of C282Y homozygosity is estimated to be 0.26% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.12%-0.49%); 1.89% (95% CI, 1.48%-2.43%) for H63D homozygosity; and 1.97% (95% CI, 1.54%-2.49%) for compound heterozygosity. The prevalence estimates for C282Y heterozygosity (C282Y/wild type) are 9.54% among non-Hispanic whites, 2.33% among non-Hispanic blacks, and 2.75% among Mexican-Americans. The prevalence estimates of the C282Y mutation in the US population are 5.4% (95% CI, 4.7%-6.2%) and 13.5% (95% CI, 12.5%-14.8%) for the H63D mutation. Conclusions Estimates of prevalence of HFE mutations are within the expected range for non-Hispanic whites and blacks but the estimated prevalence of the C282Y mutation among Mexican-Americans is less than expected. Mutation data now need to be linked to clinically relevant indices, such as transferrin saturation level. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mol Biol Branch, Div Sci Lab, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Chamblee, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Genet & Dis Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Chamblee, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Chamblee, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Diabet Transplantat, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Chamblee, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Hlth Examinat Stat, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Rockville, MD USA. RP Steinberg, KK (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mol Biol Branch, Div Sci Lab, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Mailstop F-24, Chamblee, GA 30341 USA. NR 40 TC 136 Z9 141 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAY 2 PY 2001 VL 285 IS 17 BP 2216 EP 2222 DI 10.1001/jama.285.17.2216 PG 7 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 424WC UT WOS:000168256100024 PM 11325323 ER PT J AU Bluespruce, J Dodge, WT Grothaus, L Wheeler, K Rebolledo, V Carey, JW McAfee, TA Thompson, RS AF Bluespruce, J Dodge, WT Grothaus, L Wheeler, K Rebolledo, V Carey, JW McAfee, TA Thompson, RS TI HIV prevention in primary care: Impact of a clinical intervention SO AIDS PATIENT CARE AND STDS LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; CONTINUING MEDICAL-EDUCATION; PHYSICIANS KNOWLEDGE; RISK ASSESSMENT; ATTITUDES; BEHAVIOR; PATIENT; INFECTION; AIDS; COMMUNICATION AB Discomfort, lack of confidence in skills, and environmental constraints may cause primary care providers to miss opportunities to discuss human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) risk with patients. We used a systems approach to address both intrapersonal and environmental barriers to HIV risk assessment and prevention counseling in a managed tare clinical setting. The design was one-group pretest/posttest. The study took place in two primary care clinics of a large Pacific Northwest managed care organization. Participants (n = 49) included physicians, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, registered nurses, and social workers. The intervention included training, clarification of provider/staff roles, assess to tools and materials, and reminders/reinforcers. Outcome measures were provider attitudes, beliefs, outcome expectations, knowledge, confidence in skills, and perceived supports and barriers, measured by written pretest/posttest surveys administered 12 months apart. Seven months after the most intensive part of the intervention, providers' attitudes and beliefs were more favorable to HIV risk assessment: and prevention counseling. They were less likely to express frustration with high-risk patients (decrease from 100% to 79% agreement, p = 0.001) and more confident that their advice would be effective with gay men and single adult heterosexuals (p = 0.002 and 0.005, respectively). They reported more confidence in their training in sexual history taking (p = 0.0003) and their skills assessing readiness for change (p = 0.007), and more support in practice environments. This study demonstrated that it is possible to affect important personal and environmental factors that influence primary care providers' HIV prevention behavior using an interactive, real-world systems approach. Further research is needed on providers' impact on patient behavior. C1 Grp Hlth Cooperat Puget Sound, Ctr Hlth Promot, Seattle, WA 98168 USA. Grp Hlth Cooperat Puget Sound, HIV AIDS Program, Seattle, WA 98168 USA. Grp Hlth Cooperat Puget Sound, Ctr Hlth Studies, Seattle, WA 98168 USA. Grp Hlth Cooperat Puget Sound, Dept Prevent Care, Seattle, WA 98168 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Behav Intervent Res Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Bluespruce, J (reprint author), Grp Hlth Cooperat Puget Sound, Ctr Hlth Promot, 12400 E Marginal Way S, Seattle, WA 98168 USA. NR 36 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 3 U2 4 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 1087-2914 J9 AIDS PATIENT CARE ST JI Aids Patient Care STDS PD MAY PY 2001 VL 15 IS 5 BP 243 EP 253 DI 10.1089/10872910152050766 PG 11 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA 432YW UT WOS:000168728700003 PM 11530765 ER PT J AU O'Brien, DM Piacitelli, GM Sieber, WK Hughes, RT Catalano, JD AF O'Brien, DM Piacitelli, GM Sieber, WK Hughes, RT Catalano, JD TI An evaluation of short-term exposures to metalworking fluids in small machine shops SO AIHAJ LA English DT Article DE machining shops; metalworking fluids AB In a study of 23 small machining shops using metalworking fluids (MWFs), real-time air monitoring using an aerosol photometer was performed to investigate the temporal nature of the exposure and to examine the relationship between the instrumental measurements and traditional sampling methods. Time-weighted averages were calculated from the aerosol photometer data and the results were compared to collocated thoracic and 37-mm closed face cassette samplers. The filter samples were analyzed for total mass and the solvent extractable fraction. Depending on the averaging period used, short-term MWF concentrations exceeded 2.0 mg/m(3) in 13 to 39% of the plants studied. High short-term exposures were as likely to be found in plants with average concentrations below 0.4 mg/m(3) (thoracic-gravimetric) as those above. Regression analyses indicated that the aerosol photometer most closely matched the data obtained from the thoracic fraction of the total mass. In general, the aerosol photometer overestimated the levels determined using the thoracic cyclone and filter, especially when measuring concentrations of water-based fluids. Use of a calibration factor of 0.7 for straight oils or 0.5 for water-based fluids may assist in the interpretation of aerosol photometer measurements if field calibration data are not readily available. Several approaches to determining the calibration factor from field data were evaluated; more complex calibration techniques improved the accuracy of the measurements. C1 NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Prezant Associates Inc, Seattle, WA 98109 USA. RP O'Brien, DM (reprint author), Int Union, UAW, 8000 E Jefferson Ave, Detroit, MI 48214 USA. NR 13 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOC PI FAIRFAX PA 2700 PROSPERITY AVE #250, FAIRFAX, VA 22031-4307 USA SN 1529-8663 J9 AIHAJ JI AIHAJ PD MAY-JUN PY 2001 VL 62 IS 3 BP 342 EP 348 DI 10.1080/15298660108984636 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 471WP UT WOS:000170951900008 PM 11434440 ER PT J AU Piacitelli, GM Sieber, WK O'Brien, DM Hughes, RT Glaser, RA Catalano, JD AF Piacitelli, GM Sieber, WK O'Brien, DM Hughes, RT Glaser, RA Catalano, JD TI Metalworking fluid exposures in small machine shops: an overview SO AIHAJ LA English DT Article DE machine shops; machining; metalworking fluids; oil mists; particle-size distributions; thoracic particulate ID SOLUBLE OIL DERMATITIS; METAL-WORKING FLUIDS; RESPIRATORY SYMPTOMS; AUTOMOBILE-INDUSTRY; OCCUPATIONAL ASTHMA; GRINDING FLUIDS; LUNG-FUNCTION; AUTO WORKERS; PART 2; AEROSOLS AB Sampling was conducted in 79 small machine shops to assess airborne exposures to metalworking fluids (MWFs). Measured exposures were compared with data from the literature and exposure criteria currently recommended by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration MWF Standards Advisory Committee. Sixty-two percent of 942 personal samples collected were less than the recommended exposure limit (REL) of 0.50 mg/m(3) for total particulate. However, at least 1 sample exceeded the REL in 61 of the 79 facilities studied; 100% of the samples collected in 10 shops were greater than the REL. Similar trends were found for thoracic particulate exposures where 75% of 238 samples were below the thoracic particulate REL of 0.40 mg/m(3). The ratio between thoracic and total particulate for 238 paired samples was 0.55 (r(2) =0.73). Workers exposed to straight fluids had the highest exposures (GM=0.67 mg/m(3)) when compared with workers exposed to other classes of MWFs. The highest exposures were measured for grinding and hobbing (GM=0.67 and 0.60 mg/m(3), respectively). Measurements using personal impactors indicated that particle size distributions of MWF aerosols had an average mass median aerodynamic diameter of 5.3 mum. Straight oils and soluble fluids tended to be associated with larger particles than were other fluid types; grinding and turning produced the largest particles, whereas hobbing resulted in the smallest. In general, exposures were similar in magnitude and particle size to those previously reported in large automotive plants. Therefore, workers in these small shops may have risks of adverse health effects similar to those demonstrated in the automotive industry. C1 NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Battelle Ctr Publ Hlth, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. Battelle Ctr Evaluat, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. RP Piacitelli, GM (reprint author), NIOSH, 4676 Columbia Pkwy, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 55 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOC PI FAIRFAX PA 2700 PROSPERITY AVE #250, FAIRFAX, VA 22031-4307 USA SN 1529-8663 J9 AIHAJ JI AIHAJ PD MAY-JUN PY 2001 VL 62 IS 3 BP 356 EP 370 DI 10.1202/0002-8894(2001)062<0356:MFEISM>2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 471WP UT WOS:000170951900010 PM 11434442 ER PT J AU Ballew, C Bowman, BA Russell, RM Sowell, AL Gillespie, C AF Ballew, C Bowman, BA Russell, RM Sowell, AL Gillespie, C TI Serum retinyl esters are not associated with biochemical markers of liver dysfunction in adult participants in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1988-1994 SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE retinyl esters; hypervitaminosis A; vitamin A; third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; NHANES III; liver dysfunction; liver function; vitamin A supplementation; retinol; vitamin A toxicity ID CHRONIC HYPERVITAMINOSIS-A; HIGH-RISK POPULATIONS; EFFICACY TRIAL CARET; PREVENT LUNG-CANCER; VITAMIN-A; LONG-TERM; ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL; PLASMA RETINOL; HEPATIC-INJURY; TOXICITY AB Background: Serum retinyl ester concentrations are elevated in hypervitaminosis A. It was suggested that retinyl esters > 10% of total serum vitamin A indicate potential hypervitaminosis, but this cutoff was derived from small clinical samples that may not he representative of the general population. Objective: We sought to examine the distribution of serum retinyl ester concentrations and associations between retinyl ester concentrations and biochemical markers of liver dysfunction in a nationally representative sample. Design: We assessed the: associations between serum retinyl ester concentrations and 5 biochemical indexes of liver dysfunction by using multivariate linear and multiple logistic regression techniques and controlling for age, sex, use of supplements containing vitamin A, alcohol consumption, smoking status, and use of exogenous estrogens in 6537 adults aged greater than or equal to 18 y in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), 1988-1994. Results: Thirty-seven percent of the sample had serum retinyl ester concentrations > 10% of total serum vitamin A and 10% of the sample had serum retinyl esters > 15% of total vitamin A. We found no associations between serum retinyl ester concentrations and 1) concentrations of any biochemical variable (multiple linear regression) or 2) risk of having biochemical variables above the reference range (multiple logistic regression). We did not find a serum retinyl ester value with statistically significant sensitivity and specificity for predicting increases in biochemical indexes of liver dysfunction. Conclusions: The prevalence of serum retinyl ester concentrations > 10% of the total vitamin A concentration in the NHANES III sample was substantially higher than expected but elevated retinyl ester concentrations were not associated with abnormal liver function. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Sci Lab, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Tufts Univ, USDA, Human Nutr Res Ctr Aging, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Ballew, C (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Mailstop K-26,4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 46 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 73 IS 5 BP 934 EP 940 PG 7 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 426QM UT WOS:000168359900014 PM 11333848 ER PT J AU Ford, ES AF Ford, ES TI Vitamin supplement use and diabetes mellitus incidence among adults in the United States SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cohort studies; diabetes mellitus; incidence; vitamins ID IMPAIRED GLUCOSE-TOLERANCE; HEALTH INTERVIEW SURVEY; MINERAL SUPPLEMENTS; INSULIN-RESISTANCE; CANCER PREVENTION; DIETARY MAGNESIUM; FREE-RADICALS; NHANES-II; FOLLOW-UP; RISK AB In some studies, use of vitamin supplements has been inversely associated with the risk of several chronic diseases, but little is known about whether vitamin use affects the risk of diabetes mellitus, Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study, the author examined whether vitamin use was related to diabetes incidence in a cohort of United Stales adults aged 25-74 years. In the analytic sample of 9,573 participants, 1,010 participants developed diabetes mellitus during about 20 years of follow-up, A smaller percentage of participants with incident diabetes (21.4%) reported using vitamins during the previous month at baseline compared with participants who remained free of this disease (33.5%) (p < 0.001), After multiple adjustment, the hazard ratios for participants using vitamin supplements were 0.76 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.63, 0.93) for ail participants, 0.70 (95% CI: 0.54, 0.92) for men, and 0.84 (95% CI: 0.64, 1.11) for women. Sex did not modify the association between vitamin use and diabetes incidence. Whether specific vitamins or other factors closely correlated with vitamin use account for this observation is unclear. C1 CDCP, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Nutr & Phys Activ, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Ford, ES (reprint author), CDCP, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Nutr & Phys Activ, 4770 Buford Highway,Mailstop K24, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 57 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD MAY 1 PY 2001 VL 153 IS 9 BP 892 EP 897 DI 10.1093/aje/153.9.892 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 431AP UT WOS:000168610000011 PM 11323320 ER PT J AU Armstrong, GL Schillinger, J Markowitz, L Nahmias, AJ Johnson, RE McQuillan, GM St Louis, ME AF Armstrong, GL Schillinger, J Markowitz, L Nahmias, AJ Johnson, RE McQuillan, GM St Louis, ME TI Incidence of herpes simplex virus type 2 infection in the United States SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE herpes simplex; herpesvirus 2; human; incidence; mathematical computing; models; theoretical; prevalence; serologic tests ID GENITAL HERPES; GLYCOPROTEIN-G; PREVALENCE; ANTIBODIES; SEROPREVALENCE; EPIDEMIOLOGY; ACQUISITION; WOMEN; RATES; TIME AB Between the time that two large, national surveys were conducted, the Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1976-1980) and the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1994), prevalence of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infection in the United States increased by 30%. From these survey data, the authors estimated the incidence of HSV-2 infection in the civilian, noninstitutionalized population aged greater than or equal to 12 years by means of a mathematical model that allowed overall incidence to increase linearly with time but required the shape of the age-specific incidence curve to remain constant. From 1970 to 1985, annual incidence of HSV-2 infection in HSV-2-seronegative persons increased by 82%, from 4.6 per 1,000 (95% confidence interval: 4.2, 5.0) to 8.4 per 1,000 (95% confidence interval: 7.7, 9.1). Incidence in 1985 was higher in women than in men (9.9 vs. 6.9 per 1,000), higher in Blacks than in Whites (20.4 vs. 6.3 per 1,000), and highest in the group aged 20-29 years (14.6 and 22.5 per 1,000 in men and women, respectively). Thus, by 1985, approximately 1,640,000 +/- 150,000 persons (730,000 men and 910,000 women) were being infected annually with HSV-2. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Off Surveillance, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div STD Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Div Hlth Examinat Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. RP Armstrong, GL (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Off Surveillance, Mailstop G-37,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 45 TC 76 Z9 81 U1 0 U2 3 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD MAY 1 PY 2001 VL 153 IS 9 BP 912 EP 920 DI 10.1093/aje/153.9.912 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 431AP UT WOS:000168610000014 PM 11323323 ER PT J AU Green, LW AF Green, LW TI From research to "best practices" in other settings and populations SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH BEHAVIOR LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the American-Academy-of-Health-Behavior-Reseach CY SEP 24, 2000 CL SANTA FE, NEW MEXICO SP Amer Acad Hlth Behavior Res ID HEALTH PROMOTION; PREVENTIVE SERVICES; GUIDELINES; EDUCATION; PROGRAM AB Objective: To review the genesis and current status of "best practices" thinking, its application in health promotion practice, and in generalizing research to alternate populations, places and times. Methods: A presbyopic eye is cast over the recent evolution of the concept of "best practices" from medicine to public health. Results: Some discontinuities are found in the migration of this concept from medicine, where it applies with some consistency to the relatively homogeneous physiology of the human species, to health behavior where social, cultural, economic, and other heterogeneities make the generalizability of any research more suspect. Conclusions: Health promotion and other applications of health behavioral research need to replace "best practices" with "best processes." C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Smoking & Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Green, LW (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Smoking & Hlth, 4770 Bufford Highway NE,CDC Mail Stop K-50, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 60 TC 204 Z9 206 U1 0 U2 3 PU PNG PUBLICATIONS PI STAR CITY PA PO BOX 4593, STAR CITY, WV 26504-4593 USA SN 1087-3244 J9 AM J HEALTH BEHAV JI Am. J. Health Behav. PD MAY-JUN PY 2001 VL 25 IS 3 BP 165 EP 178 PG 14 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 414QF UT WOS:000167677100001 PM 11322614 ER PT J AU Kann, L AF Kann, L TI The Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System: Measuring health-risk behaviors SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH BEHAVIOR LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the American-Academy-of-Health-Behavior-Reseach CY SEP 24, 2000 CL SANTA FE, NEW MEXICO SP Amer Acad Hlth Behavior Res AB Objective: To measure priority health-risk behaviors among youth. Methods: The Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) monitors priority health-risk behaviors among youth. Results: In 1999, many high school students practiced behaviors that contribute to leading health problems -- 16.4% rarely or never wore safety belts and, during the past 30 days, 17.3% carried a weapon, 34.8% smoked cigarettes, and 26.7% used marijuana. Also, 49.9% had had sexual intercourse. One quarter (26.0%) were at risk for becoming overweight or were overweight. Conclusion: YRBSS data are used to improve policies and programs to reduce priority health-risk behaviors among youth. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Adolescent, Surveillance & Evaluat Res Branch, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Sch Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Kann, L (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Adolescent, Surveillance & Evaluat Res Branch, 4770 Buford Highway NE,MS-K33, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 10 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 0 PU PNG PUBLICATIONS PI STAR CITY PA PO BOX 4593, STAR CITY, WV 26504-4593 USA SN 1087-3244 J9 AM J HEALTH BEHAV JI Am. J. Health Behav. PD MAY-JUN PY 2001 VL 25 IS 3 BP 272 EP 277 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 414QF UT WOS:000167677100013 PM 11322626 ER PT J AU Harris, JR Schauffler, HH Milstein, A Powers, P Hopkins, DP AF Harris, JR Schauffler, HH Milstein, A Powers, P Hopkins, DP TI Expanding health insurance coverage for smoking cessation treatments: Experience of the Pacific Business Group on Health SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH PROMOTION LA English DT Article ID COST-EFFECTIVENESS C1 CDCP, Div Prevent Res & Analyt Methods, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Ctr Hlth & Publ Policy Studies, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Pacific Business Grp Hlth, San Francisco, CA USA. RP Harris, JR (reprint author), CDCP, Div Prevent Res & Analyt Methods, Epidemiol Program Off, MS K-73,4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. OI Harris, Jeffrey/0000-0001-8728-7195 NR 24 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER J HEALTH PROMOTION INC PI KEEGO HARBOR PA 1660 CASS LAKE RD, STE 104, KEEGO HARBOR, MI 48320 USA SN 0890-1171 J9 AM J HEALTH PROMOT JI Am. J. Health Promot. PD MAY-JUN PY 2001 VL 15 IS 5 BP 350 EP 356 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 434BD UT WOS:000168794500009 PM 11502016 ER PT J AU Harris, JR Holman, PB Carande-Kulis, VG AF Harris, JR Holman, PB Carande-Kulis, VG TI Financial impact of health promotion: We need to know much more, but we know enough to act SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH PROMOTION LA English DT Article ID COST-EFFECTIVENESS AB SYNOPSIS Decision-makers, particularly employers and health insurers, need information on the financial impact of prevention and health promotion as they decide how much to invest in this area. Although the effectiveness of many preventive and health promoting interventions is well established, information on the financial impact of these interventions has lagged behind. This article refers to work that was proven effective in the Guide to Clinical Preventive Services and the Guide to Community Preventive Services following investigations of the financial impact of interventions carried out at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and elsewhere. The information is most complete for the areas of vaccination and tobacco control and reveals a number of interventions that offer exceptional value for the money. This article concludes with two sets of recommendations. The first set involves research needs related to financial impact. The second set suggests eight highly valuable actions that employers can take in order to promote the health of their employees and others in the communities in which they work and live. C1 CDCP, Div Prevent Res & Analyt Methods, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Univ Georgia, Coll Educ, Dept Hlth Promot & Behav, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Harris, JR (reprint author), CDCP, Div Prevent Res & Analyt Methods, Epidemiol Program Off, MS K-73,4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. OI Harris, Jeffrey/0000-0001-8728-7195 NR 12 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER J HEALTH PROMOTION INC PI KEEGO HARBOR PA 1660 CASS LAKE RD, STE 104, KEEGO HARBOR, MI 48320 USA SN 0890-1171 J9 AM J HEALTH PROMOT JI Am. J. Health Promot. PD MAY-JUN PY 2001 VL 15 IS 5 BP 378 EP 382 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 434BD UT WOS:000168794500021 PM 11502028 ER PT J AU Rasmussen, SA Yang, QH Friedman, JM AF Rasmussen, SA Yang, QH Friedman, JM TI Mortality in neurofibromatosis 1: An analysis using US death certificates SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS LA English DT Article ID PERIPHERAL-NERVE SHEATH; TYPE-1 NEUROFIBROMATOSIS; MOYAMOYA-DISEASE; FOLLOW-UP; NF1; TUMORS; RATIO AB Although neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) is a relatively common autosomal dominant condition, information about its effect on mortality is limited. We used Multiple-Cause Mortality Files, compiled from U.S. death certificates by the National Center for Health Statistics, for 1983 through 1997. We identified 3,770 cases of presumed NF1 among 32,722,122 deaths in the United States, a frequency of 1/8,700, which is one-third to one-half the estimated prevalence. Mean and median ages at death for persons with NF1 were 54.4 and 59 years, respectively, compared with 70.1 and 74 years in the general population. Results of proportionate mortality ratio (PMR) analyses showed that persons with NF1 were 34 times more likely (PMR = 34.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] 30.8-38.0) to have a malignant connective or other soft-tissue neoplasm listed on their death certificates than were persons without NF1. Overall, persons with NF1 were 1.2 times more likely than expected (PMR = 1.21, 95% CI 1.14-1.28) to have a malignant neoplasm listed on their death certificates, but the PMR was 6.07 (95% CI 4.88-7.45) for persons who died at 10-19 years of age and was 4.93 (95% CI 4.14-5.82) for those who died at 20-29 years of age. Similarly, vascular disease was recorded more often than expected on death certificates of persons with NF1 who died at <30 years of age (PMR = 3.26, 95% CI 1.31-6.71 at age <10 years; PMR = 2.68, 95% CI 1.38-4.68 at age 10-19 years; and PMR = 2.25, 95% CI 1.46-3.32 at 20-29 years) but not in older persons. This study PMR supports previous findings of decreased life expectancy for persons with NF1 and, within the limitations of death certificates, provides population-based data about NF1 morbidity and mortality that are useful to clinicians caring for patients with NF1. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Birth Defects & Dev Disabil, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Univ British Columbia, Dept Med Genet, Vancouver, BC, Canada. RP Rasmussen, SA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Birth Defects & Dev Disabil, 4770 Buford Highway NE,MS F-45, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. OI Rasmussen, Sonja/0000-0002-0574-4928 NR 27 TC 196 Z9 205 U1 0 U2 6 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0002-9297 J9 AM J HUM GENET JI Am. J. Hum. Genet. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 68 IS 5 BP 1110 EP 1118 DI 10.1086/320121 PG 9 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 423HZ UT WOS:000168171200005 PM 11283797 ER PT J AU Engelgau, MM Geiss, LS Manninen, DL Orians, CE Wagner, EH Friedman, NM Hurley, JS Trinkaus, KM Shatin, D Van Vorst, KA AF Engelgau, MM Geiss, LS Manninen, DL Orians, CE Wagner, EH Friedman, NM Hurley, JS Trinkaus, KM Shatin, D Van Vorst, KA CA CDC Diabet Managed Care Work Grp TI Diabetes mellitus in managed care: Complications and resource utilization SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MANAGED CARE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the American-Public-Health-Association CY NOV 15-19, 1998 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Amer Public Hlth Assoc ID POPULATION; ADULTS; SYSTEM; LEVEL; COST AB Objectives: To implement a diabetes mellitus surveillance system designed to use administrative data and to demonstrate how it can be used by managed care organizations (MCOs) with different administrative data systems to estimate the prevalence of diabetic complications and describe utilization of services in persons with and without complications and comorbidities. Study Design, Patients, and Methods: We identified individuals with diabetes mellitus in 3 MCOs in 1993 using 4 sources of computerized data records: inpatient, pharmacy, outpatient, and laboratory. The presence of diabetes mellitus complications and cardiovascular comorbidities were determined using diagnostic and procedural codes. Use of healthcare resources by persons with and without complications and comorbidities was determined from computerized administrative data. Results: The most prevalent complication or comorbidity was cardiovascular disease (45%-53%), followed by eye disease (20%-34%), lower extremity disease(8%-20%), and renal disease (3%-6%). The presence of multiple complications was common and ranged from 14% to 34% in the 3 MCO populations. Compared with persons with none, persons with 2 or more complications or comorbidities used moderately more primary care services (1.3-1.9 times more) and markedly more specialty care services (5.8-6.3 times more), emergency department visits (3.3-5.5 times more), and hospital stays (3.3-11.9 times more). Conclusions: Diabetic complications were common and had a large impact on patients' use of healthcare services. Within MCOs, administrative databases are useful tools for estimating and monitoring the prevalence of diabetic complications and the use of healthcare resources associated with these complications. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Diabet Translat, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Battelle Ctr Publ Hlth Res & Evaluat, Seattle, WA USA. Grp Hlth Cooperat Puget Sound, Seattle, WA 98121 USA. SW Ctr Managed Care Res, Lovelace Resp Res Inst, Albuquerque, NM USA. UnitedHlth Grp, Ctr Hlth Care Policy & Evaluat, Chicago, IL USA. RP Engelgau, MM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Diabet Translat, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Mailstop K-10,4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 20 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MED PUBLISHING, M W C COMPANY PI JAMESBURG PA 241 FORSGATE DR, STE 102, JAMESBURG, NJ 08831 USA SN 1088-0224 J9 AM J MANAG CARE JI Am. J. Manag. Care PD MAY PY 2001 VL 7 IS 5 BP 501 EP 508 PG 8 WC Health Care Sciences & Services; Health Policy & Services; Medicine, General & Internal SC Health Care Sciences & Services; General & Internal Medicine GA 433QR UT WOS:000168771700005 ER PT J AU Wilson, TE Ickovics, JR Fernandez, MI Koenig, LJ Walter, E AF Wilson, TE Ickovics, JR Fernandez, MI Koenig, LJ Walter, E CA Perinatal Guidelines Evaluation Pr TI Self-reported zidovudine adherence among pregnant women with human immunodeficiency virus infection in four US states SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE zidovudine; human immunodeficiency virus; prenatal care ID ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; PERINATAL TRANSMISSION; CLINICAL-TRIALS; PRENATAL-CARE; UNITED-STATES; HIV; TRENDS; INFANT; TYPE-1 AB OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to identify clinical and psychosocial factors associated with rates of prenatal zidovudine use and adherence among human immunodeficiency virus-infected pregnant women. STUDY DESIGN: Two hundred sixty-four women completed 2 interviews between October 1996 and November 1998 at prenatal clinics in Miami, Florida; Brooklyn, New York; Connecticut; and North Carolina. Interviews took place after 24 weeks' gestation and then between 32 weeks and delivery. RESULTS: Prenatal zidovudine had been prescribed for 94% of the women, 37% of whom received monotherapy. Among women taking zidovudine, 20% reported incomplete adherence. In multivariate analyses having missed zidovudine doses was positively associated with prenatal illicit drug use (odds ratio, 3.49; 95% confidence interval, 1.30-9.42; P <.05) and missing prenatal vitamins (odds ratio, 2.71;95% confidence interval, 1.30-5.67; P<.01). CONCLUSIONS: Zidovudine therapies have been successfully implemented in prenatal care settings in the United States. The success of these therapies may be limited among some patients by incomplete regimen adherence, particularly among illicit drug users. C1 Suny Downstate Med Ctr, Dept Prevent Med & Community Hlth, Brooklyn, NY 11203 USA. Yale Univ, Sch Med, New Haven, CT USA. Univ Miami, Sch Med, Miami, FL USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Durham, NC USA. RP Wilson, TE (reprint author), Suny Downstate Med Ctr, Dept Prevent Med & Community Hlth, 450 Clarkson Ave,Box 1240, Brooklyn, NY 11203 USA. FU PHS HHS [U64/CCU212267] NR 23 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 2 PU MOSBY, INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0002-9378 J9 AM J OBSTET GYNECOL JI Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 184 IS 6 BP 1235 EP 1240 DI 10.1067/mob.2001.114032 PG 6 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA 433KJ UT WOS:000168758300042 PM 11349194 ER PT J AU McCauley, MM Luman, ET Barker, LE Rodewald, LE Simpson, DM Szilagyi, PG AF McCauley, MM Luman, ET Barker, LE Rodewald, LE Simpson, DM Szilagyi, PG TI The National Immunization Survey - Information for action SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Resource Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Rochester, Sch Med & Dent, Div Gen Pediat, Rochester, NY USA. RP McCauley, MM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Resource Ctr, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop E-34, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 12 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 20 IS 4 SU S BP 1 EP 2 DI 10.1016/S0749-3797(01)00289-6 PG 2 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 430YE UT WOS:000168602400001 PM 11331123 ER PT J AU Szilagyi, PG AF Szilagyi, PG TI Measuring the success of the US childhood immunization system SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Editorial Material ID PRIMARY-CARE; HEALTH; CLINICS C1 Univ Rochester, Sch Med & Dent, Div Gen Pediat, Rochester, NY USA. RP Szilagyi, PG (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Resource Ctr, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop E-34, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 21 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 20 IS 4 SU S BP 3 EP 5 DI 10.1016/S0749-3797(01)00288-4 PG 3 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 430YE UT WOS:000168602400002 PM 11331124 ER PT J AU Simpson, DM Ezzati-Rice, TM Zell, ER AF Simpson, DM Ezzati-Rice, TM Zell, ER TI Forty years and four surveys - How does our measuring measure up? SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE child, preschool; health surveys; sampling studies; vaccines, data collection ID SURVEILLANCE AB Objective: This article reviews four surveys methodologies that have been used over the past 40 years to assess immunization rates in young children in the United States. These methods include three national surveys: (1) United States Immunization Survey (1959-1985), which was first a household and then a telephone survey; (2) National Health Interview Survey (1991-present), which interviews people in their homes; and (3) National Immunization Survey (1994-present), a random-digit-dialing telephone survey. In addition, a series of retrospective e school record surveys that used standard sampling and assessment methodologies were conducted nationally during 4 school years September 1990-May 1991. Methods: Federal publications, National Immunization Conference proceedings, and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) internal reports regarding national immunization surveys were reviewed. The methodology used in each survey is presented, and selected examples of previously tabulated results are presented. Conclusions: The assessment of immunization coverage in American preschool children requires ongoing commitment and survey expertise. Over the past 40 years the CDC's efforts to determine vaccination coverage in young children has evolved from the comparatively simple United States Immunization Survey to the current National Immunization Survey that utilizes sophisticated statistical and survey techniques to obtain the most-accurate results vet available. C1 CDCP, Natl Immunizat Program, Resource Ctr, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDCP, Natl Immunizat Program, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Simpson, DM (reprint author), CDCP, Natl Immunizat Program, Resource Ctr, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop E-34, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 11 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 20 IS 4 SU S BP 6 EP 14 DI 10.1016/S0749-3797(01)00286-0 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 430YE UT WOS:000168602400003 PM 11331125 ER PT J AU Ezzati-Rice, TM Curtin, LR AF Ezzati-Rice, TM Curtin, LR TI Population-based surveys and their role in public health SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. RP Ezzati-Rice, TM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Resource Ctr, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop F-34, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 8 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 20 IS 4 SU S BP 15 EP 16 DI 10.1016/S0749-3797(01)00287-2 PG 2 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 430YE UT WOS:000168602400004 PM 11331126 ER PT J AU Smith, PJ Battaglia, MP Huggins, VJ Hoaglin, DC Roden, AS Khare, M Ezzati-Rice, TM Wright, RA AF Smith, PJ Battaglia, MP Huggins, VJ Hoaglin, DC Roden, AS Khare, M Ezzati-Rice, TM Wright, RA TI Overview of the sampling design and statistical methods used in the National Immunization Survey SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE epidemiologic methods; health surveys; quality assurance, health care; sampling studies, data collection; vaccination ID PROPENSITY SCORE AB The National Immunization Survey (NIS) is a large federally funded survey designed to estimate vaccination coverage rates for children residing in die United States aged 19 to 35 months. In 1999, over 8 million telephone call attempts were made to obtain provider-reported vaccination histories on 22,521 children in the age range of interest. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Resource Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. ABT Associates Inc, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RP Smith, PJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Resource Ctr, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop E-34, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM pzs6@cdc.gov NR 20 TC 133 Z9 135 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 20 IS 4 SU S BP 17 EP 24 DI 10.1016/S0749-3797(01)00285-9 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 430YE UT WOS:000168602400005 PM 11331127 ER PT J AU Bartlett, DL Ezzti-Rice, TM Stokley, S Zhao, Z AF Bartlett, DL Ezzti-Rice, TM Stokley, S Zhao, Z TI Comparison of NIS and NHIS/NIPRCS vaccination coverage estimates SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE child; health surveys; immunization; quality assurance; vaccination ID NATIONAL-HEALTH; TELEPHONE AB Background: The National Immunization Survey (NIS) and the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) produce national coverage estimates for children aged 19 months to 35 months. The NIS is a cost-effective, random-digit-dialing telephone survey that produces national and state-level vaccination coverage estimates. The National Immunization Provider Record Check Study (NIPRCS) is conducted in conjunction with the annual h:HIS, which is a face-to-face household survey. As the NIS is a telephone sun ey, potential coverage bias exists as the survey excludes children living in nontelephone households. Methods: To assess the validity of estimates of vaccine coverage from the NIS, we compared 1995 and 1996 NIS national estimates with results from the NHIS/NIPRCS for the same years. Results: Both the NIS and the NHIS/NIPRCS produce similar results. Conclusion: The NHIS/NIPRCS supports the findings of the NIS. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Resource Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Bartlett, DL (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Resource Ctr, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop E-34, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 14 TC 15 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 20 IS 4 SU S BP 25 EP 27 DI 10.1016/S0749-3797(01)00284-7 PG 3 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 430YE UT WOS:000168602400006 PM 11331128 ER PT J AU Barker, LE Luman, ET AF Barker, LE Luman, ET TI Changes in vaccination coverage estimates among children aged 19-35 months in the United States, 1996-1999 SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE child; immunization programs; health surveys; vaccines; polio viruses; vaccination AB Background: Childhood vaccinations have a major impact on the reduction and elimination of many causes of morbidity and mortality among children. Monitoring of annual vaccination coverage levels over time is necessary to characterize undervaccination. Here, coverage estimates for 1996 (1997 for varicella) were compared sith those of 1999. Methods: Immunization coverage among children aged 19 to 35 months in 1996 (1997 for varicella) and 1999 for a variety of vaccines and vaccine series were compared rising Wald chi-square tests and data from the National Immunization Survey. Results: Record high immunization coverage among children aged 19 to 35 months in the United States has increased by a statistically significant amount between 1996 and 1999 for diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis; measles, mumps, and rubella; Haemophilus influenzae type b; hepatitis B; and standard series made up of these individual vaccines. Coverage with the vaccine for varicella dramatically increased between 1997 and 1999. However, between 1996 and 1999, coverage with three or more doses of polio vaccine decreased by a small but statistically significant amount. Conclusion: Despite the drop for polio vaccine, coverage remains high. Continued monitoring is required to determine if the drop in polio coverage is a cause for concern. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Resource Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Barker, LE (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Resource Ctr, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop E-34, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 20 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 20 IS 4 SU S BP 28 EP 31 DI 10.1016/S0749-3797(01)00283-5 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 430YE UT WOS:000168602400007 PM 11331129 ER PT J AU Luman, ET Stokley, S Daniels, D Klevens, RM AF Luman, ET Stokley, S Daniels, D Klevens, RM TI Vaccination visits in early childhood - Just one more visit to be fully vaccinated SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE child; delivery of health care; health surveys; immunization; vaccination ID IMMUNIZATION COVERAGE; MISSED OPPORTUNITIES; POLIO IMMUNIZATION; UNITED-STATES; HEALTH-CARE; RATES AB Background: This study characterizes the healthcare visits at which children receive vaccinations, including the number of these visits and the number of vaccinations that are administered. Methods: The 1999 National Immunization Survey (NIS) is a nationally representative sample of children aged 19 to 35 months, verified by provider records, that is conducted to obtain estimates of vaccination coverage rates. We describe the number of healthcare visits in which one or more vaccinations were given, the number of vaccinations given at these visits, and the number of visits and vaccinations needed for an underimmunized child to complete the recommended vaccination series. Results: Of the children who did not receive all doses of the recommended vaccinations (4:3:1:3:3 vaccination series), three fourths had four or more immunization visits. Vaccination coverage increased as the number of visits increased, and children who had completed the series were more likely to receive multiple vaccinations than those who had not. Most children (70.7%) received a maximum of four vaccinations in any immunization visit. The majority of children (73.5%) who had not completed the 4:3:1:3:3 vaccination series needed only a single visit to complete the series. The majority (61.7%) of children who needed only one visit also needed only one additional vaccination. Conclusion: While estimated national coverage for all recommended vaccinations is considerably below the Healthy People 2000 and Healthy People 2010 goal of 90%, achieving this goal is in essence just one visit away. If all children who needed one more visit were to receive that final visit, the national coverage among children 19 to 35 months for all recommended vaccinations would be 93%. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Resource Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Luman, ET (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Resource Ctr, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop E-34, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 42 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 20 IS 4 SU S BP 32 EP 40 DI 10.1016/S0749-3797(01)00282-3 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 430YE UT WOS:000168602400008 PM 11331130 ER PT J AU Klevens, RM Luman, ET AF Klevens, RM Luman, ET TI US children living in and near poverty - Risk of vaccine-preventable diseases SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE child; poverty; preschool; vaccination ID IMMUNIZATION; COVERAGE AB Background: Poverty and factors associated with poverty are strong and persistent barriers to childhood immunization. Substantive differences in coverage with basic vaccinations have been consistently observed over time between children living in poverty and those who are not. Methods: The National Immunization Survey (NIS) uses a random-digit-dialing sample of telephone numbers in each state and in 28 urban areas. The NIS provides vaccination coverage information representative of all U,S. children aged 19 to 35 months. We categorized children in the NIS using Bureau of Census categories of poverty as follows: "above poverty" for household income greater than or equal to 125% of the federal poverty threshold for the household's size and composition; "near poverty," 100% to < 125% of the poverty threshold; "intermediate poverty," 50% to < 100% of the poverty threshold; and "severe poverty," (50% of the poverty threshold. We described coverage with basic vaccinations from 1996 through 1999 by poverty category and compare coverage between children in poverty and above poverty. Results: From 1996 to 1999, estimated vaccination coverage with the basic vaccine series was consistently higher among children living above the poverty level than all other children. The difference in estimated vaccination coverage between children living in severe poverty and those living above poverty was 13.6 percentage points in 1996, and 10.0 percentage points in 1999. Vaccination coverage with the series 4:3:1:3 among children living in near poverty was similar to that of children living in poverty (74.7% vs 73.3%, p=0.52). Estimated vaccination coverage increased significantly (p <0.05) between 1996 and 1999 for most antigens among children living above poverty and among those living in intermediate and severe poverty. Vaccination coverage among children living in poverty increased significantly (P <0.05) between 1996 and 1999 in 1 of the 28 urban areas in the NIS, Conclusions: Conclusions: Low vaccination coverage among children living in and near poverty is a persistent problem in the United States. Additional efforts are needed to improve coverage. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Resource Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Klevens, RM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Resource Ctr, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop E-34, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 27 TC 52 Z9 53 U1 1 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 20 IS 4 SU S BP 41 EP 46 DI 10.1016/S0749-3797(01)00281-1 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 430YE UT WOS:000168602400009 PM 11331131 ER PT J AU Shefer, AM Luman, ET Lyons, BH Coronado, VG Smith, PJ Stevenson, JM Rodewald, LE AF Shefer, AM Luman, ET Lyons, BH Coronado, VG Smith, PJ Stevenson, JM Rodewald, LE TI Vaccination status of children in the women, infants, and children (WIC) program - Are we doing enough to improve coverage? SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE child, preschool; immunization programs; vaccination ID IMMUNIZATION COVERAGE; HIGH-RISK; POVERTY; MEASLES; IMPACT AB Background: Vaccination-promoting strategies in the Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) have been shown to produce dramatic improvements ill coverage and other health outcomes. Objectives: To determine national and state-specific population-based vaccine coverage rates among preschool children who participate in the WIC program, and to describe the strategies for promoting vaccination in WIC. Design/Methods: Demographic data, WIC participation, and vaccination histories for children aged 24 to 35 months in 1999 were collected from parents through the National Immunization Survey. The healthcare providers for the children in the survey were contacted to verify and complete vaccination information. We defined children as up-to-date (UTD) if they had received four doses of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine (DPT), three doses of poliovirus vaccine, one dose of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine (MMR), and three doses of Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine (Hib) by 24 months. Description of state-level vaccination-promoting activities in WIC was collected through an annual survey completed by the state WIC and immunization program directors. Results: Complete data were collected on 15,766 children, of whom 7783 (49%) participated in WIC sometime in their lives. Nationally, children who had ever participated in WIC were less well-immunized at 24 months compared to children who had not: 72.9% UTD (95% CI, 71.3-74.5) versus 80.8% UTD (95% CI, 79.5-82.1), respectively. In 42 states, 24-month coverage among WIC participants was less than among non-WIC participants, including 13 states where the difference was greater than or equal to 10%. Vaccination activities linked with WIC were reported from 76% of 8287 WIC sites nationwide. States conducting more-frequent interventions and reaching a higher proportion of WIC participants had 40% higher vaccination coverage levels for the WIC participants in that state (p <0.05). Conclusions: Children served by WIC remain less well-immunized than the nation's more-affluent children who do not participate in WIC. Thus, WIC remains a good place to target these children. This study provides evidence that fully implemented WIC linkage works to improve vaccination rates. Strategies that have been shown to improve the vaccination coverage levels of WIC participants should be expanded and adequately funded to protect these children. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Resource Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Shefer, AM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Resource Ctr, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop E-34, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 21 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 20 IS 4 SU S BP 47 EP 54 DI 10.1016/S0749-3797(01)00279-3 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 430YE UT WOS:000168602400010 PM 11331132 ER PT J AU Stokley, S Smith, PJ Klevens, RM Battaglia, MP AF Stokley, S Smith, PJ Klevens, RM Battaglia, MP TI Vaccination status of children living in rural areas in the United States - Are they protected? SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE child; immunization; immunization programs; rural health; suburban health; urban health; vaccination ID RISK-FACTORS; CHILDHOOD IMMUNIZATION; VARICELLA; POPULATION; ATTITUDES; COVERAGE AB Objectives: To estimate the vaccination coverage levels of children living in rural areas and identify statistically significant differences in coverage between children living in rural areas and their suburban and urban counterparts. Methods: Children aged 19 to 35 months participating in the 1999 National Immunization Survey (NIS) were included in the study. Children were classified as living in a rural, urban, or suburban area based on their telephone exchange (area code plus the first three digits of the telephone number). Statistically significant differences in vaccination coverage levels between the rural population and their urban counterparts were determined for individual vaccines and vaccine series. Results: Overall, 18% of the children included in the 1999 NIS lived in a rural area, 46% lived in a suburban area, and 36% lived in an urban area. The characteristics of the rural population were: 72% were white, non-Hispanic; 24% were below the poverty; level; 16% had a mother with < 12 years of education; and 30% received vaccinations from a public provider. Eighty percent of rural children, 79% of suburban children, and 77% of urban children completed the 4:3:1:3 series. The rural population had statistically significantly lower (p <0.01) varicella coverage levels than their suburban and urban counterparts. Conclusion: Results of this study suggest that children living in rural areas are just as likely to receive the basic 4:3:1:3 vaccination series as their suburban and urban counterparts. Uptake of the varicella vaccine appears to be slower in rural areas than urban areas, Further studies are recommended to identify the risk factors for not receiving the varicella vaccine in rural areas. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Resource Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. ABT Associates Inc, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RP Stokley, S (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Resource Ctr, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop E-34, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 23 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 20 IS 4 SU S BP 55 EP 60 DI 10.1016/S0749-3797(01)00280-X PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 430YE UT WOS:000168602400011 PM 11331133 ER PT J AU Daniels, D Jiles, RB Klevens, RM Herrera, GA AF Daniels, D Jiles, RB Klevens, RM Herrera, GA TI Undervaccinated African-American preschoolers - A case of missed opportunities SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE blacks; child, preschool; delivery of health care; ethnic group; immunization schedule; measles vaccine; vaccination; vaccines ID IMMUNIZATION COVERAGE; UNITED-STATES; INNER-CITY; VACCINATION COVERAGE; CASE-MANAGEMENT; HEALTH-CARE; CHILDREN; MEASLES; VISITS; RATES AB Objectives: To identify factors associated with undervaccination of,African-American preschoolers, to describe the number of vaccination visits made by undervaccinated children and the number of visits needed to be series complete, and to describe the children who did not receive the single dose of measles-containing vaccine recommended for preschoolers. Methods: We used the 1999 National Immunization Survey (NIS) to describe vaccination cover age for the 4:3:1:3 vaccine series (four doses of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pel-tussis vaccine, three doses of poliovirus vaccine, one dose of any measles-containing vaccine, and three doses of Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine) among non-Hispanic, African-American preschoolers due to concerns that they may be at risk of undervaccination. Children who did not complete this basic vaccine series were classified for further analysis according to the number of doses they lacked (i.e., one dose missed, two or three doses missed, or four or more doses missed). Significant associations between demographic characteristics and vaccination status or degree of undervaccination were determined. Results: Of the 26.2% of African-American preschoolers who did not complete the 4:3:1:3 vaccine series, 40.3% lacked one, 35.3% lacked two or three, and 25.0% lacked four or more doses of vaccine. Children who did not complete the 4:3:1:3 vaccine series were less likely to have married mothers, were less likely to have mothers aged greater than or equal to 35 years, or were less likely to he up to date at age 3 months than the children who completed the 4:3:1:3 vaccine series. Among the undervaccinated, 63.7% had a sufficient number of vaccination visits to have completed the basic series. However, most (78.7%) of the severely undervaccinated (children who lacked more than three doses of vaccine) had three or feu er vaccination visits. For 72.6% of the undervaccinated preschoolers, only one additional vaccination visit was needed to complete the 4:3:1:3 vaccine series; among these, 78.3% had an adequate number of vaccination visits to have completed the series. Overall, 9.9% of the African-American children aged 19 to 35 months (i.e., approximately 85,000 African-American children aged 19 to 35 months) were at risk for measles. Among the children who lacked more than three doses of vaccine, 68.1% were at risk. Conclusions: Our study suggests that die estimated coverage of 73.8% for the 4:3:1:3 vaccine series among African-American children aged 19 to 35 months was not a result of limited access to care. On the contrary, 90.5% of African-American children had enough vaccination visits to complete the series. To raise coverage and prevent potential outbreaks, providers should assess each child's vaccination status at every visit, and administer all needed vaccinations at that time. For the most severely undervaccinated children, this strategy may not be adequate, because they did not have the minimum number of vaccination visits required for series completion. For these children, other strategies are needed for increasing vaccination coverage. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Resource Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Daniels, D (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Resource Ctr, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop E-34, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 36 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 20 IS 4 SU S BP 61 EP 68 DI 10.1016/S0749-3797(01)00278-1 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 430YE UT WOS:000168602400012 PM 11331134 ER PT J AU Herrera, GA Zhao, Z Klevens, RM AF Herrera, GA Zhao, Z Klevens, RM TI Variation in vaccination coverage among children of Hispanic ancestry SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE child; preschool; ethnic group; Hispanic Americans; vaccination ID RISK-FACTORS; DELAYED IMMUNIZATION; UNITED-STATES; LATINO; CARE; PRESCHOOLERS; ETHNICITY; FAMILIES; AMERICAN; INFANTS AB Estimated vaccination coverage of Hispanic children is consistently lower than that of white non-Hispanic children. "Hispanic ethnicity" defines a highly heterogeneous group of the U.S. population; however, vaccination coverage by ancestry group has not been studied. This study explores differences in vaccination coverage among Hispanic children by ancestry group. Methods: The National Immunization Survey (NIS) uses a random-digit-dial sample of telephone numbers in each state and in 28 urban areas. The NIS provides vaccination coverage information representative of all U,S. children aged 19 to 35 months. We pooled NIS data fr om 1996 through 1999 and selected Hispanic and white non-Hispanic children for analysis. We categorized Hispanic children into the following ancestry groups: Mexican, Central American, Puerto Rican, Cuban, South American, and Dominican. We used t tests to detect differences in coverage between children of Hispanic ancestry, by group, compared to white non-Hispanic children, by vaccine, and the vaccination series 4:3:1:3. Results: Estimated vaccination coverage with 4:3:1:3 was 80.1% (95% CI, 79.6-80.6) among white non-Hispanic children. Estimated coverage was lower among Puerto Rican 175.8%; 95% CI, 72.1-79.5), Cuban (73.1%; 95% CI, 65.1-81.1), Mexican (71.7%; 95% CI, 69.9-73.5), and Central American (68.7%; 95% CI, 62.0-75.4) children, and was higher among South American (82.0%; 95% CI, 75.5-88.5) and Dominican (82.2%; 95% CI, 75.5-88.5) children; however, these differences were only statistically significant for Puerto Rican, Mexican, and Central American children. hmong children living in poverty, estimated coverage with 4:3:1:3 was lower among Mexican (68.0%; 95% CI, 65.1-70.9), Central American (69,7%; 95% CI, 59.8-59.6), and South American (69.0%; 95% CI, 50.9-87.1) children than among white non-Hispanic children (73.4%; 95% CI, 71.6-75.2); however, this difference was significant only among Mexican children. Coverage was similar or somewhat higher among Puerto Rican (72.9%; 95% CI, 65.7-80.1) and Dominican (80.2%; 95% CI, 68.5-91.9) children than white non-Hispanic children living below poverty. Conclusions: Findings from the NIS strongly suggest that estimated vaccination coverage among children of Hispanic ancestry varies by group. Improved monitoring of vaccination coverage among Hispanics by community is necessary, and where undervaccination is identified, interventions should be matched to community needs. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Resource Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Herrera, GA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Resource Ctr, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop E-34, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 29 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 20 IS 4 SU S BP 69 EP 74 DI 10.1016/S0749-3797(01)00277-X PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 430YE UT WOS:000168602400013 PM 11331135 ER PT J AU Jiles, RB Daniels, D Yusuf, HR McCauley, MM Chu, SY AF Jiles, RB Daniels, D Yusuf, HR McCauley, MM Chu, SY TI Undervaccination with hepatitis B vaccine - Missed opportunities or choice? SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE hepatitis B; childhood; immunization; vaccination; vaccine coverage ID VIRUS-INFECTION; IMMUNIZATION COVERAGE; CHILDREN; INFANTS; DISEASE; AGE AB Backrgounds: An estimated 1 million to 1.25 million people in the United States are chronically infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and are at substantially increased risk of developing chronic liver disease, including cirrhosis and primary hepatocellular carcinoma, Immunization with hepatitis B vaccine (HepB) is the most effective means of preventing HBV infection and its consequences. Methods: To identify and describe children who had not completed the three-dose HepB series, rye analyzed data from the 1999 National Immunization Survey (NIS). Among the 2648 children aged 19 to 35 months who did not complete the HepB ser ies, eve examined the relationship between the number of doses of HepB received and the number of vaccination visits made, receipt of the birth dose of HepB, age at the time of first vaccination visit (excluding that for the birth dose of HepB), and completion of the 4:3:1:3 series (four doses of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine, three doses of poliovirus vaccine, one dose of measles-containing vaccine, and three doses of Haemophilus influensae type b vaccine [Hib]). Results: Overall, 11.8% of the children who were included in the 1999 NIS did not complete the HepB series. Among these series-incomplete children, most (79.8%; 95% CI, 77.4%-82.2%) did not receive the birth dose of HepB, and most (80.2%; 95% CI, 77.6%-82.8%) had three or more vaccination visits. Most of the series-incomplete children (87.3%; 95% CI, 85.1%-89.5%) who had three or more vaccination visits received one or two doses of HepB. Among series-incomplete children with at least three vaccination visits, those who did not receive any HepB were more likely to have completed the 4:3:1:3 series (67.1%; 95% CI, 58.8%-75.4%) than those who received at least one dose of HepB (52.7%; 95% CI, 49.0%-56.4%). Conclusion: Children who did not complete the HepB series fell into three distinct groups: children who made at least three vaccination visits but did not begin the HepB series (n=326); children who made three or more vaccination visits and received one or two doses of HepB (n=1835); and children who made fewer than three vaccination visits (n= 487). Different intervention strategies are needed to have an impact on each of these groups. including understanding why parents and providers may not be receptive to HepB, decreasing missed opportunities to administer HepB, and implementing tracking systems such as registries to identify and contact children who are due or overdue for vaccinations. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Resource Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Jiles, RB (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Resource Ctr, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop E-34, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 37 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 20 IS 4 SU S BP 75 EP 83 DI 10.1016/S0749-3797(01)00276-8 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 430YE UT WOS:000168602400014 PM 11331136 ER PT J AU Cordero, JF Orenstein, WA AF Cordero, JF Orenstein, WA TI The future of the National Immunization Survey SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Resource Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Cordero, JF (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Resource Ctr, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop E-34, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 20 IS 4 SU S BP 84 EP 85 DI 10.1016/S0749-3797(01)00273-2 PG 2 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 430YE UT WOS:000168602400015 PM 11331137 ER PT J AU Simpson, DM Rodewald, LE Barker, LE AF Simpson, DM Rodewald, LE Barker, LE TI What's in a number? The use and abuse of survey data SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Resource Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Simpson, DM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Resource Ctr, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop E-34, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 20 IS 4 SU S BP 86 EP 87 DI 10.1016/S0749-3797(01)00275-6 PG 2 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 430YE UT WOS:000168602400016 PM 11331138 ER PT J AU Luman, ET Barker, LE Simpson, DM Rodewald, LE Szilagyi, PG Zhao, Z AF Luman, ET Barker, LE Simpson, DM Rodewald, LE Szilagyi, PG Zhao, Z TI National, state, and urban-area vaccination-coverage levels among children aged 19-35 months, United States, 1999 SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE vaccination; child; immunization; delivery of health care; health surveys; surveillance AB Background: Assessment of vaccination coverage is an important component of the U.S. vaccination program and is primarily measured by the National Immunization Survey (NIS). Methods: The 1999 NIS is a nationally representative sample of children aged 19 to 35 months, verified by provider records, that is conducted to obtain estimates of vaccination coverage rates. Results: Coverage estimates are calculated for the nation, states, and selected urban areas for recommended vaccines and selected vaccine series. Coverage estimates are presented by a variety of demographic and healthcare-related factors: overall, by poverty status, race/ethnicity, selected milestone ages, participation in WIG, level of urbanicity, provider participation in VFC, and by provider facility type. In 1999, national coverage estimates were high for most vaccines and among most demographic groups. State and urban-area level estimates varied. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Rochester, Sch Med & Dent, Div Gen Pediat, Rochester, NY USA. RP Luman, ET (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop E-62, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 9 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 2 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 20 IS 4 SU S BP 88 EP 153 PG 66 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 430YE UT WOS:000168602400017 PM 12174806 ER PT J AU Simpson, DM AF Simpson, DM TI Regarding "Improving immunization surveillance and performance monitoring" SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Data Management Div, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Simpson, DM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Data Management Div, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 20 IS 4 SU S BP 154 EP 154 DI 10.1016/S0749-3797(01)00272-0 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 430YE UT WOS:000168602400018 PM 12174805 ER PT J AU Santoli, JM Barker, LE Lyons, BH Gandhi, NB Phillips, G Rodewald, LE AF Santoli, JM Barker, LE Lyons, BH Gandhi, NB Phillips, G Rodewald, LE TI Health department clinics as pediatric immunization providers - A national survey SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 39th Annual Meeting of the Ambulatory-Pediatric-Association CY MAY 01-04, 1999 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA SP Ambulatory Pediatr Assoc DE immunization; pediatrics; public sector ID PRIMARY-CARE; MISSED OPPORTUNITIES; UNITED-STATES; INSURANCE; CHILDREN; PHYSICIANS; COVERAGE; ACCESS AB Objectives: To describe a national sample of health department immunization clinics in terms of populations served, patient volume trends, services offered, and immunization practices. Methods: Telephone survey conducted with health departments sampled from a national database, using probability proportional to population size. Results: All (100%) 166 sampled and eligible clinics completed the survey. The majority of pediatric patients were uninsured (42%) or enrolled in Medicaid (34%). Most children (69%) and adolescents (70%) were referred to the health department, with only 12% using these clinics as a medical home. A number of clinics (72%) reported recent increases in adolescents served. Less than 25% of clinics offered comprehensive care, 47% conducted semiannual coverage assessments, and 76% and 38% operated recall systems for children and adolescents. Storage of records in an electronic database was common (83%). Conclusions: Although the majority of these clinics do not provide comprehensive care, they continue to serve vulnerable children, including adolescents, Medicaid enrollees, and the uninsured, and may represent the main contact with the healthcare system for such patients. Because assuring the immunization of these children is essential to their health and the health of our nation as a whole, this immunization safety net must be preserved. Experience implementing key recommendations such as coverage assessment and feedback as well as reminder or recall may enable health department staff to assist private provider colleagues. Further research is needed to investigate how patient populations, services offered, and immunization practices vary by different clinic characteristics. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Natl Assoc Cty & City Hlth Officials, Washington, DC USA. RP Santoli, JM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop E-52, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 30 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 20 IS 4 BP 266 EP 271 DI 10.1016/S0749-3797(01)00299-9 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 426LV UT WOS:000168351400004 PM 11331114 ER PT J AU Weinberg, MS Gunn, RA Mast, EE Gresham, L Ginsberg, M AF Weinberg, MS Gunn, RA Mast, EE Gresham, L Ginsberg, M TI Preventing transmission of hepatitis B virus from people with chronic infection SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE hepatitis B; hepatitis B vaccines; counseling ID HIV-INFECTION; PRIMARY-CARE; PHYSICIANS; COMMUNICATION; GUIDELINES; HEALTH AB Background: People with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection are the major source of HBV transmission in the United States. The Public Health Service recommends prevention counseling for HBV-infected people and vaccination of their household contacts and sexual partners. Objectives: To describe the implementation of these recommendations by community physicians. Methods: Telephone survey of 69 people with chronic HBV infection and their healthcare providers, October 1997 through November 1997, in San Diego, California. Main Outcome Measures: Counseling of people with chronic HBV infection and vaccination of their household contacts and sexual partners. Results: Forty-three percent of providers reported providing prevention counseling to their HBV-infected patients to reduce transmission; 16% of patients reported receiving counseling. For the 32 pairs for which both the patient and provider could be reached and the patients were aware of their HBV infection, 20 (63%) providers reported counseling patients, and 10 (50%) of these providers' patients reported receiving counseling. Fifty-five percent of providers recommended vaccination of contacts; 13% of eligible adult household contacts and sexual partners and 20% of eligible child household contacts had begun hepatitis B vaccination. Conclusions: Prevention counseling of people with chronic HBV infection and vaccination of their contacts occur infrequently despite guidelines and an effective vaccine. Collaborative efforts between providers and people involved in public health are needed to improve delivery of these preventive health services. C1 Hlth & Human Serv Agcy, Sexually Transmitted Dis Program, San Diego, CA USA. Hlth & Human Serv Agcy, Div AIDS & Community Epidemiol, San Diego, CA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Sexually Transmitted Dis Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD TB Prevent Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hepatitis Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Weinberg, MS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Quarantine, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,MS E-03, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 20 TC 12 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 20 IS 4 BP 272 EP 276 DI 10.1016/S0749-3797(01)00298-7 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 426LV UT WOS:000168351400005 PM 11331115 ER PT J AU Klevens, RM Fleming, PL Neal, JJ Li, JM AF Klevens, RM Fleming, PL Neal, JJ Li, JM CA Mode Transmission Validation Study TI Knowledge of partner risk and secondary transmission of HIV SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE sexually transmitted diseases; acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; HIV infections ID UNITED-STATES; BEHAVIORS; INFECTION; AIDS AB Background: The number and proportion of people living longer with HIV and the proportion of people infected heterosexually have increased. We measured the frequency with which people with heterosexually acquired AIDS knew their partners' risk behaviors, the extent of secondary heterosexual transmission of HIV, and characterized people at risk for secondary heterosexual transmission. Methods: For each of five sites (Alabama, California, Florida, New Jersey, and Texas) and for New York City, a sample of adults with AIDS was interviewed. Primary heterosexual transmission was contact with a partner who had a known risk factor for HIV infection. Secondary transmission was contact with an HIV-positive partner not known to have a risk for HIV. Results: Among men, 35% knew that a sexual partner was HIV infected, 56% of women knew that a sexual partner was HIV infected. Among women, 12% knew that a partner was bisexual. Overall, 79% (460 of 581) reported a partner with a primary risk for HIV; among men, 236 of 293 (81%), and among women, 224 of 288 (78%) reported a partner with a primary risk. People categorized with secondary transmission were significantly more likely to be black and never married. People categorized with secondary transmission were more frequently women (53%), had less than a high school education (48%), and a history of drug use (52%). Men categorized with secondary transmission of HIV had a mean of 22 heterosexual partners; women had a mean of 16 partners. Conclusions: We found that many heterosexuals with AIDS did not know their sexual partners' risk for HIV, and that secondary heterosexual transmission probably results in a small proportion of all AIDS cases in the U.S. C1 TRW Co Inc, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Klevens, RM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 21 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 20 IS 4 BP 277 EP 281 DI 10.1016/S0749-3797(01)00297-5 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 426LV UT WOS:000168351400006 PM 11331116 ER PT J AU Thompson, BL Harris, JR AF Thompson, BL Harris, JR TI Performance measures - Are we measuring what matters? SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE healthcare quality; healthcare quality indicators; healthcare quality assurance AB Background: The ultimate intent of healthcare performance measures is to improve health status by stimulating improvements to healthcare quality. This report evaluates how well current performance measurement sets address the leading causes of illness and death in the United States, using the Health Plan Employer Data and Information Set (HEDIS) as an example. Methods: We assessed whether HEDIS measures exist for the leading causes of illness and death according to five commonly used indices: physiologic cause of death, underlying cause of death, disability-adjusted life years, healthcare expenditures, and missed work days. Results: Fewer than one half of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality are addressed by current measures. Conclusions: The opportunities for using accurate and meaningful measurement for disease prevention and health promotion are substantial, yet this potential remains only partly realized and depends on further expansion of performance measurement efforts. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Prevent Res & Analyt Methods, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Harris, JR (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Prevent Res & Analyt Methods, Epidemiol Program Off, 4770 Buford Highway,Mail Stop K-73, Atlanta, GA USA. OI Harris, Jeffrey/0000-0001-8728-7195 NR 8 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 20 IS 4 BP 291 EP 293 DI 10.1016/S0749-3797(01)00294-X PG 3 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 426LV UT WOS:000168351400009 PM 11331119 ER PT J AU Dannenberg, A Brown, M AF Dannenberg, A Brown, M TI Images in preventive medicine - Bangladesh "information highway" in the year 2000 SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Appl Publ Hlth Training, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Dannenberg, A (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Appl Publ Hlth Training, Epidemiol Program Off, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop D-18, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 20 IS 4 BP 307 EP 307 DI 10.1016/S0749-3797(01)00290-2 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 426LV UT WOS:000168351400012 PM 11331122 ER PT J AU Royce, RA Walter, EB Fernandez, MI Wilson, TE Ickovics, JR Simonds, RJ AF Royce, RA Walter, EB Fernandez, MI Wilson, TE Ickovics, JR Simonds, RJ CA Perinatal Guidelines Evaluation Pr TI Barriers to universal prenatal HIV testing in 4 US locations in 1997 SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION; PREGNANT-WOMEN; COTE-DIVOIRE; RANDOMIZED TRIAL; ORAL ZIDOVUDINE; BURKINA-FASO; PREVENTION; CARE; ACCEPTANCE AB Objectives. We determined rates of prenatal HIV testing and investigated barriers to testing. Methods. We surveyed 1362 representative parturient women from 7 hospitals in 4 locations of the United States. Results. Overall, 89.9% of women reported being offered HIV testing and 69.6% reported being tested. Proportions of women not offered testing differed by location (range= 5.2%-16.3%), as did proportions not tested (range= 12.2%-54.4%). Among women who perceived that their clinicians had not recommended testing, 41.7% were tested, compared with 92.8% of women who perceived a strong recommendation (P < .05). Private insurance for prenatal care was also associated with not being tested. Women gave multiple reasons for not being tested, most commonly not being at risk, having been tested recently, and the test's not being offered or recommended, cited by 55.3%, 39.1% and 11.1% of women, respectively. Conclusions. Although most parturient women were offered a prenatal HIV test and got tested, testing proportions did not reach national goals and differed significantly by location and payment-status. Concern about testing consequences was not a major barrier. Perception of clinicians' recommendations strongly influenced testing. Changing provider practices will be essential to implementing universal prenatal HIV testing. C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Epidemiol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Univ Miami, Sch Med, Dept Psychiat & Behav Sci, Miami, FL USA. Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, Durham, NC 27710 USA. Suny Downstate Med Ctr, Dept Prevent Med & Community Hlth, Brooklyn, NY 11203 USA. Yale Univ, Ctr Interdisciplinary Res AIDS, Dept Epidemiol & Publ Hlth, New Haven, CT USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Royce, RA (reprint author), Res Triangle Inst, POB 12194, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RI Royce, Rachel/A-7964-2012 FU PHS HHS [64/CCU212267, U64/CCU112274, U64/CCU412273, U64/CCU412294] NR 35 TC 43 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD MAY PY 2001 VL 91 IS 5 BP 727 EP 733 DI 10.2105/AJPH.91.5.727 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 461BP UT WOS:000170345300013 PM 11344880 ER PT J AU Stall, R Pollack, L Mills, TC Martin, JN Osmond, D Paul, J Binson, D Coates, TJ Catania, JA AF Stall, R Pollack, L Mills, TC Martin, JN Osmond, D Paul, J Binson, D Coates, TJ Catania, JA TI Use of antiretroviral therapies among HIV-infected men who have sex with men: A household-based sample of 4 major American cities SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS INFECTION; INJECTION-DRUG USERS; CONTROLLED TRIAL; UNITED-STATES; GAY MEN; INDINAVIR; BEHAVIOR; ADULTS AB Objectives. This study sought to determine the prevalence and determinants of use of recommended antiretroviral regimens among urban seropositive men who have sex with men (MSM). Methods. A probability telephone sample of MSM was taken within regions of Chicago, Los Angeles, New York, and San Francisco. Analysis focused on use of antiretroviral therapies. Results. Although the majority of seropositive MSM with CD4 counts below 500 per microliter were using recommended antiretroviral regimens, 26% of seropositive MSM were not receiving such care. Men who were younger, who reported a sexual orientation other than homosexual, who had a more recent interview date, who were at middle levels of affiliation with the gay community, and who reported higher levels of perceived exclusivity on the part of the gay community were less likely to be using recommended antiretroviral regimens. Conclusions. Although current efforts to make antiretroviral therapies available to HIV-seropositive MSM are reasonably effective, additional efforts are needed for MSM characterized by relative youth and lower social support. C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Ctr AIDS Prevent Studies, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, AIDS Res Inst, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. RP Stall, R (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Behav Intervent Res Grp, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD TB Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,M-S E-37, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. FU NIMH NIH HHS [MH54320] NR 28 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD MAY PY 2001 VL 91 IS 5 BP 767 EP 773 DI 10.2105/AJPH.91.5.767 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 461BP UT WOS:000170345300018 PM 11344885 ER PT J AU Siegel, PZ Qualters, JR Mowery, PD Campostrini, S Leutzinger, C McQueen, DV AF Siegel, PZ Qualters, JR Mowery, PD Campostrini, S Leutzinger, C McQueen, DV TI Subgroup-specific effects of questionnaire wording on population-based estimates of mammography prevalence SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID HEALTH INTERVIEW SURVEYS; SELF-REPORTS; ACCURACY; BREAST; WOMEN AB Objectives. This study investigated whether an apparent downturn in prevalence rates of mammography use reported in the 1992 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) questionnaire resulted from a change in questionnaire wording. Methods. In a pretest-posttest design (1990-1991 vs 1992), piecewise linear regression analyses were based on monthly prevalence estimates of mammography use among female BRFSS respondents 40 years or older. Results. Self-reported mammography use was lower by 3.5 percentage points (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.5, 5.5) overall-and lower by 13.6 percentage points (95% CI = 2.6, 24.6) among Black women with less than a high school education-when predicted from 1992 data than when predicted from 1990-1991 data. Conclusions. A change in questionnaire wording in the BRFSS caused demographic-specific effects in population-based estimates of mammography use. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Adult & Community Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Environm Hazards & Hlth Effects, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Res Triangle Inst, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Univ Padua, Dept Stat Sci, I-35100 Padua, Italy. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Director, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Siegel, PZ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Adult & Community Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Mail Stop K30, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 26 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD MAY PY 2001 VL 91 IS 5 BP 817 EP 820 DI 10.2105/AJPH.91.5.817 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 461BP UT WOS:000170345300030 PM 11344896 ER PT J AU Cruz, MA Katz, DJ Suarez, JA AF Cruz, MA Katz, DJ Suarez, JA TI An assessment of the ability of routine restaurant inspections to predict food-borne outbreaks in Miami-Dade County, Florida SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article AB Objectives. This study sought to determine the usefulness of restaurant inspections in predicting food-borne outbreaks in Miami-Dade County, Fla. Methods. Inspection reports of restaurants with outbreaks in 1995 (cases; n = 51) were compared with those of randomly selected restaurants that had no reported outbreaks (controls; n = 76). Results. Cases and controls did not differ by overall inspection outcome or mean number of critical violations. Only I critical violation-evidence of vermin-was associated with outbreaks (odds ratio = 3.3; 95% confidence interval = 1.1, 13.1). Conclusions. Results of restaurant inspections in Miami-Dade County did not predict outbreaks. If these findings are representative of the situation in other jurisdictions, inspection practices may need to be updated. C1 Miami Dade Cty Hlth Dept, Off Epidemiol & Dis Control, Miami, FL USA. Florida Dept Hlth, Bur Epidemiol, Miami, FL USA. Florida Dept Hlth, Bur Environm Epidemiol, Miami, FL USA. RP Cruz, MA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Emergency Preparedness & Response Branch, 4770 Buford Hwy,Mail Stop F-38, Chamblee, GA 30341 USA. NR 9 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD MAY PY 2001 VL 91 IS 5 BP 821 EP 823 DI 10.2105/AJPH.91.5.821 PG 3 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 461BP UT WOS:000170345300031 PM 11344897 ER PT J AU Zhang, P Husten, C Giovino, G AF Zhang, P Husten, C Giovino, G TI Tobacco supply control program - Zhang responds SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Letter ID UNITED-STATES C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Diabet Translat, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Smoking & Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Zhang, P (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Diabet Translat, MS K-10,4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD MAY PY 2001 VL 91 IS 5 BP 828 EP 828 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 461BP UT WOS:000170345300036 ER PT J AU Wolfe, ND Kilbourn, AM Karesh, WB Rahman, HA Bosi, EJ Cropp, BC Andau, M Spielman, A Gubler, DJ AF Wolfe, ND Kilbourn, AM Karesh, WB Rahman, HA Bosi, EJ Cropp, BC Andau, M Spielman, A Gubler, DJ TI Sylvatic transmission of arboviruses among Bornean orangutans SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID DENGUE VIRUSES; POPULATIONS AB Wild populations of nonhuman primates live in regions of sylvatic arbovirus transmission. To assess the status of arbovirus transmission in Bornean forests and the susceptibility of wild orangutans to arboviral infection, blood samples of wild orangutans. semi-captive orangutans, and humans were examined. Samples were tested by plaque reduction neutralization test for antibodies to viruses representing three families (Flaviviridae, Alphaviridae, and Bunyaviridae), including dengue-2, Japanese encephalitis, Zika, Langat, Tembusu, Sindbis, Chikungunya, and Batai viruses. Both wild and semi-captive orangutan groups as well as local human populations showed serologic evidence of arbovirus infection. The presence of neutralizing antibodies among wild orangutans strongly suggests the existence of sylvatic cycles for dengue, Japanese encephalitis, and sindbis viruses in North Borneo. The present study demonstrates that orangutans are susceptible to arboviral infections in the wild, although the impact of arboviral infections on this endangered ape remain unknown. C1 Wildlife Conservat Soc, Field Vet Program, Bronx, NY 10460 USA. Dept Hlth, Kota Kinabalu 88814, Sabah, Malaysia. Sabah Wildlife Dept, Kota Kinabalu 88100, Sabah, Malaysia. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Vector Borne Dis, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Immunol & Infect Dis, Boston, MA 02115 USA. RP Wolfe, ND (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Int Hlth, Ctr Immunizat Res, 624 N Broadway,Hampton House 210, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. NR 37 TC 82 Z9 86 U1 3 U2 37 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DR, STE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD MAY-JUN PY 2001 VL 64 IS 5-6 BP 310 EP 316 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA 453NH UT WOS:000169921600017 PM 11463123 ER PT J AU Rasheed, JK AF Rasheed, JK TI Is OmpK35 specific for ceftazadime penetration? Reply SO ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Rasheed, JK (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0066-4804 J9 ANTIMICROB AGENTS CH JI Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 45 IS 5 BP 1601 EP 1601 PG 1 WC Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA 424PH UT WOS:000168240300053 ER PT J AU Schaffer, SJ Humiston, SG Shone, LP Averhoff, FM Szilagyi, PG AF Schaffer, SJ Humiston, SG Shone, LP Averhoff, FM Szilagyi, PG TI Adolescent immunization practices - A national survey of US physicians SO ARCHIVES OF PEDIATRICS & ADOLESCENT MEDICINE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 32nd National Immunization Conference CY JUL 21-24, 1998 CL ATLANTA, GEORGIA ID HEPATITIS-B IMMUNIZATION; FAMILY PHYSICIANS; PRIMARY-CARE; VACCINATION; UNIVERSAL; CHILDREN; PEDIATRICIANS; TRACKING; IMPROVE AB Background: Adolescent immunization rates remain low. Hence, a batter understanding of the factors that influence adolescent immunization is needed. Objective: To assess the adolescent immuization practices of US physicians. Design and Setting: A 24-item survey mailed in 1997 to a national sample of 1480 pediatricians and family physicians living in the United States, randomly selected from the American Medical Association's Master List of Physicians. Participants: Of 1110 physicians (75%) who responded, 761 met inclusion criteria. Outcome Measures: Immunization practices and policies, use of tracking and recall, opinions about school based immunizations, and reasons for nut providing particular immunizations to eligible adolescents. Results: Seventy-nine percent of physicians reported using protocols for adolescent immunization, and 82% recommended hepatitis B immunization for all eligible adolescents. Those who did not routinely immunize adolescents often cited insufficient insurance coverage for immunizations. While 42% of physicians reported that they review the immunization status of adolescent patients at acute illness visits, only 24% immunized eligible adolescents during such visits. Twenty-one percent used immunization cracking and recall systems. Though 84% preferred that immunizations be administered at their practice, 71% of physicians considered schools, and 63% considered teen clinics to be acceptable alternative adolescent immunization sites. However many had concerns about continuity of care fur adolescents receiving immunizations in school. Conclusions: Most physicians supported adolescent immunization efforts. Barriers preventing adolescent immunization included financial barriers, record scattering, lack of tracking and recall, and missed opportunities. School-based immunization programs were acceptable to most physicians, despite concerns about continuity of care. Further research is needed to determine whether interventions that have successfully increased infant immunization rates al e also effective for adolescents. C1 Univ Rochester, Med Ctr, Div Gen Pediat, Sch Med & Dent,Dept Pediat, Rochester, NY 14642 USA. Univ Rochester, Sch Med & Dent, Dept Emergency Med, Rochester, NY 14642 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Schaffer, SJ (reprint author), Univ Rochester, Med Ctr, Div Gen Pediat, Sch Med & Dent,Dept Pediat, Box 777,601 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, NY 14642 USA. OI Schaffer, Stanley/0000-0001-7993-1374 FU PHS HHS [200-90-0869] NR 28 TC 65 Z9 67 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 1072-4710 J9 ARCH PEDIAT ADOL MED JI Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 155 IS 5 BP 566 EP 571 PG 6 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 427QM UT WOS:000168417000007 PM 11343499 ER PT J AU Ballew, C Kuester, S Gillespie, C AF Ballew, C Kuester, S Gillespie, C TI The necessity for statistical precision - In reply SO ARCHIVES OF PEDIATRICS & ADOLESCENT MEDICINE LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Ballew, C (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Mailstop K-26,4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 1072-4710 J9 ARCH PEDIAT ADOL MED JI Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 155 IS 5 BP 620 EP 620 PG 1 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA 427QM UT WOS:000168417000025 ER PT J AU Bild, DE Folsom, AR Lowe, LP Sidney, S Kiefe, C Westfall, AO Zheng, ZJ Rumberger, J AF Bild, DE Folsom, AR Lowe, LP Sidney, S Kiefe, C Westfall, AO Zheng, ZJ Rumberger, J TI Prevalence and correlates of coronary calcification in black and white young adults - The coronary artery risk development in young adults - (CARDIA) study SO ARTERIOSCLEROSIS THROMBOSIS AND VASCULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE coronary heart disease; risk factors; race; coronary artery calcification ID BEAM COMPUTED-TOMOGRAPHY; DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; HEART-DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE; BLOOD-PRESSURE; FOLLOW-UP; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CALCIUM; ASSOCIATION; POPULATION AB Whereas cardiovascular risk factor levels are substantially different in black and white Americans, the relative rates of cardiovascular disease in the 2 groups are not always consistent with these differences. To compare the prevalence of coronary calcification, an indicator of coronary atherosclerosis, in young adult blacks and whites, we performed electron-beam computed tomography of the heart in 443 men and women aged 28 to 40 years recruited from a population-based cohort. The presence of calcium. defined as at least 1 focus of at least 2.05 mm(2) in area and >130 Hounsfield units in density within the coronary arteries, was identified in 16.1% of black men, 11.8% of black women, 17.1% of white men, and 4.6% of white women (P=0.04 for comparison across groups). Coronary calcium was associated with age and male sex, and after adjustment for age, race, and sex, coronary calcium was positively associated with body mass index, weight, systolic blood pressure. total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and fasting insulin and negatively associated with education (all P<0.05). Independent risk factors included male sex, body mass index, and low density lipoprotein cholesterol. Race was not significantly associated with coronary calcium in men or women, before or after adjustment for risk factors. Coronary calcification is associated with increased levels of cardiovascular risk factors in young adults, and its prevalence is not significantly different in blacks and whites. C1 NHLBI, DECA, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Univ Minnesota, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Minneapolis, MN USA. Northwestern Univ, Dept Prevent Med, Chicago, IL 60611 USA. Kaiser Permanente, Div Res, Oakland, CA USA. Univ Alabama, Dept Prevent Med, Birmingham, AL USA. Univ Alabama, Ctr Comprehens Canc, Birmingham, AL USA. Ctr Dis Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Diagnost Cardiovasc Consultants, Columbus, OH USA. RP Bild, DE (reprint author), NHLBI, DECA, NIH, 2 Rockledge Ctr,6701 Rockledge Dr,MSC 7934, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [N01-HC-48047, N01-HC-48048, N01-HC-48049, N01-HC-48050, N01-HC-95095] NR 43 TC 101 Z9 103 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1079-5642 J9 ARTERIOSCL THROM VAS JI Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 21 IS 5 BP 852 EP 857 PG 6 WC Hematology; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Hematology; Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 431VG UT WOS:000168652000025 PM 11348886 ER PT J AU Warnberg, F Bergh, J Zack, M Holmberg, L AF Warnberg, F Bergh, J Zack, M Holmberg, L TI Risk factors for subsequent invasive breast cancer and breast cancer death after ductal carcinoma in situ: A population-based case-control study in Sweden SO CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY BIOMARKERS & PREVENTION LA English DT Article ID TERM FOLLOW-UP; IN-SITU; INTRADUCTAL CARCINOMA; CONTRALATERAL BREAST; CONSERVING SURGERY; RADIATION-THERAPY; INSITU; WOMEN; AGE; RADIOTHERAPY AB In a case-control study derived from a cohort of 4661 women with a primary carcinoma in situ of the breast, we investigated age at diagnosis, mode of detection, tumor characteristics, and primary therapy, as prognostic factors for developing invasive breast cancer or dying from breast cancer. From all of the women with a primary carcinoma in situ reported to the Swedish Cancer Registry from 1960 through 1992, we selected as cases all of the women with a ductal carcinoma in situ who later died of breast cancer (n = 39) or who developed a subsequent invasive cancer in either breast (n = 118), From this cohort, we also selected controls matched to the cases by year of diagnosis and health care region, We conducted univariate and multivariate analyses to study the association between risk of invasive cancer or death and the different risk factors. Large size, diameter greater than or equal to 25 mm [odds ratio (OR), 3.5; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.1-11.4] and multifocality (OR, 3.9; 95% CI, 1.2-12.7) increased the risk of breast cancer death in univariate analysis. Postoperative radiotherapy (OR, 0.1; 95% CI, 0.0-1.0) and mastectomy (OR, 0.1-95% CI, 0.0-0.5) lowered the risk of an ipsilateral invasive cancer in multivariate analysis. The risk pattern by treatment category differed between those who had an ipsilateral invasive cancer and those who either had a contralateral cancer or died from breast cancer. The driving forces behind local and generalized disease may differ. Because confounding by indication may influence the effects of different treatments, the results should be interpreted with caution. C1 Univ Uppsala Hosp, Dept Surg, S-75185 Uppsala, Sweden. Karolinska Hosp, Dept Oncol, S-17176 Stockholm, Sweden. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Reg Oncol Ctr, S-75185 Uppsala, Sweden. RP Warnberg, F (reprint author), Univ Uppsala Hosp, Dept Surg, S-75185 Uppsala, Sweden. NR 36 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC CANCER RESEARCH PI BIRMINGHAM PA PO BOX 11806, BIRMINGHAM, AL 35202 USA SN 1055-9965 J9 CANCER EPIDEM BIOMAR JI Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 10 IS 5 BP 495 EP 499 PG 5 WC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 433CM UT WOS:000168737800011 PM 11352860 ER PT J AU Yong, LC Schulte, PA Wiencke, JK Boeniger, MF Connally, LB Walker, JT Whelan, EA Ward, EM AF Yong, LC Schulte, PA Wiencke, JK Boeniger, MF Connally, LB Walker, JT Whelan, EA Ward, EM TI Hemoglobin adducts and sister chromatid exchanges in hospital workers exposed to ethylene oxide: Effects of glutathione S-transferase T1 and M1 genotypes SO CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY BIOMARKERS & PREVENTION LA English DT Article ID SALMONELLA-TYPHIMURIUM; HUMAN BLOOD; IN-VIVO; THETA; POLYMORPHISMS; EXPRESSION; CANCER; ETHENE; SCE; MUTAGENICITY AB Ethylene oxide (EtO) is a genotoxic carcinogen,vith widespread uses as an industrial chemical intermediate and sterilant, We examined the effects of glutathione S-transferase TI (GSTT1) and MI (GSTM1) genotypes on the levels of N-(2-hydroxyethyl) valine (HEV) adducts in the erythrocytes and sister chromatid exchange (SCE) in lymphocytes from a group of 58 operators of sterilizers that used EtO and nonexposed workers from nine hospitals in the United States and one hospital in Mexico City, Cumulative exposure to EtO was estimated during the 4-month period before the collection of blood samples, Results showed that EtO exposure was significantly associated with the levels of HEV adducts and SCE after adjusting for cigarette smoking and other potential confounders. A significantly higher HEV adduct level (0.17 +/- 0.03 versus 0.08 +/- 0.01, mean +/- SE; P = 0.02) but lower SCE frequency (5.31 +/- 0.39 versus 6.21 +/- 0.17; P = 0.04) was observed in subjects with homozygous deletion of the GSTT1 gene (null genotype) as compared with those with at least one copy of the gene (positive genotype), In multiple regression analysis, the GSTT1-null genotype was associated with an increase in HEV adduct level (P = 1.62; P = 0.02) and a decrease in SCE frequency (P = -1.25; P = 0.003) after adjusting for age, gender, race, education, cigarette smoking, and EtO exposure status. The inverse SCE-GSTT1 relationship remained unchanged when SCE was further examined in relation to HEV adducts as an indicator of the internal EtO dose. The GSTM1 genotype was not associated,vith the level of either HEV adduct or SCE, These data indicate that the GSTT1-null genotype is associated with increased formation of EtO-hemoglobin adducts in relation to occupational EtO exposure, suggesting that individuals,vith homozygous deletion of the GSTT1 gene may be more susceptible to the genotoxic effects of EtO, The unexpected finding of decreased SCEs, which is less clear, may be attributed to the nonchemical specificity of this end point and the tack of expression of the GSTT1 enzyme in lymphocytes. C1 NIOSH, Industrywide Studies Branch, Div Surveillance Hazard Evaluat & Field Studi, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NIOSH, Educ & Informat Div, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, Lab Mol Epidemiol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. RP Yong, LC (reprint author), NIOSH, Industrywide Studies Branch, Div Surveillance Hazard Evaluat & Field Studi, 4676 Columbia Pkwy,MS R15, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 44 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC CANCER RESEARCH PI BIRMINGHAM PA PO BOX 11806, BIRMINGHAM, AL 35202 USA SN 1055-9965 J9 CANCER EPIDEM BIOMAR JI Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 10 IS 5 BP 539 EP 550 PG 12 WC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 433CM UT WOS:000168737800017 PM 11352866 ER PT J AU Pohl, HR McClure, PR Fay, M Holler, J De Rosa, CT AF Pohl, HR McClure, PR Fay, M Holler, J De Rosa, CT TI Public health assessment of hexachlorobenzene SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 19th Symposium on Halgenated Organic Pollutants and Pops - DIOXIN '99 CY SEP 12-17, 1999 CL VENICE, ITALY DE toxicity equivalency; mixtures; public health assessment ID MINIMAL RISK LEVELS; INTERIM POLICY GUIDELINE; DIOXIN-LIKE COMPOUNDS; EFFECTS CLASSIFICATION; CHEMICAL-MIXTURES; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-PARA-DIOXIN; DERIVATION; TOXICITY; MICE; SOIL AB Recently, hexachlorobenzene (HCB) was proposed for inclusion in the system of toxicity equivalency factors (TEFs) currently used for dioxin-like compounds. In this paper, we explore the practical implications of the proposition to the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) programs by comparing respective health guidance values for 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and HCB (expressed as total toxicity equivalents [TEQs]), reviewing possible interactions between HCB and dioxin-like chemicals, and by providing information on actual co-existence of HCB and dioxin-like chemicals at hazardous waste sites. We found a good correlation between the TEF-adjusted oral exposure guidance values for HCB and guidance values for TCDD. The combination of HCB and other dioxin-like compounds was not found in soil, air, or water media at hazardous waste sites.;Based on this fact, it is not necessary to include HCB in the total TEQ count at hazardous waste sites at this time. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 US Dept HHS, Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Syracuse Res Corp, Syracuse, NY 13212 USA. RP Pohl, HR (reprint author), US Dept HHS, Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Mailstop E-29,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 28 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD MAY-JUN PY 2001 VL 43 IS 4-7 BP 903 EP 908 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00451-3 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 430VU UT WOS:000168596800066 PM 11372883 ER PT J AU Eskenazi, B Mocarelli, P Warner, M Samuels, S Needham, L Patterson, D Brambilla, P Gerthoux, PM Turner, W Casalini, S Cazzaniga, M Chee, WY AF Eskenazi, B Mocarelli, P Warner, M Samuels, S Needham, L Patterson, D Brambilla, P Gerthoux, PM Turner, W Casalini, S Cazzaniga, M Chee, WY TI Seveso women's health study: does zone of residence predict individual TCDD exposure? SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 19th Symposium on Halgenated Organic Pollutants and Pops - DIOXIN '99 CY SEP 12-17, 1999 CL VENICE, ITALY DE dioxin; reproductive health; human; biomarkers ID REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-PARA-DIOXIN TCDD; LACTATIONAL EXPOSURE; IN-UTERO; RATS; DIOXIN; POPULATION; OVULATION; MOUSE; SERUM AB The compound, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), is produced as an unwanted by-product of various chemical reactions and combustion processes, including the manufacture of chlorinated phenols and derivatives. In animals, TCDD exposure is associated with toxic, carcinogenic, developmental, and reproductive effects. In 1976, a chemical plant explosion in Seveso, Italy, exposed the residents in the surrounding community to the highest exposure to TCDD known in humans. Materials from an aerosol cloud of sodium hydroxide, sodium trichlorophenate and TCDD were deposited over an 18.1 km(2) area. As evidence of the significant level of TCDD exposure, numerous animals died and 193 cases of chloracne were reported among residents of the area. Initially, the contaminated area was divided into three major exposure Zones (A, B, R) based on the concentration of TCDD in surface soils. To date, the majority of epidemiologic studies conducted in Seveso have used Zone of residence as a proxy measure of exposure. The purpose of the present study is to validate the use of Zone of residence in Seveso as a proxy measure of exposure against individual serum TCDD measurement, and to determine whether questionnaire information can improve the accuracy of the exposure classification. Using data collected from the Seveso Women's Health Study (SWHS), the first comprehensive epidemiologic study of the reproductive health of women in Seveso, we determined that Zone of residence is a good predictor of individual serum TCDD level, explaining 24% of the variance. Using questionnaire information could have improved prediction of individual exposure levels in Seveso, increasing the percent of the variation in serum TCDD levels explained to 42%. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Milano Bicocca, Hosp Desio, Sch Med, Dept Lab Med, I-20033 Desio, Italy. Univ Calif Davis, Div Occupat Environm Med & Epidemiol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Environm Hlth Lab Sci, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Eskenazi, B (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Sch Publ Hlth, 140 Warren Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Needham, Larry/E-4930-2011 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [2P30-ESO01896-17, R01 ES07171] NR 31 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD MAY-JUN PY 2001 VL 43 IS 4-7 BP 937 EP 942 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00454-9 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 430VU UT WOS:000168596800070 PM 11372887 ER PT J AU Kang, HK Dalager, NA Needham, LL Patterson, DG Matanoski, GM Kanchanaraksa, S Lees, PSJ AF Kang, HK Dalager, NA Needham, LL Patterson, DG Matanoski, GM Kanchanaraksa, S Lees, PSJ TI US Army Chemical Corps Vietnam veterans health study: preliminary results SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 19th Symposium on Halgenated Organic Pollutants and Pops - DIOXIN '99 CY SEP 12-17, 1999 CL VENICE, ITALY DE dioxin; Vietnam veterans; phenoxyherbicides; health risks ID DIOXINS; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN; DIBENZOFURANS AB The long-term health consequences of exposure to phenoxyherbicides used in Vietnam has been a great concern to the veterans. In addition to the Air Force Ranch Hand personnel: Army Chemical Corps personnel who served in Vietnam are thought to have had some of the highest herbicide exposures. The Department of Veterans Affairs commenced a study of veterans who served in Vietnam as members of the Army Chemical Corps and a comparison cohort of Army Chemical Corps personnel who served elsewhere. A total of 2872 Vietnam veterans and 2737 non-Vietnam veterans who served in the Army Chemical Corps were identified for inclusion in a telephone health interview survey with a random 20% sample of veterans receiving serum dioxin and other congeners assessments. In a feasibility study which included 284 Vietnam veterans and 281 non-Vietnam veterans, 100 serum assessments were conducted of which 95 were included in the analysis. Vietnam veterans with a history of spraying herbicides were found to have a statistically significant elevation in their current serum 2,3,7,8-TCDD concentrations compared to non-Vietnam veterans without a spray history (P = 0.05). Other 2,3,7,8-substituted dioxins levels were comparable to the levels found in the non-Vietnam veterans. This feasibility study demonstrated that serum dioxin concentrations from a sample of the study participants can be used to identify exposure variables in the health survey that can serve as a surrogate measure of phenoxyherbicide exposure. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Dept Vet Affairs, Environm Epidemiol Serv, Washington, DC 20036 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. RP Kang, HK (reprint author), Dept Vet Affairs, Environm Epidemiol Serv, 1120 20th St NW,Suite 950, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RI Needham, Larry/E-4930-2011 NR 11 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD MAY-JUN PY 2001 VL 43 IS 4-7 BP 943 EP 949 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00455-0 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 430VU UT WOS:000168596800071 PM 11372888 ER PT J AU Shadel, BN Evans, RG Roberts, D Clardy, S Jordan-Izaguirre, D Patterson, DG Needham, LL AF Shadel, BN Evans, RG Roberts, D Clardy, S Jordan-Izaguirre, D Patterson, DG Needham, LL TI Background levels of non-ortho-substituted (coplanar) polychlorinated biphenyls in human serum of Missouri residents SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 19th Symposium on Halgenated Organic Pollutants and Pops - DIOXIN '99 CY SEP 12-17, 1999 CL VENICE, ITALY DE PCB; dioxin; TEQ; incinerator; exposure study; referent levels ID HUMAN ADIPOSE-TISSUE; DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS; HUMAN-MILK; ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES; HUMAN BLOOD; PCBS; PCDDS; PCDFS; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN AB This study characterizes the levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) congeners PCB 77, PCB 81, PCB 126, and PCB 169, in a group of 150 men and women with no documented exposure to PCBs, Its purpose is to provide current referent levels of coplanar PCBs in Missouri residents and to compare those levels to levels reported in the literature from the United States and other countries. Although this study used an extensive questionnaire assessing potential sources of exposure, no positive relations were found between these exposure sources and participants' PCB levels. The PCB levels for the four congeners measured were lower than any reported in the literature. PCBs 126 and 169 are only two of the dioxin-like congeners, however, their contribution makes up 11% of the total TEQ. Age was significantly related to PCB 126 and PCB 169. For every one-year increase in age, both PCB congeners increased by approximately 0.4 parts per trillion (ppt), There was no gender difference for PCB 126; however, PCB 169 levels were 3 ppt higher in males than females. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 St Louis Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Div Environm & Occupat Hlth, St Louis, MO 63108 USA. Missouri Dept Hlth, Jefferson City, MO 65109 USA. Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Kansas City, KS 66101 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Shadel, BN (reprint author), St Louis Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Div Environm & Occupat Hlth, 3663 Lindell Blvd, St Louis, MO 63108 USA. RI Needham, Larry/E-4930-2011 NR 41 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD MAY-JUN PY 2001 VL 43 IS 4-7 BP 967 EP 976 DI 10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00457-4 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 430VU UT WOS:000168596800073 PM 11372890 ER PT J AU Inostroza, J Vinet, AM Retamal, G Lorca, P Ossa, G Facklam, RR Sorensen, RU AF Inostroza, J Vinet, AM Retamal, G Lorca, P Ossa, G Facklam, RR Sorensen, RU TI Influence of patient age on Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes causing invasive disease SO CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PNEUMOCOCCAL INFECTIONS; OTITIS-MEDIA; CHILDREN; VACCINE; COLONIZATION; PENICILLIN; CARRIAGE; INFANTS; EPIDEMIOLOGY; RESISTANCE AB All clinical S, pneumoniae specimens isolated from patients with invasive or sterile-site infections admitted to one regional general hospital in southern Chile were collected during a 5-year period (February 1994 to September 1999). A total of 247 strains belonging to 50 serotypes were isolated in this survey: 69 in patients under 5 years of age, 129 in patients 5 to 64 years old, and 49 from patients 65 years and older. Eight serotypes were identified in all age groups, while all other serotypes were found exclusively in one age group or in patients over 4 years of age. Serotype 3 was never found in patients under 5 years old, and serotype 14 was not found in patients > 64 years of age. There was no difference in the serotypes causing infection in each one of the 5 years of the survey. Our results suggest that both bacterial virulence factors and host factors play an important role in the selection of S, pneumoniae serotypes causing invasive infection. Possible host factors include age-related differences in the immune response, Comparative studies with other areas of the world may help to further understanding of our observations in southern Chile. C1 Hosp Reg Temuco, Immunol Lab, Temuco, Chile. Hosp Reg Temuco, Dept Pediat, Temuco, Chile. Hosp Reg Temuco, Dept Internal Med, Temuco, Chile. Univ La Frontera, Dept Basic Sci, Temuco, Chile. Univ La Frontera, Dept Pediat, Temuco, Chile. Univ La Frontera, Dept Internal Med, Temuco, Chile. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Childhood & Resp Dis Branch,Lab Sect, Atlanta, GA USA. Louisiana State Univ, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Pediat, New Orleans, LA USA. RP Sorensen, RU (reprint author), LSUHSC, Dept Pediat, 1542 Tulane,Box T8-1, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA. EM rsoren@lsuhsc.edu NR 31 TC 14 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 1071-412X J9 CLIN DIAGN LAB IMMUN JI Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 8 IS 3 BP 556 EP 559 DI 10.1128/CDLI.8.3.556-559.2001 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 432AR UT WOS:000168664400016 PM 11329457 ER PT J AU Messmer, TO Martinez, J Hassouna, F Zell, ER Harris, W Dowell, S Carlone, GM AF Messmer, TO Martinez, J Hassouna, F Zell, ER Harris, W Dowell, S Carlone, GM TI Comparison of two commercial microimmunofluorescence kits and an enzyme immunoassay kit for detection of serum immunoglobulin G antibodies to Chlamydia pneumoniae SO CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SPECIFICITY AB compared the MRL and the Labsystems Chlamydia pneumoniae microimmunofluorescence (MIF) immunoglobulin G (IgG) kits and the Labsystems enzyme immunoassay (EIA) kit in a blinded study of 83 serum samples in which we evaluated titers, cross-reactivity to other species, and reproducibility, There was no statistically significant difference between the MRL and the Labsystems MIF kits in the endpoint titers of Ige antibody to C. pneumoniae, The correlation between the results obtained with these two MIF kits was excellent (r = 0.95; P = 0.001). The cross-reactivity of the C. pneumoniae-positive sera with C. trachomatis- and C. psittaci-positive sera was assessed for each MIF kit, For C. pneumoniae-positive sera with titers of greater than or equal to 32, the Labsystems MIF kit exhibited more cross-reactivity to C. psittaci than the MRL kit did, The values obtained with the Labsystems EIA kit represented single dilutions of serum specimens expressed as enzymeimmuno units on a continuous scale. The results obtained with the Labsystems EIA kit correlated moderately well with those obtained with each MIF kit when they were compared for their abilities to detect IgG antibodies to C. pneumoniae (for the MRL MIF kit, r = 0.79 [P = 0.001]; for the Labsystems MIF kit, r = 0.78 [P = 0.001]), The results obtained with the commercial MRL and Labsystems MIF kits and the Labsystems EIA kit tested were reproducible; and the kits were standardized, had quality control reagents, and are suitable for detection of C. pneumoniae antibodies in serum and for use in interlaboratory studies. Validation of the use of these kits for clinical diagnosis still needs further evaluation. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Messmer, TO (reprint author), 1600 Clifton Rd,MS G 05, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 15 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 1071-412X J9 CLIN DIAGN LAB IMMUN JI Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 8 IS 3 BP 588 EP 592 DI 10.1128/CDLI.8.3.588-592.2001 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 432AR UT WOS:000168664400022 PM 11329463 ER PT J AU Zhang, M Gunter, EW Pfeiffer, CM AF Zhang, M Gunter, EW Pfeiffer, CM TI Evaluation of the Drew Scientific DS30 homocysteine assay in comparison with the centers for disease control and prevention reference HPLC method SO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Letter ID PLASMA TOTAL HOMOCYSTEINE; SERUM C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Pfeiffer, CM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 6 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC CLINICAL CHEMISTRY PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 L STREET NW, SUITE 202, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-1526 USA SN 0009-9147 J9 CLIN CHEM JI Clin. Chem. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 47 IS 5 BP 966 EP 967 PG 2 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA 427AT UT WOS:000168383200037 PM 11325914 ER PT J AU Ball, R Braun, MM Mootrey, GT AF Ball, R Braun, MM Mootrey, GT CA Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting Syst Working Grp TI Safety Data on Meningococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine from the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID GROUP-A; SEROLOGICAL EVALUATION; C VACCINE; GROUP-Y; IMMUNOGENICITY; IMMUNIZATION; CHILDREN AB Recent recommendations by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices may lead to the increased use of the meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine. The Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) is useful for the detection of previously unrecognized reactions and for the monitoring of known reactions. Limitations of VAERS include underreporting and the inability to establish a causal relationship between vaccination and adverse events in most cases. From July 1990 through 31 October 1999, 110 adverse events were reported after receipt of meningococcal vaccine alone. Thirteen (12%) were serious, including 6 injection site reactions, 3 allergic reactions, 1 case of Guillain-Barre syndrome, and 3 miscellaneous events. Fever (30%), headache (17%), dizziness (15%), injection site hypersensitivity (13%), urticaria (12%), and paresthesia (10%) were among the most common events reported. Fever and injection site and allergic reactions are most likely causally linked to the vaccine. That there were few reports of serious adverse events, with >6 million doses having been distributed, and no clear signal of a previously unrecognized serious reaction is reassuring with regard to the safety of meningococcal vaccine. C1 US FDA, Ctr Biol Evaluat & Res, Off Biostat & Epidemiol, Div Epidemiol, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Epidemiol & Surveillance Div, Vaccine Safety & Dev Act, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Ball, R (reprint author), US FDA, Ctr Biol Evaluat & Res, Off Biostat & Epidemiol, Div Epidemiol, HFM-220,1401 Rockville Pike, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. EM BallR@cber.fda.gov NR 30 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD MAY 1 PY 2001 VL 32 IS 9 BP 1273 EP 1280 DI 10.1086/319982 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 429LF UT WOS:000168517900027 PM 11303261 ER PT J AU Wilson, ME Lorente, CA Allen, JE Eberhard, ML AF Wilson, ME Lorente, CA Allen, JE Eberhard, ML TI Gongylonema infection of the mouth in a resident of Cambridge, Massachusetts SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article AB We report a case of Gongylonema infection of the mouth, which caused a migrating, serpiginous tract in a resident of Massachusetts. This foodborne infection, which is acquired through accidental ingestion of an infected insect, such as a beetle or a roach, represents the 11th such case reported in the United States. C1 CDCP, Div Parasit Dis F13, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, PHS,US Dept HHS, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA USA. Mt Auburn Hosp, Cambridge, MA USA. Harvard Univ, Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Sch Dent Med, Harvard Vanguard Med Associates, Boston, MA USA. RP Eberhard, ML (reprint author), CDCP, Div Parasit Dis F13, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, PHS,US Dept HHS, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM mle1@cdc.gov NR 7 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD MAY 1 PY 2001 VL 32 IS 9 BP 1378 EP 1380 DI 10.1086/319991 PG 3 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA 429LF UT WOS:000168517900016 PM 11303277 ER PT J AU Briones, MA Phillips, DJ Renshaw, MA Hooper, WC AF Briones, MA Phillips, DJ Renshaw, MA Hooper, WC TI Expression of chemokine by human coronary-artery and umbilical-vein endothelial cells and its regulation by inflammatory cytokines SO CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE LA English DT Article DE coronary artery endothelium; monocyte chemotactic protein-1; TGF-beta-2 regulated upon activated normal T cells expressed and secreted ID MONOCYTE CHEMOATTRACTANT PROTEIN-1; MIGRATION; PLAQUES; IL-4 AB Background Activation of the endothelium is a critical event in the process of inflammation and is associated with the production of chemokines. Objective To evaluate the proinflammatory cytokine-induced chemokine repertoire of human coronary-artery endothelial cells (HCAEC) both at the messenger RNA (mRNA) level and at protein level in direct comparison with that of human umbilical-vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Methods Human coronary-artery and human umbilical-vein endothelial cells were obtained commercially and experimental data were derived from cell cultures between passage levels 3 through 6. Supernatant fluids from cytokine [tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1-alpha, and anti-TNF R55] stimulated endothelial cell cultures were used to study chemokine release. Sandwiched ELISA assays, obtained commercially, were used to estimate cell culture supernatant fluid levels of the selected chemokines: monocytic chemotactic protein-1, regulated upon activated normal T cells expressed and secreted, interleukin-8, transforming growth factor-beta -2 (TGF-beta2), and gamma interferon protein-10. Expression of messenger RNA was determined using selected labeled riboprobes (P-32 UTP) in a ribonuclease protection assay using total cellular mRNA. Results Upon in-vitro stimulation with TNF-alpha and interleukin-1-alpha, production of regulated-upon-activated-normal-T-cells expressed and secreted (RANTES) protein by HCAEC was significantly increased relative to that by HUVEC, the greatest effect being found with interleukin-1-alpha. The opposite effect, however, was noted for levels of monocyticchemotactic-protein-1 protein, which were detected in HUVEC at significantly higher levels than they were in HCAEC challenged by those cytokines, Production of gamma interferon-inducible protein-10 (gamma IP-10) by HUVEC was induced by TNF-alpha and interleukin-1-alpha, whereas only a modest induction by interleukin-1-alpha was seen in HCAEC, TGF-beta -2 protein was constitutively expressed in HCAEC but not in HUVEC. Expression of mRNA was analyzed by the ribonuclease-protectionassay. RANTES mRNA was expressed in HCAEC from 3 h through 48 h after treatment with TNF-alpha, whereas only a modest induction of RANTES was expressed in HUVEC 24 h and 48 h after treatment with TNF-alpha. Monocytic-chemotactic-protein-1 mRNA was constitutively expressed by both types of cell, but the basal levels in HCAEC was significantly higher than in HUVEC. HCAEC constitutively expressed both TGF-beta -1 and TGF-beta -2 mRNA, whereas HUVEC constitutively expressed TGF-beta -1 only. Conclusion Our data indicate that HCAEC and HUVEC express chemokines differently, which could contribute to or influence site-specific recruitment of subsets of leukocytes. Coron Artery Dis 12:179-186 (C) 2001 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hematol Dis Branch, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Div Pediat Hematol Oncol Bone Marrow Transplantat, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Hooper, WC (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hematol Dis Branch, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, MS D02,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 20 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0954-6928 J9 CORONARY ARTERY DIS JI Coronary Artery Dis. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 12 IS 3 BP 179 EP 186 DI 10.1097/00019501-200105000-00004 PG 8 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA 428XY UT WOS:000168488000004 PM 11352074 ER PT J AU Trick, WE Weinstein, RA AF Trick, WE Weinstein, RA TI Hand hygiene for intensive care unit personnel: Rub it in SO CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE LA English DT Editorial Material DE handwashing; alcohols; disinfection; decontamination; infection control ID REGIMENS; PROGRAM; HEALTH; IMPACT C1 CDC, Div Healthcare Qual Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Cook Cty Hosp, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. Rush Med Coll, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. RP Trick, WE (reprint author), CDC, Div Healthcare Qual Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0090-3493 J9 CRIT CARE MED JI Crit. Care Med. PD MAY PY 2001 VL 29 IS 5 BP 1083 EP 1084 DI 10.1097/00003246-200105000-00045 PG 2 WC Critical Care Medicine SC General & Internal Medicine GA 431DB UT WOS:000168615700033 PM 11378625 ER PT J AU Fagot-Campagna, A Saaddine, JB Flegal, KM Beckles, GLA AF Fagot-Campagna, A Saaddine, JB Flegal, KM Beckles, GLA TI Diabetes, impaired fasting glucose, and elevated HbA(1c) in US adolescents: The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey SO DIABETES CARE LA English DT Article ID PREVALENCE; CHILDREN; TOLERANCE AB OBJECTIVE - Using population based data, we estimated the prevalence of diabetes, impaired fasting glucose, and elevated HbA(1c) (>6%) levels in U.S. adolescents. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS - The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1994) examined a representative sample of the U.S. population, which included 2,867 adolescents aged 12-19 years who had serum glucose measured. RESULTS - A total of 13 adolescents in the: sample were considered to have diabetes: 9 reported using insulin, 2 reported using oral agents only, and 2 did not report any treatment but had high glucose levels (greater than or equal to 11.1 mmol/l regardless of length of fast or greater than or equal to7.0 mmol/l after an 8-h fast). Four of these cases (31% of the sample with diabetes) were considered to have type 2 diabetes. The estimated prevalence of diabetes (all types) per 100 adolescents ages 12-19 years was 0.41% (95% confidence interval 0-0.86). The prevalence of impaired fasting glucose (greater than or equal to6.1 mmol/l) among adolescents without diabetes who had tasted for at least 8 h was 1.76% (0.02-3.50). The prevalence of elevated HbA(1c) (>6%) was 0.39% (0.04-0.74). CONCLUSIONS - National data reflect the presence of type 2 diabetes in U.S. adolescents, but the survey sample size was not large enough to obtain precise prevalence estimates because of the relatively low prevalence. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Diabet Translat, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Saaddine, JB (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Diabet Translat, 4770 Buford Hwy NE MS-K68, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RI Flegal, Katherine/A-4608-2013; OI Flegal, Katherine/0000-0002-0838-469X NR 15 TC 95 Z9 102 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER DIABETES ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1660 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0149-5992 J9 DIABETES CARE JI Diabetes Care PD MAY PY 2001 VL 24 IS 5 BP 834 EP 837 DI 10.2337/diacare.24.5.834 PG 4 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 425VN UT WOS:000168312500008 PM 11347739 ER PT J AU Dowell, SF AF Dowell, SF TI Seasonal variation in host susceptibility and cycles of certain infectious diseases SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID MENINGOCOCCAL DISEASE; IMMUNE FUNCTION; UNITED-STATES; MELATONIN; EPIDEMIOLOGY; INFLUENZA; PHOTOPERIOD; PATTERNS; VIRUS; POLIOMYELITIS AB Seasonal cycles of infectious diseases have been variously attributed to changes in atmospheric conditions, the prevalence or virulence of the pathogen, or the behavior of the host. Some observations about seasonality are difficult to reconcile with these explanations. These include the simultaneous appearance of outbreaks across widespread geographic regions of the same latitude; the detection of pathogens in the off-season without epidemic spread; and the consistency of seasonal changes, despite wide variations in weather and human behavior. In contrast, an increase in susceptibility of the host population, perhaps linked to the annual light/dark cycle and mediated by the pattern of melatonin secretion, might account for many heretofore unexplained features of infectious disease seasonality. Ample evidence indicates that photoperiod-driven physiologic changes are typical in mammalian species, including some in humans. If such physiologic changes underlie human resistance to infectious diseases for large portions of the year and the changes can be identified and modified, the therapeutic and preventive implications may be considerable. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Dowell, SF (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop C12, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 60 TC 263 Z9 276 U1 0 U2 36 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD MAY-JUN PY 2001 VL 7 IS 3 BP 369 EP 374 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 436TP UT WOS:000168952200001 PM 11384511 ER PT J AU Swaminathan, B Barrett, TJ Hunter, SB Tauxe, RV AF Swaminathan, B Barrett, TJ Hunter, SB Tauxe, RV CA CDC PulseNet Task Force TI PulseNet: The molecular subtyping network for foodborne bacterial disease surveillance, United States SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI O157-H7; FIELD GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; FOOD-BORNE-DISEASE; INTERNATIONAL OUTBREAK; INFECTIONS; O157H7; MILK AB PulseNet, the national molecular subtyping network for foodborne disease surveillance, was established by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and several state health department laboratories to facilitate subtyping bacterial foodborne pathogens for epidemiologic purposes. PulseNet, which began in 1996 with 10 laboratories typing a single pathogen (Escherichia coli O157:H7), now includes 46 state and 2 local public health laboratories and the food safety laboratories of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the U.S, Department of Agriculture. Four foodborne pathogens (E. coli O157:H7; nontyphoidal Salmonella serotypes, Listeria monocytogenes and Shigella) are being subtyped, and other bacterial, viral, and parasitic organisms will be added soon. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Swaminathan, B (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop C03, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM bas5@cdc.gov NR 26 TC 592 Z9 638 U1 2 U2 30 PU CENTERS DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA 1600 CLIFTON RD, ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD MAY-JUN PY 2001 VL 7 IS 3 BP 382 EP 389 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 436TP UT WOS:000168952200003 PM 11384513 ER PT J AU Fulhorst, CF Charrel, RN Weaver, SC Ksiazek, TG Bradley, RD Milazzo, ML Tesh, RB Bowen, MD AF Fulhorst, CF Charrel, RN Weaver, SC Ksiazek, TG Bradley, RD Milazzo, ML Tesh, RB Bowen, MD TI Geographic distribution and genetic diversity of Whitewater Arroyo virus in the southwestern United States SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID LYMPHOCYTIC CHORIOMENINGITIS VIRUS; GUANARITO VIRUS; ARENAVIRUSES; PHYLOGENY; COMPLEX; RODENTS AB The purpose of this study was to extend our knowledge of the geographic distribution and genetic diversity of the arenavirus(es) associated with Neotoma species (woodrats) in the southwestern United States. Infectious arenavirus was recovered from 14 (3.3%) of 425 woodrats. The virus-positive species included N. albigula in New Mexico and Oklahoma, N. cinerea in Utah, N. mexicana in New Mexico and Utah, and N. micropus in Texas. Analyses of viral nucleocapsid protein gene sequence data indicated that all the isolates were strains of the Whitewater Arroyo virus, an arenavirus previously known only from northwestern New Mexico. Analyses of the sequence data also indicated that there can be substantial genetic diversity among strains of Whitewater Arroyo virus from conspecific woodrats collected from different localities and substantial genetic diversity among strains from different woodrat species collected from the same locality. C1 Univ Texas, Med Branch, Dept Pathol, Galveston, TX 77555 USA. Fac Med, Marseille, France. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Texas Tech Univ, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. RP Fulhorst, CF (reprint author), Univ Texas, Med Branch, Dept Pathol, Route 0609, Galveston, TX 77555 USA. RI Weaver, Scott/D-6490-2011; OI Charrel, Remi/0000-0002-7675-8251 FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI-41435] NR 22 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 5 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD MAY-JUN PY 2001 VL 7 IS 3 BP 403 EP 407 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA 436TP UT WOS:000168952200006 PM 11384516 ER EF