FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Holtgrave, DR Qualls, NL Graham, JD AF Holtgrave, DR Qualls, NL Graham, JD TI Economic evaluation of HIV prevention programs SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Review DE HIV; AIDS; prevention; cost; evaluation ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; COST-EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; HEALTH-CARE WORKERS; PNEUMOCYSTIS-CARINII PNEUMONIA; PARTNER NOTIFICATION; UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS; TENTATIVE GUIDELINES; ZIDOVUDINE THERAPY; INFECTED PATIENTS; BENEFIT-ANALYSIS AB Program managers and policy makers need to balance the costs and benefits of various interventions when planning and evaluating HIV prevention programs. Resources to fund these programs are limited and must be used judiciously to maximize the number of HIV infections averted. Economic evaluation studies of HIV prevention interventions, which we review and critique here, can provide some of the needed information. Special emphasis is given to studies dealing with interventions to reduce or avoid HIV-related risk behaviors. Ninety-three cost-benefit, cost-effectiveness and cost-utility analyses were identified overall. However, only 28 dealt with domestic, behavior change interventions; the remainder focused on screening and testing without prevention counseling, and on care and treatment services. There are compelling demonstrations that behavioral interventions can be cost-effective and even cost-saving. The threshold conditions under which these programs can be considered cost-effective or cost-saving are well defined. However, several important intervention types and multiple key populations have gone unstudied. Research in these areas is urgently needed. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, DIV HIV AIDS PREVENT, ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA. HARVARD UNIV, SCH PUBL HLTH, CTR RISK ANAL, BOSTON, MA 02115 USA. RP Holtgrave, DR (reprint author), MED COLL WISCONSIN, CTR AIDS INTERVENT RES, MILWAUKEE, WI 53202 USA. FU NIMH NIH HHS [P30-MH52776] NR 108 TC 53 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 2 PU ANNUAL REVIEWS PI PALO ALTO PA 4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, CA 94303-0139 USA SN 0163-7525 EI 1545-2093 J9 ANNU REV PUBL HEALTH JI Annu. Rev. Public Health PY 1996 VL 17 BP 467 EP 488 PG 22 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UK766 UT WOS:A1996UK76600025 PM 8724236 ER PT J AU Gordon, RL Baker, EL Roper, WL Omenn, GS AF Gordon, RL Baker, EL Roper, WL Omenn, GS TI Prevention and the reforming US health care system: Changing roles and responsibilities for public health SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article DE public health practice; prevention; health care reform; managed care; financing ID COST-EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; UNITED-STATES; SERVICES AB This review presents historical and cost-effectiveness perspectives of prevention in health care; discusses the nature, extent, and determinants of health system change, particularly the transition to managed care with large integrated health care corporations; and identifies implications for public health agencies and opportunities for prevention within the reforming health system. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, PUBL HLTH PRACTICE PROGRAM OFF, ATLANTA, GA 30341 USA. PRUDENTIAL HEALTHCARE, ROSELAND, NJ 07068 USA. UNIV WASHINGTON, SCH PUBL HLTH & COMMUNITY MED, SEATTLE, WA 98195 USA. OI Omenn, Gilbert S./0000-0002-8976-6074 NR 82 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU ANNUAL REVIEWS PI PALO ALTO PA 4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, CA 94303-0139 USA SN 0163-7525 EI 1545-2093 J9 ANNU REV PUBL HEALTH JI Annu. Rev. Public Health PY 1996 VL 17 BP 489 EP 509 PG 21 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UK766 UT WOS:A1996UK76600026 PM 8724237 ER PT J AU Angulo, FJ Siegel, JM Detels, R AF Angulo, FJ Siegel, JM Detels, R TI Pet ownership and the reliability of the companion animal bonding scale among participants of the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study SO ANTHROZOOS LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS AB A psychometric evaluation of the Companion Animal Bonding Scale (CABS) was conducted among participants of the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study(MACS). In 1991, MACS participants in Baltimore, Chicago, and Los Angeles were asked to complete a questionnaire about pets, which included the CABS for their favorite pet. Follow-up questionnaires were administered to Los Angeles participants in 1992 and 1993. Internal consistency and intraobserver reliability of the CABS were determined by measuring the Cronbach alpha and test-retest-retest correlation coefficient, respectively. Forty-eight percent of respondents (907/1,872) at the three sites owned pets, of whom 896 (99%) completed a CABS, The Cronbach alpha for the CABS was .79. Among Los Angeles participants, the test-retest-retest correlation coefficient for the 228 pet owners who completed the CABS for the same pet in each of the three years was .81, and was highest among the 98 dog owners (.86) and the 92 cat owners (.86). The Companion Animal Bonding Scale is a short, rapid, easy to administer instrument which is readily acceptable, and shows adequate internal consistency and intraobserver reliability for dog and cat owners. C1 UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,SCH PUBL HLTH,LOS ANGELES,CA 90024. RP Angulo, FJ (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,FOODBORNE & DIARRHEAL DIS BRANCH,MAILSTOP A38,1600 CLIFTON RD,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 18 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 9 PU DELTA SOCIETY PI RENTON PA 289 PERIMETER ROAD EAST, RENTON, WA 98055-1329 SN 0892-7936 J9 ANTHROZOOS JI Anthrozoos PY 1996 VL 9 IS 1 BP 5 EP 9 PG 5 WC Anthropology; Environmental Studies; Sociology; Veterinary Sciences SC Anthropology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Sociology; Veterinary Sciences GA UX555 UT WOS:A1996UX55500002 ER PT J AU He, Q Leitch, GJ Visvesvara, GS Wallace, S AF He, Q Leitch, GJ Visvesvara, GS Wallace, S TI Effects of nifedipine, metronidazole, and nitric oxide donors on spore germination and cell culture infection of the microsporidia Encephalitozoon hellem and Encephalitozoon intestinalis SO ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY LA English DT Article ID AIDS PATIENTS; N-SP; KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS; REPLICATION; INHIBITION AB Two species of microsporidia, Encephalitozoon hellem and Encephalitozoon intestinalis, were isolated from AIDS patients and cultured in green monkey kidney cells. A spore germination assay and a cultured-cell infection assay were used to test the efficacy of candidate antiparasitic agents. The calcium channel blocker nifedipine, metronidazole, and two nitric oxide (NO) donors, S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine and sodium nitroprusside, were tested in the two assays. Nifedipine (10(-8) M) significantly inhibited E. hellem spore germination in three of four germination media. Metronidazole (10(-5) M) inhibited germination weakly and significantly inhibited E. intestinalis germination in a single germination medium. The inhibitory effect of nifedipine and metronidazole used together was greater than the sum of the effects of the drugs used alone in all E. hellem germination assays. The NO donors also inhibited spore germination. The inhibitory effect of nifedipine and metronidazole could be reversed by washing the spores, while that of the NO donors was not reversible. In early cultured-cell infections, both nifedipine (10(-8) M) and metronidazole (10(-5) M) significantly reduced the number of cells being infected. As the infection spread, these agents were less effective. Some inhibition of the spread of the infection was also demonstrated with the NO donors at a concentration (10(-5) M) not obviously toxic to the cultured cells. These data suggest that combination drug therapy targeting spore germination and intracellular parasite development is promising. C1 MOREHOUSE SCH MED,DEPT PHYSIOL,ATLANTA,GA 30310. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV PARASIT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. FU NCRR NIH HHS [RR03034] NR 36 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0066-4804 J9 ANTIMICROB AGENTS CH JI Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 40 IS 1 BP 179 EP 185 PG 7 WC Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA TN213 UT WOS:A1996TN21300035 PM 8787902 ER PT J AU Satten, GA Longini, IM AF Satten, GA Longini, IM TI Markov chains with measurement error: Estimating the 'true' course of a marker of the progression of human immunodeficiency virus disease SO APPLIED STATISTICS-JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL STATISTICAL SOCIETY SERIES C LA English DT Article DE acquired immune deficiency syndrome; CD4 cell count; hidden Markov model; human immunodeficiency virus disease; measurement error; San Francisco Men's Health Study ID HIV-INFECTION; SAN-FRANCISCO; STATISTICAL-ANALYSIS; SEIZURE COUNTS; MIXTURE MODEL; TIME-SERIES; AIDS; RECORDINGS; POPULATION; COHORTS AB A Markov chain is a useful way of describing cohort data Longitudinal observations of a marker of the progression of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), such as CD4 cell count, measured on members of a cohort study, can be analysed as a continuous time Markov chain by categorizing the CD4 cell counts into stages. Unfortunately, CD4 cell counts are subject to substantial measurement error and short timescale variability. Thus, fitting a Markov chain to raw CD4 cell count measurements does not determine the transition probabilities for the true or underlying CD4 cell counts; the measurement error results in a process that is too rough. Assuming independent measurement errors, we propose a likelihood-based method for estimating the 'true' or underlying transition probabilities. The Markov structure allows efficient calculation of the likelihood by using hidden Markov model methodology. As an example, we consider CD4 cell count data from 430 HIV-infected participants in the San Francisco Men's Health Study by categorizing the marker data into seven stages; up to 17 observations are available for each individual. We find that including measurement error both produces a significantly better fit and provides a model for CD4 progression that is more biologically reasonable. C1 EMORY UNIV,ATLANTA,GA 30322. RP Satten, GA (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV HIV AIDS PREVENT E48,1600 CLIFTON RD NE,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. OI Satten, Glen/0000-0001-7275-5371 NR 38 TC 61 Z9 61 U1 1 U2 9 PU BLACKWELL PUBL LTD PI OXFORD PA 108 COWLEY RD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX4 1JF SN 0035-9254 J9 APPL STAT-J ROY ST C JI Appl. Stat.-J. R. Stat. Soc. PY 1996 VL 45 IS 3 BP 275 EP 295 DI 10.2307/2986089 PG 21 WC Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics GA VB093 UT WOS:A1996VB09300001 ER PT J AU Smith, PJ Thompson, TJ AF Smith, PJ Thompson, TJ TI Extending generalized estimating equations - A query SO APPLIED STATISTICS-JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL STATISTICAL SOCIETY SERIES C LA English DT Letter RP Smith, PJ (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,MAIL STOP E-10,1600 CLIFTON RD NE,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL PUBL LTD PI OXFORD PA 108 COWLEY RD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX4 1JF SN 0035-9254 J9 APPL STAT-J ROY ST C JI Appl. Stat.-J. R. Stat. Soc. PY 1996 VL 45 IS 3 BP 383 EP 384 PG 2 WC Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics GA VB093 UT WOS:A1996VB09300008 ER PT J AU Barnhart, ER Maggio, VL Alexander, LR Reilly, MC Gelbaum, LT Turner, WE Hine, TK Needham, LL AF Barnhart, ER Maggio, VL Alexander, LR Reilly, MC Gelbaum, LT Turner, WE Hine, TK Needham, LL TI Analytical characterization of peptide contaminants of L-tryptophan SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID EOSINOPHILIC FASCIITIS; METAL-ION; BACITRACIN; ANTIBIOTICS; BACILLUS AB Reversed-phase liquid chromatographic fractions of extracts of 2 preparations of eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome (EMS)-associated L-tryptophan were analyzed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, mass spectrometry, microbial-growth inhibition, and amino acid residue analyses. Fraction components demonstrated properties of an antibiotic peptide resembling bacitracin. Many peptide antibiotics like bacitracin are secondary metabolites of Bacillus species, genus of the tryptophan producer organism for the implicated manufacturer. In order to determine whether a correlation exists between individual EMS cases and the concentration of peptides or bacitracin consumed, reliable methods must be developed for quantification of the total of isoforms. RP Barnhart, ER (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,DIV ENVIRONM HLTH LAB SCI,MS F25,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. RI Needham, Larry/E-4930-2011 NR 42 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 30 IS 1 BP 142 EP 148 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA TH793 UT WOS:A1996TH79300020 PM 8579384 ER PT J AU Zarbo, RJ Schmidt, WA Bachner, P Howanitz, PJ Meier, FA Schifman, RB Boone, DJ Herron, RM AF Zarbo, RJ Schmidt, WA Bachner, P Howanitz, PJ Meier, FA Schifman, RB Boone, DJ Herron, RM TI Indications and immediate patient outcomes of pathology intraoperative consultations - A college of American pathologists centers for disease control and prevention outcomes working group study SO ARCHIVES OF PATHOLOGY & LABORATORY MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID SECTION AB Objective.-To evaluate the reasons (indications) for and immediate intraoperative surgical results (outcomes) associated with pathology intraoperative consultation. Design.-ln 1992 and 1993, surgeons collaborated with pathologists in 472 voluntarily participating institutions from the United States (462), Canada (7), Australia (2), and New Zealand (1) in a study jointly sponsored by the College of American Pathologists and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Pathologists selected 20 consecutive intraoperative consultations and assembled a cover letter, a checklist questionnaire, and a copy of the corresponding surgical pathology report, all of which were sent to the surgeon(s) for retrospective evaluation. Participants.-The study was distributed to participants in the College of American Pathologists voluntary Q-Probes quality improvement and Surgical Pathology Performance Improvement programs and to Canadian and Australian hospitals with more than 200 beds. Results.-Evaluation of 9164 cases established the five most common indications for intraoperative consultation: (1) establish or confirm diagnosis to determine type or extent of operation (51%), (2) confirm adequacy of margins (16%), (3) confirm nature of tissue to direct sampling for immediate culture or other laboratory study (10%), (4) expedite obtaining diagnosis to inform family or patient (8%), and (5) confirm sufficient tissue submitted to secure diagnosis in permanent section (8%). The information provided by the intraoperative consultation resulted in changed surgical procedures that were either modified, terminated, or newly initiated in 47%, 30%, 6%, 9%, and 28% of cases, corresponding respectively to each of the above five common indications. Rarely cited reasons for intraoperative consultation were to expedite obtaining diagnosis for surgeon's knowledge (3%), to facilitate patient management, other professional communication or discharge planning prior to permanent section availability (3%), academic protocol (<1%), and consultation not needed or no reason for request (<1%). Conclusions.-This multi-institutional, interdisciplinary database confirms that pathology intraoperative consultations, regardless of the initial indications, influence immediate patient care decisions, resulting in changed surgical procedures in an average of 39% of all operative cases. C1 OREGON HLTH SCI UNIV,VET AFFAIRS MED CTR,PORTLAND,OR 97201. UNIV KENTUCKY,LEXINGTON,KY. UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,MED CTR,LOS ANGELES,CA 90024. ALFRED I DUPONT INST,CHILDRENS HOSP,WILMINGTON,DE. VET ADM MED CTR,TUCSON,AZ 85723. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. AMER RED CROSS,LOS ANGELES,CA. RP Zarbo, RJ (reprint author), HENRY FORD HOSP,DEPT PATHOL,2799 W GRAND BLVD,DETROIT,MI 48202, USA. NR 8 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 3 PU COLLEGE AMER PATHOLOGISTS PI NORTHFIELD PA C/O KIMBERLY GACKI, 325 WAUKEGAN RD, NORTHFIELD, IL 60093-2750 SN 0003-9985 J9 ARCH PATHOL LAB MED JI Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 120 IS 1 BP 19 EP 25 PG 7 WC Medical Laboratory Technology; Medicine, Research & Experimental; Pathology SC Medical Laboratory Technology; Research & Experimental Medicine; Pathology GA TP695 UT WOS:A1996TP69500005 PM 8554440 ER PT J AU Hoffmann, P Muller, SP Heinroth, K Buchner, E Richards, D Toraason, M AF Hoffmann, P Muller, SP Heinroth, K Buchner, E Richards, D Toraason, M TI Calcium dynamics in cardiac myocytes as a target of dichloromethane cardiotoxicity SO ARCHIVES OF TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE dichloromethane; cardiotoxicity; [Ca2+](i) transients; myocardial contraction; cardiac arrhythmia ID ADRENERGIC CARDIOVASCULAR ACTIONS; METHYLENE-CHLORIDE; HEART-CELLS; RAT; 1,1,1-TRICHLOROETHANE; TRANSIENTS; HALOTHANE; CONTRACTILITY; FLUORESCENCE; MOBILIZATION AB The purpose of the present study was to determine if cardiac actions of dichloromethane (DCM) in vivo correlate with in vitro alterations of Ca2+ dynamics in cardiac myocytes. Neonatal rat ventricular myocytes were obtained from 2- to 4-day-old rats, and electrically induced fluctuations of cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+](i)) in single cardiomyocytes were investigated using spectrofluorometric analysis of fura-2-[Ca2+](i) binding. In cultured myocytes, cumulative exposure to 0.64-40.96 mM DCM resulted in a concentration-dependent and reversible decrease in the magnitude of [Ca2+](i) transients with IC10 and IC50 values of 7.98 and 18.82 mM, respectively. Total inhibition of [Ca2+](i) transients and cessation of beating were observed at 40.96 mM DCM. Suffusion with DCM for 40 min did not cause morphological alterations of the myocytes. In a urethane-anesthetized rat model, left ventricular pressure was measured by introducing a tip catheter via the carotid artery into the left ventricle, the ECG was recorded by two needle electrodes applied subcutaneously to the chest wall, and arterial pressure was measured via the femoral artery. Oral administration of 3.1-12.4mmol DCM/kg resulted in DCM blood concentrations between 1.0 and 1.6 mM, accompanied by a dose-dependent decrease in contractile force and heart rate without influencing blood pressure and ECG tracings. Moreover, DCM treatment provided significant protection against arrhythmia development due to CaCl2-infusion. In spite of the slight discrepancy between DCM blood concentrations and in vitro concentrations of DCM for [Ca2+](i) transient inhibition, present data are consistent with the view that cardiac effects after DCM exposure are mediated by alterations of Ca2+ dynamics during excitation-contraction coupling. C1 UNIV HALLE WITTENBERG,DEPT ENVIRONM TOXICOL,HALLE,GERMANY. NIOSH,DIV BIOMED & BEHAV SCI,CTR DIS CONTROL,CELLULAR TOXICOL SECT,PUBL HLTH SERV,CINCINNATI,OH 45226. RP Hoffmann, P (reprint author), SANOFI RECH,CTR TOULOUSE,195 ROUTE ESPAGNE,F-31306 TOULOUSE,FRANCE. NR 34 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0340-5761 J9 ARCH TOXICOL JI Arch. Toxicol. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 70 IS 3-4 BP 158 EP 163 DI 10.1007/s002040050255 PG 6 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA TR762 UT WOS:A1996TR76200004 PM 8825672 ER PT J AU Lindquester, GJ Inoue, N Allen, RD Castelli, JW Stamey, FR Dambaugh, TR OBrian, JJ Danovich, RM Frenkel, N Pellett, PE AF Lindquester, GJ Inoue, N Allen, RD Castelli, JW Stamey, FR Dambaugh, TR OBrian, JJ Danovich, RM Frenkel, N Pellett, PE TI Restriction endonuclease mapping and molecular cloning of the human herpesvirus 6 variant B strain Z29 genome SO ARCHIVES OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID GROWTH-PROPERTIES; VIRUS; SEQUENCE; DNA; DIFFERENTIATION; CYTOMEGALOVIRUS; IDENTIFICATION; REPLICATION; INFANTS; TROPISM AB Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) variants A and B differ in cell tropism, reactivity with monoclonal antibodies, restriction endonuclease profiles, and epidemiology. Nonetheless, comparative nucleotide and amino acid sequences from several genes indicate that the viruses are very highly conserved genetically. The B variant is the major etiologic agent of exanthem subitum and is frequently isolated from children with febrile illness; no disease has been etiologically associated with HHV-6A. One HHV-6A strain has been cloned and sequenced, but similar information and reagents are not available for HHV-6B. We report here the determination of maps of the restriction endonuclease cleavage sites for BamHI, ClaI, HindIII, KpnI, and SalI, and the cloning in plasmids and bacteriophages of fragments representing over 95% of the HHV-6B strain Z29 [HHV-6B(Z29)] genome. Hybridization experiments and orientation of several blocks of nucleotide sequence information onto the genomic map indicate that HHV-6A and HHV-6B genomes are colinear. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RHODES COLL,DEPT BIOL,MEMPHIS,TN 38112. DUPONT MERCK PHARMACEUT CO,WILMINGTON,DE 19880. NIH,BETHESDA,MD 20892. FU PHS HHS [1R15 A131189-01] NR 41 TC 16 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG WIEN PI VIENNA PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0304-8608 J9 ARCH VIROL JI Arch. Virol. PY 1996 VL 141 IS 2 BP 367 EP 379 DI 10.1007/BF01718406 PG 13 WC Virology SC Virology GA TX863 UT WOS:A1996TX86300013 PM 8634027 ER PT J AU Jiang, B Tsunemitsu, H Dennehy, PH Oishi, I Brown, D Schnagl, RD Oseto, M Fang, ZY Avendano, LF Saif, LJ Glass, RI AF Jiang, B Tsunemitsu, H Dennehy, PH Oishi, I Brown, D Schnagl, RD Oseto, M Fang, ZY Avendano, LF Saif, LJ Glass, RI TI Sequence conservation and expression of the gene encoding the outer capsid glycoprotein among human group C rotaviruses of global distribution SO ARCHIVES OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID GROUP-A ROTAVIRUSES; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; VP7 GENE; PROTEIN; DIARRHEA; POLYPEPTIDES; EQUIVALENT; INFECTIONS; DIVERSITY AB Group C rotaviruses have been identified recently from fecal samples of children with diarrhea in the United States. Using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and sequence analysis, we sequenced gene 8s encoding VP7 from two U.S. strains (RI-1 and RI-2), and eight other strains isolated from patients on four continents, and compared these with the sequences of four published strains. The gene 8s of the 14 strains were remarkably conserved in size and in predicted primary and secondary structures. When the sequences of the human VP7s were compared with that of the prototype porcine Cowden strain, six regions were found variable in both deduced primary and predicted secondary structures, four of which were predicted to be hydrophilic and might determine serotype specificity. Gene 8 of the human S-l strain was further characterized by expression in recombinant baculoviruses. The expressed product was immunogenic but failed to elicit neutralizing antibodies. Our sequence analysis indicates that all the human strains characterized to date belong to a single G genotype, which may constitute a single G serotype, pending further antigenic analysis. Whether the human strains and the Cowden strain are the same serotype remains to be determined. C1 US DEPT HHS,VIRAL GASTROENTERITIS SECT,PHS,CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. OHIO STATE UNIV,FOOD ANIM HLTH RES PROGRAM,WOOSTER,OH. BROWN UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PEDIAT,PROVIDENCE,RI 02912. OSAKA PREFECTURAL INST PUBL HLTH,OSAKA 537,JAPAN. CENT PUBL HLTH LAB,LONDON NW9 5HT,ENGLAND. LA TROBE UNIV,SCH MICROBIOL,MELBOURNE,VIC,AUSTRALIA. CHINESE ACAD PREVENT MED,INST VIROL,BEIJING 100052,PEOPLES R CHINA. UNIV CHILE,VIROL LAB,SANTIAGO,CHILE. NR 27 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG WIEN PI VIENNA PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0304-8608 J9 ARCH VIROL JI Arch. Virol. PY 1996 VL 141 IS 2 BP 381 EP 390 DI 10.1007/BF01718407 PG 10 WC Virology SC Virology GA TX863 UT WOS:A1996TX86300014 PM 8634028 ER PT J AU Ward, RL Jin, Q Nakagomi, O Sander, DS Gentsch, JR AF Ward, RL Jin, Q Nakagomi, O Sander, DS Gentsch, JR TI Isolation of a human rotavirus containing a bovine rotavirus VP4 gene that suppresses replication of other rotaviruses in coinfected cells SO ARCHIVES OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID RHESUS ROTAVIRUS; 3-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE; SEQUENCE-ANALYSIS; IDENTIFICATION; CULTURE; HEMAGGLUTINATION; PROTEINS; STRAINS; SA11 AB Bovine-human reassortant strains containing ten human rotavirus gene segments and segment 4, encoding VP4, of a bovine rotavirus were isolated from the stool of an infected Bangladeshi infant during cell culture adaptation. Two plaque purified variants of this reassortant, one making very large (429-L4) and the other tiny (429-S4) plaques, were further analyzed. The electropherotypes of these variants were identical except for slight mobility differences in segment 4. The predicted sequence of amino acids (aa) 16-280 in VP4 proteins revealed four differences between variants even in this limited region, so no single difference could be linked to plaque size. The small plaque variant S4 was phenotypically unstable and mutated to a large plaque-former within a single cell culture passage. The predicted sequence of aa 16-280 of a large plaque variant derived from S4 revealed six changes, only one of which was common to that of the L4 strain, thus suggesting that multiple amino acid changes in VP4 may affect plaque size. Although the large plaque variant L4 grew faster and was released from cells more rapidly than S4, its replication and that of other rotaviruses tested (i.e. RRV, NCDV and Wa) was suppressed by S4 in coinfected cells. Using an RRV x S4 reassortant containing only RRV segment 4, it was established that suppression was linked to the S4 VP4 protein. This suppression could not be associated with inhibition of viral adsorption and, therefore, appeared to occur following internalization. Thus, a new property of the rotavirus VP4 protein has been identified in a bovine-human rotavirus reas-sortant. C1 JAMES N GAMBLE INST MED RES,DIV CLIN VIROL,CINCINNATI,OH 45219. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. AKITA UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT MICROBIOL,AKITA 010,JAPAN. NR 35 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG WIEN PI VIENNA PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0304-8608 J9 ARCH VIROL JI Arch. Virol. PY 1996 VL 141 IS 3-4 BP 615 EP 633 DI 10.1007/BF01718321 PG 19 WC Virology SC Virology GA UF513 UT WOS:A1996UF51300017 PM 8645099 ER PT J AU Tsunemitsu, H Jiang, B Saif, LJ AF Tsunemitsu, H Jiang, B Saif, LJ TI Sequence comparison of the VP7 gene encoding the outer capsid glycoprotein among animal and human group C rotaviruses SO ARCHIVES OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID SEROTYPE-SPECIFIC GLYCOPROTEIN; GROUP-A ROTAVIRUSES; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; SERIAL PROPAGATION; NEUTRALIZATION; STRAINS; POLYPEPTIDES; PROTEINS; DIARRHEA AB The nucleotide sequences of the outer capsid glycoprotein (VP7) genes from the Shintoku bovine and the HF and WH porcine group C rotaviruses were determined and compared with those of the published corresponding genes from the Cowden porcine and Ehime human group C rotaviruses. The VP7 genes of all 5 strains were 1063 nucleotides in length and possess one open reading frame encoding a polypeptide of 332 amino acids. Comparative analysis of the deduced amino acid sequences indicated that 85.2-97.0 % identity was observed for the VP7 of the serotypically related strains of group C rotaviruses (Cowden, WH and Ehime) whereas 69.9-74.7% identity was observed among the serotypically distinct strains (Shintoku; Cowden, WH and Ehime; and HF). At least 8 variable regions in the VP7 were recognized among serotypically distinct strains, and these locations were similar to those of the variable regions in the VP7 of group A rotaviruses. C1 OHIO STATE UNIV,FOOD ANIM HLTH RES PROGRAM,OHIO AGR RES & DEV CTR,WOOSTER,OH 44691. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,VIRAL GASTROENTERITIS SECT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. FU NIAID NIH HHS [R01-AI33561] NR 31 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG WIEN PI VIENNA PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0304-8608 J9 ARCH VIROL JI Arch. Virol. PY 1996 VL 141 IS 3-4 BP 705 EP 713 DI 10.1007/BF01718328 PG 9 WC Virology SC Virology GA UF513 UT WOS:A1996UF51300024 PM 8645106 ER PT J AU Leite, JPG Ando, T Noel, JS Jiang, B Humphrey, CD Lew, JF Green, KY Glass, RI Monroe, SS AF Leite, JPG Ando, T Noel, JS Jiang, B Humphrey, CD Lew, JF Green, KY Glass, RI Monroe, SS TI Characterization of Toronto virus capsid protein expressed in baculovirus SO ARCHIVES OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; NORWALK VIRUS; ACUTE GASTROENTERITIS; SERUM ANTIBODY; YOUNG-CHILDREN; ANTIGEN; PREVALENCE; OUTBREAKS; ORGANIZATION; SPECIMENS AB Toronto virus (TV), previously called ''minireovirus,'' a human calicivirus classified as genogroup 2 and phylogenetic type P2-A, was originally described in association with diarrhea in children. The second open reading frame, encoding the capsid protein of TV24, was expressed in a baculovirus recombinant. The recombinant baculovirus produced a protein (rTV) with an apparent molecular mass of 58 kDa that self-assembled into virus-like particles similar to 30 nm in diameter with a density of 1.29 g/ml. Antigenic and immunogenic characteristics of these particles were determined by protein immunoblot, immunoprecipitation, and enzyme immunoassay. Seroconversion to the rTV protein was detected in 6 of 8 (75%) patients from a recent outbreak of gastroenteritis associated with a virus of similar phylogenetic type. These results confirm and extend the previous reports of the expression of the Norwalk and Mexico virus capsid proteins. C1 CDCP,VIRAL GASTROENTERITIS SECT,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. OSWALDO CURZ INST,DEPT VIROL,RIO JANEIRO,BRAZIL. NIAID,INFECT DIS LAB,NIH,BETHESDA,MD 20892. OI Monroe, Stephan/0000-0002-5424-716X NR 30 TC 53 Z9 53 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG WIEN PI VIENNA PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0304-8608 J9 ARCH VIROL JI Arch. Virol. PY 1996 VL 141 IS 5 BP 865 EP 875 DI 10.1007/BF01718161 PG 11 WC Virology SC Virology GA UM671 UT WOS:A1996UM67100007 PM 8678832 ER PT J AU Zhu, JH Wang, J Cai, B Zhao, W Zhu, Y Chao, R Chen, L Xue, H Ying, BL Li, CP Hu, QL Sha, J Esposito, JJ AF Zhu, JH Wang, J Cai, B Zhao, W Zhu, Y Chao, R Chen, L Xue, H Ying, BL Li, CP Hu, QL Sha, J Esposito, JJ TI Immunogenicity and relative attenuation of different vaccinia-rabies virus recombinants SO ARCHIVES OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID GLYCOPROTEIN; NUCLEOPROTEIN; VACCINATION; EXPRESSION; SKUNKS; MICE AB Immunogenicity and relative attenuation were examined for the following Tian Tan strain vaccinia-rabies recombinant viruses: 1) NGc-1, which coexpresses the glycoprotein (G) and nucleocapsid protein (N) of the rabies virus Challenge Virus Standard (CVS) strain; 2) Nc-1, which expresses the CVS N; 3) Gc-2, Gc-3, Gc-4, and Gc-5, which express CVS G via promoters from different vaccinia strains or from different vaccinia genome loci; 4) Ga-1, which expresses the G of rabies virus strain aG; and 5) Gas-1; which expresses the carboxyl-truncated G ectodomain (Gs) of strain aG. All but Nc-1 and Gas-1 induced rabies virus neutralizing antibodies (VNAs) and protected groups of mice at very high frequencies from intramuscular (IM) or intracranial (IC) challenge with CVS or SW1 Shanghai dog street rabies virus (SRV); Nc-1 and Gas-1 were partly protective, more frequently against IM challenge. NGc-1 and Gc-5 appeared to induce high levels of VNAs sooner after immunization than the other constructs in mice. Relative attenuation assessed by IM infection of neonatal mice, IC infection of adult mice, and intradermal infection of rabbits with varying doses was best for NGc-1. All the recombinants were at least 100-fold more attenuated than the parent, Tian Tan vaccinia virus. Gc-2, Gc-3, Gc-4, Gc-5, and NGc-1 induced VNAs after immunization of dogs, and a subset of VNA-positive animals vaccinated with NGc-1 or Gc-3 were protected against an otherwise lethal IM injection of SRV at 21 days after vaccination. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP Zhu, JH (reprint author), MINIST PUBL HLTH,WUHAN INST BIOL PROD,9 LINJIANG RD,WUHAN 430070,PEOPLES R CHINA. NR 28 TC 8 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG WIEN PI VIENNA PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0304-8608 J9 ARCH VIROL JI Arch. Virol. PY 1996 VL 141 IS 6 BP 1055 EP 1065 DI 10.1007/BF01718609 PG 11 WC Virology SC Virology GA UU577 UT WOS:A1996UU57700007 PM 8712923 ER PT J AU Jin, Q Ward, RL Knowlton, DR Gabbay, YB Linhares, AC Rappaport, R Woods, PA Glass, RI Gentsch, JR AF Jin, Q Ward, RL Knowlton, DR Gabbay, YB Linhares, AC Rappaport, R Woods, PA Glass, RI Gentsch, JR TI Divergence of VP7 genes of G1 rotaviruses isolated from infants vaccinated with reassortant rhesus rotaviruses SO ARCHIVES OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID SEROTYPE-SPECIFIC NEUTRALIZATION; POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; SEQUENCE-ANALYSIS; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; GLYCOPROTEIN VP7; CHILDREN; IDENTIFICATION; PROTECTION; DIARRHEA AB A large placebo-controlled efficacy trial of the rhesus tetravalent (RRV-TV) and serotype G1 monovalent (RRV-S1) rotavirus vaccines was conducted in 1991-1992 at 24 sites across the United States. Protection was 49% and 54% against all diarrhea but 80% and 69% against very severe gastroenteritis for the two vaccines, respectively. Post-vaccination neutralizing antibody titers to the G1 Wa strain, whose VP7 protein is nearly identical to that of the D strain of rotavirus contained in both vaccines, did not correlate with protection against subsequent illness with G1 strains. This result raised the possibility that in infants who developed post-vaccination neutralizing antibody to Wa, breakthrough (i.e., vaccine failure the occurrence of rotavirus diarrhea after immunization) may have been due to infection by G1 strains that were sufficiently antigenically distinct from the vaccine strain to evade the neutralizing antibodies elicited by vaccination. To test this hypothesis, we initially compared post-vaccination neutralizing antibody titers of vaccinees against Wa and G1 breakthrough strains using sera from subjects who experienced breakthrough. Post-immunization neutralizing antibody titers to Wa elicited by vaccination were significantly (P <0.001) greater than to the breakthrough strains subsequently obtained from these subjects. This difference did not, however, correlate with lack of protection since similar differences in titer to Wa and breakthrough strains were found using post-vaccination sera from vaccinees who either experienced asymptomatic rotavirus infections or no infections. To determine the genetic basis for these differences, we compared the VP7 gene sequences of Wa with vaccine strain D, 12 G1 breakthrough strains, and 3 G1 control strains isolated during the same trial from placebo recipients. All breakthrough strains were distinct from Wa and D in antigenically important regions throughout the VP7 protein, but these differences were conserved between breakthrough and placebo strains. Furthermore, a comparative analysis of the deduced amino sequences from VP7 genes of G1 rotaviruses from 12 countries indicated that four distinct lineages have evolved. All breakthrough and control strains from the U.S. vaccine trial were in a lineage different from strain D, the serotype G1 vaccine strain. Although the overall results do not support our original hypothesis that immune selection of antigenically distinct escape mutants led to vaccine breakthrough in subjects with a neutralization response to Wa, it cannot be excluded that breakthrough could be partially due to antigenic differences in the VP7 proteins of currently circulating G1 strains. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,VIRAL GASTROENTERITIS SECT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CHINESE ACAD PREVENT MED,NATL LAB MOLEC VIROL & GENET ENGN,INST VIROL,BEIJING,PEOPLES R CHINA. CHILDRENS HOSP,MED CTR,DIV INFECT DIS,CINCINNATI,OH 45229. INST EVANDRO CHAGAS,VIROL SECT,PARA,BRAZIL. WYETH AYERST RES,BIOTECHNOL & MICROBIOL DIV,RADNOR,PA. NR 39 TC 64 Z9 67 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG WIEN PI VIENNA PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0304-8608 J9 ARCH VIROL JI Arch. Virol. PY 1996 VL 141 IS 11 BP 2057 EP 2076 DI 10.1007/BF01718215 PG 20 WC Virology SC Virology GA VU643 UT WOS:A1996VU64300003 PM 8973523 ER PT J AU Alfieri, AA Leite, JPG Nakagomi, O Kaga, E Woods, PA Glass, RI Gentsch, JR AF Alfieri, AA Leite, JPG Nakagomi, O Kaga, E Woods, PA Glass, RI Gentsch, JR TI Characterization of human rotavirus genotype P[8]G5 from Brazil by probe-hybridization and sequence SO ARCHIVES OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; SEROTYPE SPECIFICITY; GENOMIC CHARACTERIZATION; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; UNIQUE VP4; SAO-PAULO; IDENTIFICATION; STRAIN; ACID; DIARRHEA AB We report the molecular characterization of rotavirus genotype P[8]G5 strains found in fecal specimens collected in four different regions of Brazil, using digoxigenin (dig)-labeled oligonucleotide probes, sequence analysis, and RNA-RNA hybridization. The closest sequence relationships of the neutralization antigens of these strains were to the VP4 protein of P1A[8]G1 strain KU (93.3% identity in amino acids 11 to 282) and to the VP7 protein of G serotype 5 strain OSU (87.6% identity in amino acids 8 to 232). Based on VP7 sequence differences, we designed dig-probes that allowed us to discriminate porcine OSU-like strains from G5 strains isolated from Brazilian infants. The genetic relationships of two P[8]G5 isolates to other rotavirus genogroups were analyzed by RNA-RNA hybridization with [P-32]-GTP probes representative of serotypes P1A[8]G1 (Wa), P[8]G3 (AU17), and P9[7]G5 (OSU). The Brazilian P[8]G5 strains showed sequence homology with genes of Wa-like and OSU-like strains, suggesting that these two strains were naturally occurring reassortants between members of the Wa and porcine rotavirus genogroups. The identification of these strains in diverse geographic areas of Brazil underscores their stability and demonstrates the emergence of clinically important rotavirus diarrhea strains by reassortment. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,VIRAL GASTROENTERITIS SECT,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. LONDRINA STATE UNIV,LAB ANIM VIROL,LONDRINA,BRAZIL. INST OSWALDO CRUZ,DEPT VIROL,BR-20001 RIO JANEIRO,BRAZIL. AKITA UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT MICROBIOL,AKITA 010,JAPAN. NR 38 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG WIEN PI VIENNA PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0304-8608 J9 ARCH VIROL JI Arch. Virol. PY 1996 VL 141 IS 12 BP 2353 EP 2364 DI 10.1007/BF01718636 PG 12 WC Virology SC Virology GA VX791 UT WOS:A1996VX79100008 PM 9526542 ER PT J AU Leite, JPG Alfieri, AA Woods, PA Glass, RI Gentsch, JR AF Leite, JPG Alfieri, AA Woods, PA Glass, RI Gentsch, JR TI Rotavirus G and P types circulating in Brazil: Characterization by RT-PCR, probe hybridization, and sequence analysis SO ARCHIVES OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; REACTION AMPLIFICATION; REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; ENZYME-IMMUNOASSAY; BOVINE ROTAVIRUS; VP4 GENOTYPES; G-SEROTYPE; SAO-PAULO AB We used reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to determine the P and G genotypes of 130 culture-adapted rotavirus strains isolated from 181 fecal specimens of children under 5 years of age from 9 states and the Federal District of Brazil. The 4 genotypes found most commonly worldwide were also common in Brazil and P[8]G1 was the most prevalent (43%), followed by P[4]G2 (12%), P[8]G3 (6%), and P[8]G4 (6%). However, unusual types P[8]G5, P[6]G2, P[9]G1, P[9]G3, and mixed infections were responsible for 12% and 21% of the cases, respectively. Genotype G5 strains were detected in specimens collected in all 9 areas surveyed from all 4 regions of Brazil. The unusual strain diversity in Brazil suggests that when tetravalent rotavirus vaccines currently being developed are introduced into Brazil, laboratory surveillance will be essential to monitor protection against unusual strains, particularly those of genotype 5, as well as emergence of novel reassortants that may evolve from the large pool of children with mixed infections. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL,VIRAL GASTROENTERITIS SECT,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. INST OSWALDO CRUZ,DEPT VIROL,BR-20001 RIO JANEIRO,BRAZIL. LONDRINA STATE UNIV,LAB ANIM VIROL,LONDRINA,PARANA,BRAZIL. NR 49 TC 155 Z9 162 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG WIEN PI VIENNA PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0304-8608 J9 ARCH VIROL JI Arch. Virol. PY 1996 VL 141 IS 12 BP 2365 EP 2374 DI 10.1007/BF01718637 PG 10 WC Virology SC Virology GA VX791 UT WOS:A1996VX79100009 PM 9526543 ER PT J AU Dominguez, G Black, JB Stamey, FR Inoue, N Pellett, PE AF Dominguez, G Black, JB Stamey, FR Inoue, N Pellett, PE TI Physical and genetic maps of the human herpesvirus 7 strain SB genome SO ARCHIVES OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; VARICELLA-ZOSTER VIRUS; ORIGIN-BINDING PROTEIN; COMPLETE DNA-SEQUENCE; EPSTEIN-BARR-VIRUS; HUMAN CYTOMEGALOVIRUS; EXANTHEM-SUBITUM; FREQUENT ISOLATION; CODING CONTENT; SALIVA AB Human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7) is a close relative of human herpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A) and human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B) based on limited biologic and genetic data. In this work we describe physical and genetic maps for HHV-7 strain SB [HHV-7(SB)], which was obtained from the saliva of a healthy adult. The HHV-7(SB) genome length is approximately 144 kb by clamped homogeneous electric field gel electrophoresis and approximately 135 kb by summation of restriction endonuclease fragments. We constructed plasmid clones and PCR amplimers that span the HHV-7 genome, except for the genomic termini, and determined the maps of the restriction endonuclease cleavage sites for BamHI, PstI, and SacI. The HHV-7(SB) genome is composed of a single unique region of approximately 122 kb bounded at each end by a 6 kb direct repeat. Homologs to thirty-five herpesvirus genes were identified. The highest similarity was with the HHV-6 genes, with an average amino acid identity of 50%, followed by the human cytomegalovirus counterpart. The genomic and genetic maps indicated that the HHV-7 and HHV-6 genomes are colinear. There was no sequence variation in a segment of the gene encoding the DNA polymerase-associated factor homolog among six HHV-7 isolates, while the corresponding segment of the HHV-6A and HHV-6B counterparts differed by 4.6%. These data support previous observations that the closest genetic relatives of HHV-7 are betaherpesviruses. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NR 47 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG WIEN PI VIENNA PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0304-8608 J9 ARCH VIROL JI Arch. Virol. PY 1996 VL 141 IS 12 BP 2387 EP 2408 DI 10.1007/BF01718639 PG 22 WC Virology SC Virology GA VX791 UT WOS:A1996VX79100011 PM 9526545 ER PT J AU Gubler, DJ AF Gubler, DJ TI Arboviruses as imported disease agents: The need for increased awareness SO ARCHIVES OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Imported Virus Infections CY MAR 31-APR 01, 1995 CL UNIV MUNICH, MAX VON PETTENKOFER INST, MUNICH, GERMANY SP Abbaott Gmbh, Baxter Deut, Behringwerke AG, Biotest Pharma Gmbh, Boehringer Mannheim Gmbh, Deut Vereinigungzur Bekampf Viruskrankheiten e V, Deut Wellcome GmbH, Dr Karl Thomae Gmbh, Forderverein Deut Grunen Kreuzes, Immuno Gmbh, Inst Virion Gmbh, Pasteur Merieux MSD Gmbh, Procter & Gamble Gmbh, Sanofi Gmbh, SmithKline Beecham Gmbh HO UNIV MUNICH, MAX VON PETTENKOFER INST ID AEDES-AEGYPTI; DENGUE FEVER; MOSQUITOS AB The arboviruses are an important group of etiologic agents that are transported between geographic regions in infected animals and humans. This group of viruses is briefly reviewed as agents of imported disease and dengue viruses are discussed as an example to illustrate the trend of increasing incidence of imported arboviral diseases. RP Gubler, DJ (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VECTOR BORNE INFECT DIS,PHS,FT COLLINS,CO 80522, USA. NR 29 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG WIEN PI VIENNA PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0304-8608 J9 ARCH VIROL JI Arch. Virol. PY 1996 SU 11 BP 21 EP 32 PG 12 WC Virology SC Virology GA VD911 UT WOS:A1996VD91100004 PM 8800801 ER PT J AU Johnson, ED Johnson, BK Silverstein, D Tukei, P Geisbert, TW Sanchez, AN Jahrling, PB AF Johnson, ED Johnson, BK Silverstein, D Tukei, P Geisbert, TW Sanchez, AN Jahrling, PB TI Characterization of a new Marburg virus isolated from a 1987 fatal case in Kenya SO ARCHIVES OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Imported Virus Infections CY MAR 31-APR 01, 1995 CL UNIV MUNICH, MAX VON PETTENKOFER INST, MUNICH, GERMANY SP Abbaott Gmbh, Baxter Deut, Behringwerke AG, Biotest Pharma Gmbh, Boehringer Mannheim Gmbh, Deut Vereinigungzur Bekampf Viruskrankheiten e V, Deut Wellcome GmbH, Dr Karl Thomae Gmbh, Forderverein Deut Grunen Kreuzes, Immuno Gmbh, Inst Virion Gmbh, Pasteur Merieux MSD Gmbh, Procter & Gamble Gmbh, Sanofi Gmbh, SmithKline Beecham Gmbh HO UNIV MUNICH, MAX VON PETTENKOFER INST ID EBOLA VIRUS; DISEASE AB In 1987, an isolated case of fatal Marburg disease was recognized during routine clinical haemorrhagic fever virus surveillance conducted in Kenya. This report describes the isolation and partial characterization of the new Marburg virus (strain Ravn) isolated from this case. The Ravn isolate was indistinguishable from reference Marburg virus strains by cross-neutralization testing. Virus particles and aggregates of Marburg nucleocapsid matrix in Ravn-infected vero cells, were visualized by immunoelectron microscopic techniques, and also in tissues obtained from the patient and from inoculated monkeys. The cell culture isolate produced a haemorrhagic disease typical of Marburg virus infection when inoculated into rhesus monkeys. Disease was characterized by the sudden appearance of fever and anorexia within 4 to 7 days, and death by day 11. Comparison of nucleotide sequences for portions of the glycoprotein genes of Marburg-Ravn were compared with Marburg reference strains Musoki (MUS) and Popp (POP). Nucleotide identity in this alignment between RAV and MUS is 72.3%, RAV and POP is 71%, and MUS and POP is 91.7%. Amino acid identity between RAV and MUS is 72%, RAV and POP is 67%, and MUS and POP is 93%. These data suggest that Ravn is another subtype of Marburg virus, analogous to the emerging picture of a spectrum of Ebola geographic isolates and subtypes. C1 USA,MED RES INST INFECT DIS,FREDERICK,MD 21702. NAIROBI HOSP,NAIROBI,KENYA. KENYA GOVT MED RES CTR,VIRUS RES CTR,NAIROBI,KENYA. CTR DIS CONTROL,SPECIAL PATHOGENS BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NR 21 TC 54 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG WIEN PI VIENNA PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0304-8608 J9 ARCH VIROL JI Arch. Virol. PY 1996 SU 11 BP 101 EP 114 PG 14 WC Virology SC Virology GA VD911 UT WOS:A1996VD91100011 ER PT J AU Peters, CJ Jahrling, PB Khan, AS AF Peters, CJ Jahrling, PB Khan, AS TI Patients infected with high-hazard viruses: Scientific basis for infection control SO ARCHIVES OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Imported Virus Infections CY MAR 31-APR 01, 1995 CL UNIV MUNICH, MAX VON PETTENKOFER INST, MUNICH, GERMANY SP Abbaott Gmbh, Baxter Deut, Behringwerke AG, Biotest Pharma Gmbh, Boehringer Mannheim Gmbh, Deut Vereinigungzur Bekampf Viruskrankheiten e V, Deut Wellcome GmbH, Dr Karl Thomae Gmbh, Forderverein Deut Grunen Kreuzes, Immuno Gmbh, Inst Virion Gmbh, Pasteur Merieux MSD Gmbh, Procter & Gamble Gmbh, Sanofi Gmbh, SmithKline Beecham Gmbh HO UNIV MUNICH, MAX VON PETTENKOFER INST ID RIFT-VALLEY FEVER; ARGENTINE HEMORRHAGIC-FEVER; LASSA FEVER; RHESUS MACAQUES; STRINGENT PRECAUTIONS; NOSOCOMIAL OUTBREAK; EBOLA-VIRUS; MONKEYS; MARBURG; STRAIN AB Most of the viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are caused by viruses that are handled in high containment laboratories in Europe and the United States because of their high pathogenicity and their aerosol infectivity. Special precautions should be taken when caring for patients infected with these viruses, but most hospitals can safely provide high-quality care. The major danger is parenteral inoculation of a staff member. Fomites and droplets must be considered as well. The role of small particle aerosols in inter-human transmission continues to be controversial. We believe that the aerosol infectivity observed for these viruses in the laboratory and the rare clinical situations that suggest aerosol spread dictate caution, but the many instances in which no transmission occurs provide a framework in which a measured approach is possible. The major challenge is in early recognition by an educated medical staff and rapid specific etiologic diagnosis. C1 USA,MED RES INST INFECT DIS,FREDERICK,MD. RP Peters, CJ (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,SPECIAL PATHOGENS BRANCH,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 86 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG WIEN PI VIENNA PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0304-8608 J9 ARCH VIROL JI Arch. Virol. PY 1996 SU 11 BP 141 EP 168 PG 28 WC Virology SC Virology GA VD911 UT WOS:A1996VD91100014 ER PT J AU Glass, RI Noel, J Mitchell, D Herrmann, JE Blacklow, NR Pickering, LK Dennehy, P RuizPalacios, G deGuerrero, ML Monroe, SS AF Glass, RI Noel, J Mitchell, D Herrmann, JE Blacklow, NR Pickering, LK Dennehy, P RuizPalacios, G deGuerrero, ML Monroe, SS TI The changing epidemiology of astrovirus-associated gastroenteritis: A review SO ARCHIVES OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Sapporo International Symposium on Viral Gastroenteritis CY JUN 28-30, 1995 CL TOMAKOMAI HOKKAIDO, JAPAN ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; INFANTILE GASTROENTERITIS; STOOL SAMPLES; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; CHILDREN; DIARRHEA; VIRUSES; OUTBREAK; SEROTYPES AB Our understanding of the epidemiology of astrovirus-associated gastroenteritis has changed markedly with each improvement in detection method. In early surveys based on electronmicroscopy (EM), astroviruses appeared to be a rare cause of gastroenteritis, being found in fewer than 1% of children with diarrhea, usually in small outbreaks of disease and primarily during the winter season. The development and use of monoclonal antibodies and enzyme immunoassays (EIA) to detect astroviruses led to reports of a higher prevalence (2.5%-9%) of astrovirus infection among patients hospitalized with diarrhea. Astroviruses appeared second only to rotaviruses as a cause of hospitalization for childhood viral gastroenteritis. Studies based on EIA detection of astroviruses indicate that astroviruses are common causes of diarrhea in children worldwide, and that most children are infected during their first two years of life. The elderly and the immunocompromised represent high-risk groups as well. The observations that newborns monitored prospectively rarely have repeat disease and that the rate of detection decreases with increasing age suggest that immunity to astroviruses, as immunity to rotaviruses, may develop early in life. The cloning and sequencing of astroviruses have led to more sensitive assays to detect the viruses by reverse transcription, polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Application of RT-PCR for detection of astroviruses in children in day-care centers showed a marked increase in the detected prevalence of astrovirus-associated diarrhea, the rate of asymptomatic infection, and the duration of shedding of virus among those infected, when compared with studies that used other methods. As with rotaviruses, neither the mode of transmission nor the reservoir of astrovirus infection has been identified. Both immune and molecular-based assays to detect astrovirus serotypes indicate that serotype 1 is most common worldwide, although the predominant serotypes may vary by region and time. In the absence of obvious strategies to prevent astrovirus-associated diarrhea, vaccines might be considered if further studies establish that the disease burden would render such a vaccine cost-effective. C1 EASTERN VIRGINIA MED SCH,CTR PEDIAT RES,NORFOLK,VA 23501. CHILDRENS HOSP KINGS DAUGHTERS,NORFOLK,VA 23501. UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,SCH MED,DIV INFECT DIS & IMMUNOL,WORCESTER,MA. RHODE ISL HOSP,DIV PEDIAT INFECT DIS,PROVIDENCE,RI. INST NACL NUTR SALVADOR ZUBIRAN,MEXICO CITY 14000,DF,MEXICO. RP Glass, RI (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,VIRAL GASTROENTERITIS SECT,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,MAILSTOP G04,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. OI Monroe, Stephan/0000-0002-5424-716X; Dennehy, Penelope/0000-0002-2259-5370 NR 73 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG WIEN PI VIENNA PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0304-8608 J9 ARCH VIROL JI Arch. Virol. PY 1996 SU 12 BP 287 EP 300 PG 14 WC Virology SC Virology GA WE212 UT WOS:A1996WE21200032 ER PT J AU Bland, LA Arnow, PM Arduino, MJ Bova, J McAllister, SK AF Bland, LA Arnow, PM Arduino, MJ Bova, J McAllister, SK TI Potential hazards of deionization systems used for water purification in hemodialysis SO ARTIFICIAL ORGANS LA English DT Article DE hemodialysis; water purification; deionization AB This study was conducted to determine the efflux of specific ions, including fluoride, from a deionization (DI) water purification system (WPS) when the WPS was operated beyond exhaustion of the DI resin. Effluent from the DI WPS was monitored for resistivity, total dissolved solids, pH, and concentrations of silica, fluoride, potassium, and sodium. After 16,000 L of water was purified, the resistivity declined to 0.492 Omega Ohm-cm, and silica was released from the DI WPS. Fluoride ions were released after an additional 8,000 L water was treated, and the resistivity fell to 0.07 Omega Ohm-cm. The fluoride efflux reached a peak of 32 mg/L, 28 times greater than the original fluoride concentration in the city water. Sodium and potassium ions were released after approximately 26,000 and 32,000 L, of water had been treated and reached peaks of 76 and 47 mg/L, respectively. This study confirms that the minimum resistivity standard of 1 Omega Ohm-cm for DI water used for hemodialysis should provide an adequate safety margin. Once resistivity fell to 1 Omega Ohm-cm, more than 8,000 L of water was treated before fluoride efflux occurred. Accordingly, hemodialysis centers should be attentive to the calculated capacity of their DI WPS and reliably monitor the resistivity to prevent patient illness related to exhaustion of DI resins. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIALYSIS & MED DEVICES SECT C01,HOSP INFECT PROGRAM,ATLANTA,GA 30333. UNIV CHICAGO HOSP,INFECT CONTROL PROGRAM,CHICAGO,IL. UNIV CHICAGO HOSP,DEPT MED,CHICAGO,IL. RI Arduino, Matthew/C-1461-2012 OI Arduino, Matthew/0000-0001-7072-538X NR 23 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI CAMBRIDGE PA 238 MAIN ST, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02142 SN 0160-564X J9 ARTIF ORGANS JI Artif. Organs PD JAN PY 1996 VL 20 IS 1 BP 2 EP 7 DI 10.1111/j.1525-1594.1996.tb04411.x PG 6 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Transplantation SC Engineering; Transplantation GA TR858 UT WOS:A1996TR85800002 PM 8645125 ER PT B AU Sauter, SL Swanson, NG AF Sauter, SL Swanson, NG BE Moon, SD Sauter, SL TI An ecological model of musculoskeletal disorders in office work SO BEYOND BIOMECHANICS: PSYCHOSOCIAL ASPECTS OF MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS IN OFFICE WORK LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Beyond Biomechanics - Psychosocial Aspects of Musculoskeletal Disorders in Office Work CY 1993 CL DUKE UNIV, DURHAM, NC SP Duke Univ, Div Occupat & Environm Med, Duke Univ, Off Ergon Res Comm HO DUKE UNIV C1 NIOSH,TAFT LAB,CINCINNATI,OH 45226. NR 0 TC 82 Z9 82 U1 1 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA 4 JOHN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND WC1N 2ET BN 0-7484-0321-3 PY 1996 BP 3 EP 21 PG 19 WC Ergonomics; Psychology SC Engineering; Psychology GA BF04N UT WOS:A1996BF04N00001 ER PT B AU Hurrell, JJ Bernard, BP Hales, TR Sauter, SL Hoekstra, EJ AF Hurrell, JJ Bernard, BP Hales, TR Sauter, SL Hoekstra, EJ BE Moon, SD Sauter, SL TI Psychosocial factors and musculoskeletal disorders - Summary and implications of three NIOSH health hazard evaluations of video display terminal work SO BEYOND BIOMECHANICS: PSYCHOSOCIAL ASPECTS OF MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS IN OFFICE WORK LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Beyond Biomechanics - Psychosocial Aspects of Musculoskeletal Disorders in Office Work CY 1993 CL DUKE UNIV, DURHAM, NC SP Duke Univ, Div Occupat & Environm Med, Duke Univ, Off Ergon Res Comm HO DUKE UNIV C1 NIOSH,CINCINNATI,OH 45226. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA 4 JOHN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND WC1N 2ET BN 0-7484-0321-3 PY 1996 BP 99 EP 105 PG 7 WC Ergonomics; Psychology SC Engineering; Psychology GA BF04N UT WOS:A1996BF04N00007 ER PT B AU Fine, LJ AF Fine, LJ BE Moon, SD Sauter, SL TI Musculoskeletal disorders in office work - The need to consider both physical and psychosocial factors SO BEYOND BIOMECHANICS: PSYCHOSOCIAL ASPECTS OF MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS IN OFFICE WORK LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Beyond Biomechanics - Psychosocial Aspects of Musculoskeletal Disorders in Office Work CY 1993 CL DUKE UNIV, DURHAM, NC SP Duke Univ, Div Occupat & Environm Med, Duke Univ, Off Ergon Res Comm HO DUKE UNIV C1 NIOSH,CINCINNATI,OH 45226. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA 4 JOHN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND WC1N 2ET BN 0-7484-0321-3 PY 1996 BP 295 EP 297 PG 3 WC Ergonomics; Psychology SC Engineering; Psychology GA BF04N UT WOS:A1996BF04N00018 ER PT S AU Needham, LL AF Needham, LL BE Blancato, JN Brown, RN Dary, CC Saleh, MA TI Proposed use of human exposure biomarkers in environmental legislation: Toxic substances control act SO BIOMARKERS FOR AGROCHEMICALS AND TOXIC SUBSTANCES: APPLICATIONS AND RISK ASSESSMENT SE ACS Symposium Series LA English DT Review CT 209th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society on Biomarkers for Agrochemicals and Toxic Substances CY APR 02-07, 1995 CL ANAHEIM, CA SP Amer Chem Soc, Div Agrochem ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS-SPECTROMETRY; BLOOD LEAD LEVELS; MOLECULAR DOSIMETRY; NATIONAL-HEALTH; UNITED-STATES; BUTYL ETHER; POPULATION; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-PARA-DIOXIN; VETERANS AB In the United States, many laws have been enacted to eliminate or to at least reduce human exposure to environmental chemicals. One such law is the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) which includes approximately 72,000 chemicals. Recently, the U.S. Congress expressed interest in examining available technologies for screening all or a selected portion of these chemicals for health effects in humans and to a lesser degree, their effects on the ecologic system. In terms of risk assessment, such screening procedures would yield data for use in hazard identification. Obviously, in order to screen this immense number of chemicals, the chemicals must be prioritized. One such focus could be on the 14,000 nonpolymeric TSCA Inventory chemicals produced in amounts greater than 10,000 pounds per year. Nonetheless, screening all of these 14,000 chemicals for various health endpoints still requires further prioritization. No doubt, quantitative structure activity relationships will be used to set priorities. However, we submit that priority setting could also be based at least in part on another aspect of risk assessment-human exposure assessment-for without human exposure, there are no adverse health effects, and no need would exist for further risk characterization. Human exposure has been assessed by a variety of means. We prefer to assess human exposure by measuring biomarkers of exposure in human specimens, when such measurements are possible. RP Needham, LL (reprint author), US DEPT HHS, PUBL HLTH SERV, CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH, 4770 BUFORD HIGHWAY, ATLANTA, GA 30341 USA. RI Needham, Larry/E-4930-2011 NR 34 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3449-3 J9 ACS SYM SER JI ACS Symp. Ser. PY 1996 VL 643 BP 24 EP 38 PG 15 WC Agronomy; Chemistry, Applied; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA BG42D UT WOS:A1996BG42D00002 ER PT S AU Hill, RH Head, SL Baker, S Rubin, C Esteban, E Bailey, SL Shealy, DB Needham, LL AF Hill, RH Head, SL Baker, S Rubin, C Esteban, E Bailey, SL Shealy, DB Needham, LL BE Blancato, JN Brown, RN Dary, CC Saleh, MA TI The use of reference range concentrations in environmental health investigations SO BIOMARKERS FOR AGROCHEMICALS AND TOXIC SUBSTANCES: APPLICATIONS AND RISK ASSESSMENT SE ACS Symposium Series LA English DT Review CT 209th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society on Biomarkers for Agrochemicals and Toxic Substances CY APR 02-07, 1995 CL ANAHEIM, CA SP Amer Chem Soc, Div Agrochem ID VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; UNITED-STATES; GENERAL-POPULATION; REFERENCE VALUES; EXPOSURE; URINE; BLOOD; DICHLOROBENZENE; METABOLITES AB Reference range concentrations are obtained by measuring xenobiotics, their residues, or their metabolites in human specimens from the general population. These reference range concentrations provide a foundation for assessments of exposure to xenobiotics in specific exposure situations and also provide information about the extent and magnitude of xenobiotic exposure in the general population. Reference range concentrations for p-nitrophenol served as a basis for comparison for residents exposed to methyl parathion following inappropriate residential exposure. Reference range concentrations for 2,5-dichlorophenol and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol also provide information about the magnitude and extent of exposure to environmental contaminants, p-dichlorobenzene, and chlorpyrifos, respectively. RP Hill, RH (reprint author), US DEPT HHS, PUBL HLTH SERV, CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH, 4770 BUFORD HIGHWAY, ATLANTA, GA 30341 USA. RI Needham, Larry/E-4930-2011; Barr, Dana/E-6369-2011; Barr, Dana/E-2276-2013 NR 23 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 3 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3449-3 J9 ACS SYM SER JI ACS Symp. Ser. PY 1996 VL 643 BP 39 EP 48 PG 10 WC Agronomy; Chemistry, Applied; Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA BG42D UT WOS:A1996BG42D00003 ER PT J AU Haverkos, HW Drotman, DP AF Haverkos, HW Drotman, DP TI NIDA technical review: Nitrite inhalants SO BIOMEDICINE & PHARMACOTHERAPY LA English DT Review DE AIDS; HIV infection; immunosuppression; Kaposi's sarcoma; nitrite inhalants; sexual behavior ID MULTICENTER AIDS COHORT; ISOBUTYL NITRITE; KAPOSIS-SARCOMA; HOMOSEXUAL MEN; RISK; INFECTION AB Nitrite inhalants are commonly abused substances in the US and Europe. ''Nitrite inhalants and AIDS'' was a popular topic in the early 1980s when the cause of AIDS was not known. With the discovery of HIV, concern about nitrite use wained. However, nitrite inhalant use is associated with behavioral relapse and HIV transmission among gay men, with decreased lymphocyte counts and natural killer cell activity in laboratory studies, and remains a candidate ''cofactor'' in the pathogenesis of AIDS-related Karposi sarcoma. Discouraging nitrite use continues to be a worthwhile public health goal. Participants recommend specific research efforts. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA. RP Haverkos, HW (reprint author), NIDA,NIH,OFF AIDS,ROOM 9A-30,5600 FISHERS LANE,ROCKVILLE,MD 20857, USA. NR 18 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES ELSEVIER PI PARIS CEDEX 15 PA 141 RUE JAVEL, 75747 PARIS CEDEX 15, FRANCE SN 0753-3322 J9 BIOMED PHARMACOTHER JI Biomed. Pharmacother. PY 1996 VL 50 IS 5 BP 228 EP 230 DI 10.1016/0753-3322(96)87663-3 PG 3 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Research & Experimental Medicine; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA VF942 UT WOS:A1996VF94200005 PM 8949404 ER PT J AU Smith, PJ Thompson, TJ AF Smith, PJ Thompson, TJ TI Correcting for confounding in analyzing receiver operating characteristic curves SO BIOMETRICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE area under the curve; probability plot; screening; sensitivity; specificity; Weibull distribution ID ROC CURVE AB A method is described for modeling a receiver operating curve as a function of confounding covariates when the outcome of the screening test is a continuous variate. A parametric survival model is proposed for modeling the distribution of the screening test outcome as a function of true disease status and other confounding covariates. The sensitivity and specificity of the screening test at any ''cut-point'' along the range of the screening test outcome may be estimated easily from the estimated survival distribution. Confidence intervals and an estimate of the area under the curve are derived. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV DIABET TRANSLAT K10,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 11 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 1 PU AKADEMIE VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA MUHLENSTRASSE 33-34, D-13187 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0323-3847 J9 BIOMETRICAL J JI Biom. J. PY 1996 VL 38 IS 7 BP 857 EP 863 DI 10.1002/bimj.4710380711 PG 7 WC Mathematical & Computational Biology; Statistics & Probability SC Mathematical & Computational Biology; Mathematics GA WD389 UT WOS:A1996WD38900008 ER PT J AU Sosin, DM Sniezek, JE Thurman, DJ AF Sosin, DM Sniezek, JE Thurman, DJ TI Incidence of mild and moderate brain injury in the United States, 1991 SO BRAIN INJURY LA English DT Article ID MINOR HEAD-INJURY; POPULATION; TRAUMA; DISABILITY; TRENDS; COUNTY AB The 1991 National Health Interview Survey was analysed to describe the incidence of mild and moderate brain injury in the United States. Data were collected from 46 761 households and weighted to reflect all non-institutionalized civilians. The report of one or more occurrences of head injury resulting in loss of consciousness in the previous 12 months was the main outcome measure. Each year an estimated 1.5 million non-institutionalized US civilians sustain a non-fatal brain injury that does not result in institutionalization, a rate of 618 per 100 000 person-years. Motor vehicles were involved in 28% of the brain injuries, sports and physical activity were responsible for 20%, and assaults were responsible for 9%. Medical care was sought by 75% of those with brain injury; 14% were treated in clinics or offices, 35% were treated in emergency departments, and 25% were hospitalized. The risk of medically attended brain injury was highest among three subgroups: teens and young adults, males, and persons with low income who lived alone. The incidence of mild and moderate brain injury in the United States is substantial. The National Health Interview Survey is an important national source of current outpatient brain-injury data. RP Sosin, DM (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INJURY PREVENT & CONTROL,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 24 TC 318 Z9 321 U1 2 U2 10 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA ONE GUNDPOWDER SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND EC4A 3DE SN 0269-9052 J9 BRAIN INJURY JI Brain Inj. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 10 IS 1 BP 47 EP 54 PG 8 WC Neurosciences; Rehabilitation SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Rehabilitation GA TY049 UT WOS:A1996TY04900005 PM 8680392 ER PT J AU Haile, RW Witte, JS Ursin, G Siemiatycki, J Bertolli, J Thompson, WD PaganiniHill, A AF Haile, RW Witte, JS Ursin, G Siemiatycki, J Bertolli, J Thompson, WD PaganiniHill, A TI A case-control study of reproductive variables, alcohol, and smoking in premenopausal bilateral breast cancer SO BREAST CANCER RESEARCH AND TREATMENT LA English DT Article DE reproductive factors; alcohol; smoking; premenopausal bilateral breast neoplasms; case-control study ID CIGARETTE-SMOKING; RISK; CONSUMPTION; FAMILIES; EXPOSURE; DISEASE; WOMEN AB Premenopausal bilateral breast cancer is characterized by a strong family risk, and, consequently, a high probability that inherited susceptibility genes may be segregating in these families. Determining whether risk factors that affect other breast cancer cases have a similar effect in the etiology of bilateral breast cancer is of interest. Therefore, as part of an ongoing genetic-epidemiologic study of premenopausal bilateral breast cancer, we conducted a case-control analysis of reproductive variables, benign breast disease, alcohol, and smoking. Cases had premenopausal bilateral breast cancer, and their unaffected sisters served as controls. A set of reproductive variables - including earlier age at menarche, nulliparity, and late age at first full term pregnancy - appeared to increase the risk of breast cancer; the corresponding confidence limits, however, were wide and straddled the null. In addition, other variables associated with increased premenopausal bilateral breast cancer risk were: use of oral contraceptives, history of benign breast disease, and high alcohol consumption. We found no positive association for smoking. Nulliparity and late age at first full-term pregnancy appeared to have different effects in women with family histories of breast cancer than in women without such a history. We detected no substantial effect modification for the other risk factors. In general, risk factors previously identified for breast cancer (usually postmenopausal, unilateral cases) appear also to increase the risk for premenopausal, bilateral breast cancer. C1 INST ARMAND FRAPPIER,DEPT EPIDEMIOL,QUEBEC CITY,PQ,CANADA. CTR DIS CONTROL,EPIDEMIOL BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333. UNIV SO MAINE,PORTLAND,ME 04103. RP Haile, RW (reprint author), UNIV SO CALIF,SCH MED,DEPT PREVENT MED,PARKVIEW MED BLDG,ROOM B-106,1420 SAN PABLO ST,LOS ANGELES,CA 90033, USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [CA-36386] NR 26 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6806 J9 BREAST CANCER RES TR JI Breast Cancer Res. Treat. PY 1996 VL 37 IS 1 BP 49 EP 56 DI 10.1007/BF01806631 PG 8 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA TG757 UT WOS:A1996TG75700006 PM 8750527 ER PT J AU AbuElyazeed, R ElSharkawy, S Olson, J Botros, B Soliman, A Salib, A Cummings, C Arthur, R AF AbuElyazeed, R ElSharkawy, S Olson, J Botros, B Soliman, A Salib, A Cummings, C Arthur, R TI Prevalence of anti-Rift-Valley-fever IgM antibody in abattoir workers in the Nile delta during the 1993 outbreak in Egypt SO BULLETIN OF THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION LA English DT Article AB In the early summer of 1993, an outbreak of Rift Valley fever (RVF) was reported among both humans and animals in Aswan Governorate, Upper Egypt. To determine whether RVF infection had spread to the Nile delta region of the country, we carried out a cross-sectional survey of 1181 occupationally exposed abattoir workers (97% male; age 10-72 years) in 15 governorates of Egypt in November 1993. The overall prevalence of anti-RVF virus IgM antibody was 2% (range: 0% (7 governorates) to 10%). The highest prevalences were in Ismailia (10%) and Sharqiya (8%) Governorates. None of the seropositive subjects reported having experienced an episode of fever in the 2 months prior to the study The prevalence of antibody was significantly higher (P < 0.05) among workers employed in high-risk jobs such as cutting animals' throats (relative risk (RR = 2.24)) and handling animal parts (RR = 2.37). The findings suggest that abattoir workers represent a useful sentinel population for surveillance of RVF. C1 MINIST HLTH CAIRO,INFECT DIS CONTROL PROGRAMME,CAIRO,EGYPT. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,RICKETTSIAL & VIRAL BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30341. USN,MED RES UNIT 3,VIROL BRANCH,CAIRO,EGYPT. USN,MED RES UNIT 3,APPL FIELD SCI DIV,CAIRO,EGYPT. JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH HYG & PUBL HLTH,BALTIMORE,MD. RP AbuElyazeed, R (reprint author), USN,MED RES UNIT 3,RISK ASSESSMENT BRANCH,CODE 203D,PSC 452,BOX 5000,FPO,AE 09835, USA. NR 8 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 0 PU WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION PI GENEVA 27 PA DISTRIBUTION AND SALES, CH-1211 GENEVA 27, SWITZERLAND SN 0042-9686 J9 B WORLD HEALTH ORGAN JI Bull. World Health Organ. PY 1996 VL 74 IS 2 BP 155 EP 158 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UZ703 UT WOS:A1996UZ70300004 PM 8706230 ER PT J AU McDermott, J Steketee, R Wirima, J AF McDermott, J Steketee, R Wirima, J TI Perinatal mortality in rural Malawi SO BULLETIN OF THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION LA English DT Article ID INFANT-MORTALITY; PREGNANCY; AREA AB Reported are the results of a study to assess the prevalence and risk factors for perinatal death among pregnant women in Malawi over the period 1987-90. There were 264 perinatal deaths among the 3866 women with singleton pregnancies (perinatal mortality rate, 68.3 per 1000 births), Among the risk factors for perinatal mortality were the following: reactive syphilis serology, nulliparity, a late fetal or neonatal death in the most recent previous birth, maternal height < 150 cm, home delivery, and low socioeconomic status. Although unexplained perinatal deaths will continue to occur, perinatal mortality can be reduced if its causes and risk factors in a community are given priority in antenatal and intrapartum care programmes. The following interventions could potentially reduce the perinatal mortality in the study population: screening and treating women with reactive syphilis serology; and management from early labour, by competent personnel in a health facility, of nulliparous women and multiparous women who are short or have a history of a perinatal death. C1 MINIST HLTH,COLL MED,LILONGWE,MALAWI. RP McDermott, J (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV REPROD HLTH,MALARIA BRANCH,DIV PARASIT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 17 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 1 PU WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION PI GENEVA 27 PA DISTRIBUTION AND SALES, CH-1211 GENEVA 27, SWITZERLAND SN 0042-9686 J9 B WORLD HEALTH ORGAN JI Bull. World Health Organ. PY 1996 VL 74 IS 2 BP 165 EP 171 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UZ703 UT WOS:A1996UZ70300006 PM 8706232 ER PT J AU GrummerStrawn, LM Caceres, JM deJaimes, BPH AF GrummerStrawn, LM Caceres, JM deJaimes, BPH TI Trends in the nutritional status of Salvadorian children: The post-war experience SO BULLETIN OF THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION LA English DT Article AB This article examines trends in the nutritional status of children in El Salvador between 1988 and 1993 (before and after the signing of a peace accord that ended the civil war.) The data derive from two national surveys, each of which included measurements of the height and weight of children aged 3-59 months. The prevalence of low weight-for-age (< -2 SD) dropped from 15% in 1988 to 10.5% in 1993. The prevalence of low weight-for-height (< -2 SD) was minimal in both surveys: falling from 3.9% to 2.9%. The prevalence of low height-for-age (< -2 SD) fell from 28.1% to 22%. These declines in malnutrition indicators resulted from an upward shift in the distributions of weight and height of children, not from thinner lower tails of the distributions. The quality of anthropometric data appears to be high for both surveys: < 1% of surveyed children had heights or weights outside the expected range. This analysis demonstrates the value of repeated surveys of nutritional status. C1 SALVADORIAN DEMOG ASSOC,DIV DEV PLANNING & EVALUAT,SAN SALVADOR,EL SALVADOR. RP GrummerStrawn, LM (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV NUTR,MAILSTOP K-25,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 4 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION PI GENEVA 27 PA DISTRIBUTION AND SALES, CH-1211 GENEVA 27, SWITZERLAND SN 0042-9686 J9 B WORLD HEALTH ORGAN JI Bull. World Health Organ. PY 1996 VL 74 IS 4 BP 369 EP 374 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA VF120 UT WOS:A1996VF12000004 PM 8823958 ER PT J AU Malilay, J Flanders, WD Brogan, D AF Malilay, J Flanders, WD Brogan, D TI A modified cluster-sampling method for post-disaster rapid assessment of needs SO BULLETIN OF THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION LA English DT Article AB The cluster-sampling method can be used to conduct rapid assessment of health and other needs in communities affected by natural disasters. It is modelled on WHO's Expanded Programme on Immunization method of estimating immunization coverage, but has been modified to provide (1) estimates of the population remaining in an area, and (2) estimates of the number of people in the post-disaster area with specific needs. This approach differs from that used previously in other disasters where rapid needs assessments only estimated the proportion of the population with specific needs. We propose a modified n x k survey design to estimate the remaining population, severity of damage, the proportion and number of people with specific needs, the number of damaged or destroyed and remaining housing units, and the changes in these estimates over a period of time as part of the survey. C1 EMORY UNIV,ROLLINS SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT BIOSTAT,ATLANTA,GA 30322. EMORY UNIV,ROLLINS SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT EPIDEMIOL,ATLANTA,GA 30322. RP Malilay, J (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DISASTER ASSESSMENT & EPIDEMIOL SECT,HLTH STUDIES BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 14 TC 34 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 0 PU WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION PI GENEVA 27 PA DISTRIBUTION AND SALES, CH-1211 GENEVA 27, SWITZERLAND SN 0042-9686 J9 B WORLD HEALTH ORGAN JI Bull. World Health Organ. PY 1996 VL 74 IS 4 BP 399 EP 405 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA VF120 UT WOS:A1996VF12000009 PM 8823962 ER PT J AU Paxton, LA Redd, SC Steketee, RW Otieno, JO Nahlen, B AF Paxton, LA Redd, SC Steketee, RW Otieno, JO Nahlen, B TI An evaluation of clinical indicators for severe paediatric illness SO BULLETIN OF THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION LA English DT Article ID AFRICAN CHILDREN; CASE-DEFINITIONS; PNEUMONIA; MALARIA; INFANT AB To help reduce paediatric morbidity and mortality in the developing world, WHO has developed a diagnostic and treatment algorithm that targets the principal causes of death in children, which include acute respiratory infection, malaria, measles, diarrhoeal disease, and malnutrition. With this algorithm, known as the Sick Child Charts, severely ill children are rapidly identified, through the presence of any one of 13 signs indicative of severe illness, and referred for more intensive health care. These signs are the inability to drink, abnormal mental status (abnormally sleepy), convulsions, wasting, oedema, chest wall retraction, strider, abnormal skin turgor, repealed vomiting stiff neck, tender swelling behind the ear, pallor of the conjunctiva, and corneal ulceration. The usefulness of these signs, both in current clinical practice and within the optimized context of the Sick Child Chart algorithm in a rural district of western Kenya, was evaluated. We found that 27% of children seen in outpatient clinics had one or more of these signs and that pallor and chest wall retraction were the signs most likely to be associated with hospital admission (odds ratio (OR) = 8.6 and 5.3, respectively). Presentation with any of these signs led to a 3.2 times increased likelihood of admission, although 54% of hospitalized children had no such signs and 21% of children sent home from the outpatient clinic had at least one sign. Among inpatients, 58% of all children and 89% of children who died had been admitted with a sign. Abnormal mental status was the sign most highly associated with death (OR = 59.6), followed by poor skin turgor (OR = 5.6), pallor (OR = 4.3), repeated vomiting (OR = 3.6), chest wall retraction (OR = 2.7), and oedema (OR = 2.4). Overall, the mortality risk associated with having al least one sign was 6.5 times higher than that for children without any sign. While these signs are useful in identifying a subset of children at high risk of death, their validation in other settings is needed. The training and supervision of health workers to identify severely ill children should continue to be given high priority because of the benefits, such as reduction of childhood mortality. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL IMMUNIZATION PROGRAM,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CDC,PEDIAT & FAMILY STUDIES SECT,DIV HIV AIDS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. KISUMN DIST HOSP,KISUMU,KENYA. SIAYA DIST HOSP,SIAYA,KENYA. CDC KENYA FIELD STN,KISIAN,KENYA. NR 9 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION PI GENEVA 27 PA DISTRIBUTION AND SALES, CH-1211 GENEVA 27, SWITZERLAND SN 0042-9686 J9 B WORLD HEALTH ORGAN JI Bull. World Health Organ. PY 1996 VL 74 IS 6 BP 613 EP 618 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA WM253 UT WOS:A1996WM25300008 PM 9060222 ER PT J AU Dietz, V Milstien, JB vanLoon, F Cochi, S Bennett, J AF Dietz, V Milstien, JB vanLoon, F Cochi, S Bennett, J TI Performance and potency of tetanus toxoid: Implications for eliminating neonatal tetanus SO BULLETIN OF THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION LA English DT Review ID PREGNANT-WOMEN; IMMUNIZATION; PROTECTION; REDUCTION; MORTALITY; EFFICACY; VACCINE; BABIES AB Neonatal tetanus (NT) is a major cause of mortality in developing countries with over 400000 deaths estimated to occur annually. WHO has adopted the goal of eliminating NT worldwide, and a major strategy for ifs prevention is the administration of at least two properly spaced doses of tetanus toroid (TT) to women of childbearing age in high-risk areas to protect passively their newborns at birth. In certain countries the locally produced TT vaccine has been shown to be subpotent, while other countries have reported NT among infants born to vaccinated women. An extensive review of production and quality control procedures was carried out between 1993 and 1995 in 8 of 22 TT-producing countries that also report NT cases, with a more superficial assessment being carried out in the remaining 14 countries. Only 4 of the 22 countries have a functioning national control authority to monitor TT production and vaccine quality. A total of 80 TT lots from 21 manufacturers in 14 of the 22 NT-reporting countries were tested for potency. Of these, 15 lots from eight manufacturers in seven countries had potency values below WHO requirements. TT potency can also be compromised by improper vaccine handling. To eliminate neonatal tetanus worldwide requires assurance that all doses of TT meet WHO production and quality,requirements and that the field effectiveness of TT is monitored through systematic NT case investigations and assessment of coverage. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL IMMUNIZATION PROGRAM,ATLANTA,GA. WHO,GLOBAL PROGRAMME VACCINES & IMMUNIZAT,CH-1211 GENEVA,SWITZERLAND. TASK FORCE CHILD SURVIVAL & DEV,ATLANTA,GA. RP Dietz, V (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV PARASIT DIS,MS-F22,4770 BUFORD HIGHWAY NE,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 35 TC 41 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 2 PU WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION PI GENEVA 27 PA DISTRIBUTION AND SALES, CH-1211 GENEVA 27, SWITZERLAND SN 0042-9686 J9 B WORLD HEALTH ORGAN JI Bull. World Health Organ. PY 1996 VL 74 IS 6 BP 619 EP 628 PG 10 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA WM253 UT WOS:A1996WM25300009 PM 9060223 ER PT B AU Hughes, J Vandamme, P AF Hughes, J Vandamme, P BE Newell, DG Ketley, JM Feldman, RA TI Summary of workshop - New and emerging pathogens SO CAMPYLOBACTERS, HELICOBACTERS, AND RELATED ORGANISMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Workshop on Campylobacters, Helicobacters, and Related Organisms CY JUL 10-13, 1996 CL WINCHESTER, ENGLAND SP NIAID, US, NIDDK, US, NCI, US, US FDA, Dept Hlth, UK, Minist Agr Fisheries & Food, GB, US Dept Def, Naval Res Inst, Public Hlth Lab Serv Board, England & Wales, USDA AR, US, USDA FSIS, US, Cent Vet Labs, UK, Brit Soc Immunol, UK, Unipath Ltd, Orion Ltd, Coca Cola Ltd, Glaxo Ltd, Bayer, UK, Don Whitley Sci, Winchester City Council RP Hughes, J (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 BN 0-306-45312-6 PY 1996 BP 435 EP 436 PG 2 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA BH72E UT WOS:A1996BH72E00079 ER PT J AU Grainger, J McClure, PC Liu, ZY Botero, B Sirimanne, S Patterson, DG Sewer, M Gillyard, C Kimata, K Hosoya, K Araki, T Tanaka, N Terabe, S AF Grainger, J McClure, PC Liu, ZY Botero, B Sirimanne, S Patterson, DG Sewer, M Gillyard, C Kimata, K Hosoya, K Araki, T Tanaka, N Terabe, S TI Isomer identification of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins by orthogonal spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 14th International Symposium on Chlorinated Dioxins, PCB and Related Compounds CY NOV 21-25, 1994 CL KYOTO, JAPAN ID TRANSFORM-INFRARED-SPECTROSCOPY; CAPILLARY GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; SEPARATION; DIFFERENTIATION; PHASE AB Isorner differentiation of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (CDD) isomer pair components was examined by three orthogonal chromatographic (gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, and micellar electrokinetic chromatography) techniques and three orthogonal spectroscopic (Fourier transform infrared and carbon-13 and proton nuclear magnetic resonance) techniques. Synthetic CDD isomer pair mixtures from the same sample set were separated by methods using independent partitioning dynamics and identified by spectroscopic methods using independent energy/structure transformations. This integrated approach using orthogonal methods minimizes isomer identification error probability and results in an excellent agreement among methods in isomer assignment. C1 SPELMAN COLL,DEPT CHEM,ATLANTA,GA 30314. KYOTO INST TECHNOL,SAKYO KU,KYOTO 606,JAPAN. HIMEJI INST TECHNOL,FAC SCI,KEMIGORI,HYOGO 67812,JAPAN. RP Grainger, J (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV ENVIRONM HLTH LAB SCI,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 15 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD JAN PY 1996 VL 32 IS 1 BP 13 EP 23 DI 10.1016/0045-6535(95)00225-1 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA TN608 UT WOS:A1996TN60800002 ER PT J AU Choudhary, G AF Choudhary, G TI Human health perspectives on environmental exposure to benzidine: A review SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article ID HUMAN CARCINOGENS BENZIDINE; MARROW MICRONUCLEUS ASSAYS; BLADDER-CANCER; BACTERIAL MUTAGENESIS; BETA-NAPHTHYLAMINE; AROMATIC-AMINES; RISK ASSESSMENT; FOLLOW-UP; WORKERS; RATS AB Benzidine. an odorless, white re, slightly reddish-white crystalline organic compound, is an environmental contaminant that has been identified at about 30 National Priorities List (NPL) hazardous waste sites in the United States. In the environment, it is usually found attached to suspended particles either in its ''free'' state or as chloride or sulfate salts. In the past, U.S. industries used large quantities of benzidine to produce dyes for paper. clothes, and leather. Since the ban on its production and use in the United States in the 1970s, this compound is imported for specialty uses. People living near hazardous waste sites might be exposed to benzidine by drinking contaminated water, by inhaling contaminated air, or by swallowing or touching contaminated dust. People can also be exposed by using benzidine dyes on paper, clothes, and other materials. Human occupational data and studies of laboratory animals suggest that people exposed to benzidine may develop adverse systemic health effects or cancer. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), and the World Health Organization (WHO) have classified benzidine as a carcinogen. Urinary bladder cancer is the most common form of cancer caused by exposure to benzidine. The stomach, kidneys, brain, mouth, esophagus, liver, and gallbladder might also be targets. Th information presented in the article may help public health officials, physicians, and toxicologists evaluate and develop the health information materials on the nature of benzidine in the environment and its potential impact on public health. RP Choudhary, G (reprint author), PUBL HLTH SERV, US DEPT HLTH & HUMAN SERV, AGCY TOX SUBST & DIS REGISTRY, DIV TOXICOL, ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA. NR 75 TC 53 Z9 58 U1 1 U2 14 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD JAN PY 1996 VL 32 IS 2 BP 267 EP 291 DI 10.1016/0045-6535(95)00338-X PG 25 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA TT735 UT WOS:A1996TT73500005 PM 8581430 ER PT J AU Black, JB Schwarz, TF Patton, JL KitePowell, K Pellett, PE Wiersbitzky, S Bruns, R Muller, C Jager, G Stewart, JA AF Black, JB Schwarz, TF Patton, JL KitePowell, K Pellett, PE Wiersbitzky, S Bruns, R Muller, C Jager, G Stewart, JA TI Evaluation of immunoassays for detection of antibodies to human herpesvirus 7 SO CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HUMAN CYTOMEGALOVIRUS; T-CELLS; IDENTIFICATION; CHILDREN; PREVALENCE; INFECTION; PROTEINS; SALIVA; ADULTS; GENE AB enzyme immunoassay (EIA), an immunoblot assay (IB), and an indirect immunofluorescence assay were developed for detection of human herpesvirus 7 (I4HV 7) antibodies in human serum. Cross-absorption studies with EIA or IFA using HHV-7 and human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) antigens indicated that most human sera contain cross-reactive HHV-6 and HHV-7 antibodies and that the degree of cross-reactivity varies between individual serum specimens. Inhibition of homologous antibody activity by absorption with heterologous virus ranged from 0 to 57% by EIA. However, for every sample tested, absorption with homologous virus removed more activity than did heterologous virus, An 88-kDa protein was identified as an HHV-7-specific serologic marker by IB. Activity to this protein was not removed by absorption with HHV-6 antigen, Of the three assays, the EIA was the most sensitive (94%), while the IB was the most specific (94%). Approximately 80% of specimens collected from German adults and children older than 2 years were positive for HHV-7 antibodies by these assays. C1 UNIV MUNICH,MAX VON PETTENKOFER INST HYG & MED MICROBIOL,MUNICH,GERMANY. UNIV GREIFSWALD,DEPT PEDIAT,O-2200 GREIFSWALD,GERMANY. RP Black, JB (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,1600 CLIFTON RD,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 28 TC 42 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 1071-412X J9 CLIN DIAGN LAB IMMUN JI Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 3 IS 1 BP 79 EP 83 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA TP777 UT WOS:A1996TP77700014 PM 8770508 ER PT J AU Madore, DV Anderson, P Baxter, BD Carlone, GM Edwards, KM Hamilton, RG Holder, P Kayhty, H Phipps, DC Peeters, CCA Schneerson, R Siber, GR Ward, JI Frasch, CE AF Madore, DV Anderson, P Baxter, BD Carlone, GM Edwards, KM Hamilton, RG Holder, P Kayhty, H Phipps, DC Peeters, CCA Schneerson, R Siber, GR Ward, JI Frasch, CE TI Interlaboratory study evaluating quantitation of antibodies to Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay SO CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RADIOANTIGEN BINDING ASSAY; HEMOPHILUS-INFLUENZAE; CAPSULAR POLYSACCHARIDE; BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITY; ELISA; POLYRIBOPHOSPHATE; IMMUNIZATION; VACCINES; CHILDREN; ANTIGEN AB An interlaboratory study was conducted to determine whether an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with an antigen preparation composed of various-sized fragments of Haemophilus influenzae type b polysaccharide conjugated to human serum albumin could be standardized across laboratories and whether the ELISA-derived results from different laboratories are equivalent to those obtained by the standard radioactive antigen binding assay (RABA) for quantitation of anti-H, influenza type b polysaccharide antibodies. Twenty coded human serum samples were qnantitated by ELISA in 11 laboratories and by RABA in 5 laboratories. The mean RABA-derived values served as the basis for all comparisons. While the overall correspondence of antibody values between the two methods was good, significant differences were found among some of the 11 ELISA data sets and among the mean RABA values. Seven laboratories generated higher ELISA antibody values for lo rv-titered sera. Four laboratories generated antibody concentrations that were not statistically different between the two assay methods. The results therefore indicate that the ELISA can tolerate substantial variations in protocol, such as the use of different plates and different antibody reagents, without affecting the quantitation of serum antibodies. However, attention should be focused on low-titered sera, as some assay conditions may yield spurious results. This ELISA is a serologic assay which can serve as an alternative to the RABA for quantitation of antibodies to H. influenzae type b polysaccharide. C1 LEDERLE PRAXIS BIOL,W HENRIETTA,NY. UNIV ROCHESTER,MED CTR,ROCHESTER,NY 14642. BAYLOR COLL MED,INFLUENZA RES CTR,HOUSTON,TX 77030. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. VANDERBILT UNIV,SCH MED,NASHVILLE,TN 37212. JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV HOSP,JOHNS HOPKINS ASTHMA & ALLERGY CTR,SCH MED,BALTIMORE,MD 21205. NICHHD,BETHESDA,MD 20892. CTR BIOL EVALUAT & RES,LAB BACTERIAL POLYSACCHARIDES,BETHESDA,MD. NATL PUBL HLTH INST,HELSINKI,FINLAND. NATL INST PUBL HLTH & ENVIRONM,BILTHOVEN,NETHERLANDS. MASSACHUSETTS PUBL HLTH BIOL LABS,BOSTON,MA. UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,HARBOR MED SCH,TORRANCE,CA 90509. NR 19 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 1071-412X J9 CLIN DIAGN LAB IMMUN JI Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 3 IS 1 BP 84 EP 88 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA TP777 UT WOS:A1996TP77700015 PM 8770509 ER PT J AU Vanham, G Edmonds, K Qing, L Hom, D Toossi, Z Jones, B Daley, CL Huebner, R Kestens, L Gigase, P Ellner, JJ AF Vanham, G Edmonds, K Qing, L Hom, D Toossi, Z Jones, B Daley, CL Huebner, R Kestens, L Gigase, P Ellner, JJ TI Generalized immune activation in pulmonary tuberculosis: Co-activation with HIV infection SO CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE tuberculosis; HIV; immune activation; HLA-DR; FC gamma receptor ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS TYPE-1; HUMAN ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; BLOOD MONOCYTES; INTERLEUKIN-2 PRODUCTION; LYMPHOCYTES-T; EXPRESSION; CELLS; GAMMA; INVITRO AB Parameters of immune activation/differentiation were studied in a group of newly diagnosed HIV- and HIV+ pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) patients. Compared with controls, HLA-DR expression on both CD4 and CDS T cells from the HIV- TB patients was approximately doubled; HLA-DR on T cells from the HIV+ group was tripled. The monocytes from both groups of patients expressed abnormally high levels of the Fc gamma receptors I and III. Serum levels of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), neopterin and beta(2)-microglobulin were increased in HIV- and even more so in HIV+ TB patients. The expression of HLA-DR on T cell subsets and of Fc gamma R on monocytes correlated with each other, but not with serum activation markers. This pattern of non-specific activation during TB infection may be associated with enhanced susceptibility to HIV infection. C1 CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIV HOSP,SCH MED,CHIEF DIV INFECT DIS,DEPT MED,CLEVELAND,OH 44106. INST TROP MED,DEPT INFECT & IMMUN,LAB PATHOL & IMMUNOL,B-2000 ANTWERP,BELGIUM. VET ADM MED CTR,CLEVELAND,OH 44106. UNIV SO CALIF,LOS ANGELES,CA. SAN FRANCISCO GEN HOSP,DIV PULM & CRIT CARE MED,SAN FRANCISCO,CA. UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 46 TC 118 Z9 119 U1 0 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0009-9104 J9 CLIN EXP IMMUNOL JI Clin. Exp. Immunol. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 103 IS 1 BP 30 EP 34 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2249.1996.907600.x PG 5 WC Immunology SC Immunology GA TQ707 UT WOS:A1996TQ70700007 PM 8565282 ER PT J AU Washko, R Dow, A Henning, KJ AF Washko, R Dow, A Henning, KJ TI Citywide survey of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus - New York City, 1993 SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article AB Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) has become an increasingly important nosocomial pathogen. Questionnaires were sent to all New York City (NYC)-licensed laboratories to ask about testing procedures used, number of isolates identified, species identified, and vancomycin susceptibility for enterococcal isolates in 1993. Of 127 laboratories, 118 (93%) responded, Fifty-three (45%) of the 118 laboratories reported both the number of enterococcal isolates tested and the number of VRE isolates identified during 1993; 15 (28%) of the 53 laboratories did not isolate VRE, and the remaining 38 laboratories identified 3,822 (8.1%) VRE isolates. VRE was first identified by a NYC-licensed (commercial) laboratory in 1988. Among NYC hospital laboratories, 65 (97%) of 67 identified at least one VRE isolate during 1989-1993. This survey demonstrates that there has been a marked increase in the number of VRE isolates identified in NYC laboratories. C1 NEW YORK CITY DEPT HLTH,NEW YORK,NY 10013. COLUMBIA UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,NEW YORK,NY. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,EPIDEM INTELLIGENCE SERV,ATLANTA,GA 30341. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV FIELD EPIDEMIOL,EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM OFF,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 7 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 22 IS 1 BP 136 EP 137 PG 2 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA TP780 UT WOS:A1996TP78000022 PM 8824979 ER PT B AU Spiegel, RA Jibson, RW Harp, EL Marshall, GA Stein, RS Hajjeh, RA Schneider, E Werner, SB AF Spiegel, RA Jibson, RW Harp, EL Marshall, GA Stein, RS Hajjeh, RA Schneider, E Werner, SB BE Einstein, HE TI Environmental aspects of the Ventura county coccidioidomycosis epidemic following the Northridge earthquake SO COCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS: CENTENNIAL CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Conference on Coccidioidomycosis CY AUG 24-27, 1994 CL STANFORD UNIV, STANFORD, CA SP Natl Fdn Infectious Dis HO STANFORD UNIV DE coccidioidomycosis; environmental; earthquake; disasters AB Coccidioidomycosis is a disease caused by the dimorphic fungus, Coccidioides immitis, and is acquired by the inhalation of airborne arthroconidia from soil in endemic disease areas. From January 24 through March 15, 1994, 203 persons with laboratory evidence of acute coccidioidomycosis (CM) were identified in Ventura County (VC), CA. Fifty six percent of the cases occurred in Simi Valley (SV), although SV accounts for only 15 percent of the VC population. The magnitude (M) 6.7 Northridge earthquake, centered in the San Fernando Valley, occurred at 4:31 a.m. on Monday, January 17, 1994. Three major aftershocks were centered in the Santa Susana Mountains north and east of SV: a M 6.0 aftershock at 3:33 p.m., a M 4.9 aftershock at 4:43 p.m. on January 17, and a M 5.0 aftershock at 1:09 p.m. on January 19, 1994. The earthquake sequence triggered thousands of landslides, the greatest concentration of which were in the Santa Susana mountains, northeast of SV. The young, extremely weak, and coarse-grained sediment of the Santa Susanas is highly susceptible to failure during seismic shaking. The landslides triggered there were highly disruptive and generated large dust clouds for several days after the main-shock. Wind patterns between January 17 and 20 displayed a mild Santa Ana air flow pattern from east to west through SV, favoring particulate movement from the Santa Susana mountains into SV. Air sampling (PM-10) filters from earthquake-affected areas were collected to detect and quantify C. immitis spores, but were negative for C. immitis. The older metamorphic and granitic rocks of the San Gabriel mountains northeast of the San Fernando Valley produced far fewer landslides, and those triggered there produced less dust, which may explain why fewer cases of CM were reported in the more highly populated San Fernando Valley. In summary, epidemiologic, geological, and meteorologic data support the association between the Northridge earthquake and the CM outbreak in the vicinity of SV. Strong ground motion in the Santa Susana Mountains caused landslides that generated dust clouds to the north and east of SV. The prevailing mild easterly winds blew the dust into SV and contributed to this large outbreak of CM. Although earthquakes have previously occurred in CM-endemic areas, this is the first reported earthquake-associated outbreak of CM. RP Spiegel, RA (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATIONAL FOUNDATION INFECTIOUSDISEASES PI BETHESDA PA 4733 BETHESDA AVE SUITE 750, BETHESDA, MD 20814-5228 BN 0-9614520-3-X PY 1996 BP 108 EP 115 PG 8 WC Infectious Diseases; Mycology SC Infectious Diseases; Mycology GA BJ03F UT WOS:A1996BJ03F00013 ER PT J AU Wang, GJ Friedlob, A Flock, M AF Wang, GJ Friedlob, A Flock, M GP AMER COUNCIL CONSUMER INTERESTS TI Impacts of income and payment sources on consumer medical expenditures SO CONSUMER INTERESTS ANNUAL, VOL 42 SE PROCEEDINGS : ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF THE AMERICAN COUNCIL ON CONSUMER INTERESTS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 42nd Annual Conference of the American-Council-on-Consumer-Interests CY MAR 27-30, 1996 CL NASHVILLE, TN SP Amer Council Consumer Interests C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER COUNCIL COMSUMER INTERESTS PI COLUMBIA PA 240 STANLEY HALL, UNIV MISSOURI, COLUMBIA, MO 65211 SN 0275-1356 J9 P AM C CONS PY 1996 VL 42 BP 105 EP 112 PG 8 WC Business SC Business & Economics GA BG25L UT WOS:A1996BG25L00018 ER PT J AU Barrett, TJ Fields, PI AF Barrett, TJ Fields, PI TI Newer approaches to diagnostic tests for gastrointestinal infections SO CURRENT OPINION IN GASTROENTEROLOGY LA English DT Article AB The diagnosis of gastrointestinal diseases has undergone dramatic changes with the introduction of molecular methods to clinical laboratory medicine. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods have increased the sensitivity, speed, and accuracy of laboratory diagnosis as compared with more traditional methods, Despite these advantages, PCR has had little impact on smaller clinical laboratories because of problems in sample preparation, concerns about reproducibility and sample contamination, and the inconvenience of detecting the PCR product by gel electrophoresis, New methods of sample preparation and the availability of commercial kits for performing PCR and detecting the product will minimize these difficulties. The application of molecular techniques to laboratory medicine has also created the field of molecular epidemiology and subtyping, which is making enormous contributions to understanding the role of specific subtypes in human disease. RP Barrett, TJ (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,1600 CLIFTON RD,MAILSTOP C07,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 47 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU RAPID SCIENCE PUBLISHERS PI LONDON PA 2-6 BOUNDARY ROW, LONDON, ENGLAND SE1 8NH SN 0267-1379 J9 CURR OPIN GASTROEN JI Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 12 IS 1 BP 102 EP 107 PG 6 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology GA TZ239 UT WOS:A1996TZ23900018 ER PT J AU Harrison, LH Steinhoff, MC Sridharan, G Castelo, A Khallaf, N Ostroff, SM Arthur, RR AF Harrison, LH Steinhoff, MC Sridharan, G Castelo, A Khallaf, N Ostroff, SM Arthur, RR TI Monovalent latex agglutination reagents for the diagnosis of nonmeningitic pneumococcal infection SO DIAGNOSTIC MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE LA English DT Article ID STREPTOCOCCUS-PNEUMONIAE; ANTIGEN-DETECTION; CHILDREN; INFLUENZAE; ETIOLOGY AB The pneumococcus is a leading cause of serious bacterial infection worldwide. Given the difficulties with available assays for the diagnosis of invasive nonmeningitic pneumococcal infection, we evaluated monovalent slide latex agglutinatio reagents among patients with blood culture-confirmed pneumococcal infection and control patients in Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Sao Paulo, Brazil; and Cairo, Egypt. Among 50 patients with invasive nonmeningitic pneumococcal infection, 23 had a positive urine test for a sensitivity of 46% (95% confidence intervals of 32% and 61%). Among 39 healthy children, 36 had a negative assay, for a specificity of 92% (95% confidence intervals of 78% and 98%). Among 80 children with pneumonia without a positive blood culture for Streptococcus pneumoniae, the specificity was 88% (95% confidence intervals of 78% and 94%). Although the assay was fairly specific, the positive predictive value using optimistic assumptions was only 73%-83%. This study suggests that this assay has a sensitivity and positive predictive value that may limit its value in some settings. C1 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH HYG & PUBL HLTH,DEPT MOL MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,BALTIMORE,MD 21205. ESCOLA PAULISTA MED,CLIN EPIDEMIOL UNIT,SAO PAULO,BRAZIL. MINIST HLTH CAIRO,CHILD SURVIVAL PROJECT,ACUTE RESP INFECT UNIT,CAIRO,EGYPT. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP Harrison, LH (reprint author), JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH HYG & PUBL HLTH,DEPT INT HLTH,ROOM 5515,615 N WOLFE ST,BALTIMORE,MD 21205, USA. NR 16 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0732-8893 J9 DIAGN MICR INFEC DIS JI Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 24 IS 1 BP 1 EP 6 DI 10.1016/0732-8893(95)00255-3 PG 6 WC Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA UB884 UT WOS:A1996UB88400001 PM 8988756 ER PT J AU Shah, K Davis, C Wilson, J Parekh, B AF Shah, K Davis, C Wilson, J Parekh, B TI Chimeric synthetic peptides as antigens for detection of antibodies to HIV-1 and HIV-2 SO EAST AFRICAN MEDICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; WEST-AFRICA; INFECTIONS; PREVALENCE; DIAGNOSIS; SEROLOGY AB Two chimeric peptides incorporating immunodominant sequences from both HIV-1 (LGIWGCSGKLICTT) and HIV-2 (LNSWGCAFRQVCHT) were synthesized. Peptides KS1-KS2 and KS2-KS1 represented sequences from the two viruses in both possible orders, separated by two glycine residues as spacers. These peptides were evaluated as antigens in an ELISA using a panel of specimens derived from HIV-1 (n=25) and HIV-2 (n=25) infected individuals and seronegative people (n=38). The results were compared to plates coated with individual peptides KS1 and KS2 and to plates coated with two peptides (KS1 and KS2) together. Data demonstrated that individually, KS1 and KS2, are good antigens and can detect antibodies to their respective viruses quite efficiently. However, when coated together, their ability to detect antibodies to both HIV-1 and HIV-2 was reduced, as evidenced by a decrease in OD values obtained. The chimeric peptides KS1-KS2 and KS2-KS1 detected antibodies to HIV-1 and HIV-2; however, their sensitivity of detection was variable and dependent upon the order of their sequence. For both peptides, antibodies directed to the C-terminal portion were detected with higher sensitivity than those directed to the N-terminal part of the peptides. This may be related to peptide adsorption to the solid surface and epitope accessibility to the antibodies. Such chimeric antigens may be very useful for simultaneous detection of antibodies to HIV 1 and HIV-2. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV HIV AIDS,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Shah, K (reprint author), CLARK ATLANTA UNIV,DEPT BIOL SCI,JP BRAWLEY DR SW,ATLANTA,GA 30314, USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [G12RR03062] NR 20 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU EAST AFRICAN MEDICAL JOURNAL PI NAIROBI PA CHYULU ROAD PO BOX 41632, NAIROBI, KENYA SN 0012-835X J9 E AFR MED J JI East Afr. Med. J. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 73 IS 1 BP 63 EP 66 PG 4 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA VC091 UT WOS:A1996VC09100015 PM 8625867 ER PT J AU Ballew, C Sugerman, S AF Ballew, C Sugerman, S TI Food shopping patterns of low-income Mexican women in Chicago SO ECOLOGY OF FOOD AND NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE Mexican; food purchasing; nutrition education; low income ID CHOLESTEROL AVOIDANCE; LATINO COMMUNITY; FAT; CONSUMPTION; AMERICAN AB A sample of SO low-income immigrant Mexican women in Chicago displayed food purchasing patterns reflecting traditional dietary preferences. They bought few convenience or prepared foods and few foods of low nutritional value. They bought produce almost exclusively fresh, which reduced their produce consumption in fall and winter relative to spring and summer. They bought few whole-grain products or low-fat products. The grocery store could serve as a site for nutritional education for these women, where consumption of whole grains, lower fat products and seasonal produce could be emphasized. C1 SUGERMAN APPL NUTR ASSOCIATES,EVANSTON,IL 60202. RP Ballew, C (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,DIV NUTR,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG1 8JL SN 0367-0244 J9 ECOL FOOD NUTR JI Ecol. Food Nutr. PY 1996 VL 35 IS 4 BP 253 EP 261 PG 9 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA WA971 UT WOS:A1996WA97100002 ER PT J AU Fritz, CL Dennis, DT Tipple, MA Campbell, GL McCance, CR Gubler, DJ AF Fritz, CL Dennis, DT Tipple, MA Campbell, GL McCance, CR Gubler, DJ TI Surveillance for pneumonic plague in the united states during an international emergency: A model for control of imported emerging diseases SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article AB In September 1994, in response to a reported epidemic of plague in India, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) enhanced surveillance in the United States for imported pneumonic plague. Plague information materials were rapidly developed and distributed to U.S. public health officials by electronic mail, facsimile, and expedited publication. information was also provided to medical practitioners and the public by recorded telephone messages acid facsimile transmission. Existing quarantine protocols were modified to effect active surveillance for imported plague cases at U.S. airports. Private physicians and state and local health departments were relied on in a passive surveillance system to identify travelers with suspected plague not detected at airports. From September 27 to October 27, the surveillance system identified 13 persons with suspected plague; no case was confirmed. This coordinated response to an international health emergency may serve as a model for detecting other emerging diseases and preventing their importation. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP Fritz, CL (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,FT COLLINS,CO 80522, USA. NR 24 TC 26 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 0 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD JAN-MAR PY 1996 VL 2 IS 1 BP 30 EP 36 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA TX902 UT WOS:A1996TX90200003 PM 8964057 ER PT J AU Zucker, JR AF Zucker, JR TI Changing patterns of autochthonous malaria transmission in the United States: A review of recent outbreaks SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID SAN-DIEGO COUNTY; CALIFORNIA AB Three recent outbreaks of locally acquired malaria in densely populated areas of the United States demonstrate the continued risk for mosquitoborne transmission of this disease. Increased global travel, immigration, and the presence of competent anopheline vectors throughout the continental United States contribute to the ongoing threat of malaria transmission. The likelihood of mosquitoborne transmission in the United States is dependent on the interactions between the human host, anopheline vector, malaria parasite, and environmental conditions. Recent changes in the epidemiology of locally acquired malaria and possible factors contributing to these changes are discussed. RP Zucker, JR (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,1600 CLIFTON RD,MS F22,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 37 TC 77 Z9 82 U1 0 U2 6 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD JAN-MAR PY 1996 VL 2 IS 1 BP 37 EP 43 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA TX902 UT WOS:A1996TX90200004 PM 8964058 ER PT J AU Strickland, GT Trivedi, L Watkins, S Clothier, M Grant, J Morgan, J Schmidtman, E Burkot, T AF Strickland, GT Trivedi, L Watkins, S Clothier, M Grant, J Morgan, J Schmidtman, E Burkot, T TI Cluster of Lyme disease cases at a summer camp in Kent County, Maryland SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article C1 MARYLAND DEPT HLTH & MENTAL HYG,BALTIMORE,MD 21201. KENT CTY HLTH DEPT,CHESTERTOWN,MD. USDA,ANIM RES STN,LARAMIE,WY. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VECTOR BORNE INFECT DIS,FT COLLINS,CO. RP Strickland, GT (reprint author), UNIV MARYLAND,SCH MED,BALTIMORE,MD 21201, USA. RI Burkot, Thomas/C-6838-2013 FU AHRQ HHS [5 RO1 HS07813] NR 8 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD JAN-MAR PY 1996 VL 2 IS 1 BP 44 EP 46 PG 3 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA TX902 UT WOS:A1996TX90200005 PM 8903195 ER PT J AU Perkins, BK Flood, JM Danila, R Holman, RC Reingold, AL Klug, LA Virata, M Cieslak, PR Zaki, SR Pinner, RW Khabbaz, RF Rothrock, G Vugia, D Hadler, J Cartter, M Meek, J Ryder, R Wilson, M Osterholm, M MacDonald, KL Rainbow, J Crouch, N LeDell, K Fleming, D Hedberg, K Brenner, D Eberhard, M Olson, J Rollin, P Parrish, RG AF Perkins, BK Flood, JM Danila, R Holman, RC Reingold, AL Klug, LA Virata, M Cieslak, PR Zaki, SR Pinner, RW Khabbaz, RF Rothrock, G Vugia, D Hadler, J Cartter, M Meek, J Ryder, R Wilson, M Osterholm, M MacDonald, KL Rainbow, J Crouch, N LeDell, K Fleming, D Hedberg, K Brenner, D Eberhard, M Olson, J Rollin, P Parrish, RG TI Unexplained deaths due to possibly infectious causes in the United States: Defining the problem and designing surveillance and laboratory approaches SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID BACILLARY ANGIOMATOSIS; IDENTIFICATION; OUTBREAK; AIDS C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,SCH PUBL HLTH,BERKELEY,CA. MINNESOTA DEPT HLTH,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55414. YALE UNIV,SCH MED,NEW HAVEN,CT. OREGON DEPT HUMAN RESOURCES,PORTLAND,OR. CALIF DEPT HLTH SERV,BERKELEY,CA 94704. RP Perkins, BK (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 22 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 0 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD JAN-MAR PY 1996 VL 2 IS 1 BP 47 EP 53 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA TX902 UT WOS:A1996TX90200006 PM 8903196 ER PT J AU Shealy, DB Bonin, MA Wooten, JV Ashley, DL Needham, LL Bond, AE AF Shealy, DB Bonin, MA Wooten, JV Ashley, DL Needham, LL Bond, AE TI Application of an improved method for the analysis of pesticides and their metabolites in the urine of farmer applicators and their families SO ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article ID CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS-SPECTROMETRY; 2,4-DICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID 2,4-D; HUMAN BLOOD; EXPOSURE; EXCRETION; WORKERS; AGRICULTURE; POPULATION; HERBICIDES; FORESTRY AB As the annual use of pesticides in the United States has escalated, public health agencies have become increasingly concerned about chronic pesticide exposure. However, without reliable, accurate analytical methods for biological monitoring, low-level chronic exposures are often difficult to assess. A method for measuring simultaneously the urinary residues of as many as 20 pesticides has been significantly improved. The method uses a sample preparation which includes enzyme digestion, extraction, and chemical derivatization of the analytes. The derivatized analytes are measured by using gas chromatography coupled with isotope-dilution tandem mass spectrometry. The limits of detection of the modified method are in the high pg/L - low mu g/L range, and the average coefficient of variation (CV) of the method was below 20% for most analytes, with approximately 100% accuracy in quantification. This method was used to measure the internal doses of pesticides among selected farmer applicators and their families. Definite exposure and elimination patterns (i.e., an increase in urinary analyte levels following application and then a gradual decrease to background levels) were observed among the farmer applicators and many of the family members whose crops were treated with carbaryl, dicamba, and 2,4-D esters and amines. Although the spouses of farm workers sometimes exhibited the same elimination pattern, the levels of the targeted pesticides or metabolites found in their urine were not outside the ranges found in the general U.S. population (reference range). The farmer applicators who applied the pesticides and some of their children appeared to have higher pesticide or metabolite levels in their urine than those found in the general U.S. population, but their levels were generally comparable to or lower than reported levels in other occupationally exposed individuals. These results, however, were obtained from a nonrandom sampling of farm residents specifically targeted to particular exposures who may have altered their practices because they were being observed; therefore, further study is required to determine if these results are representative of pesticide levels among residents on all farms where these pesticides are applied using the same application techniques. Using this method to measure exposure in a small nonrandom farm population allowed differentiation between overt and background exposure. In addition, the important role of reference-range information in distinguishing between various levels of environmental exposure was reaffirmed. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd RP Shealy, DB (reprint author), US DEPT HHS,DIV ENVIRONM HLTH LAB SCI,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. RI Needham, Larry/E-4930-2011; Barr, Dana/E-6369-2011; Barr, Dana/E-2276-2013 NR 38 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0160-4120 J9 ENVIRON INT JI Environ. Int. PY 1996 VL 22 IS 6 BP 661 EP 675 DI 10.1016/S0160-4120(96)00058-X PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA VU133 UT WOS:A1996VU13300002 ER PT S AU Biagini, RE Hull, RD Striley, CA MacKenzie, BA Robertson, SR Wippel, W Mastin, JP AF Biagini, RE Hull, RD Striley, CA MacKenzie, BA Robertson, SR Wippel, W Mastin, JP BE VanEmon, JM Gerlach, CL Johnson, JC TI Biomonitoring for occupational exposures using immunoassays SO ENVIRONMENTAL IMMUNOCHEMICAL METHODS: PERSPECTIVES AND APPLICATIONS SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Environmental Immunochemical Methods - Perspectives and Applications, at the National Immunochemistry Summit IV CY AUG 02-03, 1995 CL LAS VEGAS, NV SP US EPA ID COMMERCIAL PESTICIDE APPLICATORS; ALACHLOR; OPIATES; URINE; MORPHINE AB Biomonitoring for occupational exposures involves measurement of parent compounds or metabolites in excreta (usually urine), sera or exhaled breath Classically, biomonitoring involves collection of the matrix separation and/or isolation of the compounds of interest from the matrix, followed by identification and quantification of the analytes. In most cases this procedure is labor intensive and involves the need for specialized high capital expenditure equipment. Alternative methods for biomonitoring exist that use immunochemical. techniques rather than classical chemical techniques for quantification. Immunochemical methods have advantages over classical chemical techniques in speed and cost of analyses, and capital expenditure for equipment, and in most cases are more sensitive than chemical techniques. In the present monograph we review the use of enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) immunochemical techniques for the detection and quantitation of pesticides and/or metabolites with comparison to classical analytical techniques. In addition, the use of circulating antibodies developed in response to xenobiotic exposure are also discussed as potential biomarkers. These ''legacy biomarkers'' of exposure have potentially far reaching medico-legal and other ramifications inherent in their use as they can serve as biomarkers of exposure in the absence of any chemically detectable analyte in excreta or blood. RP Biagini, RE (reprint author), NIOSH,CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,PUBL HLTH SERV,US DEPT HLTH & HUMAN SERV,4676 COLUMBIA PKWY,CINCINNATI,OH 45226, USA. NR 15 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3454-X J9 ACS SYM SER PY 1996 VL 646 BP 286 EP 296 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA BG68A UT WOS:A1996BG68A00024 ER PT J AU Morse, SS Hughes, JM AF Morse, SS Hughes, JM TI Developing an integrated epidemiologic approach to emerging infectious diseases SO EPIDEMIOLOGIC REVIEWS LA English DT Article ID EMERGENCE; VIRUSES; HIV C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP Morse, SS (reprint author), COLUMBIA UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,DIV EPIDEMIOL,600 W 168TH ST PH-18,NEW YORK,NY 10032, USA. NR 28 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV SCHOOL HYGIENE PUB HEALTH PI BALTIMORE PA 111 MARKET PLACE, STE 840, BALTIMORE, MD 21202-6709 SN 0193-936X J9 EPIDEMIOL REV JI Epidemiol. Rev. PY 1996 VL 18 IS 1 BP 1 EP 3 PG 3 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA VF961 UT WOS:A1996VF96100001 PM 8877326 ER PT J AU Breiman, RF AF Breiman, RF TI Impact of technology on the emergence of infectious diseases SO EPIDEMIOLOGIC REVIEWS LA English DT Article ID BACTERIUM LEGIONELLA-PNEUMOPHILA; LEGIONNAIRES-DISEASE; UNITED-STATES; MYCOBACTERIUM-AVIUM; EVAPORATIVE CONDENSER; MASSIVE OUTBREAK; WATER; EPIDEMIOLOGY; ATLANTA; COMPLEX RP Breiman, RF (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 49 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV SCHOOL HYGIENE PUB HEALTH PI BALTIMORE PA 111 MARKET PLACE, STE 840, BALTIMORE, MD 21202-6709 SN 0193-936X J9 EPIDEMIOL REV JI Epidemiol. Rev. PY 1996 VL 18 IS 1 BP 4 EP 9 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA VF961 UT WOS:A1996VF96100002 PM 8877327 ER PT J AU Kaye, K Frieden, TR AF Kaye, K Frieden, TR TI Tuberculosis control: The relevance of classic principles in an era of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and multidrug resistance SO EPIDEMIOLOGIC REVIEWS LA English DT Article ID NEW-YORK-CITY; FOREIGN-BORN PERSONS; HEALTH-CARE WORKERS; UNITED-STATES; VIRUS-INFECTION; MYCOBACTERIUM-TUBERCULOSIS; EXOGENOUS REINFECTION; DRUG-RESISTANCE; HIV-INFECTION; EPIDEMIOLOGY C1 NATL CTR HIV SPD & TB PREVENT,DIV TB ELIMINAT,CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA. RP Kaye, K (reprint author), NEW YORK CITY DEPT HLTH,BUR TB CONTROL,125 WORTH ST,NEW YORK,NY 10013, USA. NR 95 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV SCHOOL HYGIENE PUB HEALTH PI BALTIMORE PA 111 MARKET PLACE, STE 840, BALTIMORE, MD 21202-6709 SN 0193-936X J9 EPIDEMIOL REV JI Epidemiol. Rev. PY 1996 VL 18 IS 1 BP 52 EP 63 PG 12 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA VF961 UT WOS:A1996VF96100005 PM 8877330 ER PT J AU McDade, JE Anderson, BE AF McDade, JE Anderson, BE TI Molecular epidemiology: Applications of nucleic acid amplification and sequence analysis SO EPIDEMIOLOGIC REVIEWS LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; HENSELAE SP-NOV; ROCHALIMAEA-HENSELAE; HUMAN EHRLICHIOSIS; GENETIC IDENTIFICATION; WHIPPLES-DISEASE; HIV TRANSMISSION; DENTAL PRACTICE; UNITED-STATES C1 UNIV S FLORIDA,DEPT MED MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,TAMPA,FL. RP McDade, JE (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,SCI LABS,US DEPT HLTH & HUMAN SERV,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 46 TC 12 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV SCHOOL HYGIENE PUB HEALTH PI BALTIMORE PA 111 MARKET PLACE, STE 840, BALTIMORE, MD 21202-6709 SN 0193-936X J9 EPIDEMIOL REV JI Epidemiol. Rev. PY 1996 VL 18 IS 1 BP 90 EP 97 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA VF961 UT WOS:A1996VF96100008 PM 8877333 ER PT J AU Chen, RT Orenstein, WA AF Chen, RT Orenstein, WA TI Epidemiologic methods in immunization programs SO EPIDEMIOLOGIC REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID CLINICAL CASE DEFINITIONS; UNITED-STATES CHILDREN; VACCINE EFFICACY; PERTUSSIS VACCINES; PRESCHOOL-CHILDREN; MEASLES EPIDEMIC; PARALYTIC POLIOMYELITIS; PROTECTIVE EFFICACY; HOUSEHOLD EXPOSURE; COST-EFFECTIVENESS RP Chen, RT (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, NATL IMMUNIZATION PROGRAM, ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA. NR 181 TC 80 Z9 82 U1 1 U2 3 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0193-936X J9 EPIDEMIOL REV JI Epidemiol. Rev. PY 1996 VL 18 IS 2 BP 99 EP 117 PG 19 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA WF379 UT WOS:A1996WF37900001 PM 9021306 ER PT J AU Hahn, RA Truman, BI Barker, ND AF Hahn, RA Truman, BI Barker, ND TI Identifying ancestry: The reliability of ancestral identification in the United States by self, proxy, interviewer, and funeral director SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE race; ethnicity; classification; reliability AB We examined consistency in the classification of ancestry by self, proxy, interviewer, and funeral director (on a death certificate) in a sample of the U.S. population-the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and Epidemiologic Follow-up. Among study subjects for whom comparable ethnic identity options were available at both interviews, 58% of subjects specified the same identity at two times. Persons who specified four different ethnic backgrounds were 3.4 times as likely to change their identity over time as persons specifying only one background. Self classification of ancestry at initial interview was consistent with proxy reports at follow-up for 55% of subjects for whom proxy information was available. Comparison of the self-classification of ancestry with the classification of race by interviewers and by funeral directors indicates high consistency for Whites and Blacks and low consistency for American Indians. The ''measurement'' of ancestry (that is, race or ethnicity) is critical to the understanding and elimination of differences in health status among racial/ethnic populations, but the low reliability of these measures over time and across observers complicates the analysis and interpretation of health statistics by ancestry, particularly for populations other than White or Black. RP Hahn, RA (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM OFF,MAILSTOP C-08,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 0 TC 66 Z9 66 U1 0 U2 4 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JAN PY 1996 VL 7 IS 1 BP 75 EP 80 DI 10.1097/00001648-199601000-00013 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA TL543 UT WOS:A1996TL54300013 PM 8664405 ER PT J AU Garger, EK Hoffman, FO Miller, CW AF Garger, EK Hoffman, FO Miller, CW TI Model testing using Chernobyl data .3. Atmospheric resuspension of radionuclides in Ukrainian regions impacted by Chernobyl fallout SO HEALTH PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE Chernobyl; contamination, environmental; environmental transport; Cs-137 AB The ''Resuspension'' scenario is designed to test models for atmospheric resuspension of radionuclides from contaminated soils. Resuspension can be a secondary source of contamination after a release has stopped, as well as a source of contamination for people and areas not exposed to the original release. The test scenario describes three exposure situations: (1) locations within the highly contaminated 30-km zone at Chernobyl, where exposures to resuspended material are probably dominated by local processes; (2) an urban area (Kiev) outside the 30-km zone, where local processes include extensive vehicular traffic; and (3) a location 40 to 60 km west of the Chernobyl reactor, where upwind sources of contamination are important. Input data include characteristics of the Cs-137 ground contamination around specific sites, climatological data for the sites, characteristics of the terrain and topography, and locations of the sampling sites. Predictions are requested for average air concentrations of Cs-137 at specified locations due to resuspension of Chernobyl fallout and for specified resuspension factors and rates. Test data (field measurements) are available for all endpoints. C1 SENES OAK RIDGE INC, CTR RISK ANAL, OAK RIDGE, TN 37830 USA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, ATLANTA, GA 30341 USA. RP Garger, EK (reprint author), UAAS, INST RADIOECOL, 14 TOLSTOY ST, KIEV 33, UKRAINE. NR 9 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0017-9078 EI 1538-5159 J9 HEALTH PHYS JI Health Phys. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 70 IS 1 BP 18 EP 24 DI 10.1097/00004032-199601000-00004 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA TK957 UT WOS:A1996TK95700006 PM 7499147 ER PT J AU Fischer, LJ Quinn, FD White, EH King, CH AF Fischer, LJ Quinn, FD White, EH King, CH TI Intracellular growth and cytotoxicity of Mycobacterium haemophilum in a human epithelial cell line (Hec-1-B) SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID INFECTION; HEMOPHILUM AB We developed an in vitro model to study the temperature-regulated cytotoxicity and intracellular growth of Mycobacterium haemophilum in cultured human epithelial and endothelial cells. M, haemophilum associated with human epithelial and endothelial cells at similar rates when incubated at 33 and 37 degrees C, but only the epithelial cell line supported the multiplication of this organism, M, Haemophilum grew equally well with epithelial cells at both temperatures, The aminoglycoside antibiotic amikacin was used to study the intracellular growth of M, haemophilum in the epithelial cells at 33 and 37 degrees C, Although an approximately equal number of bacteria were found within cells after 2 days of incubation at both temperatures, intracellular replication of M, haemophilum was 1,000-fold greater at 33 than at 37 degrees C. This intracellular multiplication was associated with destruction of the monolayers at 33 but not at 37 degrees C, and only culture filtrates from infected monolayers incubated at 33 degrees C were cytotoxic to fresh epithelial cell monolayers, This strain of M, haemophilum also produced contact-dependent hemolysis of sheep erythrocytes, demonstrating the possible presence of a cytolysin, These studies suggest that M, haemophilum has a preference for growth with cultured human epithelial cells, In addition, intracellular growth is best at 33 degrees C in epithelial cells, and this correlated with cytotoxicity at this temperature. This phenotype may be caused by induction of a soluble cytotoxic component, possibly a hemolytic cytolysin. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,HANSENS DIS LAB,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,PATHOGENESIS LAB,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS PATHOL ACT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NR 29 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 64 IS 1 BP 269 EP 276 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA TM718 UT WOS:A1996TM71800037 PM 8557350 ER PT J AU Jarvis, WR AF Jarvis, WR TI The epidemiology of colonization SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS-AUREUS; UNITED-STATES HOSPITALS; BACTERIAL-COLONIZATION; CLOSTRIDIUM-DIFFICILE; NEWBORN-INFANTS; NURSING-HOME; FECAL FLORA; INFECTION; ACQUISITION; SURVEILLANCE AB Colonization is the presence of a microorganism in or on a host, with growth and multiplication but without any overt clinical expression or detected immune response in the host at the time it is isolated. Normal colonization in humans begins during the birth process and through subsequent contacts with the inanimate or animate environments until a delicately balanced ''normal'' flora is established; subsequently, the precise components of this flora evolve. This normal nora, such as coagulase-negative Staphylococcus or Staphylococcus aureus on the skin or Candida albicans in the gastrointestinal tract, vagina, or perineal area, can result in infection when normal body defenses are impaired through underlying disease, immunomodulating therapy, or the use of invasive devices, or when the delicate balance of the normal nora is altered through antimicrobial therapy. Many, if not most, hospital-acquired infections result directly or indirectly from patient colonization; studies have shown that hospitalized patients are colonized rapidly with hospital nora. Recognizing this reservoir of patients colonized with epidemiologically important pathogens in our hospitals and improving barrier precaution measures or altering host susceptibility will be necessary if we are to reduce the incidence of infections with these organisms. RP Jarvis, WR (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,HOSP INFECT PROGRAM,INVEST & PREVENT BRANCH,MAILSTOP E-69,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 43 TC 69 Z9 73 U1 2 U2 4 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 17 IS 1 BP 47 EP 52 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA TR243 UT WOS:A1996TR24300011 PM 8789688 ER PT J AU Garner, JS AF Garner, JS TI Guideline for isolation precautions in hospitals SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Review ID BODY SUBSTANCE ISOLATION; HEALTH-CARE WORKERS; UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS; INTENSIVE-CARE; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURES; NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS; PROTECTIVE ISOLATION; EXAMINATION GLOVES; PREVENTION; LATEX RP Garner, JS (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,HOSP INFECT PROGRAM,MAILSTOP E-69,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 107 TC 44 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 4 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 17 IS 1 BP 54 EP 80 PG 27 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA TR243 UT WOS:A1996TR24300012 ER PT J AU Horn, DL Hewlett, D Alfalla, C Patel, A Brudney, K Crawford, JT Alland, D Kreiswirth, B Opal, SM Peterson, S AF Horn, DL Hewlett, D Alfalla, C Patel, A Brudney, K Crawford, JT Alland, D Kreiswirth, B Opal, SM Peterson, S TI Clinical experience with rifampin-isoniazid-streptomycin-ethambutol (RISE)-resistant tuberculosis SO INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE LA English DT Article ID RESISTANT MYCOBACTERIUM-TUBERCULOSIS; IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS INFECTION; NEW-YORK-CITY; HIV-INFECTION; TRANSMISSION; OUTBREAK; AIDS AB We review demographic and clinical features of 55 patients with rifampin-isoniazid-streptomycin-ethambutol (RISE)-resistant tuberculosis in our hospital from April 1, 1991, to July 31, 1993. Fifty-one of the 55 patients (median age, 36 years) were seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)? and 49 had AIDS. Among the HIV-infected patients, the median CD4 cell count was 31/mm(3), Forty-two patients died during the study period. Exogenous reinfection or superinfection with RISE-resistant tuberculosis occurred in 12 of 55 patients with a prior history of tuberculosis infection or disease. Fourteen of 55 received appropriate therapy, eight of whom became culture negative after a median of 68 days, Twelve of the 14 appropriately treated patients survived at least 6 months, When appropriately managed, even severely immunosuppressed individuals with HIV infection may have their RISE-resistant tuberculosis successfully controlled or eradicated, This infection however, remains highly lethal in the majority of patients with AIDS, Patients remain infectious for prolonged periods, even after appropriate therapy has been initiated. C1 LINCOLN MED & MENTAL HLTH CTR, DEPT MED, DIV MED INFORMAT, BRONX, NY 10451 USA. LINCOLN MED & MENTAL HLTH CTR, DEPT MED, DIV INFECT DIS, BRONX, NY 10451 USA. NEW YORK MED COLL, VALHALLA, NY 10595 USA. LINCOLN MED & MENTAL HLTH CTR, DEPT MED, DIV INFECT DIS, BRONX, NY 10451 USA. NEW YORK MED COLL, VALHALLA, NY 10595 USA. COLUMBIA UNIV COLL PHYS & SURG, PRESBYTERIAN HOSP, DEPT MED, NEW YORK, NY 10032 USA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, NATL CTR INFECT DIS, ATLANTA, GA 30341 USA. MONTEFIORE MED CTR, ALBERT EINSTEIN COLL MED, DIV INFECT DIS, BRONX, NY 10467 USA. PUBL HLTH RES INST, NEW YORK, NY USA. MEM HOSP RHODE ISL, DIV INFECT DIS, PROVIDENCE, RI USA. BROWN UNIV, PROGRAM MED, PROVIDENCE, RI 02912 USA. LINCOLN MED & MENTAL HLTH CTR, DEPT MED, BRONX, NY 10451 USA. NEW YORK MED COLL, VALHALLA, NY 10595 USA. NR 30 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1056-9103 J9 INFECT DIS CLIN PRAC JI Infect. Dis. Clin. Pract. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 5 IS 1 BP 68 EP 72 DI 10.1097/00019048-199601000-00017 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA TT943 UT WOS:A1996TT94300014 ER PT J AU Hahn, RA Eaker, ED Barker, ND Teutsch, SM Sosniak, WA Krieger, N AF Hahn, RA Eaker, ED Barker, ND Teutsch, SM Sosniak, WA Krieger, N TI Poverty and death in the United States SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SERVICES LA English DT Article ID NATIONAL-LONGITUDINAL-MORTALITY; SOCIAL-CLASS; LIFE EXPECTANCY; HEART-DISEASE; RISK-FACTORS; SOCIOECONOMIC DIFFERENTIALS; INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES; EDUCATIONAL-LEVEL; EMPLOYMENT STATUS; FOLLOW-UP AB The authors conducted a survival analysis to determine the effect of poverty on mortality in a national sample of blacks and whites, 25 to 74 years of age (the first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES-1) and NHANES-I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study). They estimated the proportion of mortality associated with poverty during 1971-1984 and in 1991 by calculating population attributable risk and assessed confounding by major known risk factors (e.g., smoking, cholesterol levels, and physical inactivity). In 1973, 6.0 percent of U.S. mortality among black and white persons 25 to 74 yeats of age was attributable to poverty; in 1991, the proportion was 5.9 percent. In 1991,rates of mortality attributable to poverty were lowest for white women, 2.2 times as high for white men, 8.6 times as high for black men, and 3.6 times as high for black women. Adjustment for all these potential confounders combined had little effect on the hazard ratio among men, but reduced the effect of poverty on mortality among women by 42 percent. The proportion of mortality attributable to poverty among U.S. black and white adults has changed only minimally in recent decades. The effect of poverty on mortality must be largely explained by conditions other than commonly recognized risk factors. RP Hahn, RA (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,STAT & EPIDEMIOL BRANCH,EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM OFF D01,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 70 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 4 PU BAYWOOD PUBL CO INC PI AMITYVILLE PA 26 AUSTIN AVE, AMITYVILLE, NY 11701 SN 0020-7314 J9 INT J HEALTH SERV JI Int. J. Health Serv. PY 1996 VL 26 IS 4 BP 673 EP 690 DI 10.2190/967K-LC4F-DU66-W5P9 PG 18 WC Health Care Sciences & Services; Health Policy & Services SC Health Care Sciences & Services GA VN732 UT WOS:A1996VN73200006 PM 8906445 ER PT J AU Troiano, RP Frongillo, EA Sobal, J Levitsky, DA AF Troiano, RP Frongillo, EA Sobal, J Levitsky, DA TI The relationship between body weight and mortality: A quantitative analysis of combined information from existing studies SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBESITY LA English DT Review DE body weight; obesity; mortality; longevity; body mass index; meta-analysis; smoking ID CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; OVERWEIGHT YOUNG MEN; MIDDLE-AGED MEN; MASS INDEX; FOLLOW-UP; CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE; RELATIVE WEIGHT; PROSPECTIVE POPULATION; MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; HEALTH IMPLICATIONS AB OBJECTIVE: To estimate the relationship between body mass index (BMI, kg/m(2)) and all-cause mortality with information from the published scientific literature. DESIGN: Meta-analysis using a hierarchical, mixed model. The analysis included random effects for information sources and fixed effects for factors that may modify the BMI-mortality relationship such as smoking, control for disease, and country of origin, which allowed combining information from diverse studies. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Predicted probability of death over a given duration of follow-up plotted by BMI for sex-age cohorts of white race. RESULTS: An extensive search identified nineteen prospective cohort studies that met inclusion criteria. A U-shaped relationship between BMI and mortality was demonstrated for 50-year-old men followed for 30 years. Mortality risk increased with low and high BMI (<23 or >28) in groups of non-smokers without evidence of disease upon study entry. Limited information from studies of women indicated that, with 10 year follow-up, there was little relationship between BMI and mortality for (1) non-smokers and for (2) mixtures of smokers and non-smokers. CONCLUSION: This quantitative analysis of existing studies revealed increased mortality at moderately low BMI for white men comparable to that observed at extreme overweight, which does not appear to be due to smoking or existing disease, Attention to the health risks of underweight is needed, and body weight recommendations for optimum longevity need to be considered in light of these risks. C1 CORNELL UNIV, DIV NUTR SCI, ITHACA, NY 14853 USA. RP Troiano, RP (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, NATL CTR HLTH STAT, 6525 BELCREST RD, ROOM 900, HYATTSVILLE, MD 20782 USA. OI Troiano, Richard/0000-0002-6807-989X; Levitsky, David/0000-0002-2156-6893 FU NIDDK NIH HHS [5 T32 DK07158] NR 131 TC 292 Z9 303 U1 1 U2 19 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0307-0565 EI 1476-5497 J9 INT J OBESITY JI Int. J. Obes. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 20 IS 1 BP 63 EP 75 PG 13 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics GA TN489 UT WOS:A1996TN48900010 PM 8788324 ER PT J AU Konishi, N Hiasa, Y Tsuzuki, T Matsuda, H Tao, M Nakamura, M Naito, H Kitahori, Y Shiraishi, T Yatani, R Shimazaki, J Lin, JC AF Konishi, N Hiasa, Y Tsuzuki, T Matsuda, H Tao, M Nakamura, M Naito, H Kitahori, Y Shiraishi, T Yatani, R Shimazaki, J Lin, JC TI Detection of RB, p16/CDKN2 and p15(INK4B) gene alterations with immunohistochemical studies in human prostate carcinomas SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY LA English DT Article DE RB; p16/CDKN2; p15(INK4B); prostate carcinoma ID RETINOBLASTOMA GENE; HUMAN DNA; SUPPRESSION; EXPRESSION; CANCER; P21; INHIBITOR; MUTATIONS; DELETION; KINASES AB To examine the status of cell cycle-inhibitory genes in human prostate carcinoma, we investigated alterations of RE (retinoblastoma), p16/CDKN2 and p15(INK4B) genes in 32 adenocarcinomas with immunohistochemistry. PCR-single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) was used to examine all 27 exons of the RE gene, exons 1 to 3 of the p16/CDKN2 gene and exons 1 and 2 of the p15(INK4B) gene for mutations. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) for the RE gene was probed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. In addition, coordinate samples were subjected to immunohistochemical studies for reactivity to RE and p16 protein. The RE gene alterations were detected in 5 of the 32 tumors (16%); of these, only one mutation, a missense substitution, occurred within an exon. The remaining four single base insertions or deletions were found within introns of the RE gene and no mutational event was detected in its promoter region. LOH involving intron 17 of RB was detected in three cases of 10 informative tumors (30%). Intragenic mutations were also present in 3 of the 32 tumors in the p16/CDKN2 gene. In contrast, no mutational events were found in the p15(INK4B) gene in the tumors. Only one tumor had both a p16/CDKN2 mutation and LOH of the RE gene. Expression of pRB was absent or reduced in 16 cancers, while p16 expression was present in all cases to varying degrees. The results suggest that p16/CDKN2 gene mutations occur rarely and intragenic mutation, but not LOH,of the RE gene is not required in prostatic tumorigenesis. C1 MIE UNIV,FAC MED,DEPT PATHOL,TSU,MIE 514,JAPAN. CHIBA UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT UROL,CHUO KU,CHIBA 260,JAPAN. CTR DIS CONTROL,DIV HIV AIDS,HEMATOL DIS BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Konishi, N (reprint author), NARA MED UNIV,DEPT PATHOL 2,840 SHIJO CHO,KASHIHARA,NARA 634,JAPAN. NR 39 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT JOURNAL ONCOLOGY PI ATHENS PA C/O PROFESSOR D A SPANDIDOS, EDITORIAL OFFICE, 1, S MERKOURI ST, ATHENS 116 35, GREECE SN 1019-6439 J9 INT J ONCOL JI Int. J. Oncol. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 8 IS 1 BP 107 EP 112 PG 6 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA TM024 UT WOS:A1996TM02400014 PM 21544337 ER PT J AU Albarracin, D Fishbein, M AF Albarracin, D Fishbein, M TI An experimental analysis of the power of interactive and non-interactive beliefs and persuasive sources in a sample of Argentinian female college students SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,CHAMPAIGN,IL 61820. CDC,ATLANTA,GA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PSYCHOLOGY PRESS PI HOVE PA 27 CHURCH RD, HOVE, EAST SUSSEX, ENGLAND BN3 2FA SN 0020-7594 J9 INT J PSYCHOL JI Int. J. Psychol. PY 1996 VL 31 IS 3-4 BP 1625 EP 1625 PG 1 WC Psychology, Multidisciplinary SC Psychology GA VE857 UT WOS:A1996VE85700644 ER PT J AU Aral, SO Peterman, TA AF Aral, SO Peterman, TA TI Measuring outcomes of behavioural interventions for STD/HIV prevention SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF STD & AIDS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on HIV Behavioural Interventions CY JUN 21-23, 1995 CL ROYAL SOC MED, LONDON, ENGLAND SP Royal Soc Med, London, England, NIH, Off AIDS Res, Bethesda, USA HO ROYAL SOC MED ID SEXUAL-BEHAVIOR; TRANSMISSION; RELIABILITY; RISK C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR HIV STD & TB PREVENT,DIV STD PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 27 TC 56 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 3 PU ROYAL SOC MEDICINE SERVICES LTD PI LONDON PA 1 WIMPOLE STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND W1M 8AE SN 0956-4624 J9 INT J STD AIDS JI Int. J. STD AIDS PY 1996 VL 7 SU 2 BP 30 EP 38 DI 10.1258/0956462961917753 PG 9 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA UU794 UT WOS:A1996UU79400006 PM 8799792 ER PT J AU Joesoef, MR Wiknjosastro, G Norojono, W Sumampouw, H Linnan, M Hansell, MJ Hillis, SE Lewis, J AF Joesoef, MR Wiknjosastro, G Norojono, W Sumampouw, H Linnan, M Hansell, MJ Hillis, SE Lewis, J TI Coinfection with chlamydia and gonorrhoea among pregnant women with bacterial vaginosis SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF STD & AIDS LA English DT Article DE bacterial vaginosis; chlamydia; gonorrhoea; trichomoniasis ID RISK-FACTORS; GRAM STAIN; ENDOMETRITIS; PREMATURITY; INFECTION AB The role of sexual transmission of microorganisms in bacterial vaginosis (BV) is controversial. If sexual intercourse were a risk factor for BV, then we would expect that women with BV would also be coinfected with other sexually transmitted diseases (STD). We investigated the prevalence of STD among pregnant women of low socio-economic status with bacterial vaginosis in Indonesia. Among these women, 23.3% had at least one STD (chlamydia, gonorrhoea, syphilis or trichomoniasis). Chlamydial infection was the most prevalent (19.5%), followed by trichomoniasis (3.8%), gonorrhoea (3.2%) and syphilis (0.4%). Compared to the rates of STD observed in a previous study of all pregnant women (with or without BV) in Indonesia, pregnant women with BV have more than a 2-fold increase in chlamydia (19.5% vs 8.2%) and a 6-fold increase in gonorrhoea (3.2% vs 0.5%). Because detection of BV by Gram stain is easy to perform and economical, detection of BV has potential as a prescreening marker for chlamydia and gonorrhoea among asymptomatic pregnant women of low socio-economic status in Indonesia. Further work is needed to evaluate the usefulness of BV as a prescreening marker for chlamydia and gonorrheoa. RP Joesoef, MR (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, DIV STD HIV PREVENT, MAILSTOP EO2, 1600 CLIFTON RD NE, ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA. NR 19 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON EC1Y 1SP, ENGLAND SN 0956-4624 EI 1758-1052 J9 INT J STD AIDS JI Int. J. STD AIDS PD JAN-FEB PY 1996 VL 7 IS 1 BP 61 EP 64 DI 10.1258/0956462961917096 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA TV674 UT WOS:A1996TV67400016 PM 8652716 ER PT J AU Muller, HE Brenner, DJ Fanning, GR Grimont, PAD Kampfer, P AF Muller, HE Brenner, DJ Fanning, GR Grimont, PAD Kampfer, P TI Emended description of Buttiauxella agrestis with recognition of six new species of Buttiauxella and two new species of Kluyvera: Buttiauxella ferragutiae sp nov, Buttiauxella gaviniae sp nov, Buttiauxella brennerae sp nov, Buttiauxella izardii sp nov, Buttiauxella noackiae sp nov, Buttiauxella warmboldiae sp nov, Kluyvera cochleae sp nov, and Kluyvera georgiana sp nov SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CLINICAL SPECIMENS; ENTEROBACTERIACEAE AB A total of 219 strains belonging to the genera Buttiauxella and Kluyvera were studied; 171 of these strains were isolated from mollusks, mainly snails and slugs, obtained from around the world, On the basis of DNA-DNA hybridization data, the strains were grouped into 11 genomospecies, A total of 44 phenotypic characters were used to differentiate the genera Buttiauxella and Kluyvera at the genus level and to identify genomospecies, There were significantly higher phenotypic probability distances between the genomospecies in the genus Buttiauxella and the genomospecies in the genus Kluyvera than between the genomospecies in the same genus, Therefore, the existence of Buttiauxella and Kluyvera as different genera was confirmed, The existence of new species necessitated broadening the definitions of both genera, In two cases, two Buttiauxella species could not be quantitatively differentiated biochemically, and several other pairs of species could be separated only by the results of one biochemical test, Nonetheless, combinations of several characteristics were used to differentiate all of the species with levels of certainty ranging from log 10.79 to log 57.77 (calculated as probability distances), The following new species are proposed: Buttiauxella ferragutiae (type strain, ATCC 51602 [DSM 9390]), Buttiauxella gaviniae (type strain, ATCC 51604 [DSM 9393]), Buttiauxella brennerae (type strain, ATCC 51605 [DSM 9396]), Buttiauxella izardii (type strain, ATCC 51606 [DSM 9397]), Buttiauxella noackiae (type strain, ATCC 51607 [DSM 9401]), Buttiauxella warmboldiae (type strain, ATCC 51608 [DSM 9404]), Kluyvera cochleae (type strain, ATCC 51609 [DSM 9406]), and Kluyvera georgiana (type strain, ATCC 51603 [DSM 9409]). C1 TECH UNIV BERLIN,FACHGEBIET HYG,D-13353 BERLIN,GERMANY. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,EMERGING BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333. WALTER REED ARMY MED CTR,WALTER REED ARMY INST RES,DIV BIOCHEM,WASHINGTON,DC 20307. INST PASTEUR,INSERM,U389,UNITE ENTEROBACTERIES,F-75724 PARIS 15,FRANCE. RP Muller, HE (reprint author), STAATL MED UNTERSUCHUNGSAMT,D-38124 BRAUNSCHWEIG,GERMANY. NR 19 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 14 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0020-7713 J9 INT J SYST BACTERIOL JI Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 46 IS 1 BP 50 EP 63 PG 14 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA TP738 UT WOS:A1996TP73800008 PM 11534554 ER PT J AU Wayne, LG Good, RC Bottger, EC Butler, R Dorsch, M Ezaki, T Gross, W Jonas, V Kilburn, J Kirschner, P Krichevsky, MI Ridell, M Shinnick, TM Springer, B Stackebrandt, E Tarnok, I Tarnok, Z Tasaka, H Vincent, V Warren, NG Knott, CA Johnson, R AF Wayne, LG Good, RC Bottger, EC Butler, R Dorsch, M Ezaki, T Gross, W Jonas, V Kilburn, J Kirschner, P Krichevsky, MI Ridell, M Shinnick, TM Springer, B Stackebrandt, E Tarnok, I Tarnok, Z Tasaka, H Vincent, V Warren, NG Knott, CA Johnson, R TI Semantide- and chemotaxonomy-based analyses of some problematic phenotypic clusters of slowly growing mycobacteria, a cooperative study of the international working group on mycobacterial taxonomy SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NUMERICAL-ANALYSIS; DNA PROBES; IDENTIFICATION; INTRACELLULARE; TUBERCULOSIS; AVIUM; SCROFULACEUM; SPECIFICITY AB During previous cooperative numerical taxonomic studies of slowly growing mycobacteria, the International Working Group on Mycobacterial Taxonomy described a number of strains whose taxonomic status was ambiguous. A new study of DNA, RNA, and proteins from 66 of these organisms was performed to correlate their properties with phenotypic clustering behavior; the results of this study permitted 51 of the strains studied to be assigned to known species. The methods used to characterize the semantides included nucleotide sequencing and assessment of levels of semantide relatedness by affinity binding techniques, including whole DNA-DNA hybridization, probe hybridization, and antibody binding. There was good overall agreement between the phenotypic and chemotaxonomic clusters and the groups of organisms identified by semantide analyses. Our results supported the conclusion that we should continue to rely on polyphasic taxonomy to provide satisfactory systematic resolution of members of the genus Mycobacterium. We identified no single 16S rRNA interstrain nucleotide sequence difference value that unequivocally defined species boundaries. DNA-DNA hybridization remains the gold standard, but common resources are needed to permit DNA DNA hybridization analyses to be made available to laboratories that are not prepared to use this technology. One of the large novel clusters which we studied corresponds to the recently described species Mycobacterium interjectum, a pathogen that resembles the nonpathogen Mycobacterium gordonae phenotypically. We also identified strains that appear to represent ribovars of Mycobacterium intracellulare which do not react with the commercial diagnostic probes that are currently used for identification of this species. Other branches or clusters consisted of too few strains to permit a decision about their taxonomic status to be made. C1 DEPT VET AFFAIRS MED CTR,LONG BEACH,CA 90822. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. HANNOVER MED SCH,W-3000 HANNOVER,GERMANY. UNIV QUEENSLAND,BRISBANE,QLD,AUSTRALIA. GIFU UNIV,SCH MED,GIFU 500,JAPAN. DEPT VET AFFAIRS MED CTR,W HAVEN,CT 06510. GEN PROBE INC,SAN DIEGO,CA 92121. BIONOM INT,ROCKVILLE,MD 20852. GOTHENBURG UNIV,GOTHENBURG,SWEDEN. TUBERKULOSE FORSCHUNGSINST,BORSTEL,GERMANY. HIROSHIMA UNIV,SCH MED,HIROSHIMA,JAPAN. INST PASTEUR,PARIS,FRANCE. ASSOC STATE & TERR PUBL HLTH LAB DIRECTORS,WASHINGTON,DC 20036. CHROMAGEN INC,SAN DIEGO,CA 92121. RI Bottger, Erik/F-6175-2011 NR 39 TC 62 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0020-7713 J9 INT J SYST BACTERIOL JI Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 46 IS 1 BP 280 EP 297 PG 18 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA TP738 UT WOS:A1996TP73800041 PM 8573508 ER PT J AU Offermann, MK Lin, JC Mar, EC Shaw, R Yang, J Medford, RM AF Offermann, MK Lin, JC Mar, EC Shaw, R Yang, J Medford, RM TI Antioxidant-sensitive regulation of inflammatory-response genes in Kaposi's sarcoma cells SO JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES AND HUMAN RETROVIROLOGY LA English DT Article DE Kaposi's sarcoma; cellular adhesion molecule; cytokine; oxidation; inflammation ID NF-KAPPA-B; INTERCELLULAR-ADHESION MOLECULE-1; HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR; DNA-SEQUENCES; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; GROWTH-FACTOR; ONCOSTATIN-M; INTACT-CELLS; HERPESVIRUS AB Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a multifocal vascular lesion characterized by abnormal proliferation of endothelial-like KS cells linked to a pronounced leukocyte infiltration. KS lesions contain novel herpes-like DNA sequences, KSHV, hypothesized to originate from the viral pathogen for KS. Using cultured KS cells that retain the KSHV sequences, diverse signals, including tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin (IL) 1 beta, polyinosinic acid/polycytidylic acid, and lipopolysaccharide, induced the expression of the cytokine IL-6 and cellular adhesion molecules involved in leukocyte recruitment, including vascular adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1). The thiol-antioxidant pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) selectively inhibited >90% of the activation of nuclear factor KB-like DNA binding activity in KS cells. PDTC also reduced by >85% induced levels of VCAM-1 and IL-6 at the mRNA, protein, and functional levels in KS cells. In contrast, PDTC did not inhibit the induced expression of either ICAM-1 or E-selectin. These studies show that PDTC differentially modulates the expression of inflammatory response genes in KS cells that contain KSHV, suggesting that reduction-oxidation-sensitive events are involved in the regulation of these genes. These studies also suggest that thiol-antioxidants such as PDTC may play a potentially therapeutic role in the treatment of KS by preventing induction of specific inflammatory response genes that may be involved in the pathogenesis of KS. C1 EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT MED,DIV CARDIOL,ATLANTA,GA. EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,DIV HEMATOL,ATLANTA,GA. CTR DIS CONTROL,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Offermann, MK (reprint author), EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,WINSHIP CANC CTR,1327 CLIFTON RD NE,ATLANTA,GA 30322, USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [R01CA60345, R01CA67382]; NIAMS NIH HHS [P30AR42687] NR 60 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 1077-9450 J9 J ACQ IMMUN DEF SYND JI J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol. PY 1996 VL 13 IS 1 BP 1 EP 11 PG 11 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA VG360 UT WOS:A1996VG36000001 PM 8797679 ER PT J AU Faruque, S Edlin, BR McCoy, CB Word, CO Larsen, SA Schmid, DS VonBargen, JC Serrano, Y AF Faruque, S Edlin, BR McCoy, CB Word, CO Larsen, SA Schmid, DS VonBargen, JC Serrano, Y TI Crack cocaine smoking and oral sores in three inner-city neighborhoods SO JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES AND HUMAN RETROVIROLOGY LA English DT Article DE crack cocaine; oral sores; oral sex; HIV infection; HIV transmission ID HOMOSEXUAL MEN; HIV-INFECTION; TRANSMISSION; SEX; SEROCONVERSION; INTERCOURSE; USERS; SEMEN; ABUSE; AIDS AB Crack cocaine causes blisters, sores, and cuts on the lips and in the mouths of persons who smoke it, and such sores may facilitate the oral transmission of HIV. We recruited young adults aged 18-29 years, who either were current regular crack smokers, or who had never smoked crack, from inner-city neighborhoods in New York, Miami, and San Francisco. Participants were interviewed for HIV risk behaviors and history of recent oral sores and were tested for HIV, syphilis, and herpes simplex virus (HSV) antibodies. Among the 2,323 participants recruited, 1,404 (60%) were crack smokers. Crack smokers (10.0%) were more likely than nonsmokers (4.5%) to report having had oral sores in the past 30 days [prevalence odds ratio (POR) 2.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.7-3.4]. Sores were also more prevalent among those who had ever injected drugs (14.3%) than among those who had not (6.7%; POR 2.3, 95% CI 1.7-3.4), and among those with HIV infection (14.3%) than among those without it (8.0%; POR 1.9, 95% CI 1.3-2.8). Among the 429 participants who reported receptive oral sex, those who reported oral sores were more likely than those who did not to have HIV infection, after other HIV risk factors were controlled for (adjusted POR 1.9, 95% CI 1.0-3.6). Our results confirm that crack smokers have a high prevalence of oral sores and provides evidence that these sores, although infrequently, may facilitate oral transmission of HIV. C1 ASSOC DRUG ABUSE PREVENT & TREATMENT,NEW YORK,NY. UNIV MIAMI,MIAMI,FL 33152. BAYVIEW HUNTERS POINT FDN,SAN FRANCISCO,CA. RP Faruque, S (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV HIV AIDS PREVENT,MAIL STOP E-45,1600 CLIFTON RD NE,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. OI Edlin, Brian/0000-0001-8172-8797 FU PHS HHS [U64/CCU204582, U64/CCU404539, U64/CCU904453] NR 31 TC 60 Z9 62 U1 3 U2 5 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 1077-9450 J9 J ACQ IMMUN DEF SYND JI J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol. PY 1996 VL 13 IS 1 BP 87 EP 92 DI 10.1097/00042560-199609000-00012 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA VG360 UT WOS:A1996VG36000012 PM 8797690 ER PT J AU Simon, P Hu, YY Muto, J Sathyavagiswaran, L Denning, P AF Simon, P Hu, YY Muto, J Sathyavagiswaran, L Denning, P TI Use of coroner's data to monitor HIV seroprevalence among injection drug users SO JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES AND HUMAN RETROVIROLOGY LA English DT Letter C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV HIV AIDS PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. LOS ANGELES CTY DEPT CORONER,LOS ANGELES,CA 90012. RP Simon, P (reprint author), LOS ANGELES CTY DEPT HLTH SERV,HIV EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM,LOS ANGELES,CA 90012, USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 1077-9450 J9 J ACQ IMMUN DEF SYND JI J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol. PY 1996 VL 13 IS 1 BP 98 EP 99 DI 10.1097/00042560-199609000-00017 PG 2 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA VG360 UT WOS:A1996VG36000017 PM 8797695 ER PT J AU Heneine, W AF Heneine, W TI The phylogeny and molecular epidemiology of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type II SO JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES AND HUMAN RETROVIROLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT VIIth International Conference on Human Retrovirology CY OCT 17-21, 1995 CL INST PASTEUR, PARIS, FRANCE HO INST PASTEUR DE human T-cell lymphotropic virus type II; phylogeny; molecular epidemiology; long terminal repeats; intravenous drug users; Amerindians AB Phylogenetic analysis of long terminal repeat (LTR) sequences from 29 human T-cell lymphotropic virus type II (HTLV-II) strains from endemic and nonendemic populations led to the proposition of three HTLV-IIa phylo-groups (A-I, A-II, and A-III) and four HTLV-IIb phylogroups (B-I, B-II, B-III, B-IV), B-I and B-II represented sequences from U.S. and European intravenous drug users, and B-IV included Amerindian sequences from the Guaymi and Wayuu. Interestingly, sequences from an African Pygmy and Seminole and Pueblo Indians and other non-Indian U.S. samples clustered together in B-III. Similarly, sequences from the Kayapo Indians from Brazil, a Brazilian blood donor, a Cameroonian, and a Ghanaian prostitute clustered together in A-II. Sequences from non-Indian U.S/European samples and a Pueblo Indian formed A-III. A restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) assay was developed to identify rapidly the prevalence of the A and B phylogroups in 246 HTLV-II samples. The RFLP results suggest that A-III and B-II may represent cosmopolitan subtypes because of global distribution in urban areas. In contrast, B-IV and A-II infections were restricted primarily to Central and South America, The phylogenetic data suggest a possible Amerindian origin for B-III, A-II, and A-III infections in non-Indians and an evolution into A and B subtypes that preceded population migrations to the Americas. RP Heneine, W (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,RETROVIRUS DIS BRANCH,1600 CLIFTON RD,MAIL STOP G-19,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 17 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 1077-9450 J9 J ACQ IMMUN DEF SYND JI J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol. PY 1996 VL 13 SU 1 BP S236 EP S241 DI 10.1097/00042560-199600001-00035 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA VG828 UT WOS:A1996VG82800035 PM 8797729 ER PT J AU Lal, RB AF Lal, RB TI Delineation of immunodominant epitopes of human T-lymphotropic virus types I and II and their usefulness in developing serologic assays for detection of antibodies to HTLV-I and HTLV-II SO JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES AND HUMAN RETROVIROLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT VIIth International Conference on Human Retrovirology CY OCT 17-21, 1995 CL INST PASTEUR, PARIS, FRANCE HO INST PASTEUR DE human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I); HTLV-II; immunodominant epitopes; serologic assays; HTLV antibodies ID WESTERN-BLOT IMMUNOBLOT; RECOMBINANT ENVELOPE GLYCOPROTEINS; CELL LEUKEMIA; ENZYME-IMMUNOASSAY; TRANSMEMBRANE GLYCOPROTEIN; IMMUNE RESPONSIVENESS; REGULATORY PROTEINS; SYNTHETIC PEPTIDES; LINEAR EPITOPES; ENV ANTIBODIES AB Several immunodominant B-cell epitopes have been mapped in the structural (gag, env) and regulatory (tax, rex) proteins of human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) and HTLV-II. Identification of these immunogenic epitopes not only has allowed the development of sensitive and specific serologic assays, but also has provided a tool to study correlates of host pathogenesis, viral transmission, and protection. The major immunogenic epitopes for HTLV-I are located at the C terminus of p19(gag), the central and carboxyl terminus of p46(env), the central region of transmembrane envelope glycoprotein (p21e), and the carboxyl terminus of p40(tax). Similarly, HTLV-II epitopes are located at the amino terminus and central region of gp46(env), the central region of p21e, and the carboxyl terminus of p40(tax) The transmembrane epitopes of HTLV-I and HTLV-II share extensive homologies and represent a highly cross-reactive region, while the remaining regions represent HTLV type-specific epitopes. The transmembrane epitope has been commonly used Tor detecting antibodies in both HTLV-I and HTLV-II-infected persons, whereas central envelope epitopes have been exploited for serologic differentiation between HTLV-I and HTLV-II, This detailed analysis at the epitope level has resulted in the development of highly sensitive and specific screening and confirmation assays for detection of antibodies to HTLVs. RP Lal, RB (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV AIDS STD & TB LAB RES,RETROVIRUS DIS BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 56 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 1077-9450 J9 J ACQ IMMUN DEF SYND JI J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol. PY 1996 VL 13 SU 1 BP S170 EP S178 DI 10.1097/00042560-199600001-00026 PG 9 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA VG828 UT WOS:A1996VG82800026 PM 8797720 ER PT J AU Kitayaporn, D Tansuphaswadikul, S Lohsomboon, P Pannachet, K Kaewkungwal, J Limpakarnjanarat, K Mastro, TD AF Kitayaporn, D Tansuphaswadikul, S Lohsomboon, P Pannachet, K Kaewkungwal, J Limpakarnjanarat, K Mastro, TD TI Survival of AIDS patients in the emerging epidemic in Bangkok, Thailand SO JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES AND HUMAN RETROVIROLOGY LA English DT Article DE AIDS; epidemiology; HIV; mortality; risk; survival; Thailand ID ACQUIRED-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-SYNDROME; HIV-1; EXPERIENCE; INFECTION AB Survival from the time of AIDS diagnosis to death was determined retrospectively among Thai patients (greater than or equal to 13 years old) who attended a public tertiary care infectious disease hospital in a suburb of Bangkok, Thailand, from February 1987 through February 1993. An AIDS diagnosis was based on the 1987 Centers for Disease Control (CDC) definition, except Penicillium marneffei infection was included as an AIDS-defining condition. Of 329 AIDS pa patients, 152 (46.2%) had died. The median age at diagnosis was 31.5 years (range, 18-74) 306 patients (93.0%) were males. Reported risk categories were heterosexual contact (55.2%), injecting drug use (IDU, 22.6%), male homosexual or bisexual contact (9.5%), and unidentified risk or other (12.7%). Median survival time (Kaplan-Meier) for all patients was 7.0 months; 1-year survival probability was 39.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 31.5-46.9%). Cox's proportional hazards model showed three factors associated with survival: age, reported risk category, and presenting diagnosis. Patients aged 26 to 35 years survived longer (median survival time, 10.6 months; relative hazard [RH] = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.44-0.85, referent: others), as did patients in sexual risk categories (median survival time, 7.3 months; RH = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.40-0.78, referent: IDU and other categories). A single presenting diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis was also associated with longer survival (median survival time, 19.9 months, RH = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.35-0.86, referent: other diagnoses). AIDS patients in the early phase of the epidemic in Bangkok have much shorter survival times than patients in developed countries, in part perhaps because they are often diagnosed late in the course of HIV infection. Increased attention should be given to the early diagnosis and treatment of these patients. C1 MAHIDOL UNIV,FAC TROP MED,DEPT TROP MED,BANGKOK,THAILAND. MINIST PUBL HLTH,BAMRASNARADURA HOSP,DEPT COMMUNICABLE DIS CONTROL,NONTHABURI,THAILAND. MOPH,DIV EPIDEMIOL,NONTHABURI,THAILAND. MINIST EDUC,RAJAMANGALA INST TECHNOL,BANGKOK,THAILAND. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP Kitayaporn, D (reprint author), HIV AIDS COLLABORAT,88-7 SOI BAMRASNARDURA,NONTHABURI,THAILAND. NR 33 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 1077-9450 J9 J ACQ IMMUN DEF SYND JI J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol. PY 1996 VL 11 IS 1 BP 77 EP 82 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA TN258 UT WOS:A1996TN25800010 PM 8528736 ER PT J AU SassanMorokro, M Greenberg, AE Coulibaly, IM Coulibaly, D Sidibe, K Ackah, A Tossou, O Gnaore, E Wiktor, SZ DeCock, KM AF SassanMorokro, M Greenberg, AE Coulibaly, IM Coulibaly, D Sidibe, K Ackah, A Tossou, O Gnaore, E Wiktor, SZ DeCock, KM TI High rates of sexual contact with female sex workers, sexually transmitted diseases, and condom neglect among HIV-infected and uninfected men with tuberculosis in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire SO JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES AND HUMAN RETROVIROLOGY LA English DT Article DE HIV risk factors; STD; tuberculosis; Abidjan ID IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS-INFECTION; WEST-AFRICAN CITY; RISK-FACTORS; TRANSMISSION; MORTALITY; WOMEN AB To characterize human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) risk practices among men with tuberculosis, and to determine what factors are associated with HIV infection in this population, we conducted a case-control analysis of data collected during enrollment in a prospective cohort study in the two large tuberculosis treatment centers of Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire. Demographic information and data on risk factors for HIV infection, including history of sex with female sex workers (FSWs) and history of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), were collected on 490 HIV-infected and 239 HIV-uninfected men diagnosed with pulmonary tuberculosis between 1989 and 1992. HIV-infected men were significantly more likely than uninfected men to have had sex with FSWs in their lifetime [83 versus 63%, odds ratio (OR) 2.9, 95% confidence internal (CI) 2.0-4.2], genital ulcer disease in the past 5 years (38 versus 15%, OR 3.4, 95% CI 2.2-5.2), urethritis in the past 5 years (44 versus 23%, OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.8-3.8), and sex with FSWs in the past year (43 versus 25%, OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.6-3.3); no difference was found in the proportion with at least one non-FSW partner in the past year (84 versus 79%, OR 1.3, 95% CI 0.9-2.0). Among all men, 74% never used condoms, and only 1.4% always used condoms. In a multivariate analysis, sex with FSWs, genital ulcer disease, urethritis, and lack of circumcision were all significantly associated with HIV. This study demonstrates the critical roles of commercial sex, STDs, and condom neglect in fueling the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Abidjan, and illustrates the urgent need for widespread HIV education both in the general population and in men with tuberculosis. C1 PROJECT RETRO CI,ABIDJAN,COTE IVOIRE. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. CTR ANTITUBERCULEUX,ABIDJAN,COTE IVOIRE. COMITE NATL LUTTE CONTRE SIDA,ABIDJAN,COTE IVOIRE. NR 16 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 1077-9450 J9 J ACQ IMMUN DEF SYND JI J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol. PY 1996 VL 11 IS 2 BP 183 EP 187 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA TR348 UT WOS:A1996TR34800010 PM 8556401 ER PT J AU Wortley, PM Fleming, PL Lindegren, ML Sweeney, PA Davis, S AF Wortley, PM Fleming, PL Lindegren, ML Sweeney, PA Davis, S TI Using HIV/AIDS surveillance to monitor public health efforts to reduce perinatal transmission of HIV SO JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES AND HUMAN RETROVIROLOGY LA English DT Letter RP Wortley, PM (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR HIV STD TB PREVENT,DIV HIV AIDS PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 5 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 1077-9450 J9 J ACQ IMMUN DEF SYND JI J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol. PY 1996 VL 11 IS 2 BP 205 EP 206 PG 2 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA TR348 UT WOS:A1996TR34800016 PM 8556406 ER PT J AU Kaplan, JE Spira, TJ Fishbein, DB Lynn, HS AF Kaplan, JE Spira, TJ Fishbein, DB Lynn, HS TI 14-year follow-up of HIV-infected homosexual men with lymphadenopathy syndrome SO JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES AND HUMAN RETROVIROLOGY LA English DT Letter ID AIDS C1 NEW ENGLAND RES INST,BOSTON,MA. RP Kaplan, JE (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 1077-9450 J9 J ACQ IMMUN DEF SYND JI J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol. PY 1996 VL 11 IS 2 BP 206 EP 208 PG 3 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA TR348 UT WOS:A1996TR34800017 PM 8556407 ER PT J AU Greenland, S Lieb, L Simon, P Ford, W Kerndt, P AF Greenland, S Lieb, L Simon, P Ford, W Kerndt, P TI Evidence for recent growth of the HIV epidemic among African-American men and younger male cohorts in Los Angeles County SO JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES AND HUMAN RETROVIROLOGY LA English DT Article DE HIV; homosexual men; minority ID UNITED-STATES; INFECTION; SEROPREVALENCE; PREVALENCE; SPREAD; RATES AB To estimate the recent course of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) epidemic among men within birth cohorts, ethnic groups, and HIV-risk groups in Los Angeles County, backcalculation methods were combined with log-linear models and census data to reconstruct HIV incidence in subgroups from AIDS surveillance data. Results were compared with directly measured HIV seroprevalence in public sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics in Los Angeles. Models of HIV incidence indicate that the initial epidemic pattern among men who have sex with men, including a decline in incidence since the mid-1980s, does not apply to all post-1960 birth cohorts. Later peaks were observed in younger birth cohorts and among injection drug users, especially among African-American men, with no evidence of a peak before the 1990s among men born after 1960. Our results indicate that HIV continued to spread near peak rates into the 1990s among younger birth cohorts, especially among young African-American men who have sex with men. Because of the lengthy incubation period from HIV infection to AIDS incidence, our results imply that the AIDS epidemic has not yet peaked in these cohorts and may continue to grow through the present decade in several subgroups. The large variation in HIV incidence and prevalence across birth cohorts and other subgroups needs to be addressed in future community intervention plans. C1 LOS ANGELES CTY DEPT HLTH SERV,HIV EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM,LOS ANGELES,CA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV HIV AIDS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP Greenland, S (reprint author), UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT EPIDEMIOL,LOS ANGELES,CA 90095, USA. FU PHS HHS [U62CCU906253] NR 24 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 1077-9450 J9 J ACQ IMMUN DEF SYND JI J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol. PY 1996 VL 11 IS 4 BP 401 EP 409 PG 9 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA UC833 UT WOS:A1996UC83300012 PM 8601228 ER PT J AU Sewell, DL Barry, AL Allen, SD Fuchs, PC Murray, PR Tenover, FC AF Sewell, DL Barry, AL Allen, SD Fuchs, PC Murray, PR Tenover, FC TI Tentative interpretive criteria and quality control parameters for in-vitro susceptibility testing of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to two fluoroquinolones (PD 131628 and grepafloxacin (OPC 17116)) SO JOURNAL OF ANTIMICROBIAL CHEMOTHERAPY LA English DT Article ID INVITRO ACTIVITY; OPC-17116 AB The susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to PD 131628 and grepafloxacin (OPC 17116) was evaluated by agar dilution and disc diffusion methods. A tentative susceptibility category for both fluoroquinolones included strains for which the MICs are equal to or less than 0.06 mg/L and the zones of inhibition are equal to or greater than 38 mm for PD 131628 and equal to or greater than 37 mm for grepafloxacin. Quality control studies with N. gonorrhoeae ATCC 49226 suggested that agar dilution MIC limits were 0.002-0.008 mg/L and 0.004-0.03 mg/L for PD 131628 and grepafloxacin, respectively. The zone size limits were 50-58 mm for PD 131628 and 44-52 mm for grepafloxacin. C1 CLIN MICROBIOL INST INC,TUALATIN,OR 97062. INDIANA UNIV,MED CTR,INDIANAPOLIS,IN 46202. ST VINCENT HOSP & MED CTR,PORTLAND,OR 97225. WASHINGTON UNIV,BARNES HOSP,ST LOUIS,MO 63110. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NOSOCOMIAL PATHOGENS LAB BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 0305-7453 J9 J ANTIMICROB CHEMOTH JI J. Antimicrob. Chemother. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 37 IS 1 BP 139 EP 143 DI 10.1093/jac/37.1.139 PG 5 WC Infectious Diseases; Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Infectious Diseases; Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA TT399 UT WOS:A1996TT39900015 PM 8647755 ER PT J AU Tenover, FC Baker, CN Swenson, JM AF Tenover, FC Baker, CN Swenson, JM TI Evaluation of commercial methods for determining antimicrobial susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MICRODILUTION SYSTEM; PENICILLIN-RESISTANT; PNEUMOCOCCI; INFECTIONS; FAILURE; SPREAD AB Seven commercial systems for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Streptococcus pneumoniae were evaluated by using a challenge set of 55 pneumococcal isolates with a variety of resistance phenotypes and genotypes. Overall, the results produced by the Pasco and Etest methods were found to be acceptable for all drugs tested except for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole testing by the Etest. The Just One system for penicillin MIC testing was also judged to be acceptable (minor error rate, 5.5%), Although the Sensititre and MicroTech methods both produced 12.7% minor errors with penicillin, the Sensititre method classified penicillin-intermediate strains as resistant or vice versa, while four of MicroTech's errors were among intermediate strains that were classified as susceptible. The MicroMedia (minor error rate, 16.4%) and MicroScan Rapid (minor error rate, 63.6%) methods produced unacceptably high levels of errors when testing penicillin, Minor error rates for cefotaxime and ceftriaxone ranged from a low of 12.7% (Etest and Sensititre) to a high of 28% (MicroMedia). Error rates were low for erythromycin, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol by most methods with the exception of the MicroScan method, which had a high very major error rate for erythromycin (34.6%), For testing of beta-lactam drugs, the Pasco, Etest, and Just One tests for penicillin are the most accurate methods; the Sensititre method also provided acceptable results. RP Tenover, FC (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,HOSP INFECT PROGRAM,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 33 TC 37 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 34 IS 1 BP 10 EP 14 PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA TL451 UT WOS:A1996TL45100002 PM 8748262 ER PT J AU CardarelliLeite, P Blom, K Patton, CM Nicholson, MA Steigerwalt, AG Hunter, SB Brenner, DJ Barrett, TJ Swaminathan, B AF CardarelliLeite, P Blom, K Patton, CM Nicholson, MA Steigerwalt, AG Hunter, SB Brenner, DJ Barrett, TJ Swaminathan, B TI Rapid identification of Campylobacter species by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of a PCR-amplified fragment of the gene coding for 16S rRNA SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; RIBOSOMAL DNA; AMPLIFICATION; DIFFERENTIATION; ORGANISMS; PROPOSAL AB Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of a PCR-amplified DNA fragment of the gene coding for 16S rRNA was performed on 148 previously characterized strains of Campylobacter, Helicobacter, Arcobacter, and Wolinella succinogenes and 13 Campylobacter like isolates, These strains included clinical, animal, and environmental isolates, PCR amplification generated a 283-bp fragment from all species. The amplicon from each strain was digested with six restriction endonucleases (AccI, AvaI, DdeI, HaeIII, HpaII, XhoI). DdeI,vas useful for the initial grouping of the strains, Additional discrimination within the different DdeI groups was obtained with AccI, HaeIII, HpaII, and XhoI digestions. The PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis allowed for the discrimination of members of the genus Campylobacter from members of closely related genera and discrimination between Campylobacter species. The proposed method is simple and rapid and can be useful for the routine identification of Campylobacter-like organisms in clinical or epidemiologic studies. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,FOODBORNE & DIARRHEAL DIS BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. FIOCRUZ MS,NATL INST HLTH QUAL CONTROL,RIO JANEIRO,BRAZIL. NR 29 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 34 IS 1 BP 62 EP 67 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA TL451 UT WOS:A1996TL45100014 PM 8748274 ER PT J AU Miller, JM Alachi, P AF Miller, JM Alachi, P TI Evaluation of new computer-enhanced identification program for microorganisms: Adaptation of BioBASE for identification of members of the family Enterobacteriaceae SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BACTERIA AB We report the use of BioBASE, a computer-enhanced numerical identification software package, as a valuable aid for the rapid identification of unknown enteric bacilli when using conventional biochemicals. We compared BioBASE identification results with those of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's mainframe computer to determine the former's accuracy in identifying both common and rare unknown isolates of the family Enterobacteriaceae by using the same compiled data matrix. Of 293 enteric strains tested by BioBASE, 278 (94.9%) were correctly identified to the species level; 13 (4.4%) were assigned unacceptable or low discrimination profiles, but 8 of these (2.7%) were listed as the correct organisms as the first choice; and 2 (0.7%) were not identified correctly because of their highly unusual biochemical profiles. The software is user friendly, rapid, and accurate and would be of value to any laboratory that uses conventional biochemicals. C1 NORTHEASTERN UNIV,DEPT BIOL,BOSTON,MA 02115. RP Miller, JM (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,HOSP INFECT PROGRAM,MAILSTOP C16,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 18 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 34 IS 1 BP 179 EP 181 PG 3 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA TL451 UT WOS:A1996TL45100038 PM 8748298 ER PT J AU Metchock, B Nolte, FS Tenover, FC AF Metchock, B Nolte, FS Tenover, FC TI Reliability of Pasco MIC system for use in detection of resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae - Reply SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Letter C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP Metchock, B (reprint author), EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PATHOL & LAB MED,ATLANTA,GA 30322, USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 34 IS 1 BP 232 EP 233 PG 2 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA TL451 UT WOS:A1996TL45100057 ER PT J AU Tomar, SL Winn, DM Kleinman, DV AF Tomar, SL Winn, DM Kleinman, DV TI Smokeless tobacco-associated oral lesions in US school children. SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CDC,OFF SMOKING & HLTH,ATLANTA,GA. NIDR,BETHESDA,MD 20892. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 1996 VL 75 SI SI BP 13 EP 13 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA TT801 UT WOS:A1996TT80100011 ER PT J AU Cleveland, J Holm, K Malvitz, D Hines, B AF Cleveland, J Holm, K Malvitz, D Hines, B TI Recent dental exams among adults in Washington State - Behavioral risk factor surveillance system 1993-1994 SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CDC,ATLANTA,GA. WASHINGTON STATE DEPT HLTH,OLYMPIA,WA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 1996 VL 75 SI SI BP 1708 EP 1708 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA TT801 UT WOS:A1996TT80101708 ER PT J AU Beltran, E Eklund, S Malvitz, D AF Beltran, E Eklund, S Malvitz, D TI Validity and reliability of two alternative methods to evaluate oral health status in populations. SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UNIV MICHIGAN,CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ANN ARBOR,MI 48109. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 1996 VL 75 SI SI BP 2260 EP 2260 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA TT801 UT WOS:A1996TT80102259 ER PT J AU Potter, ME AF Potter, ME TI Risk assessment terms and definitions SO JOURNAL OF FOOD PROTECTION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Trends in Food Microbiology, at the 1994 IAMFES Annual Meeting CY JUL 31-AUG 03, 1994 CL SAN ANTONIO, TX SP Int Assoc Milk Food & Environm Sanitarians DE foodborne disease; risk assessment; risk terminology AB Risk assessment is the characterization of potential adverse effects of exposures to hazards, including estimates of the magnitude of the risk, the severity of outcome, and an indication of the uncertainties involved. Because risk assessments are based on statistical and other treatments of scientific data, the quality of such assessments is only as good as the data that go into their calculation. Sources of uncertainty include scanty and/or unrepresentative data, imprecise measuring devices, systematic flaws in the data collection process, variability in host response, and difficulties in the modeling process. Sources of uncertainty tend to be different for infectious and noninfectious hazards, which has led to the use of different risk assessment approaches. The ultimate goal in using risk assessment is to provide some objective estimate of risk that can be used by the food industry and regulatory agencies to assure that foods are acceptably safe. Public confidence in the risk-assessment technique will be won by its successful application and communication. RP Potter, ME (reprint author), NATL CTR INFECT DIS,CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS A38,1600 CLIFTON RD NE,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 18 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 4 PU INT ASSOC MILK FOOD ENVIRONMENTAL SANITARIANS, INC PI DES MOINES PA 6200 AURORA AVE SUITE 200W, DES MOINES, IA 50322-2838 SN 0362-028X J9 J FOOD PROTECT JI J. Food Prot. PY 1996 SU S BP 6 EP 9 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Food Science & Technology GA UB894 UT WOS:A1996UB89400002 ER PT J AU Kung, HC Parrish, RG Spitler, J AF Kung, HC Parrish, RG Spitler, J TI The abstractability and consistency of medical examiner coroner reports: Results from the 1993 National Mortality Followback Survey pilot SO JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE forensic science; pathology; forensic pathology; abstractability; consistency; medical examiner coroner reports; research tools AB The 1993 National Mortality Followback Survey (NMFS) is designed to provide national estimates of important characteristics of the 2,218,940 people aged 15 years and older who died in 1993. One topic of special interest in the survey is injury-related deaths. Previous followback surveys have not obtained data from medical examiner and coroner offices (ME/Cs), who investigate most injury-related deaths. In this study, we sought to determine the feasibility of collecting data from various ME/C offices for the NMFS and the usefulness and limitations of data derived from their records. Methods. We 1) developed a pilot survey instrument, the Medical Examiner/Coroner Abstract (MECA); 2) attempted to collect ME/C records on 159 deaths from 55 ME/C offices in four slates with a variety of death investigation systems; and 3) assessed the feasibility of abstracting data from these records using the MECA. Results. We received records on 105 deaths from 39 ME/C offices in three states. We identified items that could be abstracted from the records of most deaths and found that different abstractors could reproducibly and reliably identify information on these tore items. Using the results of this study, we revised the MECA for use in the NMFS. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP Kung, HC (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR HLTH STAT,6525 BELCREST RD,ROOM 840,HYATTSVILLE,MD 20782, USA. NR 10 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC TESTING MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DR, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 SN 0022-1198 J9 J FORENSIC SCI JI J. Forensic Sci. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 41 IS 1 BP 86 EP 93 PG 12 WC Medicine, Legal SC Legal Medicine GA UM893 UT WOS:A1996UM89300014 PM 8934702 ER PT J AU Lau, JYN Krawczynski, K Negro, F GonzalezPeralta, RP AF Lau, JYN Krawczynski, K Negro, F GonzalezPeralta, RP TI In situ detection of hepatitis C virus - A critical appraisal SO JOURNAL OF HEPATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE HCV; in situ detection; localization; in situ hybridization; in situ RT-PCR; immunohistochemistry ID INSITU HYBRIDIZATION; LIVER-TISSUE; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL DETECTION; HCV RNA; NON-A; ANTIGEN; GENOME; LOCALIZATION; HISTOPATHOLOGY; IDENTIFICATION AB Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a single-stranded RNA virus that replicates at a low level, Accordingly, the detection of HCV RNA requires molecular techniques such as reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and branched chain DNA signal amplification assay, Although very sensitive, these assays do not allow specific localization of HCV within the liver, In situ detection of HCV genome and gene products is important to allow for the identification of cellular tropism, obtaining clues to the subcellular site of viral replication, and defining host-viral interactions, In situ hybridization, in situ reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry have been applied for the localization of HCV genome and gene products. However, all these techniques were found to have their limitations and conflicting results have been reported based on all three techniques, This review will critically discuss the available data with an attempt to assist researchers to further understand the potential limitations and possible ways to solve these problems, The development of better protocols for the detection and localization of HCV will help to provide a better understanding of the pathobiology of HCV which, in turn, will assist in the design of better therapeutic strategies. (C) European Association for the Study of the Liver. C1 UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT PEDIAT,DIV GASTROENTEROL,GAINESVILLE,FL 32610. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,HEPATITIS BRANCH,EXPT PATHOL SECT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. UNIV GENEVA,DEPT MED,DIV GASTROENTEROL,GENEVA,SWITZERLAND. RP Lau, JYN (reprint author), UNIV FLORIDA,J HILLIS MILLER HLTH CTR,DEPT MED,DIV GASTROENTEROL HEPATOL & NUTR,GAINESVILLE,FL 32610, USA. RI Negro, Francesco/E-2183-2012 NR 35 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 3 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0168-8278 J9 J HEPATOL JI J. Hepatol. PY 1996 VL 24 SU 2 BP 43 EP 51 PG 9 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology GA VB800 UT WOS:A1996VB80000007 PM 8836888 ER PT J AU Benedict, MQ Besansky, NJ Chang, H Mukabayire, O Collins, FH AF Benedict, MQ Besansky, NJ Chang, H Mukabayire, O Collins, FH TI Mutations in the Anopheles gambiae pink-eye and white genes define distinct, tightly linked eye-color loci SO JOURNAL OF HEREDITY LA English DT Article ID RECESSIVE MUTANTS; X-CHROMOSOME; ALBIMANUS; MOSQUITOS AB New eye-color mutations were induced in the mosquito Anopheles gambiae by EMS or gamma-irradiation treatments, Seven new sex-linked mutations were isolated, five of which were viable and fully fertile, Of those, three were in the previously described pink-eye (p) gene in which two spontaneous mutations have previously been identified, Two other mutations, w(1) and w(2), were in a gene with no extant mutant alleles that we designate the white gene, One of these, w(1), is due to a large deletion in the 5' end of the cloned homolog of the D. melanogaster white gene, The pink-eye and white loci are tightly linked with recombination frequencies of 3.5% and 1.1% between w(1) or w(2) and the spontaneous mutant allele, p(w), respectively, Small samples of F-2 larvae were examined for intragenic recombination between various alleles, but none was observed in any experiment, The white mutants, but not the pink-eye, exhibit epistasis over the expression of the larval body pigmentation phenotype collarless(+) and pigmentation of the male accessory glands and testis sheath, These pleiotropic effects are similar to those of D. melanogaster white mutants and also suggest that white is probably identical to the previously described white-eye gene. C1 EMORY UNIV,DEPT BIOL,ATLANTA,GA 30322. RP Benedict, MQ (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV PARASIT DIS,MAILSTOP F22,4770 BUFORD HIGHWAY,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 20 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 3 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 SN 0022-1503 J9 J HERED JI J. Hered. PD JAN-FEB PY 1996 VL 87 IS 1 BP 48 EP 53 PG 6 WC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA TY736 UT WOS:A1996TY73600009 ER PT J AU Rota, JS Heath, JL Rota, PA King, GE Celma, ML Carabana, J FernandezMunoz, R Brown, D Jin, L Bellini, WJ AF Rota, JS Heath, JL Rota, PA King, GE Celma, ML Carabana, J FernandezMunoz, R Brown, D Jin, L Bellini, WJ TI Molecular epidemiology of measles virus: Identification of pathways of transmission and implications for measles elimination SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES AB The nucleotide sequences of either the hemagglutinin or nucleoprotein genes from wild type measles viruses isolated in the United States between 1989 and 1992 differed by <0.5%. This suggests that the majority of viruses associated with resurgence of measles in the United States belonged to a single indigenous genotype, In contrast, wild type viruses isolated from sporadic outbreaks of measles in the United States during 1994 were genetically heterogeneous, These viruses were more closely related to wild type viruses previously circulating in Europe, Africa, or Japan and were epidemiologically linked to importations or no known source, In addition to demonstrating the utility of genetic analysis in understanding the epidemiology of measles, these data suggest that the transmission of the indigenous virus was interrupted after the 1989-1992 epidemic, Measures to further reduce the incidence of measles in the United States should include efforts to control importation and subsequent spread of measles. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,RESP & ENTER VIRUSES BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30341. HOSP RAMON Y CAJAL,INST NACL SALUD,E-28034 MADRID,SPAIN. DIV VIRUS REFERENCE,CENT PUBL HLTH LAB,LONDON,ENGLAND. RP Rota, JS (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,REVB,DIV EPIDEMIOL & SURVEILLANCE,NATL IMMUNIZATION PROGRAM,MS G-17,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 21 TC 142 Z9 149 U1 1 U2 5 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 173 IS 1 BP 32 EP 37 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA TM343 UT WOS:A1996TM34300006 PM 8537679 ER PT J AU Clarke, LM Duerr, A Feldman, J Sierra, MF Daidone, BJ Landesman, SH AF Clarke, LM Duerr, A Feldman, J Sierra, MF Daidone, BJ Landesman, SH TI Factors associated with cytomegalovirus infection among human immunodeficiency virus type 1-seronegative and -seropositive women from an urban minority community SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID SEXUALLY-TRANSMITTED DISEASES; HOMOSEXUAL MEN; EPIDEMIOLOGY; PREVALENCE AB Cytomegalovirus (CMV) seroprevalence and genital tract shedding in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seronegative and HIV-seropositive women from an urban minority community were investigated. CMV seropositivity was high in both groups: 181 (95.2%) of 190 HIV-negative and 158 (90.3%) of 175 HIV-positive subjects. Cervicovaginal shedding was detected in 8 (4.4%) CMV-positive HIV-negative subjects and 31 (19.6%) HIV-positive subjects (odds ratio [OR], 5.28; P < .001), Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that CMV shedding was independently associated with younger age (OR = 0.90; P < .001) and concurrent Chlamydia trachomatis or Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection (OR = 3.60; P = .08). However, shedding was observed over a broad age range in HIV-positive subjects, with 54.8% of shedders being greater than or equal to 30 years old. Among HIV-positive subjects, CMV shedding was also associated with decreased CD4 cell counts (P = .04) and, compared with HIV-negative subjects, was significantly higher (P < .001) among subjects with CD4 cell counts <500 X 10(6)/L (26.5% in subjects with counts less than or equal to 200 and 22.1% in subjects with counts of 201-499 X 10(6)/L). C1 SUNY HLTH SCI CTR,DEPT PREVENT MED,BROOKLYN,NY 11203. SUNY HLTH SCI CTR,DEPT MED,BROOKLYN,NY 11203. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP Clarke, LM (reprint author), SUNY HLTH SCI CTR,DEPT PATHOL,BOX 25,450 CLARKSON AVE,BROOKLYN,NY 11203, USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI-31834, AI-95014] NR 31 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 173 IS 1 BP 77 EP 82 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA TM343 UT WOS:A1996TM34300012 PM 8537686 ER PT J AU Ellen, JM Aral, SO AF Ellen, JM Aral, SO TI Racial ethnic differences in adolescents' self-report of a sexually transmitted disease SO JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT PEDIAT,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR STD HIV & TB,DIV STDS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 SN 1081-5589 J9 J INVEST MED JI J. Invest. Med. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 44 IS 1 BP A99 EP A99 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC General & Internal Medicine; Research & Experimental Medicine GA TP690 UT WOS:A1996TP69000531 ER PT J AU Gold, BD Khanna, B Banatvala, N AF Gold, BD Khanna, B Banatvala, N TI Helicobacter pylori acquisition in infancy following decline of maternal passive immunity: An IgG and IgM response. SO JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CTR DIS CONTROL,ATLANTA,GA 30333. EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PEDIAT,ATLANTA,GA. CITY HLTH AUTHOR,LONDON,ENGLAND. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 SN 1081-5589 J9 J INVEST MED JI J. Invest. Med. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 44 IS 1 BP A22 EP A22 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC General & Internal Medicine; Research & Experimental Medicine GA TP690 UT WOS:A1996TP69000124 ER PT J AU Weil, AC Plikaytis, BB Woodley, CL Butler, WR Crawford, JT Shinnick, TM AF Weil, AC Plikaytis, BB Woodley, CL Butler, WR Crawford, JT Shinnick, TM TI mtp40 is not present in all strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis SO JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,ATLANTA,GA. CTR DIS CONTROL,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 SN 1081-5589 J9 J INVEST MED JI J. Invest. Med. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 44 IS 1 BP A71 EP A71 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC General & Internal Medicine; Research & Experimental Medicine GA TP690 UT WOS:A1996TP69000391 ER PT J AU Cornel, AJ Porter, CH Collins, FH AF Cornel, AJ Porter, CH Collins, FH TI Polymerase chain reaction species diagnostic assay for Anopheles quadrimaculatus cryptic species (Diptera: Culicidae) based on ribosomal DNA ITS2 sequences SO JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Anopheles quadrimatulatus; polymerase chain reaction; ribosomal DNA; cryptic species ID DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER; GAMBIAE COMPLEX; LABORATORY STRAINS; RNA GENES; IDENTIFICATION; MEMBER; HYBRIDIZATION; SPACER; KEY AB Species-specific differences in the nucleotide sequences of die 2nd internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) of nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) were used to develop a diagnostic assay based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) that can distinguish 4 of the 5 cryptic sibling species in the common malaria mosquito, Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say, complex. The assay requires only a small amount of tissue from an individual mosquito and a mixture of 5 PCR primers. The plus strand universal primer is derived from a sequence in the 5.8S coding region that is identical in all members of the complex. The 4 minus strand primers were selected from species-unique sequences within the ITS2 region. PCR amplification produces a different sized fragment for each of the 4 species which can be visualized readily under ultraviolet light after electrophoresis through an ethidium bromide-containing agarose gel. The assay has been developed and tested only with An. quadrimaculatus complex specimens from Florida populations. RP Cornel, AJ (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV PARASIT DIS,ENTOMOL BRANCH,MAILSTOP F22,4770 BUFORD HIGHWAY,CHAMBLEE,GA 30341, USA. NR 31 TC 86 Z9 99 U1 0 U2 5 PU ENTOMOL SOC AMER PI LANHAM PA 9301 ANNAPOLIS RD, LANHAM, MD 20706 SN 0022-2585 J9 J MED ENTOMOL JI J. Med. Entomol. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 33 IS 1 BP 109 EP 116 PG 8 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA TP039 UT WOS:A1996TP03900017 PM 8906913 ER PT J AU Harkin, TJ McGuinness, G Goldring, R Cohen, H Parker, JE Crane, M Naidich, DP Rom, WN AF Harkin, TJ McGuinness, G Goldring, R Cohen, H Parker, JE Crane, M Naidich, DP Rom, WN TI Differentiation of the ILO boundary chest roentgenograph (0/1 to 1/0) in asbestosis by high-resolution computed tomography scan, alveolitis, and respiratory impairment SO JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID INDUCED PLEURAL FIBROSIS; RESTRICTIVE LUNG-FUNCTION; NONSMOKING INDIVIDUALS; BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAGE; PULMONARY-FUNCTION; CIGARETTE-SMOKING; DISEASE; CT; ABNORMALITIES; RADIOGRAPHY AB High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scans have been advocated as providing greater sensitivity in detecting parenchymal opacities in asbestos-exposed individuals, especially in the presence of pleural fibrosis, and having excellent inter- and intraobserver reader interpretation. We compared the 1980 International Labor Organization (ILO) International Classification of the Radiographs of the Pneumoconioses for asbestosis with the high-resolution CT scan using a grid scoring system to better differentiate normal versus abnormal in the ILO boundary 0/1 to 1/0 chest roentgenograph. We studied 37 asbestos-exposed individuals using the ILO classification, HRCT grid scores, respiratory symptom questionnaires, pulmonary function tests, and bronchoalveolar lavage. We used Pea-son correlation coefficients to evaluate the linear relationship between outcome variables and each roentgenographic method. The normal HRCT scan proved to be an excellent predictor of ''normality,'' with pulmonary function values close to 100% for forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV(1)), total lung capacity (TLC), and carbon monoxide diffusing capacity (DLCO) and no increase in BAL inflammatory cells. Concordant HRCT/ILO abnormalities were associated with reduced FEV(1)/FVC ratio, reduced diffusing capacity, our study, the ILO classification and HRCT grid scores were both excellent modalities for the assessment of asbestosis and its association with impaired physiology and alveolitis, with their combined use providing statistical associations with alveolitis and reduced diffusing capacity. C1 NYU,MED CTR,DIV PULM & CRIT CARE MED,NEW YORK,NY 10016. BELLEVUE HOSP CTR,DEPT MED,DIV PULM & CRIT CARE MED,NEW YORK,NY 10016. BELLEVUE HOSP CTR,DEPT ENVIRONM MED,NEW YORK,NY 10016. BELLEVUE HOSP CTR,DEPT RADIOL,NEW YORK,NY 10016. BELLEVUE HOSP CTR,CHEST SERV,NEW YORK,NY 10016. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NIOSH,DIV RESP DIS STUDIES,MORGANTOWN,WV. CONSOLIDATED EDISON,NEW YORK,NY. FU NCRR NIH HHS [MO1 RR00096]; ODCDC CDC HHS [U60/CC 206153] NR 35 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 1076-2752 J9 J OCCUP ENVIRON MED JI J. Occup. Environ. Med. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 38 IS 1 BP 46 EP 52 DI 10.1097/00043764-199601000-00016 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA TU048 UT WOS:A1996TU04800012 PM 8871331 ER PT J AU Pratt, SG Kisner, SM Helmkamp, JC AF Pratt, SG Kisner, SM Helmkamp, JC TI Machinery-related occupational fatalities in the United States, 1980 to 1989 SO JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID INJURIES; DEATHS AB The National Traumatic Occupational Fatalities surveillance system identified machinery-related incidents as the second lending cause of traumatic occupational fatalities in the United States between 1980 and 1989. These incidents resulted in 8,505 civilian worker deaths and an average annual fatality rate of .80 per 100,000 workers. Workers aged 65 years and older had 5.8 times the fatality rate of workers aged 16 to 64 years (4.06 vs .70). The highest industry-specific rate was noted in agriculture, forestry, and fishing (7.47). Tractors and other agricultural machinery were associated with nearly 9 of every 10 fatal machinery-related incidents involving workers aged 65 or older. Although numerous studies of agricultural machinery-related fatalities are found in the literature, detailed analyses of machinery-related fatalities in the construction industry as well as analyses of work situations and risk factors associated with fatal injuries are needed. RP Pratt, SG (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NIOSH,DIV SAFETY RES,SURVEILLANCE & FIELD INVEST BRANCH,MORGANTOWN,WV 26505, USA. NR 35 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 1076-2752 J9 J OCCUP ENVIRON MED JI J. Occup. Environ. Med. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 38 IS 1 BP 70 EP 76 DI 10.1097/00043764-199601000-00019 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA TU048 UT WOS:A1996TU04800015 PM 8871334 ER PT J AU Reeves, TG AF Reeves, TG TI Status and strategic plans for fluoridation: Centers for disease control and prevention perspective SO JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH DENTISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Proceedings of the International Symposium Celebrating the 50th Anniversary of Water Fluoridation CY SEP, 1995 CL GRAND RAPIDS, MI DE water fluoridation; Healthy People 2000 fluoridation objective; CDC fluoridation plan AB This paper summarizes the current status of water fluoridation in the United States and discusses the strategic plan developed by the Division of Oral Health (DOH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to meet the Healthy People 2000 fluoridation objective. This objective proposes to: ''Increase to a least 75 percent the proportion of people served by community wa ter systems providing optimal levels of fluoride (baseline: 62% in 1989). '' The CDC strategic plan defines the nature of the problem with attainment of this objective, sets CDC priorities, and establishes six major components for future action: (1) assessment, evaluation and surveillance; (2) consultation; (3) state and regional efforts; (4) professional education and involvement; (5) public education; and (6) quality assurance. Actions in each of the components of the plan to help in the attainment of priorities are detailed. Finally, the broader picture of the federal role in a national fluoride plan is discussed. RP Reeves, TG (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,DIV ORAL HLTH,DAVIDSON BLDG,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 5 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AAPHD NATIONAL OFFICE PI RICHMOND PA J PUBLIC HEALTH DENT 10619 JOUSTING LANE, RICHMOND, VA 23235 SN 0022-4006 J9 J PUBLIC HEALTH DENT JI J. Public Health Dent. PY 1996 VL 56 IS 5 SI SI BP 242 EP 245 DI 10.1111/j.1752-7325.1996.tb02446.x PG 4 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA WG338 UT WOS:A1996WG33800004 PM 9034968 ER PT J AU Gerzoff, RB Gordon, RL Richards, TB AF Gerzoff, RB Gordon, RL Richards, TB TI Recent changes in local health department spending SO JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH POLICY LA English DT Article AB This study determined differences in U.S. local health department (LHD) expenditures between I989 and I993 and examined the factors that were associated with those changes. Adjusted to constant I993 dollars, nearly half (48%) of the studied LHDs experienced budget decreases and 52% experienced budget increases. The median change in LHD budgets was 0.2% growth per year. Significant associations were found between the likelihood of a department experiencing a budget increase and several measures describing the LHD's administrative and economic environment. C1 CDCP,PUBL HLTH PRACTICE PROGRAM OFF,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Gerzoff, RB (reprint author), ORKAND CORP,EXECUT PK BLDG 24,MAIL STOP E20,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. FU PHS HHS [U50/CCU302718] NR 25 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 2 PU JOURNAL PUBLIC HEALTH POLICY PI S BURLINGTON PA 208 MEADOWOOD DR, S BURLINGTON, VT 05403 SN 0197-5897 J9 J PUBLIC HEALTH POL JI J. Public Health Policy PY 1996 VL 17 IS 2 BP 170 EP 180 DI 10.2307/3342696 PG 11 WC Health Care Sciences & Services; Health Policy & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UW912 UT WOS:A1996UW91200003 PM 8764390 ER PT J AU Reiff, FM Roses, M Venczel, L Quick, R Witt, VM AF Reiff, FM Roses, M Venczel, L Quick, R Witt, VM TI Low-cost safe water for the world: A practical interim solution SO JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH POLICY LA English DT Article ID DRINKING-WATER; TRANSMISSION; CHOLERA; STORAGE AB A very large segment of the world's population is without a microbiologically safe water supply. It is estimated that in Latin America more than 40% of the population is utilizing water of dubious quality for human consumption. This figure is probably even higher in Africa and areas of southeast Asia. Water used for drinking and food preparation can be an important route of transmission for many of the most widespread and debilitating of the diseases that afflict humans. The cholera pandemic which struck Latin America in January 1991, and has become endemic in many of the countries, continues to exemplify the public health significance of contaminated drinking water. Ideally, this neglected segment of the world's population should be served with piped water systems that provide a continuous supply of microbiologically safe water, but this would require such enormous investments of financial and human resources that it is not reasonable to expect that it will be accomplished. Interim practical measures to assure microbiologically safe water are necessary. The public health intervention to accomplish this is described in this paper and has an annual per family cost of which ranges between $1.50 and $4. It consists of providing individual households with one or preferably two suitable water containers in which to disinfect and store the essential quantities of water that need to be free of pathogens, with the containers of a design that will preclude recontamination of the contents and enable the production and distribution of the water disinfectants to be managed at the local level. It includes the necessary component of public education, promotion and involvement to establish the sustainability of the measures as a community-based endeavor. Investigation and demonstration projects are being carried out in 11 countries to determine and perfect and appropriate intervention, and it has been proven that it is economically, technically and socially feasible to assure microbiologically safe water for the world's population that is threatened by waterborne diseases. Carefully controlled microbiological analysis of the untreated and treated water shows that waterborne pathogens can be destroyed or inactivated, and carefully controlled epidemiological studies being carried out by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention show that this intervention achieves considerable reduction in the incidence of waterborne disease. It is recommended that all developing countries initiate programs to replicate the health measure described in this payer in order to test its validity and to adapt it to their local conditions. C1 PAN AMER HLTH ORG,ENVIRONM HLTH PROGRAM,WASHINGTON,DC 20037. UNIV N CAROLINA,SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT ENVIRONM SCI & ENGN,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27599. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,FOODBORNE & DIARRHEAL DIS BRANCH,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,US PHS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NR 16 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 2 U2 12 PU JOURNAL PUBLIC HEALTH POLICY PI S BURLINGTON PA 208 MEADOWOOD DR, S BURLINGTON, VT 05403 SN 0197-5897 J9 J PUBLIC HEALTH POL JI J. Public Health Policy PY 1996 VL 17 IS 4 BP 389 EP 408 DI 10.2307/3343099 PG 20 WC Health Care Sciences & Services; Health Policy & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA WC657 UT WOS:A1996WC65700001 PM 9009536 ER PT J AU Connally, LB Schulte, PA Alderfer, RJ Goldenhar, LM Calvert, GM DavisKing, KE Sanderson, WT AF Connally, LB Schulte, PA Alderfer, RJ Goldenhar, LM Calvert, GM DavisKing, KE Sanderson, WT TI Developing the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health's cancer control demonstration projects for farm populations SO JOURNAL OF RURAL HEALTH LA English DT Editorial Material ID PREVENTION AB Although farmers experience lower overall cancer rates than the U.S. population, they ave at increased risk for cancers of certain sites, such as brain, stomach, lymphatic and hematopoietic, lip, prostate, and skin. Little research has been done to determine the extent to which farmers and their families use cancer control services or how their utilization behaviors and cancer survival rates compare to those of nonfarmers in the United States. In 1989, recognizing the occupational uniqueness of farm populations and the limited cancer-related information about them, Congress mandated that the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) develop a program to promote cancer control among farming populations. Eight institutions were funded through cooperative agreements to collaborate with NIOSH and each other to develop the demonstration research and intervention projects. The projects are aimed at identifying barriers that prevent farmers, farmworkers, and their families from accessing the full range of cancer control services, and then implementing interventions to mitigate those barriers. This paper illustrates some of the conceptual and methodological issues NIOSH researchers and their collaborators faced while developing the cancer control program. RP Connally, LB (reprint author), NIOSH,4676 COLUMBIA PKWY,MAILSTOP R42,CINCINNATI,OH 45226, USA. NR 21 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL RURAL HEALTH ASSOC PI KANSAS CITY PA ONE WEST ARMOUR BLVD, STE 301, KANSAS CITY, MO 64111 SN 0890-765X J9 J RURAL HEALTH JI J. Rural Health PY 1996 VL 12 IS 4 SU S BP 258 EP 264 DI 10.1111/j.1748-0361.1996.tb00814.x PG 7 WC Health Care Sciences & Services; Health Policy & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA VX759 UT WOS:A1996VX75900002 PM 10162856 ER PT J AU Mannino, DM Etzel, RA AF Mannino, DM Etzel, RA TI Are oxygenated fuels effective? An evaluation of ambient carbon monoxide concentrations in 11 western states, 1986 to 1992 SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID CORONARY-ARTERY DISEASE; EMISSIONS AB To compare carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations in areas that used oxygenated fuels with CO concentrations in areas that did not, we analyzed ambient CO concentrations from 62 monitors in 11 western U.S. states from 1986 through 1992. Five metropolitan areas in three states used oxygenated fuels for at least two winter seasons during this period. We determined the decrement in CO concentrations for each monitor, comparing the winters of 1989-1991 to the winters of 1986-1988. Areas that used oxygenated fuels had a slightly greater decrease in CO concentrations than areas that did not (1.2 parts per million [ppm] vs. 0.6 ppm decrease [20.5% vs. 10.3%] in mean daily concentration, 2.8 ppm vs. 1.4 ppm decrease [23.8% vs. 11.3%] in maximum daily concentration, and 1.8 ppm vs. 0.7 ppm decrease [21.4% vs. 8.9%] in 8-hour maximum daily concentration). RP Mannino, DM (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. OI Mannino, David/0000-0003-3646-7828 NR 13 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA PO BOX 2861, PITTSBURGH, PA 15230 SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 46 IS 1 BP 20 EP 24 PG 5 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA TN477 UT WOS:A1996TN47700003 PM 28064842 ER PT J AU Rhodes, PH Halloran, ME Longini, IM AF Rhodes, PH Halloran, ME Longini, IM TI Counting process models for infectious disease data: Distinguishing exposure to infection from susceptibility SO JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL STATISTICAL SOCIETY SERIES B-METHODOLOGICAL LA English DT Article DE counting processes; infectious disease models; marked counting process; thinned counting process; vaccine efficacy ID VACCINES; EFFICACY AB Differences in infection rates among types of individuals within a population can arise from differences in amount of exposure to infection or from differences in susceptibility to infection. We derive models for infection rates that incorporate contact rates between individuals and variables affecting susceptibility to infection. We emphasize the distinction between controlling for exposure opportunity (expected exposure) and actual exposure. We present a marked counting process model for the combined contact and infection transmission processes. When the contact process is not observable, we develop thinned counting process models that reduce to a proportional hazards model. We show that the different commonly used parameters for evaluating covariate effects, such as vaccine efficacy, form a hierarchy depending on the amount of information available about the components of the transmission system. C1 EMORY UNIV,ROLLINS SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT BIOSTAT,ATLANTA,GA 30322. CTR DIS CONTROL,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NR 18 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 3 PU BLACKWELL PUBL LTD PI OXFORD PA 108 COWLEY RD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX4 1JF SN 0035-9246 J9 J ROY STAT SOC B MET JI J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B-Methodol. PY 1996 VL 58 IS 4 BP 751 EP 762 PG 12 WC Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics GA VE953 UT WOS:A1996VE95300009 ER PT J AU Moore, PS Gao, SJ Dominguez, G Cesarman, E Lungu, O Knowles, DM Garber, R Pellett, PE McGeoch, DJ Chang, Y AF Moore, PS Gao, SJ Dominguez, G Cesarman, E Lungu, O Knowles, DM Garber, R Pellett, PE McGeoch, DJ Chang, Y TI Primary characterization of a herpesvirus agent associated with Kaposi's sarcoma SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID EPSTEIN-BARR-VIRUS; SEQUENCE; DNA; CYTOMEGALOVIRUS; ALIGNMENT; GENOME; FAMILY; GENES; LOCUS; AIDS AB Detection of novel DNA sequences in Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) and AIDS-related body cavity-based, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas suggests that these neoplasms are caused by a previously unidentified human herpesvirus, We have characterized this agent using a continuously infected B-lymphocyte cell line derived from an AIDS-related lymphoma and a genomic library made from a KS lesion, In this cell line, the agent has a large episomal genome with an electrophoretic mobility similar to that of 270-kb linear DNA markers during clamped homogeneous electric field gel electrophoresis. A 20.7-kb region of the genome has been completely sequenced, and within this region, 17 partial and complete open reading frames are present; all except one have sequence and positional homology to known gammaherpesvirus genes, including the major capsid protein and thymidine kinase genes, Phylogenetic analyses using both single genes and combined gene sets demonstrated that the agent is a gamma-2 herpesvirus (genus Rhadinovirus) and is the first member of this genus known to infect humans. Evidence for transient viral transmission from infected to uninfected cells is presented? but replication-competent virions have not been identified in infected cell lines, Sera from patients with KS have specific antibodies directed against antigens of infected cell lines, and these antibodies are generally absent in sera from patients with AIDS without KS, These studies define the agent as a new human herpesvirus provisionally assigned the descriptive name KS-associated herpesvirus; its formal designation is likely to be human herpesvirus 8. C1 COLUMBIA UNIV,DEPT MICROBIOL,NEW YORK,NY 10032. COLUMBIA UNIV,DEPT PATHOL,NEW YORK,NY 10032. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NEW YORK HOSP,CORNELL MED CTR,DEPT PATHOL,NEW YORK,NY 10021. PATHOGENESIS CORP,SEATTLE,WA 98119. UNIV GLASGOW,INST VIROL,MRC,VIROL UNIT,GLASGOW G11 5JR,LANARK,SCOTLAND. RP Moore, PS (reprint author), COLUMBIA UNIV,DIV EPIDEMIOL,P&S 14-442,630 W 168TH ST,NEW YORK,NY 10032, USA. RI Chang, Yuan/F-4146-2011; Gao, Shou-Jiang/B-8641-2012; Moore, Patrick/F-3960-2011 OI Moore, Patrick/0000-0002-8132-858X FU NCI NIH HHS [CA67391]; PHS HHS [CCU210852] NR 56 TC 451 Z9 463 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 70 IS 1 BP 549 EP 558 PG 10 WC Virology SC Virology GA TJ650 UT WOS:A1996TJ65000064 PM 8523568 ER PT J AU Nelson, AM Abbondanzo, SL Fortunato, RA Sun, YC Shieh, WJ Zaki, SR AF Nelson, AM Abbondanzo, SL Fortunato, RA Sun, YC Shieh, WJ Zaki, SR TI Parvovirus B19 as a cause of anemia in human immunodeficiency (HIV) infected patients. SO LABORATORY INVESTIGATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 ARMED FORCES INST PATHOL,WASHINGTON,DC 20306. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 0023-6837 J9 LAB INVEST JI Lab. Invest. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 74 IS 1 BP 761 EP 761 PG 1 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental; Pathology SC Research & Experimental Medicine; Pathology GA TT757 UT WOS:A1996TT75700792 ER PT J AU Polotsky, Y Henrikson, E Barrett, T Kopecko, D Orenstein, JM AF Polotsky, Y Henrikson, E Barrett, T Kopecko, D Orenstein, JM TI Enteropathogenic and enteroaggregative E-coli isolated from an AIDS patient with diarrhea SO LABORATORY INVESTIGATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIV,MED CTR,WASHINGTON,DC 20037. US FDA,CTR BIOL EVALUAT & RES,BETHESDA,MD. CDC,NCID,ATLANTA,GA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 0023-6837 J9 LAB INVEST JI Lab. Invest. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 74 IS 1 BP 762 EP 762 PG 1 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental; Pathology SC Research & Experimental Medicine; Pathology GA TT757 UT WOS:A1996TT75700793 ER PT J AU Shieh, WJ Ksaizek, T Bethke, FR Greer, PW Zaki, SR AF Shieh, WJ Ksaizek, T Bethke, FR Greer, PW Zaki, SR TI Immunohistochemical diagnosis of flavivirus infection in paraffin-embedded human tissues SO LABORATORY INVESTIGATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. BCDP,SAIC,FREDERICK,MD. NCI,FREDERICK CANC RES & DEV CTR,FREDERICK,MD. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 0023-6837 J9 LAB INVEST JI Lab. Invest. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 74 IS 1 BP 764 EP 764 PG 1 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental; Pathology SC Research & Experimental Medicine; Pathology GA TT757 UT WOS:A1996TT75700795 ER PT J AU Zaki, SR Greer, PW Goldsmith, CS Coffield, LM Rollin, PE Calain, P Khan, AS Ksiazek, TG Peters, CJ AF Zaki, SR Greer, PW Goldsmith, CS Coffield, LM Rollin, PE Calain, P Khan, AS Ksiazek, TG Peters, CJ TI Ebola virus hemorrhagic fever: Pathologic, immunopathologic and ultrastructural studies SO LABORATORY INVESTIGATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 5 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 0023-6837 J9 LAB INVEST JI Lab. Invest. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 74 IS 1 BP 775 EP 775 PG 1 WC Medicine, Research & Experimental; Pathology SC Research & Experimental Medicine; Pathology GA TT757 UT WOS:A1996TT75700806 ER PT J AU Hair, GA Padula, S Zeff, R Schmeizl, M Contrino, J Kreutzer, DL deMoerloose, P Boyd, AW Stanley, I Burgess, AW Rickles, FR AF Hair, GA Padula, S Zeff, R Schmeizl, M Contrino, J Kreutzer, DL deMoerloose, P Boyd, AW Stanley, I Burgess, AW Rickles, FR TI Tissue factor expression in human leukemic cells SO LEUKEMIA RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE tissue factor; acute promyelocytic leukemia; monocyte; granulocyte; gene expression; thrombosis ID ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA; PROCOAGULANT ACTIVITY; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODY; INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION; GENE-EXPRESSION; HUMAN-MONOCYTES; FACTOR-VII; LINE; MACROPHAGES; LEUKOCYTES AB Patients with acute leukemia are at increased risk for thrombotic and hemorrhagic complications, particularly those patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) undergoing induction chemotherapy. These serious complications have been attributed by some authors to the release of tissue factor (TF) procoagulant activity (PCA), particularly during cytotoxic chemotherapy. In previous studies of normal peripheral blood cells, only cells of the monocyte lineage have been found to express TF PCA. Therefore, several questions remain regarding the origin and characterization of the PCA in malignant leukemic cells, particularly those thought to be derived from granulocyte progenitor cells. We utilized a full-length cDNA probe, several monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) and a sensitive one-stage PCA assay to study the expression of TF in the human leukemia cell line, HL-60, in human peripheral blood monocytes/macrophages (Mo/Mo) and in highly purified populations of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). In the HL-60 cells we detected low but significant levels of TF mRNA and TF antigen (TF:Ag). In unstimulated cells, coordinate increased levels of TF mRNA, TF:Ag and TF PCA expression were noted following phorbol-ester-induced macrophage differentiation of the cells, but a decreased level of TF mRNA with no change in the basal level of TF:Ag expression occurred following retinoic acid-induced granulocyte differentiation of this cell line. Long-term cultures of stimulated mature Mo/Mo demonstrated initial coordinate expression of TF mRNA, TF:Ag and TF PCA, but TF:Ag expression persisted even after 7 days (when TF PCA was undetectable). No TF PCA, TF:Ag or TF mRNA was demonstrated in highly purified populations of human PMN, regardless of culture conditions. Discordant expression of TF mRNA, TF:Ag and TF PCA in HL-60 cells suggests the possibility of novel, post-synthetic mechanisms for the regulation of TF PCA expression, which might be dependent on the phenotypic differentiation level of the cell. Such mechanisms (yet to be defined) might account for the ability of some leukemic cells, which frequently express characteristics of more than one cell line (e.g. monocytes and granulocytes), to express a TF gene product capable of activating blood coagulation. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NCID,DASTLR,HEMATOL DIS BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333. UNIV CONNECTICUT,SCH MED,FARMINGTON,CT. VET ADM MED CTR,NEWINGTON,CT. EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT MED,DIV HEMATOL ONCOL,ATLANTA,GA. WALTER & ELIZA HALL INST MED RES,CLIN RES UNIT,MELBOURNE,VIC 3050,AUSTRALIA. LUDWIG INST CANC RES,MELBOURNE TUMOR BIOL UNIT,MELBOURNE,VIC,AUSTRALIA. UNIV MELBOURNE,SCH MED,MELBOURNE,VIC,AUSTRALIA. RI Boyd, Andrew/G-2083-2010 FU NCI NIH HHS [CA22202]; NEI NIH HHS [EY04131]; NIDDK NIH HHS [DK44827] NR 50 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0145-2126 J9 LEUKEMIA RES JI Leuk. Res. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 20 IS 1 BP 1 EP 11 DI 10.1016/0145-2126(95)00107-7 PG 11 WC Oncology; Hematology SC Oncology; Hematology GA TY442 UT WOS:A1996TY44200001 PM 8632672 ER PT J AU Vulule, JM Beach, RF Atieli, FK Mount, DL Roberts, JM Mwangi, RW AF Vulule, JM Beach, RF Atieli, FK Mount, DL Roberts, JM Mwangi, RW TI Long-term use of permethrin-impregnated nets does not increase Anopheles gambiae permethrin tolerance SO MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Anopheles gambiae; bioassays; insecticide tolerance; permethrin; deltamethrin; pyrethroid-impregnated bednets; curtains; mosquito nets; Kenya ID BED NETS; INSECTICIDE AB Previous use of permethrin-impregnated bednets (mosquito nets) and curtains in four Kenyan villages for one year, 1990-91, raised the permethrin LT(50) of Anopheles gambiae to 2.4-fold above its baseline value, designated permethrin tolerance (PT), as measured by exposure to 0.25% permethrin-impregnated papers in W.H.O. test-kits, During 1992-93, with ongoing use of permethrin-impregnated nets and curtains, PT regressed slightly compared with the contemporary susceptibility level of An,gambiae from non-intervention villages, to 1.8-fold in 1992 and only 1.6-fold in 1993. Thus the selection pressure of impregnated nets for PT in An.gambiae appears to be minimal in our study villages, although the impact of permethrin was demonstrated by a significantly lower parous-rate of An. gambiae females in the intervention (63-66%) than in non-intervention (79%) villages, and by reduced malaria transmission (reported elsewhere), In a selected stock of An.gambiae from the study area, PT did not affect the susceptibility to deltamethrin, fenitrothion, propoxur or DDT. Bioassays described herein provide easy procedures for field-monitoring of mosquito susceptibility/tolerance/resistance to insecticides used for net impregnation in operational programmes. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV PARASIT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. KENYA GOVT MED RES CTR,VECTOR BIOL & CONTROL RES CTR,KISUMU,KENYA. UNIV NAIROBI,DEPT ZOOL,NAIROBI,KENYA. NR 29 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0269-283X J9 MED VET ENTOMOL JI Med. Vet. Entomol. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 10 IS 1 BP 71 EP 79 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2915.1996.tb00084.x PG 9 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA TR728 UT WOS:A1996TR72800010 PM 8834745 ER PT J AU Benedict, MQ Chang, H AF Benedict, MQ Chang, H TI Rapid isolation of anopheline mosquito eye-colour mutants, based on larval colour change SO MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Anopheles; mosquitoes; homochromy; mutagenesis; malaria vector; genetics; eye colour; larval colour change ID MALARIA VECTOR; GAMBIAE AB A method is presented for the rapid isolation of eye-colour mutants in anopheline mosquitoes based on their inability to undergo a background-stimulated morphological colour change. For application of this method, larval mosquitoes, whose grandfathers had been mutagenized, were reared in black containers and examined with the naked eye en masse during the third or fourth instar. The vast majority of larvae became dark-coloured; however, rare exceptional pale larvae were observed and examined individually microscopically. Approximately half of the pale types examined were eye-colour mutants. By this method, seven sex-linked mutations in the mosquito Anopheles gambiae s.s. were easily isolated. Additional existing anopheline eye-colour mutants in An.gambiae and An.stephensi were tested and were found to be unable to undergo colour change. Several applications of this simple technique are suggested. C1 EMORY UNIV,DEPT BIOL,ATLANTA,GA 30322. RP Benedict, MQ (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV PARASIT DIS,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,MAILSTOP F22,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 17 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0269-283X J9 MED VET ENTOMOL JI Med. Vet. Entomol. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 10 IS 1 BP 93 EP 96 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2915.1996.tb00087.x PG 4 WC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences SC Entomology; Veterinary Sciences GA TR728 UT WOS:A1996TR72800013 PM 8834748 ER PT J AU Dreyer, G Brandao, AC Amaral, F Medeiros, Z Addiss, D AF Dreyer, G Brandao, AC Amaral, F Medeiros, Z Addiss, D TI Detection by ultrasound of living adult Wuchereria bancrofti in the female breast SO MEMORIAS DO INSTITUTO OSWALDO CRUZ LA English DT Article DE ultrasound; Wuchereria bancrofti; adult worm C1 MEDIAX MEM IMAGEM & DIAGNOST,RECIFE,PE,BRAZIL. CDC,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV PARASIT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Dreyer, G (reprint author), FIOCRUZ MS,CTR PESQUISAS AGGEU MAGALHAES,DEPT PARASITOL,AV MORAES REGO SN,CUIDADE UNIV,BR-52020200 RECIFE,PE,BRAZIL. RI Medeiros, Zulma/J-5407-2015 OI Medeiros, Zulma/0000-0002-4434-955X NR 0 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU FUNDACO OSWALDO CRUZ PI RIO DE JANEIRO, RJ PA AV BRASIL 4365, 21045-900 RIO DE JANEIRO, RJ, BRAZIL SN 0074-0276 J9 MEM I OSWALDO CRUZ JI Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz PD JAN-FEB PY 1996 VL 91 IS 1 BP 95 EP 96 DI 10.1590/S0074-02761996000100016 PG 2 WC Parasitology; Tropical Medicine SC Parasitology; Tropical Medicine GA WC685 UT WOS:A1996WC68500016 PM 8734956 ER PT J AU Diaz, HF AF Diaz, HF TI Precipitation monitoring for climate change detection SO METEOROLOGY AND ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ANNUAL CYCLE; VARIABILITY; PACIFIC AB An important measure of the reliability of simulated precipitation fields by general circulation models will be its ability to reproduce the more important features of observed precipitation, including its spatial distribution, annual cycle characteristics, and the more salient features of its interannual variability. Some important characteristics of the large-scale variability of observed precipitation fields during the past few decades over land, and the last 15 years over ocean areas are described in this study. One such feature is an enhancement of the semiannual cycle in the tropics. A second is the strong influence of the El Nino/Southern Oscillation in modulating the rainfall patterns globally. A third salient feature is the decline of precipitation over the tropics since the mid-1970s, which in turn, appears to be connected to the prevalence of warm ENSO conditions in the Pacific during that time. RP Diaz, HF (reprint author), NOAA,ENVIRONM RES LAB,CDC,325 BROADWAY,BOULDER,CO 80303, USA. NR 16 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG WIEN PI VIENNA PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0177-7971 J9 METEOROL ATMOS PHYS JI Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. PY 1996 VL 60 IS 1-3 BP 179 EP 190 DI 10.1007/BF01029794 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA VA226 UT WOS:A1996VA22600014 ER PT S AU Quinn, FD Birkness, KA KikutaOshima, LC Newman, GW Ribot, EM King, CH AF Quinn, FD Birkness, KA KikutaOshima, LC Newman, GW Ribot, EM King, CH BE Ades, EW Morse, SA Rest, RF TI Genetic and tissue culture systems for the study of bacterial pathogenesis SO MICROBIAL PATHOGENESIS AND IMMUNE RESPONSE II SE Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Microbial Pathogenesis and Immune Response II CY OCT 25-28, 1995 CL NEW YORK, NY SP New York Acad Sci, AMGEN Inc, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Bristol Myers Squibb Pharm Res Inst, Merck Res Labs, Pfizer Inc, SmithKline Beecham Pharm ID LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES; MESSENGER-RNA; CLONING; IDENTIFICATION; INDUCTION; BILAYER; CELLS RP Quinn, FD (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, DIV AIDS STD & TB LAB RES, ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA. RI Ades, Edwin/A-9931-2009 NR 27 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-017-4 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 1996 VL 797 BP 19 EP 25 DI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb52945.x PG 7 WC Immunology; Microbiology; Multidisciplinary Sciences; Music SC Immunology; Microbiology; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Music GA BH28T UT WOS:A1996BH28T00003 PM 8993347 ER PT S AU Marston, BJ Shinnick, TM AF Marston, BJ Shinnick, TM BE Ades, EW Morse, SA Rest, RF TI Differentially expressed genes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis SO MICROBIAL PATHOGENESIS AND IMMUNE RESPONSE II SE Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Microbial Pathogenesis and Immune Response II CY OCT 25-28, 1995 CL NEW YORK, NY SP New York Acad Sci, AMGEN Inc, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Bristol Myers Squibb Pharm Res Inst, Merck Res Labs, Pfizer Inc, SmithKline Beecham Pharm ID PHAGOSOME-LYSOSOME FUSION; LEUKEMIA-CELL LINE; CULTURED MACROPHAGES; HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; VIRULENCE; LIPOARABINOMANNAN; STRAINS; CLONING; RESISTANCE; SUPEROXIDE C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, DIV AIDS STD & TB LAB RES, NATL CTR INFECT DIS, ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA. EMORY UNIV, DIV INFECT DIS, ATLANTA, GA 30322 USA. NR 51 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-017-4 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 1996 VL 797 BP 32 EP 41 DI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb52947.x PG 10 WC Immunology; Microbiology; Multidisciplinary Sciences; Music SC Immunology; Microbiology; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Music GA BH28T UT WOS:A1996BH28T00005 PM 8993349 ER PT S AU Freeman, GL Montesano, MA Secor, WE Colley, DG Howard, MJ Bosshardt, SC AF Freeman, GL Montesano, MA Secor, WE Colley, DG Howard, MJ Bosshardt, SC BE Ades, EW Morse, SA Rest, RF TI Immunopathogenesis and immunoregulation in schistosomiasis - Distinct chronic pathologic syndromes in CBA/J mice SO MICROBIAL PATHOGENESIS AND IMMUNE RESPONSE II SE Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Microbial Pathogenesis and Immune Response II CY OCT 25-28, 1995 CL NEW YORK, NY SP New York Acad Sci, AMGEN Inc, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Bristol Myers Squibb Pharm Res Inst, Merck Res Labs, Pfizer Inc, SmithKline Beecham Pharm ID B7-2 COSTIMULATORY MOLECULES; T-CELL SUBSETS; MURINE SCHISTOSOMIASIS; GRANULOMA-FORMATION; MANSONI INFECTION; DOWN-REGULATION; MEMORY CELLS; IFN-GAMMA; RESPONSES; LYMPHOKINES C1 VANDERBILT UNIV, NASHVILLE, TN 37232 USA. RP Freeman, GL (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, DIV PARASIT DIS, NATL CTR INFECT DIS, PUBL HLTH SERV, ATLANTA, GA 30341 USA. NR 32 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-017-4 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 1996 VL 797 BP 151 EP 165 DI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb52957.x PG 15 WC Immunology; Microbiology; Multidisciplinary Sciences; Music SC Immunology; Microbiology; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Music GA BH28T UT WOS:A1996BH28T00015 PM 8993359 ER PT S AU Owens, MU Schmidt, MG King, CH Quinn, FD AF Owens, MU Schmidt, MG King, CH Quinn, FD BE Ades, EW Morse, SA Rest, RF TI Identification of export proteins from Mycobacterium tuberculosis that interact with SecA SO MICROBIAL PATHOGENESIS AND IMMUNE RESPONSE II SE Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Microbial Pathogenesis and Immune Response II CY OCT 25-28, 1995 CL NEW YORK, NY SP New York Acad Sci, AMGEN Inc, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Bristol Myers Squibb Pharm Res Inst, Merck Res Labs, Pfizer Inc, SmithKline Beecham Pharm C1 MED UNIV S CAROLINA, DEPT MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL, CHARLESTON, SC 29425 USA. RP Owens, MU (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, DIV AIDS STD & TB LAB RES, NATL CTR INFECT DIS, ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA. NR 6 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-017-4 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 1996 VL 797 BP 240 EP 241 DI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb52964.x PG 2 WC Immunology; Microbiology; Multidisciplinary Sciences; Music SC Immunology; Microbiology; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Music GA BH28T UT WOS:A1996BH28T00022 PM 8993366 ER PT S AU Long, EG Birkness, KA Newman, GW Quinn, FD Ewing, EP Bartlett, JH King, CH Yakrus, MA Horsburgh, CR AF Long, EG Birkness, KA Newman, GW Quinn, FD Ewing, EP Bartlett, JH King, CH Yakrus, MA Horsburgh, CR BE Ades, EW Morse, SA Rest, RF TI Models for pathogenesis of Mycobacterium avium SO MICROBIAL PATHOGENESIS AND IMMUNE RESPONSE II SE Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Microbial Pathogenesis and Immune Response II CY OCT 25-28, 1995 CL NEW YORK, NY SP New York Acad Sci, AMGEN Inc, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Bristol Myers Squibb Pharm Res Inst, Merck Res Labs, Pfizer Inc, SmithKline Beecham Pharm ID PATHOGENICITY C1 EMORY UNIV, SCH MED, ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA. RP Long, EG (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, NATL CTR INFECT DIS, ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA. RI Ades, Edwin/A-9931-2009 NR 4 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-017-4 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 1996 VL 797 BP 255 EP 256 DI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb52969.x PG 2 WC Immunology; Microbiology; Multidisciplinary Sciences; Music SC Immunology; Microbiology; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Music GA BH28T UT WOS:A1996BH28T00027 PM 8993371 ER PT S AU Fischer, LJ Quinn, FD KikutaOshima, L Ribot, EM King, CH AF Fischer, LJ Quinn, FD KikutaOshima, L Ribot, EM King, CH BE Ades, EW Morse, SA Rest, RF TI Identification of genes specifically expressed by Mycobacterium haemophilum in association with human epithelial cells SO MICROBIAL PATHOGENESIS AND IMMUNE RESPONSE II SE Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Microbial Pathogenesis and Immune Response II CY OCT 25-28, 1995 CL NEW YORK, NY SP New York Acad Sci, AMGEN Inc, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Bristol Myers Squibb Pharm Res Inst, Merck Res Labs, Pfizer Inc, SmithKline Beecham Pharm RP Fischer, LJ (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, NATL CTR INFECT DIS, DIV AIDS STD & TB LAB RES, ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA. NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-017-4 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 1996 VL 797 BP 277 EP 279 DI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb52977.x PG 3 WC Immunology; Microbiology; Multidisciplinary Sciences; Music SC Immunology; Microbiology; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Music GA BH28T UT WOS:A1996BH28T00035 PM 8993379 ER PT S AU Birkness, KA Gold, BD White, EH Bartlett, JH Quinn, FD AF Birkness, KA Gold, BD White, EH Bartlett, JH Quinn, FD BE Ades, EW Morse, SA Rest, RF TI In vitro models to study attachment and invasion of Helicobacter pylori SO MICROBIAL PATHOGENESIS AND IMMUNE RESPONSE II SE Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Microbial Pathogenesis and Immune Response II CY OCT 25-28, 1995 CL NEW YORK, NY SP New York Acad Sci, AMGEN Inc, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Bristol Myers Squibb Pharm Res Inst, Merck Res Labs, Pfizer Inc, SmithKline Beecham Pharm C1 EMORY UNIV, SCH MED, ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA. RP Birkness, KA (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA. RI Ades, Edwin/A-9931-2009 NR 3 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-017-4 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 1996 VL 797 BP 293 EP 295 DI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1996.tb52983.x PG 3 WC Immunology; Microbiology; Multidisciplinary Sciences; Music SC Immunology; Microbiology; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Music GA BH28T UT WOS:A1996BH28T00041 PM 8993385 ER PT J AU Orenstein, WA Tilghman, J AF Orenstein, WA Tilghman, J TI A closer look at adult immunization in the United States SO MILBANK QUARTERLY LA English DT Article C1 HLTH CARE FINANCING ADM,KANSAS CITY REG OFF,US DEPT HHS,KANSAS CITY,KS. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL IMMUNIZATION PROGRAM,ATLANTA,GA. NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHERS PI CAMBRIDGE PA 350 MAIN STREET, STE 6, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02148-5023 SN 0887-378X J9 MILBANK Q JI Milbank Q. PY 1996 VL 74 IS 2 BP 309 EP 316 DI 10.2307/3350250 PG 8 WC Health Care Sciences & Services; Health Policy & Services SC Health Care Sciences & Services GA UL935 UT WOS:A1996UL93500007 ER PT J AU Ajello, L Padhye, AA Sukroongreung, S Nilakul, CH Tantimavanic, S AF Ajello, L Padhye, AA Sukroongreung, S Nilakul, CH Tantimavanic, S TI Occurrence of Penicillium marneffei infections among wild bamboo rats in Thailand (vol 131, pg 4, 1995) SO MYCOPATHOLOGIA LA English DT Correction, Addition C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,ATLANTA,GA. MAHIDOL UNIV,FAC MED TECHNOL,DEPT CLIN MICROBIOL,BANGKOK 10700,THAILAND. RP Ajello, L (reprint author), EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT OPHTHALMOL,ATLANTA,GA 30322, USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0301-486X J9 MYCOPATHOLOGIA JI Mycopathologia PY 1996 VL 135 IS 3 BP 195 EP 197 DI 10.1007/BF00632343 PG 3 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA WM180 UT WOS:A1996WM18000010 PM 20882455 ER PT J AU Cullinan, P Acquilla, SD Dhara, VR AF Cullinan, P Acquilla, SD Dhara, VR TI Long term morbidity in survivors of the 1984 Bhopal gas leak SO NATIONAL MEDICAL JOURNAL OF INDIA LA English DT Article ID METHYL ISOCYANATE AB Background. The extent and nature of long term health sequelae among survivors of the Bhopal gas disaster are not known. In 1994 an International Medical Commission was set up with the aim of assessing respiratory, neurological and other health effects attributable to gas exposure. Methods. An epidemiological survey of a representative sample of gas-exposed inhabitants of Bhopal was conducted in January 1994; for reference, a group of unexposed persons in the same city were surveyed. Questionnaires regarding health and exposure were administered to 474 persons, and a random sample (n=76) were subjected to respiratory and neurological testing. Responses to the questionnaire and the results of clinical testing were analysed according to a measure of individual gas exposure. Results. A large number of subjects reported general health problems (exposed v. unexposed; 94% v.52%) and episodes of fever (7.5/year v. 2.5/year); adverse outcome of pregnancy (e.g. still-births, 9% v. 4%) and respiratory symptoms (81% v. 38%), with a strong gradient by exposure category. This was not accounted for by differences in smoking, and was consistent with the results of spirometric testing. Neurological and psychiatric symptoms were reported more frequently by subjects in high exposure categories and the results of neurological examination and testing tended to confirm this finding. Ophthalmic symptoms demonstrated a similar pattern. Although a number of other symptoms were reported (with the possible exception of gastrointestinal disease), there was no clear evidence of other organ system damage attributable to gas exposure. Conclusion. The gradient of reported symptoms and clinical test results with estimates of exposure among these survivors of the gas leak suggests that a proportion of their current respiratory and neurological disease was due to gas exposure. C1 UNIV NEWCASTLE UPON TYNE,SCH MED,DEPT EPIDEMIOL & PUBL HLTH,NEWCASTLE TYNE NE2 4HH,TYNE & WEAR,ENGLAND. NATL HEART & LUNG INST,DEPT OCCUPAT MED,LONDON SW3 6LR,ENGLAND. AGCY TOX SUBST & DIS REGISTRY,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NR 10 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 1 PU ALL INDIA INST MEDICAL SCIENCES PI NEW DELHI PA ANSARI NAGAR, NEW DELHI 110 029, INDIA SN 0970-258X J9 NATL MED J INDIA JI Natl. Med. J. India PD JAN-FEB PY 1996 VL 9 IS 1 BP 5 EP 10 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA WC378 UT WOS:A1996WC37800003 PM 8713516 ER PT S AU Hatheway, CL Ferreira, JL AF Hatheway, CL Ferreira, JL BE Singh, BR Tu, AT TI Detection and identification of Clostridium botulinum neurotoxins SO NATURAL TOXINS 2: STRUCTURE, MECHANISM OF ACTION, AND DETECTION SE ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT American-Chemical-Society Symposium on Natural Toxins CY APR 02-07, 1995 CL ANAHEIM, CA SP Amer Chem Soc ID LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; ANTIBODY-BASED IMMUNOASSAY; POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; CURED MEAT SYSTEM; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODY; MOUSE BIOASSAY; PURE CULTURE; B TOXINS; ELISA; SAMPLES C1 US FDA,SE REG LABS,ATLANTA,GA 30309. RP Hatheway, CL (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,1600 CLIFTON RD NE,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 74 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 SN 0065-2598 BN 0-306-45289-8 J9 ADV EXP MED BIOL JI Adv.Exp.Med.Biol. PY 1996 VL 391 BP 481 EP 498 PG 18 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Medicine, Research & Experimental; Toxicology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Research & Experimental Medicine; Toxicology GA BF60N UT WOS:A1996BF60N00039 PM 8726084 ER PT J AU Letz, R Gerr, F HarrisAbbott, D Dick, R AF Letz, R Gerr, F HarrisAbbott, D Dick, R TI A comparison of standing steadiness measurements from two devices: Covariates and normal values SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY AND TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE postural stability; standing steadiness; covariates; force platform; head position monitor ID POSTURAL SWAY; ROMBERG TEST; BALANCE AB A comparison of standing steadiness measurements from two devices: Covariates and normal values. NEUROTOXICOL TERATOL 18(1) 83-88, 1996.-Quantifying standing steadiness may be a useful method of detecting neurotoxicity in epidemiological studies. Unfortunately, use of quantitative standing steadiness outcomes in epidemiologic studies has been limited by lack of standardization of methods, insufficient availability of normative data, and inadequately characterized effects of covariates. Additionally, the current gold standard method, the force platform (FP), has been expensive and unwieldy for use in field studies. A relatively inexpensive and portable head position monitor (HPM) has been introduced as an alternate method for measuring standing steadiness. In this study 211 subjects were tested with one or both devices using a common testing protocol. The correlations between measurements obtained with the FP and the HPM were high and similar to those obtained during repeated measurements with each device separately. The effects of potential covariates on outcome measures were investigated. There was a significant age x sex interaction in the FP standing steadiness measurements in this population with decreased steadiness among older men but not older women. Information for estimating normal values for the outcome measures is provided. This study suggests that measures of standing steadiness obtained with the HPM are similar, but not identical, to measures obtained with a conventional FP and that the HPM may be useful in field studies of occupational exposure to neurotoxicants. C1 EMORY UNIV,ROLLINS SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT ENVIRONM & OCCUPAT HLTH,ATLANTA,GA 30332. NIOSH,DIV BIOL & BEHAV SCI,CINCINNATI,OH 45226. RP Letz, R (reprint author), EMORY UNIV,ROLLINS SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT BEHAV SCI & HLTH EDUC,1518 CLIFTON RD,ATLANTA,GA 30332, USA. FU PHS HHS [U60-CCU-902886] NR 13 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0892-0362 J9 NEUROTOXICOL TERATOL JI Neurotoxicol. Teratol. PD JAN-FEB PY 1996 VL 18 IS 1 BP 83 EP 88 DI 10.1016/0892-0362(95)02012-8 PG 6 WC Neurosciences; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Toxicology GA TX486 UT WOS:A1996TX48600010 PM 8700047 ER PT B AU Toraason, M Richards, DE Tirmenstein, MA AF Toraason, M Richards, DE Tirmenstein, MA BE Cicolella, A Hardin, B Johanson, G TI Metabolism of diglyme by rat hepatocytes and human microsomes SO OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE - RISK MANAGEMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS, VOL 2, ISSUE 1-6, 1996: PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON HEALTH HAZARDS OF GLYCOL ETHERS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Health Hazards of Glycol Ethers CY APR 19-21, 1994 CL PONT A MOUSSON, FRANCE SP Natl Inst Safety Res, France, NIOSH, NIOH, WHO, Int Agcy Res Canc Commiss European Communities, Int Commiss Occupat Hlth, Int Occupat Hygiene Assoc, Swedish Work Environm Fund, NIH NIEHS, US EPA, Minist Res & Univ Educ, France, INSERM, France, French Occupat Med, French Comm Hlth Educ, City Nancy, Reg Lorraine DE diglyme; bis(2-methoxyethyl)ether; rat; human; liver; hepatocytes; microsomes; cytochrome P450 C1 NIOSH,CINCINNATI,OH 45226. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU GORDON AND BREACH SCIENCE PUBL PI READING PA P O BOX 90, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG1 8JL BN 9-919875-20-5 PY 1996 BP 33 EP 43 PG 11 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA BF72T UT WOS:A1996BF72T00004 ER PT B AU Lynch, D Toraason, M AF Lynch, D Toraason, M BE Cicolella, A Hardin, B Johanson, G TI 2-ethoxyethanol and 2-methoxyethanol - Developmental toxicity in Drosophila SO OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE - RISK MANAGEMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS, VOL 2, ISSUE 1-6, 1996: PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON HEALTH HAZARDS OF GLYCOL ETHERS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Health Hazards of Glycol Ethers CY APR 19-21, 1994 CL PONT A MOUSSON, FRANCE SP Natl Inst Safety Res, France, NIOSH, NIOH, WHO, Int Agcy Res Canc Commiss European Communities, Int Commiss Occupat Hlth, Int Occupat Hygiene Assoc, Swedish Work Environm Fund, NIH NIEHS, US EPA, Minist Res & Univ Educ, France, INSERM, France, French Occupat Med, French Comm Hlth Educ, City Nancy, Reg Lorraine DE Drosophila; developmental toxicity; 2EE; 2-ethoxyethanol; 2ME; 2-methoxyethanol C1 NIOSH,DIV BIOMED & BEHAV SCI,EXPTL TOXICOL BRANCH,CINCINNATI,OH 45226. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU GORDON AND BREACH SCIENCE PUBL PI READING PA P O BOX 90, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG1 8JL BN 9-919875-20-5 PY 1996 BP 171 EP 174 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA BF72T UT WOS:A1996BF72T00017 ER PT B AU Nelson, BK Conover, DL AF Nelson, BK Conover, DL BE Cicolella, A Hardin, B Johanson, G TI Experimental interactions of glycol ethers with chemical and physical agents: Developmental toxicology SO OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE - RISK MANAGEMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS, VOL 2, ISSUE 1-6, 1996: PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON HEALTH HAZARDS OF GLYCOL ETHERS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Health Hazards of Glycol Ethers CY APR 19-21, 1994 CL PONT A MOUSSON, FRANCE SP Natl Inst Safety Res, France, NIOSH, NIOH, WHO, Int Agcy Res Canc Commiss European Communities, Int Commiss Occupat Hlth, Int Occupat Hygiene Assoc, Swedish Work Environm Fund, NIH NIEHS, US EPA, Minist Res & Univ Educ, France, INSERM, France, French Occupat Med, French Comm Hlth Educ, City Nancy, Reg Lorraine DE glycol ethers; 2-methoxyethanol; radiofrequency radiation; developmental toxicology; congenital malformations; birth defects; interactions; synergism; hyperthermia C1 NIOSH,DIV BIOMED & BEHAV SCI,CINCINNATI,OH 45226. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU GORDON AND BREACH SCIENCE PUBL PI READING PA P O BOX 90, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG1 8JL BN 9-919875-20-5 PY 1996 BP 303 EP 310 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA BF72T UT WOS:A1996BF72T00027 ER PT B AU Schrader, SM Turner, TW Ratcliffe, JM Welch, LS Simon, SD AF Schrader, SM Turner, TW Ratcliffe, JM Welch, LS Simon, SD BE Cicolella, A Hardin, B Johanson, G TI Combining reproductive studies of men exposed to 2-ethoxyethanol to increase statistical power SO OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE - RISK MANAGEMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS, VOL 2, ISSUE 1-6, 1996: PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON HEALTH HAZARDS OF GLYCOL ETHERS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Health Hazards of Glycol Ethers CY APR 19-21, 1994 CL PONT A MOUSSON, FRANCE SP Natl Inst Safety Res, France, NIOSH, NIOH, WHO, Int Agcy Res Canc Commiss European Communities, Int Commiss Occupat Hlth, Int Occupat Hygiene Assoc, Swedish Work Environm Fund, NIH NIEHS, US EPA, Minist Res & Univ Educ, France, INSERM, France, French Occupat Med, French Comm Hlth Educ, City Nancy, Reg Lorraine DE 2-ethoxyethanol; semen production sperm production C1 NIOSH,CINCINNATI,OH 45226. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU GORDON AND BREACH SCIENCE PUBL PI READING PA P O BOX 90, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG1 8JL BN 9-919875-20-5 PY 1996 BP 411 EP 415 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA BF72T UT WOS:A1996BF72T00037 ER PT S AU Simonsen, L Schonberger, LB Stroup, DF Arden, NH Cox, NJ AF Simonsen, L Schonberger, LB Stroup, DF Arden, NH Cox, NJ BE Brown, LE Hampson, AW Webster, RG TI The impact of influenza on mortality in the USA SO OPTIONS FOR THE CONTROL OF INFLUENZA III SE INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Options for the Control of Influenza CY MAY 04-09, 1996 CL CAIRNS, AUSTRALIA SP WHO, Austr Soc Microbiol, CSL Ltd, Pasteur Merieux Serums & Vaccins, Pasteur Merieux MSD Connaught Labs, SmithKline Beecham, Becton Dickinson, Evans Med, Glaxo Wellcome, Parke Davis, Wyeth Lederle Vaccines & Pediat, Chiron Biocine, Eisai Co Ltd, Nippon Glaxo, Solvay Duphar, Res Fdn Microbial Dis Osaka Univ DE epidemiology; influenza; models mortality; pneumonia; surveillance RP Simonsen, L (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,MAILSTOP A-32,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBL B V PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0531-5131 BN 0-444-82461-8 J9 INT CONGR SER PY 1996 VL 1123 BP 26 EP 33 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA BG94X UT WOS:A1996BG94X00003 ER PT S AU Klimov, AI Rudenko, LG Egorov, AY Romanova, JR Polezhaev, FI Alexandrova, GI Cox, NJ AF Klimov, AI Rudenko, LG Egorov, AY Romanova, JR Polezhaev, FI Alexandrova, GI Cox, NJ BE Brown, LE Hampson, AW Webster, RG TI Genetic stability of Russian cold-adapted live attenuated reassortant influenza vaccines SO OPTIONS FOR THE CONTROL OF INFLUENZA III SE INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Options for the Control of Influenza CY MAY 04-09, 1996 CL CAIRNS, AUSTRALIA SP WHO, Austr Soc Microbiol, CSL Ltd, Pasteur Merieux Serums & Vaccins, Pasteur Merieux MSD Connaught Labs, SmithKline Beecham, Becton Dickinson, Evans Med, Glaxo Wellcome, Parke Davis, Wyeth Lederle Vaccines & Pediat, Chiron Biocine, Eisai Co Ltd, Nippon Glaxo, Solvay Duphar, Res Fdn Microbial Dis Osaka Univ DE influenza A reassortant vaccines; PCR-restriction analysis; sequencing RP Klimov, AI (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,INFLUENZA BRANCH,G-16,1600 CLIFTON RD,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBL B V PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0531-5131 BN 0-444-82461-8 J9 INT CONGR SER PY 1996 VL 1123 BP 129 EP 136 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA BG94X UT WOS:A1996BG94X00020 ER PT S AU Katz, JM Lu, XH Galphin, JC Clements, JD AF Katz, JM Lu, XH Galphin, JC Clements, JD BE Brown, LE Hampson, AW Webster, RG TI Heat-labile enterotoxin from Escherichia coli as an adjuvant for oral influenza vaccination SO OPTIONS FOR THE CONTROL OF INFLUENZA III SE INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Options for the Control of Influenza CY MAY 04-09, 1996 CL CAIRNS, AUSTRALIA SP WHO, Austr Soc Microbiol, CSL Ltd, Pasteur Merieux Serums & Vaccins, Pasteur Merieux MSD Connaught Labs, SmithKline Beecham, Becton Dickinson, Evans Med, Glaxo Wellcome, Parke Davis, Wyeth Lederle Vaccines & Pediat, Chiron Biocine, Eisai Co Ltd, Nippon Glaxo, Solvay Duphar, Res Fdn Microbial Dis Osaka Univ DE IgA antibody; cytokines; mucosal immunization RP Katz, JM (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,INFLUENZA BRANCH,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,G16,1600 CLIFTON RD,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBL B V PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0531-5131 BN 0-444-82461-8 J9 INT CONGR SER PY 1996 VL 1123 BP 292 EP 297 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA BG94X UT WOS:A1996BG94X00042 ER PT S AU Shaw, MW Kiseleva, IV Egorov, AY Hemphill, ML Xu, XY AF Shaw, MW Kiseleva, IV Egorov, AY Hemphill, ML Xu, XY BE Brown, LE Hampson, AW Webster, RG TI Nucleocapsid protein alone is sufficient for the generation of influenza transfectants SO OPTIONS FOR THE CONTROL OF INFLUENZA III SE INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Options for the Control of Influenza CY MAY 04-09, 1996 CL CAIRNS, AUSTRALIA SP WHO, Austr Soc Microbiol, CSL Ltd, Pasteur Merieux Serums & Vaccins, Pasteur Merieux MSD Connaught Labs, SmithKline Beecham, Becton Dickinson, Evans Med, Glaxo Wellcome, Parke Davis, Wyeth Lederle Vaccines & Pediat, Chiron Biocine, Eisai Co Ltd, Nippon Glaxo, Solvay Duphar, Res Fdn Microbial Dis Osaka Univ DE baculovirus; polymerase; ribonucleoprotein; transfection RP Shaw, MW (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,INFLUENZA BRANCH,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBL B V PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0531-5131 BN 0-444-82461-8 J9 INT CONGR SER PY 1996 VL 1123 BP 433 EP 436 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA BG94X UT WOS:A1996BG94X00059 ER PT S AU Klimov, AI Bender, CA Hall, HE Cox, NJ AF Klimov, AI Bender, CA Hall, HE Cox, NJ BE Brown, LE Hampson, AW Webster, RG TI Evolution of human influenza A(H2N2) viruses SO OPTIONS FOR THE CONTROL OF INFLUENZA III SE INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Options for the Control of Influenza CY MAY 04-09, 1996 CL CAIRNS, AUSTRALIA SP WHO, Austr Soc Microbiol, CSL Ltd, Pasteur Merieux Serums & Vaccins, Pasteur Merieux MSD Connaught Labs, SmithKline Beecham, Becton Dickinson, Evans Med, Glaxo Wellcome, Parke Davis, Wyeth Lederle Vaccines & Pediat, Chiron Biocine, Eisai Co Ltd, Nippon Glaxo, Solvay Duphar, Res Fdn Microbial Dis Osaka Univ DE HA and NS gene sequencing; HI test; phylogenetic analysis RP Klimov, AI (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,INFLUENZA BRANCH,1600 CLIFTON RD,G-16,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBL B V PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0531-5131 BN 0-444-82461-8 J9 INT CONGR SER PY 1996 VL 1123 BP 546 EP 552 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA BG94X UT WOS:A1996BG94X00077 ER PT S AU Rudenko, L Arden, N Grigorieva, E Naychin, A Rekstin, A Katz, J Klimov, A Donina, S Desheva, J Cox, N Ghendon, Y AF Rudenko, L Arden, N Grigorieva, E Naychin, A Rekstin, A Katz, J Klimov, A Donina, S Desheva, J Cox, N Ghendon, Y BE Brown, LE Hampson, AW Webster, RG TI Safety and immunogenicity of Russian live-attenuated and US inactivated trivalent influenza vaccines in the elderly SO OPTIONS FOR THE CONTROL OF INFLUENZA III SE INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Options for the Control of Influenza CY MAY 04-09, 1996 CL CAIRNS, AUSTRALIA SP WHO, Austr Soc Microbiol, CSL Ltd, Pasteur Merieux Serums & Vaccins, Pasteur Merieux MSD Connaught Labs, SmithKline Beecham, Becton Dickinson, Evans Med, Glaxo Wellcome, Parke Davis, Wyeth Lederle Vaccines & Pediat, Chiron Biocine, Eisai Co Ltd, Nippon Glaxo, Solvay Duphar, Res Fdn Microbial Dis Osaka Univ DE clinical trials; cold-adapted; elderly; humoral immunity; inactivated vaccine; influenza vaccine; live-attenuated; local immunity; side effects C1 RUSSIAN ACAD MED SCI,INST EXPT MED,DEPT VIROL,ST PETERSBURG,RUSSIA. RP Arden, N (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,INFLUENZA BRANCH,MAILSTOP A32,1600 CLIFTON RD NE,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. RI Desheva, Yulia/I-1493-2013 OI Desheva, Yulia/0000-0001-9794-3520 NR 0 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBL B V PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0531-5131 BN 0-444-82461-8 J9 INT CONGR SER PY 1996 VL 1123 BP 572 EP 578 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA BG94X UT WOS:A1996BG94X00080 ER PT S AU Cox, NJ Regnery, HL AF Cox, NJ Regnery, HL BE Brown, LE Hampson, AW Webster, RG TI Global influenza surveillance: Tracking a moving target in a rapidly changing world SO OPTIONS FOR THE CONTROL OF INFLUENZA III SE INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Options for the Control of Influenza CY MAY 04-09, 1996 CL CAIRNS, AUSTRALIA SP WHO, Austr Soc Microbiol, CSL Ltd, Pasteur Merieux Serums & Vaccins, Pasteur Merieux MSD Connaught Labs, SmithKline Beecham, Becton Dickinson, Evans Med, Glaxo Wellcome, Parke Davis, Wyeth Lederle Vaccines & Pediat, Chiron Biocine, Eisai Co Ltd, Nippon Glaxo, Solvay Duphar, Res Fdn Microbial Dis Osaka Univ DE molecular epidemiology; surveillance; vaccine strain selection; variant viruses RP Cox, NJ (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,INFLUENZA BRANCH,G-16,1600 CLIFTON RD,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBL B V PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0531-5131 BN 0-444-82461-8 J9 INT CONGR SER PY 1996 VL 1123 BP 591 EP 598 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA BG94X UT WOS:A1996BG94X00083 ER PT S AU Katz, JM Black, RA Rowe, T Slepushkin, VA Cox, NJ AF Katz, JM Black, RA Rowe, T Slepushkin, VA Cox, NJ BE Brown, LE Hampson, AW Webster, RG TI Immune mechanisms of protection induced by vaccination of BALB/c mice with influenza A virus M2 protein SO OPTIONS FOR THE CONTROL OF INFLUENZA III SE INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Options for the Control of Influenza CY MAY 04-09, 1996 CL CAIRNS, AUSTRALIA SP WHO, Austr Soc Microbiol, CSL Ltd, Pasteur Merieux Serums & Vaccins, Pasteur Merieux MSD Connaught Labs, SmithKline Beecham, Becton Dickinson, Evans Med, Glaxo Wellcome, Parke Davis, Wyeth Lederle Vaccines & Pediat, Chiron Biocine, Eisai Co Ltd, Nippon Glaxo, Solvay Duphar, Res Fdn Microbial Dis Osaka Univ DE immune response; T cells; virus clearance RP Katz, JM (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,INFLUENZA BRANCH,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,1600 CLIFTON RD,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBL B V PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0531-5131 BN 0-444-82461-8 J9 INT CONGR SER PY 1996 VL 1123 BP 837 EP 843 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA BG94X UT WOS:A1996BG94X00116 ER PT J AU Hutchins, S Markowitz, L Atkinson, W Swint, E Hadler, S AF Hutchins, S Markowitz, L Atkinson, W Swint, E Hadler, S TI Measles outbreaks in the United States, 1987 through 1990 SO PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASE JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE measles; outbreaks; measles outbreaks ID VACCINATED POPULATION; PRESCHOOL-CHILDREN; ATTACK RATES; RISK-FACTORS; IMMUNITY; REVACCINATION AB Background. During 1989 and 1990 reported measles cases in the United States increased 6- to 9-fold over the annual mean of 3000 between 1985 and 1988. To evaluate recent epidemiology we summarized measles outbreaks. Methods. Confirmed measles cases reported to the National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System during 1987 through 1990 were analyzed, An outbreak was defined as greater than or equal to 5 epidemiologically linked cases. Results. There were 815 outbreaks, accounting for 94% of the 52 846 cases reported, Similar to 1985 and 1986, 3 patterns of measles transmission during outbreaks were identified: (1) predominantly among unvaccinated pre-school age children <5 years of age (38% of outbreaks); (2) predominantly among vaccinated school age children 5 to 17 years of age (40%); and (3) predominantly among unvaccinated and vaccinated post-school age persons greater than or equal to 18 years of age (22%), Most outbreaks were small (median, 12 cases), but very large outbreaks occurred (maximum size, 10670), Although school age outbreaks (58%) predominated during 1987 and 1988, preschool age (40%) and post-school age (23%) outbreaks were more important during 1989 and 1990. Conclusions, Recent epidemiology suggests that to achieve elimination of measles, ACIP recommendations must be fully implemented, including (1) routine administration of the first dose of measles vaccine from 12 to 15 months of age and (2) use of a routine two-dose schedule to prevent school age and post-school age outbreaks. RP Hutchins, S (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL IMMUNIZATION PROGRAM,CTR INFORMAT,MAIL STOP E-34,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. OI Hutchins, Sonja/0000-0002-7557-1006 NR 42 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 2 U2 3 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 0891-3668 J9 PEDIATR INFECT DIS J JI Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 15 IS 1 BP 31 EP 38 DI 10.1097/00006454-199601000-00007 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics GA TQ124 UT WOS:A1996TQ12400005 PM 8684873 ER PT J AU Boyce, TG Pemberton, AG Addiss, DG AF Boyce, TG Pemberton, AG Addiss, DG TI Cryptosporidium testing practices among clinical laboratories in the United States SO PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASE JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE Cryptosporidium; laboratory testing; ova and parasites C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV PARASIT DIS,EPIDEMIOL BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP Boyce, TG (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,FOODBORNE & DIARRHEAL DIS BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 14 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 0891-3668 J9 PEDIATR INFECT DIS J JI Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 15 IS 1 BP 87 EP 88 DI 10.1097/00006454-199601000-00019 PG 2 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics GA TQ124 UT WOS:A1996TQ12400017 PM 8684884 ER PT J AU Rennels, MB Glass, RI Dennehy, PH Bernstein, DI Pichichero, ME Zito, ET Mack, ME Davidson, BL Kapikian, AZ AF Rennels, MB Glass, RI Dennehy, PH Bernstein, DI Pichichero, ME Zito, ET Mack, ME Davidson, BL Kapikian, AZ TI Safety and efficacy of high-dose rhesus-human reassortant rotavirus vaccines - Report of the national multicenter trial SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE rotaviruses; vaccines ID GROUP-A ROTAVIRUSES; YOUNG-CHILDREN; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; DIARRHEAL DISEASES; VENEZUELAN INFANTS; SEROTYPE VARIATION; IMMUNE-RESPONSE; UNITED-STATES; PROTECTION; IMMUNOGENICITY AB Objective. Rotavirus is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality from dehydrating gastroenteritis in infants and young children worldwide. Virtually every child is infected by age 4 years, justifying universal childhood immunization when a safe and effective vaccine is available. We report the results of a multicenter, placebo-controlled field trial in the United States of monovalent serotype 1 and tetravalent (TV) rhesus-human reassortant rotavirus vaccines (RRVs). Design. In this randomized, double-blind trial, 1278 healthy infants ages 5 to 25 weeks received three oral doses of RRV serotype 1, RRV-TV, or a placebo at approximately 2, 4, and 6 months of age. Vaccines contained 4 x 10(5) plaque-forming units of virus. Gastroenteritis episodes were monitored, and severity was graded throughout one rotavirus season. Two stool specimens per episode were tested for rotavirus. Results. The incidence of reactions did not differ among treatment groups during the 5-day, postvaccination safety surveillance period for any of the three doses. Both vaccines significantly reduced the incidence of rotavirus gastroenteritis. Vaccination was most protective against serious rotavirus illness; RRV-TV prevented 49% of rotavirus episodes, 80% of very severe episodes, and 100% of dehydrating rotavirus illness. Reduction of rotavirus disease by RRV-TV resulted in significantly fewer total episodes of gastroenteritis of all causes and an 82% reduction in all cases of dehydrating diarrhea. Conclusion. RRV-TV is highly protective against very severe, dehydrating rotavirus gastroenteritis. C1 UNIV MARYLAND,SCH MED,CTR VACCINE DEV,BALTIMORE,MD 21201. UNIV MARYLAND,SCH MED,DEPT PEDIAT,BALTIMORE,MD 21201. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,RESP & ENTER VIRUSES BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA. RHODE ISL HOSP,DIV PEDIAT INFECT DIS,PROVIDENCE,RI 02902. JAMES N GAMBLE INST MED RES,CINCINNATI,OH 45219. UNIV ROCHESTER,MED CTR,DEPT PEDIAT,ROCHESTER,NY 14642. WYETH AYERST RES,PHILADELPHIA,PA. OI Dennehy, Penelope/0000-0002-2259-5370 NR 43 TC 262 Z9 270 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD JAN PY 1996 VL 97 IS 1 BP 7 EP 13 PG 7 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA TQ424 UT WOS:A1996TQ42400002 PM 8545227 ER PT J AU Markowitz, LE Albrecht, P Rhodes, P Demonteverde, R Swint, E Maes, EF Powell, C Patriarca, PA Rubenstein, B Dupee, R Deutsche, M Marcy, SM AF Markowitz, LE Albrecht, P Rhodes, P Demonteverde, R Swint, E Maes, EF Powell, C Patriarca, PA Rubenstein, B Dupee, R Deutsche, M Marcy, SM TI Changing levels of measles antibody titers in women and children in the united states: Impact on response to vaccination SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE measles; maternal antibody; measles vaccine; age; race and ethnicity ID IMMUNITY; INFANTS; MALNUTRITION AB Objectives. In the United States, younger women are more likely to have immunity to measles from vaccination and are less likely to have been exposed to the wild virus than are older women. To evaluate changes in measles antibody titers in women in the United States and children's responses to measles vaccination, we analyzed data from a measles vaccine trial. Methods. Sera collected from children before vaccination at 6, 9, or 12 months of age and from their mothers were assayed for measles antibodies by plaque reduction neutralization. Responses to vaccination with Merck Sharp & Dohme live measles virus vaccines at 9 months (Attenuvax) and 12 months (M-M-R II) were also analyzed. Results. Among women born in the United States (n = 614), geometric mean titers (GMTs) of measles antibodies decreased with increasing birth year. For those born before 1957, 1957 through 1963, and after 1963, GMTs were 4798, 2665, and 989, respectively. Among women born outside of the United States (n = 394), there were no differences in GMTs by year of birth. Children of younger women born in the United States were less likely than those of older women to be seropositive at 6, 9, or 12 months. The response to the Vaccines varied by maternal birth year for children of women born in the United States. Among 9-month-old children, 93% of those whose mothers were born after 1963 responded, compared with 77% and 60% of those whose mothers were born in 1957 through 1963 and before 1957, respectively. Among 12-month-old children, 98% of those born to the youngest mothers responded, compared with 90% and 83% of those whose mothers were born in 1957 through 1963 and before 1957. The responses of children of women born outside of the United States were not associated with maternal year of birth. Conclusions. An increasing proportion of children in the United States will respond to the measles vaccine at younger ages because of lower levels of passively acquired maternal measles antibodies. C1 US FDA,CTR BIOL EVALUAT & RES,BETHESDA,MD. LOS ANGELES CTY DEPT HLTH SERV,LOS ANGELES,CA. SO CALIF KAISER PERMANENTE MED CARE PROGRAM,LOS ANGELES,CA. RP Markowitz, LE (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL IMMUNIZATION PROGRAM,MS-E52,1600 CLIFTON RD,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 27 TC 68 Z9 71 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD JAN PY 1996 VL 97 IS 1 BP 53 EP 58 PG 6 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA TQ424 UT WOS:A1996TQ42400009 PM 8545224 ER PT J AU Thea, DM Lambert, G Weedon, J Matheson, PB Abrams, EJ Bamji, M Straus, WL Thomas, PA Krasinski, K Heagarty, M Beatrice, ST Chiasson, MA DeBernardo, E Lawrence, K McVeigh, K ODonnell, R Oleszko, W Punsalang, A Alford, T Betre, A Cappelli, M Carrasquillio, N Courtland, R Cruz, N Floyd, J FoyeSousou, V Gonzalez, C Hutchison, S Jackson, L Jessop, DJ Lopez, D Macias, L Ng, D Packer, J Pliner, V Rios, J Rosenbluth, L Savory, R Tadros, H Young, S Zhang, ZR Allen, M Borkowsky, W Hoover, W Pollack, H Champion, S Freedland, C Nicholas, S Prince, P Suarez, M Chow, J Kaul, A Nachman, S Shah, K Ahmed, S Agustin, E Henriquez, R Sacharzky, E Losub, SI Brotman, R Blanch, S Brutus, J Day, C Hutson, D Rhinehart, W Simon, R Turkell, V Grimm, KT Wiznia, A Dobrosycki, J Hand, I Davila, S Harris, A Grant, D Johnston, B Nieves, M Soloman, L George, R Kilbourne, B Ou, CY Petent, J Moore, J Schable, C Shaffer, N Smith, L AF Thea, DM Lambert, G Weedon, J Matheson, PB Abrams, EJ Bamji, M Straus, WL Thomas, PA Krasinski, K Heagarty, M Beatrice, ST Chiasson, MA DeBernardo, E Lawrence, K McVeigh, K ODonnell, R Oleszko, W Punsalang, A Alford, T Betre, A Cappelli, M Carrasquillio, N Courtland, R Cruz, N Floyd, J FoyeSousou, V Gonzalez, C Hutchison, S Jackson, L Jessop, DJ Lopez, D Macias, L Ng, D Packer, J Pliner, V Rios, J Rosenbluth, L Savory, R Tadros, H Young, S Zhang, ZR Allen, M Borkowsky, W Hoover, W Pollack, H Champion, S Freedland, C Nicholas, S Prince, P Suarez, M Chow, J Kaul, A Nachman, S Shah, K Ahmed, S Agustin, E Henriquez, R Sacharzky, E Losub, SI Brotman, R Blanch, S Brutus, J Day, C Hutson, D Rhinehart, W Simon, R Turkell, V Grimm, KT Wiznia, A Dobrosycki, J Hand, I Davila, S Harris, A Grant, D Johnston, B Nieves, M Soloman, L George, R Kilbourne, B Ou, CY Petent, J Moore, J Schable, C Shaffer, N Smith, L TI Benefit of primary prophylaxis before 18 months of age in reducing the incidence of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and early death in a cohort of 112 human immunodeficiency virus-infected infants SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE perinatal human immunodeficiency virus infection; pediatric acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia; primary prophylaxis; trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole ID HIV-INFECTION; CHILDREN; CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS AB Objective. To determine the effectiveness of primary prophylaxis in preventing Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) in children with perinatally acquired human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) infection. Methods. We conducted a retrospective analysis of a cohort of infants followed from birth at six metropolitan hospitals and one outpatient clinic for pregnant, drug-using women in New York City. Outcomes measured were histologically confirmed PCP and/or death. The potential confounding effect of the infant's stage of illness, as determined by CD4 count was controlled by including all CD4 determinations as time-dependant covariates in a Cox proportional hazards analysis. Cases were censored at PCP onset, death, loss to follow-up, and 18 months of age. Results. One hundred twelve HIV-infected children were enrolled at birth between 1986 and 1993. Sixty of these were tracked beyond 18 months of age; of the others, 21 died before this age, 4 were considered lost to follow-up, and 27 had not reached 18 months of age at the last visit. Only 3 cases (4%) of confirmed PCP occurred among the 70 children who received primary PCF prophylaxis before 18 months of age, compared with 12 cases (28%) among 42 children not receiving PCP prophylaxis at any point before 18 months of age. The Kaplan-Meier estimated incidence of PCP in the first year among children not receiving prophylaxis was 25% (95% confidence interval [CI], 12 to 39). Using Cox methods, the unadjusted risk of PCP among infants not receiving prophylaxis, relative to those receiving it, was 4.1 (95% CI, 1.1 to 15); the relative risk was 4.4 (95% CI, 1.2 to 17) adjusting for the percentage of CD4-positive lymphocytes and 5.1 (95% CI, 1.3 to 20) adjusting for the absolute number of CD4-positive cells. Eight of 26 deaths were caused by PCP, and the likelihood of early death was significantly diminished if PCP prophylaxis was given (relative risk controlling for absolute CD4 cells, 2.57; 95% CI, 1.1 to 6.1). Conclusions. We report evidence that primary antimicrobial PCP prophylaxis is highly effective in decreasing the frequency of PCP and early death in infants with perinatal HIV infection. These findings support the revised National Pediatric HIV Resource Center and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines for PCP prophylaxis in children. C1 BRONX LEBANON HOSP CTR,BRONX,NY. HARLEM HOSP MED CTR,NEW YORK,NY. METROPOLITAN HOSP,NEW YORK,NY. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NEW YORK CITY DEPT HLTH,NEW YORK,NY 10013. NYU,BELLEVUE MED CTR,NEW YORK,NY. MED & HLTH RES ASSOC,NEW YORK,NY. NYU,BELLEVUE HOSP CTR,MED CTR,NEW YORK,NY 10016. HARLEM HOSP MED CTR,NEW YORK,NY. METROPOLITAN HOSP CTR,NEW YORK,NY 10029. CTR COMPREHENS HLTH PRACTICE,NEW YORK,NY. MT SINAI HOSP,NEW YORK,NY 10029. FU PHS HHS [U64 CCU 200937] NR 28 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD JAN PY 1996 VL 97 IS 1 BP 59 EP 64 PG 6 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA TQ424 UT WOS:A1996TQ42400010 PM 8545225 ER PT J AU Maibach, EW Schieber, RA Carroll, MFB AF Maibach, EW Schieber, RA Carroll, MFB TI Self-efficacy in pediatric resuscitation: Implications for education and performance SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE self-efficacy; resuscitation; clinical practice ID HEALTH; ATTRIBUTION; PHYSICIANS; MANAGEMENT; REDUCTION; BEHAVIOR; SMOKING AB Objective. This article examines the relevance of self-efficacy-a cognitive process indicating people's confidence in their ability to effect a given behavior-to training and performance of pediatric resuscitation. The case is made that self-efficacy is likely to influence the development of and real-time access to cognitive, affective, psychomotor, and social aspects of resuscitation proficiency. Methods. Comprehensive literature reviews were conducted on relevant topic areas, including self-efficacy theory and empirical investigations of self-efficacy in clinical practice. Three case studies are used to illustrate the influence of self-efficacy on resuscitation practice. Results. The limited empirical evidence on the role of self-efficacy in clinical practice is consistent with self-efficacy theory: clinicians are less likely to initiate and sustain behaviors for which they lack confidence. This performance-based confidence can be distinguished from both knowledge and skills necessary to perform the behavior. Conclusions. Even clinicians who are knowledgeable and skilled in resuscitation techniques may fail to apply them successfully unless they have an adequately strong belief in their capability. General guidelines for promoting self-efficacy are presented, and specific recommendations are made for enhancing resuscitation self-efficacy during resuscitation training and postresuscitation procedures. C1 EMORY UNIV,ROLLINS SCH PUBL HLTH,DIV BEHAV SCI & HLTH EDUC,ATLANTA,GA 30322. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV UNINTENT INJURY PREVENT,NATL CTR INJURY PREVENT & CONTROL,ATLANTA,GA 30341. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,EPIDEM INTELLIGENCE SERV,EPIDEMIL PROGRAM OFF,ATLANTA,GA 30341. TUBA CITY INDIAN MED CTR,NAVAJO AREA INDIAN HLTH SERV,TUBA CITY,AZ. OI Maibach, Edward/0000-0003-3409-9187 NR 33 TC 41 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD JAN PY 1996 VL 97 IS 1 BP 94 EP 99 PG 6 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA TQ424 UT WOS:A1996TQ42400017 PM 8545233 ER PT J AU Satcher, D AF Satcher, D TI The importance of behavioral science in HIV prevention SO PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS LA English DT Editorial Material RP Satcher, D (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV HIV AIDS,TECH INFORMAT ACT,MAIL STOP E-49,1600 CLIFTON RD,NE,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 2 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPT OF DOCUMENTS, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 SN 0033-3549 J9 PUBLIC HEALTH REP JI Public Health Rep. PY 1996 VL 111 SU 1 BP 1 EP 2 PG 2 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA VK202 UT WOS:A1996VK20200002 PM 8862149 ER PT J AU Curran, JW AF Curran, JW TI Bridging the gap between behavioral science and public health practice in HIV prevention SO PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV HIV AIDS PREVENT,NATL CTR HIV STD & TB PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NR 3 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPT OF DOCUMENTS, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 SN 0033-3549 J9 PUBLIC HEALTH REP JI Public Health Rep. PY 1996 VL 111 SU 1 BP 3 EP 4 PG 2 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA VK202 UT WOS:A1996VK20200003 PM 8862150 ER PT J AU Fishbein, M Guinan, M AF Fishbein, M Guinan, M TI Behavioral science and public health: A necessary partnership for HIV prevention SO PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS LA English DT Editorial Material ID AIDS C1 UNIV ILLINOIS,INST COMMUNICAT RES,CHAMPAIGN,IL 61820. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,BEHAV INTERVENT RES BRANCH,DIV STD PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA. CDC,NCHSTP,DIV HIV AIDS PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA. NR 39 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 8 U2 8 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPT OF DOCUMENTS, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 SN 0033-3549 J9 PUBLIC HEALTH REP JI Public Health Rep. PY 1996 VL 111 SU 1 BP 5 EP 10 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA VK202 UT WOS:A1996VK20200004 PM 8862151 ER PT J AU Crespo, CJ Loria, CM Burt, VL AF Crespo, CJ Loria, CM Burt, VL TI Hypertension and other cardiovascular disease risk factors among Mexican Americans, Cuban Americans, and Puerto Ricans from the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey SO PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS LA English DT Article ID PREVALENCE AB DESPITE THEIR HIGHER PREVALENCE of obesity and diabetes, Hispanics have lower or equal rates of hypertension than non-Hispanic whites (1-4). Healthy People 2000 objectives call for increasing the proportion of hypertensive men whose blood pressure is under control to at least 40%. In addition, the objectives recommend reducing the prevalence of overweight to 41% among hypertensive women, and to 35% among hypertensive men (5). The Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES) collected data on Mexican Americans (MA), Cuban Americans (CA), and Puerto Ricans (PR) living in the continental United States. A trained physician measured systolic (SEP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure twice in one visit. Our findings provide data to assess baseline estimates for several Healthy People 2000 objectives among Hispanics. Based on criteria from The Fifth Report of the Joint Notional Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC-V), we found Hispanic women to have higher rates of awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension than men. Only 8% of MA and PR men and 9% of CA men who were hypertensive had their high blood pressure under control. The prevalence of overweight among hypertensive men ranged from 39% to 60%; and among hypertensive women, from 44% to 74%. Hispanic women with six or fewer years of education had higher prevalence of hypertension and other cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. Future research should investigate the socioeconomic factors associated with the presence of these risk factors. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR HLTH STAT,DIV HLTH EXAMINAT STAT,SURVEY PLANNING & DEV BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Crespo, CJ (reprint author), NHLBI,OFF PREVENT EDUC & CONTROL,BLDG 31,ROOM 4A18,BETHESDA,MD 20892, USA. NR 9 TC 43 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 1 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPT OF DOCUMENTS, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 SN 0033-3549 J9 PUBLIC HEALTH REP JI Public Health Rep. PY 1996 VL 111 SU 2 BP 7 EP 10 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA VW307 UT WOS:A1996VW30700003 PM 8898761 ER PT J AU Leviton, LC OReilly, K AF Leviton, LC OReilly, K TI Adaptation of behavioral theory to CDC's HIV prevention research: Experience at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention SO PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS LA English DT Editorial Material ID AIDS PREVENTION; INTERVENTIONS C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV HIV AIDS PREVENT,NATL CTR HIV STD & TB PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Leviton, LC (reprint author), UNIV ALABAMA,DEPT HLTH BEHAV,SCH PUBL HLTH,121 MORTIMER JORDAN HALL,BIRMINGHAM,AL 35294, USA. NR 45 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 2 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPT OF DOCUMENTS, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 SN 0033-3549 J9 PUBLIC HEALTH REP JI Public Health Rep. PY 1996 VL 111 SU 1 BP 11 EP 17 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA VK202 UT WOS:A1996VK20200005 PM 8862152 ER PT J AU Middlestadt, SE Bhattacharyya, K Rosenbaum, J Fishbein, M Shepherd, M AF Middlestadt, SE Bhattacharyya, K Rosenbaum, J Fishbein, M Shepherd, M TI The use of theory based semistructured elicitation questionnaires: Formative research for CDC's Prevention Marketing Initiative SO PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS LA English DT Article AB THROUGH ONE OF ITS MANY HIV prevention programs, the Prevention Marketing Initiative, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention promotes a multifaceted strategy for preventing the sexual transmission of HIV/AIDS among people less than 25 years of age,The Prevention Marketing Initiative is an application of marketing and consumer-oriented technologies that rely heavily on behavioral research and behavior change theories to bring the behavioral and social sciences to bear on practical program planning decisions. One objective of the Prevention Marketing Initiative is to encourage consistent and correct condom use among sexually active young adults. Qualitative formative research is being conducted in several segments of the population of heterosexually active, unmarried young adults between 18 and 25 using a semistructured elicitation procedure to identify and understand underlying behavioral determinants of consistent condom use. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the use of this type of qualitative research methodology in designing effective theory-based behavior change interventions. Issues of research design and data collection and analysis are discussed. To illustrate the methodology, results of content analyses of selected responses to open-ended questions on consistent condom use are presented by gender (male, female), ethnic group (white,African American), and consistency of condom use (always, sometimes). This type of formative research can be applied immediately to designing programs and is invaluable for valid and relevant larger-scale quantitative research. C1 UNIV ILLINOIS, CHAMPAIGN, IL 61820 USA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, NATL CTR HIV STD & TB PREVENT, ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA. RP Middlestadt, SE (reprint author), ACAD EDUC DEV, AIDS COMMUNICAT SUPPORT PROJECT, 1255 23RD ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20037 USA. NR 15 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 5 PU ASSOC SCHOOLS PUBLIC HEALTH PI WASHINGTON PA 1101 15TH ST NW, STE 910, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0033-3549 J9 PUBLIC HEALTH REP JI Public Health Rep. PY 1996 VL 111 SU 1 BP 18 EP 27 PG 10 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA VK202 UT WOS:A1996VK20200006 PM 8862153 ER PT J AU Loria, CM Crespo, CJ Burt, V AF Loria, CM Crespo, CJ Burt, V TI Blood pressure among Mexican-American, Cuban-American, and mainland Puerto Rican children SO PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS LA English DT Article ID BOGALUSA HEART; WHITE AB LITTLE IS KNOWN ABOUT BLOOD PRESSURE LEVELS and the extent of high blood pressure in Hispanic children and adolescents, especially in groups other than Mexican Americans. The authors of this study investigated the levels of systolic blood pressure (SEP) and diastolic brood pressure (DBP) and the extent of high blood pressure among Mexican-American, Cuban-American, and mainland Puerto Rican children and adolescents who participated in the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES). Very few children and adolescents in these three Hispanic groups had high normal or high blood pressure. Puerto Rican children had significantly lower DBP than Mexican-American (2.4 mmHg) and Cuban-American (1.8 mmHg) children. Their SEP was also lower (1.7 mmHg) than that of Cuban-American children. These findings should be interpreted cautiously, however, since a significant observer effect was also found in this study. Correlates of blood pressure in children in all three Hispanic groups were consistent with those found in studies of other ethnic groups. Age, body mass index, and pulse rate were significant predictors of both SEP and DBP (P less than 0.05). Gender was an important predictor of SEP but not DBP Socioeconomic and cultural factors were not significant predictors of blood pressure in these Hispanic groups. C1 NHLBI,BETHESDA,MD 20892. RP Loria, CM (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR HLTH STAT,DIV HLTH EXAMINAT STAT,HYATTSVILLE,MD 20782, USA. NR 10 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPT OF DOCUMENTS, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 SN 0033-3549 J9 PUBLIC HEALTH REP JI Public Health Rep. PY 1996 VL 111 SU 2 BP 22 EP 24 PG 3 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA VW307 UT WOS:A1996VW30700007 PM 8898765 ER PT J AU Bloch, AB Onorato, IM Ihle, WW Hadler, JL Hayden, CH Snider, DE AF Bloch, AB Onorato, IM Ihle, WW Hadler, JL Hayden, CH Snider, DE TI The need for epidemic intelligence SO PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS; UNITED-STATES; PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS; RESURGENT TUBERCULOSIS; INFECTION; POLICY; RISK AB THE PAST DECADE has witnessed an unprecedented upturn in tuberculosis morbidity and outbreaks of difficult-to-treat and highly lethal multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. In the early 1990s, a national consensus developed among public health officials to define more comprehensively the problem, and in January 1993, expanded tuberculosis surveillance was implemented nationwide. Carefully selected epidemiologic and case management variables were added to the Report of Verified Case of Tuberculosis form. information is collected on the health status and treatment of patients, including human immunodeficiency virus status, drug susceptibility test results, and the initial drug regimen. Completion of therapy and use of directly observed therapy are also monitored. The new surveillance system allows a comparison of the quality of care of patients in the public and private sectors. Additional epidemiologic variables include membership in high-risk groups (the homeless, residents of correctional or long-term care facilities, migrant worker;, health care workers, and correctional employees) and substance abuse (injecting drug use, non-injecting drug use, and excess alcohol use). The additional information derived from expanded tuberculosis surveillance is crucial to optimal patient management, policy development resource allocation, as well as program planning, implementation, and evaluation at Federal, State, and local levels. C1 SURVEILLANCE & EPIDEMIOL INVEST BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA. PROGRAM SERV BRANCH,PROGRAM SUPPORT SECT,ATLANTA,GA. RP Bloch, AB (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR PREVENT SERV,DIV TB ELIMINAT,1600 CLIFTON RD,MS E-10,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 60 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 2 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPT OF DOCUMENTS, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 SN 0033-3549 J9 PUBLIC HEALTH REP JI Public Health Rep. PD JAN-FEB PY 1996 VL 111 IS 1 BP 26 EP 31 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA TW900 UT WOS:A1996TW90000018 PM 8610188 ER PT J AU Higgins, DL OReilly, K Tashima, N Crain, C Beeker, C Goldbaum, G Elifson, CS Galavotti, C GuentherGrey, C AF Higgins, DL OReilly, K Tashima, N Crain, C Beeker, C Goldbaum, G Elifson, CS Galavotti, C GuentherGrey, C TI Using formative research to lay the foundation for community level HIV prevention efforts: An example from the AIDS community demonstration projects SO PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS LA English DT Article ID HEALTH-EDUCATION AB THE AIDS COMMUNITY DEMONSTRATION PROJECTS provided community-level HIV prevention interventions to historically hard-to-reach groups at high risk for HIV infection. The projects operated under a common research protocol which encompassed formative research, intervention delivery, process evaluation, and outcome evaluation. A formative research process specifically focusing on intervention development was devised to assist project staff in identifying, prioritizing, accessing, and understanding the intervention target groups. This process was central to the creation of interventions that were acceptable and unique to the target populations. Intended to be rapid, the process took 6 months to complete. Drawn from the disciplines of anthropology, community psychology, sociology, and public health, the formative research process followed distinct steps which included (a) defining the populations at high-risk for HIV; (b) gathering information about these populations through interviews with persons who were outside of, but who had contact with, the target groups (such as staff from the health department and alcohol and drug treatment facilities, as well as persons who interacted in an informal manner with the target groups, such as clerks in neighborhood grocery stores and bartenders); (c) interviewing people with access to the target populations (gatekeepers), and conducting observations in areas where these high-risk groups were reported to gather (from previous interviews); (d) interviewing members of these groups at high risk for HIV infection or transmission; and (e) systematically integrating information throughout the process. Semistructured interview schedules were used for all data collection in this process. This standardized systematic method yielded valuable information about the focal groups in each demonstration project site. The method, if adopted by others, would assist community intervention specialists in developing interventions that are culturally appropriate and meaningful to their respective target populations. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV REPROD HLTH,NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. UNAIDS,GENEVA,SWITZERLAND. LTG ASSOCIATES,TAKOMA PK,MD. SEATTLE KING CTY DEPT PUBL HLTH,SEATTLE,WA. GEORGIA STATE UNIV,DEPT ANTHROPOL,ATLANTA,GA 30303. RP Higgins, DL (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV HIV AIDS PREVENT,MAIL STOP E-44,1600 CLIFTON RD,NE,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 15 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 4 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPT OF DOCUMENTS, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 SN 0033-3549 J9 PUBLIC HEALTH REP JI Public Health Rep. PY 1996 VL 111 SU 1 BP 28 EP 35 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA VK202 UT WOS:A1996VK20200007 PM 8862154 ER PT J AU Goldbaum, G Perdue, T Higgins, D AF Goldbaum, G Perdue, T Higgins, D TI Non-gay-identifying men who have sex with men: Formative research results from Seattle, Washington SO PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS LA English DT Article ID PATTERNS AB NON-GAY-IDENTIFYING MEN who have sex with men are at risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. To understand these men and to develop interventions to reduce their HIV risks, the authors interviewed staff at agencies that serve non-gay-identifying men who have sex with men, business people who interact with them, and the men themselves. Interviews were augmented with focus groups of non-gay-identifying men who have sex with men and field observations at sites identified as places where they meet to negotiate or have sex. These qualitative data suggested 73 possible groups, which were consolidated into 16 broader ''sectors,'' and then formally ranked by level of HIV risk, ease of access to the sector, psychosocial risks, and influence of other local interventions or research activities,The authors identified six priority groups of non-gay-identifying men who have sex with men (and sites where members of these groups could be approached): hustlers, closeted men, experimenters, incarcerated or formerly incarcerated men, men of color, and heterosexually identified bisexuals. Masturbation and oral sex were reportedly common, but anal and vaginal sex were also noted; condom use was rarely reported. Risk behaviors among non-gay-identifying men who have sex with men persist for a variety of reasons and may require a variety of intervention approaches. C1 SEATTLE KING CTY DEPT PUBL HLTH,SEATTLE,WA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR HIV STD & TB PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. FU PHS HHS [U62/CCU001074-06] NR 14 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 1 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPT OF DOCUMENTS, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 SN 0033-3549 J9 PUBLIC HEALTH REP JI Public Health Rep. PY 1996 VL 111 SU 1 BP 36 EP 40 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA VK202 UT WOS:A1996VK20200008 PM 8862155 ER PT J AU Casper, M RithNajarian, S Croft, J Giles, W Donehoo, R AF Casper, M RithNajarian, S Croft, J Giles, W Donehoo, R TI Blood pressure, diabetes, and body mass index among Chippewa and Menominee Indians: The Inter-Tribal Heart Project preliminary data SO PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS LA English DT Article ID HYPERTENSION AB THE HEART DISEASE MORTALITY RATES of the Chippewa and Menominee, who reside in the upper Midwest, are higher than the rates of most other tribes in the United States. Little is known, however, about the prevalence of hypertension, diabetes, and obesity among these communities. The Inter-Tribal Heart Project (ITHP) was designed to determine the prevalence of risk factors for heart disease and to implement community-based heart disease prevention programs. Age-stratified random samples of active users of the tribal-Indian Health Service (IHS) clinics, ages 25 and older, were drawn from three communities within the Bemidji Service Area. Between September 1992 and June 1994, 1396 people completed an extensive questionnaire and underwent a physical exam for heart disease risk factors. Preliminary data indicate mean blood pressure levels of 126 mmHg for systolic blood pressure (SEP) and 74.4 mmHg for diastolic blood pressure (DBP). Mean SEP and DBP were higher among men than women. Mean body mass index (BMI), which did not vary by gender, was 30.6 mmHg. The prevalence of hypertension was 33%; and diabetes, 33%. Men had a higher prevalence of hypertension than women, but there was little gender difference in the prevalence of diabetes. These preliminary data suggest that the prevalences of hypertension, diabetes, and obesity in these communities are higher than the recent estimates for the total United States. The next stage of the ITHP will focus on policies and programs to prevent and treat these conditions. C1 INDIAN HLTH SERV,BEMIDJI AREA OFF,BEMIDJI,MN. RP Casper, M (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 9 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPT OF DOCUMENTS, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 SN 0033-3549 J9 PUBLIC HEALTH REP JI Public Health Rep. PY 1996 VL 111 SU 2 BP 37 EP 39 PG 3 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA VW307 UT WOS:A1996VW30700012 PM 8898770 ER PT J AU GuentherGrey, C Noroian, D Fonseka, J Higgins, D AF GuentherGrey, C Noroian, D Fonseka, J Higgins, D TI Developing community networks to deliver HIV prevention interventions SO PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS LA English DT Article ID OUTREACH; PROJECT AB OUTREACH HAS A LONG HISTORY IN HEALTH and social service programs as an important method for reaching at-risk persons within their communities. One method of ''outreach'' is based on the recruitment of networks of community members (or ''networkers'') to deliver HIV prevention messages and materials in the context of their social networks and everyday lives. This paper documents the experiences of the AIDS Community Demonstration Projects in recruiting networkers to deliver HIV prevention interventions to high-risk populations, including injecting drug users not in treatment; female sex partners of injecting drug users; female sex traders; men who have sex with men but do not self-identify as gay; and youth in high-risk situations. The authors interviewed project staff and reviewed project records of the implementation of community networks in five cities. Across cities, the projects successfully recruited persons into one or more community networks to distribute small media materials, condoms, and bleach kits, and encourage risk-reduction behaviors among community members. Networkers' continuing participation was enlisted through a variety of monetary and nonmonetary incentives. While continuous recruitment of networkers was necessary due to attrition, most interventions reported maintaining a core group of networkers. In addition, the projects appeared to serve as a starting point for some networkers to become more active in other community events and issues. C1 DEPT HUMAN RESOURCES STATE GEORGIA,EPIDEMIOL & PREVENT BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA. EMORY UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,ATLANTA,GA 30322. RP GuentherGrey, C (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV HIV AIDS PREVENT,NCHSTP,BEHAV INTERVENT RES BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 23 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPT OF DOCUMENTS, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 SN 0033-3549 J9 PUBLIC HEALTH REP JI Public Health Rep. PY 1996 VL 111 SU 1 BP 41 EP 49 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA VK202 UT WOS:A1996VK20200009 PM 8862156 ER PT J AU Farnham, PG Gorsky, RD Holtgrave, DR Jones, WK Guinan, ME AF Farnham, PG Gorsky, RD Holtgrave, DR Jones, WK Guinan, ME TI Counseling and testing for HIV prevention: Costs, effects, and cost-effectiveness of more rapid screening tests SO PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; ANTIBODY; STRATEGIES; BENEFITS; BLOOD; AIDS AB NEW RAPID HUMAN immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody tests permit many individuals to receive test results and appropriate counseling at one clinic visit. Because currently used tests require significant time for processing, all individuals must return for a second visit for test results and counseling Since re-rum rates for the second visit are low, the more rapid tests present an opportunity to improve the efficiency of HIV counseling and testing. The authors compared the costs and effectiveness of the currently used counseling and testing procedure and a streamlined procedure made possible by the new, more rapid screening tests. When test-positive clients are given preliminary screening test results, the rapid procedure is more cost-effective than the current procedure. Since over 90% of the clients in most clinics will test negative, the rapid counseling and testing procedure allows the vast majority of clients to be counseled and tested and to receive their results and posttest counseling in one visit. However, in the case where the goal of HIV counseling and testing is to focus only on infected individuals if information regarding a positive result from the rapid screening test is not given to clients at the initial visit before a confirmatory test is performed, then the rapid counseling and testing procedure is not more cost-effective than the current procedure. C1 CDCP,DIV HIV AIDS PREVENT,NATL CTR HIV STD & TB PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. MED COLL WISCONSIN,CTR AIDS INTERVENT RES,MILWAUKEE,WI 53226. UNIV NEW HAMPSHIRE,DEPT HLTH MANAGEMENT & POLICY,DURHAM,NH 03824. CDC,OFF DIRECTOR,OFF WOMENS HLTH,ATLANTA,GA. RP Farnham, PG (reprint author), GEORGIA STATE UNIV,DEPT ECON,ATLANTA,GA 30303, USA. NR 33 TC 63 Z9 63 U1 1 U2 5 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPT OF DOCUMENTS, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 SN 0033-3549 J9 PUBLIC HEALTH REP JI Public Health Rep. PD JAN-FEB PY 1996 VL 111 IS 1 BP 44 EP 53 PG 10 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA TW900 UT WOS:A1996TW90000021 PM 8610190 ER PT J AU Simons, PZ Rietmeijer, CA Kane, MS GuentherGrey, C Higgins, DL Cohn, DL AF Simons, PZ Rietmeijer, CA Kane, MS GuentherGrey, C Higgins, DL Cohn, DL TI Building a peer network for a community level HIV prevention program among injecting drug users in Denver SO PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS LA English DT Article AB AS PART OF A MULTI-SITE CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL and Prevention-funded initiative, a community-level HIV prevention project targeting injection drug users was implemented in the FivePoints community in Denver, Colorado. The protocol for the initiative included the use of peer networks to conduct outreach and disseminate intervention materials to injecting drug users. Since April 1993, project staff established a peer network of 119 participants who distribute approximately 3,000 materials per month. C1 DENVER HLTH & HOSP,DEPT PUBL HLTH,DENVER,CO 80204. UNIV COLORADO,CTR HLTH SCI,DEPT PREVENT MED,BOULDER,CO 80309. UNIV COLORADO,CTR HLTH SCI,DEPT MED,BOULDER,CO 80309. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR HIV STD & TB PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. FU PHS HHS [U62/CCU801086-09] NR 6 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPT OF DOCUMENTS, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 SN 0033-3549 J9 PUBLIC HEALTH REP JI Public Health Rep. PY 1996 VL 111 SU 1 BP 50 EP 53 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA VK202 UT WOS:A1996VK20200010 PM 8862157 ER PT J AU Corby, NH Enguidanos, SM Kay, LS AF Corby, NH Enguidanos, SM Kay, LS TI Development and use of role model stories in a community level HIV risk reduction intervention SO PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS LA English DT Article AB A THEORY-BASED HIV PREVENTION INTERVENTION was implemented as part of a five-city AIDS Community Demonstration Project for the development and testing of a community-level intervention to reduce AIDS risk among historically underserved groups. This intervention employed written material containing stories of risk-reducing experiences of members of the priority populations, in this case, injecting drug users, their female sex partners, and female sex workers. These materials were distributed to members of these populations by their peers, volunteers from the population who were trained to deliver social reinforcement for interest in personal risk reduction and the materials. The participation of the priority populations in the development and implementation of the intervention was designed to increase the credibility of the intervention and the acceptance of the message. The techniques involved in developing role-model stories are described in this paper. C1 US DEPT HHS,LONG BEACH,CA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,BEHAV INTERVENT RES BRANCH,DIV HIV AIDS PRVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Corby, NH (reprint author), CSULB,CTR BEHAV RES & SERV,1407 E 4TH ST,LONG BEACH,CA 90802, USA. NR 15 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 4 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPT OF DOCUMENTS, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 SN 0033-3549 J9 PUBLIC HEALTH REP JI Public Health Rep. PY 1996 VL 111 SU 1 BP 54 EP 58 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA VK202 UT WOS:A1996VK20200011 PM 8862158 ER PT J AU Schnell, DJ Galavotti, C Fishbein, M Chan, DKS Cohn, DL Corby, NH Tross, S Wood, R AF Schnell, DJ Galavotti, C Fishbein, M Chan, DKS Cohn, DL Corby, NH Tross, S Wood, R TI Measuring the adoption of consistent use of condoms using the stages of change model SO PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS LA English DT Article ID SMOKING CESSATION; HIV AB THE STAGES OF BEHAVIOR CHANGE MODEL has been used to understand a variety of health behaviors. Since consistent condom use has been promoted as a risk-reduction behavior for prevention of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, an algorithm for staging the adoption of consistent condom use during vaginal sex was empirically developed using three considerations: HIV prevention efficacy, analogy with work on staging other health-related behaviors, and condom use data from groups at high risk for HIV infection. This algorithm suggests that the adoption of consistent condom use among persons at high risk can be meaningfully measured with the model. However, variations in the algorithm details affect both the interpretation of stages and apportionment of persons across stages. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV REPROD HLTH,NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. UNIV ILLINOIS,INST COMMUN & RES,CHAMPAIGN,IL 61820. CHINESE UNIV HONG KONG,HONG KONG,HONG KONG. NR 14 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 1 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPT OF DOCUMENTS, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 SN 0033-3549 J9 PUBLIC HEALTH REP JI Public Health Rep. PY 1996 VL 111 SU 1 BP 59 EP 68 PG 10 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA VK202 UT WOS:A1996VK20200012 PM 8862159 ER PT J AU Valentine, J WrightDeAguero, L AF Valentine, J WrightDeAguero, L TI Defining the components of street outreach for HIV prevention: The contact and the encounter SO PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS LA English DT Article ID AIDS OUTREACH; DRUG-USERS; HEALTH AB HEALTH DEPARTMENTS AND COMMUNITY-BASED ORGANIZATIONS across the United States are funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to conduct street outreach to facilitate risk reduction among a variety of hard-to-reach populations who are at risk for human immunodeficiency virus infection and other sexually transmitted diseases. The interaction between the client and outreach worker is the fundamental element of any street outreach activity. However, little has been written about the relationships that develop on the street between workers and clients to promote, support, and sustain behavior change. This paper describes two types of interactions that occur in street outreach intervention activities: the contact and the encounter. As part of a comprehensive evaluation of street outreach, interactions between workers and clients were described and analyzed during the formative phase of the AIDS Evaluation of Street Outreach Projects. For purposes of the evaluation, a contact was defined as a face-to-face interaction during which materials and/or information are exchanged between an outreach worker and a client (or small group of clients). An encounter was defined as a face-to-face interaction between a worker and client going beyond the contact to include individual assessment, specific service delivery in response to the client's identified need(s), and a planned follow-up. The contact provides a means to initiate interaction with potential clients in the community. It is the encounter that provides more significant opportunity for helping the client initiate and sustain behavior change. The discussion suggests techniques for enhancing the encounter between outreach workers and clients using the conceptual framework of the social work helping relationship. Five elements of the encounter are defined and developed: screening, engagement, assessment, service delivery, and follow-up. The encounter represents an enhancement of the traditional street outreach interaction and a more systematic approach to promoting the behavioral change goals of the AIDS Evaluation of Street Outreach Projects. Recommendations are suggested for implementing the encounter in street outreach programs serving hard-to-reach populations. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV HIV AIDS PREVENT,NATL CTR HIV STD & TB PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Valentine, J (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV STD PREVENT,NCHSTP,MAIL STOP E-02,1600 CLIFTON RD,NE,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 28 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPT OF DOCUMENTS, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 SN 0033-3549 J9 PUBLIC HEALTH REP JI Public Health Rep. PY 1996 VL 111 SU 1 BP 69 EP 74 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA VK202 UT WOS:A1996VK20200013 PM 8862160 ER PT J AU Cabral, RJ Galavotti, C Gargiullo, PM Armstrong, K Cohen, A Gielen, AC Watkinson, L AF Cabral, RJ Galavotti, C Gargiullo, PM Armstrong, K Cohen, A Gielen, AC Watkinson, L TI Paraprofessional delivery of a theory based HIV prevention counseling intervention for women SO PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS LA English DT Article ID RISK AB THIS REPORT DESCRIBES A MID-COURSE PROCESS evaluation of an HIV risk-reduction counseling intervention delivered by specially trained peer paraprofessionals. One of the key questions addressed is whether paraprofessionals can successfully implement a theory-based counseling intervention. The project, known as Project CARES, is a 5-year demonstration research project to prevent HIV infection and unplanned pregnancies in women at risk for HIV infection and transmission who were recruited from homeless shelters, drug treatment facilities, and hospital-based service settings for HIV-infected women. Project CARES uses an enhanced counseling intervention based on the Transtheoretical Model, also known as the Stages of Change model, to promote condom and other contraceptive use for women who wish to avoid pregnancy, condom use for disease prevention, and reproductive health service use. Peer paraprofessionals, called advocates, provide stage-tailored counseling using a structured manual which guides them in the selection of specific counseling activities appropriate to a woman's level of readiness to change her behavior. Data from process evaluation forms completed by advocates in Philadelphia and Baltimore document that the delivery of the intervention is consistent with the theoretical model upon which it was based. Paraprofessionals can become skilled in the delivery of a stage-based counseling intervention in health and social service settings. The use of paraprofessionals in HIV prevention service delivery may be a cost-effective way to enhance and extend services for women. C1 FAMILY PLANNING COUNCIL SE PENN,PHILADELPHIA,PA. JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH HYG & PUBL HLTH,BALTIMORE,MD. JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,DEPT MED,BALTIMORE,MD. RP Cabral, RJ (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV REPROD HLTH,NCCDPHP,MAIL STOP K-34,4770 BUFORD HIGHWAY,NE,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. RI Cohen, Abigail/K-9180-2013 OI Cohen, Abigail/0000-0002-7425-7218 NR 15 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 2 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPT OF DOCUMENTS, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 SN 0033-3549 J9 PUBLIC HEALTH REP JI Public Health Rep. PY 1996 VL 111 SU 1 BP 75 EP 82 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA VK202 UT WOS:A1996VK20200014 PM 8862161 ER PT J AU Huff, L Bogdan, G Burke, K Hayes, E Perry, W Graham, L Lentzner, H AF Huff, L Bogdan, G Burke, K Hayes, E Perry, W Graham, L Lentzner, H TI Using hospital discharge data for disease surveillance SO PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS LA English DT Article AB THE AUTHORS EXAMINE the effectiveness of using hospital discharge data in assessing trends and geographic variations in the occurrence of selected chronic diseases. The Chronic Disease Surveillance System, in place from 1987 to 1991, used hospital discharge data, mortality data, and Cancer Registry data to track selected chronic diseases. The authors reviewed data on three diseases: breast cancer, cervical cancer, and lung cancer. A computerized algorithm was used to link multiple records representing a single disease occurrence. To estimate disease occurrence rates from hospital discharge data, repeat admissions for the same disease in any given calendar year were discounted. Ail rates were directly age-adjusted to the 1985 Maine state population. For all three diseases, the rates obtained from hospital discharge data were higher than Cancer Registry rates. Possible causes for the discrepancies and suggestions for improving the utility of hospital discharge data for chronic disease surveillance are discussed. C1 MAINE BUR HLTH,YEAR 2000 ASSESSMENT PROJECT,AUGUSTA,ME 04333. CDCP,PUBL HLTH SERV,NATL CTR HLTH STAT,ATLANTA,GA. RP Huff, L (reprint author), MAINE BUR HLTH,DIV DIS CONTROL,STATE HOUSE STN 11,AUGUSTA,ME 04333, USA. NR 5 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPT OF DOCUMENTS, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 SN 0033-3549 J9 PUBLIC HEALTH REP JI Public Health Rep. PD JAN-FEB PY 1996 VL 111 IS 1 BP 78 EP 81 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA TW900 UT WOS:A1996TW90000028 PM 8610197 ER PT J AU Pratt, M McDonald, S Libbey, P Oberle, M Liang, A AF Pratt, M McDonald, S Libbey, P Oberle, M Liang, A TI Local health departments in Washington state use APEX to assess capacity SO PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS LA English DT Article AB THE ASSESSMENT PROTOCOL for Excellence in Public Health process was carried out in the state of Washington to assess local health department capacity and to identify their self-perceived strengths and weaknesses. Staff from 24 of the 32 local health departments in Washington completed organizational capacity assessments. Fifty percent or more of the health departments identified the following eight indicators as strengths: legal authority, public policy and implementation, budget development, financial reporting and administration, audit, financial documentation, organization and structure of program management, and policy board procedures. Seven indicators were identified as weaknesses by 50% or more of the respondents: legal counsel, mission and role, data collection and analysis, planning and development evaluation and assurance of community health assessment, community health assessment and planning, and community health policy. The results of the assessment highlight the traditional organizational and service delivery strengths of the local health departments and point out weaknesses in their ability to assess community health and to develop communitywide health policy. C1 CDC,EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM OFF,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Pratt, M (reprint author), CDCP,NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,DIV CHRON DIS CONTROL & COMMUNITY INTERVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 6 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPT OF DOCUMENTS, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 SN 0033-3549 J9 PUBLIC HEALTH REP JI Public Health Rep. PD JAN-FEB PY 1996 VL 111 IS 1 BP 87 EP 91 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA TW900 UT WOS:A1996TW90000030 PM 8610200 ER PT J AU Person, B Cotton, D Adams, J Stark, M Lauby, J Evans, P Padian, N AF Person, B Cotton, D Adams, J Stark, M Lauby, J Evans, P Padian, N TI A model of community mobilization for the prevention of HIV in women and infants SO PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS LA English DT Article ID INTERVENTIONS; AIDS AB THE PREVENTION OF HIV IN WOMEN AND INFANTS Demonstration Projects use a conceptual model for maximizing broad community participation for HIV prevention called the Community Mobilization Framework. The projects' comprehensive approach attempts to bring about changes on a community level using a model which encourages community-wide participation of persons with various roles and relationships in the community. The Community Mobilization Framework is one way to systematically conceptualize the organization of the community for the purpose of mobilizing the maximum number of community members around a common health initiative. A community becomes mobilized around an issue by endorsing health-enhancing attitudes, behaviors, and projects supporting positive health outcomes. This mobilization is expressed through the promotion, support, and delivery of motivational and informational health messages which convey consistent ideas, themes, and images. There are two fundamental bases of the Community Mobilization Framework. The first is its characterization of the variety of individual, social, and organizational roles and relationships in the community that might be used in a concerted campaign for HIV prevention for women. The second basis of the model is the description of the nature and extent of the involvement, which includes a continuum of involvement, ranging from simple endorsement to building active coalitions around a health initiative. The paper discusses practical methods of applying these principles, with the Women and infants Demonstration Projects providing concrete examples. C1 MACRO INT INC, SILVER SPRING, MD 20910 USA. RP Person, B (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, DIV STD PREVENT, NCHSTP, BEHAV & PREVENT RES BRANCH, MAIL STOP E-44, ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA. NR 18 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 3 PU ASSOC SCHOOLS PUBLIC HEALTH PI WASHINGTON PA 1101 15TH ST NW, STE 910, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0033-3549 J9 PUBLIC HEALTH REP JI Public Health Rep. PY 1996 VL 111 SU 1 BP 89 EP 98 PG 10 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA VK202 UT WOS:A1996VK20200016 PM 8862163 ER PT J AU Kamb, ML Dillon, BA Fishbein, M Willis, KL AF Kamb, ML Dillon, BA Fishbein, M Willis, KL TI Quality assurance of HIV prevention counseling in a multi-center randomized controlled trial SO PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS LA English DT Article AB CURRENT HIV PREVENTION counseling strategies rely largely on interventions aimed at changing behaviors. Among these is HIV prevention counseling and testing, which has been a prominent component in the federally supported strategies for HIV/AIDS prevention in the United States. To assess the efficacy of HIV counseling in reducing risk behaviors and preventing HIV infection and other sexually transmitted diseases, a multicenter, randomized controlled trial is being conducted among sexually transmitted disease clinic patients (Project RESPECT). The trial compares three separate HIV prevention strategies on increasing condom use and decreasing new cases of sexually transmitted diseases. The strategies are (a) Enhanced HIV Prevention Counseling, a 4-session individual counseling intervention based on behavioral and social science theory; (b) HIV Prevention Counseling, a 2-session individual pre- and post test counseling strategy that attempts to increase perception of risk and reduce risk behaviors using small, achievable steps; and (c) HIV Education, a brief 2-session pre- and post-test strategy that is purely informational. One difficulty in conducting randomized trials of behavioral interventions is assuring that the interventions are being conducted both as conceptualized and in a consistent manner by different counselors and, for multicenter studies, at different study sites. This article describes the quality assurance measures that have been used for Project RESPECT. These have included development of standard tools, standard training, frequent observation and feedback to study personnel, and process evaluation. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV STD PREVENT,NATL CTR HIV STD & TB PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. UNIV ILLINOIS,INST COMMUN RES,CHAMPAIGN,IL 61820. RP Kamb, ML (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV HIV AIDS PREVENT,NCHSTP,MAIL STOP E-45,1600 CLIFTON RD NE,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 14 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 0 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPT OF DOCUMENTS, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 SN 0033-3549 J9 PUBLIC HEALTH REP JI Public Health Rep. PY 1996 VL 111 SU 1 BP 99 EP 107 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA VK202 UT WOS:A1996VK20200017 PM 8862164 ER PT J AU Holtgrave, DR Harrison, J Gerber, RA Aultman, TV Scarlett, M AF Holtgrave, DR Harrison, J Gerber, RA Aultman, TV Scarlett, M TI Methodological issues in evaluating HIV prevention community planning SO PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS LA English DT Article AB TO BE EFFECTIVE, HIV PREVENTION PROGRAMS should be planned in partnership with affected communities and should be built on a solid scientific foundation. In 1994, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and its prevention partners implemented HIV prevention community planning to achieve primarily these two objectives. In order to manage the community planning process effectively, extensive evaluation activities were employed at both the grantee and national level. This paper describes the first year evaluation goals and methods in detail. Throughout, reasons for collecting specific types of information and for using particular methodologies are highlighted. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV HIV AIDS PREVENT,NATL CTR HIV STD & TB PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA. NR 5 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPT OF DOCUMENTS, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 SN 0033-3549 J9 PUBLIC HEALTH REP JI Public Health Rep. PY 1996 VL 111 SU 1 BP 108 EP 114 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA VK202 UT WOS:A1996VK20200018 PM 8862165 ER PT J AU Gorsky, RD AF Gorsky, RD TI A method to measure the costs of counseling for HIV prevention SO PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS LA English DT Article AB THIS PAPER DESCRIBES A METHOD FOR ESTIMATING the true resource costs of counseling for HIV prevention. The method includes identifying the resources used in counseling, determining the true unit costs of the resources used, and calculating the total costs of counseling. Cost equations and sample calculations of total and expected costs per client in a specified time period are provided. This method of estimating costs provides a systematic application of a standard set of procedures, including sample tables and calculations. It uses the societal perspective on resource cost to determine true resource costs. This method can be used for resource allocation decisions among programs and as inputs for cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit analyses. Since the method minimizes the burden of data collection and calculations, it is useful for the nonspecialist in cost analysis. The method provides a rational approach for realistic decision making and planning in public health. C1 UNIV NEW HAMPSHIRE,DEPT HLTH POLICY & MANAGEMENT,DURHAM,NH 03824. RP Gorsky, RD (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV HIV AIDS PREVENT,NCHSTP,MAIL STOP E-49,1600 CLIFTON RD NE,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 6 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPT OF DOCUMENTS, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 SN 0033-3549 J9 PUBLIC HEALTH REP JI Public Health Rep. PY 1996 VL 111 SU 1 BP 115 EP 122 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA VK202 UT WOS:A1996VK20200019 PM 8862166 ER PT J AU Safran, MA Wilson, RW AF Safran, MA Wilson, RW TI Surveillance of HIV knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors in the general population SO PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS LA English DT Article ID SEXUAL-BEHAVIOR; UNITED-STATES; RISK; AIDS AB THIS ARTICLE DISCUSSES METHODS AND ELEMENTS of three major national health survey systems, particularly as they relate to HIV infection and AIDS, The National Health interview Survey and the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System provide information about health-related knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors of adults in the United States. The Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System measures health-related behaviors of American youth. Questions and survey designs differ among the three surveys, but all three surveys utilize probability sampling. The National Health Interview Survey's AIDS Knowledge and Attitudes Supplement is administered to a subsample of approximately 20,000 people annually. The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System consists of telephone surveys providing data for all 50 states and the District of Columbia, with an average annual sample size of approximately 2,000 per state. The Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System samples approximately 12,000 youth for its national school-based survey, 2,000 (average) for each of its state and local school-based surveys, 10,000 for its national household-based survey, and 6,000 (projected) for its national college-based survey. This article is meant to assist researchers, students, health educators, public health officials and others in utilizing survey data bases to address policy, program, research, and evaluation needs. All three surveys can help guide prevention efforts by providing information about the general population and by identifying national, local, or slate-wide trends, More derailed studies and targeted studies of specific high-risk populations are also needed in light of the complexity of the determinants of HIV risk behavior. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV HIV AIDS PREVENT,NATL CTR HIV STD & TB PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. CDC,OFF ANAL EPIDEMIOL & HLTH PROMOT,NATL CTR HLTH STAT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 15 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPT OF DOCUMENTS, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 SN 0033-3549 J9 PUBLIC HEALTH REP JI Public Health Rep. PY 1996 VL 111 SU 1 BP 123 EP 128 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA VK202 UT WOS:A1996VK20200020 PM 8862167 ER PT J AU Anderson, JE AF Anderson, JE TI CDC data systems collecting behavioral data on HIV counseling and testing SO PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS LA English DT Article AB THIS PAPER DESCRIBES TWO SYSTEMS, the HIV Counseling and Testing Data System and the National Health Interview Survey, AIDS Knowledge and Attitudes Supplement, that collect behavioral information on HIV counseling and testing in the United States. Together these data sources provide valuable information for planning and evaluating counseling and testing programs. While these two systems are not designed primarily for behavioral research, they both collect behavioral data, including the behavioral risk category of persons being tested. RP Anderson, JE (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV ADOLESCENT & SCH HLTH,NCCDPHP,MAIL STOP K-32,1600 CLIFTON RD NE,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 7 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPT OF DOCUMENTS, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 SN 0033-3549 J9 PUBLIC HEALTH REP JI Public Health Rep. PY 1996 VL 111 SU 1 BP 129 EP 132 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA VK202 UT WOS:A1996VK20200021 PM 8862168 ER PT J AU Buehler, JW Diaz, T Hersh, BS Chu, SY AF Buehler, JW Diaz, T Hersh, BS Chu, SY TI The supplement to HIV-AIDS surveillance project: An approach for monitoring HIV risk behaviors SO PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS LA English DT Article ID MULTISTATE; PEOPLE AB A VARIETY OF SURVEILLANCE METHODS are used to characterize the epidemic of HIV infection and AIDS. Such surveillance includes AIDS case reporting, reporting of diagnosed HIV infections, and HIV seroprevalence surveys among targeted sentinel populations. The need for additional surveillance systems to monitor HIV-related risk behaviors has been increasingly evident. One approach to behavioral surveillance, the CDC's Supplement to HIV-AIDS Surveillance project, uses the infrastructure of HIV infection and AIDS case reporting to collect additional information on risk behaviors among HIV-infected persons, who by definition represent those at highest risk. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL IMMUNIZATION PROGRAM,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP Buehler, JW (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV HIV AIDS PREVENT,NCHSTP,MAIL STOP E-49,1600 CLIFTON RD NE,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. RI Buehler, James/B-8419-2014 NR 15 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 3 U2 4 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPT OF DOCUMENTS, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 SN 0033-3549 J9 PUBLIC HEALTH REP JI Public Health Rep. PY 1996 VL 111 SU 1 BP 133 EP 137 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA VK202 UT WOS:A1996VK20200022 PM 8862169 ER PT J AU MacKellar, D Valleroy, L Karon, J Lemp, G Janssen, R AF MacKellar, D Valleroy, L Karon, J Lemp, G Janssen, R TI The young men's survey: Methods for estimating HIV seroprevalence and risk factors among young men who have sex with men SO PUBLIC HEALTH REPORTS LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; MULTICENTER AIDS COHORT; SAN-FRANCISCO; BISEXUAL MEN; HOMOSEXUAL MEN; CONDOM USE; GAY MEN; HEALTH; BEHAVIORS; INFECTION AB TRADITIONAL SAMPLING METHODS ARE UNSUITABLE for determining the levels of human immunodeficiency virus type I infection and related behavioral risk factors among young men who have sex with men. Most surveys of this hard-to-reach population have used nonprobability samples of young men in clinical or public settings. While these studies have revealed high rates of HIV infection and risk behaviors, their findings are not generalizable to broader populations of young men who have sex with men. To better understand the epidemiology of HIV within this population, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, in collaboration with state and local health departments, has developed a venue-based probability survey of young men who have sex with men. Conducted in seven metropolitan areas in the United States, the Young Men's Survey combines outreach techniques with standard methods of sample surveys to enumerate, sample, and estimate prevalence outcomes of a population of young men who frequent public venues and who have sex with other men. Venues where young men who have sex with men are sampled include dance clubs, bars, and street locations. At sampled venues, young men are enumerated, consecutively approached, and offered enrollment if they are determined eligible. Young men who agree to participate in the Young Men's Survey are interviewed, counseled, and tested for human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B, and syphilis in vans parked near sampled venues. The Young Men's Survey provides data on the locations and times at which demographic and behavioral subgroups of young men who have sex with men may be targeted for prevention activities. Behaviors and psychosocial factors associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection can be used to design culturally relevant and age-specific prevention activities for young men who have sex with men. C1 UNIV CALIF BERKELEY, UNIVERSITYWIDE AIDS RES PROGRAM, BERKELEY, CA USA. RP CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, DIV HIV AIDS PREVENT, NCHSTP, MAIL STOP E-49, 1600 CLIFTON RD NE, ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA. NR 27 TC 225 Z9 226 U1 1 U2 2 PU ASSOC SCHOOLS PUBLIC HEALTH PI WASHINGTON PA 1900 M ST NW, STE 710, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0033-3549 J9 PUBLIC HEALTH REP JI Public Health Rep. PY 1996 VL 111 SU 1 BP 138 EP 144 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA VK202 UT WOS:A1996VK20200023 PM 8862170 ER PT S AU Ashley, K Schlecht, PC Song, RG Feng, A Dewalt, G McKnight, ME AF Ashley, K Schlecht, PC Song, RG Feng, A Dewalt, G McKnight, ME BE Morgan, JH TI ASTM sampling methods and analytical validation for lead in paint, dust, soil, and air SO SAMPLING ENVIRONMENTAL MEDIA SE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Sampling Environmental Media CY APR 05-07, 1995 CL ALEXANDRIA, VA SP Amer Soc Testing & Mat, Comm D 34 Waste Management DE airborne particulate; analysis; lead; paint; sampling; soil; surface dust C1 NIOSH,US DEPT HHS,CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,CINCINNATI,OH 45226. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMERICAN SOCIETY TESTING AND MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DRIVE, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 SN 1071-5827 BN 0-8031-2043-5 J9 AM SOC TEST MATER PY 1996 VL 1282 BP 125 EP 136 DI 10.1520/STP16568S PG 12 WC Engineering, Environmental SC Engineering GA BG39M UT WOS:A1996BG39M00009 ER PT J AU Dutra, WO Martins-Filho, OA Cancado, JR PintoDias, JC Brener, Z Gazzinelli, G Carvalho, JF Colley, DG AF Dutra, WO Martins-Filho, OA Cancado, JR PintoDias, JC Brener, Z Gazzinelli, G Carvalho, JF Colley, DG TI Chagasic patients lack CD28 expression on many of their circulating T lymphocytes SO SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CELL ANTIGEN; B-CELLS; COSTIMULATORY SIGNAL; DISEASE; ACTIVATION; RECEPTOR; PROLIFERATION; INTERLEUKIN-2; CYTOTOXICITY; ANTIBODIES AB A balanced host-parasite interaction during Trypanosoma cruzi infection allows for the establishment of a chronic infection that can last for many years. T cells are a major element responsible for parasite specific and non-specific immunity during the complex immune response of the host. However, the subpopulations of T cells involved in the response, as well as the exact mechanisms through which those cells are activated or rendered unresponsive, are not well defined. It is known that co-stimulatory signals, some of which are mediated via CD28, are of critical importance in the triggering of appropriate T cell responses. In this study the authors performed double-labelling studies to determine the frequency of expression of CD28 by CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of patients with Chagas' disease. The results show that chagasic patients throughout the spectrum of chronic clinical forms of the infection have significantly higher mean frequencies of CD4(+) CD28(-) and CD8 + CD28(-) T cells, as compared with non-chagasic individuals. Considering the importance of CD28 for T-cell activation, the observed down-regulation or loss of CD28 during infection may indicate a possible basis for observed immunoregulatory events or distinct stages of T-cell activation in this infection. Recent evidence from patients with HIV/AIDS indicates that CD28(-) cell populations are more likely to undergo apoptosis, and increased apoptosis has been observed in experimental Chagas disease. C1 FIOCRUZ MS, CTR PESQUISAS RENE RACHOU, BR-30190 BELO HORIZONTE, MG, BRAZIL. UFMG, ICB, DEPT BIOQUIM IMMUNOL, BELO HORIZONTE, MG, BRAZIL. UFMG, HOSP CLIN, BELO HORIZONTE, MG, BRAZIL. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, DIV PARASIT DIS, ATLANTA, GA USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI-26505] NR 43 TC 71 Z9 71 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0300-9475 J9 SCAND J IMMUNOL JI Scand. J. Immunol. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 43 IS 1 BP 88 EP 93 DI 10.1046/j.1365-3083.1996.d01-9.x PG 6 WC Immunology SC Immunology GA TP877 UT WOS:A1996TP87700014 PM 8560201 ER PT B AU Franks, JR Morata, TC AF Franks, JR Morata, TC BE Axelsson, A Borchgrevink, HM Hamernik, RP Hellstrom, PA Henderson, D Jalvi, RJ TI Ototoxic effects of chemicals alone or in concert with noise: A review of human studies SO SCIENTIFIC BASIS OF NOISE-INDUCED HEARING LOSS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Vth International Symposium on the Effects of Noise on Hearing CY MAY 12-14, 1994 CL GOTHENBURG, SWEDEN SP USAF, European Off Aerosp Res & Dev, Swedish Work Environm Fund, Lindholmen Dev, US Army Med Res & Dev Command, UK Ltd, Amer Speech Language Hearing Assoc, Cabot Safety, HQ Def Command Norway, FSAN Joint Med Serv C1 NIOSH,BIOCOUST & OCCUPAT VIBRAT SECT,CINCINNATI,OH 45226. NR 0 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU THIEME MEDICAL PUBLISHERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 381 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10016 BN 0-86577-596-6 PY 1996 BP 437 EP 446 PG 10 WC Acoustics; Otorhinolaryngology SC Acoustics; Otorhinolaryngology GA BF08M UT WOS:A1996BF08M00035 ER PT S AU Tinker, TL AF Tinker, TL BE Sublet, VH Covello, VT Tinker, TL TI The case study method in risk communication: Case studies of the US Public Health Service (PHS) SO SCIENTIFIC UNCERTAINTY AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE PUBLIC COMMUNICATION PROCESS SE NATO ADVANCED SCIENCE INSTITUTES SERIES, SERIES D, BEHAVIORAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Scientific Uncertainty and Its Influence on the Public Communication Process CY SEP 08-10, 1994 CL PARIS, FRANCE SP NATO Sci Comm AB This report presents the findings of a study conducted by the Subcommittee on Risk Communication and Education of the Environmental Health Policy Committee on how the U.S. Public Health Service agencies are communicating information about health risk, how effective these communications have been, and what specific principles, strategies, and practices best promote more effective health risk communication outcomes. The purpose of the subcommittee's study was to develop specific recommendations aimed at assisting Public Health Service decision makers and health risk communication practitioners in improving their effectiveness in communicating health risk messages and information. C1 AGCY TOX SUBST & DIS REGISTRY,DIV HLTH EDUC,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0258-123X BN 0-7923-4180-5 J9 NATO ADV SCI I D-BEH PY 1996 VL 86 BP 133 EP 136 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences - Other Topics GA BH49J UT WOS:A1996BH49J00005 ER PT J AU StLouis, ME Farley, TA Aral, SO AF StLouis, ME Farley, TA Aral, SO TI Untangling the persistence of syphilis in the South SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 LOUSIANA DEPT HLTH & HOSP,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70160. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR HIV STD & TB PREVENT,DIV STD PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 9 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 0148-5717 J9 SEX TRANSM DIS JI Sex. Transm. Dis. PD JAN-FEB PY 1996 VL 23 IS 1 BP 1 EP 4 DI 10.1097/00007435-199601000-00003 PG 4 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA TR197 UT WOS:A1996TR19700002 PM 8801637 ER PT J AU Aral, SO AF Aral, SO TI The social context of syphilis persistence in the southeastern United States SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES LA English DT Article ID SEXUALLY-TRANSMITTED DISEASES; RISK AB Ln light of the racial-ethnic and poverty composition of the United States population and the distribution of syphilis morbidity across population subgroups, it is important to determine how race-ethnicity and poverty jointly and independently affect transmission dynamics of syphilis and other sexually transmitted diseases. Populations of minority race ethnicity and populations of poverty are both marked by youthful age composition and relative scarcity of men, acid both populations live in areas of high poverty concentration, Sexually transmitted disease morbidity, particularly syphilis morbidity, is concentrated in these populations, which are neither purely racial-ethnic groupings nor purely economic groupings, This social context creates potential sex partner pools of high risk and high sexually transmitted disease prevalence, which carry a higher probability of exposure to infection for each sex act, The combined effects of poverty, minority race-ethnicity, and geographic clustering apparently contribute to persisting syphilis morbidity, particularly in the southeastern United States. RP Aral, SO (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR HIV STD & TB PREVENT,INFORMAT TECHNOL & SERV,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 21 TC 59 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 0148-5717 J9 SEX TRANSM DIS JI Sex. Transm. Dis. PD JAN-FEB PY 1996 VL 23 IS 1 BP 9 EP 15 DI 10.1097/00007435-199601000-00005 PG 7 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA TR197 UT WOS:A1996TR19700004 PM 8801650 ER PT J AU Nakashima, AK Rolfs, RT Flock, ML Kilmarx, P Greenspan, JR AF Nakashima, AK Rolfs, RT Flock, ML Kilmarx, P Greenspan, JR TI Epidemiology sf syphilis in the United States, 1941-1993 SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES LA English DT Article AB Background and Objectives: The distribution and trends of syphilis are influenced by biologic factors, sexual behaviors, biomedical technology, availability of and access to health care, public health efforts, changes in population dynamics, and sociocultural factors, The objective of this article is to review the epidemiology of syphilis in the United States during the period 1941-1993 in the context of some of these factors, Study Design: Surveillance data on cases of syphilis and congenital syphilis reported by state and city health departments to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention were analyzed to show distribution and trends by geographic location, racial and ethnic groups, gender, and age, Results: Historically, syphilis was distributed widely throughout the country and declined rapidly after the introduction of penicillin therapy and broad-based public health programs, attaining its lowest levels in the 1950s, Hoc-ever, in recent years, the disease has returned and become focused in the southern region and in urban areas outside that region, Rates of syphilis have remained highest in black Americans, and the most recent national epidemic of syphilis primarily involved them. Rates in white men were at intermediate levels during the early 1980s but have declined to low rates in the 1990s, possibly because of changes in behavior in response to the AIDS epidemic, Rates in white women and other racial and ethnic groups have remained low throughout the 1980s and 1990s, Conclusions: Syphilis remains a significant problem in the United States, and its epidemiology is influenced by a complex combination of factors, To prevent and control syphilis effectively, public health practitioners must understand these factors and design programs and interventions that address the disease in the context of these factors. RP Nakashima, AK (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV HIV AIDS PREVENT,DIV STD PREVENT,1600 CLIFTON RD,MAILSTOP E-47,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 20 TC 96 Z9 97 U1 0 U2 5 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 0148-5717 J9 SEX TRANSM DIS JI Sex. Transm. Dis. PD JAN-FEB PY 1996 VL 23 IS 1 BP 16 EP 23 DI 10.1097/00007435-199601000-00006 PG 8 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA TR197 UT WOS:A1996TR19700005 PM 8801638 ER PT J AU Schmid, GP AF Schmid, GP TI Serologic screening for syphilis - Rationale, cost, and realpolitik SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES LA English DT Article AB Serologic testing for syphilis is a cornerstone of syphilis control efforts, but our objectives for doing it and the costs involved are not always recognized, Tests applied to individuals with symptoms or signs may be viewed as diagnostic tests, and tests applied to individuals with no clinical indications for testing may be viewed as screening tests; Infected individuals. whom we detect through screening efforts are important, mostly from an individual and economic standpoint, because treatment will prevent the late complications of syphilis and thus avoid high medical costs, Because they are uncommonly infectious for others, however, they are relatively unimportant from a public health intervention standpoint, The prevalence of infection above which we should screen is based mostly on economic grounds, but is undetermined, We intuitively recognize such a threshold, however, when we use epidemiologic markers to restrict our efforts to groups in whom we think the yield is worth the effort (i,e,, targeted [focused] screening), In deciding whether to institute or increase screening efforts for syphilis, we must consider not only the dollar costs of these efforts, but also the opportunity costs (i,e,, what programs we will forgo so that we can devote our resources to the increased efforts), Similarly, because syphilis is not the only priority with which governments, health departments, and sexually transmitted disease programs must contend, any broader plan to significantly enhance syphilis control must acknowledge this reality and show the benefit, economic acid otherwise, of its adoption. RP Schmid, GP (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR STD HIV & TB PREVENT,DIV STD PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 10 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 0148-5717 J9 SEX TRANSM DIS JI Sex. Transm. Dis. PD JAN-FEB PY 1996 VL 23 IS 1 BP 45 EP 50 DI 10.1097/00007435-199601000-00010 PG 6 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA TR197 UT WOS:A1996TR19700009 PM 8801642 ER PT J AU StLouis, ME AF StLouis, ME TI Strategies for syphilis prevention in the 1990s SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES LA English DT Article ID DISEASE-CONTROL MEASURES; DESCRIPTIVE EPIDEMIOLOGY; AIDS; PROGRAMS; RISK; GONORRHEA; OUTBREAK AB Reconfiguring and refocusing syphilis control and prevention programs in the United States is required by the changing epidemiology and sociology of syphilis as wed as by the importance and magnitude of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention efforts, An updated strategic approach to syphilis prevention might involve three categories, or tiers, of prevention activities, Tier 1 activities involve the basic elements or tools of prevention programs, such as screening, treatment, partner notification, or behavior change counseling. Tier 2, or prevention effectiveness activities, represent ways to select among the basic prevention elements and to specify how they should be applied in particular epidemiologic situations to yield the greatest impact on disease transmission acid persistence from available resources, Tier 3 involves strategic linkages to and alignment with other broad public health programs and initiatives to help accomplish the substantive work of syphilis control and to promote sustained advocacy and public support for syphilis prevention efforts. Although efforts within and across these tiers of syphilis prevention activities should and do reinforce each other, they also compete for resources: Tier 2 activities have been particularly in need of enhancement for many years, Tier 3 activities are especially important in the mid-1990s because, after the major epidemic of the late 1980s, syphilis rates are on the decline, making it urgent but difficult to sustain prevention efforts. RP StLouis, ME (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV STD PREVENT,E-02,1600 CLIFTON RD,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 47 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 0148-5717 J9 SEX TRANSM DIS JI Sex. Transm. Dis. PD JAN-FEB PY 1996 VL 23 IS 1 BP 58 EP 67 DI 10.1097/00007435-199601000-00012 PG 10 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA TR197 UT WOS:A1996TR19700011 PM 8801645 ER PT J AU Cates, W Rothenberg, RB Blount, JH AF Cates, W Rothenberg, RB Blount, JH TI Syphilis control - The historic context and epidemiologic basis for interrupting sexual transmission of Treponema pallidum SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES LA English DT Article ID TRANSMITTED DISEASES; GONORRHEA; DYNAMICS; OUTBREAK AB Syphilis control has been the prototypic sexually transmitted disease (STD) public health program of the 20th century. However, the disease remains nearly as much an epidemiologic enigma as it did in the early 1900s, This article examines the historic and epidemiologic bases for syphilis control, using unpublished data to supplement a recent model of STD transmission, The authors recommend building on such traditional individually oriented strategies as case finding, partner notification, and presumptive treatment as a basis for future community-oriented, population-based strategies including (but not limited to) selective mass treatment in high-prevalence populations, Using epidemiologic information to target population-level interventions will be the paradigm for syphilis control in the 20th century. C1 EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT FAMILY & PREVENT MED,ATLANTA,GA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR PREVENT SERV,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP Cates, W (reprint author), FAMILY HLTH INT,POB 13950,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27709, USA. NR 55 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 0148-5717 J9 SEX TRANSM DIS JI Sex. Transm. Dis. PD JAN-FEB PY 1996 VL 23 IS 1 BP 68 EP 75 DI 10.1097/00007435-199601000-00013 PG 8 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA TR197 UT WOS:A1996TR19700012 PM 8801646 ER PT J AU Galavotti, C Cabral, R Beeker, C AF Galavotti, C Cabral, R Beeker, C TI Untitled SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES LA English DT Letter ID SEXUAL HISTORIES; HIV-INFECTION; RELIABILITY; VALIDITY; BEHAVIOR; WOMEN; BIAS; MEN C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR PREVENT SERV,DIV STD HIV PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP Galavotti, C (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV REPROD HLTH,NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 27 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 0148-5717 J9 SEX TRANSM DIS JI Sex. Transm. Dis. PD JAN-FEB PY 1996 VL 23 IS 1 BP 77 EP 79 DI 10.1097/00007435-199601000-00015 PG 3 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA TR197 UT WOS:A1996TR19700014 PM 8801648 ER PT B AU Clift, CD AF Clift, CD BE Beedle, LS Rice, DB TI Cladding design - Sharpen your focus SO TALL BUILDING STRUCTURES - A WORLD VIEW SE COUNCIL ON TALL BUILDINGS AND URBAN HABITAT - COUNCIL REPORT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 87th Regional Conference of the Council-on-Tall-Buildings-and-Urban-Habitat / ASCE Structures Congress XIV - Tall Building Structures: A World View CY APR 15-18, 1996 CL CHICAGO, IL SP Council Tall Bldg & Urban Habitat, ASCE RP Clift, CD (reprint author), CURTAIN WALL DESIGN & CONSULTING INC,CDC,DALLAS,TX, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU COUNCIL TALL BUILDINGS & URBAN HABITAT PI BETHLEHEM PA LEHIGH UNIVERSITY 13 E PACKER AVE, BETHLEHEM, PA 18015 BN 0-939493-15-2 J9 CTBUH COUNC REP PY 1996 BP 349 EP 357 PG 9 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Mechanical SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA BJ02W UT WOS:A1996BJ02W00027 ER PT J AU DeRosa, CT Wilbur, S Holler, J Richter, P Stevens, YW AF DeRosa, CT Wilbur, S Holler, J Richter, P Stevens, YW TI Health evaluation of 1,4-dioxane SO TOXICOLOGY AND INDUSTRIAL HEALTH LA English DT Review DE consultation; 1,4-dioxane; risk analysis; risk assessment ID RISK ASSESSMENT; DIOXANE; RAT; CHEMICALS; WATER; CARCINOGENICITY; IDENTIFICATION; MECHANISMS; PROFILES; SOLVENTS RP DeRosa, CT (reprint author), US DEPT HHS,DIV TOXICOL,AGCY TOX SUBST & DIS REGISTRY,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 131 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 2 U2 12 PU PRINCETON SCIENTIFIC PUBL INC PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 2155, PRINCETON, NJ 08543 SN 0748-2337 J9 TOXICOL IND HEALTH JI Toxicol. Ind. Health PD JAN-FEB PY 1996 VL 12 IS 1 BP 1 EP 43 PG 43 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA UL031 UT WOS:A1996UL03100001 PM 8713712 ER PT J AU Cox, C Hee, SSQ Lynch, DW AF Cox, C Hee, SSQ Lynch, DW TI Urinary 2-thiothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (TTCA) as the major urinary marker of carbon disulfide vapor exposure in rats SO TOXICOLOGY AND INDUSTRIAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID WORKERS; CHROMATOGRAPHY AB Male Sprague-Dawley rats (200-250 g; 60 per exposure group) were exposed to carbon disulfide (CS2) air concentrations of 0, 50, 150, and 500 ppm(v/v)for 6 hr/day, 5 days/week over six months. Following the exposures, nine rats from each exposure group had four sets of cumulated urines collected (between 0-8, 8-16, 16-24, and 24-48 hr). The urinary parameters measured were: 2-thiothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (TTCA), total thioethers (TE), and the compounds responsive to the iodine-azide (IA) test. Urinary TTCA elimination obeyed pseudo-first-order, one-compartment model kinetics of half-time (t(0.5)) 5.2 +/- 0.3 hr up to 16 hr of collection. The elimination of TE within 16 hr had a t(0.5) of 8.5 +/- 0.6 hr. TTCA, IA, and TE were correlated highly in the first 16 hr. After 16 hr, the t(0.5) for TE lengthened to 13.1 hr. At CS2 concentrations of 50, 150, and 500 ppm, the respective t(0.5) for IA-responsive compounds were 12.6, 6.1, and 4.4 hr. TTCA had the highest correlation coefficient and p-value relative to CS2 exposure concentration, and also was the most sensitive, precise, and selective urinary marker. C1 DEPT ENVIRONM HLTH SCI,LOS ANGELES,CA 90095. UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,CTR ENVIRONM & OCCUPAT HLTH,SCH PUBL HLTH,LOS ANGELES,CA 90095. UNIV CINCINNATI,DEPT ENVIRONM HLTH,CINCINNATI,OH. US EPA,NATL AIR & RADIAT ENVIRONM LAB,MONTGOMERY,AL. NIOSH,RA TAFT LABS,CINCINNATI,OH 45226. NR 39 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU PRINCETON SCIENTIFIC PUBL INC PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 2155, PRINCETON, NJ 08543 SN 0748-2337 J9 TOXICOL IND HEALTH JI Toxicol. Ind. Health PD JAN-FEB PY 1996 VL 12 IS 1 BP 81 EP 92 PG 12 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA UL031 UT WOS:A1996UL03100005 PM 8713716 ER PT J AU Noroes, J Addiss, D Amaral, F Coutinho, A Medeiros, Z Dreyer, G AF Noroes, J Addiss, D Amaral, F Coutinho, A Medeiros, Z Dreyer, G TI Occurrence of living adult Wuchereria bancrofti in the scrotal area of men with microfilaraemia SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article DE filariasis; Wuchereria bancrofti; adult worms; ultrasonography; Brazil ID NORTHEASTERN BRAZIL; FILARIASIS AB To determine the frequency with which living adult Wuchereria bancrofti can be detected by ultrasound in the scrotal area of men with filarial infection, we used a 7.5 MHz transducer to perform weekly ultrasound examinations on 100 microfilaraemic men (18-34 years old) from Greater Recife, Brazil. The peculiar pattern of movement that characterizes the adult worm image on ultrasound (the filaria dance sign) was detected in the lymphatic vessels of the spermatic cord in 80 men (bilaterally in 29 men). Among 20 men with no filaria dance sign, the geometric mean microfilarial density was 68/mL, compared with 238/mL and 775/mL among those with unilateral and bilateral filaria dance signs, respectively (P=0.0001). The lymphatic vessels of the spermatic cord appear to be a common, and perhaps the principal, site of adult W. bancrofti in men with asymptomatic microfilaraemia. Studies are needed to define the relationship between the presence of filarial worms in the scrotal area and the development of filaria-associated morbidity. C1 CPQAM FIOCRUZ,DEPT PARASITOL,BR-52020 RECIFE,PE,BRAZIL. UNIV FED PERNAMBUCO,HOSP CLIN,DIV UROL,RECIFE,PE,BRAZIL. CDCP,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV PARASIT DIS,ATLANTA,GA. MEDIAX MEM IMAGEM & DIAGNOST,RECIFE,PE,BRAZIL. NR 13 TC 61 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 2 PU ROYAL SOC TROPICAL MEDICINE PI LONDON PA MANSON HOUSE 26 PORTLAND PLACE, LONDON, ENGLAND W1N 4EY SN 0035-9203 J9 T ROY SOC TROP MED H JI Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD JAN-FEB PY 1996 VL 90 IS 1 BP 55 EP 56 DI 10.1016/S0035-9203(96)90478-2 PG 2 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA TZ676 UT WOS:A1996TZ67600016 PM 8730313 ER PT J AU Nwanyanwu, OC Redd, SC Ziba, C Luby, SP Mount, DL Franco, C Nyasulu, Y Chitsulo, L AF Nwanyanwu, OC Redd, SC Ziba, C Luby, SP Mount, DL Franco, C Nyasulu, Y Chitsulo, L TI Validity of mother's history regarding antimalarial drug use in Malawian children under five years old SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article DE malaria; parents' histories of prior treatment in children; unreliability ID CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS; CHLOROQUINE AB History obtained from parents and carers is an important, and often the only, source of information for health workers treating children for malaria, but its validity has not been well evaluated, At 2 hospitals in Malawi, we obtained malaria treatment histories from mothers of 973 ill children reported to have had fever as part of the illness. Urine samples were collected from 755 of the 973 children (78%). Of the 755, 457 (61%) were reported to have received some kind of treatment. Among those who reportedly received treatment, 79 (17%) were said to have received chloroquine and 23 (5%) a sulphonamide-containing medicine; however, when urine specimens were tested for antimalarial drugs, chloroquine was found in 182 specimens (40%) and a sulphonamide in 148 (32%). Among urine specimens collected from 291 children who were reported to have received no treatment (no report was recorded for 7 children), chloroquine was detected in 56 (19%) and a sulphonamide in 44 (15%). Although not statistically significant, mothers often reported a child as not having received an antimalarial drug if the child was younger than 12 months or had been sick for more than 3 d. The mothers' information regarding home treatment of fever in children was highly inaccurate. Malaria treatment histories, whether collected at health facilities or in surveys of knowledge, attitudes, and practices, must be interpreted with caution. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,MALARIA BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Nwanyanwu, OC (reprint author), MALAWI MINIST HLTH,COMMUNITY HLTH SCI UNIT,PRIVATE BAG 65,LILONGWE,MALAWI. NR 11 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 0 PU ROYAL SOC TROPICAL MEDICINE PI LONDON PA MANSON HOUSE 26 PORTLAND PLACE, LONDON, ENGLAND W1N 4EY SN 0035-9203 J9 T ROY SOC TROP MED H JI Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD JAN-FEB PY 1996 VL 90 IS 1 BP 66 EP 68 DI 10.1016/S0035-9203(96)90482-4 PG 3 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA TZ676 UT WOS:A1996TZ67600019 PM 8730316 ER PT J AU Busch, MP Kleinman, SH Williams, AE Smith, JW Ownby, HE Laycock, ME Lee, LLL Pau, CP Schreiber, GB AF Busch, MP Kleinman, SH Williams, AE Smith, JW Ownby, HE Laycock, ME Lee, LLL Pau, CP Schreiber, GB TI Frequency of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection among contemporary anti-HIV-1 and anti-HIV-1/2 supplemental test-indeterminate blood donors SO TRANSFUSION LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; WESTERN-BLOT; UNITED-STATES; TYPE-1; ANTIBODIES; ABSENCE; CULTURE; SEROCONVERSION; POPULATION; ANTI-P24 AB Background: Follow-up studies from the mid-1980s showed that 1 to 5 percent of blood donors testing reactive in anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and testing indeterminate in Western blot were infected with HIV-1 and were in the process of seroconverting. The present study was conducted to establish the rate of HIV infection among contemporary anti-HIV-1/HIV type 2 (HIV-2) EIA-reactive, Western blot-indeterminate donors. Study Design and Methods: Donations (n = 607) with indeterminate HIV supplemental test results were identified by screening 3,021,342 donations given from November 1990 through August 1993 at five participating blood centers. Consenting donors were enrolled and samples taken 4 to 8 weeks after donation. Follow-up sera were tested by EIA and Western blot for anti-HIV-1 seroconversion and by type-specific peptide assays for antibodies to HIV-2 and HIV-1 subtype O. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells and/or plasma from the follow-up samples were tested for HIV-1 DNA and/or RNA by polymerase chain reaction, The rate of HIV-1 infection among Western blot-indeterminate donors was also estimated by multiplying the incidence rate of HIV-1 seroconversion in this donor population by the estimated duration of the EIA-reactive and Western blot-indeterminate window during seroconversion (8.5 days). Results: Supplemental test-indeterminate donors (n = 355) enrolled a median of 38 days after donation; 265 (75%) of these donors were identified as indeterminate after an anti-HIV-1/2 EIA-reactive donation. Enrolled and non-enrolled donors had similar distributions of demographic characteristics and band patterns. Follow-up samples from all 355 donors tested negative for HIV-1 in polymerase chain reaction. Follow-up sera tested Western blot-negative in 54 cases (15%) and Western blot-indeterminate in 299 (84%). Two follow-up sera (0.6%) were interpreted, according to manufacturer's package insert criteria, as Western blot-positive with p24 and gp41 bands and/or gp120/160 bands; however, paired testing of index and follow-up sera from these two cases showed identical Western blot and EIA reactivity, and polymerase chain reaction was negative for HIV RNA and DNA, which ruled out HIV infection. The absence of HIV infection in 355 Western blot-indeterminate donors was consistent with our incidence-based model analysis, which yielded an estimate of one HIV-1 infection for every 215 Western blot-indeterminate donations (95% Cl, 1/39-1/8333). Conclusion: Contemporary blood donors classified as indeterminate in supplemental HIV testing are infrequently infected with HIV. Donors whose follow-up samples test negative in anti-HIV-1/2 EIAs and negative or persistently indeterminate in Western blots should be considered eligible for reinstatement. C1 IRWIN MEM BLOOD CTR,RES & SCI SERV,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94118. AMER RED CROSS,JEROME H HOLLAND LAB,TRANSMISSIBLE DIS LAB,ROCKVILLE,MD. WESTAT CORP,ROCKVILLE,MD. UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,DEPT PATHOL & LAB MED,LOS ANGELES,CA 90024. OKLAHOMA BLOOD INST,OKLAHOMA CITY,OK. AMER RED CROSS,BLOOD SERV,DETROIT,MI. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV HIV AIDS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP Busch, MP (reprint author), UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT LAB MED,270 MASONIC AVE,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94118, USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [N01-HB-47114, N01-HB-97079, N01-HB-97078] NR 34 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC BLOOD BANKS PI BETHESDA PA 8101 GLENBROOK RD, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2749 SN 0041-1132 J9 TRANSFUSION JI Transfusion PD JAN PY 1996 VL 36 IS 1 BP 37 EP 44 DI 10.1046/j.1537-2995.1996.36196190513.x PG 8 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA TV890 UT WOS:A1996TV89000006 PM 8607151 ER PT S AU Quinn, FD Newman, GW King, CH AF Quinn, FD Newman, GW King, CH BE Shinnick, TM TI Virulence determinants of Mycobacterium tuberculosis SO TUBERCULOSIS SE Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology LA English DT Review ID TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; BACILLUS-CALMETTE-GUERIN; LISTERIA-MONOCYTOGENES; GENE-EXPRESSION; MESSENGER-RNA; INTRACELLULAR GROWTH; ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES; EPITHELIAL-CELLS; FACTOR-ALPHA RP Quinn, FD (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, DIV AIDS STD & TB LAB RES, ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA. NR 134 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0070-217X BN 3-540-60985-7 J9 CURR TOP MICROBIOL JI Curr.Top.Microbiol.Immunol. PY 1996 VL 215 BP 131 EP 156 PG 26 WC Immunology; Microbiology SC Immunology; Microbiology GA BJ59G UT WOS:A1996BJ59G00006 PM 8791712 ER PT S AU Huebner, RE AF Huebner, RE BE Shinnick, TM TI BCG vaccination in the control of tuberculosis SO TUBERCULOSIS SE Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology LA English DT Review ID MYCOBACTERIUM-BOVIS BCG; HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; CHILDHOOD TUBERCULOSIS; HIV-INFECTION; AIDS PATIENT; GUINEA-PIGS; SKIN-TESTS; CHILDREN; SENSITIVITY; METAANALYSIS RP Huebner, RE (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, DIV TB ELIMINAT, 1600 CLIFTON RD, MAILSTOP E10, ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA. NR 104 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 2 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0070-217X BN 3-540-60985-7 J9 CURR TOP MICROBIOL JI Curr.Top.Microbiol.Immunol. PY 1996 VL 215 BP 263 EP 282 PG 20 WC Immunology; Microbiology SC Immunology; Microbiology GA BJ59G UT WOS:A1996BJ59G00012 PM 8791718 ER PT J AU Pujol, FH Khudyakov, YE Devesa, M Leon, G BlitzDorfman, L Monsalve, F Lambert, SB Kalinina, TY Liprandi, F Fields, HA AF Pujol, FH Khudyakov, YE Devesa, M Leon, G BlitzDorfman, L Monsalve, F Lambert, SB Kalinina, TY Liprandi, F Fields, HA TI Characterization of the antibody reactivity to synthetic peptides from different parts of the hepatitis C virus genome SO VIRAL IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NON-B-HEPATITIS; CORE PROTEIN; NON-A; INFECTION; HCV; GENOTYPES; SEQUENCE; DISEASE; ANTIGEN; EPITOPE AB Infection by hepatitis C virus (HCV)*, the aetiologic agent responsible for the majority of non-A-non-B posttransfusion hepatitis, is detected by assaying for antibodies against structural and nonstructural recombinant proteins or synthetic peptides. The aim of this study was to characterize the antibody reactivity of selected sera against antigenic peptides spanning immunodominant regions of the core, NS4 and NS5 HCV proteins. Reactivity to synthetic peptides was determined by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for 11 selected sera from blood donors (good responders), for 27 selected sera from hemodialysis patients (poor responders), all positive for HCV antibodies (tested by different second and third-generation assays), and for 7 negative sera. Some peptides from the core and the NS4 region were widely recognized by the tested sera. Sera not reactive with core, NS4, or NS5 region by some immunoblot assays exhibited reactivity against peptides from these proteins. Autoimmune reactivity associated with HCV infection was evaluated by using a synthetic peptide derived from the GOR peptide; 8/11 HCV-positive sera were found reactive against this peptide. No correlation was found between reactivity to any of the peptides tested and the presence of HCV RNA in the serum or with HCV genotype. The EIA reactivity of peptides from the core region suggested a multideterminant antigenic structure, where reactivity of each epitope may be differentially affected by neighboring amino acids depending on individual sera. This situation was particularly evidenced in selected sera from poor responder specimens where a more restricted antibody response to core peptides was observed. Reactivity of sera from HCV-infected patients with synthetic peptides from the core, NS4, and NS5 regions indicated the presence of multiple linear epitopes (particularly in the core region) that may be used in a mixture for immunodiagnosis; however, the length and exact position of the synthetic peptides must be chosen carefully. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,HEPATITIS BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333. BANCO MUNICIPAL SANGRE,CARACAS,VENEZUELA. LAB REG REFERENCIA VIROL,LUZ,MARACAIBO,VENEZUELA. RP Pujol, FH (reprint author), IVIC,CMBC,LAB BIOL VIRUS,APDO 21827,CARACAS 1020 A,VENEZUELA. NR 22 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 SN 0882-8245 J9 VIRAL IMMUNOL JI Viral Immunol. PY 1996 VL 9 IS 2 BP 89 EP 96 DI 10.1089/vim.1996.9.89 PG 8 WC Immunology; Virology SC Immunology; Virology GA UW058 UT WOS:A1996UW05800003 PM 8822625 ER PT J AU Janini, LM Pieniazek, D Peralta, JM Schechter, M Tanuri, A Vicente, ACP DelaTorre, N Pieniazek, NJ Luo, CC Kalish, ML Schochetman, G Rayfield, MA AF Janini, LM Pieniazek, D Peralta, JM Schechter, M Tanuri, A Vicente, ACP DelaTorre, N Pieniazek, NJ Luo, CC Kalish, ML Schochetman, G Rayfield, MA TI Identification of single and dual infections with distinct subtypes of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by using restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis SO VIRUS GENES LA English DT Article DE HIV-1; RFLP; dual infection; protease gene; Brazil ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; HIV-2 MIXED INFECTIONS; GENETIC-ANALYSIS; VACCINE TRIALS; COTE-DIVOIRE; V3 REGION; BRAZIL; RECOMBINATION; AIDS; DIVERSITY AB The simultaneous presence of multiple HIV-1 subtypes has become common in communities with the growth of the pandemic, As a consequence, the potentiality for an increased frequency of HIV-1 mixed infections caused by viruses of distinct subtypes could be expected. Thus, there is a need to estimate the prevalence and geographic distribution of infections caused by viruses of a singular subtype as well as coinfections caused by two or more HIV-1 strains of distinct subtypes, To address this need, we have developed a genetic method based on restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) to screen for these two types of infections within infected populations. In this assay, restriction enzymes may be used to predict the phylogroup of HIV-1 infected samples, A 297 bp pol fragment spanning the entire viral protease gene and a 311 bp fragment of the p24 gag region are used for this analysis, The viral regions are amplified by nested PCR using DNA templates from uncultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) or virus culture. Classification of HIV-I strains to well defined subtypes B, D, F, and A/C is done by sequential endonuclease restriction analysis of a PCR amplified-protease gene followed by analysis of the p24 gag region. The electrophoretic migration patterns visualized by ethidium bromide staining or by radiolabeled probes are then determined on a 10% polyacrylamide gel, In infections caused by viruses of a singular subtype, a single restriction pattern is detected, whereas in multiple infections caused by two or more viral strains of different subtypes, the combination of different digestion patterns are observed in infected individuals, Using this methodology we have screened for genetic variations in HIV-1 proviral DNA from thirty-three Brazilian samples, Our RFLP procedure classified thirty-two samples as single infections caused by viruses of subtypes B (31) and F (1), and one sample as dual infection caused by distinct viral strains, Subsequent sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the viral protease gene in lymphocytes of all these patients confirmed our RFLP findings in single infections, and demonstrated the existence of two distinct HIV-1 strains of subtypes F and D in a patient which lymphocytes showed the simultaneous presence of two different digestion patterns. As up to now, single infections caused by subtype D variants were not identified in Brazil, our data provide the first evidence of subtype D HIV-1 in this country. Because sequencing of HIV proviral DNA is not particularly practical for large-scale molecular epidemiological studies, the protease/gag-based RFLP screening method will be useful to predict the phylogroup of HIV-1, and to identify multiple infections caused by HIV-1 strains of distinct subtypes. We believe that this information is crucial for both evaluation of the HIV-1/AIDS pandemic and intervention strategies. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV AIDS STD TB LAB RES,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CTR DIS CONTROL,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV PARASIT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. INST OSWALDO CRUZ,DEPT GENET,BR-12941590 RIO JANEIRO,BRAZIL. INST MICROBIOL PROF PAULO DE GOES,DEPT IMUNOL,BR-12941590 RIO JANEIRO,BRAZIL. HOSP CLEMENTINO FRAGA FILHO,PROGRAMA SIDA AIDS,LAB PESQUISAS,BR-12941590 RIO JANEIRO,BRAZIL. FED UNIV RIO DE JANEIRO,INST BIOL,DEPT GENET,BR-12941590 RIO JANEIRO,BRAZIL. NR 41 TC 79 Z9 79 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0920-8569 J9 VIRUS GENES JI Virus Genes PY 1996 VL 13 IS 1 BP 69 EP 81 DI 10.1007/BF00576981 PG 13 WC Genetics & Heredity; Virology SC Genetics & Heredity; Virology GA VT679 UT WOS:A1996VT67900008 PM 8938982 ER PT J AU Mercer, AA Fraser, KM Esposito, JJ AF Mercer, AA Fraser, KM Esposito, JJ TI Gene homology between orf virus and smallpox variola virus SO VIRUS GENES LA English DT Article DE orf virus; variola virus; smallpox; parapoxvirus; orthopoxvirus; vaccinia virus; ectromelia virus; cowpoxvirus; African swine fever virus; DNA ID SWINE FEVER VIRUS; VACCINIA VIRUS; SEQUENCE; GENOME; DNA; REVEALS; INVIVO AB About 47% identity was observed between the deduced amino acid sequences of a protein encoded by a gene of the parapoxvirus orf virus (OV) strain NZ2 and a 6 kDa protein of unknown function reported to be produced by an open reading frame expressed early after infection by the orthopoxvirus Western Reserve vaccinia virus (VAC); the open reading frame is absent from VAC strain Copenhagen. Examination of sequences reported for variola virus (VAR) strains Bangladesh, India, Congo- 1970, Somalia- 1977 and Garcia- 1966 revealed each encoded a correlate 58 amino acid protein. The open reading frame was not reported in the original analyses of these sequences because a lower limit of 60 amino acids was used to identify potential encoded proteins. Inspection of partial reading frames reported for cowpox virus (CWV) and ectromelia virus (EMV) suggested that these viruses might also code for a correlate of the VAC WR protein, DNA sequencing of cloned fragments of CWV and EMV confirmed that both these orthopoxviruses encode closely related, full length variants of the VAC and VAR open reading frames. The OV homologue is coded in the OV strain NZ2 BamHI-E fragment E2L open reading frame, which we reported is transcribed early postinfection; moreover, analysis of an NZ2 variant showed E2L was absent, indicating that E2L, like the VAC cognate, is nonessential for virus replication in cell culture. The parapoxvirus and orthopoxvirus correlates have about 20% amino acid sequence resemblance to African swine fever virus DNA binding protein p10, suggesting an ancestral relation of genes. C1 UNIV OTAGO,CTR GENE RES,DUNEDIN,NEW ZEALAND. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,POXVIRUS SECT,VIRAL EXANTHEMS & HERPESVIRUSES BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Mercer, AA (reprint author), UNIV OTAGO,HLTH RES COUNCIL,VIRUS RES UNIT,POB 56,DUNEDIN,NEW ZEALAND. RI Mercer, Andrew/G-6635-2015 NR 18 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0920-8569 J9 VIRUS GENES JI Virus Genes PY 1996 VL 13 IS 2 BP 175 EP 178 DI 10.1007/BF00568910 PG 4 WC Genetics & Heredity; Virology SC Genetics & Heredity; Virology GA VY590 UT WOS:A1996VY59000008 PM 8972571 ER PT J AU Hughes, JM AF Hughes, JM TI Emerging pathogens - An epidemiologist's perspective on the problem and priorities for the future SO WESTERN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article RP Hughes, JM (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,PUBL HLTH SERV,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 16 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU CALIFORNIA PHYSICIAN MAGAZINE PI SAN FRANCISCO PA C/O DONNA TAYLOR, EDITOR, PO BOX 7690, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94102-7690 SN 0093-0415 J9 WESTERN J MED JI West. J. Med. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 164 IS 1 BP 21 EP 22 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TR290 UT WOS:A1996TR29000017 PM 8779195 ER PT J AU Peters, CJ AF Peters, CJ TI Emerging infections - Ebola and other filoviruses SO WESTERN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article RP Peters, CJ (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,PUBL HLTH SERV,VIRAL PATHOGENS BRANCH,1600 CLIFTON RD,NE B15 2611,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 3 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU CALIFORNIA PHYSICIAN MAGAZINE PI SAN FRANCISCO PA C/O DONNA TAYLOR, EDITOR, PO BOX 7690, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94102-7690 SN 0093-0415 J9 WESTERN J MED JI West. J. Med. PD JAN PY 1996 VL 164 IS 1 BP 36 EP 38 PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TR290 UT WOS:A1996TR29000022 PM 8779200 ER PT J AU Lackritz, EM Satten, GA AberleGrasse, J Dodd, RY Raimondi, VP Janssen, RS Lewis, WF Notari, EP Petersen, LR AF Lackritz, EM Satten, GA AberleGrasse, J Dodd, RY Raimondi, VP Janssen, RS Lewis, WF Notari, EP Petersen, LR TI Estimated risk of transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus by screened blood in the United States SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID ANTI-HIV; TRANSFUSION; INFECTION; DONORS; PREVALENCE; TYPE-1; SAFETY; TESTS AB Background. In the United States, transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) by blood transfusion occurs almost exclusively when a recently infected blood donor is infectious but before antibodies to HIV become detectable (during the ''window period''). We estimated the risk of HIV transmission caused by transfusion on the basis of the window period associated with the use of current, sensitive enzyme immunosorbent assays and recent data on HIV incidence among blood donors. Methods. We analyzed demographic and laboratory data on more than 4.1 million blood donations obtained in 1992 and 1993 in 19 regions served by the American National Red Cross, as well as the results of HIV-antibody tests of 4.9 million donations obtained in an additional 23 regions. Results. We estimated that, in the 19 study regions, 1 donation in every 360,000 (95 percent confidence interval, 210,000 to 1,140,000) was made during the window period. In addition, it is estimated that 1 in 2,600,000 donations was HIV-seropositive but was not identified as such because of an error in the laboratory. We estimated that 15 to 42 percent of window-period donations were discarded because they were seropositive on laboratory tests other than the HIV-antibody test. When these results were extrapolated to include the additional 23 Red Cross service regions, there was a risk of 1 case of HIV transmission for every 450,000 to 660,000 donations of screened blood. If the Red Cross centers are assumed to be representative of all U.S. blood centers, among the 12 million donations collected nationally each year an estimated 18 to 27 infectious donations are available for transfusion. Conclusions The estimated risk of transmitting HIV by the transfusion of screened blood is very small and nearly half that estimated previously, primarily because the sensitivity of enzyme immunosorbent assays has been improved. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV HIV AIDS PREVENT,STAT & DATA MANAGEMENT BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333. AMER NATL RED CROSS,JEROME H HOLLAND LAB,ROCKVILLE,MD. ORKAND CORP,ATLANTA,GA. RP Lackritz, EM (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV HIV AIDS PREVENT,HIV SEROEPIDEMIOL BRANCH,MAILSTOP E-46,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 28 TC 257 Z9 266 U1 0 U2 3 PU MASS MEDICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 10 SHATTUCK, BOSTON, MA 02115 SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD DEC 28 PY 1995 VL 333 IS 26 BP 1721 EP 1725 DI 10.1056/NEJM199512283332601 PG 5 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TM169 UT WOS:A1995TM16900001 PM 7491134 ER PT J AU Dyer, RS DeRosa, CT AF Dyer, RS DeRosa, CT TI Session summary: Chemical mixtures - Defining the problem SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE risk assessment; chemical mixtures; chemical exposure C1 US PHS,DIV TOXICOL,AGCY TOX SUBST & DIS REGISTRY,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Dyer, RS (reprint author), US EPA,NATL HLTH & ENVIRONM EFFECTS RES LAB,MD-51A,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD DEC 28 PY 1995 VL 105 IS 2-3 BP 109 EP 110 DI 10.1016/0300-483X(95)03204-S PG 2 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA TQ614 UT WOS:A1995TQ61400002 ER PT J AU Johnson, BL DeRosa, CT AF Johnson, BL DeRosa, CT TI Chemical mixtures released from hazardous waste sites: Implications for health risk assessment SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE mixtures; waste sites; risk; public health AB Uncontrolled hazardous waste sites (HWS) and exposure to hazardous substances continue to pose complex public health problems. This paper presents an overview of chemicals, including chemical mixtures, that have been released into environmental media in the vicinity of HWS. We describe how this type of information is being used to assess the public health implications of exposures to chemical mixtures and to develop an integrated program of applied research to more accurately characterize the potential health effects of chemical mixtures. A narrative, weight-of-evidence approach, incorporating mechanistic insights on chemical interactions is described. The utility of this information in the context of risk analysis and public health practice is discussed. C1 US PHS,DIV TOXICOL,AGCY TOX SUBST & DIS REGISTRY,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NR 24 TC 33 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD DEC 28 PY 1995 VL 105 IS 2-3 BP 145 EP 156 DI 10.1016/0300-483X(95)03208-W PG 12 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA TQ614 UT WOS:A1995TQ61400006 PM 8571353 ER PT J AU Mumtaz, MM Waters, MD AF Mumtaz, MM Waters, MD TI Session summary: Emerging issues and future directions SO TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE chemical mixtures; risk assessment; toxicity C1 US EPA,NHEERL,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. RP Mumtaz, MM (reprint author), AGCY TOX SUBST & DIS REGISTRY,DIV TOXICOL,E-29,1600 CLIFTON RD,BLDG 4,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0300-483X J9 TOXICOLOGY JI Toxicology PD DEC 28 PY 1995 VL 105 IS 2-3 BP 387 EP 389 DI 10.1016/0300-483X(95)03236-9 PG 3 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA TQ614 UT WOS:A1995TQ61400034 ER PT J AU WRIGHT, JB AF WRIGHT, JB TI UPDATE - ALCOHOL-RELATED TRAFFIC CRASHES AND FATALITIES AMONG YOUTH - UNITED-STATES, 1982-1994 (REPRINTED FROM MMWR, VOL 44, PG 869-874, 1995) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 CTR DIS CONTROL,NATL CTR INJURY PREVENT & CONTROL,DIV UNINTENT INJURY PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP WRIGHT, JB (reprint author), NATL HIGHWAY TRAFF SAFETY ADM US,TRAFF SAFETY PROGRAMS,OFF ALCOHOL & STATE PROGRAMS,WASHINGTON,DC 20590, USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD DEC 27 PY 1995 VL 274 IS 24 BP 1904 EP 1905 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TL169 UT WOS:A1995TL16900014 ER PT J AU MOHLEBOETANI, J MILLER, B AF MOHLEBOETANI, J MILLER, B TI SCREENING FOR TUBERCULOSIS - REPLY SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Letter C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP MOHLEBOETANI, J (reprint author), CTY SANTA CLARA PUBL HLTH DEPT,SAN JOSE,CA, USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD DEC 27 PY 1995 VL 274 IS 24 BP 1913 EP 1913 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TL169 UT WOS:A1995TL16900028 ER PT J AU ZWIEBEL, LJ SACCONE, G ZACHAROPOULOU, A BESANSKY, NJ FAVIA, G COLLINS, FH LOUIS, C KAFATOS, FC AF ZWIEBEL, LJ SACCONE, G ZACHAROPOULOU, A BESANSKY, NJ FAVIA, G COLLINS, FH LOUIS, C KAFATOS, FC TI THE WHITE GENE OF CERATITIS-CAPITATA - A PHENOTYPIC MARKER FOR GERMLINE TRANSFORMATION SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER; DNA; INTEGRATION; CLONING AB Reliable germline transformation is required for molecular studies and ultimately for genetic control of economically important insects, such as the Mediterranean fruit fly (medfly) Ceratitis capitata. A prerequisite for the establishment and maintenance of transformant lines is selectable or phenotypically dominant markers. To this end, a complementary DNA clone derived from the medfly white gene was isolated, which showed substantial similarity to white genes in Drosophila melanogaster and other Diptera. It is correlated with a spontaneous mutation causing white eyes in the medfly and can be used to restore partial eye color in transgenic Drosophila carrying a null mutation in the endogenous white gene. C1 EUROPEAN MOLEC BIOL LAB,D-69117 HEIDELBERG,GERMANY. HARVARD UNIV,DEPT CELLULAR & DEV BIOL,CAMBRIDGE,MA 02138. FORTH,INST MOLEC BIOL & BIOTECHNOL,CRETE,GREECE. UNIV NAPLES FEDERICO II,DIPARTIMENTO GENET BIOL GEN & MOLEC,NAPLES,ITALY. UNIV PATRAS,DEPT BIOL,PATRAI,GREECE. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV PARASIT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RI Louis, Christos/F-2527-2012; saccone, giuseppe/F-8627-2013 OI saccone, giuseppe/0000-0002-9835-3693 NR 31 TC 70 Z9 71 U1 0 U2 16 PU AMER ASSOC ADVAN SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1333 H ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD DEC 22 PY 1995 VL 270 IS 5244 BP 2005 EP 2008 DI 10.1126/science.270.5244.2005 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA TL420 UT WOS:A1995TL42000046 PM 8533095 ER PT J AU BOYCE, TG SWERDLOW, DL GRIFFIN, PM AF BOYCE, TG SWERDLOW, DL GRIFFIN, PM TI ESCHERICHIA-COLI O157-H7 - REPLY SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Letter RP BOYCE, TG (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 4 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU MASS MEDICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 10 SHATTUCK, BOSTON, MA 02115 SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD DEC 21 PY 1995 VL 333 IS 25 BP 1712 EP 1712 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TL401 UT WOS:A1995TL40100020 ER PT J AU BRUBACHER, J HOFFMAN, RS BANIA, T RAVIKUMAR, P HELLER, M REIMER, S SMIDDY, M MOJICA, B AF BRUBACHER, J HOFFMAN, RS BANIA, T RAVIKUMAR, P HELLER, M REIMER, S SMIDDY, M MOJICA, B TI DEATHS ASSOCIATED WITH A PURPORTED APHRODISIAC - NEW-YORK-CITY, FEBRUARY 1993 TO MAY 1995 (REPRINTED FROM MMWR, VOL 44, PG 853, 1995) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 NEW YORK CITY DEPT HLTH,BUR LABS,NEW YORK,NY 10013. NEW YORK CITY DEPT HLTH,OFF CHIEF MED EXAMINER,NEW YORK,NY 10013. CDC,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,DIV ENVIRONM HAZARDS & HLTH EFFECTS,HLTH STUDIES BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA. RP BRUBACHER, J (reprint author), NEW YORK CITY DEPT HLTH,CTR POISON CONTROL,NEW YORK,NY 10013, USA. NR 4 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD DEC 20 PY 1995 VL 274 IS 23 BP 1828 EP 1829 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TK147 UT WOS:A1995TK14700006 ER PT J AU SCHULZ, KF ALTMAN, DG GRIMES, DA AF SCHULZ, KF ALTMAN, DG GRIMES, DA TI RESTRICTED RANDOMIZATION IN RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS - REPLY SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Letter C1 IMPERIAL CANC RES FUND,LONDON WC2A 3PX,ENGLAND. UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143. RP SCHULZ, KF (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD DEC 20 PY 1995 VL 274 IS 23 BP 1835 EP 1836 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TK147 UT WOS:A1995TK14700014 ER PT J AU TOMAR, SL HENNINGFIELD, JE AF TOMAR, SL HENNINGFIELD, JE TI ADDITIONAL EVIDENCE IMPLICATING MOIST SNUFF AS A POTENT CARCINOGEN SO JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE LA English DT Editorial Material ID SMOKELESS TOBACCO CESSATION; NICOTINE C1 NATL INST DRUG ABUSE,ADDICT RES CTR,CLIN PHARMACOL BRANCH,BALTIMORE,MD 21224. RP TOMAR, SL (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,OFF SMOKING & HLTH,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 30 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL CANCER INSTITUTE PI BETHESDA PA 9030 OLD GEORGETOWN RD, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0027-8874 J9 J NATL CANCER I JI J. Natl. Cancer Inst. PD DEC 20 PY 1995 VL 87 IS 24 BP 1822 EP 1824 DI 10.1093/jnci/87.24.1822 PG 3 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA TK066 UT WOS:A1995TK06600003 PM 7494220 ER PT J AU Henderson, WW Monroe, MC Jeor, SCS Thayer, WP Rowe, JE Peters, CJ Nichol, ST AF Henderson, WW Monroe, MC Jeor, SCS Thayer, WP Rowe, JE Peters, CJ Nichol, ST TI Naturally occurring Sin Nombre virus genetic reassortants SO VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID PROSPECT-HILL VIRUS; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE ANALYSIS; STRAIN HALLNAS B1; GENOME SEGMENT; HANTAAN VIRUS; RNA SEGMENT; MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION; CODING CAPACITY; S-GENOME; BUNYAVIRUSES AB Genetic reassortment has been shown to play an important role in the evolution of several segmented RNA viruses and in the epidemiology of associated diseases. Sin Nombre (SN) virus is the cause of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome throughout the western United States. Like other hantaviruses, it possesses a genome consisting of th ree negative-sense RNA segments, S, M, and L. Recent analysis has demonstrated the presence of at least three different hantaviruses in Nevada and eastern California, including SN, Prospect Hill-like, and El Moro Canyon-like viruses. In addition, two distinct lineages of SN virus can be found in Peromyscus maniculatus rodents (sometimes in close proximity) trapped at study sites in this region. Data obtained by phylogenetic analysis of sequence differences detected among the S, M, and L genome segments of these SN viruses are consistent with reassortment having taken place between SN virus genetic variants. The results suggest that M (and to a lesser extent S or L) genome segment flow occurs within SN virus populations in P. maniculatus in this region. No reassortment was detected between SN virus and other hantavirus types present in the area. This finding suggests that as genetic distance increases, the frequency of formation of Viable reassortants decreases, or that hantaviruses which are primarily maintained in different rodent hosts rarely have the opportunity to genetically interact. (C) 1995 Academic Press, Inc. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS, SPECIAL PATHOGENS BRANCH, ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA. UNIV NEVADA, DEPT MICROBIOL, RENO, NV 89557 USA. EMORY UNIV, DEPT MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL, ATLANTA, GA 30322 USA. NR 38 TC 106 Z9 112 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0042-6822 J9 VIROLOGY JI Virology PD DEC 20 PY 1995 VL 214 IS 2 BP 602 EP 610 DI 10.1006/viro.1995.0071 PG 9 WC Virology SC Virology GA TN939 UT WOS:A1995TN93900031 PM 8553562 ER PT J AU Icenogle, JP Clancy, KA Lin, SY AF Icenogle, JP Clancy, KA Lin, SY TI Sequence variation in the capsid protein genes of human papillomavirus type 16 and type 31 SO VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID CERVICAL INTRAEPITHELIAL NEOPLASIA; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; VIRUS; DNA; L1; REGIONS; ACID AB The sequences of the capsid genes of a human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV 16) DNA and an HPV 31 DNA were determined, The HPV 16 DNA contained genes coding for the most variable HPV 16 capsid proteins yet identified (17 variable amino acids). Three of six coding changes in the HPV 31 DNA occurred at positions equivalent to ones where variable amino acids in HPV 16 have been observed. Variable amino acids in both viruses occurred predominantly in regions which showed amino acid variation when closely related types of HPV were compared; thus, most of the factors which determined the intratypic variation in the capsid proteins of the viruses described here were likely the same as those which determined differences between the capsid proteins of different HPV types. (C) 1995 Academic Press, inc. C1 EMORY UNIV,UNDERGRAD PROGRAM,ATLANTA,GA 30322. RP Icenogle, JP (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,VIRAL EXANTHEMS & HERPESVIRUS BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 31 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC JNL-COMP SUBSCRIPTIONS PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 SN 0042-6822 J9 VIROLOGY JI Virology PD DEC 20 PY 1995 VL 214 IS 2 BP 664 EP 669 DI 10.1006/viro.1995.0082 PG 6 WC Virology SC Virology GA TN939 UT WOS:A1995TN93900042 PM 8553573 ER PT J AU LIN, JC LIN, SC MAR, EC PELLETT, PE STAMEY, FR STEWART, JA SPIRA, TJ AF LIN, JC LIN, SC MAR, EC PELLETT, PE STAMEY, FR STEWART, JA SPIRA, TJ TI IS KAPOSIS-SARCOMA-ASSOCIATED HERPESVIRUS DETECTABLE IN SEMEN OF HIV-INFECTED HOMOSEXUAL MEN (Retracted article. See vol. 351, pg. 1365, 1998) SO LANCET LA English DT Note; Retracted Publication AB We explored a possible route of transmission of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus (KSHV) with nested and unnested PCR techniques. We looked for KSHV DNA sequences in semen of HIV-positive homosexual men and HIV-negative healthy semen donors. With unnested primers we found KSHV sequences in 21 of 33 (64%) homosexual men and in none of 30 healthy donors. With a nested PCR assay, 30 of 33 (91%) specimens from the homosexual men and 7 of 30 (23%) specimens from healthy donors had detectable KSHV sequences. Over 5 years of follow-up, 13 of 30 KSHV-positive homosexual men (43%) developed KS compared with none of the 3 KSHV-negative homosexual men. RP LIN, JC (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, 1600 CLIFTON RD, MS-D10, ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA. NR 10 TC 102 Z9 103 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0140-6736 EI 1474-547X J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD DEC 16 PY 1995 VL 346 IS 8990 BP 1601 EP 1602 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(95)91931-7 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TK481 UT WOS:A1995TK48100012 PM 7500753 ER PT J AU French, SA Jeffery, RW Folsom, AR Williamson, DF Byers, T AF French, SA Jeffery, RW Folsom, AR Williamson, DF Byers, T TI Relation of weight variability and intentionality of weight loss to disease history and health-related variables in a population-based sample of women aged 55-69 years SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE body weight; diet; obesity; weight loss ID CARDIOVASCULAR RISK-FACTORS; BODY-FAT DISTRIBUTION; ALL-CAUSE MORTALITY; METABOLIC-RATE; HEART-DISEASE; OBESE WOMEN; MEN; ASSOCIATION; FRAMINGHAM; LONGEVITY AB The authors examined the relation of recalled weight variability and history of intentional and unintentional weight loss with disease history in 41,837 older women. Lifetime history of disease, current medication use, health-related behaviors, body weight, and intentional and unintentional weight loss episodes of at least 20 lbs (9.1 kg) were assessed by means of two surveys, completed 6 years apart. Weight variability, as measured by the root mean square error around the linear regression line of weight on age at ages 18, 30, and 40 years, was positively related to disease history. Women who reported losing greater than or equal to 20 Ibs (greater than or equal to 9.1 kg) unintentionally between the ages 18 and 39 years were more likely to report a history of disease than were women who had never lost greater than or equal to 20 Ibs (29.1 kg) during this age period. intentional weight loss episodes of greater than or equal to 20 lbs (greater than or equal to 9.1 kg) between ages 18 and 39 years were also associated with higher cumulative disease prevalence. These results suggest that both unintentional and, to a lesser degree, intentional weight loss may contribute to the observed positive relation between weight loss or variability and disease. Prospective studies are needed to confirm whether weight variability is a risk factor for disease only when unintentional, or whether intentional weight loss also increases risk. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,SCH PUBL HLTH,DIV EPIDEMIOL,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55454. CTR DIS CONTROL,NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. FU NCI NIH HHS [R01 CA39742] NR 39 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER J EPIDEMIOLOGY PI BALTIMORE PA 624 N BROADWAY RM 225, BALTIMORE, MD 21205 SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD DEC 15 PY 1995 VL 142 IS 12 BP 1306 EP 1314 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA TL603 UT WOS:A1995TL60300007 PM 7503051 ER PT J AU SELIK, RM CHU, SY WARD, JW AF SELIK, RM CHU, SY WARD, JW TI TRENDS IN INFECTIOUS-DISEASES AND CANCERS AMONG PERSONS DYING OF HIV-INFECTION IN THE UNITED-STATES FROM 1987 TO 1992 SO ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Note ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; PNEUMOCYSTIS PROPHYLAXIS; AIDS PATIENTS; SURVIVAL AB Objective: To determine trends in the relative frequency of infectious diseases and cancers among U.S. residents dying of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Data Source: National multiple-cause mortality data for 1987 to 1992 compiled from death certificates. Subjects: Deaths reported with HIV infection as the underlying cause and with nonunderlying causes that could be secondary to HIV infection. Data Analysis: Trends in the annual percentage of deaths associated with each infectious disease or cancer that accounted for at least 1.0% of all HIV-related deaths. Results: From 1987 to 1992, the percentage of HIV-related deaths associated with the following diseases decreased: pneumocystosis, from 32.5% to 13.8%; cryptococcosis, from 7.7% to 5.0%; and candidiasis, from 2.3% to 1.7%. The percentage of deaths associated with the following diseases increased: nontuberculous mycobacteriosis, from 6.7% to 12.2%; cytomegalovirus disease, from 5.2% to 9.9%; bacterial septicemia, from 9.0% to 11.5%; non-Hodgkin lymphoma, from 3.9% to 5.7%; tuberculosis, from 2.9% to 4.1%; progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, from 0.8% to 1.9%; bacterial pneumonia, from 1.2% to 2.1%; and cryptosporidiosis or isosporiasis, from 0.7% to 1.2%, The percentages of deaths associated with toxoplasmosis, Kaposi sarcoma, and pneumonia caused by unspecified organisms had no significant linear trends (ranges from 4.9% to 5.5%, 10.4% to 12.1%, and 17.6% to 18.6%, respectively). Conclusions: The percentage of HIV-related deaths associated with pneumocystosis has decreased dramatically, probably because of chemoprophylaxis and improved treatment. Pneumonia caused by unspecified organisms has now become the leading secondary cause of death among persons dying of HIV infection. Decreases in the percentages of HIV-related deaths associated with cryptococcosis and candidiasis may reflect the use of new antifungal agents such as fluconazole. RP SELIK, RM (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,MAIL STOP E47,1600 CLIFTON RD,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 20 TC 103 Z9 103 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER COLL PHYSICIANS PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE MALL WEST 6TH AND RACE ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-1572 SN 0003-4819 J9 ANN INTERN MED JI Ann. Intern. Med. PD DEC 15 PY 1995 VL 123 IS 12 BP 933 EP 936 PG 4 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TK120 UT WOS:A1995TK12000006 PM 7486488 ER PT J AU STEPHENS, DS HAJJEH, RA BAUGHMAN, WS HARVEY, RC WENGER, JD FARLEY, MM AF STEPHENS, DS HAJJEH, RA BAUGHMAN, WS HARVEY, RC WENGER, JD FARLEY, MM TI SPORADIC MENINGOCOCCAL DISEASE IN ADULTS - RESULTS OF A 5-YEAR POPULATION-BASED STUDY SO ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Note ID IMMUNODEFICIENCY; MENINGITIS; INFECTION AB Objective: To define the incidence, demographics, clinical features, and risk factors for sporadic meningococcal disease in adults (greater than or equal to 18 years) residing in metropolitan Atlanta. Design: Prospective, population-based surveillance, with retrospective review of clinical and laboratory records. Setting: Eight-county metropolitan Atlanta area. Patients: All adult patients in whom Neisseria meningitidis was isolated from normally sterile sites (blood, cerebrospinal fluid) during the period 1 December 1988 to 30 November 1993. Measurements: Incidence, relative risk, clinical and laboratory parameters, and serogroup of meningococcal isolates. Results: For the 5-year period, 44 (33%) of 132 cases of meningococcal disease in Atlanta occurred in adults (annual incidence, 0.50/100 000 adults per year). Twenty-three (52%) of the 44 adults presented without rash or meningitis, the two most obvious signs of meningococcal disease. Pneumonia, sinusitis, or purulent tracheobronchitis, but without rash, were the likely sources of meningococcal bacteremia in 15 (34%) of the 44 adults. Twelve of the 15 patients with meningococcal respiratory infection were older than 50 years of age or were immunocompromised (or both), and three fourths of the 15 patients had disease caused by serogroups B, Y, and W-135. Overall, two thirds of adults older than 24 years of age with meningococcal disease had one or more immunocompromising conditions (for example, low complement 50 level [CH50], corticosteroid use, congestive heart failure, multiple myeloma, human immunodeficiency virus infection). Meningococcemia or meningococcal meningitis, often caused by serogroup C, were the presentations in 14 of 15 adults 18 to 24 years old; only 2 had an identified underlying condition. Conclusions: In this 5-year population-based study, one third of all cases of sporadic meningococcal disease occurred in adults. Over half of the adults presented without rash or meningitis. Pneumonia, sinusitis, and tracheobronchitis are important sources of bacteremic meningococcal disease, especially in immunocompromised patients and elderly persons. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA. RP STEPHENS, DS (reprint author), EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,VET AFFAIRS MED CTR,ATLANTA,GA 30322, USA. RI Stephens, David/A-8788-2012 NR 20 TC 74 Z9 77 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER COLL PHYSICIANS PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE MALL WEST 6TH AND RACE ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-1572 SN 0003-4819 J9 ANN INTERN MED JI Ann. Intern. Med. PD DEC 15 PY 1995 VL 123 IS 12 BP 937 EP 940 PG 4 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TK120 UT WOS:A1995TK12000007 PM 7486489 ER PT J AU Schulz, KF AF Schulz, KF TI Episiotomy results stand despite lack of compliance - Response SO CANADIAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION JOURNAL LA English DT Letter RP Schulz, KF (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CANADIAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION PI OTTAWA PA 1867 ALTA VISTA DR, OTTAWA ON K1G 3Y6, CANADA SN 0820-3946 J9 CAN MED ASSOC J JI Can. Med. Assoc. J. PD DEC 15 PY 1995 VL 153 IS 12 BP 1709 EP 1710 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TL095 UT WOS:A1995TL09500007 ER PT J AU THOMS, WW UNGER, ER JOHNSON, PR SPANN, CO HUNTER, SH SMITH, R HOROWITZ, IR ICENOGLE, JP VERNON, SD REEVES, WC AF THOMS, WW UNGER, ER JOHNSON, PR SPANN, CO HUNTER, SH SMITH, R HOROWITZ, IR ICENOGLE, JP VERNON, SD REEVES, WC TI CERVICAL-CANCER SURVIVAL IN A HIGH-RISK URBAN-POPULATION SO CANCER LA English DT Article DE CERVICAL CANCER; GYNECOLOGIC ONCOLOGY; HIGH RISK PATIENT POPULATION; CLINICAL STAGE; HISTOLOGY; PROGNOSTIC MARKERS ID UTERINE CERVIX; YOUNG-WOMEN; STAGE-IB; CARCINOMA; PAPILLOMAVIRUS; DIAGNOSIS; PROGNOSIS; AGE AB Background. Cervical cancer remains an important public health problem, particularly for the urban minority population. To the authors' knowledge, determinants of cervical cancer survival have not been studied in this high risk population. Methods. This study included all 158 women diagnosed and treated for invasive cervical cancer from January 1, 1986, through December 31, 1992, at the Grady Memorial Hospital and Clinics (Atlanta, GA). Medical records were abstracted to determine age at diagnosis, race, International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) clinical stage, treatment, and survival. Pathologic material was reviewed to confirm the diagnosis. Results. Most patients (80%) were African American, and the stage distribution was similar for African American and white patients. Sixty-six (42%) had FIGO Stage I disease; 50%, Stage II or III; and 8%, Stage IV. Four-year actuarial survival differed significantly according to clinical stage (Ia = 94%, Ib = 79%, II = 39%, III = 26%, IV = 0%). Overall survival was lower for patients with glandular carcinomas than for those with squamous cell carcinomas (26% vs. 55%, P = 0.09). This difference was almost entirely due to increased mortality in patients with Stage Ib adenocarcinomas (53% vs. 88% for squamous cell carcinoma, Stage Ib, P = 0.03). Conclusions. The major prognostic markers for cervical cancer survival in this high risk patient population were clinical stage and histology, factors identical to those identified for other populations. C1 EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PATHOL & LAB MED,ATLANTA,GA 30322. EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT GYNECOL & OBSTET,ATLANTA,GA 30322. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,VIRAL EXANTHEMS & HERPESVIRUS BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP THOMS, WW (reprint author), EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT RADIAT ONCOL,1365 CLIFTON RD,ATLANTA,GA 30322, USA. OI Unger, Elizabeth/0000-0002-2925-5635 NR 26 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0008-543X J9 CANCER JI Cancer PD DEC 15 PY 1995 VL 76 IS 12 BP 2518 EP 2523 DI 10.1002/1097-0142(19951215)76:12<2518::AID-CNCR2820761217>3.0.CO;2-# PG 6 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA TJ106 UT WOS:A1995TJ10600016 PM 8625079 ER PT J AU DIAZ, T CHU, SY SORVILLO, F MOKOTOFF, E DAVIDSON, AJ SAMUEL, MC HERR, M DOYLE, B FREDERICK, M FANN, SA CONTI, L HERMANN, P CHECKO, PJ AF DIAZ, T CHU, SY SORVILLO, F MOKOTOFF, E DAVIDSON, AJ SAMUEL, MC HERR, M DOYLE, B FREDERICK, M FANN, SA CONTI, L HERMANN, P CHECKO, PJ TI DIFFERENCES IN PARTICIPATION IN EXPERIMENTAL DRUG TRIALS AMONG PERSONS WITH AIDS SO JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES AND HUMAN RETROVIROLOGY LA English DT Article DE AIDS; EXPERIMENTAL DRUG TRIALS; PARTICIPATION RATES; BLACKS; SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS ID CLINICAL-TRIALS; UNITED-STATES; WOMEN; INFECTION; COMMUNITY AB To measure participation in experimental drug trials among persons with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), we interviewed 4,604 persons at least 18 years of age who were reported to have AIDS to 11 state and city health departments in the United States. Ten percent reported that they were currently in a trial. Current enrollment differed significantly (p < 0.05) by race/ethnicity (blacks, 5%; whites, 14%; Hispanics, 15%), gender (women, 7%; men, 11%), exposure mode (injection drug use, 5%, men who have sex with men, 14%), annual household income (<$10,000, 8%, greater than or equal to$10,000, 14%), education (<12 years, 6%; greater than or equal to 12 years, 12%), health care (no regular care, 1%, public care, 8%; private care, 17%), and time since AIDS diagnosis (less than or equal to 6 months, 9%; >6 months, 12%). Adjusting for all factors and time since AIDS diagnosis, blacks (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.35, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.26, 0.47), persons with less than 12 years of education (AOR = 0.71, CI 0.53, 0.96), and those without regular health care (AOR = 0.24, CI 0.10, 0.61) remained less likely to be in a trial. Blacks, those with less than 12 years of education, and persons without regular health care were less likely than other persons with AIDS to be currently enrolled in AIDS trials. To increase enrollment of these persons, researchers must address barriers to participation for these groups. C1 LOS ANGELES CTY DEPT HLTH SERV,LOS ANGELES,CA. MICHIGAN DEPT PUBL HLTH,DETROIT,MI. DENVER DEPT HLTH & HOSP,DENVER,CO. NEW MEXICO DEPT HLTH,ALBUQUERQUE,NM. DELAWARE DEPT HLTH,WILMINGTON,DE. ARIZONA DEPT HLTH,PHOENIX,AZ. WASHINGTON DEPT HLTH,SEATTLE,WA. GEORGIA DEPT HUMAN SERV,ATLANTA,GA. FLORIDA DEPT HLTH & REHABIL SERV,TALLAHASSEE,FL 32399. S CAROLINA DEPT HLTH & ENVIRONM CONTROL,COLUMBIA,SC 29201. CONNECTICUT DEPT HLTH SERV,HARTFORD,CT. RP DIAZ, T (reprint author), US PHS,CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV HIV AIDS,1600 CLIFTON RD,MAILSTOP E47,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 35 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 1077-9450 J9 J ACQ IMMUN DEF SYND JI J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol. PD DEC 15 PY 1995 VL 10 IS 5 BP 562 EP 568 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA TJ244 UT WOS:A1995TJ24400011 PM 8548336 ER PT J AU Krebs, JW Strine, TW Smith, JS Rupprecht, CE Childs, JE AF Krebs, JW Strine, TW Smith, JS Rupprecht, CE Childs, JE TI Rabies surveillance in the United States during 1994 SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID RACCOONS AB In 1994, 48 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico reported 8,224 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 6 cases in human beings to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Nearly 93% (7,632 cases) were wild animals, whereas 7% (592 cases) were domestic species. The total number of reported cases decreased 13.4% from that of 1993 (9,498 cases), with most of the decline resulting from 19.2% fewer cases of rabies in raccoons. Two previously described epizootics of rabies involving the raccoon variant of the rabies virus have converged in North Carolina, and the resulting region is now continuous from Alabama and Florida in the South to Maine in the North. Epizootics of rabies in foxes in west central Texas and in dogs and coyotes in southern Texas continue to expand, with this state reporting 144 rabid foxes, 53 rabid dogs, and 77 of the 85 cases in coyotes during 1994. Maine and New Hampshire reported cases of rabies in foxes (6 and 9, respectively) for the first time in 10 years. Nationally, reported cases of rabies in dogs (153) increased by 17.7%, whereas cases in cattle (111) and cats (267) decreased by 14.6 and 8.3%, respectively. Cats continued to be the domestic animal most frequently reported rabid. Twenty-eight states and the District of Columbia reported decreases in rabies in animals in 1994, compared with 22 states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico in 1993. Hawaii and Nebraska were the only states that did not report cases of rabies in 1994. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Krebs, JW (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL ZOONOSES BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. RI Childs, James/B-4002-2012 NR 23 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER VETERINARY MEDICAL ASSOC PI SCHAUMBURG PA 1931 N MEACHAM RD SUITE 100, SCHAUMBURG, IL 60173-4360 SN 0003-1488 J9 J AM VET MED ASSOC JI J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. PD DEC 15 PY 1995 VL 207 IS 12 BP 1562 EP 1575 PG 14 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA TK536 UT WOS:A1995TK53600014 PM 7493894 ER PT J AU CLAYTON, EW STEINBERG, KK KHOURY, MJ THOMSON, E ANDREWS, L KAHN, MJE KOPELMAN, LM WEISS, JO AF CLAYTON, EW STEINBERG, KK KHOURY, MJ THOMSON, E ANDREWS, L KAHN, MJE KOPELMAN, LM WEISS, JO TI INFORMED CONSENT FOR GENETIC RESEARCH ON STORED TISSUE SAMPLES SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB Objective.-To develop recommendations for obtaining adequate informed consent in the future when gathering tissue samples that may be used for genetic studies and defining the circumstances under which it is necessary to obtain further consent if tissue samples already in hand are to be used for such research. Participants.-Scientists, ethicists, lawyers, and consumers selected by the National Center for Human Genome Research and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to represent a wide array of opinions. Evidence.-Statutes, regulations, and cases and articles on law and ethics. Consensus Process.-Initial workshop, followed by circulation of several drafts of this document with opportunities for comment by workshop participants and others as well as smaller meetings involving participants with widely differing views. Conclusions.-Genetic research using stored tissue samples poses an array of benefits and risks to individuals, researchers, and society, As a result, the workshop participants conclude that (1) informed consent is required for all genetic research using linkable samples unless conditions for limitation or waiver are met; (2) informed consent is not required for genetic research using anonymous samples but may be considered if identifiers are to be removed from currently linkable samples; (3) institutional review boards could usefully review all protocols that propose to use samples for genetic research; and (4) further work regarding these issues is warranted. C1 VANDERBILT UNIV,DEPT PEDIAT,NASHVILLE,TN. VANDERBILT UNIV,SCH LAW,NASHVILLE,TN 37240. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,BIRTH DEFECTS & GENET DIS BRANCH,MOLEC BIOL BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NATL CTR HUMAN GENOME RES,BETHESDA,MD. CHICAGO KENT COLL LAW,CHICAGO,IL. NATL BREAST CANC COALIT,WASHINGTON,DC. VIRGINIA BREAST CANC FDN,RICHMOND,VA. E CAROLINA UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT MED HUMANITIES,GREENVILLE,NC. ALLIANCE GENET SUPPORT GRP,CHEVY CHASE,MD. NR 20 TC 203 Z9 205 U1 0 U2 20 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD DEC 13 PY 1995 VL 274 IS 22 BP 1786 EP 1792 DI 10.1001/jama.274.22.1786 PG 7 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TJ225 UT WOS:A1995TJ22500030 PM 7500511 ER PT J AU OAKLEY, GP ERICKSON, JD ADAMS, MJ AF OAKLEY, GP ERICKSON, JD ADAMS, MJ TI URGENT NEED TO INCREASE FOLIC-ACID CONSUMPTION SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Editorial Material ID VITAMIN RP OAKLEY, GP (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,DIV BIRTH DEFECTS & DEV DISABIL,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 15 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD DEC 6 PY 1995 VL 274 IS 21 BP 1717 EP 1718 DI 10.1001/jama.274.21.1717 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TH151 UT WOS:A1995TH15100031 PM 7474279 ER PT J AU LILLIBRIDGE, SR BURKLE, FM WAECKERLE, J KOENIG, KL SCHULTZ, C BISSELL, R SHEN, B ALTO, P NOJI, E AF LILLIBRIDGE, SR BURKLE, FM WAECKERLE, J KOENIG, KL SCHULTZ, C BISSELL, R SHEN, B ALTO, P NOJI, E TI DISASTER MEDICINE - CURRENT ASSESSMENT AND BLUEPRINT FOR THE FUTURE SO ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE DISASTER MEDICINE; MULTIPLE CASUALTIES; EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES; CURRICULUM ID PUBLIC-HEALTH; EPIDEMIOLOGY; MORTALITY; WAR; POPULATIONS; REFUGEE; LESSONS C1 CDC,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,ATLANTA,GA. US OFF FOREIGN DISASTER ASSISTANCE,WASHINGTON,DC. UNIV HAWAII,JOHN A BURNS SCH MED,DEPT SURG,DIV EMERGENCY MED,HONOLULU,HI 96822. UNIV MISSOURI,BAPTIST MED CTR,DEPT EMERGENCY MED,KANSAS CITY,MO 64110. ALAMEDA CTY MED CTR,DISASTER MED TASK FORCE,OAKLAND,CA. BAPTIST HOSP,KANSAS CITY,MO. UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,HARBOR MED CTR,LOS ANGELES,CA 90024. UNIV MARYLAND,BALTIMORE,MD 21201. HEWLETT PACKARD CORP,PALO ALTO,CA. CDC,INT HLTH PROGRAM OFF,ATLANTA,GA. NR 91 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 3 PU HANLEY & BELFUS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 210 S 13TH ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19107 SN 1069-6563 J9 ACAD EMERG MED JI Acad. Emerg. Med. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 2 IS 12 BP 1068 EP 1076 PG 9 WC Emergency Medicine SC Emergency Medicine GA TF249 UT WOS:A1995TF24900011 ER PT J AU Aral, SO Fransen, L AF Aral, SO Fransen, L TI STD/HIV prevention in Turkey: Planning a sequence of interventions SO AIDS EDUCATION AND PREVENTION LA English DT Article AB This study was initiated to assess which mix of early STD/HIV prevention interventions would potentially be effective, cost-effective and sustainable in Turkey; and to program an intervention sequence to maximize synergy among the interventions. During rapid assessment we: 1) reviewed past issues of 3 leading newspapers; 2) collected information on TV coverage; 3) interviewed key informants including taxicab drivers, hotel employees, grocery store owners, academicians in public health and law, investigators of STD/HIV and reproductive tract infections, and officials in the ministry of health; 4) reviewed available evidence on STD/HIV morbidity, sexual behavior patterns, migration patterns and same/opposite gender sex trade, We found: 1) discrepancies between decision makers' perceptions and social realities with respect to the epidemiology of sexual behavior and STDs, and the state of public health programs; 2) discrepancies between sexual practices and public expression regarding sexual practices; 3) economic, demographic, and political pressures in Turkey and in surrounding countries for the expansion of prostitution; 4) a sexual double standard and gender specific migration patterns which sustain a high demand for commercial sex; 5) patterns of health care seeking behaviors and provision of STD clinical services which indicate other STDs may play a very important role in spread of HIV infection; 6) an important mass media role in opinion formation; 7) consensual denial of risk for the majority based on beliefs embedded in machismo, nationalism and religion, and a resulting marginalization and externalization of STD/HIV risk; 8) high prevalence of syphilis among both Turkish and immigrant female prostitutes in Istanbul (early latent 8 and 13%; late latent 0 and 4%; previous history 9 and 22%) 9) and high rates of syphilis among male prostitutes (early latent 11%, late latent 21% and previous history 58%). We concluded that interventions should initially include, in the following order; 1) awareness raising for decision makers and opinion leaders including members of parliament and mass media; 2) awareness raising for members of the general population; 3) needs assessment and intervention development for sex workers; 4) training in HIV and other STDs for medical personnel; and 5) quality assurance and control for laboratory procedures for STDs/HIV. C1 DIRECTORATE DEV,HLTH & AIDS UNIT,BRUSSELS,BELGIUM. RP Aral, SO (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV STD HIV PREVENT,1600 CLIFTON RD NE,MIS E-02,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 6 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU GUILFORD PUBLICATIONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 72 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10012 SN 0899-9546 J9 AIDS EDUC PREV JI Aids Educ. Prev. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 7 IS 6 BP 544 EP 553 PG 10 WC Education & Educational Research; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Education & Educational Research; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA TP058 UT WOS:A1995TP05800008 PM 8924351 ER PT J AU BYERS, T GUERRERO, N AF BYERS, T GUERRERO, N TI EPIDEMIOLOGIC EVIDENCE FOR VITAMIN-C AND VITAMIN-E IN CANCER PREVENTION SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Antioxidant Vitamins and Beta-Carotene in Disease Prevention CY OCT 10-12, 1994 CL BERLIN, GERMANY SP NCI, Natl Fdn Canc Res, NHLBI, Krebsforsch Int eV, Soc Free Rad Res Int, F Hoffmann La Roche Ltd DE CANCER; PREVENTION; VITAMIN-C; VITAMIN-E; NUTRITION ID COLO-RECTAL CANCER; IOWA-WOMENS-HEALTH; WESTERN NEW-YORK; LUNG-CANCER; BREAST-CANCER; DIETARY FACTORS; PHARYNGEAL CANCER; PROSTATE-CANCER; COLORECTAL-CANCER; GASTRIC-CANCER AB Antioxidant nutrients have been hypothesized to be protective against cancer, Vitamin C is a major circulating water-soluble antioxidant, and vitamin E is a major Lipid-soluble antioxidant. Many case-control and cohort studies have related cancer risk to estimates of nutrient intake derived from food intake reports. Diets high in fruit and vegetables, and hence high in vitamin C, have been found to be associated with lower risk for cancers of the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, colon, and lung. Diets high in added vegetable oils, and hence high in vitamin E, have been less consistently shown to be associated with cancer protection. This may be because vitamin E offers less protection against cancer or because the estimation of vitamin E intake is less accurate than is the estimation of vitamin C intake. In contrast with the findings from epidemiologic studies based on foods, observational studies of nutrients consumed in supplements and recent experimental trials provide little support for a strong protective role for vitamins C or E against cancer. If vitamins C or E are indeed protective against cancer, that protection may derive from their consumption in complex mixtures with other nutrients and with other bioactive compounds as found in the matrix provided by whole foods. C1 EMORY UNIV,NUTR & HLTH SCI PROGRAM,ATLANTA,GA 30322. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,DIV NUTR,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 113 TC 99 Z9 101 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER SOC CLIN NUTRITION INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-2310, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 62 IS 6 SU S BP S1385 EP S1392 PG 8 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA TK019 UT WOS:A1995TK01900014 PM 7495236 ER PT J AU COBRA, C RIGAUPEREZ, JG KUNO, G VORNDAM, V AF COBRA, C RIGAUPEREZ, JG KUNO, G VORNDAM, V TI SYMPTOMS OF DENGUE FEVER IN RELATION TO HOST IMMUNOLOGICAL RESPONSE AND VIRUS SEROTYPE, PUERTO-RICO, 1990-1991 SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ARBOVIRUS INFECTIONS; DENGUE; DENGUE VIRUS; HEMORRHAGIC FEVERS, VIRAL; IMMUNOLOGICAL SURVEILLANCE ID ANTIBODY-DEPENDENT ENHANCEMENT; LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; HEMORRHAGIC-FEVER; SHOCK SYNDROME; RISK-FACTORS; PATHOGENESIS; DISEASE; INFECTIONS AB The authors investigated the role of secondary immunologic response, virus serotype, age, and sex on the clinical manifestations of dengue fever in Puerto Rico. From surveillance data for 1990 and 1991, this study identified 3,926 laboratory-positive cases, including 889 for whom dengue immunologic status and symptoms could be ascertained. Of those, 622 cases were virologically confirmed, and 267 cases were serologically confirmed. More than 50% of all positive patients reported fever, chills, headache, eye pain, body pains, joint pains, nausea, vomiting, or skin rash. The frequency of reporting signs, symptoms, and hospitalization was significantly higher among persons with secondary infections diagnosed by serologic methods, Only rash was more common among those with primary infections, Symptom reporting increased with age; body pains, joint pains, and rash were significantly more frequently reported by female patients. No significant difference in symptom frequency was found among the virologically confirmed cases, comparing primary and secondary cases or infections due to different serotypes, The data for serologically confirmed cases suggest that in Puerto Rico the manifestations of dengue fever are, as with dengue hemorrhagic fever in Asia, more prominent among those who are experiencing secondary infections, and this effect may be more marked in the younger age groups. C1 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH HYG & PUBL HLTH,DEPT INT HLTH,BALTIMORE,MD. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VECTOR BORNE INFECT DIS,DENGUE BRANCH,SAN JUAN,PR. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VECTOR BORNE INFECT DIS,FT COLLINS,CO 80522. NR 43 TC 32 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER J EPIDEMIOLOGY PI BALTIMORE PA 624 N BROADWAY RM 225, BALTIMORE, MD 21205 SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD DEC 1 PY 1995 VL 142 IS 11 BP 1204 EP 1211 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA TG259 UT WOS:A1995TG25900010 PM 7485067 ER PT J AU KRAMER, A MALONEY, EM MORGAN, OSC RODGERSJOHNSON, P MANNS, A MURPHY, EL LARSEN, S CRANSTON, B MURPHY, J BENICHOU, J BLATTNER, WA AF KRAMER, A MALONEY, EM MORGAN, OSC RODGERSJOHNSON, P MANNS, A MURPHY, EL LARSEN, S CRANSTON, B MURPHY, J BENICHOU, J BLATTNER, WA TI RISK-FACTORS AND COFACTORS FOR HUMAN T-CELL LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS TYPE-I (HTLV-I)-ASSOCIATED MYELOPATHY/TROPICAL SPASTIC PARAPARESIS (HAM/TSP) IN JAMAICA SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE HTLV-I; LYMPHOMA; T-CELL; PARAPARESIS; TROPICAL SPASTIC; SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES ID HTLV-I; BLOOD-TRANSFUSION; ATTRIBUTABLE RISK; TRANSMISSION; ANTIBODIES; INFECTION; LYMPHOMA AB Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) has been etiologically associated with a neurologic syndrome called HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) as well as with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. The authors sought to quantify the risk in Jamaica of HAM/TSP associated with HTLV-I infection and cofactors associated with this disease among infected individuals. Between 1988 and 1989, prevalent and incident HAM/TSP patients and controls with other neurologic diseases were enrolled in a retrospective study. A second control group was composed of HTLV-I-seropositive, asymptomatic carriers in Jamaica, ascertained in a separate study conducted in 1988. Although HTLV-I seropositivity was not a component of the case definition for HAM/TSP, all 43 HAM/TSP patients were HTLV-I seropositive compared with two (4.0%) of the controls with other neurologic diseases. Given HTLV-I seropositivity, one cofactor associated with the risk of HAM/TSP was young age at initial heterosexual intercourse (odds ratio = 4.00, 95% confidence interval 1.29-12.46 for individuals aged less than or equal to 15; odds ratio = 4.26, 95% confidence interval 1.41-12.90 for individuals aged 16-17 years at initial intercourse). Among individuals who reported this early age at initial sexual intercourse, an increased risk of HAM/TSP was associated with having reported more than five lifetime sexual partners (odds ratio = 2.88, 95% confidence interval 0.90-8.70). Neither an early age at initial sexual intercourse or the number of lifetime sexual partners was a risk factor for adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. These data support the hypothesis that HAM/TSP is associated with sexually acquired HTLV-I infection, whereas adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma is not. C1 NATL INST HLTH,NATL CANC INST,VIRAL EPIDEMIOL BRANCH,ROCKVILLE,MD 20852. UNIV W INDIES,DEPT MED,KINGSTON 7,JAMAICA. UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,DEPT LAB MED,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143. UNIV BIELEFELD,SCH PUBL HLTH,W-4800 BIELEFELD,GERMANY. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DIS LAB RES,ATLANTA,GA 30341. UNIV W INDIES,DEPT PATHOL,KINGSTON 7,JAMAICA. RES TRIANGLE INST,WASHINGTON,DC. NATL CANC INST,DIV CANC ETIOL,EPIDEMIOL METHODS SECT,ROCKVILLE,MD. FU NCI NIH HHS [N01-CP-31006] NR 37 TC 33 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER J EPIDEMIOLOGY PI BALTIMORE PA 624 N BROADWAY RM 225, BALTIMORE, MD 21205 SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD DEC 1 PY 1995 VL 142 IS 11 BP 1212 EP 1220 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA TG259 UT WOS:A1995TG25900011 PM 7485068 ER PT J AU Sartor, C Edwards, JR Gaynes, RP Culver, DH AF Sartor, C Edwards, JR Gaynes, RP Culver, DH TI Evolution of hospital participation in the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System, 1986 to 1993 SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INFECTION CONTROL LA English DT Note AB Objective: To study changes in the use of National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System (NNIS) surveillance components since 1986 that could reflect an evolution in the way in which NNIS hospitals conduct surveillance of nosocomial infections. Method: We analyzed NNIS data from 1986 to 1993 collected at the 199 US hospitals that participated in the NNIS system during this period. Results: The number of hospitals participating in the NNIS system increased threefold between 1986 and 1993. A parallel increase was noticed in the amount of surveillance data for all NNIS components except for the hospital-wide component. The percentage of all hospitals reporting at least 1 calendar month per year of data from the hospital-wide component decreased from 95% in 1986 to 37% in 1993. During this period, use of the hospital-wide component was greater among the hospitals whose first participation in the NNIS system occurred before 1987. Conclusion: Interest by NNIS hospitals in the hospital-wide component apparently decreased between 1987 and 1993. In contrast, the interest in NNIS components that allow calculation of risk-adjusted nosocomial infection rates (intensive care unit, high-risk nursery, and surgical patient components) increased dramatically after 1986. This increased interest in surveillance with NNIS components that allow risk adjustment and interhospital comparison of infection rates suggests that the feasibility of collection of and interest in such data are high. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,HOSP INFECT PROGRAM,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NR 0 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 SN 0196-6553 J9 AM J INFECT CONTROL JI Am. J. Infect. Control PD DEC PY 1995 VL 23 IS 6 BP 364 EP 368 DI 10.1016/0196-6553(95)90267-8 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA TK577 UT WOS:A1995TK57700005 PM 8821112 ER PT J AU Martone, WJ Gaynes, RP Horan, TC Danzig, L Emori, TG Monnet, D Stroud, LA Wright, GC Culver, DH Banerjee, SN Edwards, JR Henderson, TS Tolson, JS Peavy, GE AF Martone, WJ Gaynes, RP Horan, TC Danzig, L Emori, TG Monnet, D Stroud, LA Wright, GC Culver, DH Banerjee, SN Edwards, JR Henderson, TS Tolson, JS Peavy, GE TI National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) Semiannual Report, May 1995 SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INFECTION CONTROL LA English DT Editorial Material RP Martone, WJ (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,HOSP INFECT PROGRAM,ATLANTA,GA, USA. NR 0 TC 38 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 2 PU MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 SN 0196-6553 J9 AM J INFECT CONTROL JI Am. J. Infect. Control PD DEC PY 1995 VL 23 IS 6 BP 377 EP 385 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA TK577 UT WOS:A1995TK57700008 PM 8821115 ER PT J AU SCHWARTZ, DA BRYAN, RT HUGHES, JM AF SCHWARTZ, DA BRYAN, RT HUGHES, JM TI PATHOLOGY AND EMERGING INFECTIONS - QUO VADIMUS SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID ACQUIRED-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-SYNDROME; ENCEPHALITOZOON-HELLEM; VIRAL DISEASES; VIRUSES AB There have been dramatic changes in the occurrence of infectious diseases throughout the world in the previous two decades. The emergence of new microbial agents, and the reemergence of infections previously believed to be controlled, threatens the health of all populations. The emergence of these infectious diseases has occurred during a period of breakdown in the capabilities of the public health surveillance systems, prevention programs, and disease control efforts. Expertise in pathology is critical to provide a strong national control program for emerging and reemerging infectious diseases. Despite the many significant achievements made by pathologists in improving understanding of the pathogenesis and diagnosis of infectious diseases, the field of pathology remains largely oriented toward neoplastic diseases, and has not yet identified infectious disease diagnosis as an important component of anatomic pathology training and research, even in the face of the current threats posed by microbial agents. In addition, there is currently a dearth of infectious disease pathologists in the United States and elsewhere in the world, and the use of the autopsy, a prime pathological tool for diagnosis of emerging infections, is on the wane. The most serious problem is that no formal training program for infectious disease pathology currently exists in the United States or elsewhere in the world. As a consequence of this lack of training opportunities, there is a severe deficiency of young, well-educated pathologists with infectious disease expertise. This article explores the historical linkages between the disciplines of infectious diseases and pathology, and suggests that infectious disease pathology as a subspeciality be strengthened and training programs be initiated. C1 EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PATHOL,ATLANTA,GA 30322. EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT MED INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA. US PHS,CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA. US PHS,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA. NR 38 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC INVESTIGATIVE PATHOLOGY, INC PI BALTIMORE PA 428 EAST PRESTON ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21202-3993 SN 0002-9440 J9 AM J PATHOL JI Am. J. Pathol. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 147 IS 6 BP 1525 EP 1533 PG 9 WC Pathology SC Pathology GA TJ665 UT WOS:A1995TJ66500001 PM 7495275 ER PT J AU Rosenthal, S Chen, R AF Rosenthal, S Chen, R TI The reporting sensitivities of two passive surveillance systems for vaccine adverse events SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Note ID DIPHTHERIA-TETANUS-PERTUSSIS; UNITED-STATES; DRUG-REACTIONS; IMMUNIZATION; MEASLES; MUMPS; MORTALITY; SEIZURES; RISK AB To evaluate reporting sensitivities for vaccine adverse events, reporting rates were estimated by dividing the number of events reported to the Monitoring System for Adverse Events Following Immunization and the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System in a given period by the number of doses administered or distributed during the same period. Reporting sensitivity was calculated as the radio of the rates at which events were reported to each passive surveillance system (numerator) and occurred in controlled studies (denominator). Reporting sensitivities were generally better in the public sector than in the private sector. The significant underreporting of known outcomes, together with the nonspecific nature of most adverse even reports, highlights the limitations of passive surveillance systems in assessing the incidence of vaccine adverse events. RP Rosenthal, S (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL IMMUNIZATION PROGRAM,MAILSTOP E61,1600 CLIFTON RD,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 26 TC 119 Z9 123 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSN INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD DEC PY 1995 VL 85 IS 12 BP 1706 EP 1709 DI 10.2105/AJPH.85.12.1706 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA TK931 UT WOS:A1995TK93100023 PM 7503351 ER PT J AU Feinleib, M AF Feinleib, M TI Trends in heart disease in the United States SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF THE MEDICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Bogalusa Heart Study 20th Anniversary Symposium CY APR 27-28, 1994 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA DE vital statistics; mortality; morbidity; risk factors; prevention; ischemic heart disease AB The twentieth century in the United States has witnessed a ''heart disease epidemic'' with a dramatic increase in ischemic heart disease (IHD) among men, particularly, beginning shortly after World War I, The epidemic reached its peak mortality among men in the 1960s and among women about two decades earlier, Highest mortality rates were observed in the Northeast at mid-century, but by 1990 the highest rates occur in the Southeast, With improvements in survival during the past few decades, prevalence of IHD has been increasing in the population, Identification of risk factors for IHD through longitudinal epidemiologic studies has led to prevention programs that have improved the risk profile of the population. RP Feinleib, M (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR HLTH STAT,6525 BELCREST RD,HYATTSVILLE,MD 20782, USA. NR 9 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 0002-9629 J9 AM J MED SCI JI Am. J. Med. Sci. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 310 SU 1 BP S8 EP S14 PG 7 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TM072 UT WOS:A1995TM07200005 PM 7503130 ER PT J AU Freedman, DS AF Freedman, DS TI The importance of body fat distribution in early life SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF THE MEDICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Bogalusa Heart Study 20th Anniversary Symposium CY APR 27-28, 1994 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA DE body weight; obesity; anthropometry; children ID CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE; DIABETES-MELLITUS; SUBCUTANEOUS FAT; RELATIVE WEIGHT; BLOOD-PRESSURE; OBESITY; MORTALITY; CHILDREN; HEALTH AB It is possible that many of the conflicting findings concerning obesity and cardiovascular disease may be the result of the heterogeneous nature of obesity, and that only certain subgroups of the obese are at increased risk. Over the last several decades, much attention has focused on the distribution of body fat as an important characteristic in the metabolic and clinical alterations associated with obesity. Several studies have shown that a relative excess of adipose tissue in the upper body, abdominal region, or at various truncal sites is associated with an increased risk of disease; furthermore, these associations are independent of the general level of obesity, This article presents a brief historical overview of the idea of body fat distribution, the measurement techniques that have been used, and the complications associated with an adverse distribution of body fat distribution; particular emphasis is given to studies that have examined fat patterning in early life, Although most investigators recognize that body fat distribution is important in the development of cardiovascular disease, several questions remain. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT, DIV NUTR, ATLANTA, GA USA. NR 47 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0002-9629 EI 1538-2990 J9 AM J MED SCI JI Am. J. Med. Sci. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 310 SU 1 BP S72 EP S76 PG 5 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TM072 UT WOS:A1995TM07200015 PM 7503128 ER PT J AU Sulzer, AJ Collins, WE Cantella, RA Carney, WP AF Sulzer, AJ Collins, WE Cantella, RA Carney, WP TI Parasitized erythrocyte membrane antigens of Plasmodium brasilianum: Relationships with the ring-infected erythrocyte surface antigen of Plasmodium falciparum SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article AB An antigen, designated here as the parasitized erythrocyte membrane antigen (PEMA), is present in the erythrocyte membrane surrounding all intraerythrocytic stages of Plasmodium brasilianum. An antibody specific for PEMA appeared in 21 (50%) of 42 antisera from Saimiri sciureus monkeys naturally infected with P. brasilianum. Of these 42 sera, nine (21.4%) contained antibody to the ring-infected erythrocyte membrane antigen (RESA); of these nine sera, six did not react with PEMA. Sera of humans infected with P. malariae reacted with PEMA and RESA in a similar pattern; i.e., of 83 antisera, 71 (85.5%) reacted with PEMA and 30 (36%) reacted with RESA. Only one of these latter 30 sera were not reactive with PEMA. Of 167 sera from humans infected with P. falciparum but not P. malariae, 133 (79.6%) reacted with RESA; of these, 43 (25.7% of the total) reacted with PEMA but not RESA. Although PEMA was demonstrated with P. brasilianum and RESA with P. falciparum, neither PEMA or RESA could be demonstrated with P. malariae. Interactions of PEMA and RESA and the corresponding antibodies offer a method whereby the two morphologically similar quartan species, P. malariae and P. brasilianum, can be readily distinguished from each other and may furnish clues to genetic separation of the two and the mechanisms of interaction of quartan malaria and P. falciparum where they are coendemic. RP Sulzer, AJ (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV PARASIT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DRIVE SUITE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 53 IS 6 BP 618 EP 623 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA TR971 UT WOS:A1995TR97100012 PM 8561264 ER PT J AU WILLIAMSON, DF PAMUK, E SMITH, PJ AF WILLIAMSON, DF PAMUK, E SMITH, PJ TI WEIGHT-LOSS AND LONGEVITY - RESPONSE SO ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Letter RP WILLIAMSON, DF (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER COLL PHYSICIANS PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE MALL WEST 6TH AND RACE ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-1572 SN 0003-4819 J9 ANN INTERN MED JI Ann. Intern. Med. PD DEC 1 PY 1995 VL 123 IS 11 BP 892 EP 892 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TG209 UT WOS:A1995TG20900020 ER PT J AU Marrelli, MT Nussenzweig, RS Collins, WE Kloetzel, JK AF Marrelli, MT Nussenzweig, RS Collins, WE Kloetzel, JK TI Detection of anti-Plasmodium falciparum antibodies directed against a repetitive peptide of the gametocyte antigen Pfs2400 in malaria patients in Brazil SO ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TRANSMISSION-BLOCKING IMMUNITY; RODENT MALARIA; SEXUAL STAGES; GENE-PRODUCT; 11.1 LOCUS; PROTEIN; IMMUNIZATION; PARASITE; IDENTIFICATION; INACTIVATION AB Sera collected from 164 individuals who had clinical Plasmodium falciparum malaria and came from several areas of Brazil where malaria is endemic were tested for the presence of anti-gametocyte antibodies. Antibodies directed against P. falciparum gametocytes were detected, by IFAT, in the sera of 67.1% of these patients. The prevalence of these antibodies was significantly higher in patients who had undergone multiple attacks of malaria than in those who were experiencing their first attack at the time of serum collection. Although circulating gametocytes mere detected in 22% of the patients at this time, there was no difference in the percentages of IFAT positivity between apparent gametocyte 'carriers' and 'non-carriers'. All sera were also tested by ELISA, using a dimer of the nonamer peptide [PEE(L/V)VEEV(I/V)](2), which represents a tandem consensus repeat of the P. falciparum gametocyte antigen, Pfs2400, a target of transmission-blocking antibodies. ELISA demonstrated that 32.9% of the patients had antibodies that reacted with this peptide. Positive ELISA reactions were significantly more frequent amongst the sera of patients who had had multiple malaria attacks than in those undergoing their first malaria episode; positivity was lower in the gametocyte 'carriers' than in their 'non-carriers'. These results demonstrate that anti-gametocyte antibodies, which have already been shown to have potential transmission-blocking activity, are naturally elicited in Brazilian patients, the highest rates of seropositivity occurring alter multiple malaria attacks. C1 NYU,SCH MED,DEPT MED & MOLEC PARASITOL,NEW YORK,NY 10010. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. UNIV SAO PAULO,INST CIENCIAS BIOMED,DEPT PARASITOL,BR-05508900 SAO PAULO,BRAZIL. RP Marrelli, MT (reprint author), INST MED TROP SAO PAULO,AV DR ENEAS CARVALHO AGUIAR 470,BR-05403000 SAO PAULO,BRAZIL. NR 28 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 0003-4983 J9 ANN TROP MED PARASIT JI Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 89 IS 6 BP 593 EP 599 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Parasitology; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Parasitology; Tropical Medicine GA TP703 UT WOS:A1995TP70300002 PM 8745934 ER PT J AU Grant, KA Habes, DJ Tepper, AL AF Grant, KA Habes, DJ Tepper, AL TI Work activities and musculoskeletal complaints among preschool workers SO APPLIED ERGONOMICS LA English DT Article DE childcare; postural analysis; lifting ID BACK AB The potential for musculoskeletal trauma among preschool workers has been largely unexplored in the United States, This case report describes an investigation conducted to identify and evaluate possible causes of back and lower extremity pain among 22 workers at a Montessori day care facility, Investigators met with and distributed a questionnaire to school employees, and made measurements of workstation and furniture dimensions, Investigators also recorded the normal work activities of school employees on videotape, and performed a work sampling study to estimate the percentage of time employees spend performing various tasks and in certain postures. Questionnaire results from 18 employees indicated that back pain/discomfort was a common musculoskeletal complaint, reported by 61% of respondents. Neck/shoulder pain, lower extremity pain and hand/wrist pain were reported by, 33, 33 and 11% of respondents, respectively, Observation and analysis of work activities indicated that employees spend significant periods of time kneeling, sitting on the floor, squatting, or bending at the waist, Furthermore, staff members who work with smaller children (i.e. six weeks to 18 months of age) performed more lifts and assumed more awkward lower extremity postures than employees who work with older children (3-4 years of age), Analysis of two lifting tasks using the revised NIOSH lifting equation indicated that employees who handle small children may be at increased risk of lifting-related low back pain, Investigators concluded that day care employees at this facility are at increased risk of low back pain and lower extremity (i.e. knee) injury due to work activities that require awkward or heavy lifts, and static working postures, Recommendations for reducing or eliminating these risks by modifying the workplace and changing the organization and methods of work are presented. RP Grant, KA (reprint author), NIOSH,CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,4676 COLUMBIA PKWY,MS C-24,CINCINNATI,OH 45226, USA. NR 16 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 4 U2 7 PU BUTTERWORTH-HEINEMANN LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0003-6870 J9 APPL ERGON JI Appl. Ergon. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 26 IS 6 BP 405 EP 410 DI 10.1016/0003-6870(95)00057-7 PG 6 WC Engineering, Industrial; Ergonomics; Psychology, Applied SC Engineering; Psychology GA TN690 UT WOS:A1995TN69000004 PM 15677041 ER PT J AU Grabowsky, M Hadler, SC Chen, RT Edwards, KM AF Grabowsky, M Hadler, SC Chen, RT Edwards, KM TI Vaccination in the immunocompromised person SO BULLETIN ON THE RHEUMATIC DISEASES LA English DT Article ID POLIOMYELITIS; CHILD C1 VANDERBILT UNIV,DEPT PEDIAT,DIV INFECT DIS,NASHVILLE,TN 37240. RP Grabowsky, M (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL IMMUNIZATION PROGRAM,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ARTHRITIS FOUNDATION PI ATLANTA PA 1314 SPRING STREET NW, ATLANTA, GA 30309 SN 0007-5248 J9 B RHEUM DIS JI Bull. Rheum. Dis. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 44 IS 8 BP 3 EP 6 PG 4 WC Rheumatology SC Rheumatology GA TY474 UT WOS:A1995TY47400002 PM 8528436 ER PT J AU STEENLAND, K NOWLIN, S PALU, S AF STEENLAND, K NOWLIN, S PALU, S TI CANCER INCIDENCE IN THE NATIONAL-HEALTH-AND-NUTRITION-SURVEY-I FOLLOW-UP DATA - DIABETES, CHOLESTEROL, PULSE, AND PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY SO CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY BIOMARKERS & PREVENTION LA English DT Article ID SERUM-CHOLESTEROL; HEART-RATE; RISK; MORTALITY; COLON; POPULATION; MELLITUS; GLUCOSE; LEVEL; MEN AB We examined cancer incidence among 14,407 men and women who were enrolled in the National Health and Nutrition Survey I in the early 1970s and then followed through 1987. We studied 657 male and 593 female cancer cases, using Cox regression. Analyses were conducted for all cancers, lung, colorectal, breast, and prostate cancer. Analyses focused on diabetes, cholesterol, pulse, and physical activity, four risk factors with limited or inconsistent prior evidence. All four risk factors were modestly associated with all cancers for men but not for women. For diabetic men, the rate ratio for all cancers was 1.38 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.00-1.91]; the elevated risk was particularly evident for colorectal and prostate cancer. Slight inverse trends of cancer risk with cholesterol were apparent for men but not for women and were diminished compared to prior analyses of these data with less follow-up. Males with the lowest quartile of cholesterol versus the highest had a rate ratio of 1.21 (CI = 0.98-1.51) for all cancers. A modest positive trend between pulse and all cancers was seen for males [rate ratio of 1.27 (CI = 1.04-1.57)] for the highest versus the lowest quartile). The rate ratio for men with the least amount of nonrecreational physical activity was 1.29 (CI = 0.99-1.69). There is some evidence in these data that findings for cholesterol and nonrecreational physical activity could be artifacts of the early effects of disease because they diminished when eases were restricted to those with longer follow-up. RP STEENLAND, K (reprint author), NIOSH,ROBERT A TAFT LAB,4676 COLUMBIA PKWY,CINCINNATI,OH 45226, USA. NR 19 TC 158 Z9 159 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC CANCER RESEARCH PI PHILADELPHIA PA PUBLIC LEDGER BLDG, SUITE 816, 150 S. INDEPENDENCE MALL W., PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 1055-9965 J9 CANCER EPIDEM BIOMAR JI Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 4 IS 8 BP 807 EP 811 PG 5 WC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA TJ523 UT WOS:A1995TJ52300001 PM 8634649 ER PT J AU HOLMBERG, L BARON, JA BYERS, T WOLK, A OHLANDER, EM ZACK, M ADAMI, HO AF HOLMBERG, L BARON, JA BYERS, T WOLK, A OHLANDER, EM ZACK, M ADAMI, HO TI ALCOHOL INTAKE AND BREAST-CANCER RISK - EFFECT OF EXPOSURE FROM 15 YEARS OF AGE SO CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGY BIOMARKERS & PREVENTION LA English DT Article ID POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN; CIGARETTE-SMOKING; SEX-HORMONES; BEVERAGE CONSUMPTION; LIVER-DISEASE; FREQUENCY; ESTRADIOL; HEALTH; COHORT; DIET AB Research regarding the relationship between alcohol intake and breast cancer risk has suggested an association between the two, although the data are inconsistent regarding dose effects and susceptible populations. To clarify these issues, we investigated the association of breast cancer risk with alcohol intake at various ages in a population-based case-control study nested within a screening cohort in Sweden. Subjects were women 40-75 years old who participated in a screening program in central Sweden. Information about personal characteristics, diet, and alcohol intake was obtained by a questionnaire sent out at the invitation to the screening interview and at a supplementary interview conducted among a sample of women who did and did not develop breast cancer. Alcohol intake did not affect breast cancer risk among women under 50 years old. However, among those over 50 years of age, ever-drinking conferred a relative risk of 1.8 (95% confidence interval = 1.2-2.6). Current and former drinkers had similar increases in risk. No particular latent period of alcohol effect was identified, but drinking later in life appeared to have a bigger effect than did drinking earlier in life. C1 NATL FOOD ADM TOXICOL LAB,S-75129 UPPSALA,SWEDEN. CTR DIS CONTROL,DIV NUTR,ATLANTA,GA 30341. CTR DIS CONTROL,DIV CHRON DIS CONTROL & COMMUNITY INTERVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP HOLMBERG, L (reprint author), UNIV UPPSALA HOSP,DEPT CANC EPIDEMIOL,S-75185 UPPSALA,SWEDEN. NR 38 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC CANCER RESEARCH PI PHILADELPHIA PA PUBLIC LEDGER BLDG, SUITE 816, 150 S. INDEPENDENCE MALL W., PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 1055-9965 J9 CANCER EPIDEM BIOMAR JI Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 4 IS 8 BP 843 EP 847 PG 5 WC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA TJ523 UT WOS:A1995TJ52300007 PM 8634655 ER PT J AU Hoffmann, P Richards, D HeinrothHoffmann, I Mathias, P Wey, H Toraason, M AF Hoffmann, P Richards, D HeinrothHoffmann, I Mathias, P Wey, H Toraason, M TI Arachidonic acid disrupts calcium dynamics in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes SO CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE arachidonic acid; calcium, intracellular concentration; calcium transients; calcium overload; SR; SR, calcium release; rat, ventricular myocytes ID CHAIN FATTY-ACIDS; PROTEIN-KINASE-C; VENTRICULAR MYOCYTES; K+-CHANNEL; HEART; CARDIOMYOCYTES; FLUORESCENCE; INHIBITION; TRANSIENTS; ACTIVATE AB Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of prolonged arachidonic acid (AA) exposure on electrically induced fluctuations of cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+](i)) in cardiac myocytes and to identify intracellular biochemical events that may play a role in the actions of AA on [Ca2+](i) dynamics. Methods: Electrically induced [Ca2+](i) transients were investigated in cultured single neonatal rat ventricular myocytes using spectrofluorometric analysis of fura-2-[Ca2+](i) binding. KCl-induced depolarization, caffeine and ryanodine were used to assess the effects of AA on Ca2+ handling by the sarcolemma and the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Prostanoid formation was measured with an ELISA technique. alpha-Tocopherol was used to determine if free radical formation was a factor in the AA effects on [Ca2+](i). Results: Exposure to 10-30 mu M AA produced a concentration-dependent and reversible configuration change and eventually a cessation of [Ca2+](i) transients. Continued exposure resulted in a Ca2+ overload(tonic [Ca2+](i) greater than peak systolic [Ca2+](i)). AA did not influence KCl-induced [Ca2+](i) increase but did eliminate caffeine-induced [Ca2+](i) transients. AA exposure stimulated the formation of 6-oxo-prostaglandin F-1 alpha in a concentration-dependent manner, but thromboxane B-2 formation was not influenced. alpha-Tocopherol pretreatment significantly delayed times till cessation of [Ca2+](i) transients and Ca2+ overload, whereas ryanodine and cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors were without effect. Conclusions: The present data provide evidence that the initial action of AA on [Ca2+](i) transients during excitation-contraction coupling involves an effect of AA on sarcolemmal Ca2+ influx and sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ handling. AA-induced cessation of electrically induced [Ca2+](i) transients and Ca2+ overload may involve the formation of free radicals. C1 NIOSH,CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,CELLULAR TOXICOL SECT,CINCINNATI,OH 45226. SANOFI RECH,F-31036 TOULOUSE,FRANCE. UNIV HALLE WITTENBERG,INST PHARMACOL & TOXICOL,HALLE,GERMANY. NR 45 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0008-6363 J9 CARDIOVASC RES JI Cardiovasc. Res. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 30 IS 6 BP 889 EP 898 DI 10.1016/S0008-6363(95)00133-6 PG 10 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA TN823 UT WOS:A1995TN82300010 PM 8746203 ER PT J AU Prah, JD Kehrl, H Ball, B Ashley, D AF Prah, JD Kehrl, H Ball, B Ashley, D TI Olfactory manifestations of multiple chemical sensitivity SO CHEMICAL SENSES LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US EPA,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC 27711. UNIV N CAROLINA,CHAPEL HILL,NC 27515. CDC,ATLANTA,GA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS UNITED KINGDOM PI OXFORD PA WALTON ST JOURNALS DEPT, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX2 6DP SN 0379-864X J9 CHEM SENSES JI Chem. Senses PD DEC PY 1995 VL 20 IS 6 BP 230 EP 230 PG 1 WC Behavioral Sciences; Food Science & Technology; Neurosciences; Physiology SC Behavioral Sciences; Food Science & Technology; Neurosciences & Neurology; Physiology GA TM989 UT WOS:A1995TM98900236 ER PT J AU MESSMER, TO BLACK, CM FACKLAM, RR AF MESSMER, TO BLACK, CM FACKLAM, RR TI DISCRIMINATION OF STREPTOCOCCUS-PNEUMONIAE FROM OTHER UPPER RESPIRATORY-TRACT STREPTOCOCCI BY ARBITRARILY PRIMED PCR SO CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE; AP-PCR; FINGERPRINTING; STREPTOCOCCI; VIRIDANS STREPTOCOCCI; ORAL STREPTOCOCCI; CLINICAL ISOLATES AB Objective: In the clinical laboratory, identification of Streptococcus pneumoniae can be confused with other streptococci. Conventional biochemical tests such as optochin sensitivity and bile solubility can give inconsistent results. this report presents a method to distinguish true S. pneumoniae from other upper respiratory tract streptococci when conventional tests fail. Design and Methods: We used arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction with the single primer M13 universal as a method to distinguish S. pneumoniae from other upper respiratory tract streptococci. Results: The fingerprint pattern of S. pneumoniae was established by amplifying DNA of S. pneumoniae type strains 1-48 and of other common upper respiratory tract streptococci at three different DNA concentrations with the single primer M13 universal. From these type strains, a common arbitrarily primed-polymerase chain reaction pattern was identified characterized by two predominant bands of equal intensity at 800 base pairs and 1100 base pairs. Fingerprint patterns of viridans streptococci were easily distinguishable from those of S. pneumoniae. Many of the clinical isolates used in this study were equivocal by conventional tests but were distinguishable by their fingerprint patterns. Conclusions: Our results indicated that the fingerprint pattern of S. pneumoniae is species specific and distinguishes true S. pneumoniae of clinical isolates from other streptococci when conventional biochemical tests are unclear. RP MESSMER, TO (reprint author), US DEPT HHS,US PHS,CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,1600 GLIFTON RD,MS G05,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 6 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0009-9120 J9 CLIN BIOCHEM JI Clin. Biochem. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 28 IS 6 BP 567 EP 572 DI 10.1016/0009-9120(95)00044-0 PG 6 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA TE933 UT WOS:A1995TE93300003 PM 8595703 ER PT J AU BRAMBILLA, P LAMBERT, GH CAZZANIGA, M PATTERSON, DG GERTHOUX, P SIGNORINI, S MOCARELLI, P AF BRAMBILLA, P LAMBERT, GH CAZZANIGA, M PATTERSON, DG GERTHOUX, P SIGNORINI, S MOCARELLI, P TI CAFFEINE BREATH TESTS IN SUBJECTS EXPOSED TO DIOXIN AT SEVESO - PRELIMINARY-RESULTS SO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract ID DOSE-RESPONSE; TCDD C1 UNIV MILAN,DEPT LAB MED,I-20033 MILAN,ITALY. UNIV MED & DENT NEW JERSEY,DEPT PEDIAT,PISCATAWAY,NJ 08854. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 10 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC CLINICAL CHEMISTRY PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 L STREET NW, SUITE 202, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-1526 SN 0009-9147 J9 CLIN CHEM JI Clin. Chem. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 41 IS 12B SU S BP 1926 EP 1927 PN 2 PG 2 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA TJ510 UT WOS:A1995TJ51000031 ER PT J AU Mawle, AC Nisenbaum, R Dobbins, JG Gary, HE Stewart, JA Reyes, M Steele, L Schmid, DS Reeves, WC AF Mawle, AC Nisenbaum, R Dobbins, JG Gary, HE Stewart, JA Reyes, M Steele, L Schmid, DS Reeves, WC TI Seroepidemiology of chronic fatigue syndrome: A case-control study SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID EPSTEIN-BARR-VIRUS; ENZYME IMMUNOASSAYS; MEASLES-VIRUS; ANTIBODIES; INFECTION; ANTIGEN; DISEASE AB We performed serological testing for a large number of infectious agents in 26 patients from Atlanta who had chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and in 50 controls matched by age, race, and sex, We did not find any agent associated with CFS. In addition, we did not find elevated levels of antibody to any of a wide range of agents examined, In particular, we did not find elevated titers of antibody to any herpesvirus, nor did we find evidence of enteroviral exposure in this group of patients. C1 KLEMM ANAL GRP INC,WASHINGTON,DC. RP Mawle, AC (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,VEHB MS G-18,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 33 TC 35 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 21 IS 6 BP 1386 EP 1389 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA TL795 UT WOS:A1995TL79500006 PM 8749620 ER PT J AU Franzen, C Schwartz, DA Visvesvara, GS Muller, A Schwenk, A Salzberger, B Fatkenheuer, G Hartmann, P Mahrle, G Diehl, V Schrappe, M AF Franzen, C Schwartz, DA Visvesvara, GS Muller, A Schwenk, A Salzberger, B Fatkenheuer, G Hartmann, P Mahrle, G Diehl, V Schrappe, M TI Immunologically confirmed disseminated, asymptomatic Encephalitozoon cuniculi infection of the gastrointestinal tract in a patient with AIDS SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID ACQUIRED-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-SYNDROME; N-SP; HELLEM; MICROSPORIDIOSIS; CULTURE AB Microsporidia are obligate intracellular protozoan parasites that infect a broad range of vertebrates and invertebrates, They are increasingly recognized as human pathogens, especially in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Organisms of the genus Encephalitozoon have been implicated as a major cause of disseminated microsporidian infections in persons with AIDS. Until recently, E. hellem was the only Encephalitozoon species confirmed by antigenic or nucleic acid methods to have infected humans, We describe the clinical course and morphological features of a case of disseminated microsporidian infection with Encephalitozoon cuniculi in an HIV-infected patient with chronic sinusitis, rhinitis, and keratoconjunctivitis. Parasites were found in conjunctival swab, nasal discharge, sputum, urine, stool,and duodenal biopsy specimens, but no pulmonary, renal, or gastrointestinal symptoms were documented, The patient was treated with albendazole (400 mg po b.i.d.), resulting in complete remission of his ocular and nasal symptoms, and microsporidian spores disappeared from all sites. To our knowledge, this case is only the second of E. cuniculi infection in humans that has been confirmed by either antibody- or nucleic acid-based methods, and it is the first in which an Encephalitozoon species has been found in the intestinal tract of a human, Microsporidiosis is an important emerging opportunistic infection in HIV-infected patients and, as documented in this report, has an expanding clinicopathologic spectrum. C1 UNIV COLOGNE,DEPT DERMATOL,D-50924 COLOGNE,GERMANY. EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PATHOL,ATLANTA,GA 30322. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV PARASIT DIS,ATLANTA,GA. RP Franzen, C (reprint author), UNIV COLOGNE,DEPT INTERNAL MED 1,JOSEPH STELZMANN STR 9,D-50924 COLOGNE,GERMANY. NR 17 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 21 IS 6 BP 1480 EP 1484 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA TL795 UT WOS:A1995TL79500025 PM 8749639 ER PT J AU Shekar, R Chico, G Bass, SN Strozewski, K Biddle, J AF Shekar, R Chico, G Bass, SN Strozewski, K Biddle, J TI Household transmission of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article C1 ST LUKES HOSP,DEPT PATHOL,CLEVELAND,OH 44104. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,HOSP INFECT PROGRAM CTR,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP Shekar, R (reprint author), ST LUKES HOSP,DEPT MED,DIV INFECT DIS,11311 SHAKER BLVD,CLEVELAND,OH 44104, USA. NR 4 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 21 IS 6 BP 1511 EP 1512 PG 2 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA TL795 UT WOS:A1995TL79500035 PM 8749649 ER PT J AU Zucker, JR Campbell, CC AF Zucker, JR Campbell, CC TI Antimalarial chemotherapy: A relentless challenge SO CURRENT OPINION IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article AB Chloroquine resistance has spread to nearly every country with Plasmodium falciparum transmission, thus necessitating the use of second-line medications for effective treatment. This problem is most acute in Southeast Asia, where development of resistance to most second-line medications, including mefloquine, halofantrine, and quinine, has been documented. The status of drug resistance in Southeast Asia is reviewed in this article, and the current knowledge of the clinical use of artemisinin and its derivatives is provided. C1 NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV PARASIT DIS,EPIDEMIOL BRANCH,MALARIA SECT,ATLANTA,GA. RP Zucker, JR (reprint author), US PHS,CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,OFF ASSOC DIRECTOR INT HLTH,1600 CLIFTON RD,F-22,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 0 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 2 PU CURRENT SCIENCE PI PHILADELPHIA PA 400 MARKET STREET,SUITE 750 ATTN:SARAH WHEALEN/SUB MGR, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 0951-7375 J9 CURR OPIN INFECT DIS JI Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 8 IS 6 BP 455 EP 460 DI 10.1097/00001432-199512000-00010 PG 6 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA TK554 UT WOS:A1995TK55400010 ER PT J AU ENGELGAU, MM AUBERT, RE THOMPSON, TJ HERMAN, WH AF ENGELGAU, MM AUBERT, RE THOMPSON, TJ HERMAN, WH TI SCREENING FOR NIDDM IN NONPREGNANT ADULTS - A REVIEW OF PRINCIPLES, SCREENING-TESTS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS SO DIABETES CARE LA English DT Review ID DEPENDENT DIABETES-MELLITUS; IMPAIRED GLUCOSE-TOLERANCE; FASTING PLASMA-GLUCOSE; LOWER-EXTREMITY AMPUTATION; UNITED-STATES POPULATION; CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; GLYCOSYLATED HEMOGLOBIN; INSULIN-TREATMENT; RISK-FACTORS; FRUCTOSAMINE RP ENGELGAU, MM (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT, DIV DIABET TRANSLAT, ATLANTA, GA 30341 USA. NR 117 TC 36 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER DIABETES ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1701 N BEAUREGARD ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22311-1717 USA SN 0149-5992 EI 1935-5548 J9 DIABETES CARE JI Diabetes Care PD DEC PY 1995 VL 18 IS 12 BP 1606 EP 1618 DI 10.2337/diacare.18.12.1606 PG 13 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA TG476 UT WOS:A1995TG47600014 PM 8722060 ER PT J AU Herman, WH Ali, MA Aubert, RE Engelgau, MM Kenny, SJ Gunter, EW Malarcher, AM Brechner, RJ Wetterhall, SF DeStefano, F Thompson, TJ Smith, PJ Badran, A Sous, ES Habib, M Hegazy, M abdelShakour, S Ibrahim, AS elBehairy, AEM AF Herman, WH Ali, MA Aubert, RE Engelgau, MM Kenny, SJ Gunter, EW Malarcher, AM Brechner, RJ Wetterhall, SF DeStefano, F Thompson, TJ Smith, PJ Badran, A Sous, ES Habib, M Hegazy, M abdelShakour, S Ibrahim, AS elBehairy, AEM TI Diabetes mellitus in Egypt: Risk factors and prevalence SO DIABETIC MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE Egypt; Middle East; diabetes mellitus; glucose intolerance; epidemiology; obesity; exercise AB Major sociodemographic changes have occurred in Egypt to promote the development of noncommunicable diseases. We have performed a cross-sectional, population-based survey of persons greater than or equal to 20 years of age in Cairo and surrounding rural villages to describe the prevalence of diabetes risk factors, diagnosed diabetes, previously undiagnosed diabetes, and impaired glucose tolerance by age, sex, rural and urban residence, and socioeconomic status (SES). In the survey, we identified 6052 eligible households: 76% of household respondents completed a household examination and 72% of selected household respondents subsequently completed a medical examination. Exercise was assessed by questionnaire; adiposity by measurement of height, weight, and girths; and diabetes by history and 2-h 75 g oral glucose tolerance test. In rural areas, 52% of persons greater than or equal to 20 years of age were sedentary, 16% were obese, and 4.9% had diabetes. In lower SES urban areas, 73% were sedentary, 37% were obese, and 13.5% had diabetes. In higher SES urban areas, 89% were sedentary, 49% were obese, and 20% had diabetes. The combined prevalence of diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes in the Egyptian population greater than or equal to 20 years of age was estimated to be 9.3%. Approximately half the diabetes was diagnosed and the other half was previously undiagnosed. The prevalence of diabetes in Egypt is high, and the gradient in risk factors and disease from rural to urban areas and in urban areas from lower to higher SES suggest that diabetes is a major, emerging clinical and public health problem in Egypt. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,DIV DIABET TRANSLAT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 0 TC 89 Z9 91 U1 2 U2 5 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0742-3071 J9 DIABETIC MED JI Diabetic Med. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 12 IS 12 BP 1126 EP 1131 PG 6 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA TK482 UT WOS:A1995TK48200012 PM 8750225 ER PT J AU MCDONNELL, S TROIANO, RP BARKER, N NOJI, E HLADY, WG HOPKINS, R AF MCDONNELL, S TROIANO, RP BARKER, N NOJI, E HLADY, WG HOPKINS, R TI EVALUATION OF LONG-TERM COMMUNITY RECOVERY FROM HURRICANE-ANDREW - SOURCES OF ASSISTANCE RECEIVED BY POPULATION SUB-GROUPS SO DISASTERS LA English DT Article AB Two three-stage cluster surveys were conducted in South Dane County, Florida, 14 months apart, to assess recovery following Hurricane Andrew. Response rates were 75 per cent and 84 per cent. Sources of assistance used in recovery from Hurricane Andrew differed according to race, per capita income, ethnicity, and education. Reports of improved living situation post-hurricane were not associated with receiving relief assistance, but reports of a worse situation were associated with loss of income, being exploited, or job loss. The number of households reporting problems with crime and community violence doubled between the two surveys. Disaster relief efforts had less impact on subjective long-term recovery than did job or income loss or housing repair difficulties. Existing sources of assistance were used more often than specific post-hurricane relief resources. The demographic make-up of a community may determine which are the most effective means to inform them after a disaster and what sources of assistance may be useful. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL,ATLANTA,GA 30333. OI Troiano, Richard/0000-0002-6807-989X NR 19 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL PUBL LTD PI OXFORD PA 108 COWLEY RD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX4 1JF SN 0361-3666 J9 DISASTERS JI Disasters PD DEC PY 1995 VL 19 IS 4 BP 338 EP 347 DI 10.1111/j.1467-7717.1995.tb00354.x PG 10 WC Planning & Development SC Public Administration GA TH520 UT WOS:A1995TH52000005 PM 8564457 ER PT J AU Ashley, K AF Ashley, K TI Ultrasonic extraction and field-portable anodic stripping voltammetry of lead from environmental samples SO ELECTROANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE anodic stripping voltammetry; lead; trace environmental analysis; ultrasonic extraction AB Ultrasonic extraction of lead from environmental samples, followed by anodic stripping voltammetric (ASV) analysis using a field-portable ASV instrument, was evaluated. Representative lead-containing standard reference materials were subjected to ultrasonic agitation in dilute nitric acid, and the lead subsequently determined by ASV. Recoveries of lead were found to be statistically equivalent to those obtained previously by means of hotplate concentrated acid digestion and atomic spectrometric analysis. Laboratory-prepared air filter samples were also analyzed for lead content by using the ultrasonic extraction/portable ASV analytical protocol. For duplicate laboratory-prepared air filter samples, results from microwave digestion and atomic absorption analysis compared well with those from ultrasonic extraction and portable ASV analysis. The lower detection limit for the ultrasound/portable ASV method was found to be less than 1 ppb Pb in solution, or < 0.1 mu g Pb/filter. The results suggest that the method may allow for the on-site determination of lead in environmental samples such as paint, dust, soil and workplace air. RP Ashley, K (reprint author), US DEPT HHS,CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NIOSH,CINCINNATI,OH 45226, USA. RI Ashley, Kevin/C-9005-2011 NR 14 TC 49 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 2 PU VCH PUBLISHERS INC PI DEERFIELD BEACH PA 303 NW 12TH AVE, DEERFIELD BEACH, FL 33442-1788 SN 1040-0397 J9 ELECTROANAL JI Electroanalysis PD DEC PY 1995 VL 7 IS 12 BP 1189 EP 1192 DI 10.1002/elan.1140071217 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Electrochemistry SC Chemistry; Electrochemistry GA TQ260 UT WOS:A1995TQ26000016 ER PT J AU AlGahtani, YM ElBushra, HE AlQarawi, SM AlZubaidi, AA Fontaine, RE AF AlGahtani, YM ElBushra, HE AlQarawi, SM AlZubaidi, AA Fontaine, RE TI Epidemiological investigation of an outbreak of meningococcal meningitis in Makkah (Mecca), Saudi Arabia, 1992 SO EPIDEMIOLOGY AND INFECTION LA English DT Article ID EPIDEMIC; FEATURES AB During March and April of 1992, the health surveillance system began detecting increasing numbers of cases of meningococcal disease (MCD) in the Islamic holy city of Makkah (Mecca). We identified 102 bacteriologically confirmed cases (CC) and 80 suspected cases (SC) of MCD. Neisseria meningitidis was identified as Group A, III-1 clone. The ratio of male:female cases was 2.9:1. All age groups of males were affected. There was only one case among women aged 10-30; 50% of the adult female caves were 55 or older. The case-fatality ratio (CFR) was 14.7% among CC. Pakistanis, who comprised about one-third of the CC, had a CFR of 26.7%. Fifty-nine percent of CC were religious visitors. CC in residents mere most common in persons living near the Holy Mosque (Haram), where the carriage rate reached 86%. A mass vaccination program against MCD mas instituted, using AC bivalent meningococcal vaccine (MCV). An abrupt drop, from a mean of 15 CC per week to 2 CC per week (only in visitors), coincided with vaccinating 600000 persons over 2 weeks. Makkah residents who had been vaccinated against MCD were less likely to have contracted MCD (OR = 0.17, 95% CI: 0.06-0.50). MCV was of no significant protective value if it had been administered 5 years before the outbreak. The main reason for not being vaccinated as stated by both cases (71%) and controls (45%) mras not knowing about the disease. The age and sex differences probably relate to differences in exposures to crowded conditions. Health education should illuminate the seriousness of the disease and the importance of vaccination. C1 MINIST HLTH, DEPT PREVENT MED, FIELD EPIDEMIOL TRAINING PROGRAM, RIYADH, SAUDI ARABIA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, DIV FIELD EPIDEMIOL, EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM OFF, ATLANTA, GA 30341 USA. NR 18 TC 54 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 1 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 SN 0950-2688 J9 EPIDEMIOL INFECT JI Epidemiol. Infect. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 115 IS 3 BP 399 EP 409 PG 11 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA TR993 UT WOS:A1995TR99300003 PM 8557071 ER PT J AU Roberts, CL Mshar, PA Cartter, ML Hadler, JL Sosin, DM Hayes, PS Barrett, TJ AF Roberts, CL Mshar, PA Cartter, ML Hadler, JL Sosin, DM Hayes, PS Barrett, TJ TI The role of heightened surveillance in an outbreak of Escherichia coli O157.H7 SO EPIDEMIOLOGY AND INFECTION LA English DT Article ID O157-H7; INFECTIONS; 0157-H7 AB After instituting laboratory screening for Escherichia coli O157.H7, a Connecticut hospital isolated the organism from four persons in September 1993. As a result, an outbreak of E. coli O157.H7 associated with a country club was detected. The club had served hamburger from the same shipment at two picnics. Attendees of two picnics were interviewed, stool cultures mere obtained from symptomatic persons, and the remaining hamburger was cultured. Twenty (22%) of 89 persons who ate hamburger became ill; compared with 1 of 60 who did not eat hamburger (relative risk = 13.5, 95% confidence interval 3.2-56.3). Among persons who ate hamburgers, illness was strongly associated with eating hamburger that was not thoroughly cooked (P < 0.001). All 20 samples from 5 remaining boxes of patties yielded E. coli O157.H7. Isolates from hamburger and case-patients mere indistinguishable by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Heightened surveillance can rapidly identify outbreaks and may mitigate their impact. However, continued review of food safety issues is necessary if E. coli O157.H7 outbreaks are to be prevented. C1 CONNECTICUT DEPT PUBL HLTH & ADDICT SERV,PROGRAM EPIDEMIOL,HARTFORD,CT. CTR DIS CONTROL,DIV FIELD EPIDEMIOL,EPIDEM INTELLIGENCE SERV,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CTR DIS CONTROL,FOODBORNE & DIARRHEAL DIS BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NR 22 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 SN 0950-2688 J9 EPIDEMIOL INFECT JI Epidemiol. Infect. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 115 IS 3 BP 447 EP 454 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA TR993 UT WOS:A1995TR99300008 PM 8557076 ER PT J AU MacKenzie, WR Kazmierczak, JJ Davis, JP AF MacKenzie, WR Kazmierczak, JJ Davis, JP TI An outbreak of cryptosporidiosis associated with a resort swimming pool SO EPIDEMIOLOGY AND INFECTION LA English DT Article ID GIARDIA CYSTS; WATER; PARVUM; OZONE AB An outbreak of cyptosporidiosis occurred in late April 1993 among resort hotel guests which was temporally associated with, but geographically distant from, a massive waterborne outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in Milwaukee. Wisconsin, that occurred in late March and early April of 1983. A case-control study was performed among: groups with members who reported illness and among a systematic sample of groups who stayed at the resort hotel during the risk period. Of 120 persons interviewed, 51 (43%) met the case definition. Swimming in the resort hotel's pool was significantly associated with case status (OR = 9.8; 95% Cl 3.4, 29.7), as was consumption of ice from the hotel's ice machines (OR = 2.3; 95% Cl 1.01, 5.2). When analysis was restricted only to laboratory-confirmed cases and controls, swimming pool use was the only risk factor significantly associated with illness (OR = 13.0; 95% Cl 2.6, 88.7). Following waterborne outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis associated with water supplies, swimming pools should be considered as possible ongoing sources for transmission regionally. C1 CDC,EPO,DFE,ATLANTA,GA 30333. WISCONSIN DEPT HLTH & SOCIAL SERV,BUR PUBL HLTH,MADISON,WI 53703. RI Mac Kenzie, William /F-1528-2013 OI Mac Kenzie, William /0000-0001-7723-0339 NR 18 TC 44 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 5 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 SN 0950-2688 J9 EPIDEMIOL INFECT JI Epidemiol. Infect. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 115 IS 3 BP 545 EP 553 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA TR993 UT WOS:A1995TR99300019 PM 8557087 ER PT J AU Richards, FO Klein, RE GonzalesPeralta, C Flores, RZ Roman, SG Ramirez, JC Flores, GZ AF Richards, FO Klein, RE GonzalesPeralta, C Flores, RZ Roman, SG Ramirez, JC Flores, GZ TI Knowledge, attitudes and practices during a community-level ivermectin distribution campaign in Guatemala SO HEALTH POLICY AND PLANNING LA English DT Article ID BORNE DISEASE-CONTROL; ONCHOCERCA-VOLVULUS; ADVERSE REACTIONS; PARTICIPATION AB Community acceptance and participation are essential for the success of mass ivermectin chemotherapy programmes for onchocerciasis (river blindness). To explore the local understanding of the purpose of ivermectin and willingness to continue taking the drug, we performed questionnaire surveys in four communities with hyperendemic onchocerciasis after each of three ivermectin treatment rounds. More than 100 respondents participated in each KAP survey, representing the heads of 30% of the households in each community. The respondents rarely stated that the goal of the ivermectin treatment programme was to prevent visual loss. Instead, they said they were taking the drug for their general well-being, to cure the onchocercal nodule (filaria), or to cure the microfilaria, a term newly introduced by agents of the treatment programme. The principal reason identified for refusal to take ivermectin was anxiety about drug-related adverse reactions, and there were marked differences between communities in acceptance of treatment. In one community over 50% of residents initially refused to take ivermectin, although participation rates improved somewhat after programmatic adjustments. We recommend that ivermectin distribution programmes establish surveillance activities to detect where acceptance is poor, so that timely and community-specific adjustments may be devised to improve participation. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,MED ENTOMOL RES & TRAINING UNIT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. MINIST SALUD PUBL & ASISTENCIA SOCIAL,DEPT ONCOCERCOSIS,GUATEMALA CITY,GUATEMALA. ONCHOCERCIASIS ELIMINAT PROGRAM AMER,ANTIGUA,GUATEMALA. RP Richards, FO (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV PARASIT DIS,MAILSTOP F-22,4770 BUFORD HIGHWAY,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 27 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS UNITED KINGDOM PI OXFORD PA WALTON ST JOURNALS DEPT, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX2 6DP SN 0268-1080 J9 HEALTH POLICY PLANN JI Health Policy Plan. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 10 IS 4 BP 404 EP 414 DI 10.1093/heapol/10.4.404 PG 11 WC Health Care Sciences & Services; Health Policy & Services SC Health Care Sciences & Services GA TL598 UT WOS:A1995TL59800007 PM 10154362 ER PT J AU GOLDE, WT DOLAN, MC AF GOLDE, WT DOLAN, MC TI VARIATION IN ANTIGENICITY AND INFECTIVITY OF DERIVATIVES OF BORRELIA-BURGDORFERI, STRAIN B31, MAINTAINED IN THE NATURAL, ZOONOTIC CYCLE COMPARED WITH MAINTENANCE IN CULTURE SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID LYME-DISEASE SPIROCHETE; MICE; PLASMID; IXODIDAE; ACARI AB The original isolate of Borrelia burgdorferi, strain B31, can be maintained in vitro indefinitely, A number of studies have demonstrated that there are recognizable changes in the genetic composition of the spirochete after more than 60 passages. We have maintained B31 in the natural zoonotic cycle of transmission of infection between laboratory mice and laboratory-reared Ixodes ticks, To determine whether similar changes occur in the natural transmission cycle, we reisolated strain B31 from mouse skin at the fifth zoonotic cycle, This reisolated derivative had the same infectivity as the parent B31 strain, had lost the 8-kb supercoiled plasmid present in B31, and induced a gross serum antibody response indistinguishable from the B31 immune response. Analysis of antigen expression with monoclonal antibodies generated against B31, however, showed differential expression of a subset of antigens between B31 and the reisolated derivative. RP GOLDE, WT (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VECTOR BORNE INFECT DIS,US POB 2087,FT COLLINS,CO 80522, USA. NR 22 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 63 IS 12 BP 4795 EP 4801 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA TF967 UT WOS:A1995TF96700034 PM 7591138 ER PT J AU PRUCKLER, JM BENSON, RF MOYENUDDIN, M MARTIN, WT FIELDS, BS AF PRUCKLER, JM BENSON, RF MOYENUDDIN, M MARTIN, WT FIELDS, BS TI ASSOCIATION OF FLAGELLUM EXPRESSION AND INTRACELLULAR GROWTH OF LEGIONELLA-PNEUMOPHILA SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Note ID HARTMANNELLA-VERMIFORMIS; LEGIONNAIRES-DISEASE; TAP WATER; AMEBAS; MULTIPLICATION; MACROPHAGES; SEROGROUP-1; VIRULENCE; PROTOZOA; PROTEINS AB We examined the role of the flagella of Legionella pneumophila in the infection of amoebae and human monocyte-like cells. Insertional mutants were constructed with mini-Tn10. Ten mutants (F-) which did not react with polyclonal L. pneumophila antiflagellar antisera were identified. Ten randomly selected mutants (F+) that did react with the polyclonal antiflagellar antiserum were also identified. The infectivity of these 20 mutants in Hartmannella vermiformis and human U937 cells was characterized. Seven of the 10 F- mutants were attenuated in their ability to multiply in the amoebae during the first 3 days of coincubation and failed to multiply in U937 cells. Three of the 10 F- mutants multiplied as well as the wild-type parent strain did in amoebae and to a limited degree in U937 cells, None of the 10 F+ mutants were attenuated in either the amoebae or U937 cells. While the flagellar structure is not essential for virulence, the ability of L. pneumophila to infect amoebae and human phagocytic cells appears to be linked to flagellar expression. We believe that the attenuated F- mutants contain insertions in genes critical to both flagellum expression and the infection process. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL, NATL CTR INFECT DIS, DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS, ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA. NR 37 TC 53 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0019-9567 EI 1098-5522 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 63 IS 12 BP 4928 EP 4932 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA TF967 UT WOS:A1995TF96700055 PM 7591159 ER PT J AU Tokars, JI Culver, DH Mendelson, MH Sloan, EP Farber, BF Fligner, DJ Chamberland, ME Marcus, R McKibben, PS Bell, DM AF Tokars, JI Culver, DH Mendelson, MH Sloan, EP Farber, BF Fligner, DJ Chamberland, ME Marcus, R McKibben, PS Bell, DM TI Skin and mucous membrane contacts with blood during surgical procedures: Risk and prevention SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID OPERATING-ROOM PERSONNEL; GLOVE PERFORATIONS; SURGERY; CONTAMINATION; INJURIES; EXPOSURE; FREQUENCY; SINGLE AB OBJECTIVE: To study the epidemiology and preventability of blood contact with skin and mucous membranes during surgical procedures. DESIGN: Observers present at 1,382 surgical procedures recorded information about the procedure, the personnel present, and the contacts that occurred. SETTING: Four US teaching hospitals during 1990. PARTICIPANTS: Operating room personnel in five surgical specialties. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Numbers and circumstances of contact between the patient's blood (or other infective fluids) and surgical personnel's mucous membranes (mucous membrane contacts) or skin (skin contacts, excluding percutaneous injuries). RESULTS: A total of 1,069 skin (including 620 hand, 258 body, and 172 face) and 32 mucous membrane (all affecting eyes) contacts were observed. Surgeons sustained most contacts (19% had greater than or equal to 1 skin contact and 0.5% had greater than or equal to 1 mucous membrane-eye contact). Hand contacts were 72% lower among surgeons who double gloved, and face contacts were prevented reliably by face shields. Mucous membrane-eye contacts were significantly less frequent in surgeons wearing eyeglasses and were absent in surgeons wearing goggles or face shields. Among surgeons, risk factors for skin contact depended on the area of contact: hand contacts were associated most closely with procedure duration (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 9.4; greater than or equal to 4 versus <1 hour); body contacts (arms, legs, and torso) with estimated blood losses (adjusted OR 8.4; greater than or equal to 1,000 versus <100 mL); and face contacts, with orthopedic service (adjusted OR 7.5 compared with general surgery). CONCLUSION: Skin and mucous membrane contacts are preventable by appropriate barrier precautions, yet occur commonly during surgery. Surgeons who perform procedures similar to those included in this study should strongly consider double gloving, changing gloves routinely during surgery, or both (Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1995;16:703-711). C1 MT SINAI SCH MED,DEPT MED,DIV INFECT DIS,NEW YORK,NY. UNIV ILLINOIS,COOK CTY HOSP,COLL MED,DEPT TRAUMA,CHICAGO,IL 60612. CORNELL UNIV,N SHORE UNIV HOSP,COLL MED,DEPT MED,DIV INFECT DIS,MANHASSET,NY. EHS CHRIST HOSP & MED CTR,DEPT EMERGENCY MED,OAK LAWN,IL 60453. RP Tokars, JI (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,HOSP INFECT PROGRAM,1600 CLIFTON RD,MAILSTOP E-69,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 28 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 2 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 16 IS 12 BP 703 EP 711 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA TN482 UT WOS:A1995TN48200006 PM 8683088 ER PT J AU Benedict, MQ Salazar, CE Collins, FH AF Benedict, MQ Salazar, CE Collins, FH TI A new dominant selectable marker for genetic transformation; Hsp70-opd SO INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE resistance; organophosphate; transgenic; P element ID PSEUDOMONAS-DIMINUTA; DROSOPHILA; PHOSPHOTRIESTERASE; EXPRESSION; RESISTANCE AB New P element plasmids containing the organophosphate-degrading gene opd as a dominant selectable marker were tested as transformation vectors in Drosophila melanogaster, One of these vectors was modified by the addition of the D. melanogaster mini-white gene as a comarker, When transformed individuals were identified using paraoxon selection for opd alone, results were similar to those obtained with mini-white, No false positives were recovered, however one strain contained the mini-white gene but inadequate resistance to survive our screening regimen due to a defective Hsp70-opd gene, Results suggest that Hsp70-opd is similar to mini-white for distinguishing transformed individuals, but does not require time-consuming individual examination, Due to the mode of action of organophosphorus nerve agents, Hsp70-opd has potential as a selectable marker in numerous animals beside fruit flies. C1 EMORY UNIV,DEPT BIOL,ATLANTA,GA 30322. RP Benedict, MQ (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV PARASIT DIS,MAILSTOP F22,4770 BUFORD HIGHWAY,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 15 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0965-1748 J9 INSECT BIOCHEM MOLEC JI Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 25 IS 10 BP 1061 EP 1065 DI 10.1016/0965-1748(95)00061-5 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology GA TP147 UT WOS:A1995TP14700001 PM 8580907 ER PT J AU JASON, J SLEEPER, LA DONFIELD, SM MURPHY, J WARRIER, I ARKIN, S EVATT, B WILLOUGHBY, A WASSERMAN, J PEQUEGNAT, W GOMPERTS, E KAUFMAN, F NELSON, M SCHULTZE, ME PEARSON, S HILGARTNER, M GERTNER, J SCIACCA, J HOOTS, WK LOVELAND, K CANTINI, M CURRY, C MCKINLAY, S DONFIELD, S MAEDER, MA CONTANT, C KISKER, CT STEHBENS, J BALE, J COOL, V ANDES, WA SIROIS, P SEXAUER, C OLSON, R BOWMAN, M HAWK, S ALEDORT, L ARROYO, M HAIRE, W ERICKSON, J PARMLEY, R MANGOS, J SCOTT, A HONECK, L LUSHER, J BAIRDCOX, K HERSHEY, MS EYSTER, E PATTISHALL, E SCHAFER, J NEAGLEY, CS SHAPIRO, A HATCHER, S DAVIGNON, G MOLLEN, P WICKLUND, B SPOOR, M AF JASON, J SLEEPER, LA DONFIELD, SM MURPHY, J WARRIER, I ARKIN, S EVATT, B WILLOUGHBY, A WASSERMAN, J PEQUEGNAT, W GOMPERTS, E KAUFMAN, F NELSON, M SCHULTZE, ME PEARSON, S HILGARTNER, M GERTNER, J SCIACCA, J HOOTS, WK LOVELAND, K CANTINI, M CURRY, C MCKINLAY, S DONFIELD, S MAEDER, MA CONTANT, C KISKER, CT STEHBENS, J BALE, J COOL, V ANDES, WA SIROIS, P SEXAUER, C OLSON, R BOWMAN, M HAWK, S ALEDORT, L ARROYO, M HAIRE, W ERICKSON, J PARMLEY, R MANGOS, J SCOTT, A HONECK, L LUSHER, J BAIRDCOX, K HERSHEY, MS EYSTER, E PATTISHALL, E SCHAFER, J NEAGLEY, CS SHAPIRO, A HATCHER, S DAVIGNON, G MOLLEN, P WICKLUND, B SPOOR, M TI EVIDENCE FOR A SHIFT FROM A TYPE-I LYMPHOCYTE PATTERN WITH HIV DISEASE PROGRESSION SO JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES AND HUMAN RETROVIROLOGY LA English DT Article DE HIV; T CELLS; LYMPHOCYTE SUBSETS ID INFECTION; ELEVATION; IGE AB Whether a shift from a type I (cell mediated) immune profile occurs with progressive HIV-related immune dysfunction is a matter of heated debate. We analyzed data for 333 HIV antibody-positive (HIV+) and -negative (HIV-) homophilic children/adolescents, to examine whether the relationships among immunologic parameters and vaccine-related serology supported a shift with advancing HIV infection. In stepwise logistic regression analysis of HIV+ children's data, anergy to a panel of delayed hypersensitivity skin test antigens was positively associated with serum immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels (p = 0.012) and CD8(+) cell counts (p = 0.021) and negatively associated with CD4(+) cell counts (p = 0.002). Modeling supported anergy as a positive correlate of log IgA level (p = 0.046) and CD4(+) lymphocyte count as a negative correlate, for HIV+ participants only (p < 0.0001). For mumps, the proportion of vaccinated HIV+ participants with protective IgG antibody titers was higher among those with CD4(+) lymphocyte counts <200 cells/mm(3) (p = 0.058). For HIV+ participants <14 years of age, this same trend was seen for measles and rubella, but was not seen in any age group for bacterial vaccine antigens. The intercorrelations among skin test anergy, CD4(+) lymphocyte counts, serum IgA levels, and viral vaccine antigen-related serologic titers for HIV+ participants are consistent with an association between progressive HIV-related immune dysfunction and a predominance of type II (humoral immunity) or Type 0 (mixed immunity), relative to type I, lymphocyte profiles. C1 EMORY UNIV, ATLANTA, GA 30322 USA. NEW ENGLAND RES INST, WATERTOWN, MA 02172 USA. CHILDRENS HOSP MICHIGAN, DETROIT, MI 48201 USA. MT SINAI MED CTR, NEW YORK, NY 10029 USA. NICHHD, BETHESDA, MD 20892 USA. NATL HEMOPHILIA FDN, NEW YORK, NY USA. NIMH, BETHESDA, MD 20892 USA. CHILDRENS HOSP LOS ANGELES, LOS ANGELES, CA USA. CORNELL UNIV, NEW YORK HOSP, MED CTR, ITHACA, NY 14853 USA. UNIV TEXAS, SCH MED, HOUSTON, TX USA. NEW ENGLAND RES INST INC, WATERTOWN, MA USA. BAYLOR COLL MED, HOUSTON, TX 77030 USA. UNIV IOWA HOSP & CLIN, IOWA CITY, IA 52242 USA. TULANE UNIV, NEW ORLEANS, LA 70118 USA. CHILDRENS HOSP OKLAHOMA, OKLAHOMA CITY, OK USA. MT SINAI MED CTR, NEW YORK, NY USA. UNIV NEBRASKA, MED CTR, LINCOLN, NE 68583 USA. UNIV TEXAS, HLTH SCI CTR, SAN ANTONIO, TX USA. MILTON S HERSHEY MED CTR, HERSHEY, PA USA. INDIANA UNIV, JAMES WHITCOMB RILEY HOSP CHILDREN, BLOOMINGTON, IN 47405 USA. UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO, MED CTR, SAN DIEGO, CA 92103 USA. CHILDRENS MERCY HOSP, KANSAS CITY SCH MED, KANSAS CITY, MO 64108 USA. RP JASON, J (reprint author), US PHS, CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, NATL CTR INFECT DIS, DIV HIV AIDS, 1600 CLIFTON RD NE, ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [M1-RR00071]; NICHD NIH HHS [N01-HD-8-2908]; PHS HHS [MCJ-060570] NR 22 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 1077-9450 J9 J ACQ IMMUN DEF SYND JI J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol. PD DEC 1 PY 1995 VL 10 IS 4 BP 471 EP 476 DI 10.1097/00042560-199512000-00011 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA TF607 UT WOS:A1995TF60700011 PM 7583444 ER PT J AU MORALES, TG SAMPLINER, RE BHATTACHARYYA, A ALTER, MJ AF MORALES, TG SAMPLINER, RE BHATTACHARYYA, A ALTER, MJ TI LIVER HISTOLOGY IN ANTI-HCV-POSITIVE PERSONS WITH NORMAL OR MINIMALLY ELEVATED AMINOTRANSFERASES SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL GASTROENTEROLOGY LA English DT Article DE CHRONIC HEPATITIS C; HCV RNA; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION ID HEPATITIS-C VIRUS; BLOOD-DONORS; NON-A; DISEASE; VIREMIA AB The significance of a positive hepatitis C virus (HCV) screening test in asymptomatic blood donors with normal or near normal aminotransferases was studied along with the usefulness of HCV RNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing for predicting chronic hepatitis in these individuals. One hundred and thirty-nine volunteer blood donors who were found positive by second generation ELISA for antibodies to HCV agreed to participate in the study. Thirty-one of them were supplemental test positive, had ALT values less than twice normal, and were followed over a minimum of 12 months. Thirteen consented to percutaneous liver biopsy and also had HCV RNA determination by PCR. Ten of the 13 subjects were positive for HCV RNA by PCR. Of the nine who were positive for HCV RNA and had adequate tissue for evaluation, seven had evidence of chronic hepatitis, three with limiting plate necrosis. Lobular inflammation was similar in severity to that found in the portal region. In addition, two had periportal fibrosis, and one had bridging fibrosis. Of the three subjects who were negative for HCV RNA, only one had portal inflammation which was limited to the portal region. None of these three had lobular changes, or periportal or bridging fibrosis. Of the three normal biopsies, two were from subjects who were negative for HCV RNA. The sensitivity and specificity of HCV RNA testing for chronic hepatitis was 87.5% and 50%, respectively, yielding an overall accuracy of 75%. We conclude that asymptomatic blood donors with antibodies to HCV, normal or mildly elevated liver tests, and HCV RNA may have abnormal liver histology indicating the potential for progressive liver disease. HCV RNA testing by PCR may be clinically useful as a noninvasive means to discriminate between those with and without chronic liver disease. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP MORALES, TG (reprint author), UNIV ARIZONA,ARIZONA HLTH SCI CTR,VET AFFAIRS MED CTR,1501 N CAMPBELL AVE,TUCSON,AZ 85724, USA. NR 15 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 0192-0790 J9 J CLIN GASTROENTEROL JI J. Clin. Gastroenterol. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 21 IS 4 BP 301 EP 305 DI 10.1097/00004836-199512000-00011 PG 5 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology GA TF769 UT WOS:A1995TF76900011 PM 8583105 ER PT J AU BEALL, B CASSIDAY, PK SANDEN, GN AF BEALL, B CASSIDAY, PK SANDEN, GN TI ANALYSIS OF BORDETELLA-PERTUSSIS ISOLATES FROM AN EPIDEMIC BY PULSED-FIELD GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article AB We examined genetic variation among 78 clinical isolates of Bordetella pertussis, including 54 strains recovered during a 1986 pertussis epidemic, A total of 16 pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) profiles, generated with each of three different enzymes (XbaI, SpeI, and DraI), were obtained from the epidemic and sporadic isolates included in the study. Indistinguishable profiles were seen among strains unrelated temporally or geographically, as well as among strains isolated sporadically from the same geographic areas. All isolates from the epidemic had indistinguishable PFGE profiles. The PFGE pattern of the epidemic strains was shared with only 1 of 25 strains isolated independently of the outbreak. This isolate was cultured from a specimen from a laboratory scientist who had been working with the epidemic strains, further implicating the usefulness of PFGE for the epidemiologic study of clinical strains of B. pertussis, Differences in PFGE profiles for single epidemic strains occurred occasionally upon repeated passage on agar medium, suggesting that subculturing of initial isolates should be minimized before pulsed-field analysis. RP BEALL, B (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 8 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 33 IS 12 BP 3083 EP 3086 PG 4 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA TF015 UT WOS:A1995TF01500001 PM 8586677 ER PT J AU STEINGRUBE, VA BROWN, BA GIBSON, JL WILSON, RW BROWN, J BLACKLOCK, Z JOST, K LOCKE, S ULRICH, RF WALLACE, RJ AF STEINGRUBE, VA BROWN, BA GIBSON, JL WILSON, RW BROWN, J BLACKLOCK, Z JOST, K LOCKE, S ULRICH, RF WALLACE, RJ TI DNA AMPLIFICATION AND RESTRICTION-ENDONUCLEASE ANALYSIS FOR DIFFERENTIATION OF 12 SPECIES AND TAXA OF NOCARDIA, INCLUDING RECOGNITION OF 4 NEW TAXA WITHIN THE NOCARDIA-ASTEROIDES COMPLEX SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; MYCOBACTERIUM-FORTUITUM; MYCOLIC ACIDS; IDENTIFICATION; TRANSVALENSIS; PATTERNS; CRITERIA; THERAPY AB Nineteen reference and 156 clinical strains of the genus Nocardia belonging to 12 taxonomic groups were studied for restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) by using an amplified 439-bp segment of the 65-kDa heat shock protein gene. Of 30 restriction endonucleases, digestion with MspI and then digestion with BsaHI produced RFLP band patterns which separated all 12 groups except N. asteroides type IV from 6 of 12 N. transvalensis isolates and N. carnea from the N. asteroides type VI isolates, Commonly encountered species such as N. nova, N. farcinica, N. brasiliensis sensu stricto, and N. otitidiscaviarum were easily separated. Each taxon resulted in a single RFLP band pattern that included greater than or equal to 96% of all biochemically grouped isolates for 9 of 12 taxa with MspI and for 8 of 12 taxa with BsaHI. With the use of both patterns, only 6 of 175 (3,4%) isolates failed to fit the biochemically defined group patterns. These studies provide the first evidence for the separate identities of four antibiogram-defined (but currently unnamed) groups within the N. asteroides complex (types I, II, IV, and VI) and the presence of two subgroups within N. transvalensis. They also provide genotypic evidence for the separate identities of N, nova and N. farcinica. The lack of BstEII recognition sites in amplicons obtained from nocardiae provides a simple and rapid method for the differentiation of nocardiae from mycobacteria. DNA amplification with RFLP analysis is the first rapid method that distinguishes all clinically significant taxa and recognized species within the genus Nocardia. C1 UNIV TEXAS,CTR HLTH,CTR PULM INFECT DIS CONTROL,TYLER,TX 75710. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ACTINOMYCETE REF LAB,ATLANTA,GA 30341. STATE HLTH LAB TB SECT,BRISBANE,QLD,AUSTRALIA. TEXAS DEPT HLTH,AUSTIN,TX 78756. RP STEINGRUBE, VA (reprint author), UNIV TEXAS,CTR HLTH,DEPT MICROBIOL,POB 2003,TYLER,TX 75710, USA. NR 31 TC 77 Z9 78 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 33 IS 12 BP 3096 EP 3101 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA TF015 UT WOS:A1995TF01500004 PM 8586680 ER PT J AU IMREY, PB JACKSON, LA LUDWINSKI, PH ENGLAND, AC FELLA, GA FOX, BC ISDALE, LB REEVES, MW WENGER, JD AF IMREY, PB JACKSON, LA LUDWINSKI, PH ENGLAND, AC FELLA, GA FOX, BC ISDALE, LB REEVES, MW WENGER, JD TI MENINGOCOCCAL CARRIAGE, ALCOHOL-CONSUMPTION, AND CAMPUS BAR PATRONAGE IN A SEROGROUP-C MENINGOCOCCAL DISEASE OUTBREAK SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NEISSERIA-MENINGITIDIS; SMOKING AB Community outbreaks of serogroup C invasive meningococcal disease are increasing in North America (L. H. Harrison, JAMA 273:419-421, 1995; L. A. Jackson, A. Schuchat, M. W. Reeves, and J. D. Wenger, JAMA 273:382-389, 1995; C. M. Whalen, J. C. Hockin, A. Ryan, and F. Ashton, JAMA 273:390-394). In a recent 15-month university outbreak, disease was linked to patronage of a specific campus-area bar, suggesting that aspects of a campus bar environment might promote meningococcal transmission (P. B. Imrey, L. A. Jackson, P. H. Ludwinski, et al., Am. J. Epidemiol., in press). To investigate this hypothesis, oropharyngeal carriage results from samples taken from 867 university health service clients and 85 campus-area bar employees during the last 3 months of the outbreak were analyzed to determine factors correlated with carriage of any strain of Neisseria meningitidis. Results were validated with data from samples from 344 health center clients and 211 campus bar employees taken 8 months after the last outbreak case. Recent alcohol consumption (adjusted prevalence odds ratio = 3.8 for > 15 versus 0 drinks in last week [P = 0.0012]) and campus bar patronage (adjusted odds ratio = 1.9 for any versus no patronage in last 2 weeks [P = 0.0122]) showed separate effects in both univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses of data from the 1992 health center clients. Prevalence of meningococcal carriage among 1992 campus bar workers was 3.8 times that among health center clients; this prevalence ratio was roughly 2.5 after adjustment for alcohol consumption and bar patronage. Recent antibiotic usage was protective (prevalence odds ratio = 0.3) among health center clients and bar workers. These findings were generally supported by the validation samples. If alcohol consumption and other aspects of the campus bar environment facilitate transmission of and/or colonization by N. meningitidis, then the introduction of a highly pathogenic substrain into the campus bar environment may provide an unusual opportunity for invasive meningococcal disease within a campus community. C1 UNIV ILLINOIS, DEPT INTERNAL MED, URBANA, IL 61801 USA. UNIV ILLINOIS, MCKINLEY HLTH CTR, URBANA, IL 61801 USA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, NATL CTR INFECT DIS, DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS, ATLANTA, GA 30341 USA. CHAMPAIGN URBANA PUBL HLTH DIST, CHAMPAIGN, IL USA. RP UNIV ILLINOIS, DEPT MED INFORMAT SCI COMMUNITY HLTH & STAT, 506 S MATHEWS AVE, URBANA, IL 61801 USA. OI Imrey, Peter/0000-0002-0533-4603 NR 23 TC 44 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0095-1137 EI 1098-660X J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 33 IS 12 BP 3133 EP 3137 PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA TF015 UT WOS:A1995TF01500012 PM 8586688 ER PT J AU VARMA, M RUDOLPH, DL KNUCHEL, M SWITZER, WM HADLOCK, KG VELLIGAN, M CHAN, L FOUNG, SKH LAL, RB AF VARMA, M RUDOLPH, DL KNUCHEL, M SWITZER, WM HADLOCK, KG VELLIGAN, M CHAN, L FOUNG, SKH LAL, RB TI ENHANCED SPECIFICITY OF TRUNCATED TRANSMEMBRANE PROTEIN FOR SEROLOGIC CONFIRMATION OF HUMAN T-CELL LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS TYPE-1 (HTLV-1) AND HTLV-2 INFECTIONS BY WESTERN-BLOT (IMMUNOBLOT) ASSAY CONTAINING RECOMBINANT ENVELOPE GLYCOPROTEINS SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DONORS; I/II AB Immunoassays based on the highly immunogenic transmembrane protein of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV 1) (protein 21e) are capable of detecting antibodies in all individuals infected with HTLV-1 and HTLV-2, However, because of antigenic mimicry,vith other cellular and viral proteins, such assays also have a large proportion of false-positive reactions, We have recently identified an immunodominant epitope, designated GD21-I located within amino acids 361 to 404 of the transmembrane protein, that appears to eliminate such false positivity, This recombinant GD21-I protein was used in conjunction with additional recombinant HTLV type-specific proteins and a whole virus lysate to develop a modified Western blot (immunoblot) assay (HTLV WB 2.4), The sensitivity and specificity of this assay were evaluated with 352 specimens whose infection status was determined by PCR assay for the presence or absence of HTLV-1/2 proviral sequences, All HTLV-1-positive (n = 102) and HTLV-2-positive (II = 107) specimens reacted with GD21-I in the HTLV WB 2.4 assay, yielding a test sensitivity of 100%. Furthermore, all specimens derived from individuals infected with different viral subtypes of HTLV-1 (Cosmopolitan, Japanese, and Melanesian) and HTLV-2 (IIa0, a3, a4, IIb1, b4, and b5) reacted with GD21-I in the HTLV WB 2.4 assay, More importantly, HTLV WB 2.4 analysis of 81 PCR-negative specimens, all of which reacted to recombinant protein 21e in the presence or absence of p24 and p19 reactivity in the standard WB assay, showed that only two specimens retained reactivity to GD21-I, yielding an improved test specificity for the transmembrane protein of 97.5%. None of 41 specimens with gag reactivity only or 21 HTLV-negative specimens demonstrated reactivity to GD21-I, In an analysis of additional specimens (n = 169) from different geographic areas for which PCR results were not available, a substantial increase in the specificity of GD21-I detection was demonstrated, with no effect on the sensitivity of GD21-I detection among specimens from seropositive donors, Thus, the highly sensitive, GD21-I based HTLV WB 2.4 assay eliminates the majority of false-positive transmembrane results, thereby increasing the specificity for serologic confirmation of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 infections. C1 STANFORD UNIV,DEPT PATHOL,STANFORD,CA 94305. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,RETROVIRUS DIS BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333. GENELABS DIAGNOST,SINGAPORE 0511,SINGAPORE. GENELAB TECHNOL INC,REDWOOD CITY,CA 94063. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL 33811]; NIDA NIH HHS [DA 60596] NR 27 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 33 IS 12 BP 3239 EP 3244 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA TF015 UT WOS:A1995TF01500033 PM 8586709 ER PT J AU MULDERS, MN VANLOON, AM VANDERAVOORT, HGAM REIMERINK, JHJ RAS, A BESTEBROER, TM DREBOT, MA KEW, OM KOOPMANS, MPG AF MULDERS, MN VANLOON, AM VANDERAVOORT, HGAM REIMERINK, JHJ RAS, A BESTEBROER, TM DREBOT, MA KEW, OM KOOPMANS, MPG TI MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF A WILD POLIOVIRUS TYPE-3 EPIDEMIC IN THE NETHERLANDS (1992 AND 1993) SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION AB An outbreak of poliomyelitis due to wild poliovirus type 3 (PV3) occurred in an unvaccinated community in The Netherlands between September 1992 and February 1993, The outbreak involved 71 patients, The aim of this study was to characterize the virus at the molecular level and to analyze the molecular evolution of the epidemic virus. Molecular analysis was carried out by sequencing the VP1/2A junction region (150 nucleotides) of 50 PV3 strains isolated in association with this outbreak and the entire VP1 gene of 14 strains, In addition, the sequence of the VP1/2A junction region of strains from geographical regions endemic for PV3 (Egypt, India, and Central Asia) was analyzed and compared with the nucleotide sequence of the epidemic strain from The Netherlands. The earliest isolate was obtained from river water sampled 3 weeks before diagnosis of the first poliomyelitis patient and was found by VP1/2A sequence analysis to be genetically identical to the strain isolated from the first patient, Sequence divergence among the strains from the epidemic in The Netherlands was less than 2%, The closest genetic similarity (97.3%) was found with an Indian isolate (New Delhi, December 1991), indicating the likely source of the virus, A more than 99% sequence similarity was found in the VP1/2A region, Finally, the sequence information was used to design primers for the specific and highly sensitive molecular detection of PV3 strains during the epidemic. C1 VICTORIA GEN HOSP, NATL CTR ENTEROVIRUSES, DEPT MICROBIOL, HALIFAX, NS, CANADA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, NATL CTR INFECT DIS, DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS, ATLANTA, GA USA. RP MULDERS, MN (reprint author), NATL INST PUBL HLTH & ENVIRONM PROTECT, WHO, COLLABORATING CTR REFERENCE & RES POLIOMYELITIS, 3720 BA BILTHOVEN, NETHERLANDS. NR 23 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 33 IS 12 BP 3252 EP 3256 PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA TF015 UT WOS:A1995TF01500035 PM 8586711 ER PT J AU SCHMID, GP FAUR, YC VALU, JA SIKANDAR, SA MCLAUGHLIN, MM AF SCHMID, GP FAUR, YC VALU, JA SIKANDAR, SA MCLAUGHLIN, MM TI ENHANCED RECOVERY OF HAEMOPHILUS-DUCREYI FROM CLINICAL SPECIMENS BY INCUBATION AT 33 VERSUS 35-DEGREES-C SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HEMOPHILUS-DUCREYI; IDENTIFICATION; CULTURE AB Isolation rates of Haemophilus ducreyi from cases of chancroid are low. Experts recommend that isolation media be incubated at 33 to 35 degrees C, but the possible effect of this temperature range on the recovery of H. ducreyi has not been evaluated. We inoculated two sets of agar plates with material from genital ulcers and incubated one set at 33 degrees C and one at 35 degrees C; incubation at 33 degrees C identified 21% more cases than did incubation at 35 degrees C (109 versus 85 cases, respectively, of the 116 cases from which an isolation was made; P < 0.01). C1 NEW YORK CITY DEPT HLTH,BUR LABS,NEW YORK,NY. NEW YORK CITY DEPT HLTH,BUR STD CONTROL,NEW YORK,NY. NEW YORK CITY DEPT HLTH,BUR MED AFFAIRS,NEW YORK,NY. RP SCHMID, GP (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR HIV STD & TB PREVENT,DIV STD PREVENT,MAILSTOP E-02,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 24 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 33 IS 12 BP 3257 EP 3259 PG 3 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA TF015 UT WOS:A1995TF01500036 PM 8586712 ER PT J AU HENEINE, W SWITZER, WM BUSCH, M KHABBAZ, RF KAPLAN, JE AF HENEINE, W SWITZER, WM BUSCH, M KHABBAZ, RF KAPLAN, JE TI MOLECULAR SUBTYPING OF HUMAN T-CELL LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS TYPE-2 BY SINGLE-STRAND CONFORMATION POLYMORPHISM ANALYSIS SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LEUKEMIA-VIRUS AB Molecular subtyping of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 2 (HTLV-2) by the currently used method of restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis may not be sufficiently discriminatory for transmission studies because of the predominance of single restriction types in various HTLV-2-infected populations. The utility of single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis was evaluated as a tool to improve the sensitivity of the subtyping of HTLV-2. The assay was designed to target a highly variable region in the long terminal repeat and was shown to be able to detect single nucleotide changes in cloned HTLV-2 sequences, Analysis of 52 HTLV-2 samples, of which 32 were from 16 sex partner pairs (16 males, 16 females), showed nine different SSCP patterns. Identical SSCP results were obtained for each of the 16 couples, suggesting the presence of similar viral genotypes and, therefore, supporting the likelihood of sexual transmission of HTLV-2 in each of these couples. Furthermore, SSCP analysis of seven HTLV-2 samples of the same restriction type (b5) showed five different SSCP patterns, Nucleotide sequencing of two samples with distinct SSCP patterns confirmed the sequence differences, SSCP provides a facile and discriminatory tool for the differentiation of HTLV-2 strains, including those previously indistinguishable by restriction fragment length polymorphism. C1 UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143. IRWIN MEM BLOOD CTR,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94118. RP HENEINE, W (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 14 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 33 IS 12 BP 3260 EP 3263 PG 4 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA TF015 UT WOS:A1995TF01500037 PM 8586713 ER PT J AU BOYCE, TG PEMBERTON, AG WELLS, JG GRIFFIN, PM AF BOYCE, TG PEMBERTON, AG WELLS, JG GRIFFIN, PM TI SCREENING FOR ESCHERICHIA-COLI O157-H7 - A NATIONWIDE SURVEY OF CLINICAL LABORATORIES SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HEMOLYTIC-UREMIC SYNDROME; HEMORRHAGIC COLITIS; CANADIAN CHILDREN; EPIDEMIOLOGY; INFECTIONS; 0157-H7; PATHOGEN; CULTURES; DIARRHEA AB The Association of State and Territorial Public Health Laboratory Directors has recommended that clinical laboratories screen at least all bloody stools for Escherichia coli O157:H7. We contacted the microbiology supervisors of 230 randomly selected clinical laboratories in the United States and administered a standardized questionnaire regarding stool culture practices. Of the 129 laboratories that performed stool cultures, only 70 (54%) reported screening either all stools or all bloody stools submitted for culture for E. coli O157:H7. RP BOYCE, TG (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 31 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 33 IS 12 BP 3275 EP 3277 PG 3 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA TF015 UT WOS:A1995TF01500040 PM 8586716 ER PT J AU HAYES, PS BLOM, K FENG, P LEWIS, J STROCKBINE, NA SWAMINATHAN, B AF HAYES, PS BLOM, K FENG, P LEWIS, J STROCKBINE, NA SWAMINATHAN, B TI ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A BETA-D-GLUCURONIDASE-PRODUCING STRAIN OF ESCHERICHIA-COLI SEROTYPE O157-H7 IN THE UNITED-STATES SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Note ID HEMORRHAGIC COLITIS AB A phenotypic variant of Escherichia coli serotype O157:H7 (G5101) was isolated from a patient with bloody diarrhea. Strain G5101 does not ferment sorbitol but is beta-D-glucuronidase and urease positive. Serotyping and colony hybridization using a serotype-specific DNA probe confirmed that the isolate was O157:H7. G5101 produces Shiga-like toxins I and II and contains an eae gene that is highly conserved in the O157:H7 serotype. This strain would have been missed by laboratories that screen for the sorbitol-negative, beta-D-glucuronidase-negative phenotype in isolating E. coli O157:H7 from clinical and food specimens. C1 US FDA, CTR FOOD SAFETY & APPL NUTR, WASHINGTON, DC 20204 USA. STATE WASHINGTON DEPT HLTH, SEATTLE, WA USA. RP HAYES, PS (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, NATL CTR INFECT DIS, DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS, ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA. NR 13 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 33 IS 12 BP 3347 EP 3348 PG 2 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA TF015 UT WOS:A1995TF01500060 PM 8586736 ER PT J AU LEHMANN, PF LASKER, BA AF LEHMANN, PF LASKER, BA TI COMPARISON OF 3 TYPING METHODS FOR CLINICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ISOLATES OF ASPERGILLUS-FUMIGATUS - REPLY SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Letter ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; POLYMORPHIC DNA C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP LEHMANN, PF (reprint author), MED COLL OHIO,DEPT MICROBIOL,POB 10008,TOLEDO,OH 43699, USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 33 IS 12 BP 3362 EP 3363 PG 2 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA TF015 UT WOS:A1995TF01500069 ER PT J AU COTE, TR CONVERY, H ROBINSON, D RIES, A BARRETT, T FRANK, L FURLONG, W HORAN, J DWYER, D AF COTE, TR CONVERY, H ROBINSON, D RIES, A BARRETT, T FRANK, L FURLONG, W HORAN, J DWYER, D TI TYPHOID-FEVER IN THE PARK - EPIDEMIOLOGY OF AN OUTBREAK AT A CULTURAL INTERFACE SO JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY HEALTH LA English DT Article ID SALMONELLA-TYPHI; VI-ANTIGEN AB The number of reported outbreaks of typhoid fever in the United States has recently increased. Only six were reported from 1980-1989, but seven outbreaks were reported in 1990. In August 1990, health officials in Montgomery County, Maryland, were notified of two cases of typhoid fever among persons who had attended both a family picnic attended by 60 persons and a Latin Food Festival attended by 100,000 people. We obtained interviews, blood and stool cultures, and Vi serologies from attendees at and food handlers for the picnic. We defined cases as culture-confirmed or probable. Of the 60 picnic attendees, 24 (40%) had cases, of which 16 were culture confirmed. Those who ate potato salad were at increased risk of disease (17/32 vs. 6/28, relative risk [RR] = 2.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1-5.4). Picnic attendees who also attended the Latin Food Festival were not at significantly greater risk of disease than those who did not, (11/22 vs. 13/38, RR = 1.5, CI = 0.8-2.7) and we found no evidence of disease among other festival attendees. The potato salad was prepared with intensive handling and without adequate temperature control by a recent immigrant from Fl Salvador who was asymptomatic, did not attend the picnic, had Salmonella typhi (S. typhi) in her stool, and had elevated Vi antibodies, strongly suggestive of the carrier state. Outbreaks of typhoid fever are a threat for cosmopolitan communities. While currently available control measures are unlikely to prevent all outbreaks, thorough investigation can identify previously unrecognized carriers. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL,DIV FIELD EPIDEMIOL,ATLANTA,GA 30333. MARYLAND DEPT HLTH & MENTAL HYG,DIV EPIDEMIOL & DIS CONTROL,BALTIMORE,MD 21202. MONTGOMERY CTY HLTH DEPT,DIV COMMUN DIS,SILVER SPRING,MD. JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH HYG & PUBL HLTH,PREVENT MED RESIDENCY PROGRAM,BALTIMORE,MD 21218. CTR DIS CONTROL,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NR 9 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU HUMAN SCI PRESS INC PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1578 SN 0094-5145 J9 J COMMUN HEALTH JI J. Community Health PD DEC PY 1995 VL 20 IS 6 BP 451 EP 458 DI 10.1007/BF02277062 PG 8 WC Health Policy & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA TD949 UT WOS:A1995TD94900002 PM 8568020 ER PT J AU Rogers, HW AF Rogers, HW TI Incinerator air emissions - Inhalation exposure perspectives SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID CIGARETTE-SMOKE; DIOXINS; DIBENZOFURANS AB Incineration is often proposed as the treatment of choice for processing diverse wastes, particularly hazardous wastes. Where such treatment is proposed, people are often fearful that is will adversely affect their health. Unfortunately, information presented to the public about incinerators often does not include any criteria or benchmarks for evaluating such facilities. This article describes a review of air emission data from regulatory trial burns in a large prototype incinerator, operated at design capacity by the U.S. Army to destroy chemical warfare materials. It uses several sets of criteria to gauge the treat that these emissions pose to public health. Incinerator air emission levels are evaluated with respect to various toxicity screening levels and ambient air levels of the same pollutants. Also, emission levels of chlorinated dioxins and furans are compared with emission levels of two common combustion sources. Such comparisons can add to a community's understanding of health risks associated with incinerator. This article focuses only on the air exposure/inhalation pathway as related to human health. It does not address other potential human exposure pathways or the possible effects of emissions on the local ecology, both of which should also be examined during a complete analysis of any major new facility. RP Rogers, HW (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,1600 CLIFTON RD NE,MS F-29,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU NATL ENVIRON HEALTH ASSN PI DENVER PA 720 S COLORADO BLVD SUITE 970, SOUTH TOWER, DENVER, CO 80222 SN 0022-0892 J9 J ENVIRON HEALTH JI J. Environ. Health PD DEC PY 1995 VL 58 IS 5 BP 12 EP 15 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA TT120 UT WOS:A1995TT12000003 ER PT J AU MITCHELL, DK MONROE, SS JIANG, X MATSON, DO GLASS, RI PICKERING, LK AF MITCHELL, DK MONROE, SS JIANG, X MATSON, DO GLASS, RI PICKERING, LK TI VIROLOGICAL FEATURES OF AN ASTROVIRUS DIARRHEA OUTBREAK IN A DAY-CARE-CENTER REVEALED BY REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE-POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; STOOL SAMPLES; RNA SEQUENCE; CHILDREN; ROTAVIRUS; GASTROENTERITIS; SEROTYPES; INFECTION; VIRUSES AB Astroviruses cause outbreaks of diarrhea in children attending day care centers (DCCs). Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction CRT-PCR) was compared with EIA detection of astrovirus in stool specimens to characterize further the molecular epidemiology of an outbreak of astrovirus-associated gastroenteritis. Three hundred sixty-eight stool specimens collected prospectively from 36 children enrolled in a DCC during an 11-week outbreak of diarrhea were evaluated by EIA and RT-PCR. Astrovirus was detected in 32% of specimens by RT-PCR versus 10% by EIA (P < .001) and in 89% of children by RT-PCR versus 50% by EIA. The median duration of astrovirus excretion episodes detected by EIA was 1.5 days versus 4 days by RT-PCR (P = .06). Astrovirus was excreted for prolonged periods by immunocompetent children during this outbreak. RT-PCR was more sensitive than EIA for detection of astrovirus in stool specimens and redefined the epidemiology of astrovirus infection in this setting. C1 EASTERN VIRGINIA MED SCH,NORFOLK,VA 23501. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,VIRAL GASTROENERITIS SECT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP MITCHELL, DK (reprint author), CHILDRENS HOSP KINGS DAUGHTERS,CTR PEDIAT RES,855 W BRAMBLETON AVE,NORFOLK,VA 23510, USA. FU NICHD NIH HHS [HD-13021] NR 41 TC 94 Z9 94 U1 0 U2 3 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 172 IS 6 BP 1437 EP 1444 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA TF776 UT WOS:A1995TF77600003 PM 7594700 ER PT J AU ZAZA, S BLUMBERG, HM BECKSAGUE, C HAAS, WH WOODLEY, CL PINEDA, M PARRISH, C CRAWFORD, JT MCGOWAN, JE JARVIS, WR AF ZAZA, S BLUMBERG, HM BECKSAGUE, C HAAS, WH WOODLEY, CL PINEDA, M PARRISH, C CRAWFORD, JT MCGOWAN, JE JARVIS, WR TI NOSOCOMIAL TRANSMISSION OF MYCOBACTERIUM-TUBERCULOSIS - ROLE OF HEALTH-CARE WORKERS IN OUTBREAK PROPAGATION SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS; COMPLEX; RISK AB To investigate an outbreak of tuberculosis (TB) among health care workers (HCWs) at a county hospital, all patients with culture-confirmed TB on wards A and B and all HCWs working at least one shift on these wards from January 1991 through March 1992 were studied. Tuberculin skin test conversions occurred in 30% (ward A) and 48% (ward B) of HCWs; 8 developed active TB. Workers exposed for at least one shift to workers or patients with active TB were more likely to have skin test conversion than were workers who were not exposed (ward A exposure relative risk [RR] for workers = 2.8, P = .005, and for patients = 2.2, P > .5; ward B exposure RR for workers = 2.8, P < .001, and for patients = 5.3, P < .001). Underlying conditions and performing charting activities in the nurses' work room were associated with progression to active TB among infected workers. Transmission was facilitated by delays of less than or equal to 2.5 months in treatment of workers with skin test conversion or TB symptoms. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,HOSP INFECT PROGRAM,INVEST & PREVENT BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT MED,DIV INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA. EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PATHOL & LAB MED,ATLANTA,GA. RI mcgowan jr, john/G-5404-2011 NR 21 TC 58 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 172 IS 6 BP 1542 EP 1549 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA TF776 UT WOS:A1995TF77600017 PM 7594714 ER PT J AU CHU, YK JENNINGS, G SCHMALJOHN, A ELGH, F HJELLE, B LEE, HW JENISON, S KSIAZEK, T PETERS, CJ ROLLIN, P SCHMALJOHN, C AF CHU, YK JENNINGS, G SCHMALJOHN, A ELGH, F HJELLE, B LEE, HW JENISON, S KSIAZEK, T PETERS, CJ ROLLIN, P SCHMALJOHN, C TI CROSS-NEUTRALIZATION OF HANTAVIRUSES WITH IMMUNE SERA FROM EXPERIMENTALLY INFECTED ANIMALS AND FROM HEMORRHAGIC-FEVER WITH RENAL SYNDROME AND HANTAVIRUS PULMONARY SYNDROME PATIENTS SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Note ID HANTAAN AB Plaque-reduction neutralization tests were done with eight of nine known representative hantaviruses and immune sera from experimentally infected animals and from patients with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) or hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS), Results obtained with animal sera demonstrated each virus to be antigenically unique, Neutralization with the HPS patient sera was highest with Sin Nombre (SN) virus and to a lesser extent with Black Creek Canal (BCC) virus, Sera from Korean HFRS patients reacted best with Hantaan virus, but cross-reactivity with all other viruses except Thottapalayam (TPM) virus was also observed. Sera from Swedish HFRS patients reacted best with Puumala virus but cross-reacted with Prospect Hill, SN, and BCC viruses and to a lesser extent with all of the other viruses except TPM virus. C1 USA, MED RES INST INFECT DIS, DIV VIROL, FREDERICK, MD 21702 USA. UMEA UNIV, DEPT VIROL, UMEA, SWEDEN. UNIV NEW MEXICO, DEPT PATHOL, ALBUQUERQUE, NM 87131 USA. UNIV NEW MEXICO, DEPT MED, ALBUQUERQUE, NM 87131 USA. ASAN INST LIFE SCI, SEOUL, SOUTH KOREA. CTR DIS CONTROL, SPECIAL PATHOGENS BRANCH, ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI-36336] NR 11 TC 42 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 1537-6613 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 172 IS 6 BP 1581 EP 1584 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA TF776 UT WOS:A1995TF77600023 PM 7594720 ER PT J AU CHENG, G ICENOGLE, JP KIRNBAUER, R HUBBERT, NL STLOUIS, ME HAN, CL SVARE, EI KJAER, SK LOWY, DR SCHILLER, JT AF CHENG, G ICENOGLE, JP KIRNBAUER, R HUBBERT, NL STLOUIS, ME HAN, CL SVARE, EI KJAER, SK LOWY, DR SCHILLER, JT TI DIVERGENT HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS TYPE-16 VARIANTS ARE SEROLOGICALLY CROSS-REACTIVE SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Note ID SEXUALLY-TRANSMITTED DISEASES; VIRUS; DNA; SEQUENCE; SPREAD; WOMEN AB It is not known whether DNA sequence variants of human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) are distinct serotypes. To examine this question, the reactivities of women's sera from Zaire (n = 97) and Denmark (n = 123) were compared in IgG-specific ELISAs based on virus-like particles (VLPs) composed of the L1 major capsid protein derived from an HPV-16 variant common in central Africa (Z-1194) or one common in northern Europe (114K), These L1s differ in seven amino acids, There was a strong correlation between reactivity in the two assays for both sets of sera (correlation coefficients, 0.73 and 0.85 for Zairian and Danish sera, respectively), In only 1 serum was there evidence for a specific reaction to one but not the other VLP variant, The results support the conclusion that the virions of strains Z-1194 and 114K are serologically cross-reactive. C1 NCI,CELLULAR ONCOL LAB,BETHESDA,MD 20892. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. DANISH CANC SOC,DIV CANC EPIDEMIOL,COPENHAGEN,DENMARK. NR 16 TC 52 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 172 IS 6 BP 1584 EP 1587 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA TF776 UT WOS:A1995TF77600024 PM 7594721 ER PT J AU MARLEY, SE LAMMIE, PJ EBERHARD, ML HIGHTOWER, AW AF MARLEY, SE LAMMIE, PJ EBERHARD, ML HIGHTOWER, AW TI REDUCED ANTIFILARIAL IGG4 RESPONSIVENESS IN A SUBPOPULATION OF MICROFILAREMIC PERSONS SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Note ID BANCROFTIAN FILARIASIS; ANTIBODY; WUCHERERIA; DIETHYLCARBAMAZINE; SPECIFICITY; IVERMECTIN; INFECTION; CELLS AB Antifilarial IgG4 is a marker of active filarial infection; however, 10% of microfilaremic persons may have low levels of antifilarial IgG4. To gain insight into how persons with microfilaremia with low antifilarial IgG4 levels (<10 mu g/mL) differ from those with high levels (>170 mu g/mL), total IgG4 and IgE and filaria-specific IgE, IgG1, and IgG2 were measured by ELISA in serum samples collected from 85 microfilaremic Haitians. Persons with lower levels of antifilarial IgG4 had significantly lower total IgG4 and total IgE (P < .01), lower levels of antifilarial IgG1, IgG2, and IgE (P < .01, = .03, and < .01, respectively), and higher antigenemia and microfilaremia (P < .01) than did persons with higher levels of antifilarial IgG4. Increased antigen loads in microfilaremic persons may be associated with a down-regulation of antibody production, which extends to all isotypes. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV PARASIT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30041. UNIV GEORGIA,DEPT ZOOL,ATHENS,GA 30602. NR 15 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 172 IS 6 BP 1630 EP 1633 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA TF776 UT WOS:A1995TF77600037 PM 7594734 ER PT J AU Freeman, GL Tominaga, A Takatsu, K Secor, WE Colley, DG AF Freeman, GL Tominaga, A Takatsu, K Secor, WE Colley, DG TI Elevated innate peripheral blood eosinophilia fails to augment irradiated cercarial vaccine-induced resistance to Schistosoma mansoni in IL-5 transgenic mice SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID IMMUNIZATION; CHALLENGE; IMMUNITY AB Numerous factors contribute to host resistance to infection with Schistosoma mansoni. Although several studies have investigated the eosinophil as an effector cell of protective responses, its true role remains unclear. In vitro, human, but not mouse, eosinophils can kill schistosomula. Studies on schistosome infection susceptibility in naive or vaccinated eosinophil-deficient mice have yielded conflicting results. Using the gamma-irradiated cercariae (irr-cerc) model, we vaccinated interleukin (IL)-5 transgenic mice in parallel with background-matched controls (C3H/HeN) to examine whether innate eosinophilia contributes to increased protection from a challenge infection. In our laboratory, mean peripheral blood eosinophil (PBE) levels in IL-5 transgenic mice were 21,000 mm(3), whereas in naive C3H/HeN mice this value was 240 mm(3). In 3 separate experiments, both groups of vaccinated mice showed significant resistance to challenge infection. However, there was no significant difference in the percent worm reduction between transgenic IL-5 C3H mice (mean % protection = 44.3; range = 42-45%) and the control C3H/HeN mice (mean % protection = 51.7; range = 41-64%). Our findings indicate that high levels of innate PEE due to constitutive production of IL-5 do not augment irr-cerc-stimulated immunity. C1 KOCHI MED SCH,NANKOKU,KOCHI 783,JAPAN. UNIV TOKYO,INST MED SCI,DEPT IMMUNOL,MINATO KU,TOKYO 108,JAPAN. RP Freeman, GL (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV PARASIT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 14 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 81 IS 6 BP 1010 EP 1011 DI 10.2307/3284059 PG 2 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA TL746 UT WOS:A1995TL74600032 PM 8544040 ER PT J AU VANDYKE, RB HENEINE, W PERRIN, ME RUDOLPH, D STARSZAK, E WOODS, T SWITZER, WM KAPLAN, JE AF VANDYKE, RB HENEINE, W PERRIN, ME RUDOLPH, D STARSZAK, E WOODS, T SWITZER, WM KAPLAN, JE TI MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION OF HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS TYPE-II SO JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article ID HTLV-II; SEROPOSITIVE INDIVIDUALS; ANTIBODY REACTIVITY; INFECTIONS; IMMUNOBLOT; ASSAYS; RISK AB Objective: To determine the frequency of mother-to-child transmission of human T-lymphotropic virus type II (HTLV-I) and to explore its association with breast-feeding. Design: Prospective study of children born to a cohort of HTLV-II-infected pregnant women and a cross-sectional study of older siblings of these children. Methods: Maternal sera were screened with an HTLV-I enzyme immunoassay that detects antibody to both HTLV-I and HTLV-II. Confirmatory serologic testing and viral typing were performed by Western blot, radioimmunoprecipitation assay, enzyme immunoassay with HTLV type-specific proteins, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of DNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The presence of HTLV was evaluated in children by serial serologic and PCR testing. Molecular analysis of PCR products from infected mother-child pairs was performed by means of restriction fragment length polymorphism of HTLV-II long-terminal repeated sequences. Results: Twenty nine HTLV-II-infected women were identified, and these 29 women had 30 pregnancies during the study, Of 28 live infants born to infected women, 19 were examined and none was infected with HTLV-II. Sixteen older children less than 10 years of age who were born previously to the infected women were also examined; two were infected with HTLV-IL. One infected child was breast fed for 2 months and the second was not breast fed. The viral patterns of restriction fragment length polymorphism in the two infected children were distinct, but the viral pattern in each chid was identical to that of her mother's virus, suggesting mother-to-child transmission. Overall, among examined children, 1 of 7 breast-fed children (14%-95% confidence interval: 0, 40) and 1 of 28 children who were not breast fed (3.6%; 95% confidence interval: 0, 10) were infected with HTLV-II. Conclusion: Mother-to-child transmission of HTLV-II occurs both with and without breast-feeding and at rates similar to those of HTLV-L. We believe that this is the first demonstration of mother-to-child transmission of HTLV-II in the absence of breast-feeding. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, ATLANTA, GA 30341 USA. RP VANDYKE, RB (reprint author), TULANE UNIV, SCH MED, DEPT PEDIAT, NEW ORLEANS, LA 70112 USA. FU PHS HHS [U50/CCU603479] NR 19 TC 14 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU MOSBY-ELSEVIER PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVENUE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0022-3476 EI 1097-6833 J9 J PEDIATR-US JI J. Pediatr. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 127 IS 6 BP 924 EP 928 DI 10.1016/S0022-3476(95)70029-3 PG 5 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA TK149 UT WOS:A1995TK14900012 PM 8523190 ER PT J AU LIN, LJ CHIOU, FT COHEN, HH AF LIN, LJ CHIOU, FT COHEN, HH TI SLIP AND FALL ACCIDENT PREVENTION - A REVIEW OF RESEARCH, PRACTICE, AND REGULATIONS SO JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID FRICTION; SHOES AB This paper summarizes current research, practices, and regulations regarding walking/working surface slipperiness and coefficient of friction (COF) measurements. The literature and data are reviewed from three aspects: (a) the biomechanics of walking and psychophysiological factors involved in slips and falls studied by the scientific community, (b) various measuring devices and methods developed in an attempt to quantify the ''slipperiness'' of walking/working surfaces, and (c) an acceptable quantitative standard for the ''slipperiness'' of surfaces and the impact of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) on such a standard. Unresolved issues related to slip-resistance are identified. A multifaceted approach and synergy from researchers, the building industries, standards organizations, and government are needed to obtain concensus on such issues. C1 NIOSH,CINCINNATI,OH. RP LIN, LJ (reprint author), ERROR ANAL INC,LOS ANGELES ORANGE CTY OFF,LOS ANGELES,CA, USA. NR 41 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0022-4375 J9 J SAFETY RES JI J. Saf. Res. PD WIN PY 1995 VL 26 IS 4 BP 203 EP 212 DI 10.1016/0022-4375(95)00017-K PG 10 WC Ergonomics; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary; Transportation SC Engineering; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences - Other Topics; Transportation GA TF380 UT WOS:A1995TF38000001 ER PT J AU Powell, KE MuirMcClain, L Halasyamani, L AF Powell, KE MuirMcClain, L Halasyamani, L TI A review of selected school-based conflict resolution and peer mediation projects SO JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH LA English DT Article AB Many U.S. schools are implementing curricula and other activities to reduce interpersonal violence among students. Most involve conflict resolution or peer mediation (CR/PM) training. Little is known about the effectiveness or manner of implementing these projects. This paper examines nine projects supported by four state health departments. Available data suggest some projects may modify youths' self-reported attitudes about violent behavior, improve school discipline, and reduce absenteeism. The review also revealed considerable variation in implementation, especially in the role of professionally trained consultants and amount of teacher teacher and student training. More attention should be paid to evaluating CR/PM projects. Some data suggest they,nay contribute positively to community efforts to reduce violence among youth, but insufficient information exists to know which projects best serve which students, and how projects should be implemented. Until consensus emerges, project personnel should carefully assess rite implementation and impact of their activities. Routinely collected data, such as disciplinary actions, can be used for evaluation, often with only minor modification. RP Powell, KE (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INJURY PREVENT & CONTROL,DIV VIOLENCE PREVENT,MS K-60,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 12 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER SCHOOL HEALTH ASSOC PI KENT PA PO BOX 708, KENT, OH 44240 SN 0022-4391 J9 J SCHOOL HEALTH JI J. Sch. Health PD DEC PY 1995 VL 65 IS 10 BP 426 EP 431 PG 6 WC Education & Educational Research; Education, Scientific Disciplines; Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Education & Educational Research; Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA TQ983 UT WOS:A1995TQ98300004 PM 8789708 ER PT J AU Rosa, RR AF Rosa, RR TI Extended workshifts and excessive fatigue SO JOURNAL OF SLEEP RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on Work Hours, Sleepiness and Accidents CY SEP, 1994 CL STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN SP Natl Inst Psychosocial Factors & Hlth, Karolinska Inst, Dept Clin Neurosci, Swedish Work Environm Fund, Swedish Nucl Inspectorate, European Sleep Res Soc DE accidents; long work hours; overtime; performance decrements; sleep loss; work scheduling ID WARDS WORKING 8-HOUR; SLEEP-DEPRIVATION; SHIFT SCHEDULES; 12-HOUR SHIFTS; NURSING-CARE; 12H SHIFTS; PERFORMANCE; ALERTNESS; EXPERIENCE; WORKDAYS AB Studies of overtime have pointed to fatigue as a potential factor producing, for example, a three-fold increase in accident rate after 16 h of work, increases in back injuries, hospital outbreaks of bacterial infection, or nuclear-power plant safety compromises. Fatigue has been measured more directly in studies of scheduled long workshifts, where performance decrements in both work-related tasks and laboratory-type behavioural tests have been observed, and significant loss of sleep and increases in subjective sleepiness have been reported. Analyses of accidents or injuries during scheduled extended workshifts, however, have produced equivocal results. Factors which could compound the fatiguing effects of extended workshifts, such as workload, noise, chemical exposure, or duties and responsibilities outside of the workplace, rarely have been studied systematically. It is concluded that extended workshift schedules should be instituted cautiously and evaluated carefully, with appropriate attention given to staffing levels, workload, job rotation, environmental exposures, emergency contingencies, rest breaks, commuting time, and social or domestic responsibilities. RP Rosa, RR (reprint author), NIOSH,TAFT LABS,DIV BIOMED & BEHAV SCI,MAIL STOP C-24,4676 COLUMBIA PKWY,CINCINNATI,OH 45224, USA. NR 46 TC 103 Z9 104 U1 2 U2 17 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0962-1105 J9 J SLEEP RES JI J. Sleep Res. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 4 SU 2 BP 51 EP 56 PG 6 WC Clinical Neurology; Neurosciences SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA TQ499 UT WOS:A1995TQ49900009 ER PT J AU CHIZHIKOV, VE SPIROPOULOU, CF MORZUNOV, SP MONROE, MC PETERS, CJ NICHOL, ST AF CHIZHIKOV, VE SPIROPOULOU, CF MORZUNOV, SP MONROE, MC PETERS, CJ NICHOL, ST TI COMPLETE GENETIC-CHARACTERIZATION AND ANALYSIS OF ISOLATION OF SIN-NOMBRE-VIRUS SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Note ID NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE ANALYSIS; AMINO-ACID-SEQUENCE; GENOMIC RNA SEGMENT; PROSPECT-HILL VIRUS; CODING STRATEGY; HANTAAN VIRUS; MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION; SEOUL-80-39 VIRUS; MESSENGER-RNA; HANTAVIRUSES AB This study reports completion of the genetic characterization of the entire genome of Sin Nombre (SN) virus (NMH10) detected in autopsy tissues from a patient who died of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS). The large (L) genome segment was found to be 6,562 nucleotides in length and encoded a putative L polymerase that was 2,153 amino acids in length. No evidence of segment reassortment with other well-characterized hantaviruses was obtained, The sequence of the entire S, M, and L genome segments of SN virus (strain NMR11) isolated from a mouse (trapped in the residence of the patient infected with SN virus [NMH10]) by passage two times in Peromyscus maniculatus and then by five passages in E6 Vero cells was determined and compared with that of the virus detected in autopsy tissues, Only 16 nucleotide differences were detected between the virus genomes, and none of these resulted in virus protein amino acid substitutions, Determination of the exact 5'- and 3'-terminal sequences of all genome segments of SN virus and representatives of other serologic groups in the Hantavirus genus, family Bunyaviridae, showed the existence of conserved nucleotide domains that may be involved in important regulatory mechanisms, such as RNA encapsidation, polymerase binding, and control of transcription and replication. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RUSSIAN STATE RES CTR VIROL & BIOTECHNOL VECTOR,NOVOSIBIRSK 633159,RUSSIA. EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,ATLANTA,GA 30322. UNIV NEVADA,DEPT MICROBIOL,RENO,NV 89557. FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI 12680] NR 44 TC 66 Z9 69 U1 4 U2 6 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 69 IS 12 BP 8132 EP 8136 PG 5 WC Virology SC Virology GA TE366 UT WOS:A1995TE36600095 PM 7494336 ER PT J AU Dillehay, DL Sander, M Talkington, DF Thacker, WL Brown, DR AF Dillehay, DL Sander, M Talkington, DF Thacker, WL Brown, DR TI Isolation of mycoplasmas from prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) SO LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SEQUENCES; RATS; MICE AB A new species of mycoplasmas was isolated from the lungs and nasopharyngeal washings of prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster). Clinical signs of disease and microscopic lesions were not observed at the time of this isolation. The organism was cultured in SP4 medium; it grew aerobically, anaerobically, and in 5% CO2 in 5 to 7 days, and fermented glucose. Transmission electron microscopy revealed the organism to lack a cell wall and to have typical mycoplasmal ultrastructural morphology. The complete nucleotide sequence of the 16S rRNA gene from an isolate was determined by amplification with polymerase chain reaction and by sequencing with the dideoxynucleotide chain termination method. The sequence did not match any known sequences in the GenBank of the National Institutes of Health. The 16S rRNA sequence of the organism. Mycoplasma volis (proposed species novum), is unique and most closely resembles that of M. muris and M. iowae. Because this vole colony will be housed in rooms with other rodents, pathogenicity studies of this new species of mycoplasmas in mice and rats are underway. C1 EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,DIV ANIM RESOURCES,ATLANTA,GA 30322. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT INFECT DIS,GAINESVILLE,FL 32611. RP Dillehay, DL (reprint author), EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PATHOL,ATLANTA,GA 30322, USA. NR 16 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE PI CORDOVA PA 70 TIMBERCREEK DR, SUITE 5, CORDOVA, TN 38018 SN 0023-6764 J9 LAB ANIM SCI JI Lab. Anim. Sci. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 45 IS 6 BP 631 EP 634 PG 4 WC Veterinary Sciences; Zoology SC Veterinary Sciences; Zoology GA TL467 UT WOS:A1995TL46700002 PM 8746521 ER PT J AU Beall, B Sanden, GN AF Beall, B Sanden, GN TI A Bordetella pertussis fepA homologue required for utilization of exogenous ferric enterobactin SO MICROBIOLOGY-UK LA English DT Article DE Bordetella; enterobactin receptor; heterologous siderophore ID MEDIATED IRON TRANSPORT; OUTER-MEMBRANE PROTEIN; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; PSEUDOMONAS-AERUGINOSA; SIDEROPHORE PRODUCTION; SIGNAL PEPTIDES; RECEPTOR; GENE; SEQUENCE; CLONING AB The bfeA (Bordetella ferric enterobactin) receptor gene was cloned from a Bordetella pertussis chromosomal library by using a screen in Escherichia coli to detect iron-repressed genes encoding exported proteins translationally fused to the E. coli phoA gene. The bfeA gene encoded a protein with a molecular mass of approximately 80 kDa and about 50% amino acid sequence identity to both the fepA- and pfeA-encoded enterobactin receptors of E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively. Enterobactin prepared from iron-starved E. coli cultures supported growth of B. pertussis and Bordetella bronchiseptica in the presence of the iran chelator ethylenediamine-di-(o-hydroxyphenylacetic acid) (EDDA). Expression of the bfeA gene was induced by low iron availability, and iron-regulated expression appeared to be dependent upon the presence of the sequence contained within 370 bp upstream of the bfeA structural gene. An internal fragment of the bfeA structural gene and flanking regions were shown by Southern analysis to be highly conserved among Bordetella species. Insertional inactivation of bfeA in both B. pertussis and B. bronchiseptica greatly impaired their ability to grow in the presence of enterobactin and EDDA. These findings suggest that enterobactin produced by other respiratory flora could aid in the colonization of the respiratory tract by Bordetella species. RP Beall, B (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,CHILDHOOD & RESP DIS BRANCH,MAILSTOP C02,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 52 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA HARVEST HOUSE 62 LONDON ROAD, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG1 5AS SN 1350-0872 J9 MICROBIOL-UK JI Microbiology-(UK) PD DEC PY 1995 VL 141 BP 3193 EP 3205 PN 12 PG 13 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA TL825 UT WOS:A1995TL82500021 PM 8574411 ER PT J AU KELSEY, KT WIENCKE, JK WARD, J BECHTOLD, W FAJEN, J AF KELSEY, KT WIENCKE, JK WARD, J BECHTOLD, W FAJEN, J TI SISTER-CHROMATID EXCHANGES, GLUTATHIONE-S-TRANSFERASE THETA-DELETION AND CYTOGENETIC SENSITIVITY TO DIEPOXYBUTANE IN LYMPHOCYTES FROM BUTADIENE MONOMER PRODUCTION WORKERS SO MUTATION RESEARCH-ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS AND RELATED SUBJECTS LA English DT Article ID SPRAGUE-DAWLEY RATS; BIMODAL DISTRIBUTION; SCE INDUCTION; 1,3-BUTADIENE; CARCINOGENICITY; EXPOSURE; MORTALITY; EPOXIDES; INVITRO; STYRENE AB The magnitude of health risks to workers associated with current and past exposures to butadiene has been the subject of considerable recent debate. Butadiene is metabolized in-vivo and in-vitro to the genotoxic intermediates 3,4-epoxybutene and diepoxybutane. Studies in animals and in in-vitro systems have clearly demonstrated that 1,3-butadiene is a genotoxin and a potent inducer of sister-chromatid exchanges (SCEs), Data on the genotoxicity of butadiene in humans is, however, limited, Epidemiologic data indicate that butadiene is a probable human carcinogen. Recent work has further demonstrated that cultured lymphocytes from the approximately 20% of the Caucasian population that lack the glutathione S-transferase class theta gene (GSTT1) are relatively sensitive to the induction of cytogenetic damage by butadiene metabolites. Ln order to test whether butadiene exposure was associated with increases in SCE frequencies in peripheral blood lymphocytes and whether any increase observed could be affected by the DEB sensitivity-GSTT1 deletion, we studied 40 workers employed in the production of butadiene. In these workers baseline frequencies of SCEs, diepoxybutane-induced SCE frequencies and GSTT1 deletion status were assessed. Questionnaires were administered to each worker and exposure to 1,3-butadiene was determined using three separate approaches. Industrial hygiene personal sampling was used to measure breathing zone butadiene exposure and urine was collected to use in measurement of the urinary butadiene metabolite 1,2-dihydroxy-4-(N-acetylcysteinyl-S-)-butane (M1), Exposure to butadiene was generally below 2 ppm. The urinary metabolite M1 was found in all workers, but it did not correlate significantly with exposure. Six of 40 of the workers were GST theta-deleted DEB sensitive. No measure of acute or chronic exposure to butadiene was associated with an increase in SCE frequency. However, smoking and DEB sensitivity-GSTT1 null status were each significantly associated with elevations in baseline SCE frequency. C1 HARVARD UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT CANC BIOL,BOSTON,MA 02115. UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,SCH MED,DEPT EPIDEMIOL & BIOSTAT,MOLEC EPIDEMIOL LAB,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143. UNIV TEXAS,MED BRANCH,DIV ENVIRONM TOXICOL,GALVESTON,TX 77550. INHALAT TOXICOL RES INST,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87115. NIOSH,CINCINNATI,OH 45226. RP KELSEY, KT (reprint author), HARVARD UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,OCCUPAT HLTH PROGRAM,665 HUNTINGTON AVE,BOSTON,MA 02115, USA. RI Kelsey, Karl/I-1252-2014 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES 00002, P42 ES 04705]; NIOSH CDC HHS [K01-OH-00110] NR 38 TC 54 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-1161 J9 MUTAT RES-ENVIR MUTA JI Mutat. Res.-Environ. Mutagen. Rel. Subj. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 335 IS 3 BP 267 EP 273 DI 10.1016/0165-1161(95)00030-5 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Genetics & Heredity SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Genetics & Heredity GA TH908 UT WOS:A1995TH90800009 PM 8524342 ER PT J AU HILLIS, SD MARCHBANKS, PA PETERSON, HB AF HILLIS, SD MARCHBANKS, PA PETERSON, HB TI THE EFFECTIVENESS OF HYSTERECTOMY FOR CHRONIC PELVIC PAIN SO OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LAPAROSCOPY; WOMEN; ENDOMETRIOSIS; MANAGEMENT; RESOLUTION; DIAGNOSIS; TRIAL AB Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of hysterectomy in treating chronic pelvic pain, and to identify risk factors for persistent pelvic pain. Methods: A group of 308 women who had hysterectomy for chronic pelvic pain of at least 6 months' duration was followed-up for 1 year after surgery, as part of a large, prospective, multicenter cohort study. Persistent pain was defined as a trichotomous variable, and ordinal logistic regression was used to identify independent predictors of the trichotomous outcome. Results: Overall, 74% of women experienced complete resolution of pelvic pain, 21% reported continued but decreased pain, and 5% reported either unchanged or increased pain after hysterectomy. In unadjusted analyses, women at increased risk for persistent pain leg, continued but decreased, and unchanged or increased) included those who were under age 30 (36 versus 22%, P < .05), had a history of pelvic inflammatory disease (41 versus 25%, P < .05), were uninsured or covered under Medicaid (41 versus 22%, P < .001), had no identified pelvic pathology (38 versus 23%, P < .05), or had a history of at least two pregnancies (31, 27, and 15% for those with at least four, two or three, and one or none, respectively; P < .05). After adjustment, an increased probability of persistent pain was observed among women who had no identified pelvic pathology (odds ratio [OR] 1.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.0-3.6), were uninsured or covered under Medicaid (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.2-4.3), or had experienced at least two pregnancies (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.0-5.3). Conclusion: Most women with chronic pelvic pain have long-term improvement after hysterectomy. However, up to 40% of women in specific subgroups may continue to experience long-term pain. RP HILLIS, SD (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT K34,DIV REPROD HLTH,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 28 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBL CO INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0029-7844 J9 OBSTET GYNECOL JI Obstet. Gynecol. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 86 IS 6 BP 941 EP 945 PG 5 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA TF845 UT WOS:A1995TF84500014 PM 7501344 ER PT J AU Bailey, JW Hightower, AW Eberhard, ML Lammie, PJ AF Bailey, JW Hightower, AW Eberhard, ML Lammie, PJ TI Acquisition and expression of humoral reactivity to antigens of infective stages of filarial larvae SO PARASITE IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE W-bancrofti; filariasis; infective larvae; antibody isotypes ID HUMAN LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS; PARASITE-SPECIFIC ANERGY; BANCROFTIAN FILARIASIS; BRUGIA-PAHANGI; ENDEMIC AREA; RESPONSIVENESS; IMMUNITY AB Measurement of anti-larval responses in filaria-exposed populations may shed light on the natural history of exposure to Wuchereria bancrofti. Using serum samples obtained by a cross-sectional survey of 172 individuals from two neighbourhoods in Leogane, Haiti, antibody responses directed against infective stage filarial larvae (L(3)) were assayed by enzyme-linked immmunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunofluorescence (IFA), and immunoblot for the presence of anti-larval antibodies. ELISA results indicated that virtually all members of both neighborhoods mounted an anti-larval antibody response within the first five years of life, suggesting that exposure to infection is universal. In a multiple linear regression analysis that modelled antibody levels as a function of age, gender, microfilaria status, and neighbourhood (as a proxy for transmission intensity), isotype-specific antibody levels were found to be significantly influenced by both age and neighbourhood. Antibodies directed against the surface of L(3) also were age-dependent; the prevalence of IgG antibodies detected by IFA was significantly higher in children than in adults. The prevalence of antibody recognition of 16.7 and 72.3 kDa L(3) antigens on immunoblots was significantly greater for serum samples from microfilaraemic than amicrofilaraemic persons. These results suggest that antibody responses to larval antigens are influenced to varying degrees by age, transmission intensity, and microfilaraemia status. RP Bailey, JW (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV PARASIT DIS,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. FU PHS HHS [Y02-00005] NR 22 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0141-9838 J9 PARASITE IMMUNOL JI Parasite Immunol. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 17 IS 12 BP 617 EP 623 DI 10.1111/j.1365-3024.1995.tb01007.x PG 7 WC Immunology; Parasitology SC Immunology; Parasitology GA TT011 UT WOS:A1995TT01100002 PM 8834761 ER PT J AU Etzel, RA AF Etzel, RA TI Indoor air pollution SO PEDIATRIC ANNALS LA English DT Article RP Etzel, RA (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,AIR POLLUT & RESP HLTH BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 SN 0090-4481 J9 PEDIATR ANN JI Pediatr. Annu. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 24 IS 12 BP 653 EP 656 PG 4 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA TK852 UT WOS:A1995TK85200006 PM 8747708 ER PT J AU Armstrong, LR Bryan, RT Sarisky, J Khan, AS Rowe, T Ettestad, PJ Cheek, JE Peters, CJ Rollin, P Martin, ML Ksiazek, TG AF Armstrong, LR Bryan, RT Sarisky, J Khan, AS Rowe, T Ettestad, PJ Cheek, JE Peters, CJ Rollin, P Martin, ML Ksiazek, TG TI Mild hantaviral disease caused by Sin Nombre virus in a four-year-old child SO PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASE JOURNAL LA English DT Note DE hantavirus infection; Sin Nombre virus; hantavirus pulmonary syndrome C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM OFF,DIV TRAINING,ATLANTA,GA 30341. OFF ENVIRONM HLTH & ENGN,NASHVILLE AREA INDIAN HLTH SERV,ONEIDA,NY. NEW MEXICO DEPT HLTH,DIV EPIDEMIOL EVALUAT & PLANNING,SANTA FE,NM. INDIAN HLTH SERV,EPIDEMIOL BRANCH,ALBUQUERQUE,NM. NR 12 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 0891-3668 J9 PEDIATR INFECT DIS J JI Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 14 IS 12 BP 1108 EP 1110 DI 10.1097/00006454-199512000-00019 PG 3 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics GA TK447 UT WOS:A1995TK44700018 PM 8786902 ER PT J AU SHAH, R GREEN, M BARBADORA, KA WAGENER, WC SCHWARTZ, B FACKLAM, RR WALD, ER AF SHAH, R GREEN, M BARBADORA, KA WAGENER, WC SCHWARTZ, B FACKLAM, RR WALD, ER TI COMPARISON OF M-TYPE AND T-TYPE ANTIGEN TESTING TO FIELD-INVERSION GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS IN THE DIFFERENTIATION OF STRAINS OF GROUP-A STREPTOCOCCUS SO PEDIATRIC RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID ACUTE RHEUMATIC-FEVER; GROUP-A STREPTOCOCCI; SHOCK-LIKE SYNDROME; MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY; UNITED-STATES; PYOGENES; INFECTIONS; RESURGENCE; SEROTYPES AB Recent clusters of patients with acute rheumatic fever and invasive group A Streptococcus (GAS) have stimulated renewed interest in the epidemiology of streptococcal infections. We compared conventional serotyping for M and T antigens and serum opacity factor with field inversion gel electrophoresis (FIGE) for distinguishing among GAS. Fifteen pairs of throat isolates obtained from children positive for GAS before and after therapy were evaluated by conventional serotyping and by FIGE after SmaI digestion, Ten of the 15 pairs were identical by serotyping, FIGE correctly identified the 10 concordant and 5 discordant pairs. Individual clones were identified within each M type tested, including analysis performed on additional isolates of M1 and M3 obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. This preliminary experience suggests that FIGE can successfully determine whether serial isolates from a given patient represent persistence of one strain or acquisition of a new strain of GAS and that this method might provide an alternative typing system for GAS. C1 UNIV PITTSBURGH,SCH MED,DEPT PEDIAT,PITTSBURGH,PA 15261. UNIV PITTSBURGH,SCH MED,DEPT SURG,PITTSBURGH,PA 15261. UNIV PITTSBURGH,GRAD SCH PUBL HLTH,PITTSBURGH,PA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 23 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 0031-3998 J9 PEDIATR RES JI Pediatr. Res. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 38 IS 6 BP 988 EP 992 DI 10.1203/00006450-199512000-00026 PG 5 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA TG800 UT WOS:A1995TG80000026 PM 8618805 ER PT J AU GUYER, B STROBINO, DM VENTURA, SJ SINGH, GK AF GUYER, B STROBINO, DM VENTURA, SJ SINGH, GK TI ANNUAL SUMMARY OF VITAL-STATISTICS - 1994 SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Editorial Material DE BIRTH; DEATH; INFANT MORTALITY; CHILD POPULATION; BIRTH WEIGHT ID BIRTH AB Recent trends in the vital statistics of the United States continued in 1994, including decreases in the number of births, the birth rate, the age-adjusted death rate, and the infant mortality rate. Life expectancy increased slightly to 75.7 years. Only marriages reversed the recent trend with a slight increase in 1994. An estimated 3 979 000 infants were born during 1994, a decline of <1% from 1993. The birth rate was 15.3 live births per 1000 population, a 1% decline. These decreasing rates reflect a decline in the fertility rate to 67.1 live births per 1000 women aged 15 to 44 years. Final figures for 1993 indicate that fertility rates declined for all racial groups, by 1% for white women (to 65.4) and 3% for black women (to 80.5). The fertility rate for Hispanic women (106.9) was 84% higher than that for non-Hispanic white women and 31% higher than for non-Hispanic black women. Between 1991 and 1993, birth rates for teenage mothers remained virtually unchanged, and abortion rates have steadily declined, suggesting that teenage pregnancy rates are levelling off. The number and proportion of births to women over age 30, however, continued to rise. The rate of births to all unmarried women (45.3 per 1000 in 1993) has been stable for 3 years. Prenatal care utilization improved in 1993; 79% of women initiated care in the first trimester and <5% had delayed care or no care. Improvements occurred among nearly all racial and ethnic groups. Reported smoking during pregnancy declined to 15.8% in 1993 from 16.9% in 1992. The proportion of babies delivered by cesarean section was 21.8% in 1993, a 2% decrease from 1992. Between 1992 and 1993, the rate of low birth weight (LBW) rose slightly to 7.2%, while very low birth weight (VLBW) remained stable at 1.3%. Most of the increase in LBW occurred among white infants and reflected, primarily, an increase in the proportion of multiple births. The black/white ratio in LBW continued to increase to more than two-fold with the largest difference recorded among term and postterm infants. Age-adjusted death rates in 1994 were lower for heart disease, malignant neoplasm, pulmonary diseases, other accidents, and homicides. The age-adjusted death rate for human immunodeficiency virus disease continued to rise to 15.1 in 1994. The infant mortality rate declined 4% in 1994, to 7.9 per 1000, the lowest rate ever recorded in the United States. The decline was primarily in neonatal mortality. Among the states, Massachusetts (5.4) and Washington (5.7) had the lowest rates. The overall national trend appears to be related to declines in respiratory distress and sudden infant death syndrome deaths. Over the next 25 years, the number of children in the United States is expected to rise by only 10 million, and the composition of the child population will become more ethnically and racially diverse. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR HLTH STAT,DIV VITAL STAT,HYATTSVILLE,MD 20782. RP GUYER, B (reprint author), JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH HYG & PUBL HLTH,DEPT MATERNAL & CHILD HLTH,624 N BROADWAY,BALTIMORE,MD 21205, USA. NR 34 TC 51 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD DEC PY 1995 VL 96 IS 6 BP 1029 EP 1039 PG 11 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA TJ133 UT WOS:A1995TJ13300001 PM 7491217 ER PT J AU MAHONEY, FJ LAWRENCE, M SCOTT, C LE, Q LAMBERT, S FARLEY, TA AF MAHONEY, FJ LAWRENCE, M SCOTT, C LE, Q LAMBERT, S FARLEY, TA TI CONTINUING RISK FOR HEPATITIS-B VIRUS TRANSMISSION AMONG SOUTHEAST-ASIAN INFANTS IN LOUISIANA SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE HEPATITIS B; IMMUNIZATION; SOUTHEAST ASIA ID UNITED-STATES; CARRIER STATE; INFECTION; VACCINATION; CHILDREN; REFUGEES; BORN; AGE AB Objective. Implementation and evaluation of a hepatitis B vaccination program for Southeast Asian infants in Louisiana. Methods. A baseline seroprevalence survey of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in US-born Southeast Asian children was conducted in 1991 before the implementation of a vaccination program. Hepatitis B vaccination and postvaccination serologic testing of survey participants 10 years of age and younger was performed. Eighteen months after the hepatitis B vaccine was integrated into infant immunization schedules in July 1993, a vaccination coverage survey was performed. Results. Baseline serologic testing was conducted on 96% of persons from 225 randomly selected households in a Southeast Asian community in Louisiana. Of 676 US-born children, 28 (4.1%) had chronic HBV infection; 61% of children with chronic HBV infection were born to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-negative women. Among children born to HBsAg-negative women, the prevalence of chronic HBV infection increased with age, reaching 7.3% for children 13 to 16 years of age. Children born to HBsAg-negative women and living with carriers were 5.4 times more likely to have evidence of HBV infection than were children who did not live with carriers. Before the survey, only one child had received three doses of hepatitis B vaccine. In July 1993, 43% of Southeast Asian infants 9 to 18 months of age born in Louisiana had received three doses of hepatitis B vaccine. Infants who received immunizations from private providers were more likely to be fully vaccinated than were infants who received services from public sector clinics (prevalence ratio, 2.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.4,3.1). Conclusions. HBV transmission occurs throughout childhood in US-born Southeast Asian children, and the prevalence of chronic HBV infection approaches that of the country of origin. Few US-born Southeast Asian children have received hepatitis B vaccine. Because of the high rates of early childhood HBV transmission and the high risk of chronic infection in Asian and Pacific Islander communities, prevention efforts should be enhanced to ensure that all Asian and Pacific Islander infants receive hepatitis B vaccine in the first 12 months of life and that older children are vaccinated. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,HEPATITIS BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333. LOUISIANA STATE HLTH DEPT,EPIDEMIOL SECT,NEW ORLEANS,LA. RP MAHONEY, FJ (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV FIELD EPIDEMIOL,EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM OFF,MAIL STOP A33,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 14 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD DEC PY 1995 VL 96 IS 6 BP 1113 EP 1116 PG 4 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA TJ133 UT WOS:A1995TJ13300015 PM 7491231 ER PT J AU RENNELS, MB WASSERMAN, SS GLASS, RI KEANE, VA AF RENNELS, MB WASSERMAN, SS GLASS, RI KEANE, VA TI COMPARISON OF IMMUNOGENICITY AND EFFICACY OF RHESUS ROTAVIRUS REASSORTANT VACCINES IN BREAST-FED AND NONBREASTFED CHILDREN SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE ROTAVIRUS INFECTIONS; VACCINES; BREAST-FEEDING ID FED INFANTS; HUMAN-MILK; DIARRHEA; NEUTRALIZATION; ANTIBODIES; GASTROENTERITIS; SEROCONVERSION; VP7 AB Objective. To evaluate whether breastfeeding affected the immunogenicity and/or efficacy of candidate rhesus-human rotavirus reassortant vaccines. Methods. A total of 989 healthy infants between 4 and 26 weeks of age were enrolled into a 23-center, prospective, randomized, double-masked, controlled study of the safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of three doses (4 x 10(4) plaque-forming units) of monovalent rhesus-human viral protein 7, or G, serotype 1 reassortant vaccine, (RRV-S1) or tetravalent vaccine (RRV-TV) consisting of rhesus-human reassortant G serotypes 1, 2, and 4, and the parent RRV G serotype 3. Vaccine efficacy was compared in the breastfed and nonbreastfed children as well as seroconversion rates and postvaccination geometric mean titers (GMTs) of neutralizing antibodies to human serotypes 1, 2, 3, and 4, RRV, and immunoglobulin A to RRV. GMTs in the two feeding groups were compared with and without adjustment for age at initiation of vaccination, prevaccination antibody titers, and the age and prevaccination titer interaction. Results. The seroconversion rates to both vaccines by one or more assays were similar for the breastfed and the nonbreastfed groups (RRV-S1, 84% and 85%, respectively; RRV-TV, 94% and 93%, respectively). There were no significant differences in postvaccination GMTs to either vaccine, measured by any serologic assay, in the two feeding groups. The efficacy of the RRV-S1 vaccine was not significantly lower among the breastfed children than the nonbreastfed children (28% and 39%, respectively). RRV-TV, which is the vaccine being further evaluated for licensure, was equally protective in breastfed and nonbreastfed infants (50% and 51%, respectively). Logistic regression analysis, taking into account differences in age at vaccination and day 1 titer, revealed no evidence of differential vaccine efficacy in the two feeding groups for either vaccine. Conclusions. These results indicate that the RRV-TV vaccine, given as three doses of 4 x 10(4) plaque-forming units, induces similar seroresponses and protection in breastfed and nonbreastfed US children. C1 UNIV MARYLAND,SCH MED,DEPT PEDIAT,BALTIMORE,MD 21201. UNIV MARYLAND,SCH MED,DEPT MED,BALTIMORE,MD 21201. UNIV MARYLAND,SCH MED,CTR VACCINE DEV,BALTIMORE,MD 21201. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 28 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD DEC PY 1995 VL 96 IS 6 BP 1132 EP 1136 PG 5 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA TJ133 UT WOS:A1995TJ13300019 PM 7491235 ER PT J AU SZELCKELLY, CM GORAL, S PEREZPEREZ, GI PERKINS, BA REGNERY, RL EDWARDS, KM AF SZELCKELLY, CM GORAL, S PEREZPEREZ, GI PERKINS, BA REGNERY, RL EDWARDS, KM TI SEROLOGIC RESPONSES TO BARTONELLA AND AFIPIA ANTIGENS IN PATIENTS WITH CAT-SCRATCH DISEASE SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE CAT SCRATCH DISEASE; LYMPHADENOPATHY; BARTONELLA HENSELAE; ROCHALIMAEA HENSELAE; AFIPIA FELIS ID SKIN-TEST ANTIGENS; ROCHALIMAEA-HENSELAE; SP-NOV; ANTIBODIES; INFECTION; QUINTANA AB Objective. To assess the serologic response to Afipia and Bartonella, previously named Rochalimaea, in patients with cat scratch disease (CSD) and a healthy control group. Design. Prospective, controlled trial. Setting. Referral clinic and hospitalized patients in a university medical center. Participants. Eighty patients with CSD and 57 healthy control subjects of similar age. Main Outcome Measures. The immune responses to Afipia felis and Bartonella henselae were evaluated by a newly developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in patients with CSD and healthy control subjects. Responses to B henselae were also measured by indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) tests. Antibody levels to Bartonella quintana were measured by ELISA and IFA in a limited number of patients and control subjects. Results. Of the 80 patients with clinical CSD, 56 had positive results of CSD skin tests. ELISA antibody levels to A felis did not differ between patients and control subjects, but immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG ELISA antibodies to B henselae and B quintana were significantly higher in patients than in control subjects. IFA responses to B henselae and B quintana were also significantly higher in patients than in control subjects. Conclusion. Patients with CSD had significant serologic responses to B henselae and B quintana but not to A felis, suggesting that the causative agent of CSD is antigenically related to the Bartonella genus and not to Afipia. The Bartonella IgM ELISA and IFA assay were both sensitive and specific and may be used to establish the diagnosis of CSD. C1 VANDERBILT UNIV,MED CTR,SCH MED,DEPT PEDIAT,DIV PEDIAT INFECT DIS,NASHVILLE,TN 37232. VANDERBILT UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT MED,DIV INFECT DIS,NASHVILLE,TN 37232. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. FU NCRR NIH HHS [5 MO-IRR90095]; NIAID NIH HHS [N01-AI-02645] NR 30 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD DEC PY 1995 VL 96 IS 6 BP 1137 EP 1142 PG 6 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA TJ133 UT WOS:A1995TJ13300020 PM 7491236 ER PT J AU SEASHORE, MR CHO, S DESPOSITO, F SHERMAN, J WAPPNER, RS WILSON, MG AF SEASHORE, MR CHO, S DESPOSITO, F SHERMAN, J WAPPNER, RS WILSON, MG TI HEALTH SUPERVISION FOR CHILDREN WITH TURNER SYNDROME SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article ID DYSGENETIC GONAD; SEX-CHROMOSOME; X-CHROMOSOME; GROWTH; ABNORMALITIES; MOSAICISM; MONOSOMY; GIRLS C1 NIH,BETHESDA,MD 20892. US HLTH RESOURCES & SERV ADM,ROCKVILLE,MD. AMER COLL OBSTETRICIANS & GYNECOLOGISTS,WASHINGTON,DC 20024. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. AMER ACAD PEDIAT,GENET & BIRTH DEFECTS SECT,ELK GROVE VILLAGE,IL 60009. RP SEASHORE, MR (reprint author), AMER ACAD PEDIAT,COMM GENET,ELK GROVE VILLAGE,IL 60009, USA. NR 36 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD DEC PY 1995 VL 96 IS 6 BP 1166 EP 1173 PG 8 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA TJ133 UT WOS:A1995TJ13300030 ER PT J AU Kew, O Nathanson, N AF Kew, O Nathanson, N TI Introduction: Molecular epidemiology of viruses SO SEMINARS IN VIROLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 UNIV PENN,MED CTR,PHILADELPHIA,PA 19104. RP Kew, O (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 1 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 1044-5773 J9 SEMIN VIROL JI Semin. Virol. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 6 IS 6 BP 357 EP 358 DI 10.1016/S1044-5773(05)80012-5 PG 2 WC Virology SC Virology GA TV162 UT WOS:A1995TV16200001 ER PT J AU Cox, NJ Bender, CA AF Cox, NJ Bender, CA TI The molecular epidemiology of influenza viruses SO SEMINARS IN VIROLOGY LA English DT Article DE antigenic variation; evolution; influenza; molecular epidemiology ID HEMAGGLUTININ MEMBRANE GLYCOPROTEIN; A H1N1 VIRUSES; ANTIGENIC DRIFT; EVOLUTIONARY PATHWAYS; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; DIFFERENT REGIONS; GENOMIC ANALYSES; BINDING-SITES; C VIRUS; B VIRUS AB Historical accounts reveal that influenza viruses, which cause a highly contagious acute respiratory illness in humans, have likely been with us for centuries. Epidemics of varying severity occur almost annually in temperate climates and are punctuated by the much less frequent but more dramatic occurrence of pandemic influenza. Studies of the molecular epidemiology of influenza viruses have yielded insights that are critical to our current understanding of how novel human influenza viruses emerge from the gene pool present among lower animals to cause pandemics of influenza. These studies have also contributed to our understanding of how these viruses, once present in the human population, are able to escape host immune surveillance and thus cause successive infections with related influenza viruses in the same individual. RP Cox, NJ (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,INFLUENZA BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 77 TC 86 Z9 89 U1 0 U2 9 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 1044-5773 J9 SEMIN VIROL JI Semin. Virol. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 6 IS 6 BP 359 EP 370 DI 10.1016/S1044-5773(05)80013-7 PG 12 WC Virology SC Virology GA TV162 UT WOS:A1995TV16200002 ER PT J AU Rota, PA Rota, JS Bellini, WJ AF Rota, PA Rota, JS Bellini, WJ TI Molecular epidemiology of measles virus SO SEMINARS IN VIROLOGY LA English DT Article DE genetic variation; measles virus; molecular epidemiology; genetic variation ID NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; UNITED-STATES; GENES; PROTEINS; STRAINS AB Genetic analysis of viruses associated with recent outbreaks of measles in the United States indicated that at least four genotypes were present during 1994 and 1995. None of these more recent genotypes were related to the genotype responsible for the resurgence of measles cases in the United States between 1989 and 1992. The sequence data confirmed that the majority of measles cases that occurred in the United States between 1994 and 1995 were the result of international importation of virus. The data also suggested that transmission of the genotype associated with the resurgence had been interrupted by aggressive control measures. Therefore, molecular epidemiologic studies will provide a powerful means to measure the success of measles control strategies. RP Rota, PA (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 33 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 1044-5773 J9 SEMIN VIROL JI Semin. Virol. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 6 IS 6 BP 379 EP 386 DI 10.1016/S1044-5773(05)80015-0 PG 8 WC Virology SC Virology GA TV162 UT WOS:A1995TV16200004 ER PT J AU Smith, JS Orciari, LA Yager, PA AF Smith, JS Orciari, LA Yager, PA TI Molecular epidemiology of rabies in the United States SO SEMINARS IN VIROLOGY LA English DT Article DE human rabies; bat rabies; dog rabies; sylvatic rabies AB Changes in demographics, land use, recreation and hunting practices in the last 50 years dramatically increased the public health importance of reservoirs for rabies in wild species in the United States. This article focuses on attributes of host natural history to interpret the molecular phylogenies of the rabies variant transmitted within a particular animal population and the threat to human health presented by this reservoir. RP Smith, JS (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 47 TC 93 Z9 95 U1 0 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 1044-5773 J9 SEMIN VIROL JI Semin. Virol. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 6 IS 6 BP 387 EP 400 DI 10.1016/S1044-5773(05)80016-2 PG 14 WC Virology SC Virology GA TV162 UT WOS:A1995TV16200005 ER PT J AU Kew, OM Mulders, MN Lipskaya, GY daSilva, EE Pallansch, MA AF Kew, OM Mulders, MN Lipskaya, GY daSilva, EE Pallansch, MA TI Molecular epidemiology of polioviruses SO SEMINARS IN VIROLOGY LA English DT Article DE polioviruses; molecular epidemiology; virus evolution; polio eradication ID LENGTH-POLYMORPHISM ASSAY; POLIOMYELITIS OUTBREAK; 5'-UNTRANSLATED REGION; TYPE-3 POLIOVIRUS; VACCINE; SEQUENCES; SPECIFICITY; EVOLUTION; STRAINS; VIRUS AB A worldwide effort is underway to eradicate poliomyelitis by the year 2000. Surveillance for wild poliovirus circulation is crucial to this effort. The use of molecular epidemiologic methods has enhanced the precision and reliability of poliovirus surveillance. Because poliovirus genomes evolve rapidly (similar to 10(-2) nt substitutions/site/yr) during replication in humans, the potential resolving power of the molecular epidemiologic studies based upon nucleotide sequence comparisons is very high. Evolution among wild polioviruses occurs by both nucleotide substitution (primarily to synonymous codons) and recombination. Sequence comparisons of poliovirus isolates have revealed the existence of numerous genotypes endemic to different regions of the world. Sequence diversity within a genotype is reduced by epidemics (as one lineage predominates), as well as by intensive immunization (as lineages are eliminated). Molecular epidemiologic approaches have been widely used within the Poliomyelitis Eradication Initiative to: (1) determine the sources of imported viruses, (2) follow the pathways of virus transmission, (3) monitor the progress of control activities, (4) identify reservoirs sustaining virus transmission (5) develop molecular reagents for the rapid detection of wild polioviruses in clinical and environmental samples, and (6) provide critical evidence that poliovirus eradication has been achieved. C1 NATL INST PUBL HLTH & ENVIRONM PROTECT,VIROL LAB,3720 BA BILTHOVEN,NETHERLANDS. MOSCOW MV LOMONOSOV STATE UNIV,AN BELOZERSKY INST PHYS CHEM BIOL,MOSCOW,RUSSIA. OSWALDO CRUZ FDN,RIO JANEIRO,BRAZIL. RP Kew, OM (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 77 TC 115 Z9 116 U1 3 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 1044-5773 J9 SEMIN VIROL JI Semin. Virol. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 6 IS 6 BP 401 EP 414 DI 10.1016/S1044-5773(05)80017-4 PG 14 WC Virology SC Virology GA TV162 UT WOS:A1995TV16200006 ER PT J AU SHAPIRO, CN AF SHAPIRO, CN TI OCCUPATIONAL RISK OF INFECTION WITH HEPATITIS-B AND HEPATITIS-C VIRUS SO SURGICAL CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA LA English DT Article ID HEALTH-CARE PERSONNEL; UNITED-STATES; SEROEPIDEMIOLOGIC SURVEY; HOSPITAL PERSONNEL; MEDICAL PERSONNEL; IMMUNE GLOBULIN; FINAL REPORT; PREVALENCE; DENTISTS; SALIVA AB The risk of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection for health-care workers (HCWs) is well documented. Fortunately, effective pre- and postexposure prophylaxis in the form of hepatitis B vaccine and hepatitis B immunoglobulin are available for the prevention of occupational HBV infection. Although the occupational risk of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is less well defined, it appears to be lower than the risk of HBV infection. Nevertheless, the long-term consequence of HCV infection fan be serious. Effective pre- and postexposure treatments against HCV infection are needed. RP SHAPIRO, CN (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,HEPATITIS BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 51 TC 57 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 2 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 SN 0039-6109 J9 SURG CLIN N AM JI Surg. Clin.-North Am. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 75 IS 6 BP 1047 EP & PG 0 WC Surgery SC Surgery GA TD984 UT WOS:A1995TD98400002 PM 7482133 ER PT J AU CHAMBERLAND, ME CIESIELSKI, CA HOWARD, RJ FRY, DE BELL, DM AF CHAMBERLAND, ME CIESIELSKI, CA HOWARD, RJ FRY, DE BELL, DM TI OCCUPATIONAL RISK OF INFECTION WITH HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS SO SURGICAL CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA LA English DT Article ID HEALTH-CARE WORKERS; HIV-INFECTION; SURGICAL-PROCEDURES; OPERATING-ROOM; BLOOD CONTACT; PERSONNEL; EMERGENCY; EXPOSURES; SURGERY; INJURY AB The risk of HIV infection in surgical settings is a composite of overlapping risks related to the local prevalence of HIV, the route of exposure to HIV-infected blood, and the susceptibility of the worker. Exposure to blood through the percutaneous route is more likely to transmit HN than is exposure through mucous membrane or cutaneous contact. Studies suggest that the risk of blood contact, including percutaneous injuries, remains appreciable. In these studies, percutaneous injury rates varied by surgical speciality, type of procedure, and occupation. Prevention of such exposures in the operating and delivery rooms by adoption of safer instruments, work practices, and techniques, and by the consistent use of appropriate personnel protective equipment must be viewed as a priority. C1 UNIV FLORIDA,GAINESVILLE,FL. UNIV NEW MEXICO,SCH MED,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87131. RP CHAMBERLAND, ME (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,1600 CLIFTON RD NE,MAILSTOP E-68,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 37 TC 27 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 SN 0039-6109 J9 SURG CLIN N AM JI Surg. Clin.-North Am. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 75 IS 6 BP 1057 EP & PG 0 WC Surgery SC Surgery GA TD984 UT WOS:A1995TD98400003 PM 7482134 ER PT J AU FAVERO, MS BOLYARD, EA AF FAVERO, MS BOLYARD, EA TI MICROBIOLOGIC CONSIDERATIONS - DISINFECTION AND STERILIZATION STRATEGIES AND THE POTENTIAL FOR AIRBORNE TRANSMISSION OF BLOODBORNE PATHOGENS SO SURGICAL CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; HEPATITIS-B ANTIGEN; CHEMICAL INACTIVATION; CONTAINING AEROSOLS; LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS; SURVIVAL; SURFACES; HIV; TEMPERATURE; RESISTANCE AB This article reviews the principles of disinfection and sterilization practiced in health-care settings and the potential for airborne transmission of bloodborne pathogens. Emphasis is placed on hepatitis B virus and HIV. A review of those factors necessary for environmentally mediated infection transmission to occur as well as the types oi evidence that document such transmission is included. Methods used in hospitals for disinfection and sterilization are described as well as the levels of antimicrobial activity associated with liquid chemical germicides. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,HOSP INFECT PROGRAM,HIV INFECT BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP FAVERO, MS (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,HOSP ENVIRONM LAB BRANCH,1600 CLIFTON RD NE,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 40 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 SN 0039-6109 J9 SURG CLIN N AM JI Surg. Clin.-North Am. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 75 IS 6 BP 1071 EP & PG 0 WC Surgery SC Surgery GA TD984 UT WOS:A1995TD98400004 PM 7482135 ER PT J AU LEWIS, FR SHORT, LJ HOWARD, RJ JACOBS, AJ ROCHE, NE AF LEWIS, FR SHORT, LJ HOWARD, RJ JACOBS, AJ ROCHE, NE TI EPIDEMIOLOGY OF INJURIES BY NEEDLES AND OTHER SHARP INSTRUMENTS - MINIMIZING SHARP INJURIES IN GYNECOLOGIC AND OBSTETRIC OPERATIONS SO SURGICAL CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA LA English DT Article ID ASSISTED VAGINAL HYSTERECTOMY; SURGICAL-PROCEDURES; ROOM PERSONNEL; BLOOD CONTACT; SURGERY; LAPAROSCOPY; COMPLICATIONS; ANASTOMOSES; EXPERIENCE; EXPOSURE AB Epidemiologic data provide valuable insights into the mechanisms of sharp injuries during surgical and obstetric procedures. These data make it possible to develop strategies, instruments, and equipment to reduce this injury rate. This article discusses the existing database and its application to current surgical technology in the reduction of the number of injuries that occur during obstetric and gynecologic procedures. C1 CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIV,SCH MED,DETROIT,MI. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,HOSP INFECT PROGRAM,ATLANTA,GA. UNIV FLORIDA,DEPT SURG,GAINESVILLE,FL. ALBERT EINSTEIN COLL MED,NEW YORK,NY. BETH ISRAEL MED CTR,NEW YORK,NY 10003. RP LEWIS, FR (reprint author), HENRY FORD HOSP,DEPT SURG,2799 W GRAND BLVD,DETROIT,MI 48202, USA. NR 34 TC 20 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 SN 0039-6109 J9 SURG CLIN N AM JI Surg. Clin.-North Am. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 75 IS 6 BP 1105 EP & PG 0 WC Surgery SC Surgery GA TD984 UT WOS:A1995TD98400006 PM 7482137 ER PT J AU QUEBBEMAN, EJ SHORT, LJ AF QUEBBEMAN, EJ SHORT, LJ TI HOW TO SELECT AND EVALUATE NEW PRODUCTS ON THE MARKET SO SURGICAL CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA LA English DT Article AB New devices and products often promise to protect health-care workers and patients from transmission of viral infections. These need to be evaluated carefully for efficacy, applicability, and cost in an objective, structured manner. C1 MED COLL WISCONSIN,DEPT SURG,MILWAUKEE,WI 53226. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,HOSP INFECT PROGRAM,HIV INFECT BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA. NR 8 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 SN 0039-6109 J9 SURG CLIN N AM JI Surg. Clin.-North Am. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 75 IS 6 BP 1159 EP & PG 0 WC Surgery SC Surgery GA TD984 UT WOS:A1995TD98400010 PM 7482141 ER PT J AU BELL, DM SHAPIRO, CN CIESIELSKI, CA CHAMBERLAND, ME AF BELL, DM SHAPIRO, CN CIESIELSKI, CA CHAMBERLAND, ME TI PREVENTING BLOODBORNE PATHOGEN TRANSMISSION FROM HEALTH-CARE WORKERS TO PATIENTS - THE CDC PERSPECTIVE SO SURGICAL CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; HEPATITIS-B TRANSMISSION; HIV TRANSMISSION; DENTAL PRACTICE; SURGICAL-PROCEDURES; NEEDLESTICK INJURY; INFECTED SURGEON; IMMUNE GLOBULIN; ORAL SURGEON; FINAL REPORT AB The development of recommendations to manage the risk of bloodborne pathogen transmission from health-care workers to patients during invasive procedures has been difficult, primarily because of the limitations of available scientific data. Ultimately, both health-care workers and patients will be protected best by compliance with infection control precautions and by development of new instruments, protective equipment, and techniques that reduce the likelihood of intraoperative blood exposure without adversely affecting patient care. RP BELL, DM (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,HOSP INFECT PROGRAM,MAILSTOP E-68,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 81 TC 45 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 SN 0039-6109 J9 SURG CLIN N AM JI Surg. Clin.-North Am. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 75 IS 6 BP 1189 EP & PG 0 WC Surgery SC Surgery GA TD984 UT WOS:A1995TD98400013 PM 7482144 ER PT J AU RHODES, RS BELL, DM AF RHODES, RS BELL, DM TI PREFACE SO SURGICAL CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA LA English DT Editorial Material C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,HOSP INFECT PROGRAM,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP RHODES, RS (reprint author), UNIV MISSISSIPPI,MED CTR,DEPT SURG,2500 N STATE ST,JACKSON,MS 39216, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 SN 0039-6109 J9 SURG CLIN N AM JI Surg. Clin.-North Am. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 75 IS 6 BP R9 EP R9 PG 1 WC Surgery SC Surgery GA TD984 UT WOS:A1995TD98400001 ER PT J AU Needham, LL Ashley, DL Patterson, DG AF Needham, LL Ashley, DL Patterson, DG TI Case studies of the use of biomarkers to assess exposures SO TOXICOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Congress of Toxicology CY JUL 02-06, 1995 CL SEATTLE, WA SP Boeing Co, NIEHS, NIH, Soc Toxicol, USA, Dow Chem, FDA, Natl Ctr Toxicol Res, NHLBI, Sanofi Winthrop Inc, USA Med Res & Med Command, US DOE, US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, BP Amer Inc, Battelle Mem Inst, Battelle Pacific NW Labs, Burroughts Wellcome Fund, Bristol Myers Squibb, DowElanco, ECETOC, Eli Lilly & Co, Genentech Inc, Hoffmann LaRoche, Johnson & Johnson, Nutrasweet, Owens Corning, Rhone Poulenc Inc, Schering Plough Res Inst, Atlantic Richfield Co, CanTox Incorp, Coca Cola Co, Colgate Palmolive, Chem Manufacturers Assoc, DuPont, Eastman Kodak Co, Hoechst Celanese, NIH, Pfizer, Proctor & Gamble, R J Reynolds Tobacco Co, Syntex Corp, TSI Corp, Warner Lambert, Zeneca Cent Toxicol Lab & Safety Med Grp, Alcon Labs, BP Goodrich Co, FMC Corp, Rhone Poulenc Rorer, Marck Res Labs, Rohm & Hass Co, Searle, SmithKline Beecham Pharm DE internal dose; reference range levels; VOCs; dioxin ID 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-PARA-DIOXIN; VETERANS; VIETNAM; AIR AB Because many environmental toxicants are ubiquitous, humans are continuously exposed to them. At other times, certain populations may be more highly exposed to these toxicants from point sources. The evaluation of the degree of the exposure to either a population or an individual is frequently based on indirect surrogates of exposure, such as questionnaire data on time-activities and/or concentrations measured in environmental media. We prefer to assess the degree of the exposure to a given toxicant by measuring the concentration of the toxicant, its metabolite(s), or reaction product(s) in human specimens, Then by applying pharmacokinetic information for that toxicant, we can best reconstruct the exposure scenario. These data are then compared to reference range levels of these toxicants in the preferred biologic specimen. The development and uses of the reference range data are exemplified by case studies including potential exposure to dioxin and solvents. RP Needham, LL (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,DIV ENVIRONM HLTH LAB SCI,PUBL HLTH SERV,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. RI Needham, Larry/E-4930-2011 NR 14 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0378-4274 J9 TOXICOL LETT JI Toxicol. Lett. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 82-3 BP 373 EP 378 DI 10.1016/0378-4274(95)03568-0 PG 6 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA TU514 UT WOS:A1995TU51400054 PM 8597079 ER PT J AU Brown, BA Pallansch, MA AF Brown, BA Pallansch, MA TI Complete nucleotide sequence of enterovirus 71 is distinct from poliovirus SO VIRUS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE enterovirus 71; viral diversity; poliovirus; coxsackievirus A16 ID VESICULAR DISEASE VIRUS; CENTRAL NERVOUS-SYSTEM; EPIDEMIC; RNA; PICORNAVIRIDAE; INFECTION; OUTBREAK; MEMBERS; GENOMES; CDNA AB Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is capable of causing paralytic disease indistinguishable from poliomyelitis due to poliovirus. To determine the relationship of EV71 to poliovirus and other enteroviruses, two strains of EV71 have been cloned and sequenced. The EV71 strains had only 46% amino acid identity with the polioviral P1 capsid region and 55% with the entire polyprotein. There were no regions of high similarity that might account for their respective ability to cause paralytic disease. The two strains, a neurovirulent isolate (EV71/7423/MS/87) and the prototype strain (EV71/BrCr), share 81% nucleotide identity and 95% amino acid identity. Sequence comparisons in the coding region between the two EV71 strains and other picornaviruses indicate that EV71, coxsackievirus A16 and coxsackievirus A2 comprise a distinct genetic group within the enteroviruses. RP Brown, BA (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 46 TC 150 Z9 179 U1 3 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1702 J9 VIRUS RES JI Virus Res. PD DEC PY 1995 VL 39 IS 2-3 BP 195 EP 205 DI 10.1016/0168-1702(95)00087-9 PG 11 WC Virology SC Virology GA TU783 UT WOS:A1995TU78300008 PM 8837884 ER PT J AU CHAPMAN, LE FOLKS, TM SALOMON, DR PATTERSON, AP EGGERMAN, TE NOGUCHI, PD AF CHAPMAN, LE FOLKS, TM SALOMON, DR PATTERSON, AP EGGERMAN, TE NOGUCHI, PD TI XENOTRANSPLANTATION AND XENOGENEIC INFECTIONS SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Editorial Material ID SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; CRIMEAN HEMORRHAGIC-FEVER; OUTBREAK; RETROVIRUSES; EVOLUTION; PHYLOGENY; DISEASE; AFRICA; HIV-2 C1 SCRIPPS RES INST, LA JOLLA, CA 92037 USA. US FDA, BETHESDA, MD 20892 USA. RP CHAPMAN, LE (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL, NATL CTR INFECT DIS, DIV AIDS STD & TB LAB RES, RETROVIRUS DIS BRANCH, ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA. RI Salomon, Daniel/E-9380-2012 NR 47 TC 137 Z9 140 U1 0 U2 0 PU MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SOC PI WALTHAM PA WALTHAM WOODS CENTER, 860 WINTER ST,, WALTHAM, MA 02451-1413 USA SN 0028-4793 EI 1533-4406 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD NOV 30 PY 1995 VL 333 IS 22 BP 1498 EP 1501 DI 10.1056/NEJM199511303332211 PG 4 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TG445 UT WOS:A1995TG44500011 PM 7477153 ER PT J AU BENNETT, SN JARVIS, WR AF BENNETT, SN JARVIS, WR TI PROPOFOL AND POSTOPERATIVE INFECTIONS - REPLY SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Letter RP BENNETT, SN (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 2 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU MASS MEDICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 10 SHATTUCK, BOSTON, MA 02115 SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD NOV 30 PY 1995 VL 333 IS 22 BP 1507 EP 1507 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TG445 UT WOS:A1995TG44500024 ER PT J AU ROBERTS, L TOOLE, MJ AF ROBERTS, L TOOLE, MJ TI CHOLERA DEATHS IN GOMA SO LANCET LA English DT Letter C1 MACFARLANE BURNETT CTR MED RES,INT HLTH UNIT,MELBOURNE,VIC,AUSTRALIA. RP ROBERTS, L (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 42 BEDFORD SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND WC1B 3SL SN 0099-5355 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD NOV 25 PY 1995 VL 346 IS 8987 BP 1431 EP 1431 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(95)92447-7 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TG207 UT WOS:A1995TG20700056 PM 7475849 ER PT J AU OAKLEY, GP ERICKSON, JD AF OAKLEY, GP ERICKSON, JD TI VITAMIN-A AND BIRTH-DEFECTS - CONTINUING CAUTION IS NEEDED SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Editorial Material ID SUPPLEMENTATION RP OAKLEY, GP (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 14 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 0 PU MASS MEDICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 10 SHATTUCK, BOSTON, MA 02115 SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD NOV 23 PY 1995 VL 333 IS 21 BP 1414 EP 1415 DI 10.1056/NEJM199511233332109 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TF521 UT WOS:A1995TF52100009 PM 7477124 ER PT J AU MILLER, RL TOAL, BF FOSCUE, K HANSEN, H BAYER, M AF MILLER, RL TOAL, BF FOSCUE, K HANSEN, H BAYER, M TI UNINTENTIONAL CARBON-MONOXIDE POISONINGS IN RESIDENTIAL SETTINGS - CONNECTICUT, NOVEMBER 1993 MARCH 1994 (REPRINTED FROM MMWR, VOL 44, PG 765-767, 1995) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 CONNECTICUT DEPT PUBL HLTH,DIV ENVIRONM EPIDEMIOL & OCCUPAT HLTH,HARTFORD,CT. UNIV CONNECTICUT,SCH MED,FARMINGTON,CT. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,DIV ENVIRONM HAZARDS & HLTH EFFECTS,ATLANTA,GA. RP MILLER, RL (reprint author), TOWN COVENTRY HLTH DEPT,COVENTRY,CT 06268, USA. NR 5 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD NOV 22 PY 1995 VL 274 IS 20 BP 1579 EP 1581 PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TE738 UT WOS:A1995TE73800005 ER PT J AU KAT, PW ALEXANDER, KA SMITH, JS MUNSON, L AF KAT, PW ALEXANDER, KA SMITH, JS MUNSON, L TI RABIES AND AFRICAN WILD DOGS IN KENYA SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID LYCAON-PICTUS; VIRUS; REGION AB Three packs of African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) ranging to the north of the Masai Mara National Reserve in southwestern Kenya were monitored from 1988 to 1990. During a six week period (August 2-September 14, 1989), 21 of 23 members of one of these packs died. Histological examination of two brain samples revealed eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions (Negri bodies), supporting a diagnosis of rabies viral encephalitis. An additional brain sample tested positive for rabies with a fluorescent antibody test. Nucleotide sequence of the rabies viral N and G genes from isolates of four African wild dogs (including an individual from Tanzania) indicated that infection was with a viral variant common among domestic dogs in Kenya and Tanzania. A hypothesis linking African wild dog rabies deaths to researcher handling is evaluated and considered implausible. C1 UNIV CALIF DAVIS, SCH VET MED, DEPT PATHOL MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL, DAVIS, CA 95616 USA. CTR DIS CONTROL, VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL ZOONOSES BRANCH, RABIES SECT, ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA. UNIV TENNESSEE, SCH VET MED, DEPT PATHOBIOL, KNOXVILLE, TN 37901 USA. RI Alexander, Kathleen/A-9765-2010 OI Alexander, Kathleen/0000-0001-7338-5341 NR 46 TC 64 Z9 65 U1 1 U2 13 PU ROYAL SOC PI LONDON PA 6-9 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON SW1Y 5AG, ENGLAND SN 0962-8452 J9 P ROY SOC B-BIOL SCI JI Proc. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. PD NOV 22 PY 1995 VL 262 IS 1364 BP 229 EP 233 DI 10.1098/rspb.1995.0200 PG 5 WC Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA TH712 UT WOS:A1995TH71200017 PM 8524915 ER PT J AU Dilley, A Austin, H Cupertino, M Hooper, C Wenger, N Evatt, B AF Dilley, A Austin, H Cupertino, M Hooper, C Wenger, N Evatt, B TI Risk factors for deep vein thrombosis in an African-American population. SO BLOOD LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CTR DIS CONTROL,HEMATOL DIS BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333. EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,ATLANTA,GA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 SN 0006-4971 J9 BLOOD JI Blood PD NOV 15 PY 1995 VL 86 IS 10 SU 1 BP 337 EP 337 PG 1 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA TH910 UT WOS:A1995TH91000338 ER PT J AU Yip, R Limburg, PJ Ahlquist, DA Carpenter, HA ONeil, A Kruse, D AF Yip, R Limburg, PJ Ahlquist, DA Carpenter, HA ONeil, A Kruse, D TI Epidemic form of iron deficiency anemia due to gastrointestinal bleeding associated with Helicobacter pylori infection among Alaska natives. SO BLOOD LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. MAYO CLIN,ROCHESTER,MN. YUKON KUSKOKWIM HLTH CORP,BETHAL,AK. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 SN 0006-4971 J9 BLOOD JI Blood PD NOV 15 PY 1995 VL 86 IS 10 SU 1 BP 505 EP 505 PG 1 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA TH910 UT WOS:A1995TH91000505 ER PT J AU Tallman, MS Lefebvre, P Cohen, I Green, D Kwaan, H Baine, R Paietta, E Rickles, F AF Tallman, MS Lefebvre, P Cohen, I Green, D Kwaan, H Baine, R Paietta, E Rickles, F TI Procoagulant, profibrinolytic and proinflammatory mediators in patients with previously untreated acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). SO BLOOD LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NORTHWESTERN UNIV,SCH MED,CHICAGO,IL. NORTHWESTERN UNIV,VET ADM LAKESIDE MED CTR,CHICAGO,IL 60611. ALBERT EINSTEIN CANC CTR,BRONX,NY. MONTEFIORE MED CTR,BRONX,NY 10467. EMORY UNIV,CTR DIS CONTROL,ATLANTA,GA 30322. ECOG,BROOKLINE,MA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 SN 0006-4971 J9 BLOOD JI Blood PD NOV 15 PY 1995 VL 86 IS 10 SU 1 BP 675 EP 675 PG 1 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA TH910 UT WOS:A1995TH91000676 ER PT J AU Hooper, WC Dilley, A Renshaw, M Benson, J Baine, R Austin, H Silva, V Rawlins, P Wenger, NK Evatt, BL AF Hooper, WC Dilley, A Renshaw, M Benson, J Baine, R Austin, H Silva, V Rawlins, P Wenger, NK Evatt, BL TI The prevalence of genetic markers associated with vascular disease in African-Americans. SO BLOOD LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,ROLLINS SCH PUBL HLTH,CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30322. GRADY MEM HOSP,ATLANTA,GA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 SN 0006-4971 J9 BLOOD JI Blood PD NOV 15 PY 1995 VL 86 IS 10 SU 1 BP 803 EP 803 PG 1 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA TH910 UT WOS:A1995TH91000804 ER PT J AU Alvarado, CS Austin, GE Borowitz, M Shuster, J Zaki, S Hakam, N Pullen, J AF Alvarado, CS Austin, GE Borowitz, M Shuster, J Zaki, S Hakam, N Pullen, J TI Myeloperoxidase (MPO) gene expression in infant leukemia: A pediatric oncology group (POG) study. SO BLOOD LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 ATLANTA VET ADM MED CTR,PEDIAT ONCOL GRP,DECATUR,GA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 SN 0006-4971 J9 BLOOD JI Blood PD NOV 15 PY 1995 VL 86 IS 10 SU 1 BP 1306 EP 1306 PG 1 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA TH910 UT WOS:A1995TH91001307 ER PT J AU Hooper, WC Novinger, S Phillips, DJ Evatt, BL Benson, J Renshaw, M Ellingsen, D AF Hooper, WC Novinger, S Phillips, DJ Evatt, BL Benson, J Renshaw, M Ellingsen, D TI Activated protein C upregulates the production of IL-6 and IL-8 in human umbilical endothelial cells. SO BLOOD LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,HEMATOL DIS BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 SN 0006-4971 J9 BLOOD JI Blood PD NOV 15 PY 1995 VL 86 IS 10 SU 1 BP 1487 EP 1487 PG 1 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA TH910 UT WOS:A1995TH91001487 ER PT J AU Mohle, R Rafii, S Shopiro, F Ouerijero, M Candal, FJ Kellar, KL Ferris, B Asch, A Moore, MAS AF Mohle, R Rafii, S Shopiro, F Ouerijero, M Candal, FJ Kellar, KL Ferris, B Asch, A Moore, MAS TI Transmigration of CD34+ and mature hematopoietic cells through immortalized bone marrow endothelial cells. SO BLOOD LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 SLOAN KETTERING INST,DEV HEMATOPOIESIS LAB,NEW YORK,NY. CORNELL UNIV MED COLL,DIV HEMATOL & ONCOL,NEW YORK,NY. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 SN 0006-4971 J9 BLOOD JI Blood PD NOV 15 PY 1995 VL 86 IS 10 SU 1 BP 1673 EP 1673 PG 1 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA TH910 UT WOS:A1995TH91001675 ER PT J AU Rafii, S Candal, FJ Shapiro, F Mohle, R Querijero, M Greenberg, E Ferris, B Nachman, RL Bosse, DC Ades, EW Moore, MAS Asch, AS Kellar, KL AF Rafii, S Candal, FJ Shapiro, F Mohle, R Querijero, M Greenberg, E Ferris, B Nachman, RL Bosse, DC Ades, EW Moore, MAS Asch, AS Kellar, KL TI Immortalized human bone marrow microvascular endothelial cells (BMEC-1) support long term multilineage hematopoiesis. SO BLOOD LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CORNELL UNIV,COLL MED,DIV HEMATOL ONCOL,ITHACA,NY 14853. MEM SLOAN KETTERING CANC CTR,NEW YORK,NY. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 SN 0006-4971 J9 BLOOD JI Blood PD NOV 15 PY 1995 VL 86 IS 10 SU 1 BP 1967 EP 1967 PG 1 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA TH910 UT WOS:A1995TH91001967 ER PT J AU Sullivan, PS Chu, SY Jones, J Hanson, D Ward, JW AF Sullivan, PS Chu, SY Jones, J Hanson, D Ward, JW TI Epidemiology of hematologic manifestations of HIV infection SO BLOOD LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RI Sullivan, Patrick/A-9436-2009 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 SN 0006-4971 J9 BLOOD JI Blood PD NOV 15 PY 1995 VL 86 IS 10 SU 1 BP 2222 EP 2222 PG 1 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA TH910 UT WOS:A1995TH91002223 ER PT J AU Herbert, V Shaw, S Jayatilleke, E Rosman, AS Gunter, EW Bowman, B Giardina, P Grady, RW AF Herbert, V Shaw, S Jayatilleke, E Rosman, AS Gunter, EW Bowman, B Giardina, P Grady, RW TI Evidence a new assay, % saturation of ferritin, is the most reproducible and reliable measure of the whole range of body iron stores. SO BLOOD LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CTR DIS CONTROL,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CORNELL UNIV,MED CTR,NEW YORK HOSP,NEW YORK,NY 10021. MT SINAI VA MED CTR,NEW YORK,NY. BROCKTON W ROXBURY VET AFFAIRS MED CTR,NEW YORK,NY. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 SN 0006-4971 J9 BLOOD JI Blood PD NOV 15 PY 1995 VL 86 IS 10 SU 1 BP 2325 EP 2325 PG 1 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA TH910 UT WOS:A1995TH91002326 ER PT J AU Sullivan, PS Hooper, C Cisar, LA Knuppel, R Ellingsen, D Evatt, BL Philipp, CS AF Sullivan, PS Hooper, C Cisar, LA Knuppel, R Ellingsen, D Evatt, BL Philipp, CS TI Role of the Leiden V mutation in pregnancy-associated thrombosis SO BLOOD LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. UMDNJ,ROBERT WOOD JOHNSON HOSP,NEW BRUNSWICK,NJ. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 SN 0006-4971 J9 BLOOD JI Blood PD NOV 15 PY 1995 VL 86 IS 10 SU 1 BP 3692 EP 3692 PG 1 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA TH910 UT WOS:A1995TH91003692 ER PT J AU DURHAM, J OWEN, P BENDER, B SENNER, J DAVIS, B LEFF, M ADAMS, M BREUKELMAN, F MITCHELL, C MCTAGUE, D PLEDGER, E NEWFIELD, F JOHNSON, C STEINER, B COSTELLO, N BUSICK, P PERRY, M BRAMBLETT, K HARGROVEROBERSON, D MAINES, D WEINSTEIN, A LEDERMAN, R MCGEE, H SALEM, N JONES, E JACKSONTHOMPSON, J SMITH, P HUFFMAN, S DEJAN, E ZASO, K BOESELAGER, G JARAMILLO, P MAYLAHN, C LENGERICH, G YOUNG, D CAPWELL, E HANN, N GRANTWORLEY, J MANN, L HESSER, J FERGUSON, J MILLER, B RIDINGS, D DIAMOND, R GILES, R MCINTYRE, R CARSWELL, S HOLM, K KING, F CAUTLEY, E AF DURHAM, J OWEN, P BENDER, B SENNER, J DAVIS, B LEFF, M ADAMS, M BREUKELMAN, F MITCHELL, C MCTAGUE, D PLEDGER, E NEWFIELD, F JOHNSON, C STEINER, B COSTELLO, N BUSICK, P PERRY, M BRAMBLETT, K HARGROVEROBERSON, D MAINES, D WEINSTEIN, A LEDERMAN, R MCGEE, H SALEM, N JONES, E JACKSONTHOMPSON, J SMITH, P HUFFMAN, S DEJAN, E ZASO, K BOESELAGER, G JARAMILLO, P MAYLAHN, C LENGERICH, G YOUNG, D CAPWELL, E HANN, N GRANTWORLEY, J MANN, L HESSER, J FERGUSON, J MILLER, B RIDINGS, D DIAMOND, R GILES, R MCINTYRE, R CARSWELL, S HOLM, K KING, F CAUTLEY, E TI STATE-SPECIFIC CHANGES IN PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY AMONG PERSONS AGED GREATER-THAN-OR-EQUAL-TO-65 YEARS - UNITED-STATES, 1987-1992 (REPRINTED FROM MMWR, VOL 44, PG 663, 669-673, 1995) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,CARDIOVASC HLTH STUD BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP DURHAM, J (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,STAT BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD NOV 15 PY 1995 VL 274 IS 19 BP 1500 EP 1501 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TD571 UT WOS:A1995TD57100006 ER PT J AU MALEC, D AF MALEC, D TI SELECTING MULTIPLE-OBJECTIVE FIXED-COST SAMPLE DESIGNS USING AN ADMISSIBILITY CRITERION SO JOURNAL OF STATISTICAL PLANNING AND INFERENCE LA English DT Article DE COMPROMISE SAMPLE DESIGN; MULTIVARIATE SAMPLE DESIGN AB An admissibility criterion is used to identify a set of designs useful for multiple-objective surveys. This admissibility criterion is defined over the range of survey objectives, unlike the usual situation where an admissibility criterion is defined over the parameter space. Assuming a fixed total cost, known (or estimated) finite population characteristics and specified estimators, the admissibility criterion is shown to apply to a wide range of design problems. An example using PPS sampling is discussed extensively. Here, one must choose the selection probabilities when there are multiple objectives. Other suggestions proposed in the literature for multiple-objective fixed-cost designs are reviewed with the aim of identifying both methods which produce admissible designs and methods which may produce inadmissible, hence inferior, designs. Lastly, suggestions for picking a final design are made. It is recommended that a minimax design or minimax subset design be chosen from the admissible set. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR HLTH STAT,6525 BELCREST RD,HYATTSVILLE,MD 20782. NR 13 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-3758 J9 J STAT PLAN INFER JI J. Stat. Plan. Infer. PD NOV 15 PY 1995 VL 48 IS 2 BP 229 EP 240 DI 10.1016/0378-3758(94)00153-M PG 12 WC Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics GA TE012 UT WOS:A1995TE01200009 ER PT J AU KOGAN, MD ALEXANDER, GR TEITELBAUM, MA JACK, BW KOTELCHUCK, M PAPPAS, G AF KOGAN, MD ALEXANDER, GR TEITELBAUM, MA JACK, BW KOTELCHUCK, M PAPPAS, G TI THE EFFECT OF GAPS IN HEALTH-INSURANCE ON CONTINUITY OF A REGULAR SOURCE OF CARE AMONG PRESCHOOL-AGED CHILDREN IN THE UNITED-STATES SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID MEDICAL-CARE; AMERICAN CHILDREN; ACCESS; TERMINATION; SERVICES; POOR AB Objective.-To estimate the prevalence and length of gaps in health insurance coverage and their effect on having a regular source of care in a national sample of preschool-aged children. Design.-Follow-up survey of a nationally representative sample of 3-year-old children in the US population by phone or personal interview. Participants.-A total of 8129 children whose mothers were interviewed for the 1991 Longitudinal Follow-up to the National Maternal and Infant Health Survey. Main Outcome Measures.-Report of any gap in health insurance for the children, the length of the gap, and the number of different sites where the children were taken for medical care as a measure of continuity of a regular source of care. Results.-About one quarter of US children were without health insurance for at least 1 month during their first 3 years of life, Over half of these children had a health insurance gap of more than 6 months. Less than half of US children had only one site of care during their first 3 years. Children with health insurance gaps of longer than 6 months were at increased risk of having more than one care site (odds ratio = 1.52; 95% confidence interval, 1.19 to 1.96). This risk further increased when an emergency treatment was discounted as a multiple site of care. Conclusions.-Having a gap in health insurance coverage is an important determinant for not having a regular source of care for preschool-aged children. This finding is of concern, given the sizable percentage of children in the United States who lacked continuous health care coverage during a critical period of development. C1 CHILDRENS DEF FUND,WASHINGTON,DC. BROWN UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT FAMILY MED,PROVIDENCE,RI 02912. UNIV N CAROLINA,DEPT MATERNAL & CHILD HLTH,CHAPEL HILL,NC. UNIV ALABAMA,DEPT MATERNAL & CHILD HLTH,BIRMINGHAM,AL. RP KOGAN, MD (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR HLTH STAT,6525 BELCREST RD,ROOM 840,HYATTSVILLE,MD 20782, USA. NR 38 TC 124 Z9 123 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD NOV 8 PY 1995 VL 274 IS 18 BP 1429 EP 1435 DI 10.1001/jama.274.18.1429 PG 7 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TC477 UT WOS:A1995TC47700024 PM 7474188 ER PT J AU SCHULZ, KF AF SCHULZ, KF TI SUBVERTING RANDOMIZATION IN CONTROLLED TRIALS SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID CLINICAL-TRIALS; BIAS AB Recent empirical evidence supports the importance of adequate randomization in controlled trials. Trials with inadequate allocation concealment have been associated with larger treatment effects compared with trials in which authors reported adequate allocation concealment. While that provides empirical evidence of bias being interjected into trials, trial investigators rarely document the sensitive details of subverting the intended purpose of randomization. This article relates anonymous accounts of deciphering assignment sequences before allocation based on experiences acquired from epidemiologic workshops for physicians. These accounts run the gamut from simple to intricate operations, from transillumination of envelopes to searching for code in the office files of the principal investigator. They indicate that deciphering is something more frequent than a rare occurrence. These accounts prompt some methodological recommendations to help prevent deciphering. Randomized controlled trials appear to annoy human nature-if properly conducted, indeed they should. RP SCHULZ, KF (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DIS PREVENT,MAIL STOP E-02,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 17 TC 195 Z9 199 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD NOV 8 PY 1995 VL 274 IS 18 BP 1456 EP 1458 PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TC477 UT WOS:A1995TC47700028 PM 7474192 ER PT J AU PIERARD, D LEVTCHENKO, E DAWSON, JE LAUWERS, S AF PIERARD, D LEVTCHENKO, E DAWSON, JE LAUWERS, S TI EHRLICHIOSIS IN BELGIUM SO LANCET LA English DT Letter C1 FREE UNIV BRUSSELS,AKAD ZIEKENHUIS,DEPT PAEDIAT,B-1090 BRUSSELS,BELGIUM. CTR DIS CONTROL,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP PIERARD, D (reprint author), FREE UNIV BRUSSELS,AKAD ZIEKENHUIS,DEPT MICROBIOL,B-1090 BRUSSELS,BELGIUM. NR 5 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 1 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 42 BEDFORD SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND WC1B 3SL SN 0099-5355 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD NOV 4 PY 1995 VL 346 IS 8984 BP 1233 EP 1234 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(95)92943-6 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TC976 UT WOS:A1995TC97600055 PM 7475691 ER PT J AU FLEGAL, KM TROIANO, RP PAMUK, ER KUCZMARSKI, RJ CAMPBELL, SM AF FLEGAL, KM TROIANO, RP PAMUK, ER KUCZMARSKI, RJ CAMPBELL, SM TI THE INFLUENCE OF SMOKING CESSATION ON THE PREVALENCE OF OVERWEIGHT IN THE UNITED-STATES SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID QUITTING CIGARETTE-SMOKING; BODY-WEIGHT; GENDER DIFFERENCES; HIGH-SCHOOL; GAIN; POPULATION; MORTALITY; CONSUMPTION; PREVENTION; FRAMINGHAM AB Background. The proportion of U.S. adults, 35 to 74 years of age who were overweight increased by 9.6 percent for men and 8.0 percent for women between 1978 and 1990. Since the prevalence of smoking declined over the same period, smoking cessation has been suggested as a factor contributing to the increasing prevalence of overweight. Methods. To estimate the influence of smoking cessation on the increase in the prevalence of overweight, we analyzed data on current and past weight and smoking status for a national sample of 5247 adults 35 years of age or older who participated in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, conducted from 1988 through 1998. The results were adjusted for age, sociodemographic characteristics, level of physical activity, alcohol consumption, and (for women) parity. Results. The weight gain over a 10-year period that was associated with the cessation of smoking (i.e., the gain among smokers who quit that was in excess of the gain among continuing smokers) was 4.4 kg for men and 5.0 kg for women. Smokers who had quit within the past 10 years were significantly more likely than respondents who had never smoked to become overweight (odds ratios, 2.4 for men and 2.0 for women). For men, about a quarter (2.3 of 9.6 percentage points) and for women, about a sixth (1.3 of 8.0 percentage points) of the increase in the prevalence of overweight could be attributed to smoking cessation within the past 10 years. Conclusions. Although its health benefits are undeniable, smoking cessation may nevertheless be associated with a small increase in the prevalence of overweight. RP FLEGAL, KM (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, NATL CTR HLTH STAT, 6525 BELCREST RD, RM 900, HYATTSVILLE, MD 20782 USA. RI Flegal, Katherine/A-4608-2013; OI Flegal, Katherine/0000-0002-0838-469X; Troiano, Richard/0000-0002-6807-989X NR 42 TC 269 Z9 280 U1 2 U2 3 PU MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SOC PI WALTHAM PA WALTHAM WOODS CENTER, 860 WINTER ST,, WALTHAM, MA 02451-1413 USA SN 0028-4793 EI 1533-4406 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD NOV 2 PY 1995 VL 333 IS 18 BP 1165 EP 1170 DI 10.1056/NEJM199511023331801 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TB560 UT WOS:A1995TB56000001 PM 7565970 ER PT J AU BERN, C PHILEN, RM FREDMAN, D BOWMAN, BA NEWMAN, NJ GERR, F RIDEL, GM PENA, EZ MALILAY, J MILLER, DT SOWELL, AL MILLER, MA FLANDERS, WD FALTER, KH OLSON, DR KILBOURNE, EM SINKS, T ING, R STAEHLING, N BOYD, M GUNTER, EW PASCHAL, DC MUELLER, PW SPIERTO, FW NEEDHAM, LL HILL, RH ASHLEY, DL HANNON, WH MARQUEZ, AR FERNANDEZ, JRD HADAD, JH MILORD, DR CRISTIA, RP PEREZ, MAH VERDURA, CS ALBA, MAM HODELIN, MT GORBEA, MB DIAZ, ED HIORTLORENZEN, CLC CLUA, AM GUTIERREZ, PM ACOSTA, SJ CABRERA, A FERNANDEZ, MM FREIXAS, RS ESTRADA, R ARIAS, L MESTRE, PF PLA, E ROMERO, MC FERRET, AC LLANOS, G JIMENEZ, JS ROMAN, GC OBERMEYER, W CASTRO, MD RUIZ, CAP RICO, NS BETANCOURT, IP FUENTES, BEE CABRERA, AP CALDELLICEHIO, LET MEDINA, AG GOMEZ, N MOJARRIETA, MS VARA, JAC PORTALES, JMR HERNANDEZ, GR GINALY, SM GARCIA, PP GARCIA, M HERNANDEZ, CS DIAZ, EI RECIO, EM GARCIA, SH SANCHEZ, AL VALDES, P RODRIGUEZ, OM OLIVA, NB DIAZ, D PEREZ, MC HERNANDEZ, MCR GONEZ, JMR AMADO, SN DELLLANO, AC BREIJO, DH ACOSTA, AC GONZALEZ, MM ROMERO, RM CHAVEZ, OC VALDES, MH OTERO, GR CABALLERO, MM VALDES, AG OLIVERA, BR BENITEZ, EE BEADE, C LEON, LS MARIMON, FD ROMAN, AS RODRIGUEZ, R RODRIGUEZ, FD ALVAREZ, MR COLUMBE, MS MARRERO, A ZULUETA, D GARCIA, CR SANTOS, JPA PEDROSO, F RODRIGUEZ, HM VALDES, NM ACOSTA, MS CHOBEL, ER GODOY, MM LUGO, MM LOPEZ, LL DIAZ, EM MARTINEZ, JCB DELGADO, NA VALDES, MT MORENO, ARD SANCHEZ, SH HERNANDEZ, LEP VALDES, OM MARTINEZ, AO DOMINGUEZ, I DEARMAS, MR IGLESIAS, OR CASTELL, OR TRUJILLO, OG BEUNE, MDM RODRIGUEZ, FM MEDINA, RM RUIZCALDERON, JC FERNANDEZ, B BARROSO, EV MACHIN, JL ARMENTEROS, LR MENDEZ, CV PEREZ, JH CAMPOS, AC DIAZ, NA PEREZ, AO MILIAN, J LEON, OH CAPOTE, BR LEZCANOS, MR EZMORIZ, LP MOYA, O VITRIAGO, A MURGUIA, AU AF BERN, C PHILEN, RM FREDMAN, D BOWMAN, BA NEWMAN, NJ GERR, F RIDEL, GM PENA, EZ MALILAY, J MILLER, DT SOWELL, AL MILLER, MA FLANDERS, WD FALTER, KH OLSON, DR KILBOURNE, EM SINKS, T ING, R STAEHLING, N BOYD, M GUNTER, EW PASCHAL, DC MUELLER, PW SPIERTO, FW NEEDHAM, LL HILL, RH ASHLEY, DL HANNON, WH MARQUEZ, AR FERNANDEZ, JRD HADAD, JH MILORD, DR CRISTIA, RP PEREZ, MAH VERDURA, CS ALBA, MAM HODELIN, MT GORBEA, MB DIAZ, ED HIORTLORENZEN, CLC CLUA, AM GUTIERREZ, PM ACOSTA, SJ CABRERA, A FERNANDEZ, MM FREIXAS, RS ESTRADA, R ARIAS, L MESTRE, PF PLA, E ROMERO, MC FERRET, AC LLANOS, G JIMENEZ, JS ROMAN, GC OBERMEYER, W CASTRO, MD RUIZ, CAP RICO, NS BETANCOURT, IP FUENTES, BEE CABRERA, AP CALDELLICEHIO, LET MEDINA, AG GOMEZ, N MOJARRIETA, MS VARA, JAC PORTALES, JMR HERNANDEZ, GR GINALY, SM GARCIA, PP GARCIA, M HERNANDEZ, CS DIAZ, EI RECIO, EM GARCIA, SH SANCHEZ, AL VALDES, P RODRIGUEZ, OM OLIVA, NB DIAZ, D PEREZ, MC HERNANDEZ, MCR GONEZ, JMR AMADO, SN DELLLANO, AC BREIJO, DH ACOSTA, AC GONZALEZ, MM ROMERO, RM CHAVEZ, OC VALDES, MH OTERO, GR CABALLERO, MM VALDES, AG OLIVERA, BR BENITEZ, EE BEADE, C LEON, LS MARIMON, FD ROMAN, AS RODRIGUEZ, R RODRIGUEZ, FD ALVAREZ, MR COLUMBE, MS MARRERO, A ZULUETA, D GARCIA, CR SANTOS, JPA PEDROSO, F RODRIGUEZ, HM VALDES, NM ACOSTA, MS CHOBEL, ER GODOY, MM LUGO, MM LOPEZ, LL DIAZ, EM MARTINEZ, JCB DELGADO, NA VALDES, MT MORENO, ARD SANCHEZ, SH HERNANDEZ, LEP VALDES, OM MARTINEZ, AO DOMINGUEZ, I DEARMAS, MR IGLESIAS, OR CASTELL, OR TRUJILLO, OG BEUNE, MDM RODRIGUEZ, FM MEDINA, RM RUIZCALDERON, JC FERNANDEZ, B BARROSO, EV MACHIN, JL ARMENTEROS, LR MENDEZ, CV PEREZ, JH CAMPOS, AC DIAZ, NA PEREZ, AO MILIAN, J LEON, OH CAPOTE, BR LEZCANOS, MR EZMORIZ, LP MOYA, O VITRIAGO, A MURGUIA, AU TI EPIDEMIC OPTIC NEUROPATHY IN CUBA - CLINICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND RISK-FACTORS SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID AMBLYOPIA AB Background. From 1991 to 1993, epidemic optic and peripheral neuropathy affected more than 50,000 people in Cuba. The number of new cases decreased after the initiation of vitamin supplementation in the population. In September 1993, Cuban and U.S. investigators conducted a study to characterize and identify risk factors for the optic form of the syndrome. Methods. We conducted ophthalmologic and neurologic examinations, assessed exposure to potential toxins, administered a semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire, and assessed serum measures of nutritional status in 123 patients with severe optic neuropathy, matched for sex and age to randomly chosen normal subjects. Results. In the case patients, prominent clinical features were subacute loss of visual acuity with field defects, diminished color vision, optic-nerve pallor, and decreased sensitivity to vibration and temperature in the legs. Tobacco use, particularly cigar smoking, was associated with an increased risk of optic neuropathy. The risk was reduced among subjects with higher dietary intakes of methionine, vitamin B-12, riboflavin, and niacin and higher serum concentrations of antioxidant carotenoids, The risk was also reduced among subjects who raised chickens at home or had relatives living overseas - factors that may be indirect measures of increased food availability. Conclusions. The epidemic of optic and peripheral neuropathy in Cuba between 1991 and 1993 appears to be linked to reduced nutrient intake caused by the country's deteriorating economic situation and the high prevalence of tobacco use. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. EMORY UNIV,ATLANTA,GA 30322. MINIST PUBL HLTH CUBA,HAVANA,CUBA. PAN AMER HLTH ORG,WASHINGTON,DC. NIH,BETHESDA,MD 20892. US FDA,ROCKVILLE,MD 20857. RI Needham, Larry/E-4930-2011; Hernandez Triana, Manuel/B-4513-2015 OI Hernandez Triana, Manuel/0000-0002-2752-2592 NR 38 TC 85 Z9 87 U1 0 U2 3 PU MASS MEDICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 10 SHATTUCK, BOSTON, MA 02115 SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD NOV 2 PY 1995 VL 333 IS 18 BP 1176 EP 1182 PG 7 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TB560 UT WOS:A1995TB56000003 ER PT J AU ROSENBERG, ML AF ROSENBERG, ML TI PREVENTION OF FAMILY VIOLENCE SO ACADEMIC MEDICINE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT AAMCs Consensus Conference on the Education of Medical Students about Family Violence and Abuse CY MAR 28-29, 1995 CL WASHINGTON, DC SP Assoc Amer Med Coll AB Physicians must learn to recognize the victims of family violence among their patients and must then work to prevent such abuse. To help provide information. that can help physicians understand and prevent:family violence, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is involved in gathering data that will enable scientists (1) to see the patterns of family violence, (2) to determine the risk factors, and (3) to evaluate interventions to prevent future violence. Then the task will be (4) to establish programs of prevention on a successful scale. The author describes several specific CDC programs designed to meet these four goals, with the ultimate goal being the drastic lowering of incidences of family violence. Medical schools can help reach that goal by using the knowledge gained by such research for curriculum development to train physicians to treat and prevent family violence. RP ROSENBERG, ML (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INJURY PREVENT & CONTROL,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU HANLEY & BELFUS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 210 S 13TH ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19107 SN 1040-2446 J9 ACAD MED JI Acad. Med. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 70 IS 11 BP 989 EP 992 DI 10.1097/00001888-199511000-00017 PG 4 WC Education, Scientific Disciplines; Health Care Sciences & Services SC Education & Educational Research; Health Care Sciences & Services GA TF412 UT WOS:A1995TF41200022 PM 7575955 ER PT J AU GREENBERG, AE LUCAS, S TOSSOU, O COULIBALY, IM COULIBALY, D KASSIM, S ACKAH, A DECOCK, KM AF GREENBERG, AE LUCAS, S TOSSOU, O COULIBALY, IM COULIBALY, D KASSIM, S ACKAH, A DECOCK, KM TI AUTOPSY-PROVEN CAUSES OF DEATH IN HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS TREATED FOR TUBERCULOSIS IN ABIDJAN, COTE-DIVOIRE SO AIDS LA English DT Article DE AUTOPSY; TUBERCULOSIS; HIV; AFRICA ID IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS INFECTION; PNEUMOCYSTIS-CARINII PNEUMONIA; MORTALITY; SULFAMETHOXAZOLE; PROPHYLAXIS; PATHOLOGY; NAIROBI; KENYA AB Objective: To determine autopsy-proven causes of death in HIV-infected patients treated for tuberculosis in Abidjan, Cote d'lvoire. Methods: A computerized listing of 9523 patients diagnosed with tuberculosis and tested for HIV infection at Abidjan's two large tuberculosis treatment centers from July 1989 to December 1991 was matched against a listing of 496 patients who were autopsied in Abidjan's largest public hospital in 1991-1992. Results: Fifteen matching patients were identified including 11 adults with smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis, three adults with extrapulmonary tuberculosis, and one child with smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis. The autopsy-proven causes of death among the adults were tuberculosis (n = 4), bacterial infections (n = 3), cerebral toxoplasmosis (n = 2), pulmonary nocardiosis (n = 2), Pneumacystis carinii pneumonia (n = 1), atypical mycobacteriosis (n = 1), and wasting syndrome (n = 1). Tuberculosis was the primary cause of death in two of five smear-positive patients who had not completed therapy, in none of the six patients with smear-positive disease who had completed therapy, and in two of the three patients with extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Conclusions: Chemoprophylaxis with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) might have provided benefit to eight (57%) of the 14 adults in this series who died either of bacterial infections, toxoplasmosis, nocardiosis, or pneumocystosis. Prospective studies are required to elucidate further the causes of increased mortality, and to evaluate the benefits of TMP-SMX prophylaxis in HIV-infected African patients with tuberculosis. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, ATLANTA, GA 30341 USA. UCL, SCH MED, DEPT HISTOPATHOL, LONDON W1N 8AA, ENGLAND. CTR ANTITUBERCULEUX, ABIDJAN, COTE IVOIRE. RP GREENBERG, AE (reprint author), PROJECT RETROCI, 01 BP 1712, ABIDJAN, COTE IVOIRE. NR 19 TC 60 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0269-9370 J9 AIDS JI Aids PD NOV PY 1995 VL 9 IS 11 BP 1251 EP 1254 DI 10.1097/00002030-199511000-00006 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA TB674 UT WOS:A1995TB67400006 PM 8561978 ER PT J AU BRIEFEL, RR MCDOWELL, MA ALAIMO, K CAUGHMAN, CR BISCHOF, AL CARROLL, MD JOHNSON, CL AF BRIEFEL, RR MCDOWELL, MA ALAIMO, K CAUGHMAN, CR BISCHOF, AL CARROLL, MD JOHNSON, CL TI TOTAL-ENERGY INTAKE OF THE US POPULATION - THE 3RD NATIONAL-HEALTH AND NUTRITION EXAMINATION SURVEY, 1988-1991 SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article DE DIETARY SURVEYS; ENERGY; NATIONAL NUTRITION SURVEYS; NHANES ID FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES; NHANES-III; PHYSIOLOGY AB The third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) was conducted to assess the health and nutritional status of the US population. As part of the nutritional status assessment, reliable 24-h dietary recalls were collected for 14 801 examined persons. Mean (+/- SEM) energy intakes are reported for persons aged greater than or equal to 2 mo by age, sex, and race-ethnicity. Males had higher mean energy intakes than did females. Energy intakes peaked during late adolescence and young adulthood and declined thereafter. Energy intake patterns were similar among non-Hispanic whites, non-Hispanic blacks, and Mexican Americans. Underreporting was addressed by computing a ratio of energy intake (EI) to estimated basal metabolic rate (BMR(est)). This ratio (EI:BMR(est)) was 1.47 for adult males and 1.26 for nonpregnant adult females. Overweight adults had a lower mean EI: BMR(est) (1.09 in females and 1.28 in males). Underreporting in food consumption surveys remains problematic among females and overweight persons. RP BRIEFEL, RR (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, NATL CTR HLTH STAT, DIV HLTH EXAMINAT STAT, 6525 BELCREST RD, ROOM 1000, HYATTSVILLE, MD 20782 USA. NR 45 TC 116 Z9 116 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC NUTRITION-ASN PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0002-9165 EI 1938-3207 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 62 IS 5 SU S BP 1072 EP 1080 PG 9 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA TD184 UT WOS:A1995TD18400008 ER PT J AU ARDAY, DR GIOVINO, GA SCHULMAN, J NELSON, DE MOWERY, P SAMET, JM AF ARDAY, DR GIOVINO, GA SCHULMAN, J NELSON, DE MOWERY, P SAMET, JM TI CIGARETTE-SMOKING AND SELF-REPORTED HEALTH-PROBLEMS AMONG US HIGH-SCHOOL SENIORS, 1982-1989 SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH PROMOTION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 121st Annual Meeting of the American-Public-Health-Association CY OCT 24-28, 1993 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Amer Public Hlth Assoc DE ADOLESCENCE; HEALTH EFFECTS; SMOKING; SUBSTANCE ABUSE ID SYMPTOMS AB Purpose. To estimate the independent effect of cigarette smoking on respiratory tract symptoms and health status indicators among high school seniors. Design. Consolidated data sets from one-time cross-sectional survey designs. Setting. High schools in the United States, 1982-1989. Sample. A total of 26,504 high school seniors, with an 83% response rate. Measures. Odds ratios for respiratory tract symptoms and health status indicators for cigarette smokers compared with nonsmokers, while controlling for sex, socioeconomic status, and use of other drugs. Results. High school seniors who were regular cigarette smokers and who began smoking by grade nine were significantly more likely than never smokers to report shortness of breath when not exercising (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 2.7), coughing spells (OR = 2.1), productive cough (OR = 2.4), and wheezing or gasping (OR = 2.6). These smokers were also more likely to have seen a doctor or other health professional for an emotional or psychologic complaint (OR = 3.0) and to rate their overall health as poorer than average (OR = 2.4). We found strong dose-response relationships for most outcome measures. Conclusions. Cigarette smoking among high school seniors is associated with respiratory tract symptoms and poorer overall physical health and may be a marker for underlying mental health problems. Smoking prevention activities directed at adolescents should include information on the early adverse health consequences of cigarette smoking. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. BATTELLE MEM INST,ARLINGTON,VA. UNIV NEW MEXICO,SCH MED,DEPT MED,ALBUQUERQUE,NM 87131. NR 42 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 0 PU MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 SN 0890-1171 J9 AM J HEALTH PROMOT JI Am. J. Health Promot. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 10 IS 2 BP 111 EP 116 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA TE650 UT WOS:A1995TE65000009 PM 10160044 ER PT J AU MUELLER, PW HALL, WD CAUDILL, SP MACNEIL, ML AREPALLY, A AF MUELLER, PW HALL, WD CAUDILL, SP MACNEIL, ML AREPALLY, A TI AN IN-DEPTH EXAMINATION OF THE EXCRETION OF ALBUMIN AND OTHER SENSITIVE MARKERS OF RENAL DAMAGE IN MILD HYPERTENSION SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HYPERTENSION LA English DT Article DE ALBUMIN; MILD HYPERTENSION; KIDNEY DAMAGE; GLOMERULUS; RETINOL-BINDING PROTEIN; ALANINE AMINOPEPTIDASE; CREATININE; N-ACETYL-BETA-D-GLUCOSAMINIDASE; SALT AB In an in-depth examination to better define the renal effects of mild hypertension, we used urinary proteins to indicate damage to the glomerulus (albumin), tubular reabsorption capability (retinol-binding protein), and turnover of tubular tissue (alanine aminopeptidase and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase) in a group of 18 people with mild hypertension not associated with diabetes and a control group (n = 12). The participants' activity was controlled on a high normal salt diet for 3 days followed by a low salt diet for 4 days. Two distinct patterns of albumin excretion were evident in the hypertensive group: 22% had elevated, highly variable excretion patterns, and the rest had tightly grouped values below 16 mg/g creatinine, 16 mu g/min, or 16 mg/L, with the lowest within-person biological variability given by albumin calculated as a ratio to creatinine. Albumin and NAG excretion primarily correlated with systolic blood pressure and the best correlations were given by ratios to creatinine. A marked decrease in salt excretion of 71% (to 50.8 mEq/day) resulted in significant (P < .0005) decreases in systolic (13.9 mm Hg), diastolic (6.4 mm Hg), and mean arterial pressures (8.9 mm Hg) only in the group with mild hypertension. However, albumin excretion did not decrease when dietary salt content was lowered. The group with hypertension also had higher urinary excretion of lysosomal N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (P < .01), and whites in the group had a higher excretion of retinol-binding protein than did whites in the control group (P < .02). Retinol-binding protein values, however, were within the normal range, indicating that the elevated albumin values were the result of changes in selectivity of the glomerulus. RP MUELLER, PW (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,DIV ENVIRONM HLTH LAB SCI,MAILSTOP F50,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [MO1-RR00039] NR 0 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBL CO INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0895-7061 J9 AM J HYPERTENS JI Am. J. Hypertens. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 8 IS 11 BP 1072 EP 1082 DI 10.1016/0895-7061(95)00231-D PG 11 WC Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA TD814 UT WOS:A1995TD81400004 PM 8554730 ER PT J AU GUO, HR TANAKA, S CAMERON, LL SELIGMAN, PJ BEHRENS, VJ GER, J WILD, DK PUTZANDERSON, V AF GUO, HR TANAKA, S CAMERON, LL SELIGMAN, PJ BEHRENS, VJ GER, J WILD, DK PUTZANDERSON, V TI BACK PAIN AMONG WORKERS IN THE UNITED-STATES - NATIONAL ESTIMATES AND WORKERS AT HIGH-RISK SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE BACK PAIN; OCCUPATION; INDUSTRY; CONSTRUCTION; NURSING; CARPENTER; AUTOMOBILE MECHANICS; MAID; JANITOR; HAIRDRESSER ID EPIDEMIOLOGY; ENVIRONMENT; PREVALENCE; HISTORY; MEN AB Back pain accounts for about one fourth of workers' compensation claims in the United States. The Occupational Health Supplement to the 1988 National Health Interview Survey provided an opportunity to assess the scope of this problem. The 30,074 respondents who worked in the 12 months before the interview were defined as ''workers'', and those with back pain every day for a week or more during that period were defined as ''cases.'' A weighting factor was applied to the answers to derive national estimates. In 1988, about 22.4 million back pain cases (prevalence 12.6%) were responsible for 149.1 million lost workdays; 65% of cases were attributable to occupational activities. For back pain attributed to activities at work, the risk was highest for construction laborers among males (prevalence 22.6%) and nursing aides among females (18.8%). Our analyses show that back pain is a major cause of morbidity and lost production for U.S. workers and identifies previously unrecognized high risk occupations, such as carpenters, automobile mechanics, maids, janitors, and hairdressers, for future research and prevention. (C) 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.* C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NIOSH,DIV SURVEILLANCE HAZARD EVALUAT & FIELD STUDIES,ATLANTA,GA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,EPIDEM INTELLIGENCE SERV,ATLANTA,GA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NIOSH,DIV BIOMED & BEHAV SCI,APPL PSYCHOL & ERGONOM BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA. NR 34 TC 138 Z9 144 U1 1 U2 4 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0271-3586 J9 AM J IND MED JI Am. J. Ind. Med. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 28 IS 5 BP 591 EP 602 DI 10.1002/ajim.4700280504 PG 12 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA TA445 UT WOS:A1995TA44500003 PM 8561169 ER PT J AU STEENLAND, K GOLDSMITH, DF AF STEENLAND, K GOLDSMITH, DF TI SILICA EXPOSURE AND AUTOIMMUNE-DISEASES SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE LA English DT Note DE SILICA; AUTOIMMUNE; ARTHRITIS; SCLERODERMA; SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS; LUPUS; RENAL DISEASE; OCCUPATIONAL HAZARD ID STAGE RENAL-DISEASE; RHEUMATOID-ARTHRITIS; WORKERS AB There have long been case reports linking silica exposure to a variety of autoimmune diseases (systemic sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, chronic renal disease). Evidence of this association in larger epidemiologic studies has been increasing in the last decade. We summarize this evidence here, and present some plausible mechanisms which have been discussed in the literature. The link between silica exposure and autoimmune disease may have been missed in cohort mortality studies because autoimmune diseases are rarely underlying causes of death. Similarly, case-control studies of autoimmune diseases have often failed to consider occupational exposure to silica. Further research is needed in occupationally exposed populations to verify this association. The link between respirable silica exposure and autoimmune disease may have some bearing on the possible association between silicone breast implants and autoimmune disease, although the nature of the silica involved is quite different in the two situations. (C) 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.* C1 WESTERN CONSORTIUM PUBL HLTH,BERKELEY,CA. RP STEENLAND, K (reprint author), NIOSH,MAILSTOP R-13,4676 COLUMBIA PKWY,CINCINNATI,OH 45226, USA. NR 24 TC 90 Z9 93 U1 2 U2 6 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0271-3586 J9 AM J IND MED JI Am. J. Ind. Med. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 28 IS 5 BP 603 EP 608 DI 10.1002/ajim.4700280505 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA TA445 UT WOS:A1995TA44500004 PM 8561170 ER PT J AU JOHNSON, BL AF JOHNSON, BL TI DISCLOSURE OF INTEREST - A TIME FOR CLARITY SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE LA English DT Letter DE CONFLICT OF INTEREST; ETHICS IN MEDICINE; POTENTIAL RISK FACTOR; ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS RP JOHNSON, BL (reprint author), AGCY TOX SUBST & DIS REGISTRY,1600 CLIFTON RD NE,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0271-3586 J9 AM J IND MED JI Am. J. Ind. Med. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 28 IS 5 BP 621 EP 622 DI 10.1002/ajim.4700280511 PG 2 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA TA445 UT WOS:A1995TA44500010 PM 8561176 ER PT J AU JOESOEF, MR HILLIER, SL WIKNJOSASTRO, G SUMAMPOUW, H LINNAN, M NOROJONO, W IDAJADI, A UTOMO, B AF JOESOEF, MR HILLIER, SL WIKNJOSASTRO, G SUMAMPOUW, H LINNAN, M NOROJONO, W IDAJADI, A UTOMO, B TI INTRAVAGINAL CLINDAMYCIN TREATMENT FOR BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS - EFFECTS ON PRETERM DELIVERY AND LOW-BIRTH-WEIGHT SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS; CLINDAMYCIN; PRETERM DELIVERY ID RISK-FACTORS; PREGNANCY; PREMATURITY; INFECTION; LABOR; ENDOMETRITIS AB OBJECTIVE: Our goal was to evaluate whether treatment of bacterial vaginosis during pregnancy with 2% clindamycin vaginal cream reduces the incidence of either preterm delivery or low birth weight or of both. STUDY DESIGN: A multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in Indonesia compared a 2% clindamycin vaginal cream with a placebo cream. Women seeking prenatal care at 14 to 26 weeks of gestational age who had bacterial vaginosis (Gram stain score > 6 and pH of vaginal fluid > 4.5) were invited to participate. Of the 745 women enrolled, 681 (91.4%) women were followed up through delivery. RESULTS: Clindamycin vaginal cream was an effective treatment for bacterial vaginosis. Two weeks after completion of the treatment, 85.5% of the women were cured. The rate of preterm delivery (< 37 weeks) was 15.0% for clindamycin patients and 13.5% for placebo patients (odds ratio 1.1, 95% confidence interval 0.7 to 1.7). The rate of low birth weight was 9.0% for clindamycin patients and 6.8% for placebo patients (odds ratio 1.3, 95% confidence interval 0.8 to 2.4). CONCLUSIONS: Treatment of bacterial vaginosis with clindamycin vaginal cream did not reduce preterm delivery or low birth weight. Although clindamycin vaginal cream is an effective treatment for bacterial vaginosis, intravaginal treatment would not be effective against bacterial vaginosis-associated microorganisms harbored in the upper genital tract. Systemic treatment may be required to eradicate upper tract infection to reduce preterm delivery. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,INT HLTH PROGRAM OFF,ATLANTA,GA 30333. UNIV WASHINGTON,DEPT OBSTET & GYNECOL,SEATTLE,WA 98195. UNIV INDONESIA,CTR HLTH RES,JAKARTA,INDONESIA. UNIV AIRLANGGA,SCH MED,DEPT OBSTET & GYNECOL,SURABAYA,INDONESIA. UNIV AIRLANGGA,SCH MED,DEPT MICROBIOL,SURABAYA,INDONESIA. UNIV INDONESIA,SCH MED,DEPT OBSTET & GYNECOL,JAKARTA,INDONESIA. RP JOESOEF, MR (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DIS HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIEN,MAILSTOP E02,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 24 TC 113 Z9 118 U1 1 U2 1 PU MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 SN 0002-9378 J9 AM J OBSTET GYNECOL JI Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 173 IS 5 BP 1527 EP 1531 DI 10.1016/0002-9378(95)90644-4 PG 5 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA TH560 UT WOS:A1995TH56000030 PM 7503196 ER PT J AU Christenson, GM Dandoy, S AF Christenson, GM Dandoy, S TI Research and measurement in public health practice - Introduction SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Editorial Material RP Christenson, GM (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,PUBL HLTH PRACTICE PROGRAM OFF,DPHS,MS-E20,1600 CLIFTON RD,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 11 IS 6 SU S BP 1 EP 1 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA TN995 UT WOS:A1995TN99500001 ER PT J AU Dyal, WW AF Dyal, WW TI Ten organizational practices of public health: A historical perspective SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Research and Measurement in Public Health Practice CY JUL, 1994 CL CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, ATLANTA, GA HO CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT AB In 1988, the Institute of Medicine took a major step forward when it defined the functions of governmental public health agencies as assessment (monitoring the health of the American people), policy development (promoting the development of scientifically sound public health policy), and assurance (guaranteeing the benefits of public health for all citizens). The effort to further describe and measure the practice of public health began in January 1989 when the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) convened a meeting of public health leaders including representatives of the Association of State and Territorial Health Officials, National Association of County Health Officials, United States Conference of Local Health Officers, Public Health Foundation, American Public Health Association Association of Schools of Public Health, Health Resources and Services Administration, and CDC. Consensus was reached that these core functions provided an appropriate framework. A beginning effort was made to identify the specific practices or processes required to carry out the core functions. The result of this two- year effort was the delineation of 10 organizational practices that functionally define the practice of public health, provide a basis for measuring the three core functions of public health, and also describe a continuum of problem-solving activity from problem identification to evaluation in order to redirect resources and interventions. Although extensive external examination and validation of these 10 organizational practices is called for, early application and investigation of this framework seem promising. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,PUBL HLTH PRACTICE PROGRAM OFF,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 8 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 11 IS 6 SU S BP 6 EP 8 PG 3 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA TN995 UT WOS:A1995TN99500004 PM 8776135 ER PT J AU Richards, TB Rogers, JJ Christenson, GM Miller, CA Gatewood, DD Taylor, MS AF Richards, TB Rogers, JJ Christenson, GM Miller, CA Gatewood, DD Taylor, MS TI Assessing public health practice: Application of ten core function measures of community health in six states SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Research and Measurement in Public Health Practice CY JUL, 1994 CL CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, ATLANTA, GA HO CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT AB Factor analysis, combined with an evaluation of item difficulty and discrimination, can provide useful insights in questionnaire development. In 1993, as part of a study to develop a questionnaire to assess performance of the core functions of public health at a community level, 370 local health departments (LHDs) in six states completed a 26-item questionnaire (94% response). This study describes factor analysis results after controlling for item difficulty and discrimination. Fifteen items had intermediate difficulty and fair-to-good discrimination. Factor analysis of these 15 items identified four factors. Three of these factors included items from more than one of the core functions. These findings pose an interesting question for future research: are the core functions of public health better conceived as three discrete, distinguishable factors or as three interlocking factors that form a single, seamless unit? RP Richards, TB (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,PUBL HLTH PRACTICE PROGRAM OFF,DIV PUBL HLTH SYST,EXECUT PK,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 14 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 11 IS 6 SU S BP 36 EP 40 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA TN995 UT WOS:A1995TN99500009 PM 8776140 ER PT J AU Christenson, GM AF Christenson, GM TI Application of core function concepts to local health department occupational safety and health activities SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Research and Measurement in Public Health Practice CY JUL, 1994 CL CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, ATLANTA, GA HO CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT ID STATE AB To illustrate how core function concepts might be useful in evaluation of specific local health department (LHD) programs, we analyzed preliminary results from a national questionnaire survey of LHD occupational safety and health (OSH) activities during 1992-1993 in categories corresponding to the three core functions: assessment, policy development, and assurance. Overall, 2,079 (71%) LHDs returned completed questionnaires. With regard to the first core function (assessment), the state health department was the most frequent source of data used by the respondent LHDs (47%) to assess worker health and occupational hazards. Concerning the second core function category (policy development), 5% of LHDs had conducted an appraisal in the past three years to summarize the OSH needs of their communities. With regard to the third core function category (assurance), 23% of LHDs directly provided worksite health promotion activities for workers in their communities. We conclude that core function concepts can be a useful adjunct in evaluation of specific LHD programs. Additional research is needed to further refine and improve core function indicators providing insights into specific LHD programs, as well as into overall LHD performance. RP Christenson, GM (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,PUBL HLTH PRACTICE PROGRAM OFF,DIV PUBL HLTH SYST,EXECUT PK,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 11 IS 6 SU S BP 45 EP 50 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA TN995 UT WOS:A1995TN99500011 PM 8776142 ER PT J AU Suen, J Christenson, GM Cooper, A Taylor, M AF Suen, J Christenson, GM Cooper, A Taylor, M TI Analysis of the current status of public health practice in local health departments SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Research and Measurement in Public Health Practice CY JUL, 1994 CL CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, ATLANTA, GA HO CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT AB This article describes the performance by local health departments of core public health functions. A post hoc analysis based on these essential functions was implemented using the 1994 dataset from a cooperative project with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and National Association of County and City Health Officials, which involved a survey of the nation's 2,888 local health departments. Applying guidelines for each functional area drafted by the Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion/Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health, CDC, and the Public Health Foundation in conjunction with the health officers in five states, a score was created for each core public health function: (1) health-related data collection, surveillance, and outcomes monitoring, (2) protection of environment, housing, food, and water, (3) investigation and control of diseases and injuries, (4) public information and education, (5) accountability and quality assurance, (6) laboratory services, (7) training and education, and (8) leadership, policy development, and administration. The individual and summary scores provide a mechanism to measure and describe the 2,079 local health departments' performance of these core functions acid to examine their relationship to several characteristics and practices-planning, administrative units, annual total expenditures, and jurisdiction population size. This article shows that the core performance index is highest for the data function and for local health departments serving a population of 50,000 or more people. In addition, the performance index increases as budget increases and is greater for all eight functions in those local health departments using health planning models such as Assessment Protocol for Excellence in Public Health (APEX PH), Planned Approach to Community Health (PATCH), Healthy People 2000, or Healthy Communities 2000. These results may be used to facilitate cooperation between local, state, and federal health agencies and the communities they serve; strengthen the core functions at the local, state, and federal levels; and improve public health practice. RP Suen, J (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,PUBL HLTH PRACTICE PROGRAM OFF,1600 CLIFTON RD,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 7 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 11 IS 6 SU S BP 51 EP 54 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA TN995 UT WOS:A1995TN99500012 PM 8776143 ER PT J AU LEVIN, LI PETERMAN, TA RENZULLO, PO LASLEYBIBBS, V SHU, XO BRUNDAGE, JF MCNEIL, JG AF LEVIN, LI PETERMAN, TA RENZULLO, PO LASLEYBIBBS, V SHU, XO BRUNDAGE, JF MCNEIL, JG TI HIV-1 SEROCONVERSION AND RISK BEHAVIORS AMONG YOUNG MEN IN THE US ARMY SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; UNITED-STATES-ARMY; NEW-YORK-CITY; HOMOSEXUAL MEN; CIVILIAN APPLICANTS; MILITARY SERVICE; OCTOBER 1985; CONDOM USE; INFECTION; AIDS AB Objectives. This study sought to examine risk factors associated with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) seroconversion among active-duty men in the US Army. Methods. One hundred twenty-eight men with documented HIV-1 seroconversion between 1988 and 1991 were matched to control subjects on demographic variables. Risk factor information was collected for the seroconversion period. Results. Forty-nine case subjects and no control subjects reported same-gender sex; this includes 34 case subjects who also reported sex with women. Seventy case and 118 control subjects reported no risk factors other than heterosexual intercourse. Among heterosexuals, excess risk was noted for men who had sex with women in risk categories-defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (odds ratio = 10.0; 95% confidence interval = 1.3, 78.1). Significant trends of increasing risk for seroconversion were found with increasing numbers of female partners, nonsteady partners, and partners with whom sex occurred on the first day of acquaintance. Conclusions In this population. the major risk factor for HIV-1 seroconversion was same-gender sex. Among heterosexuals, sex with anonymous or casual partners increased this risk. Intervention programs should emphasize the risk of indiscriminate partner selection in addition to ''safe sex'' practices. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,CTR PREVENT SERV,DIV SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DIS,ATLANTA,GA. UNIV MINNESOTA,SCH MED,DEPT PEDIAT,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55455. RP LEVIN, LI (reprint author), WALTER REED ARMY MED CTR,WALTER REED ARMY INST RES,DIV PREVENT MED,WASHINGTON,DC 20307, USA. NR 29 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSN INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD NOV PY 1995 VL 85 IS 11 BP 1500 EP 1506 DI 10.2105/AJPH.85.11.1500 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA TB493 UT WOS:A1995TB49300006 PM 7485661 ER PT J AU HAGAN, H JARLAIS, DCD FRIEDMAN, SR PURCHASE, D ALTER, MJ AF HAGAN, H JARLAIS, DCD FRIEDMAN, SR PURCHASE, D ALTER, MJ TI REDUCED RISK OF HEPATITIS-B AND HEPATITIS-C AMONG INJECTION-DRUG USERS IN THE TACOMA SYRINGE EXCHANGE PROGRAM SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; VIRUS-INFECTION; NEEDLE-EXCHANGE; CENTRAL LONDON; HIV; AMSTERDAM; AIDS; PREVALENCE; EPIDEMIOLOGY; TRANSMISSION AB Objectives. This case-control study examined the association between syringe exchange use and hepatitis B and C in injection drug users. Methods. Case patients included 28 injection drug users with acute hepatitis B and 20 with acute hepatitis C reported to the health department in a sentinel hepatitis surveillance county; control subjects were injection drug users with no markers of exposure to hepatitis B or C (n = 38 and 26, respectively) attending health department services during the same period. Data were abstracted from clinic records. Results. Seventy-five percent of case patients with hepatitis B and 26% of control subjects had never used the exchange; similar proportions were found for the hepatitis C case and control groups. After adjustment for demographic characteristics and duration of injecting drugs, nonuse of the exchange was associated with a sixfold greater risk of hepatitis B (odds ratio [OR] = 5.5; 95% confidence interval [CI]= 1.5, 20.4) and a sevenfold greater risk of hepatitis C (OR = 7.3; 95% CI = 1.6, 32.8). Conclusions. The results suggest that use of the exchange led to a significant reduction in hepatitis B and hepatitis C in the county and may have also prevented a substantial proportion of human immunodeficiency virus infections in injection drug users. C1 BETH ISRAEL MED CTR,INST CHEM DEPENDENCY,NEW YORK,NY 10003. NATL DEV & RES INST,NEW YORK,NY. POINT DEFIANCE AIDS PROJECTS,TACOMA,WA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,HEPATITIS BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP HAGAN, H (reprint author), SEATTLE KING CTY DEPT HLTH,106 PREFONTAINE PL S,SEATTLE,WA 98104, USA. NR 50 TC 153 Z9 156 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSN INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD NOV PY 1995 VL 85 IS 11 BP 1531 EP 1537 DI 10.2105/AJPH.85.11.1531 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA TB493 UT WOS:A1995TB49300011 PM 7485666 ER PT J AU LEMP, GF JONES, M KELLOGG, TA NIERI, G ANDERSON, L WITHUM, D KATZ, M AF LEMP, GF JONES, M KELLOGG, TA NIERI, G ANDERSON, L WITHUM, D KATZ, M TI HIV SEROPREVALENCE AND RISK BEHAVIORS AMONG LESBIANS AND BISEXUAL WOMEN IN SAN-FRANCISCO AND BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID TO-FEMALE TRANSMISSION; EPIDEMIOLOGY; AIDS; CARE C1 BERKELEY DEPT HLTH & HUMAN SERV,BERKELEY,CA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR PREVENT SERV,DIV HIV AIDS PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP LEMP, GF (reprint author), SAN FRANCISCO DEPT PUBL HLTH,AIDS OFF,25 VAN NESS AVE,SUITE 500,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94102, USA. FU PHS HHS [U62/CCU906255-03] NR 19 TC 58 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSN INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD NOV PY 1995 VL 85 IS 11 BP 1549 EP 1552 DI 10.2105/AJPH.85.11.1549 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA TB493 UT WOS:A1995TB49300015 PM 7485670 ER PT J AU BUEHLER, JW FREY, RL CHU, SY AF BUEHLER, JW FREY, RL CHU, SY TI THE MIGRATION OF PERSONS WITH AIDS - DATA FROM 12 STATES, 1985 TO 1992 SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article AB This study measured the migration of persons with the acquired immunodeficiency virus (AIDS) between diagnosis and death using AIDS case acid death reports from 12 states for 1985 to 1992. Of 49 805 persons with AIDS, 10.6% changed their place of residence, and half of these individuals who moved changed their state of residence. Migration had relatively little impact on the numbers of persons with AIDS in the largest metropolitan areas, which accounted for approximately 90% of AIDS diagnoses. Although only 3% of deaths occurred in residents of nonmetropolitan areas, the net effect of migration was a 24% increase in the number of persons with AIDS residing in such areas. C1 FLORIDA DEPT HLTH & REHABIL SERV,TALLAHASSEE,FL 32399. LOS ANGELES DEPT HLTH SERV,LOS ANGELES,CA. MARYLAND DEPT HLTH & MENTAL HYG,BALTIMORE,MD 21201. MINNESOTA DEPT HLTH,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55414. NEW YORK CITY DEPT HLTH,NEW YORK,NY 10013. SAN FRANCISCO DEPT PUBL HLTH,SAN FRANCISCO,CA. RP BUEHLER, JW (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR PREVENT SERV,DIV HIV AIDS PREVENT,MS-E59,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. RI Buehler, James/B-8419-2014 NR 11 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSN INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD NOV PY 1995 VL 85 IS 11 BP 1552 EP 1555 DI 10.2105/AJPH.85.11.1552 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA TB493 UT WOS:A1995TB49300016 PM 7485671 ER PT J AU LAYTON, MC CANTWELL, MF DORSINVILLE, GJ VALWAY, SE ONORATO, IM FRIEDEN, TR AF LAYTON, MC CANTWELL, MF DORSINVILLE, GJ VALWAY, SE ONORATO, IM FRIEDEN, TR TI TUBERCULOSIS SCREENING AMONG HOMELESS PERSONS WITH AIDS LIVING IN SINGLE-ROOM-OCCUPANCY HOTELS SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Antibiotics and Antimicrobial Chemotherapy CY OCT 17-20, 1993 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; SHELTER; MEN; INFECTION; OUTBREAK AB Congregate facilities for homeless persons with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) are often endemic for tuberculosis. We evaluated tuberculosis screening methods at single-room-occupancy hotels housing persons with AIDS. Residents were screened by cross matching the New York City Tuberculosis Registry, interviewing for tuberculosis history, skin testing, and chest radiography. Cases were classified as either previously or newly diagnosed; Among the 106 participants, 16 (15%) previously diagnosed tuberculosis cases were identified, Participants' tuberculosis histories were identified by the questionnaire (100%) or by registry match (69%). Eight participants (50%) were noncompliant with: therapy. These findings prompted the establishment of a directly observed therapy program on site. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM OFF,ATLANTA,GA 30341. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR PREVENT SERV,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP LAYTON, MC (reprint author), NEW YORK CITY DEPT HLTH,BUR COMMUNICABLE DIS,125 WORTH ST,ROOM 300,BOX 22A,NEW YORK,NY 10013, USA. NR 25 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSN INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD NOV PY 1995 VL 85 IS 11 BP 1556 EP 1559 DI 10.2105/AJPH.85.11.1556 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA TB493 UT WOS:A1995TB49300017 PM 7485672 ER PT J AU CONTI, L LIEB, S LIBERTI, T WILEYBAYLESS, M HEPBURN, K DIAZ, T AF CONTI, L LIEB, S LIBERTI, T WILEYBAYLESS, M HEPBURN, K DIAZ, T TI PET OWNERSHIP AMONG PERSONS WITH AIDS IN 3 FLORIDA COUNTIES SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article AB Interviews were conducted among 408 adults with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome at three local health departments to determine the proportion who owned pets, their perceived attachment to their pets, and the proportion who were informed about zoonoses. Nearly half (187, or 46%) were living with pets, most commonly dogs (64%), followed by cats (38%), Ash (15%), birds (8%), reptiles (3%), and rodents (2%). Most pet owners (81%) reported an attachment to their pet. Only 10% were informed of zoonoses, albeit some incorrectly. Health care providers should recognize the high pet ownership rate among persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus and correctly inform their patients of strategies to sustain a low zoonotic disease incidence. C1 DUVAL CTY PUBL HLTH UNIT, JACKSONVILLE, FL USA. S FLORIDA AIDS NETWORK, MIAMI, FL USA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, DIV HIV AIDS, ATLANTA, GA USA. RP CONTI, L (reprint author), FLORIDA DEPT HLTH & REHABIL SERV, STATE HLTH OFF, OFF DIS INTERVENT, 1317 WINEWOOD BLVD, TALLAHASSEE, FL 32399 USA. NR 13 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSN INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD NOV PY 1995 VL 85 IS 11 BP 1559 EP 1561 DI 10.2105/AJPH.85.11.1559 PG 3 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA TB493 UT WOS:A1995TB49300018 PM 7485673 ER PT J AU MOORE, AC LUTWICK, LI SCHANTZ, PM PILCHER, JB WILSON, M HIGHTOWER, AQ CHAPNICK, EK ABTER, EIM GROSSMAN, JR FRIED, JA WARE, DA HAICHOU, X HYON, SS BARBOUR, RL ANTAR, R HAKIM, A AF MOORE, AC LUTWICK, LI SCHANTZ, PM PILCHER, JB WILSON, M HIGHTOWER, AQ CHAPNICK, EK ABTER, EIM GROSSMAN, JR FRIED, JA WARE, DA HAICHOU, X HYON, SS BARBOUR, RL ANTAR, R HAKIM, A TI SEROPREVALENCE OF CYSTICERCOSIS IN AN ORTHODOX JEWISH-COMMUNITY SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID LINKED IMMUNOELECTROTRANSFER BLOT; TAENIA-SOLIUM; VILLAGE; NEUROCYSTICERCOSIS; MEXICO; ASSAY; PERU AB Neurocysticercosis cases were identified in 1991 in an Orthodox Jewish community. Transmission was linked to tapeworm-infected immigrant housekeepers from countries where Taenia solium is endemic. To evaluate the extent of and risks for locally acquired cysticercosis, a seroprevalence survey was conducted in 9% of the households in this community. Cysticercosis antibodies were detected in 23 (1.3%) of 1,789 persons from 612 families. All 23 seropositive persons were asymptomatic, and no intracerebral lesions were found for the 21 seropositive persons who underwent brain imaging. Seropositivity was associated with female sex (relative risk [RR] = 2.45, P = 0.049), hiring a domestic worker for child care duties (RR = 3.79, P = 0.05), and with employees from Central America (RR = 2.70, P = 0.0001). Exposure to T. solium in this community is unexpectedly high. Widespread employment of domestic workers from endemic regions and high employee turnover contributes to exposure risk. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV PARASIT DIS F22,ATLANTA,GA 30333. MAIMONIDES HOSP,DIV INFECT DIS,BROOKLYN,NY 11219. NR 18 TC 35 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DRIVE SUITE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 53 IS 5 BP 439 EP 442 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA TH289 UT WOS:A1995TH28900001 PM 7485700 ER PT J AU DEMERIDA, AMP DEMATA, MP MOLINA, E PORTER, CH BLACK, WC AF DEMERIDA, AMP DEMATA, MP MOLINA, E PORTER, CH BLACK, WC TI VARIATION IN RIBOSOMAL DNA INTERGENIC SPACERS AMONG POPULATIONS OF ANOPHELES-ALBIMANUS IN SOUTH AND CENTRAL-AMERICA SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID RDNA; BEHAVIOR; VARIANTS AB Variation in the length and copy number of intergenic spacers (IGS) of nuclear ribosomal DNA were examined to test for genetic differentiation among Anopheles albimanus populations. Extensive collections were made in Guatemala but populations were also sampled over a large range of its distribution in Central and South America Discriminant analysis of IGS patterns in individual mosquitoes indicated that populations generally had unique sets of IGS length variants. The IGS patterns from populations on the Pacific side of Central America were distinct from those on the Atlantic side or from South America. Cluster analysis indicated a similar trend. The ICS diversity in Central America was 50% greater than in South America. These results suggest that barriers to gene flow exist among Atlantic and Pacific coast populations of An. albimanus. No gene flow barriers were detected among populations from Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela. C1 UNIV VALLE GUATEMALA,GUATEMALA CITY,GUATEMALA. COLORADO STATE UNIV,DEPT MICROBIOL,FT COLLINS,CO 80523. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV PARASIT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NR 31 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DRIVE SUITE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 53 IS 5 BP 469 EP 477 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA TH289 UT WOS:A1995TH28900005 PM 7485704 ER PT J AU GONZALEZ, AE GARCIA, HH GILMAN, RH LOPEZ, MT GAVIDIA, C MCDONALD, J PILCHER, JB TSANG, VCW AF GONZALEZ, AE GARCIA, HH GILMAN, RH LOPEZ, MT GAVIDIA, C MCDONALD, J PILCHER, JB TSANG, VCW TI TREATMENT OF PORCINE CYSTICERCOSIS WITH ALBENDAZOLE SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID TAENIA-SOLIUM CYSTICERCOSIS; PRAZIQUANTEL TREATMENT; DIAGNOSIS; PERU; ASSAY; BRAIN AB In a randomized, controlled study, the efficacy and safety of two different schemes of albendazole therapy for treatment of porcine cysticercosis were tested. Seventeen naturally infected pigs were divided into three groups and treated per os with albendazole (50 mg/kg single dose), albendazole (30 mg/kg every day for three days), or given no treatment, respectively. Serologic responses were monitored with the enzyme-linked electroimmunotransfer blot assay. Pigs were humanely killed 12 weeks after treatment, necropsied, and the number of parasites was recorded. Scolex evagination was used to assess viability of the cysts. Both albendazole-treated groups had significant side effects (anorexia, lethargy). Only a single viable cyst was recovered from the brain of one animal after therapy in the multiple-dose group, and the single-dose therapy left 11% of the cysts viable. In contrast, more than 90% of muscle cysts were found to be viable in the untreated group. Although albendazole therapy for three days was found to be highly effective, side effects and the need for multiple doses would still prevent its widespread use. C1 UNIV PERUANA CAYETANO HEREDIA,PARASITOL LAB,LIMA,PERU. JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH HYG & PUBL HLTH,DEPT INT HLTH,BALTIMORE,MD 21205. UNIV UTAH,DEPT MED,SALT LAKE CITY,UT 84102. CTR DIS CONTROL,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV PARASIT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP GONZALEZ, AE (reprint author), UNIV NACL MAYOR SAN MARCOS,FAC MED VET,POB 035113,LIMA 14,PERU. OI Gavidia, Cesar Miguel/0000-0003-3936-5077 FU NIAID NIH HHS [UO1 AI-13894-01] NR 21 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DRIVE SUITE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 53 IS 5 BP 571 EP 574 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA TH289 UT WOS:A1995TH28900021 PM 7485720 ER PT J AU LIU, ZY PATTERSON, DG LEE, ML AF LIU, ZY PATTERSON, DG LEE, ML TI GEOMETRIC APPROACH TO FACTOR-ANALYSIS FOR THE ESTIMATION OF ORTHOGONALITY AND PRACTICAL PEAK-CAPACITY IN COMPREHENSIVE 2-DIMENSIONAL SEPARATIONS SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID 2-DIMENSIONAL SEPARATIONS; SPOT OVERLAP; CHROMATOGRAPHY AB Procedures were developed for the estimation of orthogonality in two-dimensional (2D) separations. The parameters evaluated include peak spreading angle, retention correlation, and practical peak capacity, Solute retention parameters, such as retention times and capacity factors on both dimensions, were used to establish a correlation matrix, from which a peak spreading angle matrix was calculated using a geometric approach to factor analysis. The orthogonality is defined by the correlation matrix with correlation coefficients that vary from 0 (orthogonal) to 1 (perfect correlation). Equations were derived for the calculation of practical peak capacity in 2D separations, The calculations are based on the peak capacities obtained on each dimension and the peak spreading anp;le in an orthogonal, 2D retention space. The equations and the procedures can be used to evaluate the performance of a comprehensive 2D separation, Using experimental data from a 2D GC separation, it is demonstrated that the equations are very useful for the comparison, evaluation, and optimization of 2D separations. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,DIV ENVIRONM HLTH LAB SCI,TOXICOL BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 15 TC 156 Z9 162 U1 4 U2 24 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA PO BOX 57136, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-0136 SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD NOV 1 PY 1995 VL 67 IS 21 BP 3840 EP 3845 DI 10.1021/ac00117a004 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA TC809 UT WOS:A1995TC80900009 ER PT J AU KNAPP, JS HALE, JA NEAL, SW WINTERSHEID, K RICE, RJ WHITTINGTON, WL AF KNAPP, JS HALE, JA NEAL, SW WINTERSHEID, K RICE, RJ WHITTINGTON, WL TI PROPOSED CRITERIA FOR INTERPRETATION OF SUSCEPTIBILITIES OF STRAINS OF NEISSERIA-GONORRHOEAE TO CIPROFLOXACIN, OFLOXACIN, ENOXACIN, LOMEFLOXACIN, AND NORFLOXACIN SO ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY LA English DT Article ID QUALITY-CONTROL PARAMETERS; URETHRAL GONORRHEA; RESISTANT AB The susceptibilities of 45 strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, including 25 strains susceptible to ciprofloxacin (MICs, less than or equal to 0.06 mu g/ml) and 20 strains exhibiting decreased susceptibilities to ciprofloxacin (MICs, greater than or equal to 0.125 mu g/ml), to ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, enoxacin, lomefloxacin, norfloxacin, and nalidixic acid were determined by agar dilution and disk diffusion. On the basis of theoretical calculations of predicted susceptibilities at which infections may fail therapy (supported by observed failures of infections to respond to the therapeutic doses of enoxacin and ciprofloxacin), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has adopted the following agar dilution breakpoints for interpretation of resistance to these agents: MICs of greater than or equal to 1.0 mu g of ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, and norfloxacin per ml and MICs of greater than or equal to 2.0 mu g of ofloxacin and lomefloxacin per ml. The corresponding disk diffusion breakpoints for these agents were as follows: ciprofloxacin, less than or equal to 29 mm; ofloxacin, less than or equal to 24 mm; enoxacin, less than or equal to 31 mm; lomefloxacin, less than or equal to 26 mm; and norfloxacin, less than or equal to 32 mm. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends two strains as interim quality control strains for susceptibility testing of ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin. These are N.gonorrhoeae CDC-10,328 (MIC of ciprofloxacin, 0.125 to 0.25 mu g/ml [inhibition zone diameter range, 30 to 34 mm]; MIC of ofloxacin, 0.5 mu g/ml [inhibition zone diameter range, 27 to 32 mm]) and N.gonorrhoeae CDC-10,329 (MIC of ciprofloxacin, 1.0 to 2.0 mu g/ml [zone inhibition diameter range, 21 to 26mm]; MIC of ofloxacin 2.0 mu g/ml [inhibition zone diameter range, 18 to 21 mm]). C1 CTR DIS CONTROL,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,STD & TB LAB RES,DIV AIDS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CTR DIS CONTROL,NATL CTR PREVENT SERV,DIV STD PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. UNIV WASHINGTON,DEPT MED,NEISSERIA REF LAB,SEATTLE,WA. RP KNAPP, JS (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,STD & TB LAB RES,DIV AIDS,MAILSTOP D-13,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 23 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0066-4804 J9 ANTIMICROB AGENTS CH JI Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 39 IS 11 BP 2442 EP 2445 PG 4 WC Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA TD129 UT WOS:A1995TD12900013 PM 8585723 ER PT J AU JOHNSON, DW PIENIAZEK, NJ GRIFFIN, DW MISENER, L ROSE, JB AF JOHNSON, DW PIENIAZEK, NJ GRIFFIN, DW MISENER, L ROSE, JB TI DEVELOPMENT OF A PCR PROTOCOL FOR SENSITIVE DETECTION OF CRYPTOSPORIDIUM OOCYSTS IN WATER SAMPLES SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; TRANSIENTLY TRANSFECTED CELLS; GIARDIA CYSTS; IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE TECHNIQUES; CHLORINE DIOXIDE; PARVUM OOCYSTS; RIBOSOMAL-RNA; OUTBREAK; DNA; PURIFICATION AB The development of a reliable method of using PCR for detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in environmental samples with oligonucleotide primers which amplify a portion of the sequence encoding the small (185) subunit of rRNA producing a 435-bp product was demonstrated. The PCR assay was found to provide highly genus-specific detection of Cryptosporidium spp. after release of nucleic acids from oocysts by a simple freeze-thaw procedure, The assay routinely detected 1 to 10 oocysts in purified oocyst preparations, as shown by direct microscopic counts and by an immunofluorescence assay, The sensitivity of the PCR assay in some seeded environmental water samples was up to 1,000-fold lower. However, this interference was eliminated by either how cytometry or magnetic-antibody capture. Sensitivity was also improved 10- to 1,000-fold by probing of the PCR product on dot blots with an oligonucleotide probe detected by chemiluminescence, Confirmation of the presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts in water samples from the outbreak in Milwaukee, Wis,, was obtained with this technique, and PCR was found to be as sensitive as immunofluorescence for detection of oocysts in wastewater concentrates. C1 UNIV S FLORIDA,DEPT MARINE SCI,ST PETERSBURG,FL 33701. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. UNIV S FLORIDA,DEPT BIOL,TAMPA,FL 33612. NR 37 TC 261 Z9 273 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 61 IS 11 BP 3849 EP 3855 PG 7 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA TC811 UT WOS:A1995TC81100014 PM 8526496 ER PT J AU APAIREMARCHAIS, V ROBERTSON, BH AUBINEAUFERRE, V LEROUX, MG LEVEQUE, F SCHWARTZBROD, L BILLAUDEL, S AF APAIREMARCHAIS, V ROBERTSON, BH AUBINEAUFERRE, V LEROUX, MG LEVEQUE, F SCHWARTZBROD, L BILLAUDEL, S TI DIRECT SEQUENCING OF HEPATITIS-A VIRUS-STRAINS ISOLATED DURING AN EPIDEMIC IN FRANCE SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID A VIRUS; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE AB Direct sequencing of PCR products was used to study the VP1 region of the hepatitis A virus (HAV) genome (position 2199 to 2356) of nine strains isolated from human stools collected during a hepatitis A epidemic (western France, 1992), three strains from environmental samples (1990, 1991, and 1992), and two HAV cell culture isolates (the French strain CF53/Lyon and strain CLP). These viruses differed from CF53/Lyon (genotype I) by between 1 and 10.3%, and results indicated the existence of two groups of strains belonging to two different subgenotypes (IA and IB). With this sequencing technique it was possible to monitor the epidemiology of HAV and study its relations. C1 INST BIOL,VIROL LAB,F-44035 NANTES 01,FRANCE. MOLEC GENET LAB,NANTES,FRANCE. CTR RECH SERV SANTE ARMEES,GRENOBLE,FRANCE. FAC PHARM NANCY,DEPT VIROL,NANCY,FRANCE. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,HEPATITIS BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 14 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 61 IS 11 BP 3977 EP 3980 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA TC811 UT WOS:A1995TC81100033 PM 8526512 ER PT J AU CRUZ, K DOLOR, E LEONHARDT, K DUENAS, L MATHEW, A WILSON, R ESPALDON, L HADDOCK, R CABANERO, A AF CRUZ, K DOLOR, E LEONHARDT, K DUENAS, L MATHEW, A WILSON, R ESPALDON, L HADDOCK, R CABANERO, A TI MEASLES OUTBREAK - GUAM, 1994 SO ARCHIVES OF DERMATOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0003-987X J9 ARCH DERMATOL JI Arch. Dermatol. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 131 IS 11 BP 1251 EP 1252 PG 2 WC Dermatology SC Dermatology GA TD681 UT WOS:A1995TD68100001 ER PT J AU Ames, RG Steenland, K Jenkins, B Chrislip, D Russo, J AF Ames, RG Steenland, K Jenkins, B Chrislip, D Russo, J TI Chronic neurologic sequelae to cholinesterase inhibition among agricultural pesticide applicators SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID NEUROTOXICITY; EXPOSURE AB To test the hypothesis that chronic neurologic sequelae are associated with cholinesterase depression short of frank organophosphate poisoning, we compared 45 male subjects who had a history of moderate cholinesterase inhibition with 90 male subjects who had neither past cholinesterase inhibition nor current pesticide exposure. Cholinesterase-inhibited subjects were defined as having had a history of (a) red blood cell cholinesterase at 70% or less of baseline or (b) plasma cholinesterase at 60% or less of baseline absent symptoms of frank poisoning. In the subject comparison evaluation, only 1 of 27 neurologic tests (i.e., serial digit performance) was significant statistically, but it was opposite of the direction hypothesized. In a companion study for which the same battery of neurologic tests and the same subjects were used, neurologic sequelae were related to high exposures among subjects who sought treatment for organophosphate poisoning. The data in the current study, in which the subjects experienced lower exposures short of frank poisoning, provide some evidence that preventing acute organophosphate poisoning also prevents neurologic sequelae. C1 NIOSH,CINCINNATI,OH 45226. RP Ames, RG (reprint author), CALIF ENVIRONM PROTECT AGCY,OFF ENVIRONM HLTH HAZARD ASSESSMENT,2151 BERKELEY WAY,ANNEX 11,BERKELEY,CA 94704, USA. NR 16 TC 70 Z9 76 U1 4 U2 10 PU HELDREF PUBLICATIONS PI WASHINGTON PA 1319 EIGHTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-1802 SN 0003-9896 J9 ARCH ENVIRON HEALTH JI Arch. Environ. Health PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 50 IS 6 BP 440 EP 444 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA TL466 UT WOS:A1995TL46600005 PM 8572722 ER PT J AU BOONE, DJ STEINDEL, SD HERRON, R HOWANITZ, PJ BACHNER, P MEIER, F SCHIFMAN, RB ZARBO, RB AF BOONE, DJ STEINDEL, SD HERRON, R HOWANITZ, PJ BACHNER, P MEIER, F SCHIFMAN, RB ZARBO, RB TI TRANSFUSION MEDICINE MONITORING PRACTICES - A STUDY OF THE COLLEGE-OF-AMERICAN-PATHOLOGISTS CENTERS-FOR-DISEASE-CONTROL-AND-PREVENTION OUTCOMES WORKING GROUP SO ARCHIVES OF PATHOLOGY & LABORATORY MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; Q-PROBES; BLOOD; FATALITIES; ERRORS AB Objective.-To survey transfusion medicine practices in 1990, to determine the distribution of defects in the transfusion process, to examine the relationship between defects and complications, and to recommend improvements in the transfusion process. Design.-A mail survey that divided the transfusion process into 24 risk-prone steps and gathered defect rates on each step, along with incidence data for eight known complications of transfusions and other demographic information. Setting.-Hospitals, independent laboratories, and blood centers that provide transfusion medicine services. Other Participants.-Respondents were 1365 participants in the College of American Pathologists 1991 Blood Bank Quality Assurance Survey. Results.-While processing 6.2 million units of blood and blood products, respondents reported detecting over 88000 defects: 41% in the preanalytic phase of testing, 55% in the postanalytic phase, and only 4% in the analytic phase, the phase to which most monitoring efforts were devoted. A median of eight steps were actively monitored by survey participants overall, whereas 96 facilities sought defects in all 24 steps. Conclusions.-Analysis of the data showed several monitoring steps provide similar information. Although monitoring of the transfusion process could not be linked with prevention of the complications studied, active surveillance does focus attention on defect-prone steps and allows testing of strategies to improve the transfusion process. We describe how defect detection systems may be improved. C1 AMER RED CROSS,BLOOD & TISSUE SERV,LOS ANGELES,CA. UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,MED CTR,DEPT PATHOL & LAB MED,LOS ANGELES,CA 90024. UNIV KENTUCKY,MED CTR,DEPT PATHOL & LAB MED,LEXINGTON,KY 40536. ALFRED I DUPONT INST,WILMINGTON,DE. VET ADM MED CTR,TUCSON,AZ 85723. HENRY FORD HOSP,DETROIT,MI 48202. RP BOONE, DJ (reprint author), US PHS,CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,PUBL HLTH PRACTICE PROGRAM OFF,DIV LAB SYST MSG25,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 27 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 1 PU COLLEGE AMER PATHOLOGISTS PI NORTHFIELD PA C/O KIMBERLY GACKI, 325 WAUKEGAN RD, NORTHFIELD, IL 60093-2750 SN 0003-9985 J9 ARCH PATHOL LAB MED JI Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 119 IS 11 BP 999 EP 1006 PG 8 WC Medical Laboratory Technology; Medicine, Research & Experimental; Pathology SC Medical Laboratory Technology; Research & Experimental Medicine; Pathology GA TF276 UT WOS:A1995TF27600009 PM 7487418 ER PT J AU NELSON, DE HIGGINSON, GK GRANTWORLEY, JA AF NELSON, DE HIGGINSON, GK GRANTWORLEY, JA TI PHYSICAL ABUSE AMONG HIGH-SCHOOL-STUDENTS - PREVALENCE AND CORRELATION WITH OTHER HEALTH BEHAVIORS SO ARCHIVES OF PEDIATRICS & ADOLESCENT MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID CHILD-ABUSE; SEXUAL ABUSE; MALTREATMENT; EPIDEMIOLOGY; PREVENTION; POPULATION; VIOLENCE; NEGLECT AB Objective: To better understand the epidemiology of physical abuse among adolescents. Design: School-based survey of students in grades 9 through 12. Setting: Twenty-five schools throughout Oregon in 1993. Main Outcome Measures: Prevalence of ever being physically abused, prevalence of most recent occurrence of physical abuse, and correlation of physical abuse with high-risk health behaviors. Results: Of the 1957 respondents, 31.5% reported having ever been physically abused, with female subjects (34.6%) more likely than male subjects (28.0%) to have ever been abused. Overall, 3.7% of students had been physically abused in the past week, 7.8% in the past month, and 16.3% in the past year. Based on multivariate models, students physically abused in the past year were more likely than students who had never been physically abused to engage in a variety of high-risk behaviors; these included weapon carrying (odds ratio, 1.9), suicidal ideation (odds ratio, 2.1), cigarette smoking (odds ratio, 1.8), cocaine use (odds ratio, 3.2), or multiple sexual partners (odds ratio, 1.9). Conclusions: Physical abuse, an important problem among high school students, is correlated with many highrisk behaviors. Using consistent definitions, periodic surveys of children about physical abuse and other types of violent behavior are needed to provide better estimates of the extent of these problems. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR HLTH STAT,HYATTSVILLE,MD 20782. OREGON HLTH DIV,PORTLAND,OR. NR 33 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 1072-4710 J9 ARCH PEDIAT ADOL MED JI Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 149 IS 11 BP 1254 EP 1258 PG 5 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA TD456 UT WOS:A1995TD45600011 PM 7581758 ER PT J AU MADICO, G GILMAN, RH JABRA, A ROJAS, L HERNANDEZ, H FUKUDA, J BERN, C STEINHOFF, M AF MADICO, G GILMAN, RH JABRA, A ROJAS, L HERNANDEZ, H FUKUDA, J BERN, C STEINHOFF, M TI THE ROLE OF PULSE OXIMETRY - ITS USE AS AN INDICATOR OF SEVERE RESPIRATORY-DISEASE IN PERUVIAN CHILDREN LIVING AT SEA-LEVEL SO ARCHIVES OF PEDIATRICS & ADOLESCENT MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID OXYGEN-TENSION; INFECTIONS; PNEUMONIA; INFANTS AB Objective: To evaluate pulse oximetry as a technique for diagnosing pneumonic and nonpneumonic acute lower respiratory tract infection (ALRI) in Peruvian children. Design: Children with acute respiratory infection were diagnosed with hypoxemia by pulse oximetry, with ALRI by the World Health Organization (WHO) algorithm and clinical examination, and with pneumonia by radio-graphic examination. Diagnoses were compared using K analysis. Setting: Pediatric emergency department. Patients: Peruvian pediatric patients with acute respiratory infection (n=269) and well children (n=162). Main Outcome Measures: Hypoxemia (arterial oxygen saturation <96.6% of the mean arterial oxygen saturation of well children -2 SD). Results: Children with pneumonic and nonpneumonic ALRI (59%, 160/269) had a mean (+/-SD) arterial oxygen saturation significantly lower than well children (93.8% +/- 3.5% vs 98.7% +/- 1.51%; P<.01). Pulse oximetry detected 88% and the WHO algorithm 90% of cases of pneumonic ALRI. The WHO algorithm and pulse oximetry detected 72% of radiologic pneumonia. Pulse oximetry misclassified notably fewer well children than did the WHO algorithm (4% vs 35%). Pulse oximetry and the WHO algorithm together (SATWHO) detected 99% and 87% of pneumonic ALRI and radiologic pneumonias, respectively, and both methods detected 94% of all cases of pneumonic and nonpneumonic ALRI diagnosed clinically. Conclusions: Pulse oximetry and the WHO algorithm are practical, helpful, and appropriate for use in developing countries to identify children with pneumonic and nonpneumonic ALRI who require treatment. The SATWHO is highly sensitive for detecting children with ALRI. C1 ASOCIAC BENEF,PRISMA,LIMA,PERU. UNIV PERUANA CAYETANO HEREDIA,FAC SCI,LIMA,PERU. UNIV PERUANA CAYETANO HEREDIA,FAC MED,LIMA,PERU. JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH HYG,BALTIMORE,MD 21218. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV NUTR,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 22 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 1072-4710 J9 ARCH PEDIAT ADOL MED JI Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 149 IS 11 BP 1259 EP 1263 PG 5 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA TD456 UT WOS:A1995TD45600012 PM 7581759 ER PT J AU ZHU, KM LEVINE, RS BRANN, EA GNEPP, DR BAUM, MK AF ZHU, KM LEVINE, RS BRANN, EA GNEPP, DR BAUM, MK TI A POPULATION-BASED CASE-CONTROL STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CIGARETTE-SMOKING AND NASOPHARYNGEAL CANCER (UNITED-STATES) SO CANCER CAUSES & CONTROL LA English DT Article DE MALES; NASOPHARYNGEAL CANCER; SMOKING; SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; UNITED STATES ID ENVIRONMENTAL RISK-FACTORS; EPSTEIN-BARR-VIRUS; RESPIRATORY-TRACT; SALTED FISH; HUMAN-LUNG; CARCINOMA; EXPOSURE AB This case-control investigation, based on the Selected Cancers Study, assesses the association between cigarette smoking and nasopharyngeal cancer, a relatively rare neoplasm in the United States. Men who were diagnosed pathologically with nasopharyngeal cancer during 1984-88 were included as cases in the analysis if they were 15 to 39 years old in 1968, and lived in the areas covered by eight cancer registries in the US (n = 113). Control men were selected by random-digit telephone dialing (n = 1,910). Using logistic regression analysis with adjustment for potential confounding factors, it was found that relative to nonsmokers, the risks of nasopharyngeal cancer were 2.3 (95 percent confidence interval [CI] = 1.3-4.0) and 1.4 (CI = 0.8-2.6) for former and current smokers, respectively. Using pack-years as a measure, adjusted odds ratio (OR) estimates were 1.3, 1.8, 2.5, and 3.9 for smoking for less than 15, 15-29, 30-44, and 45 or more pack-years, respectively. When squamous cell carcinoma was used as an outcome, the smoking/nasopharyngeal-cancer association became stronger. The analysis did not show interactions between smoking and alcohol consumption, or prior nasal diseases. The results of this study suggest that cigarette smoking may be related to the occurrence of nasopharyngeal cancer (especially squamous cell carcinoma) among US men. C1 US CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA. BROWN UNIV,RHODE ISL HOSP,SCH MED,DEPT PATHOL,PROVIDENCE,RI 02912. UNIV MIAMI,SCH MED,DEPT EPIDEMIOL & PUBL HLTH,MIAMI,FL. RP ZHU, KM (reprint author), MEHARRY MED COLL,SCH MED,DEPT FAMILY & PREVENT MED,NASHVILLE,TN 37208, USA. NR 23 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 0 PU RAPID SCIENCE PUBLISHERS PI LONDON PA 2-6 BOUNDARY ROW, LONDON, ENGLAND SE1 8NH SN 0957-5243 J9 CANCER CAUSE CONTROL JI Cancer Causes Control PD NOV PY 1995 VL 6 IS 6 BP 507 EP 512 DI 10.1007/BF00054158 PG 6 WC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA TG147 UT WOS:A1995TG14700006 PM 8580298 ER PT J AU PRINCE, HE YORK, J OWEN, SM LAL, RB AF PRINCE, HE YORK, J OWEN, SM LAL, RB TI SPONTANEOUS PROLIFERATION OF MEMORY (CD45RO(+)) AND NAIVE (CD45RO(-)) SUBSETS OF CD4 CELLS AND CD8 CELLS IN HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS (HTLV) INFECTION - DISTINCTIVE PATTERNS FOR HTLV-I VERSUS HTLV-II SO CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE HTLV-I; HTLV-II; SPONTANEOUS PROLIFERATION; MEMORY T CELLS; NAIVE T CELLS ID SPONTANEOUS LYMPHOCYTE-PROLIFERATION; TROPICAL SPASTIC PARAPARESIS; PERIPHERAL-BLOOD LYMPHOCYTES; EXPRESSION; MYELOPATHY; ACTIVATION; CARRIERS; JAPAN; LOAD AB Spontaneous lymphocyte proliferation (SLP) in vitro is a characteristic feature of about 50% of individuals infected with HTLV-I or HTLV-II. Both CD4 cells and CD8 cells contribute to SLP in HTLV-I infection, whereas SLP in HTLV-II infection is usually restricted to CD8 cells. In this study, we asked if SLP was restricted to the memory (CD45RO(+)) cell subset of CD4 and CD8 cells in HTLV infection. Purified CD4 and CD8 cells were separated into CD45RO(+) and CD45RO(-) populations by a modified panning technique, and spontaneous proliferation (SP) of the cell subsets was assessed. For all five HTLV-I-infected persons whose mononuclear cell cultures were SLP(+), only CD45RO(+) cells, but not CD45RO(-) cells, within CD4 and CD8 subsets showed SP. In contrast, five of six SLP(+) HTLV-II+ individuals showed SP in both the CD45RO(+) and the CD45RO(-) subsets of CD4 cells, and 10 of 12 SLP(+) HTLV-II+ individuals showed SP of both the CD45RO(+) and CD45RO(-) subsets of CD8 cells. Polymerase chain reaction studies showed that proviral genome was generally present in both CD45RO(+) and CD45RO(-) subsets of CD4 and CD8 cells, regardless of HTLV type and SP activity. These findings show that SP of both CD4 and CD8 cells in HTLV-I infection is usually restricted to CD45RO(+) memory cells, whereas in HTLV-II infection, both CD45RO(+) memory and CD45RO(-) naive subsets of CD4 and CD8 cells may exhibit SP. It thus appears that HTLV-I infection and HTLV-II infection exhibit distinctive dysregulatory effects on memory and naive T cell subpopulations. C1 AMER RED CROSS,BLOOD SERV,SO CALIF REG,LOS ANGELES,CA 90006. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,RETROVIRUS DIS BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 27 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0009-9104 J9 CLIN EXP IMMUNOL JI Clin. Exp. Immunol. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 102 IS 2 BP 256 EP 261 PG 6 WC Immunology SC Immunology GA TD210 UT WOS:A1995TD21000006 PM 7586675 ER PT J AU BJORLAND, J BRYAN, RT STRAUSS, W HILLYER, GV MCAULEY, JB AF BJORLAND, J BRYAN, RT STRAUSS, W HILLYER, GV MCAULEY, JB TI AN OUTBREAK OF ACUTE FASCIOLIASIS AMONG AYMARA INDIANS IN THE BOLIVIAN ALTIPLANO SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID TRICLABENDAZOLE FASINEX; FAST-ELISA; HEPATICA; PRAZIQUANTEL; INFECTION; IMMATURE AB Fasciola hepatica is a common and important parasite of sheep, cattle, and other ruminants. In May 1991, 30 persons with possible acute fascioliasis were identified by health care providers at a district hospital in the Bolivian Altiplano, and two deaths were associated with this illness. A cross-sectional survey of a random sample of 30 (20%) of the 148 households in the community and a case-control study were performed to determine the extent of the outbreak and the vehicle of transmission, Ninety-one members from 23 of the 30 selected families participated in the cross-sectional survey, Twenty-one of the 91 members met the case definition for acute fascioliasis (illness since 16 February 1991 that was characterized by fever and abdominal pain plus serum IgG antibodies to F. hepatica), and 38 (49%) of 78 members had serum IgG antibodies to F. hepatica. If this rate is extrapolated to the entire community, an estimated 116 individuals (23% of 504) would have acute fascioliasis and 247 individuals (49% of 504) would have evidence of current or previous infection. Case-control analysis indicated that the only factor associated with illness was eating kjosco (an aquatic plant) while tending animals in the fields; 27 (52%) of the 52 case-patients vs. 9 (14%) of the 66 controls ate kjosco (OR = 6.84; 95% CI = 2.60, 18.44). The cause of the two deaths attributed to fascioliasis could not be firmly established. Fascioliasis is a significant human health problem and is highly endemic in the Aymara Indian community in the Bolivian Altiplano. Efforts to prevent fascioliasis should include educating people to avoid eating uncooked aquatic plants such as kjosco. C1 DANCHURCHAID,LA PAZ,BOLIVIA. INST NACL LABS SALUD,LA PAZ,BOLIVIA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. UNIV PUERTO RICO,SCH MED,PARASITE IMMUNOL & PATHOL LAB,SAN JUAN,PR 00936. NR 28 TC 55 Z9 66 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 21 IS 5 BP 1228 EP 1233 DI 10.1093/clinids/21.5.1228 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA TC172 UT WOS:A1995TC17200024 PM 8589147 ER PT J AU CASTRO, KG SNIDER, DE AF CASTRO, KG SNIDER, DE TI THE GOOD-NEWS AND THE BAD-NEWS ABOUT MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,OFF DIRECTOR,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP CASTRO, KG (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR PREVENT SERV,DIV TB ELIMINAT,1600 CLIFTON RD,E-10,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 16 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 21 IS 5 BP 1265 EP 1266 DI 10.1093/clinids/21.5.1265 PG 2 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA TC172 UT WOS:A1995TC17200029 PM 8589152 ER PT J AU DAVIES, HD LOW, DE SCHWARTZ, B SCRIVER, S FLETCHER, A OROURKE, K IPP, M GOLDBACH, M LLOYD, D SAUNDERS, NR GREENBERG, S FARBER, R TANNENBAUM, DW TALBOT, J CANN, D DEMERS, B GOLD, W GREEN, K LOVGREN, M SIMOR, A DERATNAY, P MCGEER, A AF DAVIES, HD LOW, DE SCHWARTZ, B SCRIVER, S FLETCHER, A OROURKE, K IPP, M GOLDBACH, M LLOYD, D SAUNDERS, NR GREENBERG, S FARBER, R TANNENBAUM, DW TALBOT, J CANN, D DEMERS, B GOLD, W GREEN, K LOVGREN, M SIMOR, A DERATNAY, P MCGEER, A TI EVALUATION OF SHORT-COURSE THERAPY WITH CEFIXIME OR RIFAMPIN FOR ERADICATION OF PHARYNGEALLY CARRIED GROUP-A STREPTOCOCCI SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Note ID NURSING-HOME; INFECTIONS; OUTBREAK; PYOGENES; CHILD AB Therapy to eradicate pharyngeally carried group A streptococci (GAS) has increasingly been used in the management of institutional outbreaks and is now recommended for household contacts of patients with streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. In this randomized, controlled trial, contacts of patients with GAS infections were screened for pharyngeal GAS colonization. Those whose cultures were positive were randomized to receive either cefixime (8 mg/[kg . d]; maximum 400 mg) or rifampin (20 mg/kg; maximum, 600 mg) once a day for 4 days. Two to five days following completion of therapy, repeated cultures were negative for 13 (38%) of 34 rifampin recipients and 71 (77%; 95% CI, 69%-85%) of 97 cefixime recipients. At 10-14 days after treatment, only 53% of cefixime recipients remained culture-negative. Rates of successful clearance improved with increasing age (P < .01); among 17 adults who received cefixime, the success rate was 94%, Four days of therapy with rifampin is not effective for eradication of pharyngeally carried GAS. Four days of therapy with cefixime may be effective for adults, but further studies are needed. C1 MT SINAI HOSP,DEPT MICROBIOL,TORONTO,ON,CANADA. MT SINAI HOSP,DEPT FAMILY MED,TORONTO,ON,CANADA. TORONTO HOSP,DIV CLIN EPIDEMIOL,TORONTO,ON M5T 2S8,CANADA. UNIV TORONTO,PRINCESS MARGARET HOSP,DEPT MICROBIOL,TORONTO,ON,CANADA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. HOSP SICK CHILDREN,DIV INFECT DIS,TORONTO,ON,CANADA. HOSP SICK CHILDREN,DEPT PEDIAT,TORONTO,ON,CANADA. RI Low, Donald/B-1726-2012; mcgeer, allison /H-7747-2014 OI mcgeer, allison /0000-0001-5647-6137 NR 22 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 21 IS 5 BP 1294 EP 1296 DI 10.1093/clinids/21.5.1294 PG 3 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA TC172 UT WOS:A1995TC17200036 PM 8589159 ER PT J AU MULLER, HE FANNING, GR BRENNER, DJ AF MULLER, HE FANNING, GR BRENNER, DJ TI ISOLATION OF EWINGELLA-AMERICANA FROM MOLLUSKS SO CURRENT MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ENTEROBACTERIACEAE; PSEUDOBACTEREMIA; BACTEREMIA; SPECIMENS AB Twenty-three of 2446 strains of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from mollusks were identified as Ewingella americana both biochemically and by DNA hybridization with strain S6/1111, The biochemical characteristics of the new strains showed few differences from previously reported strains obtained from human clinical specimens. These are the first strains off. americana isolated from animals. C1 WALTER REED ARMY INST RES,DIV BIOCHEM,WASHINGTON,DC 20307. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,EMERGING BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NR 16 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0343-8651 J9 CURR MICROBIOL JI Curr. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 31 IS 5 BP 287 EP 290 DI 10.1007/BF00314581 PG 4 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA RX741 UT WOS:A1995RX74100004 PM 7580799 ER PT J AU WILL, JC AF WILL, JC TI SELF-REPORTED WEIGHT-LOSS AMONG ADULTS WITH DIABETES - RESULTS FROM A NATIONAL-HEALTH SURVEY SO DIABETIC MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE DIABETES; MELLITUS; WEIGHTLESS; EPIDEMIOLOGY AB Although weight reduction can have a favourable effect on glucose control among persons with diabetes mellitus (DM), no national data have been used to describe weight loss among persons with DM. To address this gap, national survey data were used to assess self-reported weight loss among persons from the USA with and without DM and to identify how other factors might interact with DM to increase the risk of weight loss. Data from the 1989 United States National Health Interview Survey were analysed for 2185 persons with DM and 18304 persons without DM. Fifty-five percent of persons with DM reported they were attempting weight loss compared with only 43 % of persons without DM. Among those who attempted weight loss, one-quarter of persons with DM lost at least 15 lb (approximately 5.6 kg) during the prior year compared with only 16 % of persons without DM. After multivariate adjustment for demographic variables, health care utilization, cigarette smoking, and degree of overweight, persons with DM were 1.7 times more likely to have lost 15 lb than were persons without DM. Among persons with DM, having been hospitalised twice and having consulted a dietitian or nutritionist during the prior year were both related to intentional weight loss. Further research is needed to clarify the roles of health status and medical resources in weight loss effort and success. RP WILL, JC (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,DIV NUTR,MS K-26,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND PO19 1UD SN 0742-3071 J9 DIABETIC MED JI Diabetic Med. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 12 IS 11 BP 974 EP 978 PG 5 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA TE255 UT WOS:A1995TE25500005 PM 8582129 ER PT J AU ElBushra, HE Mawlawi, MY Fontaine, RE Afif, H AF ElBushra, HE Mawlawi, MY Fontaine, RE Afif, H TI Meningococcal meningitis group A: A successful control of an outbreak by mass vaccination SO EAST AFRICAN MEDICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID EPIDEMIC; FEATURES AB Jeddah is the main point of entry,to the holy places in Saudi Arabia. An outbreak of meningococcal disease (MCD) occurred during the fasting lunar month for Muslims, Ramadan (March-April) of 1992. To assess the threat of local spread of MCD within Jeddah, the effects of previous and a mass vaccination programme against MCD during the outbreak, we reviewed the medical records of confirmed cases (CC) of MCD (defined as a bacteriologically confirmed case or a case diagnosed by latex test) and their vaccination status in the last five years before the outbreak. There were 41 CC of meningitis due to Neisseria meningitidis (group A). The ratio of males to females was 4.1:1. Thirty two percent of the cases were religious visitors. About one fourth (22%) of the cases were Pakistani. More than half (57%) of the cases, who were residents of Jeddah, lived in the north-eastern part of the city, as did half of the Pakistani cases. The case-fatality rate among CC was 19.5%. Persons who visited the Makkah (Mecca) during Ramadan were more likely to get the disease than those who did not (odds ratio [OR]=6. 1; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.4-40.7). Unvaccinated persons were more likely to get the disease than those who were vaccinated against MCD (OR=13.9; 95% CI 1.8-296). Meningococcal vaccine (MCV) against MCD was effective in preventing the disease. However, MCV was of no protective value if it had been administered more than five years before the outbreak. The reason mentioned most frequently for not being vaccinated by both cases (84%) and controls (57%) was lack of knowledge about the disease. Health education programmes should be strengthened and promoted. A good collaborative surveillance system between Jeddah and other holy cities, especially Makkah, is needed to abort outbreaks among religious visitors and to prevent the spread of MCD outbreaks. C1 MINIST HLTH, DEPT PREVENT MED, FIELD EPIDEMIOL TRAINING PROGRAMME, RIYADH, SAUDI ARABIA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM OFF, DIV FIELD EPIDEMIOL, ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA. REG HLTH DIRECTORATE, JEDDAH, SAUDI ARABIA. NR 13 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU KENYA MEDICAL ASSOC PI NAIROBI PA CHYULU ROAD, PO BOX 41632, NAIROBI, 00000, KENYA SN 0012-835X J9 E AFR MED J JI East Afr. Med. J. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 72 IS 11 BP 715 EP 718 PG 4 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TZ636 UT WOS:A1995TZ63600008 ER PT J AU Ward, E AF Ward, E TI Overview of preventable industrial causes of occupational cancer SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE carcinogen; standards; occupational health; epidemiology ID DRY-CLEANING WORKERS; MACHINING-FLUID EXPOSURE; UNITED-STATES; AUTOMOBILE-INDUSTRY; TRUCKING INDUSTRY; BLADDER-CANCER; DIESEL EXHAUST; BREAST-CANCER; LUNG-CANCER; MORTALITY AB This paper summarizes what is known about preventable causes of occupational cancer, including single agents, complex mixtures, and broad occupational associations. Epidemiologic methods have been very successful in documenting cancer risks associated with single agents. Epidemiologic data are most conclusive when an exposure-response relationship can be demonstrated. Examples of agents for which epidemiologic studies provide evidence of an exposure-response relationship include benzene and (concurrent exposure to) ortho-toluidine and aniline. Vinyl chloride and bischloromethyl ether are examples of associations between single agents and rare histologic types of cancer. It is more difficult to conduct epidemiologic studies to identify cancer risks associated with complex mixtures. Studies of diesel exhaust and lung cancer and metal machining oils are cited as having employed advanced industrial hygiene and epidemiologic methods for studies of complex mixtures. Elevated cancer risks have also been identified in broad occupational groups, including painters and dry cleaners. Epidemiologic case-control studies are often used to detect such associations but are limited in their abilities to detect the causal agents. Major gaps exist in knowledge of occupational cancer risks among women workers and workers of color. Because epidemiologic research measures illness and mortality that have already occurred, a positive study can be interpreted to represent a failure in prevention. The challenge we face in the next decade is to identify interventions earlier in the causal pathway (toxicologic testing, biomarkers of exposure or precancerous changes, institution of engineering and good industrial hygiene practices to reduce occupational exposure levels) so that occupational cancer can be prevented. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NIOSH, US Dept HHS, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Ward, E (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NIOSH, US Dept HHS, Mail Stop R-13,4676 Columbia Pkwy, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 43 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 3 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 EI 1552-9924 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 103 SU 8 BP 197 EP 203 DI 10.2307/3432310 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA V42AT UT WOS:000202841100013 PM 8741783 ER PT J AU Fine, LJ AF Fine, LJ TI The importance of information dissemination in the prevention of occupational cancer SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE occupational cancer; silica; prevention; hazard surveillance AB It is assumed that prevention of occupational cancer depends upon dissemination of research findings, resulting in changes in work processes and reduction of occupational exposures to carcinogens. Examples of successes and failures of information dissemination are found in the results of research on silicosis. Better assessment of the effectiveness of information dissemination is needed, along with greater understanding of the barriers to implementation of the information by workers and management and improved hazard surveillance. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NIOSH, US Dept HHS, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Fine, LJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NIOSH, US Dept HHS, Mail Stop R-12,4676 Columbia Pkwy, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 103 SU 8 BP 217 EP 218 DI 10.2307/3432313 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA V42AT UT WOS:000202841100016 PM 8741786 ER PT J AU Hill, RH Head, SL Baker, S Gregg, M Shealy, DB Bailey, SL Williams, CC Sampson, EJ Needham, LL AF Hill, RH Head, SL Baker, S Gregg, M Shealy, DB Bailey, SL Williams, CC Sampson, EJ Needham, LL TI Pesticide residues in urine of adults living in the United States: Reference range concentrations SO ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID 2,4-DICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID 2,4-D; CHROMATOGRAPHIC DETERMINATION; OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE; CHLORINATED PHENOLS; GENERAL-POPULATION; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; ALPHA-NAPHTHOL; WORKERS; EXCRETION; 1-HYDROXYPYRENE AB We measured 12 analytes in urine of 1000 adults living in the United States to establish reference range concentrations for pesticide residues. We frequently found six of these analytes: 2,5-dichlorophenol (in 98% of adults); 2,4-dichlorophenol (in 64%); 1-naphthol (in 86%); 2-naphthol (in 81%); 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (in 82%); and pentachlorophenol (in 64%). The 95th percentile concentration (95thPC) for 2,5-dichlorophenol (indicative of p-dichlorobenzene exposure) was 790 mu g/liter; concentrations ranged up to 8700 mu g/liter. 2,4-Dichlorophenol concentrations ranged up to 450 mu g/liter, and the 95thPC was 64 mu g/liter. 1-Naphthol and a-naphthol (indicative of naphthalene exposure) had 95thPCs of 43 and 30 mu g/liter, respectively; concentrations of l-naphthol ranged up to 2500 mu g/liter. Chlorpyrifos exposure was indicated by 3,5,6-tricholoro-2-pyridinol concentrations of 13 (95thPC) and 77 mu g/liter (maximum observed). Pentachlorophenol had a 95thPC of 8.2 mu g/liter. Other analytes measured included 4-nitrophenol (in 41%); 2,4,5-trichlorophenol (in 20%); 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (in 9.5%); 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (in 12%); 2-isopropoxyphenol (in 6.8%); and 7-carbofuranphenol (in 1.5%). The 95thPCs of these analytes were <6 mu g/liter. p-Dichlorobenzene exposure is ubiquitous; naphthalene and chlorpyrifos are also major sources of pesticide exposure. Exposure to chlorpyrifos appears to be increasing. Although pentachlorophenol exposure is frequent, exposure appears to be decreasing. These reference range concentrations provide information about pesticide exposure and serve as a basis against which to compare concentrations in subjects who may have been exposed to pesticides. RP Hill, RH (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH, DIV ENVIRONM HLTH LAB SCI, 4770 BUFORD HIGHWAY, ATLANTA, GA 30341 USA. RI Needham, Larry/E-4930-2011; Barr, Dana/E-6369-2011; Barr, Dana/E-2276-2013 NR 45 TC 202 Z9 203 U1 7 U2 10 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0013-9351 EI 1096-0953 J9 ENVIRON RES JI Environ. Res. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 71 IS 2 BP 99 EP 108 DI 10.1006/enrs.1995.1071 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA WB673 UT WOS:A1995WB67300003 PM 8977618 ER PT J AU SCHULTE, PA ROTHMAN, N PERERA, FP TALASKA, G AF SCHULTE, PA ROTHMAN, N PERERA, FP TALASKA, G TI BIOMARKERS OF EXPOSURE IN CANCER-EPIDEMIOLOGY SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Letter RP SCHULTE, PA (reprint author), NIOSH,CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,4676 COLUMBIA PKWY,R42,CINCINNATI,OH 45226, USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD NOV PY 1995 VL 6 IS 6 BP 637 EP 637 DI 10.1097/00001648-199511000-00014 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA TA290 UT WOS:A1995TA29000014 PM 8589098 ER PT J AU Holtzman, D Rubinson, R AF Holtzman, D Rubinson, R TI Parent and peer communication effects on AIDS-related behavior among US high school students SO FAMILY PLANNING PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article ID ADOLESCENT SEXUAL-BEHAVIOR; ACQUIRED-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-SYNDROME; CHILD COMMUNICATION; UNITED-STATES; KNOWLEDGE; PREDICTORS; EDUCATION; OUTCOMES; PATTERNS AB Data from a 1989 national probability sample of 8,098 high school students in the United States indicate that young people's discussions about the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with parents and with peers are highly correlated and have opposite effects on behavior: Students who discussed HIV with their parents were less likely than those who did not to have had multiple sex partners, to have had unprotected sexual intercourse and to have ever injected drugs; on the other hand, students who discussed HIV with,their peers were more likely than those who did not to have had multiple partners and to have had unprotected sexual intercourse. Subgroup analyses show that young women were influenced more by HIV discussions with parents while young men were influenced more by discussions with peers; some communication effects differed by race and ethnicity Students who received HIV instruction in school were more likely to have talked about HIV with both parents and peers. C1 EMORY UNIV,DEPT SOCIOL,ATLANTA,GA 30322. RP Holtzman, D (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,OFF SURVEILLANCE & ANAL,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 39 TC 72 Z9 72 U1 0 U2 2 PU ALAN GUTTMACHER INST PI NEW YORK PA 120 WALL STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10005 SN 0014-7354 J9 FAM PLANN PERSPECT JI Fam. Plann. Perspect. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 27 IS 6 BP 235 EP & DI 10.2307/2136175 PG 7 WC Demography; Family Studies SC Demography; Family Studies GA TK533 UT WOS:A1995TK53300002 PM 8666087 ER PT J AU Speers, MA Schmid, TL AF Speers, MA Schmid, TL TI Policy and environmental interventions for the prevention and control of cardiovascular diseases SO HEALTH EDUCATION QUARTERLY LA English DT Article RP Speers, MA (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV CHRON DIS CONTROL & COMMUNITY INTERVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 6 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SAGE SCIENCE PRESS PI THOUSAND OAKS PA 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 SN 0195-8402 J9 HEALTH EDUC QUART JI Health Educ. Q. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 22 IS 4 BP 476 EP 477 DI 10.1177/109019819502200405 PG 2 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UD813 UT WOS:A1995UD81300005 PM 8550371 ER PT J AU Brownson, RC Koffman, DM Novotny, TE Hughes, RG Eriksen, MP AF Brownson, RC Koffman, DM Novotny, TE Hughes, RG Eriksen, MP TI Environmental and policy interventions to control tobacco use and prevent cardiovascular disease SO HEALTH EDUCATION QUARTERLY LA English DT Review ID CIGARETTE-SMOKING; UNITED-STATES; PUBLIC PLACES; HEALTH; MINORS; CALIFORNIA; CESSATION; PROGRAMS; CHILDREN; SALES AB Despite its declining prevalence during the past few decades, tobacco use remains one of the most significant public health issues of the 1990s. Environmental and policy interventions are among the most cost-effective approaches to control tobacco use and prevent cardiovascular diseases. In this article, the authors review and offer to state and local health departments and other public health partners a summary of recommended policy and environmental interventions that have either reduced or show potential to reduce tobacco use. Priority recommendations include clean indoor air policies, restrictions on tobacco advertising and promotion, policies limiting youth access to tobacco, comprehensive school health programs, and excise taxes and other economic incentives. Many of these recommendations should be integrated with other health promotion interventions to also improve nutrition and physical activity. The authors also highlight several successful interventions and strategies used to establish policies at the state and local levels. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, DIV CHRON DIS CONTROL & COMMUNITY INTERVENT, ATLANTA, GA 30341 USA. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY, SCH PUBL HLTH, BERKELEY, CA 94720 USA. ROBERT WOOD JOHNSON FDN, PRINCETON, NJ 08540 USA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, OFF SMOKING & HLTH, NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT, ATLANTA, GA 30341 USA. RP Brownson, RC (reprint author), ST LOUIS UNIV, SCH PUBL HLTH, DEPT COMMUNITY HLTH, 3663 LINDELL BLVD, ST LOUIS, MO 63108 USA. NR 118 TC 55 Z9 56 U1 3 U2 4 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC PI THOUSAND OAKS PA 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 USA SN 0195-8402 J9 HEALTH EDUC QUART JI Health Educ. Q. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 22 IS 4 BP 478 EP 498 DI 10.1177/109019819502200406 PG 21 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UD813 UT WOS:A1995UD81300006 PM 8550372 ER PT J AU King, AC Jeffery, RW Fridinger, F Dusenbury, L Provence, S Hedlund, SA Spangler, K AF King, AC Jeffery, RW Fridinger, F Dusenbury, L Provence, S Hedlund, SA Spangler, K TI Environmental and policy approaches to cardiovascular disease prevention through physical activity: Issues and opportunities SO HEALTH EDUCATION QUARTERLY LA English DT Article ID RISK REDUCTION; EXERCISE; PROGRAMS; PROMOTION; WORKSITE; CHILDREN; FITNESS AB The majority of Americans remain inactive despite evidence of significant health benefits from even moderately intense activity. Previous intervention efforts have generally focused on changing individual behavior. This article discusses the use of policy, legislative and regulatory, and environmental interventions in promoting physical activity to prevent cardiovascular disease (CVD) and other chronic diseases. The authors present evidence on the need, formulation, description, and effectiveness of policy and environmental intervention approaches. Types of approaches addressed to promote physical activity include federal, state, and local legislation and regulation, policy development and implementation, and environmental support. They also describe opportunities for state and local health departments to initiate and participate in environmental and policy approaches. C1 UNIV MINNESOTA,SCH PUBL HLTH,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55455. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. COLORADO DEPT PUBL HLTH & ENVIRONM,CARDIOVASC HLTH PROGRAM,DENVER,CO. S CAROLINA DEPT HLTH & ENVIRONM CONTROL,CTR HLTH PROMOT,COLUMBIA,SC 29201. NEW YORK STATE DEPT HLTH,MARY LASKER HEART & HYPERTENS INST,NEW YORK STATE HLTH HEART PROGRAM,ALBANY,NY. NATL RECREAT & PK ASSOC,ARLINGTON,VA. RP King, AC (reprint author), STANFORD UNIV,SCH MED,730 WELCH RD,SUITE B,PALO ALTO,CA 94304, USA. NR 53 TC 158 Z9 159 U1 0 U2 8 PU SAGE SCIENCE PRESS PI THOUSAND OAKS PA 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 SN 0195-8402 J9 HEALTH EDUC QUART JI Health Educ. Q. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 22 IS 4 BP 499 EP 511 DI 10.1177/109019819502200407 PG 13 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UD813 UT WOS:A1995UD81300007 PM 8550373 ER PT J AU Glanz, K Lankenau, B Foerster, S Temple, S Mullis, R Schmid, T AF Glanz, K Lankenau, B Foerster, S Temple, S Mullis, R Schmid, T TI Environmental and policy approaches to cardiovascular disease prevention through nutrition: Opportunities for state and local action SO HEALTH EDUCATION QUARTERLY LA English DT Article ID HEALTH-PROMOTION; UNITED-STATES; EDUCATION; CHOLESTEROL; FAT; IMPLEMENTATION; PERSPECTIVE; POPULATION; STRATEGIES; PROGRAMS AB This article reviews environmental and policy intervention approaches to cardiovascular disease prevention through nutrition and recommends opportunities for state and local health departments to initiate and participate in environmental and nutrition policy initiatives, By addressing these complementary aims, the authors hope to stimulate further efforts to achieve progress in nutrition promotion among state and local health-related organizations. Key categories of opportunity to develop new or expanded nutrition policies and environmental strategies include economic incentives, food assistance and feeding programs, regulations for institutional food service operations, and nutrition services in health care. Environmental strategies to reduce barriers to following dietary guidelines, such as point-of-choice programs and school nutrition programs, should be tailored for local communities and widely disseminated. In addition, current federal policy efforts, notably nutrition labeling rules, will provide a valuable focal point for state and local advocacy, education, and monitoring. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, HLTH INTERVENT & TRANSLAT BRANCH, ATLANTA, GA 30341 USA. UNIV HAWAII, CANC RES CTR HAWAII, HONOLULU, HI 96813 USA. CALIF DEPT HLTH SERV, NUTR & CANC PREVENT PROGRAM, SACRAMENTO, CA USA. S CAROLINA DEPT HLTH & ENVIRONM CONTROL, DIV CARDIOVASC HLTH, CTR HLTH PROMOT, COLUMBIA, SC 29201 USA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, DIV NUTR, NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT, ATLANTA, GA 30341 USA. NR 70 TC 88 Z9 89 U1 0 U2 7 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC PI THOUSAND OAKS PA 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 USA SN 0195-8402 J9 HEALTH EDUC QUART JI Health Educ. Q. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 22 IS 4 BP 512 EP 527 DI 10.1177/109019819502200408 PG 16 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UD813 UT WOS:A1995UD81300008 PM 8550374 ER PT J AU GALAVOTTI, C CABRAL, RJ LANSKY, A GRIMLEY, DM RILEY, GE PROCHASKA, JO AF GALAVOTTI, C CABRAL, RJ LANSKY, A GRIMLEY, DM RILEY, GE PROCHASKA, JO TI VALIDATION OF MEASURES OF CONDOM AND OTHER CONTRACEPTIVE USE AMONG WOMEN AT HIGH-RISK FOR HIV-INFECTION AND UNINTENDED PREGNANCY SO HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE CONDOM USE; CONTRACEPTIVE USE; HIV; TRANSTHEORETICAL MODEL ID SELF-EFFICACY; ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS; SMOKING CESSATION; DECISION-MAKING; AIDS; PREVENTION; EXERCISE; MODELS; HEALTH AB This study assessed the applicability of the transtheoretical model of behavior change (J. O. Prochaska & C. C. DiClemente, 1983, 1984) to the measurement of contraceptive use among 296 women at high risk for HIV infection and transmission. Structural equation modeling suggested that a measure of general contraceptive use could be used to assess use of oral contraceptives and hormonal implants but that measurement of condom use required separate assessments for main and other partners. Self-efficacy (SE) and decisional balance scales were internally consistent for general contraceptive use, for condom use with main partners, and for condom use with other partners. Consistent with research on other health behaviors, SE scores rose significantly across stages, from precontemplation to maintenance, and a shift in decisional balance was observed for 2 of 3 behaviors. This measurement strategy may enhance the ability to evaluate prevention programs for women at risk. C1 UNIV N CAROLINA,SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT HLTH BEHAV & HLTH EDUC,CHAPEL HILL,NC. UNIV RHODE ISL,CANC PREVENT RES CONSORTIUM,DEPT PSYCHOL,KINGSTON,RI 02881. RP GALAVOTTI, C (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,DIV REPROD HLTH,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 43 TC 102 Z9 102 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOC PI WASHINGTON PA 750 FIRST ST NE, WASHINGTON, DC 20002-4242 SN 0278-6133 J9 HEALTH PSYCHOL JI Health Psychol. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 14 IS 6 BP 570 EP 578 DI 10.1037//0278-6133.14.6.570 PG 9 WC Psychology, Clinical; Psychology SC Psychology GA TD874 UT WOS:A1995TD87400011 PM 8565932 ER PT J AU GAYNES, R AF GAYNES, R TI CIPROFLOXACIN RESISTANCE AMONG NOSOCOMIAL PSEUDOMONAS-AERUGINOSA AND STAPHYLOCOCCUS-AUREUS IN THE UNITED-STATES - REPLY SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Letter RP GAYNES, R (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,HOSP INFECT PROGRAM,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 USA SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 16 IS 11 BP 620 EP 621 PG 2 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA TH204 UT WOS:A1995TH20400003 ER PT J AU GAYNES, R AF GAYNES, R TI SURVEILLANCE OF ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANCE - LEARNING TO LIVE WITH BIAS SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID UNITED-STATES HOSPITALS; STAPHYLOCOCCUS-AUREUS RP GAYNES, R (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,HOSP INFECT PROGRAM,MAILSTOP E-55,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 18 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 USA SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 16 IS 11 BP 623 EP 626 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA TH204 UT WOS:A1995TH20400005 PM 8601680 ER PT J AU HORAN, TC AF HORAN, TC TI SURGICAL SITE INFECTIONS - SIMPLIFYING THE DEFINITIONS SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Letter ID CDC DEFINITIONS RP HORAN, TC (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,HOSP INFECT PROGRAM,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 USA SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 16 IS 11 BP 667 EP 668 PG 2 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA TH204 UT WOS:A1995TH20400014 ER PT J AU Besansky, NJ Bedell, JA Benedict, MQ Mukabayire, O Hilfiker, D Collins, FH AF Besansky, NJ Bedell, JA Benedict, MQ Mukabayire, O Hilfiker, D Collins, FH TI Cloning and characterization of the white gene from Anopheles gambiae SO INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Anopheles gambiae; codon usage; intron exon structure; white gene; malaria vector ID DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER; TRANSCRIPTION; SEQUENCE; MALARIA; VECTOR; CODONS; SITES; LOCUS; DNA AB A 14 kb region of genomic DNA containing the X-linked Anopheles gambiae eye colour gene, white, was cloned and sequenced, Genomic clones containing distinct white(+) alleles were polymorphic for the insertion of a small transposable element in intron 3, and differed at 1% of nucleotide positions compared, Se quence was also determined from a rare 2914 bp cDNA. Comparison of cDNA and genomic sequences established an intron-exon structure distinct from Drosophila white, Despite a common trend in Anopheles and Drosophila of weak codon bias given low levels of gene expression, codon usage by Anopheles gambiae white was strongly biased. Overall amino acid identity between the predicted mosquito and fruitfly proteins was 64%, but dropped to 14% at the amino terminus. To correlate phenotypically white-eyed strains of A, gambiae with structural lesions in white, five available strains were analysed by PCR and Southern blotting, Although these strains carried allelic mutations, independently generated by gamma radiation (three strains) or spontaneous events (two strains), no white lesions were detected, Significantly, another non-allelic X-linked mutation, causing an identical white-eyed phenotype, has been correlated with a structural defect in the cloned white gene (Benedict et al., 1995). Taken together, these observations suggest that the white-eyed mutants analysed in the present study carry mutations in a second eye colour gene and are most likely white(+). C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV PARASIT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. EMORY UNIV,DEPT BIOL,ATLANTA,GA 30322. NR 35 TC 57 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 3 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD, OXON, ENGLAND OX2 0EL SN 0962-1075 J9 INSECT MOL BIOL JI Insect Mol. Biol. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 4 IS 4 BP 217 EP 231 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2583.1995.tb00027.x PG 15 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Entomology GA TL362 UT WOS:A1995TL36200001 PM 8825759 ER PT J AU OLSEN, JE AABO, S HILL, W NOTERMANS, S WERNARS, K GRANUM, PE POPOVIC, T RASMUSSEN, HN OLSVIK, O AF OLSEN, JE AABO, S HILL, W NOTERMANS, S WERNARS, K GRANUM, PE POPOVIC, T RASMUSSEN, HN OLSVIK, O TI PROBES AND POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION FOR DETECTION OF FOOD-BORNE BACTERIAL PATHOGENS SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Review DE PROBES; PCR; OLIGONUCLEOTIDES; PATHOGENS; FOODBORNE ID TOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA-COLI; DNA COLONY HYBRIDIZATION; 16S RIBOSOMAL-RNA; THERMOSTABLE DIRECT HEMOLYSIN; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE ANALYSIS; NUCLEIC-ACID HYBRIDIZATION; VIRULENT YERSINIA-ENTEROCOLITICA; SYNTHETIC OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROBE; SHIGELLA-DYSENTERIAE TYPE-1; HEAT-STABLE-ENTEROTOXIN AB DNA-hybridization and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are techniques commonly used to detect pathogenic bacteria. In this paper, the use of these techniques for detection of Salmonella, E. coli, V. cholerae, non-O1 Vibrio, Yersinia enterocolitica, Campylobacter, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens, and C. botulinum is reviewed with emphasis on application in food microbiology. In food control, DNA-techniques have most often been used in a 'culture confirmation' fashion, i.e. bacteria are enriched and sometimes even purified by traditional culture procedures and thereafter identified by the use of DNA-based methods. The most desirable approach is, however, to detect organisms directly in the food, but major problems remain to be solved before this can be routinely performed. C1 NATL FOOD AGCY,INST TOXICOL,SOBORG,DENMARK. US FDA,SEAFOOD PROD RES CTR,BOTHELL,WA. NATL INST PUBL HLTH & ENVIRONM PROTECT,WATER & FOOD MICROBIOL LAB,BA BILTHOVEN,NETHERLANDS. NORWEGIAN COLL VET MED,DEPT PHARMACOL MICROBIOL & FOOD HYG,OSLO,NORWAY. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ENTER DIS BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP OLSEN, JE (reprint author), ROYAL VET & AGR UNIV,KVL CTR FOOD RES,DEPT VET MICROBIOL,BULOWSVEJ 13,DK-1870 FREDERIKSBERG C,DENMARK. OI Olsen, John Elmerdahl/0000-0001-6225-6587 NR 330 TC 115 Z9 117 U1 3 U2 23 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1605 J9 INT J FOOD MICROBIOL JI Int. J. Food Microbiol. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 28 IS 1 BP 1 EP 78 DI 10.1016/0168-1605(94)00159-4 PG 78 WC Food Science & Technology; Microbiology SC Food Science & Technology; Microbiology GA TE998 UT WOS:A1995TE99800001 PM 8751091 ER PT J AU Gunn, RA Oropeza, EV Santaella, A Peter, CR AF Gunn, RA Oropeza, EV Santaella, A Peter, CR TI Chlamydia trachomatis prevalence in high risk women, Tijuana, Mexico, 1993 - A pilot study SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF STD & AIDS LA English DT Letter RP Gunn, RA (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ROYAL SOC MEDICINE SERVICES LTD PI LONDON PA 1 WIMPOLE STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND W1M 8AE SN 0956-4624 J9 INT J STD AIDS JI Int. J. STD AIDS PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 6 IS 6 BP 456 EP 458 PG 3 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA TK996 UT WOS:A1995TK99600022 PM 8845413 ER PT J AU STEWART, DA SCOVILL, M AITCHES, C HANING, JM BOURQUE, DP ROBERTS, JS GENTRY, L EDDY, C FEDSON, DS AF STEWART, DA SCOVILL, M AITCHES, C HANING, JM BOURQUE, DP ROBERTS, JS GENTRY, L EDDY, C FEDSON, DS TI INCREASING PNEUMOCOCCAL VACCINATION RATES AMONG PATIENTS OF A NATIONAL HEALTH-CARE ALLIANCE - UNITED-STATES, 1993 (REPRINTED FROM MMWR, VOL 44, PG 741-744, 1995) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint ID ATTITUDES; EFFICACY; BEHAVIOR; RISK C1 PASTEUR MERIEUX MSD,LYON,FRANCE. CDC,NATL IMMUNIZATION PROGRAM,DIV EPIDEMIOL & SURVEILLANCE,ADULT VACCINE PREVENTABLE DIS BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP STEWART, DA (reprint author), VHA INC,IRVING,TX, USA. NR 13 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD NOV 1 PY 1995 VL 274 IS 17 BP 1333 EP 1334 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TB278 UT WOS:A1995TB27800004 ER PT J AU ROTHBROCK, G SMITHEE, L RADOS, M BAUGHMAN, W AF ROTHBROCK, G SMITHEE, L RADOS, M BAUGHMAN, W TI PROGRESS TOWARD ELIMINATION OF HAEMOPHILUS-INFLUENZAE TYPE-B DISEASE AMONG INFANTS AND CHILDREN - UNITED-STATES, 1993-1994 (REPRINTED FROM MMWR, VOL 44, PG 545-550, 1995) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 OKLAHOMA DEPT HLTH,OKLAHOMA CITY,OK 73117. VANDERBILT UNIV,MED CTR,NASHVILLE,TN 37240. VET ADM MED SERV,ATLANTA,GA. CDC,NATL IMMUNIZATION PROGRAM,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CDC,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM OFF,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP ROTHBROCK, G (reprint author), BUR DIS CONTROL,OAKLAND,CA, USA. NR 1 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD NOV 1 PY 1995 VL 274 IS 17 BP 1334 EP 1335 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TB278 UT WOS:A1995TB27800005 ER PT J AU MCMAHON, JW HILLMAN, JR MCINERNEY, M KILEEN, MJ CHRISTENSEN, C AF MCMAHON, JW HILLMAN, JR MCINERNEY, M KILEEN, MJ CHRISTENSEN, C TI INCREASING INFLUENZA VACCINATION RATES FOR MEDICARE BENEFICIARIES - MONTANA AND WYOMING, 1994 (REPRINTED FROM MMWR, VOL 44, PG 744-746, 1995) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 US HLTH CARE FINANCING ADM,REG OFF,SEATTLE,WA. CDC,NATL IMMUNIZATION PROGRAM,DIV EPIDEMIOL & SURVEILLANCE,ADULT VACCINE PREVENT DIS BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP MCMAHON, JW (reprint author), MONTANA WYOMING FDN MED CARE,HELENA,MT, USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD NOV 1 PY 1995 VL 274 IS 17 BP 1335 EP 1336 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TB278 UT WOS:A1995TB27800006 ER PT J AU DJOMAND, G GREENBERG, AE SASSANMOROKRO, M TOSSOU, O DIALLO, MO EKPINI, E GHYS, P SORO, B BRATTEGAARD, K YAPI, A ODEHOURI, K COULIBALY, D COULIBALY, IM KADIO, A GNAORE, E DECOCK, KM AF DJOMAND, G GREENBERG, AE SASSANMOROKRO, M TOSSOU, O DIALLO, MO EKPINI, E GHYS, P SORO, B BRATTEGAARD, K YAPI, A ODEHOURI, K COULIBALY, D COULIBALY, IM KADIO, A GNAORE, E DECOCK, KM TI THE EPIDEMIC OF HIV AIDS IN ABIDJAN, COTE-DIVOIRE - A REVIEW OF DATA COLLECTED BY PROJET RETRO-CI FROM 1987 TO 1993 SO JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES AND HUMAN RETROVIROLOGY LA English DT Article DE COTE DIVOIRE; PROJET RETRO-CI; WEST AFRICA; HIV-1; HIV-2; SURVEILLANCE; DUAL REACTIVITY; CASE DEFINITION ID WEST-AFRICAN CITY; POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; IVORY-COAST; INFECTION; SURVEILLANCE; DISEASE; DEFINITIONS; PREVALENCE; DEATH AB We present a review of epidemiologic data collected by Projet RETRO-CI between 1987 and 1993 on trends in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and HIV-2 infections and on cases of AIDS in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire. Overall rates of HIV infection in pregnant women had already reached 10% in 1987, and have increased only modestly since then. In contrast, in 1992-1993, rates in men with sexually transmitted diseases and in female commercial sex workers reached 27 and 86%, respectively. The increases in infection rates have been largely due to transmission of HIV-1, whereas rates of HIV-2 have remained stable or have declined. Among persons with tuberculosis and hospitalized patients, rates of 46-71% have been reached, increases in recent years again being largely attributable to HIV-1. Among the 15,245 AIDS cases reported by Projet RETRO-CI, a steady decline in the male:female sex ratio has occurred over time, from 4.8:1 in 1988 to 1.9:1 in 1993. It is likely that AIDS cases were initially concentrated among a core group of female commercial sex workers and their male clients. A substantial proportion of sex workers and their clients originate from neighboring countries, and migration is likely to have contributed to the spread of HIV infection in West Africa. Including HIV-associated pulmonary tuberculosis as an AIDS-defining illness increased AIDS cases reported by Projet RETRO-CI by 13% in 1993. Despite a need for interventional research, careful description of the evolution of HIV/AIDS in this region remains essential. C1 PROJET RETRO CI,ABIDJAN,COTE IVOIRE. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. INST TROP MED,B-2000 ANTWERP,BELGIUM. INST NATL SANTE PUBL,ABIDJAN,COTE IVOIRE. CHU TREICHVILLE,SERV PNEUMOPHTHISIOL,ABIDJAN,COTE IVOIRE. CHU TREICHVILLE,SERV MALAD INFECT & TROP,ABIDJAN,COTE IVOIRE. CTR ANTITB ABIDJAN,ABIDJAN,COTE IVOIRE. NR 50 TC 47 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 1077-9450 J9 J ACQ IMMUN DEF SYND JI J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol. PD NOV 1 PY 1995 VL 10 IS 3 BP 358 EP 365 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA TA586 UT WOS:A1995TA58600008 PM 7552498 ER PT J AU HU, DJ FLEMING, PL CASTRO, KG JONES, JL BUSH, TJ HANSON, D CHU, SY KAPLAN, J WARD, JW AF HU, DJ FLEMING, PL CASTRO, KG JONES, JL BUSH, TJ HANSON, D CHU, SY KAPLAN, J WARD, JW TI HOW IMPORTANT IS RACE ETHNICITY AS AN INDICATOR OF RISK FOR SPECIFIC AIDS-DEFINING CONDITIONS SO JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES AND HUMAN RETROVIROLOGY LA English DT Article DE AIDS; HIV; OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS; RACE ETHNICITY ID ACQUIRED-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-SYNDROME; HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS; UNITED-STATES; PNEUMOCYSTIS-CARINII; MYCOBACTERIUM-AVIUM; EXTRAPULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS; WASTING SYNDROME; NATURAL-HISTORY; VIRUS INFECTION; SAN-FRANCISCO AB In order to examine differences in the prevalence of AIDS-defining conditions by race/ethnicity, we analyzed U.S. surveillance data for 203,470 adolescents and adults diagnosed with AIDS from 1988 through 1992. A number of AIDS-indicator conditions were more common among certain racial/ethnic groups. The prevalence of extrapulmonary tuberculosis was higher among blacks, Hispanics, Asians/Pacific Islanders, and American Indians/ Alaskan Natives than among whites. The prevalence of isosporiasis and toxoplasmosis was higher among Hispanics than among blacks or whites. Furthermore, the likelihood of being diagnosed with extrapulmonary tuberculosis (TB), toxoplasmosis, or isosporiasis was generally higher among foreign-born than among U.S.-born persons of all racial/ethnic groups. The prevalence of all malignancies was higher among whites than among blacks or Hispanics. However, the magnitude of prevalence differences by race/ethnicity was reduced when we controlled for other demographic and exposure risk categories. Although race/ethnicity was significantly associated with the prevalence of a number of conditions, the relative frequency and patterns of AIDS-indicator conditions in different populations are probably most influenced by differences in (1) underlying prevalence or exposure to various etiologic agents causing care and therapy for HIV-related conditions. RP HU, DJ (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV HIV AIDS,MAILSTOP E-50,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 61 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 1077-9450 J9 J ACQ IMMUN DEF SYND JI J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol. PD NOV 1 PY 1995 VL 10 IS 3 BP 374 EP 380 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA TA586 UT WOS:A1995TA58600010 PM 7552500 ER PT J AU FUCHS, PC BARRY, AL TENOVER, FC ALLEN, SD JORGENSEN, JH MURRAY, PR AF FUCHS, PC BARRY, AL TENOVER, FC ALLEN, SD JORGENSEN, JH MURRAY, PR TI TESTS FOR SUSCEPTIBILITY OF STREPTOCOCCUS-PNEUMONIAE TO CEFDINIR - PROPOSED INTERPRETIVE CRITERIA AND QUALITY-CONTROL PARAMETERS FOR BROTH MICRODILUTION AND DISC DIFFUSION METHODS SO JOURNAL OF ANTIMICROBIAL CHEMOTHERAPY LA English DT Article ID ORALLY-ADMINISTERED CEPHALOSPORIN; CONTROL GUIDELINES; INVITRO ACTIVITY; NEISSERIA-GONORRHOEAE; CEFETAMET; CEFPODOXIME; FK482; TROSPECTOMYCIN; TEMAFLOXACIN; FLEROXACIN AB Proposed quality control (QC) parameters for susceptibility testing of Streptococcus pneumoniae to cefdinir were developed following the procedure recommended by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. The proposed QC MIC range for microdilution susceptibility testing of S. pneumoniae ATCC 49619 is 0.06-0.25mg/L. The proposed QC limits for inhibitory zone diameters of S. pneumoniae ATCC 49619 around 5 mu g cefdinir disks is 26-31 mm. We recommend the following for tentative interpretive criteria for determining the susceptibility of S. pneumoniae to cefdinir: susceptible, MIC less than or equal to 0.5 mg/L or inhibition zone diameter greater than or equal to 23 mm; intermediate, MIC 1.0 mg/L or inhibition zone, 20-22 mm; resistant, MIC greater than or equal to 2.0 mg/L or inhibition zone diameter, less than or equal to 19 mm for broth microdilution and disc diffusion tests, respectively. C1 CLIN MICROBIOL INST INC,TUALATIN,OR 97062. CTR DIS CONTROL,ATLANTA,GA 30333. INDIANA UNIV,MED CTR,INDIANAPOLIS,IN 46202. UNIV TEXAS,HLTH SCI CTR,SAN ANTONIO,TX 78284. WASHINGTON UNIV,ST LOUIS,MO 63110. RP FUCHS, PC (reprint author), ST VINCENT HOSP & MED CTR,DEPT PATHOL,PORTLAND,OR 97225, USA. NR 20 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 0305-7453 J9 J ANTIMICROB CHEMOTH JI J. Antimicrob. Chemother. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 36 IS 5 BP 781 EP 786 DI 10.1093/jac/36.5.781 PG 6 WC Infectious Diseases; Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Infectious Diseases; Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA TF559 UT WOS:A1995TF55900004 PM 8626258 ER PT J AU GILLUM, RF AF GILLUM, RF TI EPIDEMIOLOGY OF AORTIC-ANEURYSM IN THE UNITED-STATES SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE AORTIC ANEURYSM; ANEURYSM, DISSECTING; AORTA, ABDOMINAL; AORTA, THORACIC; FEMALE; BLACKS ID SCREENING-PROGRAM; MORTALITY; POPULATION; DISEASE; MORBIDITY; BLACKS; TRENDS; AGE AB Recent apparent increases in occurrence of aortic aneurysm were reported for abdominal aortic aneurysm from several countries. In order to assess U.S. trends, an analysis of mortality and hospitalization data from the National Center for Health Statistics for aortic aneurysm in the United States in 1979-1992 was performed. In 1991, 16,696 deaths were attributed to aortic aneurysm, abdominal aneurysm accounting for 52%. Between 1979 and 1990, dissecting aneurysm death rates showed inconsistent changes in males and slight increases in females. Age-adjusted rates were higher in blacks than whites, and in males than females. Death rates for abdominal aneurysms showed slight decreases in white males and slight increases in black males and white females. Rates were higher in whites than blacks, and in males than females. The number of hospital discharges with a first-listed diagnosis of aortic aneurysm increased from 39,000 in 1979 to 67,000 in 1992. The rate of diagnoses increased from 1979 to 1984 with no consistent change thereafter for total and abdominal aneurysms, which comprised over 75% of total diagnoses. The number of all-listed aortic aneurysm resections with graft replacement increased from 10,000 in 1979 to 40,000 in 1988 with no consistent change thereafter. Increased utilization of diagnostic ultrasound of the abdomen and retroperitoneum leading to improved case finding for abdominal aneurysms may have been one cause of increasing hospital discharge rates prior to 1985. Continued monitoring of national data on mortality and morbidity from aortic aneurysms is desirable to assess effects of diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive interventions. RP GILLUM, RF (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR HLTH STAT,6525 BELCREST RD,HYATTSVILLE,MD 20782, USA. NR 30 TC 172 Z9 183 U1 0 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0895-4356 J9 J CLIN EPIDEMIOL JI J. Clin. Epidemiol. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 48 IS 11 BP 1289 EP 1298 DI 10.1016/0895-4356(95)00045-3 PG 10 WC Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA TJ075 UT WOS:A1995TJ07500001 PM 7490591 ER PT J AU PRUCKLER, JM MERMEL, LA BENSON, RF GIORGIO, C CASSIDAY, PK BREIMAN, RF WHITNEY, CG FIELDS, BS AF PRUCKLER, JM MERMEL, LA BENSON, RF GIORGIO, C CASSIDAY, PK BREIMAN, RF WHITNEY, CG FIELDS, BS TI COMPARISON OF LEGIONELLA-PNEUMOPHILA ISOLATES BY ARBITRARILY PRIMED PCR AND PULSED-FIELD GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS - ANALYSIS FROM 7 EPIDEMIC INVESTIGATIONS SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; LEGIONNAIRES-DISEASE; OUTBREAK; STRAINS; DIFFERENTIATION; SEROGROUP-1; MARKERS AB Arbitrarily primed PCR (AP-PCR) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) subtyping were applied to clinical and environmental isolates from seven unrelated outbreaks of Legionnaires' disease, The patterns observed with each method matched patient isolates and the epidemiologically linked source of disease for each of the seven outbreaks, PFGE allowed more discrimination among various isolates, although AP-PCR usually gave comparable results, With both methods, certain patterns appeared to predominate in the comparison of the seven outbreaks, Of five clinical isolates not associated with the outbreaks, three gave profiles distinct from those observed in the outbreaks by both methods, This suggests that there are at least two predominant subtypes of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 associated with outbreaks, Investigations of outbreaks of legionellosis should employ either PFGE or AP-PCR in addition to monoclonal antibody analysis. C1 BROWN UNIV,RHODE ISL HOSP,SCH MED,DIV INFECT DIS,PROVIDENCE,RI 02903. RP PRUCKLER, JM (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 30 TC 57 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 33 IS 11 BP 2872 EP 2875 PG 4 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA TA461 UT WOS:A1995TA46100015 PM 8576337 ER PT J AU BOSLEY, GS WHITNEY, AM PRUCKLER, JM MOSS, CW DANESHVAR, M SIH, T TALKINGTON, DF AF BOSLEY, GS WHITNEY, AM PRUCKLER, JM MOSS, CW DANESHVAR, M SIH, T TALKINGTON, DF TI CHARACTERIZATION OF EAR FLUID ISOLATES OF ALLOIOCOCCUS-OTITIDIS FROM PATIENTS WITH RECURRENT OTITIS-MEDIA SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; ORGANISM AB Nineteen isolates of Alloiococcus otitidis from ear fluid samples collected by tympanostomy from patients at four geographic locations were identified by phenotypic characterization and genetic relatedness, Initial growth of A. otitidis isolates occurred after 3 days at 37 degrees C on brain heart infusion (BHI) agar with 5% rabbit blood, Heavy growth occurred in BHI broth supplemented with 0.07% lecithin and 9.5% Tween 80 after 4 days of incubation, The isolates were gram-positive cocci that divided on an irregular plane and produced metabolic lactic acid, pyrrolidonyl arylamidase, and leucine aminopeptidase. These cocci grew sparsely in 6.5% NaCl-BHI broth, were asaccharolytic on both fermentative and oxidative bases, and were cytochrome negative by the iron-porphyrin test, The cellular fatty acid profile of A. otitidis was distinguished from those of related genera and characterized by major amounts (greater than or equal to 14%) of 16:0, 18:2, 18:1 omega 9c, and 18:0 and smaller amounts of 14:0, 16:1 omega 7c, 17:0, and 18:1 omega 7c. Fifteen isolates demonstrated >69% relatedness by DNA-DNA hybridization., Four isolates plus the original 15 were confirmed as A. otitidis by dot blot hybridization with a digoxigenin-labeled nucleotide probe specific for this species, The intergenic space between the genes coding for the 16S and 23S rRNAs of alloiococci was amplified by PCR, analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphism, and determined to consist of three different genetic types, Although beta-lactamase negative, A, otitidis demonstrated intermediate levels of resistance to beta-lactams, including expanded-spectrum cephalosporins, and were resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and erythromycin. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 23 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 33 IS 11 BP 2876 EP 2880 PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA TA461 UT WOS:A1995TA46100016 PM 8576338 ER PT J AU KASSLER, WJ HALEY, C JONES, WK GERBER, AR KENNEDY, EJ GEORGE, JR AF KASSLER, WJ HALEY, C JONES, WK GERBER, AR KENNEDY, EJ GEORGE, JR TI PERFORMANCE OF A RAPID, ON-SITE HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS ANTIBODY-ASSAY IN A PUBLIC-HEALTH SETTING SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Rapid, on-site human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing has the potential to improve the delivery of prevention services in publicly funded counseling and testing sites, The Single Use Diagnostic System (SUDS) HIV-1 is the only rapid enzyme immunoassay (EIA) approved for diagnostic use in the United States, To evaluate the feasibility of using SUDS in public clinics and to validate the test's performance in a public health laboratory, we conducted blinded SUDS testing on plasma sent for HIV testing, From 19 March through 30 June 1993, 1,923 consecutive samples from a sexually transmitted diseases clinic and an HIV counseling and testing clinic were tested on site,vith SUDS. Tests done in the first two weeks with a malfunctioning centrifuge (n = 402) and those done when there were excessively high temperatures in the laboratory (n = 53) were analyzed separately, Of 1,466 tests, 39 were positive by both SUDS and EIA (with Western blot [immunoblot] confirmation) and 7 were SUDS positive and EIA negative, Western blotting was used as the ''gold standard'' to adjudicate these discrepancies, There were no SUDS-negative and EIA-positive tests, Compared with that of EIA (with Western blot confirmation), the sensitivity of SUDS was 100% (95% confidence interval, 88.8 to 100%) and the specificity was 99.5% (95% confidence interval, 98.9 to 99.8%), The positive predictive value of SUDS was 88% in the STD clinic and 81% in the HIV counseling and testing clinic. There was a 7.7-fold increase in false positives, from 0.48 to 3.7%, when there was inadequate centrifugation and when the temperature exceeded the manufacturer's recommendations. Rapid, on-site HIV testing by the SUDS assay is feasible and practical in public health settings. The test can be performed accurately, at reasonable cost, and within the time frame of a typical clinic visit, Caution should be used, however, as two conditions adversely affected the accuracy of this test: inadequate specimen preparation and elevated temperature. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,OFF DEPUTY DIRECTOR HIV,ATLANTA,GA 30341. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV HIV AIDS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. DALLAS CTY HLTH DEPT,DALLAS,TX. RP KASSLER, WJ (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV STD HIV PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 8 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 33 IS 11 BP 2899 EP 2902 PG 4 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA TA461 UT WOS:A1995TA46100020 PM 8576342 ER PT J AU KIEHLBAUCH, JA BRENNER, DJ CAMERON, DN STEIGERWALT, AG MAKOWSKI, JM BAKER, CN PATTON, CM WACHSMUTH, IK AF KIEHLBAUCH, JA BRENNER, DJ CAMERON, DN STEIGERWALT, AG MAKOWSKI, JM BAKER, CN PATTON, CM WACHSMUTH, IK TI GENOTYPIC AND PHENOTYPIC CHARACTERIZATION OF HELICOBACTER-CINAEDI AND HELICOBACTER-FENNELLIAE STRAINS ISOLATED FROM HUMANS AND ANIMALS SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CAMPYLOBACTER-LIKE ORGANISMS; HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; HOMOSEXUAL MEN; SP-NOV; JEJUNI; DIFFERENTIATION; GASTROENTERITIS; IDENTIFICATION; BACTEREMIA; PLASMIDS AB By DNA-DNA hybridization, we classified 26 human strains, 4 dog and cat strains, and ii hamster strains putatively identified as Helicobacter cinaedi as well as 2 human strains and 2 animal strains of Helicobacter fennelliae. All but one human strain belonged to the same hybridization group as the type strain of H. cinaedi, The animal strains also appeared to belong to this hybridization group, Both human strains of H. fennelliae were shown to be H. fennelliae by DNA-DNA hybridization, but both animal strains were less than 15% related to the type strain, All strains were also characterized by plasmid profiles and ribotyping, Plasmids were found in 23% of the human strains, 100% of the hamster strains, and 33% of the dog and cat strains, Human strains were essentially identical by ribotyping, but were clearly differentiated from the hamster and dog and cat strains, Some strains may be difficult to culture on primary isolation; we found that our strains grew well on anaerobic CDC agar, brucella agar, and tryptic soy agar II, Our H. cinaedi and H. fennelliae strains differed from those previously described because some were resistant to cephalothin; some H. cinaedi strains were also resistant to nalidixic acid, All isolates were also characterized by antimicrobial susceptibility testing, We found that human strains of H. cinaedi were more resistant to clindamycin and erythromycin than were animal isolates; 19% of the human strains were resistant to ciprofloxacin, Therefore, we recommend that antimicrobial susceptibility results be obtained before initiating therapy for H. cinaedi and H. fennelliae infections. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,FOODBORNE & DIARRHEAL BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CTR DIS CONTROL,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,EMERGING BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CTR DIS CONTROL,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CTR DIS CONTROL,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,NOSOC PATHOGENS LAB BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333. MED COLL WISCONSIN,DEPT PATHOL,MILWAUKEE,WI 53226. NR 28 TC 65 Z9 68 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 33 IS 11 BP 2940 EP 2947 PG 8 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA TA461 UT WOS:A1995TA46100028 PM 8576350 ER PT J AU SOBOTTKA, I ALBRECHT, H SCHAFER, H SCHOTTELIUS, J VISVESVARA, GS LAUFS, R SCHWARTZ, DA AF SOBOTTKA, I ALBRECHT, H SCHAFER, H SCHOTTELIUS, J VISVESVARA, GS LAUFS, R SCHWARTZ, DA TI DISSEMINATED ENCEPHALITOZOON (SEPTATA) INTESTINALIS INFECTION IN A PATIENT WITH AIDS - NOVEL DIAGNOSTIC APPROACHES AND AUTOPSY-CONFIRMED PARASITOLOGICAL CURE FOLLOWING TREATMENT WITH ALBENDAZOLE SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ACQUIRED-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-SYNDROME; ENTEROCYTOZOON-BIENEUSI; CHRONIC DIARRHEA; N-SP; MICROSPORIDIOSIS; CULTURE; HELLEM; URINE AB Encephalitozoon intestinalis is a recently described microsporidian which causes intestinal and disseminated infections in severely immunocompromised patients with AIDS, Preliminary data suggest that albendazole can be an effective therapy for patients with E. intestinalis infection. However, relapses have been reported following treatment in some cases. These results were based upon examination of cytologic, biopsy, or stool samples with an inherent sampling bias. This report documents the first postmortem evaluation of a patient with E. intestinalis infection treated with albendazole. Antemortem microsporidial diagnosis was performed on nasal mucosal smear and duodenal biopsy specimens by electron microscopy and a newly developed indirect fluorescent-antibody method based upon in vitro cultivation of the organism. This case represents the initial report of using nasal cytologic specimens for ultrastructural and antibody-based species-level diagnosis of microsporidiosis. Following successful treatment of this infection with albendazole, the patient died of other causes. A thorough autopsy examination failed to reveal the presence of E. intestinalis in any tissue, providing confirmatory evidence for a complete parasitological cure with albendazole. C1 UNIV HOSP EPPENDORF,INST MICROBIOL & IMMUNOL,HAMBURG,GERMANY. UNIV HOSP EPPENDORF,DEPT MED,HAMBURG,GERMANY. UNIV HOSP EPPENDORF,INST PATHOL,HAMBURG,GERMANY. BERNHARD NOCHT INST TROP MED,HAMBURG,GERMANY. EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PATHOL,ATLANTA,GA 30322. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV PARASIT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RI Albrecht, Helmut/D-5319-2011 NR 32 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 33 IS 11 BP 2948 EP 2952 PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA TA461 UT WOS:A1995TA46100029 PM 8576351 ER PT J AU SWENSON, JM FERRARO, MJ SAHM, DF CLARK, NC CULVER, DH TENOVER, FC CHARACHE, P HOPKINS, J HARRELL, LJ RELLER, LB HARDY, D MOELLERING, RC WILSON, W HINDLER, J AF SWENSON, JM FERRARO, MJ SAHM, DF CLARK, NC CULVER, DH TENOVER, FC CHARACHE, P HOPKINS, J HARRELL, LJ RELLER, LB HARDY, D MOELLERING, RC WILSON, W HINDLER, J TI MULTILABORATORY EVALUATION OF SCREENING METHODS FOR DETECTION OF HIGH-LEVEL AMINOGLYCOSIDE RESISTANCE IN ENTEROCOCCI SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FREEZE-DRIED PANELS; MODIFYING ENZYMES; STREPTOMYCIN RESISTANCE; STREPTOCOCCUS-FAECALIS; ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANCE; LABORATORY DETECTION; GPS-TA; IDENTIFICATION; GENTAMICIN; SYNERGISM AB Since the early 1970s, the synergistic activity of an aminoglycoside with a cell wall-active agent has been predicted by determining the ability of an enterococcus to grow in the presence of high levels of the aminoglycoside (usually greater than or equal to 2,000 mu g/ml). However, a variety of media and concentrations of aminoglycosides has been used for this screening procedure, In the present study, we sought to optimize the agar dilution, broth microdilution, and disk diffusion tests used to detect high-level gentamicin and streptomycin resistance in enterococci. For dilution tests, brain heart infusion agar or broth gave the best growth and performance, For agar dilution, 500 mu g of gentamicin per ml, 2,000 mu g of streptomycin per ml, and an inoculum of 1 x 10(6) CFU/ml were optimal, while for broth microdilution, 500 mu g of gentamicin per mi, 1,000 mu g of streptomycin per ml, and an inoculum of 5 x 10(5) CFU/ml were best, Growth of more than one colony in the agar dilution test was determined to be the best indicator of high-level resistance, For disk diffusion, Mueller-Hinton agar, 120-mu g gentamicin disks, and 300-mu g streptomycin disks with breakpoints of no zone for resistance and greater than or equal to 10 mm for susceptibility gave the best sensitivity and specificity if results for strains with zones of 7 to 9 mm are considered inconclusive, indicating that a broth or agar test should be performed to determine susceptibility or resistance. C1 MASSACHUSETTS GEN HOSP,CLIN MICROBIOL LAB,BOSTON,MA 02114. WASHINGTON UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PATHOL,ST LOUIS,MO 63110. RP SWENSON, JM (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,HOSP INFECT PROGRAM,1-3361,MAILSTOP G08,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 41 TC 43 Z9 45 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 33 IS 11 BP 3008 EP 3018 PG 11 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA TA461 UT WOS:A1995TA46100041 PM 8576363 ER PT J AU SWENSON, JM CLARK, NC SAHM, DF FERRARO, ML DOERN, G HINDLER, J JORGENSEN, JH PFALLER, MA RELLER, LB WEINSTEIN, MP ZABRANSKY, RJ TENOVER, FC AF SWENSON, JM CLARK, NC SAHM, DF FERRARO, ML DOERN, G HINDLER, J JORGENSEN, JH PFALLER, MA RELLER, LB WEINSTEIN, MP ZABRANSKY, RJ TENOVER, FC TI MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION AND MULTILABORATORY EVALUATION OF ENTEROCOCCUS-FAECALIS ATCC-51299 FOR QUALITY-CONTROL OF SCREENING-TESTS FOR VANCOMYCIN AND HIGH-LEVEL AMINOGLYCOSIDE RESISTANCE IN ENTEROCOCCI SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Note AB Studies were conducted to validate the use of Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 51299 (which is vancomycin resistant and resistant to high levels of gentamicin and streptomycin) and E. faecalis ATCC 29212 (which is susceptible to vancomycin and against which gentamicin or streptomycin and cell wall-active agents have synergistic killing activity) as controls in an agar screening test for vancomycin resistance and high-level streptomycin and gentamicin resistance and a broth microdilution screening test for high-level streptomycin and gentamicin resistance. Both organisms performed as expected in these tests and will serve as appropriate controls. However, E. faecalis ATCC 29212 was occasionally noted to produce light growth on the vancomycin screening plate with certain lots of agar. Quality control ranges for disk diffusion tests with disks with large amounts of streptomycin (300 mu g) and gentamicin (120 mu g) were established for E. faecalis ATCC 29212; zone limits are 16 to 22 mm for gentamicin and 14 to 19 mm for streptomycin. No zones of inhibition were seen when E. faecalis ATCC 51299 was tested with these high-content disks. C1 WASHINGTON UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PATHOL,ST LOUIS,MO 63110. MASSACHUSETTS GEN HOSP,MICROBIOL LAB,BOSTON,MA 02114. UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,MED CTR,DEPT CLIN MICROBIOL,WORCESTER,MA 01655. UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES,MED CTR,CLIN MICROBIOL LAB,LOS ANGELES,CA 90024. UNIV TEXAS,HLTH SCI CTR,DEPT PATHOL,SAN ANTONIO,TX 78284. OREGON HLTH SCI UNIV,DEPT PATHOL,PORTLAND,OR 97201. DUKE UNIV,MED CTR,CLIN MICROBIOL LAB,DURHAM,NC 27710. UNIV NEW BRUNSWICK,ROBERT WOOD JOHNSON HOSP,MICROBIOL LABS,NEW BRUNSWICK,NJ 08903. UNIV TEXAS,MED BRANCH,DEPT CLIN MICROBIOL,GALVESTON,TX 77550. RP SWENSON, JM (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,HOSP INFECT PROGRAM,1-3361 MAILSTOP G08,1600 CLIFTON RD,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 9 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 33 IS 11 BP 3019 EP 3021 PG 3 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA TA461 UT WOS:A1995TA46100042 PM 8576364 ER PT J AU MIKHAILOVICH, VM MELNIKOV, VG MAZUROVA, IK WACHSMUTH, IK WENGER, JD WHARTON, M NAKAO, H POPOVIC, T AF MIKHAILOVICH, VM MELNIKOV, VG MAZUROVA, IK WACHSMUTH, IK WENGER, JD WHARTON, M NAKAO, H POPOVIC, T TI APPLICATION OF PCR FOR DETECTION OF TOXIGENIC CORYNEBACTERIUM-DIPHTHERIAE STRAINS ISOLATED DURING THE RUSSIAN DIPHTHERIA EPIDEMIC, 1990 THROUGH 1994 SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Note ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; GENE AB A total of 250 Corynebacterium diphtheriae isolates from clinical cases and carriers in Russia were assayed by PCR directed at the A subunit of the diphtheria toxin gene to distinguish toxigenic from nontoxigenic strains; 170 strains were positive as indicated by the presence of the 248-bp amplicon. The results of this PCR assay were in complete concordance with those of the standard immunoprecipitation assay (Elek), and the PCR assay is a useful tool for rapid identification in clinical laboratories. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. GN GABRICHEVSKII EPIDEMIOL & MICROBIOL RES INST,RUSSIAN FED REFERENCE LAB DIPHTHERIA,MOSCOW,RUSSIA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL IMMUNIZATION PROGRAM,DIV EPIDEMIOL & SURVEILLANCE,ATLANTA,GA 30333. OI Melnikov, Vyacheslav/0000-0002-0825-7930 NR 11 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 33 IS 11 BP 3061 EP 3063 PG 3 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA TA461 UT WOS:A1995TA46100056 PM 8576378 ER PT J AU UNGER, ER VERNON, SD THOMS, WW NISENBAUM, R SPANN, CO HOROWITZ, IR ICENOGLE, JP REEVES, WC AF UNGER, ER VERNON, SD THOMS, WW NISENBAUM, R SPANN, CO HOROWITZ, IR ICENOGLE, JP REEVES, WC TI HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS AND DISEASE-FREE SURVIVAL IN FIGO STAGE IB CERVICAL-CANCER SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID INTEGRATED HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS; INSITU HYBRIDIZATION; PROGNOSTIC-SIGNIFICANCE; TYPE-16; DNA; CARCINOMA; TRANSCRIPTION; SEQUENCES; GENE; ASSOCIATION AB To determine if human papillomavirus (HPV) in the primary tumor was associated with disease free survival of stage Ib cervical cancer patients, archival tissues from 47 patients were analyzed for HPV DNA by in situ hybridization (ISH) and polymerase chain reaction. HPV integration was determined by ISH signal pattern. Laboratory data were correlated with clinical parameters and disease-free survival. Kaplan-Meier estimates of 4-year disease-free survival were 56% in women with HPV detected in the primary tumor by ISH and 100% for women in whom HPV was not detected (P = .02). Four-year disease-free survival was 39% for patients with integrated HPV in the primary tumor (P = .005 vs. HPV-negative tumors and .05 vs. HPV episomal or episomal/integrated). HPV detection and integration state was not associated with any other clinical variable. Detection of integrated HPV DNA in the primary tumor was strongly associated with treatment failure. C1 EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT RADIAT ONCOL,ATLANTA,GA. EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT OBSTET & GYNECOL,ATLANTA,GA. KLEMM ANAL GRP,ATLANTA,GA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,VIRAL EXANTHEMS & HERPESVIRUS BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP UNGER, ER (reprint author), EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PATHOL & LAB MED,GLENN MEM BLDG,GRADY CAMPUS,69 BUTLER ST,ATLANTA,GA 30303, USA. OI Unger, Elizabeth/0000-0002-2925-5635 NR 41 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 2 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 172 IS 5 BP 1184 EP 1190 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA TA552 UT WOS:A1995TA55200002 PM 7594652 ER PT J AU HELFAND, RF GARY, HE FREEMAN, CY ANDERSON, LJ BECKER, DJ DORMAN, JS DRASH, AL KULLER, LH LAPORTE, RE ORCHARD, TJ TRUCCO, M PALLANSCH, MA AF HELFAND, RF GARY, HE FREEMAN, CY ANDERSON, LJ BECKER, DJ DORMAN, JS DRASH, AL KULLER, LH LAPORTE, RE ORCHARD, TJ TRUCCO, M PALLANSCH, MA TI SEROLOGIC EVIDENCE OF AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN ENTEROVIRUSES AND THE ONSET OF TYPE-1 DIABETES-MELLITUS SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID VIRUS-SPECIFIC IGM; CAPTURE ENZYME IMMUNOASSAYS; ISLET-CELL ANTIBODIES; COXSACKIE-B VIRUSES; IMMUNOGLOBULIN-M; JUVENILE-ONSET; INFECTION; CHILDREN; HLA; EPIDEMIOLOGY AB Serum was collected from 128 patients less than or equal to 18 years of age admitted to the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh with new-onset insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and from 120 control-patients who were frequency-matched to case-patients for age, sex, and date of bleed. Serum was tested for IgM against 14 enterovirus serotypes: coxsackieviruses B1-B6 and A9, echoviruses 4, 6, 9, 11, 30, and 34, and enterovirus 71. Case-children 13-18 years of age were more likely than control-patients to be IgM-positive for 9 of 14 serotypes (P less than or equal to .05 for each). In contrast, case-children 10-12 years of age and 1-9 years of age were each more likely than age-matched control-children to be IgM positive for 1 serotype (P less than or equal to .05 for each). In addition, the association between IgM positivity and IDDM occurred earlier in girls than in boys. These data support an association between IDDM and enterovirus IgM positivity in older children. C1 EMORY UNIV,DEPT PEDIAT,ATLANTA,GA 30322. CHILDRENS HOSP PITTSBURGH,PITTSBURGH,PA 15213. UNIV PITTSBURGH,GRAD SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT EPIDEMIOL,PITTSBURGH,PA. RP HELFAND, RF (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. OI orchard, trevor/0000-0001-9552-3215 FU NCRR NIH HHS [RR00084]; NIADDK NIH HHS [AM-24021] NR 50 TC 79 Z9 80 U1 0 U2 3 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 172 IS 5 BP 1206 EP 1211 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA TA552 UT WOS:A1995TA55200005 PM 7594655 ER PT J AU KLIMOV, AI ROCHA, E HAYDEN, FG SHULT, PA ROUMILLAT, LF COX, NJ AF KLIMOV, AI ROCHA, E HAYDEN, FG SHULT, PA ROUMILLAT, LF COX, NJ TI PROLONGED SHEDDING OF AMANTADINE-RESISTANT INFLUENZA-A VIRUSES BY IMMUNODEFICIENT PATIENTS - DETECTION BY POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION - RESTRICTION ANALYSIS SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Note ID A VIRUS; RIMANTADINE; TRANSMISSION; EMERGENCE AB Consecutive A (H3N2) influenza virus isolates from 2 influenza virus-infected immunodeficient patients treated with amantadine were examined using a novel polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction analysis for resistance to this antiviral compound. The data indicate that immunodeficient patients may shed resistant viruses for prolonged periods and with different drug resistance mutations present at different times. This PCR-restriction technique allows rapid detection of amantadine- or rimantadine-resistant strains. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,INFLUENZA BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333. UNIV VIRGINIA,SCH MED,DEPT INTERNAL MED,CHARLOTTESVILLE,VA 22908. UNIV VIRGINIA,SCH MED,DEPT PATHOL,CHARLOTTESVILLE,VA 22908. UNIV WISCONSIN,WISCONSIN STATE LAB HYG,MADISON,WI 53706. NR 15 TC 124 Z9 133 U1 0 U2 2 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 172 IS 5 BP 1352 EP 1355 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA TA552 UT WOS:A1995TA55200026 PM 7594676 ER PT J AU GHYS, PD DIALLO, MO ETTIEGNETRAORE, V YEBOUE, KM GNAORE, E LOROUGNON, F KALE, K VANDYCK, E BRATTEGAARD, K HOYI, YM WHITAKER, JP DECOCK, KM GREENBERG, AE PLOT, P LAGA, M AF GHYS, PD DIALLO, MO ETTIEGNETRAORE, V YEBOUE, KM GNAORE, E LOROUGNON, F KALE, K VANDYCK, E BRATTEGAARD, K HOYI, YM WHITAKER, JP DECOCK, KM GREENBERG, AE PLOT, P LAGA, M TI GENITAL ULCERS ASSOCIATED WITH HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS-RELATED IMMUNOSUPPRESSION IN FEMALE SEX WORKERS IN ABIDJAN, IVORY-COAST SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Note ID HIV; TRANSMISSION; INFECTION AB A cross-sectional study among female sex workers in Abidjan was conducted to study the association between sexually transmitted diseases and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and HIV-related immunosuppression. Among 1209 women tested for HIV, 962 (80%) were seropositive. HIV infection was independently associated with a longer duration of sex work, a lower price for intercourse, being an immigrant, and having a positive Treponema pallidum hemagglutination test (P < .05). Genital ulcers (25% vs. 5%), genital warts (14% vs. 4%), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (32% vs. 16%), Trichomonas vaginalis (27% vs. 17%), and syphilis (27% vs. 17%) were more frequent (P < .05) in HIV-infected than -uninfected women. Among HIV-infected women, the proportions with a genital ulcer were 17%, 25%, and 36% for those with >28%, 14%-28%, and <14% CD4 cells, respectively (P < .001). This study suggests that genital ulcers are an opportunistic disease in female sex workers in Abidjan. C1 INST NATL SANTE PUBL,ABIDJAN,COTE IVOIRE. INST TROP MED,B-2000 ANTWERP,BELGIUM. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP GHYS, PD (reprint author), COMITE NATL LUTTE CONTRE SIDA,BUR CENT COORDINAT,PROJET RETRO CI,01 BP 1712,ABIDJAN 01,COTE IVOIRE. NR 14 TC 66 Z9 66 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 172 IS 5 BP 1371 EP 1374 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA TA552 UT WOS:A1995TA55200031 PM 7594681 ER PT J AU BOYCE, TG MINTZ, ED GREENE, KD WELLS, JG HOCKIN, JC MORGAN, D TAUXE, RV AF BOYCE, TG MINTZ, ED GREENE, KD WELLS, JG HOCKIN, JC MORGAN, D TAUXE, RV TI VIBRIO CHOLERAE O139 BENGAL INFECTIONS AMONG TOURISTS TO SOUTHEAST-ASIA - AN INTERCONTINENTAL FOODBORNE OUTBREAK SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Note ID EPIDEMIC; STRAIN AB To determine the source and extent of an outbreak of Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal infections among 630 cruise ship passengers to Southeast Asia, a retrospective cohort study was done. Questionnaires were sent to all passengers from the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom, and serum samples were requested from all passengers reporting diarrhea, A case was defined as diarrheal illness with onset between 8 and 28 February 1994 and a cholera antitoxic antibody titer greater than or equal to 800. Six passengers, including 1 with bacteremia, met the case definition, Illness was associated with eating yellow rice at a buffet restaurant in Bangkok on 10 February (relative risk undefined, P = .005), This international outbreak demonstrates foodborne transmission of Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal, an emerging cause of epidemic cholera in Asia, to tourists from Western countries. Physicians should suspect infection with either V. cholerae O1 or O139 in any patient with severe watery diarrhea after travel to the developing world. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,EPIDEM INTELLIGENCE SERV,ATLANTA,GA 30333. HLTH CANADA,HLTH PROTECT BRANCH,LAB CTR DIS CONTROL,DIV FIELD EPIDEMIOL,OTTAWA,ON,CANADA. CTR COMMUNICABLE DIS SURVEILLANCE,PUBL HLTH LAB,LONDON,ENGLAND. RP BOYCE, TG (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 15 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 172 IS 5 BP 1401 EP 1404 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA TA552 UT WOS:A1995TA55200038 PM 7594688 ER PT J AU KHOSHOO, V CRAVER, R SCHANTZ, P LOUKAS, A PROCIV, P AF KHOSHOO, V CRAVER, R SCHANTZ, P LOUKAS, A PROCIV, P TI ABDOMINAL-PAIN, PAN-GUT EOSINOPHILIA, AND DOG HOOKWORM INFECTION SO JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC GASTROENTEROLOGY AND NUTRITION LA English DT Letter C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. UNIV QUEENSLAND,ST LUCIA,QLD 4067,AUSTRALIA. RP KHOSHOO, V (reprint author), CHILDRENS HOSP,200 HENRY CLAY AVE,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70118, USA. RI Loukas, Alex/B-7355-2014 OI Loukas, Alex/0000-0002-0896-8441 NR 1 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 0277-2116 J9 J PEDIATR GASTR NUTR JI J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 21 IS 4 BP 481 EP 481 DI 10.1097/00005176-199511000-00022 PG 1 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Nutrition & Dietetics; Pediatrics SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology; Nutrition & Dietetics; Pediatrics GA TB635 UT WOS:A1995TB63500020 PM 8583307 ER PT J AU Kogan, MD AF Kogan, MD TI Social causes of low birth weight SO JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF MEDICINE LA English DT Review DE infant morbidity; infant mortality; low birth weight ID SOCIOECONOMIC-STATUS; INFANT-MORTALITY; PRETERM DELIVERY; PERINATAL PROBLEMS; RISK-FACTORS; LIFE EVENTS; HEALTH; SMOKING; INEQUALITIES; PREGNANCY AB The manifest importance of reducing the incidence of low birth weight is most obvious for the first year of life: low birth weight is the single most important factor affecting infant morbidity and mortality(1). However, there is growing evidence that the adverse consquences of low birth weight continue throughout the life cycle. This review deals primarily with social causes of low birth weight. RP Kogan, MD (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, NATL CTR HLTH STAT, 6525 BELCREST RD, ROOM 840, HYATTSVILLE, MD 20782 USA. NR 79 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 2 U2 3 PU ROYAL SOC MEDICINE PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 1 WIMPOLE STREET, LONDON W1G 0AE, ENGLAND SN 0141-0768 J9 J ROY SOC MED JI J. R. Soc. Med. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 88 IS 11 BP 611 EP 615 PG 5 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TN322 UT WOS:A1995TN32200003 PM 8544143 ER PT J AU Irwin, KL Peterson, HB AF Irwin, KL Peterson, HB TI Breast cancer and condoms SO JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF MEDICINE LA English DT Letter RP Irwin, KL (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ROYAL SOC MEDICINE SERVICES LTD PI LONDON PA 1 WIMPOLE STREET, LONDON, ENGLAND W1M 8AE SN 0141-0768 J9 J ROY SOC MED JI J. R. Soc. Med. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 88 IS 11 BP 663 EP 663 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TN322 UT WOS:A1995TN32200016 PM 8544156 ER PT J AU KLIMOV, AI COX, NJ AF KLIMOV, AI COX, NJ TI PCR RESTRICTION ANALYSIS OF GENOME COMPOSITION AND STABILITY OF COLD-ADAPTED REASSORTANT LIVE INFLUENZA VACCINES (VOL 52, PG 41, 1995) SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGICAL METHODS LA English DT Correction, Addition DE INFLUENZA VIRUS; VACCINE REASSORTANTS; GENOME COMPOSITION; GENETIC STABILITY; PCR RESTRICTION ANALYSIS AB Using cold-adapted master donor strains of influenza virus as a model, an approach was developed that exploits unique nucleotide differences between the donor strains and wild-type influenza viruses for rapidly and simply determining the genome composition and genetic stability of live attenuated vaccine reassortants. The approach is based on PCR amplification of approximately 150-300-nucleotide-long regions of individual RNA segments that include the unique nucleotide positions, followed by restriction nuclease treatment of the DNAs obtained with specific restriction endonucleases. Restriction sites recognized by chosen nucleases either existed or were created during PCR in the genome of one (but not the other) parent strain. The technique requires a minimal amount of infectious virus (approx. 100 mu l of allantoic or tissue culture fluid with a haemagglutination titre 1:4-1:8 or less) and allows rapid (within about 10 h) determination of the origin of the RNA segment or the presence of a mutation. The method is beneficial for genome composition analysis of reassortant vaccine strains as well as for investigation of the genetic stability of live attenuated vaccines during replication in vaccinees. C1 RUSSIAN ACAD MED SCI,VIRAL PREPARAT RES INST,MOSCOW 109088,RUSSIA. RP KLIMOV, AI (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,INFLUENZA BRANCH,G-16,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 1 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-0934 J9 J VIROL METHODS JI J. Virol. Methods PD NOV PY 1995 VL 55 IS 3 BP 445 EP 446 DI 10.1016/0166-0934(95)00098-X PG 2 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Virology GA TH308 UT WOS:A1995TH30800016 ER PT J AU LIN, HC BODKIN, M LAL, RB RABSON, AB AF LIN, HC BODKIN, M LAL, RB RABSON, AB TI SELECTIVE INFECTION OF HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS TYPE-1 (HTLV-1)-INFECTED CELLS BY CHIMERIC HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUSES CONTAINING HTLV-1 TAX RESPONSE ELEMENTS IN THE LONG TERMINAL REPEAT SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID NF-KAPPA-B; CELLULAR TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; PRIMARY UNCULTURED CELLS; TRANS-ACTIVATOR PROTEIN; GENE-EXPRESSION; MESSENGER-RNA; DNA-BINDING; I TAX1; LEUKEMIA LYMPHOMA; MAMMALIAN-CELLS AB Previous studies have suggested that the human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat (HIV LTR) enhancer/promoter sequences contribute to the replication ability of HIV in different T-cell lines; mutation of these sequences can alter HIV tropism. We have utilized site-specific mutagenesis to generate variants of HIV that exhibit specific tropism for human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) Tax-expressing CD4(+) T cells, The wild-type HIV LTR NF-kappa B and Sp1 sites in an infectious molecular clone of HIV type 1 were replaced with sequences derived from the 21-bp Tax response elements (TRE) from the HTLV-1 LTR to generate TRE-containing chimeric HIVs (TRE-HIVs). The TRE-HIVs exhibit selective replication and cell killing in HTLV-infected human CD4(+) T cells, but not in HTLV-negative T cells, Transient transfections suggested that Tax-TRE interactions could account for the observed replication specificity, The TRE containing HIV LTRs were synergistically activated by the HIV Tat and HTLV-1 Tax transactivators. These results demonstrate that it is possible to specifically target HIV replication and cytotoxicity to HTLV-1(+), CD4(+) human T cells, on the basis of Tax-TRE interactions, and provide a model for the development of specific, cytotoxic, retroviral gene therapy vectors for HTLV-l-infected cells based on alterations of the LTR transcriptional regulatory elements, They also suggest that HIV Tat can cooperate with heterologous transcriptional activators, such as Tax, which act through upstream binding sites without directly binding to DNA. C1 CTR ADV BIOTECHNOL & MED,VIRAL PATHOGENESIS LAB,PISCATAWAY,NJ 08854. UNIV MED & DENT NEW JERSEY,ROBERT WOOD JOHNSON MED SCH,DEPT MOLEC GENET & MICROBIOL,PISCATAWAY,NJ 08854. RUTGERS STATE UNIV,GRAD PROGRAM MICROBIOL,PISCATAWAY,NJ 08854. CTR DIS CONTROL,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI30901] NR 72 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 69 IS 11 BP 7216 EP 7225 PG 10 WC Virology SC Virology GA RZ100 UT WOS:A1995RZ10000075 PM 7474143 ER PT J AU Buysse, JM Hartman, AB Strockbine, N Venkatesan, M AF Buysse, JM Hartman, AB Strockbine, N Venkatesan, M TI Genetic polymorphism of the ipaH multicopy antigen gene in Shigella spps and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli SO MICROBIAL PATHOGENESIS LA English DT Article DE Shigella; enteroinvasive Escherichia coli; ipaH; invasion plasmid ID DYSENTERIAE TYPE-1; MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; FLEXNERI 2A; PLASMID; IDENTIFICATION; VIRULENCE; PROTEIN; INFECTIONS; AMPLIFICATION AB The ipaH loci comprise a multicopy antigen gene family unique to Shigella species and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC). DNA probes derived from the Shigella flexneri serotype 5 ipaH(7.8) gene were used to compare the molecular arrangement of ipaH alleles in a variety of Shigella and EIEC strains. Multiple copies of ipaH-homologous sequences were detected in all invasion plasmids examined. Oligonucleotide probes covering discrete 24 bp segments of the ipaH(7.8) gene and sequences flanking the ipaH(4.5) (probe H25) and ipaH(2.5) (probe H24) loci were used to define the extent of homology among invasion plasmid copies of ipaH in S. flexneri serotypes 1, 2 and 5 and in S. sonnei. IpaH alleles carried by these invasion plasmids were not structurally equivalent and showed sequence divergence at their amino- and carboxy-terminal ends. The H25 probe was shown to correspond to an IS629 sequence genetically linked to the ipaH alleles, while the H24 probe defined a DNA sequence found only in Shigella invasion plasmids. Chromosomal DNA from invasion plasmid-cured S. flexneri and S. sonnei strains hybridized a core ipaH(7.8) gene segment, indicating that portions of the ipaH(7.8) structural gene were reiterated and contained within the shigellae chromosomes. Based on the specificity of the ipaH(7.8) core probe and the detection of ipaH sequences on the invasion plasmids and chromosomes of Shigella strains, three polymorphic groups within a collection of forty S. dysenteriae 1 isolates received by the United States Centers for Disease Control in 1988 were identified using this probe. These results suggest that ipaH restriction fragment length polymorphisms may be useful in genetic lineage and epidemiologic studies of virulent shigellae. (C) 1995 Academic Press Limited C1 WALTER REED ARMY MED CTR,WALTER REED ARMY INST RES,DEPT BACTERIAL IMMUNOL,WASHINGTON,DC 20307. WALTER REED ARMY MED CTR,WALTER REED ARMY INST RES,DEPT ENTER INFECT,WASHINGTON,DC 20307. CTR DIS CONTROL,ENTER DIS LAB SECT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NR 46 TC 15 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON, ENGLAND NW1 7DX SN 0882-4010 J9 MICROB PATHOGENESIS JI Microb. Pathog. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 19 IS 5 BP 335 EP 349 PG 15 WC Immunology; Microbiology SC Immunology; Microbiology GA TK665 UT WOS:A1995TK66500005 PM 8778567 ER PT J AU BUTERA, ST ROBERTS, BD CRITCHFIELD, JW FANG, G MCQUADE, T GRACHECK, SJ FOLKS, TM AF BUTERA, ST ROBERTS, BD CRITCHFIELD, JW FANG, G MCQUADE, T GRACHECK, SJ FOLKS, TM TI COMPOUNDS THAT TARGET NOVEL CELLULAR-COMPONENTS INVOLVED IN HIV-1 TRANSCRIPTION SO MOLECULAR MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID NF-KAPPA-B; HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; TUMOR-NECROSIS-FACTOR; LONG TERMINAL REPEAT; CHRONIC INFECTION; GENE-EXPRESSION; TAT ANTAGONIST; FACTOR-ALPHA; ACTIVATION; REPLICATION AB Background: Therapeutic intervention designed to block expression of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) at a cellular level may slow the clinical progression of HIV-1 disease. Materials and Methods: Cellular models of latent (OM-10.1 and U1) and chronic (8E5) HIV infection were used to evaluate two benzothiophene derivatives, PD 121871 and PD 144795, for an ability to inhibit HIV activation and expression. Results: The benzothiophene derivatives were effective at micromolar concentrations in preventing tumor ne factor alpha (TNF alpha)-induced HIV-1 expression in OM-10.1 and U1 cultures. These compounds inhibited the activation of HIV-1 transcription; however, this inhibition was selective in that another TNF alpha-induced response, the transcription of autocrine TNF alpha, was unaffected. Constitutive HIV-1 expression by chronically infected 8E5 cells was also significantly reduced when treated with these experimental compounds. In TNF alpha-treated OM-10.1 cultures, the inhibition of HIV-I transcription by these compounds was not due to a block of nuclear factor-kappa B induction. The benzothiophene derivatives also inhibited HIV-1 activation by phorbol ester treatment of OM-10.1 promyelocytes, although no inhibition of cellular differentiation toward a macrophagelike phenotype was observed. Furthermore, these experimental compounds induced a state of HIV-1 latency in cytokine-activated OM-10.1 cultures even when maintained under constant TNF alpha stimulation. The benzothiophene derivatives did not inhibit the activity of the HIV-1 trans-activator, Tat, when evaluated in transient transfection assays. Conclusions: The benzothiophene derivatives appear to inhibit a critical cellular component, distinct from nuclear factor-kappa B, involved in HIV transcription and may serve to identify new therapeutic targets to restrict HIV expression. C1 WARNER LAMBERT PARKE DAVIS,PARKE DAVIS PHARMACEUT RES,ANN ARBOR,MI 48105. RP BUTERA, ST (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 44 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE PUBL INC CAMBRIDGE PI CAMBRIDGE PA 238 MAIN ST, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02142 SN 1076-1551 J9 MOL MED JI Mol. Med. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 1 IS 7 BP 758 EP 767 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA TJ683 UT WOS:A1995TJ68300006 PM 8612198 ER PT J AU VELEBIL, P WINGO, PA XIA, Z WILCOX, LS PETERSON, HB AF VELEBIL, P WINGO, PA XIA, Z WILCOX, LS PETERSON, HB TI RATE OF HOSPITALIZATION FOR GYNECOLOGIC DISORDERS AMONG REPRODUCTIVE-AGE WOMEN IN THE UNITED-STATES SO OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Objective: To analyze reproductive-tract disorders that resulted in hospitalization of reproductive-age women in the United States. Methods: Data from the National Hospital Discharge Survey for 1988, 1989, and 1990 were used to study women 15-44 years old who had any gynecologic diagnoses noted in their discharge summaries. Results: Based on average annual discharge rates per 10,000 women, the five most frequent diagnostic groups were pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) (average annual rate 49.3, 95% confidence interval [CI] 43.6-55.0), benign cysts of the ovary (average annual rate 32.7, 95% CI 28.8-36.6), endometriosis (average annual rate 32.4, 95% CI 28.5-36.3), menstrual disorders (average annual rate 31.4, 95% CI 27.6-35.2), and uterine leiomyomas (average annual rate 30.4, 95% CI 26.7-34.1). The highest rates for PID were among women 25-39 years old and for women of races other than white. Highest rates for uterine leiomyomas were among women 40-44 years old and for women of races other than white. Highest rates for endometriosis were among women 40-44 years old and white women. Racial differences existed among all ages in the uterine leiomyoma and endometriosis groups. Average annual rates of benign cysts and menstrual disorders increased with age, but there were no statistically significant differences according to race in these two diagnostic groups. Conclusion: Our findings confirmed the importance of PID as a common cause of hospitalization among reproductive-age women and identified additional gynecologic conditions as causes for hospitalization as well. We found significant age and racial differences not only among women with discharge diagnoses of PID but also among those with discharge diagnoses of uterine leiomyomas and endometriosis. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL,NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,DIV REPROD HLTH,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 6 TC 95 Z9 96 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBL CO INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0029-7844 J9 OBSTET GYNECOL JI Obstet. Gynecol. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 86 IS 5 BP 764 EP 769 DI 10.1016/0029-7844(95)00252-M PG 6 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA TB360 UT WOS:A1995TB36000012 PM 7566845 ER PT J AU ACKMAN, DM DRABKIN, P BIRKHEAD, G CIESLAK, P AF ACKMAN, DM DRABKIN, P BIRKHEAD, G CIESLAK, P TI REPTILE-ASSOCIATED SALMONELLOSIS IN NEW-YORK-STATE SO PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASE JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE SALMONELLOSIS; IGUANAS; REPTILES ID TURTLE-ASSOCIATED SALMONELLOSIS; UNITED-STATES; PUBLIC-HEALTH AB To determine the association between reptile ownership and salmonellosis caused by certain rare serotypes of Salmonella, we reviewed 1993 New York State Salmonella case reports and conducted a matched case-control study. Cases were persons identified from 1993 New York State laboratory records who had salmonellosis caused by Salmonella serotypes commonly isolated from reptiles. Controls were selected from 1993 New York State shigellosis cases and matched for age and date of diagnosis, Of 674 Salmonella case reports 27 (4%) noted reptile exposure before onset of illness. For the case-control study we identified 42 persons with selected Salmonella serotypes, of whom we contacted 24 (57%). Twelve of 24 case patients and 2 of 28 controls owned reptiles (matched odds ratio, 6.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.4 to 31.0), Ten case-patients but no controls owned iguanas (MOR = undefined; 95% confidence interval, 2.24-infinity). Ten of 12 case patients who owned reptiles were less than or equal to 6 months of age. Salmonellosis caused by certain serotypes is associated with reptile exposure. Reptiles may be unfit pets for homes with infants. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM OFF, EPIDEM INTELLIGENCE SERV, ATLANTA, GA USA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM OFF, DIV FIELD EPIDEMIOL, ATLANTA, GA USA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, NATL CTR INFECT DIS, DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS, ATLANTA, GA USA. SUNY ALBANY, SCH PUBL HLTH, ALBANY, NY USA. RP ACKMAN, DM (reprint author), NEW YORK STATE DEPT HLTH, BUR COMMUNICABLE DIS CONTROL, ROOM 651, CORNING TOWER, ALBANY, NY 12237 USA. NR 22 TC 53 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 5 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA TWO COMMERCE SQ, 2001 MARKET ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19103 USA SN 0891-3668 EI 1532-0987 J9 PEDIATR INFECT DIS J JI Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 14 IS 11 BP 955 EP 959 DI 10.1097/00006454-199511000-00006 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics GA TE790 UT WOS:A1995TE79000007 PM 8584361 ER PT J AU BARNETT, ED CHEN, R AF BARNETT, ED CHEN, R TI CHILDREN AND INTERNATIONAL TRAVEL - IMMUNIZATIONS SO PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASE JOURNAL LA English DT Review DE INTERNATIONAL TRAVEL; IMMUNIZATION ID JAPANESE ENCEPHALITIS VACCINE; TY21A TYPHOID VACCINE; SALMONELLA-TYPHI; YELLOW-FEVER; HEPATITIS-A; UNITED-STATES; LIQUID FORMULATION; ANTIBODY-RESPONSE; IMMUNE GLOBULIN; SAFETY C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV IMMUNIZAT,ATLANTA,GA. RP BARNETT, ED (reprint author), BOSTON UNIV,BOSTON CITY HOSP,SCH MED,DEPT PEDIAT,MAXWELL FINLAND LAB INFECT DIS,BOSTON,MA 02118, USA. NR 66 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 SN 0891-3668 J9 PEDIATR INFECT DIS J JI Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 14 IS 11 BP 982 EP 992 DI 10.1097/00006454-199511000-00012 PG 11 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics GA TE790 UT WOS:A1995TE79000013 PM 8584367 ER PT J AU ROBERTS, HE MOORE, CA CRAGAN, JD FERNHOFF, PM KHOURY, MJ AF ROBERTS, HE MOORE, CA CRAGAN, JD FERNHOFF, PM KHOURY, MJ TI IMPACT OF PRENATAL-DIAGNOSIS ON THE BIRTH PREVALENCE OF NEURAL-TUBE DEFECTS, ATLANTA, 1990-1991 SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS; PREVALENCE; PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS; BIRTH DEFECTS SURVEILLANCE ID CONGENITAL-MALFORMATIONS AB Objective. To determine the impact of prenatal diagnosis on the birth prevalence of neural tube defects (NTDs) in Atlanta during 1990 through 1991. Methods. Live-born and stillborn infants with NTDs who were at least 20 weeks' gestation were ascertained by the Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program (MACDP), a population-based birth defects registry. Prenatally diagnosed NTD-affected pregnancies were ascertained from the four perinatal centers and the three genetic laboratories operating in Atlanta during 1990 through 1991. Fetal death certificates were also reviewed for potential cases. Results. During 1990 through 1991, MACDP ascertained 59 NTD cases, for a birth prevalence of 0.77/1000 live births. During this period, an additional 28 NTD-affected pregnancies were detected prenatally and terminated before 20 weeks' gestation. The adjusted NTD rate during 1990 through 1991, which includes prenatally diagnosed cases, was 1.13/1000 live births. Conclusions. Prenatal diagnosis is making a substantial impact on the birth prevalence of NTDs in Atlanta. However, since NTD rates in Atlanta were 2 to 2.5 per 1000 live births in 1970, prenatal diagnosis and termination of pregnancy does not completely account for the declining rate of NTDs. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,DIV BIRTH DEFECTS & DEV DISABIL,ATLANTA,GA 30333. EMORY UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PEDIAT,DIV MED GENET,ATLANTA,GA. RP ROBERTS, HE (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,DIV BIRTH DEFECTS & DEV DISABIL,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 19 TC 64 Z9 68 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD NOV PY 1995 VL 96 IS 5 BP 880 EP 883 PN 1 PG 4 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA TE078 UT WOS:A1995TE07800002 PM 7478829 ER PT J AU ASKEW, GL FINELLI, L LUTZ, J DEGRAAF, J SIEGEL, B SPITALNY, K AF ASKEW, GL FINELLI, L LUTZ, J DEGRAAF, J SIEGEL, B SPITALNY, K TI BELIEFS AND PRACTICES REGARDING CHILDHOOD VACCINATION AMONG URBAN PEDIATRIC PROVIDERS IN NEW-JERSEY SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE PEDIATRIC; VACCINATION; URBAN; IMMUNIZATION ID MISSED OPPORTUNITIES; UNITED-STATES; HIGH-RISK; MEASLES; CHILDREN AB Background. In 1991, the fourth largest measles outbreak in the nation (824 cases) occurred in the Jersey City, New Jersey area. Data from a subsequent intervention trial in Jersey City demonstrated that vaccinations were more likely to be delayed for children who had received care from private rather than public clinic providers. In addition, failure to administer multiple indicated vaccines at a single visit was associated with vaccination delay, and reluctance to administer multiple vaccines was more common among private providers. These findings prompted an investigation of vaccination beliefs and practices among urban pediatric providers. Methods. A telephone survey of vaccination beliefs and practices was administered to all pediatric providers in both private and public clinics in the Paterson and Jersey City areas. Results. Private providers were less likely than public clinic providers to consider vaccinating children during emergency room visits (relative risk [RR] = 2.2; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.2-4.2) or hospital admissions (RR = 13.2; 95% CI = 1.9-92.7) and less likely to believe that all recommended vaccine doses should be administered simultaneously (RR = infinite; lower 95% confidence limit = 3.0). Private providers were less likely to consider administering live-virus vaccines to children with minor acute illnesses and low-grade fever (RR = 2.2; 95% CI = 1.2-3.8) or killed-virus vaccines to children with minor acute illnesses without fever (RR = 3.4; 95% CI = 1.4-8.5) or with low-grade fever (RR = 2.2; 95% CI = 1.2-3.9). Private providers were more likely to believe that multiple injections should be avoided because of potential psychological and physical trauma to the child (RR = 4.0; 95% CI = 1.3-12.3). Conclusions. Adherence to Standards for Pediatric Immunization Practices by pediatric providers could improve vac cine coverage rates among urban children. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV FIELD EPIDEMIOL,EPIDEM INTELLIGENCE SERV,EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM OFF,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NEW JERSEY STATE DEPT HLTH,ENVIRONM & OCCUPAT HLTH SERV,DIV EPIDEMIOL,TRENTON,NJ 08625. NEW JERSEY STATE DEPT HLTH,OFF COMMISSIONER,TRENTON,NJ 08625. NR 22 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD NOV PY 1995 VL 96 IS 5 BP 889 EP 892 PN 1 PG 4 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA TE078 UT WOS:A1995TE07800004 PM 7478831 ER PT J AU OH, W BLACKMON, LR ESCOBEDO, M FANAROFF, AA FERNBACH, SA KIRKPATRICK, BV LIGHT, IJ PAPILE, LA SHOEMAKER, CT MENNUTI, MT DICKERSON, VM GILSTRAP, LC HALL, GP HEYL, PS HOSKINS, IA MARTIN, JN PHELAN, ST AF OH, W BLACKMON, LR ESCOBEDO, M FANAROFF, AA FERNBACH, SA KIRKPATRICK, BV LIGHT, IJ PAPILE, LA SHOEMAKER, CT MENNUTI, MT DICKERSON, VM GILSTRAP, LC HALL, GP HEYL, PS HOSKINS, IA MARTIN, JN PHELAN, ST TI PERINATAL-CARE AT THE THRESHOLD OF VIABILITY SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article ID BIRTH-WEIGHT INFANTS; CESAREAN-SECTION; DELIVERY; MORBIDITY; GESTATION; OUTCOMES; SURVIVAL C1 AMER NURSES ASSOC,WASHINGTON,DC 20024. ASSOC WOMENS HLTH OBSTET & NEONATAL NURSES,WASHINGTON,DC 20005. AMER COLL OBSTETRICIANS & GYNECOLOGISTS,COMM OBSTETR PRACTICE,WASHINGTON,DC 20024. CANADIAN PEDIAT SOC,OTTAWA,ON,CANADA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NICHHD,BETHESDA,MD 20892. AMER ACAD PEDIAT,SURG SECT,ELK GROVE VILLAGE,IL 60007. AMER SOC ANESTHESIOLOGISTS,PARK RIDGE,IL 60068. RP OH, W (reprint author), AMER ACAD PEDIAT,COMM FETUS & NEWBORN,141 NW POINT BLVD,ELK GROVE VILLAGE,IL 60007, USA. NR 14 TC 64 Z9 64 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD NOV PY 1995 VL 96 IS 5 BP 974 EP 976 PN 1 PG 3 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA TE078 UT WOS:A1995TE07800024 ER PT J AU SCOTT, GB BECK, DT FLEISCHMAN, AR MOFENSON, LM PANTELL, RH SCHOENBERG, SK SKLAIRE, MW WHITLEYWILLIAMS, PN WILFERT, C AF SCOTT, GB BECK, DT FLEISCHMAN, AR MOFENSON, LM PANTELL, RH SCHOENBERG, SK SKLAIRE, MW WHITLEYWILLIAMS, PN WILFERT, C TI HUMAN-MILK, BREAST-FEEDING, AND TRANSMISSION OF HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS IN THE UNITED-STATES SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article ID RISK C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. AMER MED ASSOC,CHICAGO,IL 60610. RP SCOTT, GB (reprint author), AMER ACAD PEDIAT,COMM PEDIAT AIDS,141 NW POINT BLVD,ELK GROVE VILLAGE,IL 60007, USA. OI Mofenson, Lynne/0000-0002-2818-9808 NR 13 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD NOV PY 1995 VL 96 IS 5 BP 977 EP 979 PN 1 PG 3 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA TE078 UT WOS:A1995TE07800025 ER PT J AU Popoff, MY Bockemuhl, J HickmanBrenner, FW AF Popoff, MY Bockemuhl, J HickmanBrenner, FW TI Supplement 1994 (no 38) to the Kauffmann-White scheme SO RESEARCH IN MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Salmonella; serovars; taxonomy; Kauffmann-White scheme ID SALMONELLA AB This supplement reports the characterization of 24 new Salmonella serovars recognized in 1994 by the WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Salmonella: 11 were assigned to S, enterica subsp. enterica, 6 to subspecies salamae, 6 to subspecies diarizonae and 1 to subspecies houtenae. In addition, the antigenic factor H:z(83) is described. C1 NATL REFERENZZENTRUM ENTERITISERREGER,INST HYG,HAMBURG,GERMANY. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Popoff, MY (reprint author), WHO,COLLABORATING CTR REFERENCE & RES SALMONELLA,INST PASTEUR,INSERM,U389,UNITE ENTEROBACTERIES,F-75724 PARIS 15,FRANCE. NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES ELSEVIER PI PARIS CEDEX 15 PA 141 RUE JAVEL, 75747 PARIS CEDEX 15, FRANCE SN 0923-2508 J9 RES MICROBIOL JI Res. Microbiol. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 146 IS 9 BP 799 EP 803 DI 10.1016/0923-2508(96)81076-X PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA TL939 UT WOS:A1995TL93900010 PM 8584802 ER PT J AU GUNN, RA HILLIS, SD SHIREY, P WATERMAN, SH GREENSPAN, JR AF GUNN, RA HILLIS, SD SHIREY, P WATERMAN, SH GREENSPAN, JR TI CHLAMYDIA-TRACHOMATIS INFECTION AMONG HISPANIC WOMEN IN THE CALIFORNIA-MEXICO BORDER AREA, 1993 - ESTABLISHING SCREENING CRITERIA IN A PRIMARY-CARE SETTING SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES LA English DT Article ID FAMILY-PLANNING CLINICS; BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS; PREVALENCE; PREGNANCY AB Background: Chlamydia prevalence and transmission patterns in California-Mexico border communities are unknown, and selective screening strategies for Hispanic populations have not been evaluated. Goal of this Study: To determine chlamydia prevalence among Hispanic women in the California-Mexico border area and establish screening criteria. Study Design: This was a cross-sectional prevalence survey of family planning/prenatal Hispanic clients (n = 2378) in San Diego and Imperial Counties, California, and Tijuana, Mexico. Results: Overall, chlamydia prevalence was 3.2% (3.3% in California; 2.1% in Mexico). Women born in Mexico or those who visited Mexico for at least 1 week in the recent past had a prevalence rate similar to women without those characteristics. Multivariate analysis showed that young age (less than 25 years old), unmarried status, or having clinical signs of a chlamydia syndrome (primarily cervicitis) or vaginosis independently predicted chlamydia infection. Applying minimum screening criteria recommended by the Centers for Disease Control would require screening less than half of the clients. However, only 69% of infections would be identified. Using survey-based criteria (less than 25 years old, unmarried, and clinical signs of a chlamydia syndrome) would require screening 64% of clients, but would identify 92% of those infected. Conclusion: Chlamydia prevalence among Hispanic women seeking reproductive healthcare was similar (<5%) on both sides of the California-Mexico border. Among Hispanic women, using easily obtained demographic data (age and marital status) and clinical signs (primarily cervicitis), an effective selective screening strategy can be implemented. C1 PIONEER MEM HOSP,IMPERIAL VALLEY FAMILY PLANNING SERV,BRAWLEY,CA. COMMUNITY HLTH SERV,DIV COMMUNITY DIS CONTROL,SAN DIEGO,CA. RP GUNN, RA (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL,NATL CTR PREVENT SERV,DIV STD HIV PREVENT,1600 CLIFTON RD,MAIL STOP E-07,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 23 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQUARE, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 0148-5717 J9 SEX TRANSM DIS JI Sex. Transm. Dis. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 22 IS 6 BP 329 EP 334 DI 10.1097/00007435-199511000-00001 PG 6 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA TF075 UT WOS:A1995TF07500001 PM 8578402 ER PT J AU THOMPSON, BL MATUSZAK, D DWYER, DM NAKASHIMA, A PEARCE, H ISRAEL, E AF THOMPSON, BL MATUSZAK, D DWYER, DM NAKASHIMA, A PEARCE, H ISRAEL, E TI CONGENITAL-SYPHILIS IN MARYLAND, 1989-1991 - THE EFFECT OF CHANGING THE CASE-DEFINITION AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR PREVENTION SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES LA English DT Article ID ASSOCIATION; DIAGNOSIS; CRITERIA; RATES; CITY AB Background: The reported incidence of congenital syphilis in the United States rose dramatically during the 1980s. Although lack of prenatal care has been associated with congenital syphilis, little has been published regarding missed opportunities for prenatal intervention. Goal of this Study: To determine whether congenital syphilis increases in Maryland between 1989 and 1991 resulted from a true increase in congenital syphilis incidence or a change in the surveillance case definition, and to describe missed opportunities for prenatal intervention. Study Design: This was a retrospective cohort study. Results: When the revised case definition was used, a 473% increase in the number of cases was seen. Among infants who met the revised definition, 45% of mothers had received no prenatal care. Among those whose mothers had received prenatal care, opportunities to intervene were missed for 53%. Conclusions: Although a true increase in congenital syphilis incidence occurred before 1990, the increase reported in Maryland between 1989 and 1991 was primarily due to the change in case definition. Many cases of congenital syphilis could have been prevented with early and adequate prenatal care. C1 UNIV MARYLAND, SCH MED, BALTIMORE, MD 21201 USA. MARYLAND DEPT HLTH & MENTAL HYG, EPIDEMIOL & DIS CONTROL PROGRAM, BALTIMORE, MD 21202 USA. US PHS, CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, NATL CTR PREVENT SERV, DIV SEXUAL TRANSMITTED DIS & HIV PREVENT, ATLANTA, GA USA. US PHS, CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, DIV FIELD EPIDEMIOL, EPIDEM INTELLIGENCE SERV, ATLANTA, GA USA. NR 32 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA TWO COMMERCE SQ, 2001 MARKET ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19103 USA SN 0148-5717 EI 1537-4521 J9 SEX TRANSM DIS JI Sex. Transm. Dis. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 22 IS 6 BP 364 EP 369 DI 10.1097/00007435-199511000-00008 PG 6 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA TF075 UT WOS:A1995TF07500008 PM 8578409 ER PT J AU WEBB, RM HOTCHKISS, M CURRIER, M GRILLO, G BYERS, P JONES, D GRANT, V WEISS, JB ORLE, KA AF WEBB, RM HOTCHKISS, M CURRIER, M GRILLO, G BYERS, P JONES, D GRANT, V WEISS, JB ORLE, KA TI CHANCROID DETECTED BY POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION - JACKSON, MISSISSIPPI, 1994-1995 SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 DIST V HLTH DEPT, JACKSON, MS USA. ROCHE MOLEC SYST, ALAMEDA, CA USA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, NATL CTR PREVENT SERV, DIV SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DIS PREVENT, ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, NATL CTR PREVENT SERV, DIV SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DIS PREVENT, ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, NATL CTR PREVENT SERV, DIV SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DIS PREVENT, ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, NATL CTR INFECT DIS, DIV SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DIS LAB RES, ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA. RP WEBB, RM (reprint author), MISSISSIPPI DEPT HLTH, DIV COMMUNITY HLTH SERV, JACKSON, MS 39215 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0148-5717 EI 1537-4521 J9 SEX TRANSM DIS JI Sex. Transm. Dis. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 22 IS 6 BP 385 EP 386 PG 2 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA TF075 UT WOS:A1995TF07500013 ER PT J AU Meda, HA Doua, F Laveissiere, C Miezan, TW Gaens, E Brattegaard, K deMuynck, A DeCock, KM AF Meda, HA Doua, F Laveissiere, C Miezan, TW Gaens, E Brattegaard, K deMuynck, A DeCock, KM TI Human immunodeficiency virus infection and human African trypanosomiasis: A case-control study in Cote d'Ivoire SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article DE trypanosomiasis; Trypanosoma brucei gambiense; human immunodeficiency virus; lack of association; Cote d'Ivoire ID PLASMODIUM-FALCIPARUM MALARIA; HIV-INFECTION; PROTOZOAN INFECTIONS; SLEEPING SICKNESS; ZAIRE; AIDS; TUBERCULOSIS; DIAGNOSIS; KINSHASA; CHILDREN AB To assess the association between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) in Cote d'Ivoire, West Africa, a cross-sectional case-control study was conducted on 301 HAT patients recruited in the main foci of the country. For each HAT patient, 3 controls, matched for sex, age and residence, were selected. Data relating to socio-demographic factors and potential risk factors for Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and HIV infections were obtained, and serum samples were collected for HIV-1 and HIV-2 tests. A positive test consisted of enzyme immunoassay reactive to HIV-1, HIV-2 or both and confirmed by a synthetic peptide test or Western blot. Data were analysed using conditional logistic regression with EGRET software. No statistically significant difference was found between the prevalence of HIV infection in HAT patients and controls(4.3% and 3.5% respectively; crude odds ratio (OR) 1.28, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.65-2.50). In multivariate analysis, allowance for 5 covariates did not change the association between the 2 infections (adjusted OR 1.27, 95% CI 0.64-2.52). Although this study had limited statistical power, no significant association was found between HIV infection and T. b. gambiense infection in rural Cote d'Ivoire. Studies are needed to determine whether HIV infection influences the clinical course of HAT, a question not addressed in the present study. C1 OCCGE,INST PIERRE RICHET,BOUAKE,COTE IVOIRE. PROJET RECH CLIN TRYPANOSOMIASE,DALOA,COTE IVOIRE. LIMBURGS UNIV CENTRUM,DIEPENBEEK,BELGIUM. PROJET RETRO CI,ABIDJAN,COTE IVOIRE. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV HIV AIDS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP Meda, HA (reprint author), INST TROP MED PRINCE LEOPOLD,DEPT EPIDEMIOL,NATL ST 155,B-2000 ANTWERP,BELGIUM. NR 37 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU ROYAL SOC TROPICAL MEDICINE PI LONDON PA MANSON HOUSE 26 PORTLAND PLACE, LONDON, ENGLAND W1N 4EY SN 0035-9203 J9 T ROY SOC TROP MED H JI Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD NOV-DEC PY 1995 VL 89 IS 6 BP 639 EP 643 DI 10.1016/0035-9203(95)90425-5 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA TP678 UT WOS:A1995TP67800019 PM 8594681 ER PT J AU ARAL, SO AF ARAL, SO TI PATTERNS OF SEX PARTNER RECRUITMENT AND TYPES OF MIXING AS DETERMINANTS OF STD TRANSMISSION - LIMITS TO THE SPREAD OF SEXUALLY-TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS SO VENEREOLOGY-THE INTERDISCIPLINARY INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SEXUAL HEALTH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1995 IUVDT World STD/AIDS Congress CY 1995 CL SINGAPORE, SINGAPORE ID SOCIAL NETWORKS AB This paper explores ways in which patterns of sex partner recruitment and types of mixing influence STD transmission through a review of published and yet unpublished data on the general population, college students, and STD clinic attendees. The purpose is to determine similarities and differences in sex partner recruitment patterns and types of mixing of these populations, and to specify aspects of these patterns which would be expected to affect STD transmission dynamics. Such aspects may include emergence of bridge populations; relationship between duration of infection and rate of new partner acquisition; serial and concurrent sex partnerships; and relationships between duration of sex partnership and type of mixing, The results reveal that general population surveys conducted in the United Kingdom, France, and the United States show that a great majority of people tend to spend most of their years in sex partnerships that are relatively long in duration and mutually monogamous and with persons similar to themselves in demographic, social, and behavioural characteristics. More specifically, sex partners tend to be of the same age groups, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and to have similar numbers of partners; most sex partnerships tend to fit the model of serial monogamy and be of relatively long duration. In contrast, a smaller subset of sex partnerships are of relatively short duration and concurrent, and include cross categories of age, race/ethnicity ? socioeconomic status and sexual activity. Particular life stages such as adolescence and young adulthood; periods of social status transition such as following divorces and widowhood; and periods of geographic or occupational mobility, including periods of unemployment, tend to be characterised by sex partnerships of the latter type. Recently available data on patterns of sex partner recruitment and types of mixing strongly suggest that these aspects of sexual behaviour need to be taken into consideration in the planning and particularly targeting of STD prevention interventions. RP ARAL, SO (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR HIV STD & TB PREVENT,DIV STD PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 12 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU VENEREOLOGY PUBLISHING INC PI CARLTON PA MELBOURNE SEXUAL HEALTH CENTRE CARLTON 3053, AUSTRALIA SN 1032-1012 J9 VENEREOLOGY JI Venereol.-Interdiscip. Int. J. Sex. Health PD NOV PY 1995 VL 8 IS 4 BP 240 EP 242 PG 3 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences, Biomedical SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Biomedical Social Sciences GA TJ515 UT WOS:A1995TJ51500010 ER PT J AU MOOLENAAR, RL ETZEL, RA PARRISH, RG AF MOOLENAAR, RL ETZEL, RA PARRISH, RG TI UNINTENTIONAL DEATHS FROM CARBON-MONOXIDE POISONING IN NEW-MEXICO, 1980 TO 1988 A COMPARISON OF MEDICAL EXAMINER AND NATIONAL MORTALITY DATA SO WESTERN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID WEST-VIRGINIA AB Carbon monoxide was the number 1 cause of poisoning deaths in the United States from 1980 through 1988, with the highest rates reported in the western states. We studied unintentional deaths from carbon monoxide poisoning in New Mexico during this period using the multiple-cause mortality files from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) and data from the New Mexico Office of the Medical Investigator (OMI). We compared the nationally available NCHS data with the more detailed OMI data to determine the sensitivity of NCHS data for the surveillance of this preventable cause of death. The NCHS data were 88% sensitive in identifying deaths from unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning and had a positive predictive value of 81% when compared with OMI data. Half of the unintentional carbon monoxide-related deaths were attributable to a home heating mechanism of some sort, 46% involved motor vehicle-exhaust, and at least 42% were associated with alcohol use. We conclude that available NCHS data are a sensitive source of surveillance information about unintentional deaths from carbon monoxide poisoning. Additional details about specific deaths can be obtained from medical examiner files when needed. RP MOOLENAAR, RL (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV ENVIRONM HAZARDS & HLTH EFFECTS,1600 CLIFTON RD NE,MAILSTOP C-08,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 12 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU CALIF MEDICAL ASSN PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 221 MAIN STREET, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94105 SN 0093-0415 J9 WESTERN J MED JI West. J. Med. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 163 IS 5 BP 431 EP 434 PG 4 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TF585 UT WOS:A1995TF58500001 PM 8533404 ER PT J AU KOO, D ROYCE, S RUTHERFORD, GW AF KOO, D ROYCE, S RUTHERFORD, GW TI DRUG-RESISTANT MYCOBACTERIUM-TUBERCULOSIS IN CALIFORNIA, 1991 TO 1992 SO WESTERN JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article AB To determine the proportion and distribution of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in California, we surveyed all California counties for drug-susceptibility test results for initial isolates from tuberculosis cases counted during the first quarters of 1998 and 1992. Overall, drug-susceptibility test results were not available for 17% of isolates. Among isolates with available test results, the proportion with resistance to isoniazid averaged 8.7%, and the proportion with resistance to at least 2 drugs, multidrug resistance, averaged 5.9% during these two quarters. The proportion of isolates with drug resistance did not change substantially during these time periods. The proportion with combined isoniazid and rifampin resistance remained stable at about 1.1%. Among persons whose isolates were tested for drug resistance, those with a known previous diagnosis of tuberculosis (relative risk [RR] = 2.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.6 to 4.3; P <.01) and persons who were foreign born (RR = 1.7; 95% CI, 1.1 to 2.7; P =.014) were more likely to have isoniazid-resistant organisms. These statewide data suggest that the initial tuberculosis treatment regimen in California should include 4 antituberculosis drugs, as recommended by the American Thoracic Society and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for areas with a prevalence of isoniazid resistance of 4% or greater. The lack of test results for 1 in 6 patients with tuberculosis suggests the need for improved physician and laboratorian education to implement the recommendations that drug susceptibility be tested on all initial isolates. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM OFF,DIV FIELD EPIDEMIOL,ATLANTA,GA 30333. UNIV CALIF BERKELEY,SCH PUBL HLTH,BERKELEY,CA. CALIF DEPT HLTH SERV,DIV COMMUNICABLE DIS CONTROL,BERKELEY,CA. NR 17 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU CALIF MEDICAL ASSN PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 221 MAIN STREET, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94105 SN 0093-0415 J9 WESTERN J MED JI West. J. Med. PD NOV PY 1995 VL 163 IS 5 BP 441 EP 445 PG 5 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TF585 UT WOS:A1995TF58500003 PM 8533406 ER PT J AU WILSON, N BAKER, M MARTIN, D LENNON, D OHALLAHAN, J JONES, N WENGER, J MANSOOR, O THOMAS, M JEFFERIES, C AF WILSON, N BAKER, M MARTIN, D LENNON, D OHALLAHAN, J JONES, N WENGER, J MANSOOR, O THOMAS, M JEFFERIES, C TI MENINGOCOCCAL DISEASE EPIDEMIOLOGY AND CONTROL IN NEW-ZEALAND SO NEW ZEALAND MEDICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID CARRIAGE; VACCINE; PENICILLIN; MANAGEMENT; INFLUENZA; OUTBREAK; AUCKLAND; EFFICACY AB New Zealand has a high quality surveillance system for meningococcal disease that successfully integrates notification and laboratory data. Since 1991, New Zealand has had elevated incidence rates of meningococcal disease rising to 6.2 per 100 000 population in 1994. This represents a rate that is four times that recorded in 1989/90. Serogroup B infection predominates and international experience suggests that these elevated rates may continue for 5 to 15 years. Rates of meningococcal disease in Maori and Pacific Islands populations were three times higher than in Europeans at 10.0 and 12.3 per 100 000 respectively in 1994. The rates were particularly high for infants with the rate in Maori infants under 1 year reaching 120 per 100 000. The case fatality rate at 5.3% for 1994 would appear to be relatively low by international standards. Case control studies could be used to investigate potentially modifiable primary risk factors for disease. Intensive case review studies to investigate the role of such factors as preadmission antibiotics in reducing severe outcomes may be of benefit. The Ministry of Health or research funding organisations should consider the potential value of such studies in more detail. C1 PUBL HLTH COMMISS,WELLINGTON,NEW ZEALAND. ESR HLTH COMMUNICABLE DIS CTR,PORIRUA,NEW ZEALAND. UNIV AUCKLAND,SCH MED,DEPT PAEDIAT,AUCKLAND,NEW ZEALAND. HUTT VALLEY HLTH,LOWER HUTT,NEW ZEALAND. AUCKLAND PUBL HLTH SERV,AUCKLAND,NEW ZEALAND. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,CHILDHOOD & RESP DIS BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30341. UNIV AUCKLAND,SCH MED,DEPT MOLEC MED,AUCKLAND,NEW ZEALAND. OI Jefferies, Craig/0000-0002-0541-6094 NR 50 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 0 PU NEW ZEALAND MED ASSN PI WELLINGTON PA PO BOX 156, WELLINGTON, NEW ZEALAND SN 0028-8446 J9 NEW ZEAL MED J JI N. Z. Med. J. PD OCT 27 PY 1995 VL 108 IS 1010 BP 437 EP 442 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TB939 UT WOS:A1995TB93900009 PM 7478351 ER PT J AU PAONE, D JARLAIS, DCD CLARK, J SHI, Q ORRIS, A KRIM, M REINFELD, M FRIEDMAN, SR PURCHASE, D SMITH, H JONES, P LURIE, P AF PAONE, D JARLAIS, DCD CLARK, J SHI, Q ORRIS, A KRIM, M REINFELD, M FRIEDMAN, SR PURCHASE, D SMITH, H JONES, P LURIE, P TI SYRINGE EXCHANGE PROGRAMS - UNITED-STATES, 1994-1995 (REPRINTED FROM MMWR, VOL 44, PG 684-685, 1995) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 NATL DEV & RES INST,NEW YORK,NY. N AMER SYRINGE EXCHANGE NETWORK,TACOMA,WA. US CONFERENCE MAYORS,WASHINGTON,DC. UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94143. CTR DIS CONTROL,NATL CTR PREVENT SERV,DIV HIV AIDS PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA. RP PAONE, D (reprint author), BETH ISRAEL MED CTR,NEW YORK,NY 10003, USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD OCT 25 PY 1995 VL 274 IS 16 BP 1260 EP 1261 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TA104 UT WOS:A1995TA10400003 ER PT J AU MOLINA, CD MOLINA, JM AF MOLINA, CD MOLINA, JM TI BLOOD LEAD LEVELS AMONG CHILDREN IN A MANAGED-CARE ORGANIZATION - CALIFORNIA, OCTOBER-1992 MARCH-1993 (REPRINTED FROM MMWR, VOL 44, PG 627-629, 635, 1995) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 CTR DIS CONTROL,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,DIV ENVIRONM HLTH & HAZARD EVALUAT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP MOLINA, CD (reprint author), MOLINA MED CTR,LONG BEACH,CA, USA. NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD OCT 25 PY 1995 VL 274 IS 16 BP 1262 EP 1263 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA TA104 UT WOS:A1995TA10400005 ER PT J AU ROWE, JE STJEOR, SC RIOLO, J OTTESON, EW MONROE, MC HENDERSON, WW KSIAZEK, TG ROLLIN, PE NICHOL, ST AF ROWE, JE STJEOR, SC RIOLO, J OTTESON, EW MONROE, MC HENDERSON, WW KSIAZEK, TG ROLLIN, PE NICHOL, ST TI COEXISTENCE OF SEVERAL NOVEL HANTAVIRUSES IN RODENTS INDIGENOUS TO NORTH-AMERICA SO VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID PROSPECT-HILL VIRUS; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE ANALYSIS; UNITED-STATES; HEMORRHAGIC-FEVER; HANTAAN VIRUS; MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION; RENAL SYNDROME; SEOUL-80-39 VIRUS; CODING CAPACITY; GENOMIC SEGMENT AB Three genetically distinct members of the Hantavirus genus have been detected in Nevada rodents by RT-PCR and nucleotide sequence analysis. These include Sin Nombre (SN), El Moro Canyon (ELMC), and Prospect Hill (PH)-like viruses which are primarily associated with Peromyscus maniculatus (deer mouse), Reithrodontomys megalotis (western harvest mouse), and Microtus spp. (voles), respectively. Although this region of the United States is ecologically diverse, rodents infected with different hantaviruses appear to coexist in several different geographical and ecological zones. In two widely separated states, Nevada and North Dakota, PH-like viruses are present in three different species of vole. In addition, ELMC-like virus has been detected in both R. megalotis and M. montanus (mountain vole). SN virus is a cause of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome throughout much of the United Stales. SN virus RNA is found in 12.5% of P. maniculatus in Nevada and eastern California. Two lineages of SN virus coexist in this region and differ from SN viruses originally found in infected rodents in New Mexico, Arizona, and Colorado. These data show the complexity of hantavirus maintenance in rodents. Distinct hantaviruses or virus lineages can coexist either in different or the same rodent species and in either different or the same geographic or ecological zones. (C) 1995 Academic Press, Inc C1 UNIV NEVADA, DEPT MICROBIOL, RENO, NV 89557 USA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT, DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS, SPECIAL PATHOGENS BRANCH, ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [1R01AI36418] NR 52 TC 59 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 9 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0042-6822 J9 VIROLOGY JI Virology PD OCT 20 PY 1995 VL 213 IS 1 BP 122 EP 130 DI 10.1006/viro.1995.1552 PG 9 WC Virology SC Virology GA TA440 UT WOS:A1995TA44000013 PM 7483255 ER PT J AU KEENLYSIDE, RA STEINDEL, SJ AF KEENLYSIDE, RA STEINDEL, SJ TI CLINICAL PROBLEM-SOLVING - COSTLY ERRORS SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Letter RP KEENLYSIDE, RA (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MASS MEDICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 10 SHATTUCK, BOSTON, MA 02115 SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD OCT 19 PY 1995 VL 333 IS 16 BP 1080 EP 1080 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA RZ340 UT WOS:A1995RZ34000021 PM 7675062 ER PT J AU PAVES, A GILL, P MCKENZIE, J RENBARGER, R BELL, T MOVIUS, A BADEN, H OROURKE, PP MELVIN, A KUHL, S JOHNSON, S BRADSHAW, J GOODRICH, K SPATH, L KROUSRIGGERT, D SMITH, J GOLDOFT, M KOBAYASHI, J LACROIX, S WIEMAN, B STEHRGREEN, P AF PAVES, A GILL, P MCKENZIE, J RENBARGER, R BELL, T MOVIUS, A BADEN, H OROURKE, PP MELVIN, A KUHL, S JOHNSON, S BRADSHAW, J GOODRICH, K SPATH, L KROUSRIGGERT, D SMITH, J GOLDOFT, M KOBAYASHI, J LACROIX, S WIEMAN, B STEHRGREEN, P TI HUMAN RABIES - WASHINGTON, 1995 (REPRINTED FROM MMWR, VOL 44, PG 625-627, 1995) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 CHILDRENS HOSP & MED CTR,SEATTLE,WA. WASHINGTON STATE DEPT HLTH,SEATTLE,WA. CTR DIS CONTROL,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,DIV FIELD EPIDEMIOL,ATLANTA,GA. RP PAVES, A (reprint author), LEWIS CTY HLTH DEPT,CHEHALIS,WA 98532, USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD OCT 18 PY 1995 VL 274 IS 15 BP 1187 EP 1187 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA RZ120 UT WOS:A1995RZ12000006 ER PT J AU LESLIE, L ARNETTE, C SIKDER, A ADAMS, J HOLBROOK, C BOND, J KING, B ROBERTS, K PATRICK, MS PALMER, C FINGER, R TOMFORD, JW RUSHTON, T AF LESLIE, L ARNETTE, C SIKDER, A ADAMS, J HOLBROOK, C BOND, J KING, B ROBERTS, K PATRICK, MS PALMER, C FINGER, R TOMFORD, JW RUSHTON, T TI HISTOPLASMOSIS - KENTUCKY, 1995 (REPRINTED FROM MMWR, VOL 44, PG 701-103, 1995) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 BIG SANDY HLTH CARE,BIG SANDY,MT 59520. FLOYD CTY HLTH DEPT,PRESTONBERG,KY. CITY HALL,RUSSELL,KY. GREENUP CTY HLTH DEPT,GREENUP,KY. KENTUCKY CABINET HUMAN RESOURCES,DEPT HLTH SERV,LEXINGTON,KY. CLEVELAND CLIN FDN,CLEVELAND,OH. MARSHALL UNIV,HUNTINGTON,WV. CTR DIS CONTROL,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV FIELD EPIDEMIOL,EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM OFF,ATLANTA,GA. CTR DIS CONTROL,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD OCT 18 PY 1995 VL 274 IS 15 BP 1189 EP 1189 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA RZ120 UT WOS:A1995RZ12000007 ER PT J AU JOHNSTON, RB STAPLES, DA AF JOHNSTON, RB STAPLES, DA TI KNOWLEDGE AND USE OF FOLIC-ACID BY WOMEN OF CHILDBEARING AGE - UNITED-STATES, 1995 (REPRINTED FROM MMWR, VOL 44, PG 716-718, 1995) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 CTR DIS CONTROL,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,DIV BIRTH DEFECTS & DEV DISABIL,ATLANTA,GA. RP JOHNSTON, RB (reprint author), MARCH DIMES BIRTH DEFECTS FDN,1275 MAMARONECK AVE,WHITE PLAINS,NY 10605, USA. NR 1 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD OCT 18 PY 1995 VL 274 IS 15 BP 1190 EP 1190 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA RZ120 UT WOS:A1995RZ12000008 ER PT J AU MARGOLIS, HS COLEMAN, PJ BROWN, RE MAST, EE SHEINGOLD, SH AREVALO, JA AF MARGOLIS, HS COLEMAN, PJ BROWN, RE MAST, EE SHEINGOLD, SH AREVALO, JA TI PREVENTION OF HEPATITIS-B VIRUS TRANSMISSION BY IMMUNIZATION - AN ECONOMIC-ANALYSIS OF CURRENT RECOMMENDATIONS SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID COST-EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; UNITED-STATES; CARRIER STATE; FOLLOW-UP; HEPATOCELLULAR-CARCINOMA; VACCINATION STRATEGIES; IMMUNE GLOBULIN; NATURAL-HISTORY; LIVER-DISEASE; DOUBLE-BLIND AB Objective.-To evaluate the outcome of immunization strategies to prevent hepatitis B virus (HBV) transmission. Design and Setting.-A decision model was used to determine the incremental effects of the following hepatitis B immunization strategies in a birth cohort receiving immunization services in the public sector: (1) prevention of perinatal HBV infection, (2) routine infant vaccination, or (3) routine adolescent vaccination. Main Outcome Measures.-Over the lifetime of the cohort, the reduction in infections and medical and work-loss costs of HBV-related liver disease were determined for each strategy and compared with the outcome without immunization. Results.-Prevention of perinatal infection and routine infant vaccination would lower the 4.8% lifetime risk of HBV infection by at least 68%, compared with a 45% reduction for adolescent vaccination. From a societal perspective, each strategy was found to be cost saving, but was not cost saving with respect to direct medical costs. The estimated cost per year of life saved was $164 to prevent perinatal HBV infection, $1522 for infant vaccination, and $3730 for adolescent vaccination. Conclusions.-Routine vaccination of infants in successive birth cohorts to prevent HBV transmission is cost-effective over a wide range of assumptions. While economically less attractive than infant vaccination, adolescent vaccination could serve to protect those children who were not vaccinated as infants. C1 BATTELLE HUMAN AFFAIRS RES CTR,WASHINGTON,DC. US HLTH CARE FINANCING ADM,BUR POLICY DEV,OFF TECHNOL & SPECIAL ANAL,WASHINGTON,DC. PLANNED PARENTHOOD SACRAMENTO VALLEY,SACRAMENTO,CA. RP MARGOLIS, HS (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,HEPATITIS BRANCH A-33,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 72 TC 205 Z9 209 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD OCT 18 PY 1995 VL 274 IS 15 BP 1201 EP 1208 DI 10.1001/jama.274.15.1201 PG 8 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA RZ120 UT WOS:A1995RZ12000028 PM 7563509 ER PT J AU GONG, YL KOPLAN, JP FENG, W CHEN, CHC ZHENG, P HARRIS, JR AF GONG, YL KOPLAN, JP FENG, W CHEN, CHC ZHENG, P HARRIS, JR TI CIGARETTE-SMOKING IN CHINA - PREVALENCE, CHARACTERISTICS, AND ATTITUDES IN MINHANG DISTRICT SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Note ID RISK-FACTORS; SHANGHAI; TOBACCO; DOCTOR AB Objective.-To determine the prevalence, pattern, and financial implications of cigarette smoking and the attitudes toward and knowledge of the health effects of tobacco use in a population in China. Design.-A two-stage, stratified cluster survey using door-to-door interviews. Setting.-Minhang District, China (near Shanghai), with a population of 506 000. Participants.-A total of 3423 males and 3593 females aged 15 years and older. Main Outcome Measures.-Smoking prevalence, age of initiation of smoking, reasons for smoking, knowledge of tobacco hazards, and costs of smoking. Results.-A total of 2279 males (67%) but only 72 females (2%) smoke. Many males initiate smoking in adulthood. A total of 1156 males (50.7%) began smoking between 20 and 24 years of age, and 666 (29.2%) began between 25 and 39 years of age. Among all respondents, 6202 (88.4%) believe smoking is harmful for both the smoker and those exposed passively to the smoke. Only 332 (14.1%) of all male smokers reported a desire to quit smoking. Current smokers spent an average of 3.65 yuan daily on cigarettes or 1332 yuan yearly (8.5 yuan per US dollar), which represents 60% of personal income and 17% of household income. Conclusions.-The survey reveals a dangerous health situation that in all likelihood will worsen. More than two thirds of men smoke, and people in successive age cohorts start smoking at earlier ages. Smokers spend a substantial proportion of their income on cigarettes. There is a low rate of quitting and a low desire to quit despite high awareness of the health hazards. Tobacco control measures need to be implemented urgently in China. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. SHANGHAI MED UNIV,SHANGHAI 200032,PEOPLES R CHINA. MINHANG DIST BUR HLTH,SHANGHAI,PEOPLES R CHINA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,CTR HLTH CARE RES,ATLANTA,GA 30333. OI Harris, Jeffrey/0000-0001-8728-7195 NR 23 TC 63 Z9 66 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD OCT 18 PY 1995 VL 274 IS 15 BP 1232 EP 1234 DI 10.1001/jama.274.15.1232 PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA RZ120 UT WOS:A1995RZ12000033 PM 7563514 ER PT J AU ESCOBEDO, LG ZHU, BP GIOVINO, GA ERIKSEN, MP AF ESCOBEDO, LG ZHU, BP GIOVINO, GA ERIKSEN, MP TI EDUCATIONAL-ATTAINMENT AND RACIAL-DIFFERENCES IN CIGARETTE-SMOKING SO JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE LA English DT Note ID UNITED-STATES; AMERICANS; WHITES RP ESCOBEDO, LG (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,OFF SMOKING & HLTH,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 16 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 1 PU NATL CANCER INSTITUTE PI BETHESDA PA 9030 OLD GEORGETOWN RD, BETHESDA, MD 20814 SN 0027-8874 J9 J NATL CANCER I JI J. Natl. Cancer Inst. PD OCT 18 PY 1995 VL 87 IS 20 BP 1552 EP 1553 DI 10.1093/jnci/87.20.1552 PG 2 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA RZ070 UT WOS:A1995RZ07000014 PM 7563190 ER PT J AU MAST, EE GOODMAN, RA DROTMAN, DP AF MAST, EE GOODMAN, RA DROTMAN, DP TI BLOOD-BORNE PATHOGENS IN SPORTS - REPLY SO ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Letter RP MAST, EE (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER COLL PHYSICIANS PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE MALL WEST 6TH AND RACE ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-1572 SN 0003-4819 J9 ANN INTERN MED JI Ann. Intern. Med. PD OCT 15 PY 1995 VL 123 IS 8 BP 636 EP 636 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA RY828 UT WOS:A1995RY82800022 ER PT J AU BAILEY, J BARNUM, H BERGER, M BERGEVIN, Y COLLISHAW, N SILVA, VLDE DAULAIRE, N DESAVIGNY, D ERIKSEN, M FEEK, W GUPTA, P JHA, P JONES, L LINDLEY, W LOPEZ, A MACKAY, J MATSETELA, T PETO, R URANGA, R WALLSTAM, E WHYTE, A YACH, D AF BAILEY, J BARNUM, H BERGER, M BERGEVIN, Y COLLISHAW, N SILVA, VLDE DAULAIRE, N DESAVIGNY, D ERIKSEN, M FEEK, W GUPTA, P JHA, P JONES, L LINDLEY, W LOPEZ, A MACKAY, J MATSETELA, T PETO, R URANGA, R WALLSTAM, E WHYTE, A YACH, D TI BELLAGIO STATEMENT ON TOBACCO AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT SO CANADIAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION JOURNAL LA English DT Editorial Material AB Representatives of international, national and scientific organizations met in Bellagio, Italy, in June 1995 to examine the implications of global trends in tobacco production and consumption. The 22 participants agreed that a growing pandemic of tobacco use poses a major threat to sustainable and equitable development in low-income countries. The International Development Research Centre was invited to lead a roundtable consultative process to devise a broad-based funding strategy to promote action on tobacco control. C1 AUSTRALIAN AGCY INT DEV,CANBERRA,ACT,AUSTRALIA. WORLD BANK,WASHINGTON,DC 20433. SWISS DEV CORP,BERN,SWITZERLAND. CANADIAN INT DEV AGCY,OTTAWA,ON,CANADA. WHO,CH-1211 GENEVA,SWITZERLAND. NATL CANC INST HLTH MINIST,RIO JANEIRO,BRAZIL. US AGCY INT DEV,WASHINGTON,DC 20523. INT DEV RES CTR,OTTAWA,ON,CANADA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. UNICEF,NEW YORK,NY. TATA INST FUNDAMENTAL RES,BOMBAY 400005,MAHARASHTRA,INDIA. UN,FAO,ROME,ITALY. ASIAN CONSULTANCY TOBACCO CONTROL,HONG KONG,HONG KONG. DEV BANK SO AFRICA,JOHANNESBURG,SOUTH AFRICA. UNIV OXFORD,OXFORD,ENGLAND. UN FOCAL POINT TOBACCO HLTH,GENEVA,SWITZERLAND. SWEDISH INT DEV AGCY,STOCKHOLM,SWEDEN. TOBACCO CONTROL COMMISS AFRICA,PRETORIA,SOUTH AFRICA. RI Lopez, Alan/F-1487-2010 OI Lopez, Alan/0000-0001-5818-6512 NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU CANADIAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION PI OTTAWA PA 1867 ALTA VISTA DR, OTTAWA ON K1G 3Y6, CANADA SN 0820-3946 J9 CAN MED ASSOC J JI Can. Med. Assoc. J. PD OCT 15 PY 1995 VL 153 IS 8 BP 1109 EP 1110 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA RZ501 UT WOS:A1995RZ50100019 ER PT J AU BURKHOLDER, BT TOOLE, MJ AF BURKHOLDER, BT TOOLE, MJ TI EVOLUTION OF COMPLEX DISASTERS SO LANCET LA English DT Article ID REFUGEE; MORTALITY C1 MACFARLANE BURNET MED RES CTR,MELBOURNE,VIC,AUSTRALIA. RP BURKHOLDER, BT (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,INT HLTH PROGRAM OFF,MAILSTOP K-01,4770 BUFORD HIGHWAY,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 21 TC 40 Z9 44 U1 2 U2 10 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 42 BEDFORD SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND WC1B 3SL SN 0099-5355 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD OCT 14 PY 1995 VL 346 IS 8981 BP 1012 EP 1015 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(95)91694-6 PG 4 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA RZ599 UT WOS:A1995RZ59900016 PM 7475552 ER PT J AU JACOBY, D MCGUILF, M FONTANA, J WERNER, B MCFARLAND, L WILSON, S KOHN, M BRADFORD, H BORDES, E ALSTAD, D RUBIN, H BALDWIN, S AF JACOBY, D MCGUILF, M FONTANA, J WERNER, B MCFARLAND, L WILSON, S KOHN, M BRADFORD, H BORDES, E ALSTAD, D RUBIN, H BALDWIN, S TI ARBOVIRAL DISEASE - UNITED-STATES, 1994 (REPRINTED FROM MMWR, VOL 44, PG 641, 1995) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 MASSACHUSETTS DEPT PUBL HLTH,STATE LAB,DIV EPIDEMIOL,BOSTON,MA 02111. MASSACHUSETTS DEPT PUBL HLTH,STATE LAB,DIV VIROL,BOSTON,MA 02111. LOUISIANA DEPT HLTH & HOSP,BATON ROUGE,LA 70821. NEW ORLEANS MOSQUITO CONTROL BOARD,NEW ORLEANS,LA. USDA,NATL VET SERV LABS,ANIM & PLANT HLTH INSPECT SERV,AMES,IA 50010. FLORIDA DEPT AGR & CONSUMER SERV,BUR DIAGNOST LABS,KISSIMMEE,FL. UNIV GEORGIA,VET DIAGNOST & INVEST LAB,TIFTON,GA 31793. CDC,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VECTOR BORNE INFECT DIS,EPIDEMIOL & ECOL SECT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP JACOBY, D (reprint author), MASSACHUSETTS GEN HOSP,BOSTON,MA 02114, USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD OCT 11 PY 1995 VL 274 IS 14 BP 1110 EP & PG 0 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA RY056 UT WOS:A1995RY05600010 ER PT J AU MCNEIL, JM AF MCNEIL, JM TI DISABILITIES AMONG CHILDREN AGED LESS-THAN-OR-EQUAL-TO-17 YEARS - UNITED-STATES, 1991-1992 (REPRINTED FROM MMWR, VOL 44, PG 609, 1995) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 CDC,DISABIL PREVENT PROGRAM,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CDC,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,DIV BIRTH DEFECTS & DEV DISABIL,DEV DISABIL BR,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CDC,NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,OFF SURVEILLANCE & ANAL,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP MCNEIL, JM (reprint author), US DEPT COMMERCE,ECON & STAT ADM,BUR CENSUS,WASHINGTON,DC 20230, USA. NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD OCT 11 PY 1995 VL 274 IS 14 BP 1112 EP & PG 0 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA RY056 UT WOS:A1995RY05600011 ER PT J AU KILGORE, PE HOLMAN, RC CLARKE, MJ GLASS, RI AF KILGORE, PE HOLMAN, RC CLARKE, MJ GLASS, RI TI TRENDS OF DIARRHEAL DISEASE - ASSOCIATED MORTALITY IN US CHILDREN, 1968 THROUGH 1991 SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; DEATHS; CARE; INTERVENTIONS; ROTAVIRUS; THERAPY; MEASLES; MEXICO AB Objectives.-To describe temporal patterns in mortality related to diarrheal disease in US children and to assess progress toward its prevention and control. Design.-Retrospective analyses of death certificate data on diarrhea of all causes compiled by the National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga. Patients.-Children aged 1 month through 4 years who died with diarrhea. Setting.-United States, 1968 through 1991. Results.-A total of 14 137 deaths associated with diarrhea among children were reported in the United States between 1968 and 1991. Of these, 78% occurred in infants (ie, aged 1 to 11 months); the median age at the time of death has declined from 5 to 1.5 months. Diarrheal disease mortality dropped by approximately 75% during the first 18 years of the study, but no decline has occurred since 1985. Infant mortality due to diarrhea (per 100 000 live births) averaged 12.8 and was found to be high for blacks (33.1) and for residents of the southern United States (18.5). The infant mortality due to diarrhea from 1986 through 1991 is 5.9. Peaks in winter deaths previously associated with rotavirus were prominent in the early years among infants aged 4 through 11 months. Such peaks have virtually disappeared since 1985. Diarrhea was the principal cause of death, as the leading associated diagnoses (electrolyte disorders [30%], cardiac arrest [16%], shock [8%], and nausea/vomiting [4%]) were commonly recognized complications of diarrhea. Since 1979, prematurity has emerged as a common associated diagnosis. Conclusions.-Diarrheal deaths nationwide have declined 75% from 1968 to 1985 but stabilized since then at about 300 deaths per year. Because many of these deaths may still be preventable by early rehydration, future prevention efforts should be directed at educating health care providers about the continuing problem and recognition of the high-risk infant and at teaching mothers of such infants to begin rehydration early and to seek medical attention when their infant develops diarrhea. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,EPIDEM INTELLIGENCE SERV,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP KILGORE, PE (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,VIRAL GASTROENTERITIS SECT,MAILSTOP G-04,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. RI Kilgore, Paul/L-1462-2013 OI Kilgore, Paul/0000-0003-3214-4482 NR 32 TC 99 Z9 106 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD OCT 11 PY 1995 VL 274 IS 14 BP 1143 EP 1148 DI 10.1001/jama.274.14.1143 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA RY056 UT WOS:A1995RY05600029 PM 7563485 ER PT J AU PATE, KR NOLAN, RL BANNERMAN, TL FELDMAN, S AF PATE, KR NOLAN, RL BANNERMAN, TL FELDMAN, S TI METHICILLIN-RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS-AUREUS IN THE COMMUNITY SO LANCET LA English DT Letter C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP PATE, KR (reprint author), UNIV MISSISSIPPI,MED CTR,JACKSON,MS 39216, USA. RI Bannerman, Tammy/E-2694-2011 NR 4 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 0 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 42 BEDFORD SQUARE, LONDON, ENGLAND WC1B 3SL SN 0099-5355 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD OCT 7 PY 1995 VL 346 IS 8980 BP 978 EP 978 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(95)91605-9 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA RY808 UT WOS:A1995RY80800069 PM 7564772 ER PT J AU PATRIARCA, PA STRIKAS, RA AF PATRIARCA, PA STRIKAS, RA TI INFLUENZA VACCINE FOR HEALTHY-ADULTS SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Editorial Material ID UNITED-STATES; IMPACT C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP PATRIARCA, PA (reprint author), US FDA,BETHESDA,MD 20892, USA. NR 15 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 0 PU MASS MEDICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 10 SHATTUCK, BOSTON, MA 02115 SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD OCT 5 PY 1995 VL 333 IS 14 BP 933 EP 934 DI 10.1056/NEJM199510053331410 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA RX199 UT WOS:A1995RX19900010 PM 7666882 ER PT J AU HERR, MD HATHCOCK, AL HAMAKER, DW SCHULTE, JM HOEHNS, D MITCHELL, BE SIMPSON, DM AF HERR, MD HATHCOCK, AL HAMAKER, DW SCHULTE, JM HOEHNS, D MITCHELL, BE SIMPSON, DM TI UPDATE - HIV-2 INFECTION AMONG BLOOD AND PLASMA DONORS - UNITED-STATES, JUNE 1992 TO JUNE 1995 (REPRINTED FROM MMWR, VOL 44, PG 603-606, 1995) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 TEXAS DEPT HLTH,LOCAL HLTH DEPT,OFF BLOOD RES & REVIEW,BUR HIV & STD PREVENT,AUSTIN,TX. TEXAS DEPT HLTH,STATE HLTH DEPT,OFF BLOOD RES & REVIEW,BUR HIV & STD PREVENT,AUSTIN,TX. US FDA,CTR BIOL EVALUAT & RES,DIV TRANSFUS TRANSMITTED DIS,ROCKVILLE,MD 20857. CDC,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV HIV AIDS,ATLANTA,GA. CDC,NATL CTR PREVENT SERV,DIV HIV AIDS PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA. RP HERR, MD (reprint author), DELAWARE DIV PUBL HLTH,WILMINGTON,DE, USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD OCT 4 PY 1995 VL 274 IS 13 BP 1007 EP 1008 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA RX108 UT WOS:A1995RX10800006 ER PT J AU RODRIGUEZ, JG BAUGHMAN, AL SATTIN, RW DEVITO, CA RAGLAND, DL BACCHELLI, S STEVENS, JA AF RODRIGUEZ, JG BAUGHMAN, AL SATTIN, RW DEVITO, CA RAGLAND, DL BACCHELLI, S STEVENS, JA TI A STANDARDIZED INSTRUMENT TO ASSESS HAZARDS FOR FALLS IN THE HOME OF OLDER PERSONS SO ACCIDENT ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION LA English DT Article DE ELDERLY; ENVIRONMENT; FALLS; HAZARDS; INJURY AB Hazards in the home are implicated in up to half of all falls among older persons. Yet, the instruments used to identify these hazards usually have been unstandardized, have lacked specific definitions of hazards, and have not been evaluated. Therefore, in 1988, as part of the Study to Assess Falls among the Elderly, in Miami Beach, Florida, the authors evaluated the reliability of a standardized instrument used for assessing the training of evaluators and assessing home environments. Based on up to 176 observations for each potential hazard, the interviewers' assessment of hazards such as throw rugs, tripping hazards, light switch hazards, and hazardous bath surfaces had good overall reliability (kappa=0.65-0.92). Their assessment of grab-bars and hazardous furniture was unreliable (kappa=0.18-0.35). Variations in the reliability reflect the difficulty in creating definitions that are simple to be understood and used, yet detailed enough to produce sensitive and specific survey items. Investigators studying falls among older persons should use standardized definitions to train evaluators and assess environmental hazards. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INJURY PREVENT & CONTROL,ATLANTA,GA 30333. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL IMMUNIZATION PROGRAM,ATLANTA,GA 30333. UNIV MIAMI,S SHORE HOSP,DEPT FAMILY MED & COMMUNITY HLTH,MIAMI BEACH,FL 33139. FLORIDA DEPT HLTH & REHABIL SERV,DADE CTY PUBL HLTH UNIT,ENVIRONM HLTH SECT,MIAMI,FL 33056. FU PHS HHS [U50/CCU400728] NR 26 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0001-4575 J9 ACCIDENT ANAL PREV JI Accid. Anal. Prev. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 27 IS 5 BP 625 EP 631 DI 10.1016/0001-4575(95)00016-S PG 7 WC Ergonomics; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary; Transportation SC Engineering; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences - Other Topics; Transportation GA TE941 UT WOS:A1995TE94100001 PM 8579693 ER PT J AU FONTENOT, JD VANCOTT, TC PAREKH, BS PAU, CP GEORGE, JR BIRX, DL ZOLLAPAZNER, S GORNY, MK GATEWOOD, JM AF FONTENOT, JD VANCOTT, TC PAREKH, BS PAU, CP GEORGE, JR BIRX, DL ZOLLAPAZNER, S GORNY, MK GATEWOOD, JM TI PRESENTATION OF HIV V3 LOOP EPITOPES FOR ENHANCED ANTIGENICITY, IMMUNOGENICITY AND DIAGNOSTIC POTENTIAL SO AIDS LA English DT Article DE HUMAN MUCIN MUC1; HIV-1; V3 LOOP; TANDEM REPEATS; IMMUNOGENICITY; ANTIGENS; SURFACE PLASMON RESONANCE ID HUMAN MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; ENVELOPE GLYCOPROTEIN; SYNTHETIC PEPTIDE; TYPE-1; MUCIN; GP120; PROTEIN; DOMAIN; IMMUNOASSAY AB Objective: To evaluate the immunological properties of a panel of human mucin MUC1/HIV V3 loop chimeras. Design: The immunodominant epitope of MUC1 (APDTR) was found to be structurally isomorphous with the tip of the principle neutralizing determinant (PND) of HIV-1 (MN) (GPGRA). A panel of 120 residue, six tandem repeat (TR) and 60 residue, three TR chimeric antigens were constructed in which the repeating MUC1 epitope is replaced by HIV-1 PND. Each 20 residue TR contains one PND epitope. The PND of HIV-1 is presented in the native beta-turn conformation at the crest of each repeating knob structure of the mucin-like protein. Methods: The antigenicity of the chimeric antigens were compared using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and HIV-infected patient sera. Structural effects of antibody-antigen interactions were determined using surface plasmon resonance, with human monoclonal antibodies, chimeric antigens and the cyclic and linear V3 loops. Immunogenicity of three versus six TR was measured in mice. Results: Nine residues of the HIV PND substituted into the mucin backbone were equivalent to the 36 residue cyclic V3 loop in ELISA. The 120 residue antigens induced high titer, immunoglobulin (Ig)M and Igc, and HIV-specific antibodies in mice. Conclusions: MUC1/V3 chimeras efficiently detect HIV-specific antibodies in patient sera. Multivalent presentation of the PND is advantageous for higher affinity antibody-antigen interactions and for inducing HIV-specific IgM and IgG antibodies. C1 LOS ALAMOS NATL LAB,DIV THEORET BIOL & BIOPHYS & LIFE SCI,LOS ALAMOS,NM. WALTER REED ARMY INST RES,DEPT RETROVIRAL RES,ROCKVILLE,MD. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV HIV AIDS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. VET ADM MED CTR,NEW YORK,NY 10010. RP FONTENOT, JD (reprint author), POPULAT COUNCIL,1230 YORK AVE,NEW YORK,NY 10021, USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI32891-01A2] NR 44 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 2 PU RAPID SCIENCE PUBLISHERS PI LONDON PA 2-6 BOUNDARY ROW, LONDON, ENGLAND SE1 8NH SN 0269-9370 J9 AIDS JI Aids PD OCT PY 1995 VL 9 IS 10 BP 1121 EP 1129 DI 10.1097/00002030-199510000-00002 PG 9 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA RW132 UT WOS:A1995RW13200002 PM 8519447 ER PT J AU KASSIM, S SASSANMOROKRO, M ACKAH, A ABOUYA, LY DIGBEU, H YESSO, G COULIBALY, IM COULIBALY, D WHITAKER, PJ DOORLY, R VETTER, KM BRATTEGAARD, K GNAORE, E GREENBERG, AE WIKTOR, SZ DECOCK, KM AF KASSIM, S SASSANMOROKRO, M ACKAH, A ABOUYA, LY DIGBEU, H YESSO, G COULIBALY, IM COULIBALY, D WHITAKER, PJ DOORLY, R VETTER, KM BRATTEGAARD, K GNAORE, E GREENBERG, AE WIKTOR, SZ DECOCK, KM TI 2-YEAR FOLLOW-UP OF PERSONS WITH HIV-1-ASSOCIATED AND HIV-2-ASSOCIATED PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS TREATED WITH SHORT-COURSE CHEMOTHERAPY IN WEST-AFRICA SO AIDS LA English DT Article DE WEST AFRICA; TUBERCULOSIS; HIV-1; HIV-2 ID IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS INFECTION; HIV-1-INFECTED PATIENTS; CASE DEFINITIONS; COTE-DIVOIRE; IVORY-COAST; ZAIRE; MORTALITY; ABIDJAN; KENYA; EPIDEMIOLOGY AB Objective: To assess the response to therapy for tuberculosis using rifampicin-containing short-course chemotherapy, and to compare recurrence and mortality rates in seronegative persons and those with HIV-1, HIV-2, and dual serologic reactivity in West Africa. Methods: A cohort of 835 adult patients (167 HIV-1-positive, 143 HIV-2-positive, 243 dual-reactive, 282 HIV-negative) with smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis was followed for 2 years under programme conditions. Standard self-administered treatment was daily rifampicin and isoniazid for 6 months, and in addition pyrazinamide during the first 2 months. Outcomes evaluated were rates of completion of therapy, cure, failure of treatment, recurrence after cure, and mortality. Results: HIV-positive patients had lower rates of completion of therapy (65-73%) than seronegative patients (79%), mainly because of increased mortality. Among patients completing therapy, failure of treatment was similarly low in HIV-positive (2%) and seronegative patients (1%). Recurrence rates after cure did not differ significantly in the 18 months of follow-up in the four serologic groups (3-7%). The respective mortality rates for HIV-1-positive, HIV-2-positive, and dually reactive patients were 20.3, 8.3, and 25.5 per 100 person-years (PY), compared with 2.2 per 100 PY among seronegatives. Conclusions: Rifampicin-containing short-course chemotherapy for pulmonary tuberculosis is associated with similar cure and recurrence rates in HIV-positive and HIV-negative persons completing 6 months of therapy. HIV-2 infection is associated with more favourable survival than HIV-1 infection or dual reactivity, even when AIDS-defining illness is already present. However, mortality is significantly increased in all seropositive groups compared with HIV-negative tuberculosis patients; thus, establishing the causes of this increased mortality is a priority. C1 PROJECT RETRO CI,ABIDJAN,COTE IVOIRE. CTR ANTITUBERCULEUX,ABIDJAN,COTE IVOIRE. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV HIV AIDS,ATLANTA,GA 30333. NR 41 TC 99 Z9 101 U1 0 U2 0 PU RAPID SCIENCE PUBLISHERS PI LONDON PA 2-6 BOUNDARY ROW, LONDON, ENGLAND SE1 8NH SN 0269-9370 J9 AIDS JI Aids PD OCT PY 1995 VL 9 IS 10 BP 1185 EP 1191 DI 10.1097/00002030-199510000-00011 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA RW132 UT WOS:A1995RW13200011 PM 8519456 ER PT J AU DEMAS, P SCHOENBAUM, EE WILLS, TA DOLL, LS KLEIN, RS AF DEMAS, P SCHOENBAUM, EE WILLS, TA DOLL, LS KLEIN, RS TI STRESS, COPING, AND ATTITUDES TOWARD HIV TREATMENT IN INJECTING DRUG-USERS - A QUALITATIVE STUDY SO AIDS EDUCATION AND PREVENTION LA English DT Article ID IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS-INFECTION; BREAST-CANCER; ZIDOVUDINE; AIDS; DIDANOSINE; OPTIMISM; DISTRESS; STIGMA; RISK AB An exploratory study was conducted with 27 injecting drug users (IDUs) on psychosocial factors (stress, coping reactions, and attitudes toward HIV illness and treatment) which are relevant to treatment acceptance and adherence. A semi-structured interview was used to collect qualitative data in a sample of 13 seropositive and 14 seronegative subjects. The results indicated a range of HIV-specific stressors such as social stigma, uncertainty about the future, disclosure of seropositive status, and monitoring of HIV illness. Seeking of social support, relapse to substance abuse, and mental disengagement were the most common coping reactions reported by the sample; there was a lack of behavioral, problem-focused responses. The study also provided descriptive information on attitudes toward HIV treatment, including fatalism, optimism (hope and control), and ambivalence regarding treatment efficacy. Clinical implications and suggestions for future research are discussed. C1 ALBERT EINSTEIN COLL MED,FERKAUF GRAD SCH PSYCHOL,BRONX,NY 10467. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP DEMAS, P (reprint author), MONTEFIORE MED CTR,ALBERT EINSTEIN COLL MED,DEPT EPIDEMIOL & SOCIAL MED,AIDS RES PROGRAM,BRONX,NY 10467, USA. FU NIDA NIH HHS [R01DA04347]; PHS HHS [U64/CCU200714] NR 34 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 0 PU GUILFORD PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 72 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10012 SN 0899-9546 J9 AIDS EDUC PREV JI Aids Educ. Prev. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 7 IS 5 BP 429 EP 442 PG 14 WC Education & Educational Research; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Education & Educational Research; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA RY815 UT WOS:A1995RY81500005 PM 8672395 ER PT J AU WOODS, TC GRABER, JM HERSHOW, RC KHABBAZ, RF KAPLAN, JE HENEINE, W AF WOODS, TC GRABER, JM HERSHOW, RC KHABBAZ, RF KAPLAN, JE HENEINE, W TI INVESTIGATION OF PROVIRAL LOAD IN INDIVIDUALS INFECTED WITH HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS TYPE-II SO AIDS RESEARCH AND HUMAN RETROVIRUSES LA English DT Article ID CELL LEUKEMIA-VIRUS; INTRAVENOUS-DRUG-USERS; ACQUIRED-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-SYNDROME; TROPICAL SPASTIC PARAPARESIS; POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; HTLV-II; PERIPHERAL-BLOOD; PATIENT; LYMPHOMA; DISEASE AB Human T-lymphotropic virus type II (HTLV-II) has not yet been associated with any disease. Little is known about the proviral loads of HTLV-II in vivo and its relationship, if any, to lack of pathogenicity. We determined the HTLV-II proviral copy number in peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) samples from 49 HTLV-II-infected individuals, of whom 25 were coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). The HTLV-II copy numbers were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of end-point dilutions of PBL lysates, followed by hybridization to a P-32-labeled HTLV-II-specific probe. The proviral copy number for the 49 samples ranged from <0.02 to 200 per 1000 PBLs; 6% had <0.02, 16% had 0.02, 20% had 0.2, 18% had 2, 31% had 20, and 8% had 200 copies per 1000 PBLs. The distributions of HTLV-II copy numbers in the coinfected and singly infected subgroups were not significantly different (Wilcoxon rank sum, p = 0.24). In the coinfected subgroup, there was no significant correlation between the HTLV-H proviral load and the counts of CD4-positive lymphocytes or CD8-positive lymphocytes (Spearman Coefficient = 0.26, p = 0.20; = 0.091, p = 0.67, respectively). Our data demonstrate the presence of a wide range of viral loads in HTLV-II-infected individuals. The high viral loads (greater than or equal to 20 copies/1000 lymphocytes) detected in 39% of our samples suggest that the low pathogenicity of HTLV-II is not related to the presence of low viral loads in the infected subjects. Our data from the HIV-I coinfected individuals show no apparent effect of HIV-1 on HTLV-II proviral loads. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,RETROVIRUS DIS BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333. UNIV CHICAGO,SCH PUBL HLTH,DIV EPIDEMIOL BIOSTAT,CHICAGO,IL 60612. NR 38 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 SN 0889-2229 J9 AIDS RES HUM RETROV JI Aids Res. Hum. Retrovir. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 11 IS 10 BP 1235 EP 1239 DI 10.1089/aid.1995.11.1235 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA TD258 UT WOS:A1995TD25800013 PM 8573380 ER PT J AU BARKER, LF JAFFE, HW ROSENBERG, ZF AF BARKER, LF JAFFE, HW ROSENBERG, ZF TI PREVENTION RESEARCH AND VACCINE PREPAREDNESS - CONFERENCE SUMMARY SO AIDS RESEARCH AND HUMAN RETROVIRUSES LA English DT Editorial Material ID RISK REDUCTION; AIDS; INTERVENTIONS; BEHAVIOR; TRIAL C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV HIV AIDS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP BARKER, LF (reprint author), NIAID,6003 EXECUT BLVD,ROCKVILLE,MD 20892, USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 SN 0889-2229 J9 AIDS RES HUM RETROV JI Aids Res. Hum. Retrovir. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 11 IS 10 BP 1297 EP 1299 DI 10.1089/aid.1995.11.1297 PG 3 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA TD258 UT WOS:A1995TD25800025 ER PT J AU HEITBRINK, WA WALLACE, ME BRYANT, CJ RUCH, WE AF HEITBRINK, WA WALLACE, ME BRYANT, CJ RUCH, WE TI CONTROL OF PAINT OVERSPRAY IN AUTOBODY REPAIR SHOPS SO AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOCIATION JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID ISOCYANATE EXPOSURE; WORK PRACTICES; POLYISOCYANATE; HDI AB Commercially available controls for reducing worker exposure to paint overspray were evaluated in six autobody shops and a spray-painting equipment manufacturer's test facility. Engineering control measures included spray-painting booths, vehicle preparation stations, and spray-painting guns. The controls were evaluated by measuring particulate overspray concentrations in the worker's breathing zone, visualizing the airflow in spray-painting booths and vehicle preparation stations, and measuring airflow volumes and velocities, In addition, respirator usage observations were collected at five of the autobody repair shops, and quantitative fit tests were conducted on existing respirators at three shops. Several conclusions were drawn from this study. Downdraft spray-painting booths provide lower particulate overspray concentrations measured on the worker than crossdraft and semidowndraft spray-painting booths. In the latter two booths, the spray-painting gun can disperse as much as half the paint overspray into the incoming fresh air, increasing worker overspray exposure. Vehicle preparation stations have no walls to contain the overspray and, commonly, a single exhaust fan removes air from the painting area. Airflow patterns suggest that these do nor control the paint overspray, Switching from a conventional spray-painting gull to a high-volume low pressure spray-painting gun reduced the particulate overspray concentration by a factor of 2 at a manufacturer's test facility. However, this change did not significantly affect solvent concentrations. Finally, respirator usage in five of the six shops studied was inappropriate. Respirators were poorly maintained and/or did not fit the workers, perhaps due to the absence of a formal respirator program. RP HEITBRINK, WA (reprint author), NIOSH,CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,US DEPT HLTH & HUMAN SERV,PUBL HLTH SERV,4676 COLUMBIA PKWY,CINCINNATI,OH 45226, USA. RI Ruch, Willibald/G-3124-2011 OI Ruch, Willibald/0000-0001-5368-3616 NR 37 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOC PI FAIRFAX PA 2700 PROSPERITY AVE #250, FAIRFAX, VA 22031-4307 SN 0002-8894 J9 AM IND HYG ASSOC J JI Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 56 IS 10 BP 1023 EP 1032 DI 10.1202/0002-8894(1995)056<1023:COPOIA>2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA RY825 UT WOS:A1995RY82500009 PM 7572611 ER PT J AU SCHLECHT, PC GROFF, JH AF SCHLECHT, PC GROFF, JH TI ENVIRONMENTAL LEAD PROFICIENCY ANALYTICAL TESTING (ELPAT) PROGRAM - ELPAT PROGRAM REPORT - BACKGROUND AND CURRENT STATUS (JULY 1995) SO AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOCIATION JOURNAL LA English DT Article RP SCHLECHT, PC (reprint author), NIOSH,DIV PHYS SCI & ENGN QUAL ASSURANCE & STAT ACTIV,ROBERT A TAFT LABS,4676 COLUMBIA PKWY,CINCINNATI,OH 45226, USA. NR 20 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOC PI FAIRFAX PA 2700 PROSPERITY AVE #250, FAIRFAX, VA 22031-4307 SN 0002-8894 J9 AM IND HYG ASSOC J JI Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 56 IS 10 BP 1034 EP 1040 DI 10.1202/0002-8894(1995)056<1034:EPRBAC>2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA RY825 UT WOS:A1995RY82500010 PM 7572612 ER PT J AU MATHESON, PB WEEDON, J CAPPELLI, M ABRAMS, EJ SHAFFER, N BAMJI, M KRASINSKI, K LAMBERT, G KAUL, A GRIMM, K HUTSON, D THOMAS, PA DOBROSYCKI, J DAVILA, S GRANT, D HAND, I HARRIS, A JOHNSTON, B NIEVES, M SOLOMAN, L WIZNIA, A BROTMAN, R BLANCH, S BRUTUS, J DAY, C RHINEHART, W SIMON, R TURKELL, V GEORGE, R KALISH, M KILBOURNE, B OU, CY PETZELT, J RAPIER, J ROGERS, M SCHABLE, C SMITH, L STRAUS, W ANDERSON, L HUTCHISON, S MCVEIGH, K ODONNELL, R CHAMPION, S CARRASQUILLIO, N FLOYD, J FREEDLAND, C HEAGARTY, M NICHOLAS, S PRINCE, P SUAREZ, M CHOW, J NACHMAN, S SHAH, K ALFORD, T BETRE, A FOYESOUSOU, V GONZALEZ, C JESSOP, DJ MACIAS, L NG, D PACKER, J PLINER, V ROSENBLUTH, L SAVORY, R TADROS, H THEA, D YOUNG, S ZHANG, ZR AHMED, S AUGUSTIN, E CRUZ, N HENRIQUEZ, R JACKSON, L SACHARZKY, E IOSUB, SI BEATRICE, ST CHIASSON, MA DEBERNARDO, E LAWRENCE, K OLESZKO, W PUNSALANG, A ALLEN, M BORKOWSKY, W COURTLAND, R DALIGODU, M HOOVER, W LOPEZ, D POLLACK, H RIOS, J AF MATHESON, PB WEEDON, J CAPPELLI, M ABRAMS, EJ SHAFFER, N BAMJI, M KRASINSKI, K LAMBERT, G KAUL, A GRIMM, K HUTSON, D THOMAS, PA DOBROSYCKI, J DAVILA, S GRANT, D HAND, I HARRIS, A JOHNSTON, B NIEVES, M SOLOMAN, L WIZNIA, A BROTMAN, R BLANCH, S BRUTUS, J DAY, C RHINEHART, W SIMON, R TURKELL, V GEORGE, R KALISH, M KILBOURNE, B OU, CY PETZELT, J RAPIER, J ROGERS, M SCHABLE, C SMITH, L STRAUS, W ANDERSON, L HUTCHISON, S MCVEIGH, K ODONNELL, R CHAMPION, S CARRASQUILLIO, N FLOYD, J FREEDLAND, C HEAGARTY, M NICHOLAS, S PRINCE, P SUAREZ, M CHOW, J NACHMAN, S SHAH, K ALFORD, T BETRE, A FOYESOUSOU, V GONZALEZ, C JESSOP, DJ MACIAS, L NG, D PACKER, J PLINER, V ROSENBLUTH, L SAVORY, R TADROS, H THEA, D YOUNG, S ZHANG, ZR AHMED, S AUGUSTIN, E CRUZ, N HENRIQUEZ, R JACKSON, L SACHARZKY, E IOSUB, SI BEATRICE, ST CHIASSON, MA DEBERNARDO, E LAWRENCE, K OLESZKO, W PUNSALANG, A ALLEN, M BORKOWSKY, W COURTLAND, R DALIGODU, M HOOVER, W LOPEZ, D POLLACK, H RIOS, J TI COMPARISON OF METHODS OF ESTIMATING THE MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION RATE OF HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS TYPE-1 (HIV-1) SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Note DE HIV-1; MATERNAL-FETAL EXCHANGE; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; RISK FACTORS ID INFECTION AB Four methods of estimating mother-to-child transmission rates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), based on the 1992 Ghent workshop, were compared in a multicenter New York City prospective cohort study in 1986-1992. Of 833 infants born to women at risk of HIV-1 infection, 388 were born HIV-1 seropositive and 445 were HIV-1 seronegative. The four methods, the Antibody Only, Indirect, Direct, and Virologic Methods, yielded transmission rate estimates of 19-25%, classifying 59-89% of the cohort. Estimation based on persistence of HIV-1 antibody and clinical assessment yielded transmission rates similar to those methods that incorporated virologic testing. C1 HARLEM HOSP MED CTR,NEW YORK,NY. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. METROPOLITAN HOSP,NEW YORK,NY. NYU,BELLEVUE HOSP CTR,MED CTR,NEW YORK,NY 10016. BRONX LEBANON HOSP CTR,NEW YORK,NY. MT SINAI HOSP,NEW YORK,NY 10029. CTR COMPREHENS HLTH PRACTICE,NEW YORK,NY. NEW YORK CITY DEPT HLTH,NEW YORK,NY 10013. LINCOLN HOSP CTR,NEW YORK,NY. RP MATHESON, PB (reprint author), MED & HLTH RES ASSOC NYC INC,NYC PERINATAL HIV TRANSMISS COLLABORAT GRP,MIT,ROOM 720,NEW YORK,NY 10013, USA. FU PHS HHS [064 CCU 200937] NR 24 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER J EPIDEMIOLOGY PI BALTIMORE PA 624 N BROADWAY RM 225, BALTIMORE, MD 21205 SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD OCT 1 PY 1995 VL 142 IS 7 BP 714 EP 718 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA RW932 UT WOS:A1995RW93200006 PM 7572941 ER PT J AU CLEMENS, J RAO, M SACK, D AHMED, F KHAN, MR CHAKRABORTY, J KAY, B HUDA, S YUNUS, M VANLOON, F SVENNERHOLM, AM HOLMGREN, J AF CLEMENS, J RAO, M SACK, D AHMED, F KHAN, MR CHAKRABORTY, J KAY, B HUDA, S YUNUS, M VANLOON, F SVENNERHOLM, AM HOLMGREN, J TI IMPAIRED IMMUNE-RESPONSE TO NATURAL INFECTION AS A CORRELATE OF VACCINE FAILURE IN A FIELD TRIAL OF KILLED ORAL CHOLERA VACCINES SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE CHOLERA; CHOLERA VACCINE; SEROEPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS ID BANGLADESH; RISK; TOXIN AB In a field trial carried out in 1985 in Matlab, Bangladesh, the authors evaluated whether subjects who developed Vibrio cholerae 01 infections during the first year after earlier receipt of B subunit-killed whole cell (BS-WC) or killed whole cell-only (WC) oral cholera vaccines exhibited deficient serum vibriocidal immune responses to these infections. After severe V. cholerae 01 infections (n = 70) in subjects > 5 years of age, the age group in which both vaccines were efficacious, a 6.5 geometric mean-fold rise of serum vibriocidal antibodies was observed among vaccinees, compared with an 18.6 geometric mean-fold rise in placebo-recipients (p < 0.01). Depressions of serum vibriocidal responses among vaccinees were even more marked after asymptomatic infections (n = 30): a 1.1 geometric mean-fold rise in vaccinees versus a 5.9 geometric mean-fold rise in placebo-recipients (p < 0.01). The authors conclude that subjects who failed to be protected by BS-WC and WC, despite being in the age group for which these vaccines were protective, exhibited poor immune responses even to the vigorous stimulus of natural infection. These findings raise the possibility that immune hyporesponsiveness may limit the potential efficacy attainable by cholera vaccines in populations with endemic cholera. C1 INT CTR DIARRHOEAL DIS RES,DHAKA 1000,BANGLADESH. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. GOTHENBURG UNIV,GOTHENBURG,SWEDEN. JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV,SCH PUBL HLTH,BALTIMORE,MD. RP CLEMENS, J (reprint author), NICHHD,6100 EXECUT BLVD,ROOM 7B03,BETHESDA,MD 20892, USA. NR 18 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER J EPIDEMIOLOGY PI BALTIMORE PA 624 N BROADWAY RM 225, BALTIMORE, MD 21205 SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD OCT 1 PY 1995 VL 142 IS 7 BP 759 EP 764 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA RW932 UT WOS:A1995RW93200012 PM 7572947 ER PT J AU IKEDA, RM BIRKHEAD, GS FLYNN, MK THOMPSON, SF MORSE, DL AF IKEDA, RM BIRKHEAD, GS FLYNN, MK THOMPSON, SF MORSE, DL TI USE OF MULTIPLE REPORTING SOURCES FOR PERINATAL HEPATITIS-B SURVEILLANCE AND FOLLOW-UP SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGENS; INFANT, NEWBORN, DISEASES; POPULATION SURVEILLANCE; PUBLIC HEALTH ID UNITED-STATES; VIRUS TRANSMISSION; IMMUNE GLOBULIN; PREVENTION; VACCINE; POPULATION; WOMEN AB The New York State Perinatal Hepatitis B Prevention Program was implemented in New York State (excluding New York City) as a surveillance and control program in 1988, This report describes and evaluates the program and provides data from 1991 regarding hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive mothers and their infants' subsequent hepatitis B vaccination. The program was created using multiple existing surveillance and data collection systems. Completeness of case-ascertainment was estimated by means of the Chandra Sekar-Deming method (J Am Stat Assoc 1949;44:101-15). An audit of hospital medical records and follow-up by local health departments were used to validate reporting accuracy, Of 158,273 live births in 1991, 363 (0.2%) were born to confirmed HBsAg-positive mothers. Estimated completeness of case-ascertainment was 96%, Thirty-five percent of HBsAg-positive mothers did not report risk factors for hepatitis B, confirming the need for universal testing, Of the infants, 83% received hepatitis B immune globulin and three doses of vaccine within one year of birth. By using existing data collection systems, the program was established quickly, and start-up funding and training requirements were simplified, Multiple reporting increased case-ascertainment to almost 100%, The program effectively identifies and ensures prompt vaccination of infants born to HBsAg-positive mothers. C1 NEW YORK STATE DEPT HLTH,BUR COMMUNICABLE DIS CONTROL,ALBANY,NY 12201. SUNY ALBANY,SCH PUBL HLTH,DEPT EPIDEMIOL,ALBANY,NY 12222. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,EPIDEMIOL PROGRAM OFF,DIV FIELD EPIDEMIOL,EPIDEMIC INTELLIGENCE SERV,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 22 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER J EPIDEMIOLOGY PI BALTIMORE PA 624 N BROADWAY RM 225, BALTIMORE, MD 21205 SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD OCT 1 PY 1995 VL 142 IS 7 BP 765 EP 770 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA RW932 UT WOS:A1995RW93200013 PM 7572948 ER PT J AU TOROK, TJ HOLMAN, RC CHORBA, TL AF TOROK, TJ HOLMAN, RC CHORBA, TL TI INCREASING MORTALITY FROM THROMBOTIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA IN THE UNITED-STATES - ANALYSIS OF NATIONAL MORTALITY DATA, 1968-1991 SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HEMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE EPIDEMIOLOGY; ICDA-8; ICD-9; HEMOLYTIC UREMIC SYNDROME; INCIDENCE; MORTALITY; THROMBOTIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA ID HEMOLYTIC UREMIC SYNDROME; PLASMA-EXCHANGE; 10-YEAR EXPERIENCE; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; PLASMAPHERESIS; TRANSFUSIONS; INFECTIONS; FEATURES AB Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a rare disease and the epidemiologic features have been incompletely characterized. Because of the historically high case-fatality rate for TTP, we analyzed U.S. multiple cause-of-death mortality data with TTP listed on the death record for the period 1968-1991, in order to estimate the incidence of TTP, to characterize demographic features of the decedents, and to determine if trends in mortality correlate with findings from clinical studies showing improved survival in recent years. There were 4,523 TTP-associated deaths during the 24-year study period. The annual age-adjusted mortality rate decreased initially and reached its lowest point at 0.4 per 1,000,000 residents for the years 1970 through 1973, and then increased steadily to 1.1 during the last 4 years of the study period, 1988 through 1991. We estimate the current incidence of TTP to be approximately 3.7 cases per 1,000,000 residents, Deaths were rare below the age of 20 years, but the age-specific mortality rate for those 20 years and older increased steadily with increasing age. Regardless of age, females were affected more often than males, and the overall female-to-male age-adjusted rate ratio was 1.9 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.8 to 2.0). The greatest age-specific difference was between females and males in their twenties (rate ratio 3.2; 95% CI, 2.6 to 3.9). The mortality rate for blacks, and especially black females, was higher than the mortality rate for whites (black-to-white age-adjusted rate ratio 3.4; 95% CI, 3.2 to 3.6; black female-to-white female age-adjusted rate ratio 3.6; 95% CI, 3.3 to 3.9), although the majority of deaths were among whites (71.5%). Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or an HIV-related diagnosis was reported in 61 (1.3%) decedents overall and in 51 (4.4%) decedents from 1988 through 1991. The TTP mortality rate has increased over time despite reports of significant improvement in survival associated with clinical use of plasma infusion and plasma exchange, This trend in mortality suggests that the incidence of TTP is increasing, Blacks, and black females in particular, are affected at a disproportionately high rate, The increased incidence of HIV infection and related disease may have contributed to some of the increase in TTP mortality in recent years, but it does not explain the majority of the increase, which began before the onset of the HIV epidemic. (C) 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INJURY PREVENT & CONTROL,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP TOROK, TJ (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,BLDG 7,ROOM B43,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 29 TC 128 Z9 133 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 SN 0361-8609 J9 AM J HEMATOL JI Am. J. Hematol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 50 IS 2 BP 84 EP 90 DI 10.1002/ajh.2830500203 PG 7 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA RX490 UT WOS:A1995RX49000002 PM 7573005 ER PT J AU YOON, PW FREEMAN, SB SHERMAN, SL TAFT, LF FLANDERS, WD KHOURY, MJ HASSOLD, TJ AF YOON, PW FREEMAN, SB SHERMAN, SL TAFT, LF FLANDERS, WD KHOURY, MJ HASSOLD, TJ TI ADVANCED MATERNAL AND PATERNAL AGE AND THE RISK OF DOWN-SYNDROME CHARACTERIZED BY THE PARENTAL ORIGIN ROD THE MEIOTIC STAKE OF THE CHROMOSOMAL ERROR - A POPULATION-BASED STUDY SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. EMORY UNIV,ATLANTA,GA 30322. CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIV,CLEVELAND,OH 44106. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 0002-9297 J9 AM J HUM GENET JI Am. J. Hum. Genet. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 57 IS 4 SU S BP 252 EP 252 PG 1 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA RW687 UT WOS:A1995RW68700253 ER PT J AU OAKLEY, GP AF OAKLEY, GP TI FOLIC-ACID FORTIFICATION - PREVENTION OPPORTUNITY OF THE DECADE SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 0002-9297 J9 AM J HUM GENET JI Am. J. Hum. Genet. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 57 IS 4 SU S BP 295 EP 295 PG 1 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA RW687 UT WOS:A1995RW68700293 ER PT J AU ROBERTS, HE SAXE, DE MURALIDHARAN, K COLEMAN, KB ZACHARIAS, JF FERNHOFF, PM AF ROBERTS, HE SAXE, DE MURALIDHARAN, K COLEMAN, KB ZACHARIAS, JF FERNHOFF, PM TI A UNIQUE MOSAICISM OF TETRAPLOIDY AND TRISOMY-8 - CLINICAL, CYTOGENETIC AND MOLECULAR FINDINGS IN A LIVE-BORN INFANT SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. EMORY UNIV,ATLANTA,GA 30322. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 0002-9297 J9 AM J HUM GENET JI Am. J. Hum. Genet. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 57 IS 4 SU S BP 697 EP 697 PG 1 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA RW687 UT WOS:A1995RW68700698 ER PT J AU OU, CY STEVENSON, RE BROWN, VK SCHWARTZ, CE ALLEN, WP KHOURY, M OAKLEY, GP ADAMS, MJ AF OU, CY STEVENSON, RE BROWN, VK SCHWARTZ, CE ALLEN, WP KHOURY, M OAKLEY, GP ADAMS, MJ TI C677T HOMOZYGOSITY ASSOCIATED WITH THERMOLABILE 5,10-METHYLENETETRAHYDROFOLATE, REDUCTASE AS A RISK FACTOR FOR NEURAL-TUBE DEFECTS SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,DIV ENVIRONM HLTH LAB SCI,ATLANTA,GA 30341. GREENWOOD GENET CTR,GREENWOOD,SC 29646. CDC,NCEH,DIV BIRTH DEFECTS & DEV DISABIL,ATLANTA,GA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 0002-9297 J9 AM J HUM GENET JI Am. J. Hum. Genet. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 57 IS 4 SU S BP 1286 EP 1286 PG 1 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA RW687 UT WOS:A1995RW68701285 ER PT J AU RANDELS, SP CLARREN, SK SANDERSON, M GAUDINO, J HYMBAUGH, K FINEMAN, RM AF RANDELS, SP CLARREN, SK SANDERSON, M GAUDINO, J HYMBAUGH, K FINEMAN, RM TI POPULATION-BASED FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME (FAS) SURVEILLANCE AT ELEMENTARY-SCHOOL ENTRANCE SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 WASHINGTON STATE DEPT HLTH,SEATTLE,WA. CHILDRENS HOSP & MED CTR,SEATTLE,WA. UNIV WASHINGTON,SEATTLE,WA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 0002-9297 J9 AM J HUM GENET JI Am. J. Hum. Genet. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 57 IS 4 SU S BP 1734 EP 1734 PG 1 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA RW687 UT WOS:A1995RW68701732 ER PT J AU KONISHI, N HIASA, Y MATSUDA, H TAO, M TSUZUKI, T HAYASHI, I KITAHORI, Y SHIRAISHI, T YATANI, R SHIMAZAKI, J LIN, JC AF KONISHI, N HIASA, Y MATSUDA, H TAO, M TSUZUKI, T HAYASHI, I KITAHORI, Y SHIRAISHI, T YATANI, R SHIMAZAKI, J LIN, JC TI INTRATUMOR CELLULAR HETEROGENEITY AND ALTERATIONS IN RAS ONCOGENE AND P53 TUMOR-SUPPRESSOR GENE IN HUMAN PROSTATE CARCINOMA SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LUNG-CANCER; MUTATIONS; LINES; DNA; ADENOCARCINOMA; EXPRESSION; TUMORIGENESIS; POLYMORPHISM; PROGRESSION; ACTIVATION AB To assess the potential role of ras oncogene activation and p53 tumor suppressor gene mutations in the development of human prostate carcinoma, nine cases of histologically heterogeneous prostate tumors obtained from total prostatectomies were probed for these specific events. Each tumor vas divided into 5 to 10 areas according to different growth or histological patterns. Targeted DNA sequences coding for ras and p53 were amplified by the polymerase chain reaction, analyzed by single-strand conformational polymorphisms, and confirmed by direct DNA sequencing. Point mutations of the ras gene were found in three of the nine tumors. Two contained K-ras codon 13 and H-ras codon 61 mutations, found in only one and three areas of each lesion, respectively. The third tumor contained two different point mutations in K-ras codons 13 and 61 in different foci of the sample. Loss of heterozygosity at the polymorphic codon 72 in the p53 gene was detected in two of four informative cases (50%) showing fragment cleavage by restriction fragment length poly,morphism analysis. Mutations in p53, missense transversions, single base insertions, and two base deletions, were also detected ill three tumors. The present results reveal mutated ras and p53 occasionally occurring in small foci of the tumor and that genetic mutations in p53, as opposed to those in ras, are more closely associated with invasive growth of heterogeneous prostate carcinoma. C1 MIE UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT PATHOL,TSU,MIE 514,JAPAN. CHIBA UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT UROL,CHUO KU,CHIBA 260,JAPAN. CTR DIS CONTROL,TUMOR VIROL LAB,ATLANTA,GA. RP KONISHI, N (reprint author), NARA MED UNIV,DEPT PATHOL,KASHIHARA,NARA 634,JAPAN. NR 48 TC 95 Z9 99 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC INVESTIGATIVE PATHOLOGY, INC PI BALTIMORE PA 428 EAST PRESTON ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21202-3993 SN 0002-9440 J9 AM J PATHOL JI Am. J. Pathol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 147 IS 4 BP 1112 EP 1122 PG 11 WC Pathology SC Pathology GA RZ182 UT WOS:A1995RZ18200024 PM 7573356 ER PT J AU WAGNER, GR AF WAGNER, GR TI THE INEXCUSABLE PERSISTENCE OF SILICOSIS SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Editorial Material RP WAGNER, GR (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV RESP DIS STUDIES,MORGANTOWN,WV, USA. NR 10 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSN INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD OCT PY 1995 VL 85 IS 10 BP 1346 EP 1347 DI 10.2105/AJPH.85.10.1346 PG 2 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA RY405 UT WOS:A1995RY40500003 PM 7573613 ER PT J AU BEVIER, PJ CHIASSON, MA HEFFERMAN, RT CASTRO, KG AF BEVIER, PJ CHIASSON, MA HEFFERMAN, RT CASTRO, KG TI WOMEN AT A SEXUALLY-TRANSMITTED DISEASE CLINIC WHO REPORTED SAME-SEX CONTACT - THEIR HIV SEROPREVALENCE AND RISK BEHAVIORS SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS-INFECTION; GENITAL ULCER DISEASE; UNITED-STATES; COCAINE USE; CRACK; AIDS; EPIDEMIOLOGY; LESBIANS; TRANSMISSION; ALCOHOL AB Objectives. This study compares characteristics, behaviors, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in women who reported same-sex contact and women who had sex only with men. Methods. Participants were patients attending a New York City sexually transmitted disease clinic. Structured questionnaires were administered by interviewers. Results. Overall, 9% (135/1518) of women reported same-sex contact; among these, 93% also reported contact with men. Women reporting same-sex contact were more likely than exclusively heterosexual women to be HIV seropositive (17% vs 11%; odds ratio [OR] = 1.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.0, 2.6), to exchange sex for money/drugs (48% vs 12%, OR = 6.7,: 95% CI = 4.6, 9.8), to inject drugs (31% vs 7%, OR = 6.3, 95% CI = 4.1, 9.5), and to use crack cocaine (31% vs 15%, OR = 3.3, 95% CI = 2.2, 4.8). HIV in women reporting same-sex contact was associated with history of syphilis (OR = 8.8), sex for crack (OR = 5.7), and injection drug use (OR = 4.5). Conclusions. In this study, women who reported same-sex contact were predominantly bisexual. They had more HIV risk behaviors and were more often HIV seropositive than women who had sex only with men. Among these bisexual women, heterosexual contact and injection drug use were the most likely sources of HIV. There was no evidence of female-to-female transmission. C1 NEW YORK CITY DEPT HLTH,NEW YORK,NY 10013. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30341. FU PHS HHS [U64/CCU203312] NR 38 TC 65 Z9 65 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSN INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD OCT PY 1995 VL 85 IS 10 BP 1366 EP 1371 DI 10.2105/AJPH.85.10.1366 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA RY405 UT WOS:A1995RY40500009 PM 7573619 ER PT J AU STEENLAND, K BROWN, D AF STEENLAND, K BROWN, D TI SILICOSIS AMONG GOLD MINERS - EXPOSURE - RESPONSE ANALYSES AND RISK ASSESSMENT SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID COHORT AB Objectives. This study sought to estimate the risk of silicosis by cumulative exposure-years in a cohort of miners exposed to silica, as well as the lifetime risk of silicosis under the current Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) standard (0.09 mg/m(3)). Methods. In a cohort study of 3330 gold miners who worked at least 1 year underground from 1940 to 1965 (average 9 years) and were exposed to a median silica level of 0.05 mg/m(3) (0.15 mg/m(3) for those hired before 1930), 170 cases of silicosis were determined from either death certificates or two cross-sectional radiographic surveys. Results. The risk of silicosis was less than 1% with a cumulative exposure under 0.5 mg/m(3)-years, increasing to 68% to 84% for the highest cumulative exposure category of more than 4 mg/m(3)-years. Cumulative exposure was the best predictor of disease, followed by duration of exposure and average exposure. After adjustment for competing risks of death, a 45-year exposure under the current OSHA standard would lead to a lifetime risk of silicosis of 35% to 47%. Conclusions. Almost 2 million US workers are currently exposed to silica. Our results add to a small but increasing body of literature that suggests that the current OSHA silica exposure level is unacceptably high. C1 NIOSH,RES TRIANGLE PK,NC. RP STEENLAND, K (reprint author), NIOSH,4676 COLUMBIA PKWY,MS R13,CINCINNATI,OH 45226, USA. NR 25 TC 68 Z9 75 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSN INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD OCT PY 1995 VL 85 IS 10 BP 1372 EP 1377 DI 10.2105/AJPH.85.10.1372 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA RY405 UT WOS:A1995RY40500010 PM 7573620 ER PT J AU SCANLON, KS BLANK, S SINKS, T LETT, S MUELLER, P FREEDMAN, DS SERDULA, M FALK, H AF SCANLON, KS BLANK, S SINKS, T LETT, S MUELLER, P FREEDMAN, DS SERDULA, M FALK, H TI SUBCLINICAL HEALTH-EFFECTS IN A POPULATION EXPOSED TO EXCESS VITAMIN-D IN MILK SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID WOMEN AB To evaluate subclinical health effects of excess vitamin D, a cross-sectional study was conducted of persons consuming milk from a dairy that had overfortified milk for at least 4 years. Milk consumption, sunlight exposure, medical symptoms, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D), serum and urinary calcium, and indicators of renal function were measured. Increased milk consumption was associated with increased serum 25(OH)D and urinary calcium, However, the prevalences of elevated serum 25(OH)D and calcium were no greater than expected, and data indicated normal renal function. It was concluded that most persons exposed to excess vitamin D exhibited no measurable adverse subclinical effects. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,ATLANTA,GA. MASSACHUSETTS DEPT PUBL HLTH,DIV EPIDEMIOL,BOSTON,MA. RP SCANLON, KS (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,4770 BUFORD HWY,NE,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 21 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 15 U2 16 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSN INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD OCT PY 1995 VL 85 IS 10 BP 1418 EP 1422 DI 10.2105/AJPH.85.10.1418 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA RY405 UT WOS:A1995RY40500018 PM 7573628 ER PT J AU KENDRICK, JS AF KENDRICK, JS TI SMOKING CESSATION COUNSELING DURING ROUTINE PUBLIC PRENATAL-CARE - RESPONSE SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Letter RP KENDRICK, JS (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR CHRON DIS PREVENT & HLTH PROMOT,MAILSTOP K-23,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSN INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD OCT PY 1995 VL 85 IS 10 BP 1452 EP 1452 DI 10.2105/AJPH.85.10.1452 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA RY405 UT WOS:A1995RY40500030 ER PT J AU GREEN, MD MOUNT, DL TODD, GD AF GREEN, MD MOUNT, DL TODD, GD TI DETERMINATION OF SULFADOXINE CONCENTRATIONS IN WHOLE-BLOOD USING C-18 SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION, SODIUM DODECYL-SULFATE AND DIMETHYLAMINOCINNAMALDEHYDE SO ANALYST LA English DT Article DE COLORIMETRIC REACTION; SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION; SULFADOXINE; SULFONAMIDE; SODIUM DODECYL SULFATE ID CHLOROQUINE; METABOLITES; URINE; ASSAYS AB A simple method is described for the extraction and subsequent analysis of sulfadoxine in human whole blood using a solid-phase extraction technique and colorimetric reaction, This procedure utilizes the micellar properties of sodium dodecyl sulfate to (1) extract sulfadoxine from a C-18 solid-phase sample preparation column; (2) enhance the dolorimetric reaction produced by the addition of p-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde (DMAC); and (3) provide stability to the coloured product generated by the reaction of sulfadoxine with DMAC. The intense, violet-red colour reaction can be conveniently used for qualitative and semiquantitative visual interpretations of sulfadoxine levels. Under the assay conditions, drug concentrations in the blood of subjects receiving sulfadoxine were determined from absorbance measurements. These results correlated well with the sulfadoxine levels determined from high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis. Important advantages of the procedure include the ability to evaluate small samples of whole blood (100 mu l), the minimal use of organic solvents, no sophisticated instrumentation, and formation of a stable, coloured reaction product. The method proved to be a suitable field assay for determining whole-blood levels of sulfonamides in the concentration range from 5 to 100 mu g ml(-1). RP GREEN, MD (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV PARASIT DIS,ENTOMOL BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 16 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 5 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE SCIENCE PARK MILTON ROAD, CAMBRIDGE, CAMBS, ENGLAND CB4 4WF SN 0003-2654 J9 ANALYST JI Analyst PD OCT PY 1995 VL 120 IS 10 BP 2623 EP 2626 DI 10.1039/an9952002623 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA TC065 UT WOS:A1995TC06500030 PM 8540620 ER PT J AU MALONEY, SA PEARSON, ML JARVIS, WR AF MALONEY, SA PEARSON, ML JARVIS, WR TI NOSOCOMIAL TRANSMISSION OF TUBERCULOSIS - RESPONSE SO ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Letter RP MALONEY, SA (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER COLL PHYSICIANS PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE MALL WEST 6TH AND RACE ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-1572 SN 0003-4819 J9 ANN INTERN MED JI Ann. Intern. Med. PD OCT 1 PY 1995 VL 123 IS 7 BP 552 EP 553 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA RW495 UT WOS:A1995RW49500016 ER PT J AU MCDOUGAL, LK RASHEED, JK BIDDLE, JW TENOVER, FC AF MCDOUGAL, LK RASHEED, JK BIDDLE, JW TENOVER, FC TI IDENTIFICATION OF MULTIPLE CLONES OF EXTENDED-SPECTRUM CEPHALOSPORIN-RESISTANT STREPTOCOCCUS-PNEUMONIAE ISOLATES IN THE UNITED-STATES SO ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY LA English DT Article ID PENICILLIN-BINDING PROTEINS; ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCES; HORIZONTAL TRANSFER; GENES; MENINGITIS; ELECTROPHORESIS; ANTIBIOTICS; EVOLUTION; GENETICS AB We characterized 12 isolates of Streptococcas pneumoniae with various levels of susceptibility to penicillin and extended-spectrum cephalosporins by antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, serotypes, ribotypes, chromosomal DNA restriction patterns by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, multilocus enzyme electrophoresis patterns, penicillin-binding protein (PBP) profiles, and DNA restriction endonuclease cleavage profiles of pbp1a, pbp2x, and pbp2b. Seven cefotaxime-resistant (MIC, greater than or equal to 2 mu g/ml) serotype 23F isolates were related on the basis of ribotyping, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, but they had two slightly different PBP patterns: one unique to strains for which the MIC of penicillin is high (4.0 mu g/ml) and one unique to strains for which the MIC of penicillin is low (0.12 to 1.0 mu g/ml). The pbp1a and pbp2x fingerprints were identical for the seven isolates; however, the pbp2b fingerprints were different. An eighth serotype 23F isolate with high-level resistance to cephalosporins was not related to the other seven isolates by typing data but was a variant of the widespread, multiresistant serotype 23F Spanish clone. The PBP profiles and fingerprints of pbp1a, pbp2x, and pbp2b were identical to those of the Spanish clone isolate. An additional serotype 6B isolate with high-level resistance to cephalosporins had unique typing profiles and was unrelated to the serotype 23F cephalosporin-resistant isolates but was related on the basis of genetic typing methods to a second serotype 6B isolate that was cephalosporin susceptible. The serotype 6B isolates had different PBP profiles and fingerprints for pbp1a, but the fingerprints for pbp2x and pbp2b were the same. RP MCDOUGAL, LK (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,HOSP INFECT PROGRAM,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 48 TC 83 Z9 84 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0066-4804 J9 ANTIMICROB AGENTS CH JI Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 39 IS 10 BP 2282 EP 2288 PG 7 WC Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA RX469 UT WOS:A1995RX46900023 PM 8619583 ER PT J AU MCGOVERN, TW WILLIAMS, W FITZPATRICK, JE CETRON, MS HEPBURN, BC GENTRY, RH AF MCGOVERN, TW WILLIAMS, W FITZPATRICK, JE CETRON, MS HEPBURN, BC GENTRY, RH TI CUTANEOUS MANIFESTATIONS OF AFRICAN TRYPANOSOMIASIS SO ARCHIVES OF DERMATOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Background: Dermatologists may evaluate patients with African trypanosomiasis. The currently available dermatologic literature does not review the cutaneous manifestations of African trypanosomiasis. Observation: We describe an American man who acquired African trypanosomiasis while hunting in Tanzania, and we review and classify the cutaneous findings of this disease. This article reports the results of the first biopsy of a trypanid and depicts trypanosomes on the first touch preparation done from a trypanid biopsy specimen. Rare color photographs of trypanids are shown. Conclusions: Recognition of the unique cutaneous manifestations of African trypanosomiasis may allow dermatologists to make a rapid diagnosis that is essential for timely treatment and survival. Classifying the disease with primary chancriform, secondary hemolymphatic, and tertiary central nervous system stages should improve the understanding of the complex natural history of African trypanosomiasis. C1 FITZSIMONS ARMY MED CTR,INFECT DIS SERV,AURORA,CO 80045. NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV PARASIT DIS,ATLANTA,GA. USAF ACAD,DEPT FAMILY PRACTICE,COLORADO SPRINGS,CO. RP MCGOVERN, TW (reprint author), FITZSIMONS ARMY MED CTR,DERMATOL SERV,AURORA,CO 80045, USA. NR 20 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 0003-987X J9 ARCH DERMATOL JI Arch. Dermatol. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 131 IS 10 BP 1178 EP 1182 DI 10.1001/archderm.131.10.1178 PG 5 WC Dermatology SC Dermatology GA RZ277 UT WOS:A1995RZ27700014 PM 7574836 ER PT J AU STEINDEL, SJ AF STEINDEL, SJ TI TIMELINESS OF CLINICAL LABORATORY TESTS - A DISCUSSION BASED ON 5 COLLEGE-OF-AMERICAN-PATHOLOGISTS Q-PROBE STUDIES SO ARCHIVES OF PATHOLOGY & LABORATORY MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID CONTINUOUS QUALITY IMPROVEMENT; TEST TURNAROUND TIMES; STAT; EMERGENCY; MANAGEMENT; COMPONENT; DELAYS; TOOL AB Along with accuracy and reliability, timeliness is considered an essential quality for laboratory tests. Only for highly specific instances involving situations in operating theaters has timeliness been shown to affect outcome. Some studies have shown timeliness can shorten length of stay in certain emergency department situations, but rarely for hospital inpatients. Clinicians' expectations for emergency department laboratory test timeliness call for results in less time than the laboratory expects to or does provide. Data from five College of American Pathologists Q-Probes studies on test turnaround time support these observations, but also show central laboratories can provide results in a timely fashion if they optimize the total testing process. RP STEINDEL, SJ (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,PUBL HLTH PRACTICE PROGRAM MSG23,DIV LAB SYST,CHAMBLEE,GA 30341, USA. NR 26 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU COLLEGE AMER PATHOLOGISTS PI NORTHFIELD PA C/O KIMBERLY GACKI, 325 WAUKEGAN RD, NORTHFIELD, IL 60093-2750 SN 0003-9985 J9 ARCH PATHOL LAB MED JI Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 119 IS 10 BP 918 EP 923 PG 6 WC Medical Laboratory Technology; Medicine, Research & Experimental; Pathology SC Medical Laboratory Technology; Research & Experimental Medicine; Pathology GA RZ609 UT WOS:A1995RZ60900014 PM 7487391 ER PT J AU ORIANS, MA AF ORIANS, MA TI ALTERNATE SITE TESTING - DEFINITION OF SCOPE SO ARCHIVES OF PATHOLOGY & LABORATORY MEDICINE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 MALLINCRODT SENSOR SYST,ANN ARBOR,MI. OHIO STATE UNIV,DEPT PATHOL,COLUMBUS,OH 43210. PALM BEACH REG HOSP,LAKE WORTH,FL. MED COLL GEORGIA,DEPT PATHOL,AUGUSTA,GA 30912. CTR DIS CONTROL,DIV LAB SYST,PUBL HLTH PRACTICE PROGRAM OFF,ATLANTA,GA 30333. BOEHRINGER MANNHEIM DIAGNOST,INDIANAPOLIS,IN. UNIV FLORIDA,COLL MED,DEPT PATHOL,GAINESVILLE,FL. UNIV KENTUCKY,DEPT PATHOL,LEXINGTON,KY. JOINT COMMISS ACCREDITAT HLTH CARE ORG,ACCRED SERV LAB,OAKBROOK TERRACE,IL. VET ADM MED CTR,NEW ORLEANS,LA 70146. MIDWAY HOSP,DEPT PATHOL,ST PAUL,MN. NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU COLLEGE AMER PATHOLOGISTS PI NORTHFIELD PA C/O KIMBERLY GACKI, 325 WAUKEGAN RD, NORTHFIELD, IL 60093-2750 SN 0003-9985 J9 ARCH PATHOL LAB MED JI Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 119 IS 10 BP 952 EP 953 PG 2 WC Medical Laboratory Technology; Medicine, Research & Experimental; Pathology SC Medical Laboratory Technology; Research & Experimental Medicine; Pathology GA RZ609 UT WOS:A1995RZ60900021 PM 7487398 ER PT J AU TROIANO, RP FLEGAL, KM KUCZMARSKI, RJ CAMPBELL, SM JOHNSON, CL AF TROIANO, RP FLEGAL, KM KUCZMARSKI, RJ CAMPBELL, SM JOHNSON, CL TI OVERWEIGHT PREVALENCE AND TRENDS FOR CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS - THE NATIONAL-HEALTH AND NUTRITION EXAMINATION SURVEYS, 1963 TO 1991 SO ARCHIVES OF PEDIATRICS & ADOLESCENT MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; SECULAR TRENDS; ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS; CHILDHOOD WEIGHT; RISK-FACTORS; YOUNG MEN; BODY-MASS; OBESITY; MORTALITY; GROWTH AB Objective: To examine prevalence of overweight and trends in overweight for children and adolescents in the US population. Design: Nationally representative cross-sectional surveys with an in-person interview and a medical examination, including measurement of height and weight. Participants: Between 3000 and 14 000 youths aged 6 through 17 years examined in each of five separate national surveys during 1963 to 1965, 1966 to 1970, 1971 to 1974, 1976 to 1980, and 1988 to 1991 (Cycles II and III of the National Health Examination Survey, and the first, second, and third National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, respectively). Main Outcome Measures: Prevalence of overweight based on body mass index and 85th or 95th percentile cutoff points from Cycles II and III of the National Health Examination Survey. Results: From 1988 to 1991, the prevalence of over-weight was 10.9% based on the 95th percentile and 22% based on the 85th percentile. Overweight prevalence increased during the period examined among all sex and age groups. The increase was greatest since 1976 to 1980, similar to findings previously reported for adults in the United States. Conclusions: Increasing overweight among youths implies a need to focus on primary prevention. Attempts to increase physical activity may provide a means to address this important public health problem. RP TROIANO, RP (reprint author), NATL CTR HLTH STAT,CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,6525 BELCREST RD,ROOM 900,HYATTSVILLE,MD 20782, USA. RI Flegal, Katherine/A-4608-2013; OI Flegal, Katherine/0000-0002-0838-469X; Troiano, Richard/0000-0002-6807-989X NR 58 TC 1056 Z9 1080 U1 1 U2 37 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 SN 1072-4710 J9 ARCH PEDIAT ADOL MED JI Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 149 IS 10 BP 1085 EP 1091 PG 7 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA RY980 UT WOS:A1995RY98000005 PM 7550810 ER PT J AU YELIN, E CALLAHAN, LF ARNETT, F DENNIS, D DEYO, R FELSON, D FELTS, W GIANNINI, E HELMICK, C HEYSE, S HIRSCH, R HOCHBERG, M HUNDER, G LAWRENCE, R LIANG, M PILLEMER, S SHULMAN, L STEEN, V WOLFE, F AF YELIN, E CALLAHAN, LF ARNETT, F DENNIS, D DEYO, R FELSON, D FELTS, W GIANNINI, E HELMICK, C HEYSE, S HIRSCH, R HOCHBERG, M HUNDER, G LAWRENCE, R LIANG, M PILLEMER, S SHULMAN, L STEEN, V WOLFE, F TI THE ECONOMIC COST AND SOCIAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT OF MUSCULOSKELETAL CONDITIONS SO ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM LA English DT Article ID SYSTEMIC LUPUS-ERYTHEMATOSUS; RHEUMATOID-ARTHRITIS; PSYCHIATRIC-DISORDER; UNITED-STATES; DEPRESSION; DISABILITY; DISEASES; HELPLESSNESS; POPULATION; PREVALENCE AB Objective. To provide an indication of the economic, social, and psychological impact of musculoskeletal conditions in the United States, Methods. Review of the literature combined with estimates of data concerning health care utilization and acute and chronic disability due to musculoskeletal conditions, from the 1990-1992 National Health Interview Survey, Results. The cost of musculoskeletal conditions was $149.4 billion in 1992, of which 48% was due to direct medical care costs and the remainder was due to indirect costs resulting from wage losses, This amount translates to similar to 2.5% of the Gross National Product, a sharp rise since the prior studies, even if part of the increase is an artifact of improved accounting methods, Each year, persons with musculoskeletal conditions make 315 million physician visits, have more than 8 million hospital admissions, and experience similar to 1.5 billion days of restricted activity, Approximately 42% of persons with musculoskeletal conditions - more than 17 million in all - are limited in their activities, Conclusion. The economic and social costs of musculoskeletal conditions are substantial, These conditions are responsible for a sizable amount of health care use and disability, and they significantly affect the psychological status of the individuals with the conditions as well as their families. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,AGING STUDIES BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP YELIN, E (reprint author), UNIV CALIF SAN FRANCISCO,ARTHRIT RES GRP,1388 SUTTER ST,SUITE 700,SAN FRANCISCO,CA 94109, USA. FU NIAMS NIH HHS [AR-20684] NR 69 TC 359 Z9 365 U1 0 U2 12 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQUARE, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 0004-3591 J9 ARTHRITIS RHEUM JI Arthritis Rheum. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 38 IS 10 BP 1351 EP 1362 DI 10.1002/art.1780381002 PG 12 WC Rheumatology SC Rheumatology GA TA574 UT WOS:A1995TA57400001 PM 7575685 ER PT J AU PACHMAN, LM LITT, DL ROWLEY, AH HAYFORD, JR CALIENDO, J HELLER, S TICHO, BS CHRISTENSEN, M PATTERSON, B YTTERBERG, SR PALLANSCH, M AF PACHMAN, LM LITT, DL ROWLEY, AH HAYFORD, JR CALIENDO, J HELLER, S TICHO, BS CHRISTENSEN, M PATTERSON, B YTTERBERG, SR PALLANSCH, M TI LACK OF DETECTION OF ENTEROVIRAL RNA OR BACTERIAL-DNA IN MAGNETIC-RESONANCE IMAGING-DIRECTED MUSCLE BIOPSIES FROM 20 CHILDREN WITH ACTIVE UNTREATED JUVENILE DERMATOMYOSITIS SO ARTHRITIS AND RHEUMATISM LA English DT Article ID POLYMYOSITIS AB Objective, To investigate for the presence of increased titers of circulating antibody to putative infectious agents and for detectable viral RNA or bacterial DNA in children with active recent-onset juvenile dermatomyositis (DM), Methods, Magnetic resonance imaging-directed muscle biopsies were performed in 20 children with active, untreated, recent-onset juvenile DM and in age-matched children with neurologic disease, Sera were tested for complement-fixing antibody to Coxsackievirus B (CVB), influenza A and B, parainfluenza 1 and 3, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, mumps, respiratory syncytial virus, and Reovirus; and by immunofluorescence for IgG antibody to Toxoplasma gondii cytomegalovirus and IgM antibody to Epstein-Barr virus, Muscle from juvenile DM patients and control children, CD-1 Swiss mice with and without CVB1 infection, and viral stock positive for CVB1-6 were tested using reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction with 5 primer sets, 4 probes (1 Coxsackievirus, 3 Enterovirus), and universal primers for DNA, Results, No increased antibody, viral RNA, or bacterial DNA was present in the juvenile DM patients or the control children, Conclusion. Juvenile DM may be triggered by unidentified agent(s) in the genetically susceptible host. C1 LOYOLA UNIV,MAYWOOD,IL 60153. VET AFFAIRS MED CTR,MINNEAPOLIS,MN. UNIV MINNESOTA,MINNEAPOLIS,MN 55455. CTR DIS CONTROL,ENTEROVIRUS LAB,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP PACHMAN, LM (reprint author), NORTHWESTERN UNIV,SCH MED,DIV RHEUMATOL IMMUNOL,BOX 50,2300 CHILDRENS PLAZA,CHICAGO,IL 60601, USA. FU NIAMS NIH HHS [P60-AR-30692] NR 16 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT-RAVEN PUBL PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQUARE, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 0004-3591 J9 ARTHRITIS RHEUM JI Arthritis Rheum. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 38 IS 10 BP 1513 EP 1518 DI 10.1002/art.1780381019 PG 6 WC Rheumatology SC Rheumatology GA TA574 UT WOS:A1995TA57400018 PM 7575702 ER PT J AU HOSOYA, K KIMATA, K FUKUNICHI, K TANAKA, N AF HOSOYA, K KIMATA, K FUKUNICHI, K TANAKA, N TI PHOTODECOMPOSITION OF 1,2,3,4-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN AND 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN (TCDD) IN WATER-ALCOHOL MEDIA ON A SOLID SUPPORT SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article DE PHOTODECOMPOSITION; DIOXIN; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-P-DIOXIN ID DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; ORGANIC-SOLVENTS; QUANTUM YIELDS; DEGRADATION; PHOTOLYSIS; PHOTOTRANSFORMATION; PHOTOCHEMISTRY; RECOGNITION; PRODUCTS AB We used a hydrophobic solid support, octadecylsilylated silica gel (C-18), packed in a quartz column as a reaction medium for the photolysis of 2,3,7,8-tetrachloredibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) and 1,2,3,4-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (1,2,3,4-TCDD). When we exposed the column to a 450 W UV lamp, the adsorbed 1,2,3,4-TCDD or 2,3,7,8-TCDD in 10% 2-propanol/water decomposed completely in 20 minutes and 5 minutes, respectively. The large estimated partition coefficient of 1,2,3,4-TCDD in 10% 2-propanol/water (>1000) indicates that on the C-18 stationary phase, both the saturated hydrocarbon chains and the absorbed 2-propanol may act as proton donors and accelerate the photolysis. In direct sunlight, the adsorbed 1,2,3,4-TCDD in 10% 2-propanol/water decomposed much faster than in a nonaqueous solvent (50% 2-propanol/methanol). This solvent effect is advantageous for the practical use of the C-18 photolysis process in aqueous waste treatment. We have demonstrated that complete C-18 trapping with continuous photodecomposition of TCDD contained in an aqueous alcohol waste is possible. C1 KYOTO INST TECHNOL,DEPT CHEM & MAT TECHNOL,SAKYO KU,KYOTO 606,JAPAN. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP HOSOYA, K (reprint author), KYOTO INST TECHNOL,DEPT POLYMER SCI & ENGN,SAKYO KU,KYOTO 606,JAPAN. NR 27 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD OCT PY 1995 VL 31 IS 7 BP 3687 EP 3698 DI 10.1016/0045-6535(95)00218-W PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA TC682 UT WOS:A1995TC68200012 PM 8528653 ER PT J AU ROSENBERG, C KONTSAS, H TORNAEUS, J MUTANEN, P JAPPINEN, P VAINIO, H PATTERSON, DG NEEDHAM, LL AF ROSENBERG, C KONTSAS, H TORNAEUS, J MUTANEN, P JAPPINEN, P VAINIO, H PATTERSON, DG NEEDHAM, LL TI PCDD/PCDF LEVELS IN THE BLOOD OF WORKERS AT A PULP AND PAPER-MILL SO CHEMOSPHERE LA English DT Article DE PCDD/PCDF; BLOOD; PLASMA; PULP AND PAPER MILL; BLEACHING; KRAFT PULP ID MASS-SPECTROMETRIC ANALYSIS; ADIPOSE-TISSUE; DIOXINS; SERUM; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-PARA-DIOXIN; EXPOSURE; FURANS AB Blood samples from 34 workers at a pulp and paper mill and from 14 control persons were analysed for 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDDs and PCDFs. There were no statistically significant differences in total lipid-adjusted PCDD/PCDF concentrations, expressed as toxic equivalents, in blood plasma between the potentially exposed bleaching plant or paper mill workers and the controls. The mean level was 61 pg/g I-TEQ in bleaching plant workers, 60 pg/g I-TEQ in paper mill workers and 49 I-TEQ pg/g in controls. Regarding the concentrations of individual isomers, however, there was an indication that the blood plasma concentrations might be affected by the living and working environment. C1 ENSO GUTZEIT OY,SF-55800 IMATRA,FINLAND. US PHS,CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP ROSENBERG, C (reprint author), FINNISH INST OCCUPAT HLTH,TOPELIUKSENKATU 41 AA,SF-00250 HELSINKI,FINLAND. RI Needham, Larry/E-4930-2011 NR 20 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD, ENGLAND OX5 1GB SN 0045-6535 J9 CHEMOSPHERE JI Chemosphere PD OCT PY 1995 VL 31 IS 8 BP 3933 EP 3944 DI 10.1016/0045-6535(95)00265-A PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA TB347 UT WOS:A1995TB34700013 PM 7583025 ER PT J AU STEIN, EA MYERS, GL AF STEIN, EA MYERS, GL TI NATIONAL-CHOLESTEROL-EDUCATION-PROGRAM RECOMMENDATIONS FOR TRIGLYCERIDE MEASUREMENT - EXECUTIVE SUMMARY SO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article AB Triglyceride is found in all plasma lipoproteins but is the major lipid component of those lipoproteins with a density <1.019 kg/L. These triglyceride-rich lipoproteins encompass a spectrum of lipoproteins in terms of size, density, and lipid and apolipoprotein composition and include chylomicrons, chylomicron remnants, very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL). Because the catabolic processes involved in VLDL and IDL metabolism are similar to those for chylomicrons, defects in their catabolism result in prolongation of residence time and, therefore, increased concentrations in the circulation. It is necessary in the diagnosis and treatment of hyperlipidemia to assess the plasma concentrations of triglycerides, and it is important to establish recommendations for reliable triglyceride measurement. For the past several years, the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Working Group on Lipoprotein Measurement has been developing recommendations for triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)- and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol measurement.(4) The Working Group's recommendations for triglyceride measurement are summarized in this paper. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR ENVIRONM HLTH & INJURY CONTROL,DIV ENVIRONM HLTH LAB SCI,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RP STEIN, EA (reprint author), MED RES LABS,HIGHLAND HTS,KY 41076, USA. NR 4 TC 79 Z9 83 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER ASSOC CLINICAL CHEMISTRY PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 L STREET NW, SUITE 202, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-1526 SN 0009-9147 J9 CLIN CHEM JI Clin. Chem. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 41 IS 10 BP 1421 EP 1426 PG 6 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA RZ004 UT WOS:A1995RZ00400004 PM 7586511 ER PT J AU FISHERHOCH, SP HUTWAGNER, L AF FISHERHOCH, SP HUTWAGNER, L TI OPPORTUNISTIC CANDIDIASIS - AN EPIDEMIC OF THE 1980S SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID RISK-FACTORS; FUNGAL-INFECTIONS; UNITED-STATES; CANDIDEMIA; TRANSPLANTATION; LEUKEMIA; CANCER; CHILD AB Hospital discharge data from 1980 to 1989 from the National Center for Health Statistics, National Hospital Discharge Survey (NHDS), and two commercially generated hospital discharge data sources (PAS and McAuto) were analyzed to document nationally the increased rate of opportunistic candidal infections among hospitalized patients in the 1980s and to identify the major risk factors. National projections were made by year. Age-, sex-, race-, and disease-specific denominators were generated from NHDS data. ICD-9-CM codes derived from discharge diagnoses were used to identify patients with oropharyngeal candidiasis, disseminated candidiasis, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection/AIDS, or malignancies and transplants. Between 1980 and 1989, rates of oropharyngeal candidiasis increased 4.7 times (from 0.34 to 1.6 cases per 1,000 admissions per year), and the number of deaths among patients with oropharyngeal candidiasis increased fivefold. Although the highest rates were among pediatric patients (3 cases per 1,000 pediatric admissions), the greatest rate increases were among 15- to 44-year-old patients (13-fold) and males (fivefold). Between 1983 and 1989, the rates of oropharyngeal candidiasis among patients with HIV infection/AIDS rose more than 22 times (from 0.02 to 0.45 case per 1,000 admissions; NHDS data). Over the whole decade, the rates of disseminated candidiasis increased 11 times (from 0.013 to 0.15 case per 1,000 admissions). Between 1985 and 1989, the rate of this complication among patients with HIV infection/AIDS increased 10-fold, compared with only a twofold rate increase among patients with malignancies or transplants. The rate of debilitating and life-threatening candidiasis among hospitalized patients increased considerably over the 1980s. This rate increase was significant among patients with HIV infection/AIDS and patients undergoing transplantation or immunosuppressive therapy for malignancies. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,MYCOT DIS BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30341. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV BACTERIAL & MYCOT DIS,BIOSTAT BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30341. NR 22 TC 107 Z9 112 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 21 IS 4 BP 897 EP 904 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA RZ139 UT WOS:A1995RZ13900010 PM 8645837 ER PT J AU HOLMES, AH GREENOUGH, TC BALADY, GJ REGNERY, RL ANDERSON, BE OKEANE, JC FONGER, JD MCCRONE, EL AF HOLMES, AH GREENOUGH, TC BALADY, GJ REGNERY, RL ANDERSON, BE OKEANE, JC FONGER, JD MCCRONE, EL TI BARTONELLA HENSELAE ENDOCARDITIS IN AN IMMUNOCOMPETENT ADULT SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Note ID CAT-SCRATCH DISEASE; HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; ROCHALIMAEA-HENSELAE; BACILLARY ANGIOMATOSIS; SP-NOV; BACTERIAL-ENDOCARDITIS; HUMAN EHRLICHIOSIS; PATIENT; GLOMERULONEPHRITIS; VASCULITIS AB We describe a case of aggressive Bartonella henselae endocarditis in an immunocompetent man who owned a cat. Aortic valve replacement was required, and his infection was diagnosed by histology, serology, and polymerase chain reaction analysis. The manifestations of his disease included mediastinal lymphadenopathy, glomerulonephritis, myocarditis, and a petechial rash; the unusual finding of a positive titer of c-antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies was noted. Serological titers were markedly elevated for >1 year despite clinical improvement. C1 BOSTON UNIV,SCH MED,DEPT MED,BOSTON,MA 02118. BOSTON UNIV,SCH MED,INFECT DIS SECT,BOSTON,MA 02118. BOSTON UNIV,SCH MED,CARDIOL SECT,BOSTON,MA 02118. BOSTON UNIV,SCH MED,PATHOL SECT,BOSTON,MA 02118. BOSTON UNIV,HOSP MED CTR,DEPT CARDIOTHORAC SURG,BOSTON,MA. UNIV MASSACHUSETTS,MED CTR,DIV INFECT DIS & IMMUNOL,WORCESTER,MA. CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,ATLANTA,GA 30341. RI Anderson, Burt/H-4449-2011 NR 20 TC 79 Z9 83 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 S WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 21 IS 4 BP 1004 EP 1007 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA RZ139 UT WOS:A1995RZ13900031 PM 8645787 ER PT J AU FACKLAM, R ELLIOTT, JA AF FACKLAM, R ELLIOTT, JA TI IDENTIFICATION, CLASSIFICATION, AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE OF CATALASE-NEGATIVE, GRAM-POSITIVE COCCI, EXCLUDING THE STREPTOCOCCI AND ENTEROCOCCI SO CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REVIEWS LA English DT Review AB Several new genera and species of gram-positive, catalase-negative cocci that can cause infections in humans have been described. Although these bacteria were isolated in the clinical laboratory, they were considered nonpathogenic culture contaminants and were not thought to be the cause of any diseases. Isolation of pure cultures of these bacteria from normally sterile sires has led to the conclusion that these bacteria can be an infrequent cause of infection. This review describes the new bacteria and the procedures useful for clinical laboratories to aid in their indentification. The clinical relevance and our experience with the various genera and species are reviewed and discussed. RP FACKLAM, R (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,CHILDHOOD & RESP DIS BRANCH,MAIL STOP CO-2,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. NR 0 TC 230 Z9 239 U1 6 U2 13 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0893-8512 J9 CLIN MICROBIOL REV JI Clin. Microbiol. Rev. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 8 IS 4 BP 479 EP & PG 0 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA RZ003 UT WOS:A1995RZ00300003 PM 8665466 ER PT J AU SCHANTZ, PM KRAMER, MHJ AF SCHANTZ, PM KRAMER, MHJ TI LARVAL CESTODE INFECTIONS - CYSTICERCOSIS AND ECHINOCOCCOSIS SO CURRENT OPINION IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article AB The most common diseases caused by larval cestodes, neurocysticerosis and echinococcosis, are widespread in many developing countries. The combined effects of improved diagnostic technology and increasing migration from areas where these diseases are endemic to industrialized countries lead to continuing 'epidemics' of diagnosis of these diseases in both developing and industrialized countries. Applications of modern radiologic imaging, immunologic diagnosis, and molecular biology are providing new options for clinical management of these diseases, leading to re-evaluation of concepts of taxonomy and epidemiology. RP SCHANTZ, PM (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,CTR INFECT DIS,DIV PARASIT DIS,EPIDEMIOL BRANCH,BLDG 102 ROOM 1320,ATLANTA,GA 30341, USA. NR 0 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 2 PU CURRENT SCIENCE PI PHILADELPHIA PA 400 MARKET STREET,SUITE 750 ATTN:SARAH WHEALEN/SUB MGR, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 SN 0951-7375 J9 CURR OPIN INFECT DIS JI Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. PD OCT PY 1995 VL 8 IS 5 BP 342 EP 350 DI 10.1097/00001432-199510000-00005 PG 9 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA RX035 UT WOS:A1995RX03500005 ER PT J AU RUPPRECHT, CE SMITH, JS FEKADU, M CHILDS, JE AF RUPPRECHT, CE SMITH, JS FEKADU, M CHILDS, JE TI THE ASCENSION OF WILDLIFE RABIES - A CAUSE FOR PUBLIC-HEALTH CONCERN OR INTERVENTION SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID VIRUS; EPIDEMIOLOGY; PREVENTION; RACCOONS; VACCINE; BAT AB The epidemiology of rabies in the United States has changed substantially during the last half century, as the source of the disease has changed from domesticated animals to wildlife, principally raccoons, skunks, foxes, and bats. Moreover, the changes observed among affected wildlife populations have not occurred without human influence. Rather, human attraction to the recreational and economic resources provided by wildlife has contributed to the reemergence of rabies as a major zoonosis. Although human deaths caused by rabies have declined recently to an average of one or two per year, the estimated costs associated with the decrease in deaths amount to hundreds of millions of dollars annually. In future efforts to control rabies harbored by free-ranging animal reservoirs, public health professionals will have to apply imaginative, safe, and cost-effective solutions to this age-old malady in addition to using traditional measures. RP RUPPRECHT, CE (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,1600 CLIFTON RD,MS G33,ATLANTA,GA 30333, USA. RI Childs, James/B-4002-2012 NR 46 TC 117 Z9 126 U1 1 U2 11 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD OCT-DEC PY 1995 VL 1 IS 4 BP 107 EP 114 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA TE849 UT WOS:A1995TE84900001 PM 8903179 ER EF