FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Bartlett, JG Breiman, RF Mandell, LA File, TM AF Bartlett, JG Breiman, RF Mandell, LA File, TM TI Community-acquired pneumonia in adults: Guidelines for management SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Review ID HANTAVIRUS PULMONARY SYNDROME; PNEUMOCOCCAL POLYSACCHARIDE VACCINE; RESISTANT STREPTOCOCCUS-PNEUMONIAE; DIAGNOSTIC FIBEROPTIC BRONCHOSCOPY; PNEUMOCYSTIS-CARINII PNEUMONIA; POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; LEGIONNAIRES-DISEASE; CHLAMYDIA-PNEUMONIAE; UNITED-STATES; TRANSTRACHEAL ASPIRATION AB This is part of the series of practice guidelines commissioned by the Infectious Diseases Society of America through its Practice Guidelines Committee. The purpose of this guideline is to provide assistance to clinicians in the diagnosis and treatment of community-acquired pneumonia, The targeted providers are internists and family practitioners. The targeted groups are immunocompetent adult patients. Criteria are specified for determining whether the inpatient or outpatient setting is appropriate for treatment. Differences from other guidelines written on this topic include use of laboratory criteria for diagnosis and approach to antimicrobial therapy. Panel members and consultants are experts in adult infectious diseases. The guidelines are evidence based where possible. A standard ranking system is used for the strength of the recommendations and the quality of the evidence cited in the literature reviewed. The document has been subjected to external review by peer reviewers as well as by the Practice Guidelines Committee and was approved by the IDSA Council. An executive summary and tables highlight the major recommendations. The guidelines will be listed on the IDSA home page at http://www.idsociety.org. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Baltimore, MD USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. McMaster Univ, Hamilton, ON, Canada. NE Ohio Univ, Coll Med, Akron, OH USA. RP Bartlett, JG (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Hosp, AIDS Clin Trials Unit, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. NR 145 TC 590 Z9 623 U1 1 U2 11 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5801 S ELLIS AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD APR PY 1998 VL 26 IS 4 BP 811 EP 838 DI 10.1086/513953 PG 28 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA ZH279 UT WOS:000073091300003 PM 9564457 ER PT J AU Corwin, AL Simanjuntak, CH Ingkokusumo, G Sukri, N Larasati, RP Subianto, B Muslim, HZ Burni, E Laras, K Putri, RP Hayes, C Cox, N AF Corwin, AL Simanjuntak, CH Ingkokusumo, G Sukri, N Larasati, RP Subianto, B Muslim, HZ Burni, E Laras, K Putri, RP Hayes, C Cox, N TI Impact of epidemic influenza A-like acute respiratory illness in a remote jungle highland population in Irian Jaya, Indonesia SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID VACCINES AB A suspected epidemic of unknown etiology was investigated in April/May 1996 in the remote jungle highlands of easternmost Indonesia. Trend analysis demonstrates the area-wide occurrence of a major respiratory infection outbreak in November 1995 through February 1996, The monthly mean rate of respiratory infection episodes for the peak outbreak months (2,477 episodes/100,000 persons) was significantly higher (P <.0001) than for the 34 months leading up to the outbreak (109 episodes/100,000 persons). Notable were the high attack rates, particularly among adults: 202 episodes/1,000 persons aged 20-50 years in one community. Excess morbidity attributed to the outbreak was an estimated 4,338 episodes. The overall case-fatality rate was 15.1% of outbreak cases. Laboratory evidence confirmed the circulation of influenza A/Taiwan/1/86-like viruses in the study population, and high hemagglutination inhibition titer responses were indicative of recent infections. Historical documents from neighboring Papua New Guinea highlight the role of influenza A virus in repeated area outbreaks. C1 USN, Med Res Unit 2, APO, AP 96520 USA. Minist Hlth, Natl Inst Hlth Res & Dev, Jakarta, Indonesia. Minist Hlth, Directorate Geb Communicable Dis Control & Enviro, Jakarta, Indonesia. Prov Hlth Serv Jayapura, Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Regency Hlth Serv Wamena, Irian Jaya, Indonesia. USN, Med Res Inst, Bethesda, MD USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Corwin, AL (reprint author), USN, Med Res Unit 2, Box 3,Unit 8132, APO, AP 96520 USA. NR 22 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5801 S ELLIS AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD APR PY 1998 VL 26 IS 4 BP 880 EP 888 DI 10.1086/513917 PG 9 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA ZH279 UT WOS:000073091300015 PM 9564469 ER PT J AU Silva, AE McMahon, BJ Parkinson, AJ Sjogren, MH Hoofnagle, JH Di Bisceglie, AM AF Silva, AE McMahon, BJ Parkinson, AJ Sjogren, MH Hoofnagle, JH Di Bisceglie, AM TI Hepatitis B virus DNA in persons with isolated antibody to hepatitis B core antigen who subsequently received hepatitis B vaccine SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; ENZYME-IMMUNOASSAY; SERUM; POPULATION AB Serum samples from 133 persons who were positive only for antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) were retested for seromarkers of hepatitis B virus (HBV) by radioimmunoassay and for HBV DNA by polymerase chain reaction analysis. All persons were subsequently vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine. HBV DNA was found in only five persons, four of whom remained positive during retesting. Most persons had a primary antibody response with three doses of hepatitis B vaccine. Evidence of HBV DNA was not detected in 96% of persons with isolated anti-HBc by EIA. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Arctic Invest Program, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. NIH, Hepatitis Studies Sect, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. USA, Med Res Inst Infect Dis, Frederick, MD USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Alaska Nat Med Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. RP McMahon, BJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Arctic Invest Program, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 4055 Tudor Ctr Dr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. NR 10 TC 49 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5801 S ELLIS AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD APR PY 1998 VL 26 IS 4 BP 895 EP 897 DI 10.1086/513918 PG 3 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA ZH279 UT WOS:000073091300017 PM 9564471 ER PT J AU Roels, TH Proctor, ME Robinson, LC Hulbert, K Bopp, CA Davis, JP AF Roels, TH Proctor, ME Robinson, LC Hulbert, K Bopp, CA Davis, JP TI Clinical features of infections due to Escherichia coli producing heat-stable toxin during an outbreak in Wisconsin: A rarely suspected cause of diarrhea in the United States SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID ENTEROTOXIN AB In September 1994, a foodborne outbreak of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) infection occurred in attendees of a banquet in Milwaukee, E. coli was isolated from stool specimens from 13 patients that were comprehensively tested; isolates from five patients were positive for E. coli producing heat-stable toxin, were biochemically identified and serotyped as E. coli 0153:H45, and were all resistant to tetracycline, ampicillin, sulfisoxazole, and streptomycin, Diarrhea (100%) and abdominal cramps (83%) were the most prevalent symptoms in 205 cases; vomiting (13%) and fever (19%) were less common. The median duration of diarrhea and abdominal cramps was 6 days and 5 days, respectively. In the United States, health care providers rarely consider ETEC as a possible cause of diarrhea in their patients, and few laboratories offer testing to identify ETEC, Hence, outbreaks of ETEC infection may be underdiagnosed and underreported, As in this outbreak, the relatively high prevalence of diarrhea and cramps lasting greater than or equal to 4 days and the low prevalence of vomiting and fever can help distinguish ETEC infection from Norwalk-like virus infection and gastroenteritis due to other causes with incubation times of greater than or equal to 15 hours and can provide direction for confirmatory laboratory testing. C1 Wisconsin Div Hlth, Communicable Dis Sect, Bur Publ Hlth, Madison, WI 53703 USA. City Milwaukee Hlth Dept, Milwaukee, WI USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, State Branch, Div Appl Publ Hlth Training, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Proctor, ME (reprint author), Wisconsin Div Hlth, Communicable Dis Sect, Bur Publ Hlth, 1414 E Washington Ave,Room 167, Madison, WI 53703 USA. NR 17 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 2 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5801 S ELLIS AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD APR PY 1998 VL 26 IS 4 BP 898 EP 902 DI 10.1086/513923 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA ZH279 UT WOS:000073091300018 PM 9564472 ER PT J AU Bulkow, LR Wainwright, RB McMahon, BJ Parkinson, AJ AF Bulkow, LR Wainwright, RB McMahon, BJ Parkinson, AJ TI Increases in levels of antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen in an immunized population SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID YUPIK ESKIMO POPULATION; VIRUS-INFECTION; VACCINE; EFFICACY; IMMUNOGENICITY; PROTECTION; PROSPECTS; DURATION; INFANTS; 7-YEAR AB Hepatitis B vaccine is effective in preventing infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV), but its duration of protection is unknown. To examine the effect of exposure to HBV on an immunized population, data were analyzed from a cohort of Alaska Natives who were immunized and then followed up annually for 10 years. A boost in antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) was defined as a fourfold rise in levels to greater than or equal to 20 mIU/mL that was not accompanied by the presence of antibody to hepatitis B core antigen or attributable to interim vaccination. During 10 years of follow-up, 8.2% of 1,595 vaccinees had boosts in anti-HBs. Persons with boosts did not differ significantly from those without boosts in terms of age, gender, village, initial level of anti-HBs, or level of anti-HBs before the boost. These results underscore the continued exposure to HBV among vaccinees and the continued protection against disease that the vaccine provides. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Arctic Invest Program, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. Indian Hlth Serv, Alaska Nat Med Ctr, Alaska Area Nat Hlth Serv, Anchorage, AK USA. RP Bulkow, LR (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Arctic Invest Program, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, 4055 Tudor Ctr Dr, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. NR 16 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5801 S ELLIS AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD APR PY 1998 VL 26 IS 4 BP 933 EP 937 DI 10.1086/513939 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA ZH279 UT WOS:000073091300024 PM 9564478 ER PT J AU Do, AN Fridkin, SK Yechouron, A Banerjee, SN Killgore, GE Bourgault, AM Jolivet, M Jarvis, WR AF Do, AN Fridkin, SK Yechouron, A Banerjee, SN Killgore, GE Bourgault, AM Jolivet, M Jarvis, WR TI Risk factors for early recurrent Clostridium difficile - Associated diarrhea SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID PSEUDOMEMBRANOUS COLITIS; ORAL VANCOMYCIN; RECTAL INFUSION; UREMIC PATIENTS; THERAPY; DISEASE; TRIAL; COMBINATION; ORGANISM; FECES AB Recurrence is a common sequela of Clostridium difficle-associated diarrhea (CDD) and may increase morbidity, costs, and treatment-related antimicrobial resistance. Because recurrent CDD (RCDD) frequently occurs very soon after an initial episode, our goal was to determine the risk factors for early RCDD (occurring less than or equal to 45 days after the initial episode). We conducted a case-control study, comparing 13 patients with early RCDD (case patients) with 46 patients who had only one CDD episode (control patients) at Centre Hospitalier Angrignon (Quebec) during January 1993 through November 1994. Risk factors for early RCDD included a history of chronic renal insufficiency, a white blood cell count of greater than or equal to 15 x 10(3)/mm(3), and community-acquired diarrhea with the first CDD episode. For seven of eight case patients, C. difficile strains from the first and second CDD episodes were identical, suggesting that relapse is more common than reinfection. These results suggest that treatments should be directed at preventing relapses in patients at high risk for early RCDD. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Hop St Luc, Montreal, PQ H2X 1P1, Canada. Ctr Hosp Argrignon, Verdun, PQ, Canada. RP Jarvis, WR (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, Mail Stop E-69, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 38 TC 55 Z9 56 U1 1 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5801 S ELLIS AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD APR PY 1998 VL 26 IS 4 BP 954 EP 959 DI 10.1086/513952 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA ZH279 UT WOS:000073091300028 PM 9564482 ER PT J AU Coccia, MR Facklam, RR Saravolatz, LD Manzor, O AF Coccia, MR Facklam, RR Saravolatz, LD Manzor, O TI Recurrent pneumococcal bacteremia: 34 episodes in 15 patients SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 36th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy CY SEP 15-18, 1996 CL NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA SP Amer Soc Microbiol ID STREPTOCOCCUS-PNEUMONIAE; ANTIBODY-RESPONSES; CONJUGATE VACCINE; POLYSACCHARIDE; DISEASE; PENICILLIN; CHILDREN AB Thirty-four episodes of pneumococcal bacteremia were identified in 15 patients over 5 years in 10 hospitals in Franklin County, Ohio. Twelve patients each had 2 episodes of pneumococcal bacteremia, 2 had 3, and 1 had 4. All patients had predisposing conditions, with lymphoma, multiple myeloma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease being the most frequent. The mean interval between the first and second episode was 268 days. Serotyping and genotyping were performed on 29 isolates. The same serotypic and genotypic patterns were found for sequential isolates from four patients; three of these patients had a recurrence between 22 and 90 days after a previous episode. Seven (24%) of the 29 isolates were serotype 23F; four isolates (14%) were not susceptible to penicillin. All of our patients received appropriate antimicrobial therapy and appeared to be clinically cured of their initial infection. For patients with recurrent pneumococcal disease, alternate preventive measures such as immunization with conjugate pneumococcal vaccine and/or prophylactic antibiotic therapy should be considered. C1 Ohio State Univ, Med Ctr, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. St Johns Hosp, Detroit, MI USA. Henry Ford Hosp, Detroit, MI 48202 USA. RP Coccia, MR (reprint author), POB 23997-0997, Columbus, OH 43223 USA. NR 11 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5801 S ELLIS AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD APR PY 1998 VL 26 IS 4 BP 982 EP 985 DI 10.1086/513924 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA ZH279 UT WOS:000073091300033 PM 9564486 ER PT J AU Wolfe, VS Shapiro, C AF Wolfe, VS Shapiro, C TI Hepatitis A vaccine and travel departure - Reply SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Letter C1 Travelers Med Serv Washington, Washington, DC 20037 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hepatitis Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Wolfe, VS (reprint author), Travelers Med Serv Washington, 2141 K St NW, Washington, DC 20037 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5801 S ELLIS AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD APR PY 1998 VL 26 IS 4 BP 1018 EP 1018 PG 1 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA ZH279 UT WOS:000073091300058 ER PT J AU Orihel, TC Eberhard, ML AF Orihel, TC Eberhard, ML TI Zoonotic filariasis SO CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID DIROFILARIA-IMMITIS; UNITED-STATES; SUBCUTANEOUS DIROFILARIASIS; MERIONES-UNGUICULATUS; LOA-LOA; SP-N; ONCHOCERCA; INFECTION; DIPETALONEMA; FILARIOIDEA AB Filariae of animals, especially those of mammals, often infect humans and typically produce cryptic infections. These "zoonotic" infections have been reported from virtually all parts of the world including temperate zones. Infections may be symptomatic or not, and the parasites are found in surgical tissue biopsy specimens or, more rarely, are removed intact from superficial sites such as the orbit or conjuctivae. Typically, these worms tend to occupy tissue sites similar to those occupied in the natural animal host, with the exception of the eyes. Many kinds of filariae have been isolated from humans, including species of Dirofilaria, Brugia, Onchocerca, Dipetalonema, Loaina and Meningonema. Worms have been found in subcutaneous tissues, the heart and lungs, lymphatics, the eye, and the central nervous system. Specific identification of these filariae is based on their morphological features in histologic sections. Unfortunately, some of these worms cannot be identified even at the generic level. There are other species of filariae, presumed to be zoonotic, which produce patent infections in humans but are poorly and incompletely known. These include Microfilaria semiclarum and Microfilaria bolivarensis. It is probable that almost any filaria parasitizing animals can, under proper circumstance, infect humans and undergo some degree of development. Undoubtedly, additional species of filariae will continue to be isolated from humans in the future. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Trop Med SL 29, Sch Publ Hlth & Trop Med, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Orihel, TC (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Trop Med SL 29, Sch Publ Hlth & Trop Med, 1501 Canal St, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA. EM orihel@mailhost.tcs.tulane.edu NR 82 TC 128 Z9 139 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0893-8512 J9 CLIN MICROBIOL REV JI Clin. Microbiol. Rev. PD APR PY 1998 VL 11 IS 2 BP 366 EP + PG 18 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA ZG781 UT WOS:000073038700006 PM 9564568 ER PT J AU Harris, MI Flegal, KM Cowie, CC Eberhardt, MS Goldstein, DE Little, RR Wiedmeyer, HM Byrd-Holt, DD AF Harris, MI Flegal, KM Cowie, CC Eberhardt, MS Goldstein, DE Little, RR Wiedmeyer, HM Byrd-Holt, DD TI Prevalence of diabetes, impaired fasting glucose, and impaired glucose tolerance in US adults - The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994 SO DIABETES CARE LA English DT Article ID CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE; POPULATION; MORTALITY; TRENDS; NIDDM AB OBJECTIVE - To evaluate the prevalence and time trends for diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes, impaired fasting glucose, and impaired glucose tolerance in U.S. adults by age, sex, and race or ethnic group, based on data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994 (NHANES III) and prior Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (HANESs). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS - NHANES III contained a probability sample of 18,825 U.S. adults greater than or equal to 20 years of age who were interviewed to ascertain a medical history of diagnosed diabetes, a subsample of 6,587 adults for whom fasting plasma glucose values were obtained, and a subsample of 2,844 adults between 40 and 74 years of age who received an oral glucose tolerance test. The Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1976-1980, and Hispanic HANES used similar procedures to ascertain diabetes. Prevalence was calculated using the 1997 American Diabetes Association fasting plasma glucose criteria and the 1980-1985 World Health Organization (WHO) oral glucose tolerance test criteria. RESULTS - Prevalence of diagnosed diabetes in 1988-1994 was estimated to be 5.1% for U.S. adults greater than or equal to 20 years of age (10.2 million people when extrapolated to the 1997 U.S. population). Using American Diabetes Association criteria, the prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes (fasting plasma glucose greater than or equal to 126 mg/dl) was 2.7% (5.4 million), and the prevalence of impaired fasting glucose (110 to <126 mg/dl) was 6.9% (13.4 million). There were similar rates of diabetes for men and women, but the rates for non-Hispanic blacks and Mexican-Americans were 1.6 and 1.9 times the rate for non-Hispanic whites. Based on American Diabetes Association criteria, prevalence of diabetes (diagnosed plus undiagnosed) in the total population of people who were 40-74 years of age increased from 8.9% in the period 1976-1980 to 12.3% by 1988-1994. A similar increase was found when WHO criteria were applied (11.4 and 14.3%). CONCLUSIONS - The high rates of abnormal fasting and postchallenge glucose found in NHANES III, together with the increasing frequency of obesity and sedentary lifestyles in the population, make it likely that diabetes will continue to be a major health problem in the U.S. C1 NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Social & Sci Syst, Bethesda, MD USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. Univ Missouri, Sch Med, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Harris, MI (reprint author), NIDDK, NIH, Bldg 45,Room 5AN24, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. EM harrism@ep.niddk.nih.gov RI Flegal, Katherine/A-4608-2013; OI Flegal, Katherine/0000-0002-0838-469X; Little, Randie/0000-0001-6450-8012 NR 27 TC 1840 Z9 1891 U1 7 U2 38 PU AMER DIABETES ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1660 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0149-5992 J9 DIABETES CARE JI Diabetes Care PD APR PY 1998 VL 21 IS 4 BP 518 EP 524 DI 10.2337/diacare.21.4.518 PG 7 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA ZD293 UT WOS:000072670700010 PM 9571335 ER PT J AU Chiu, S Mansley, EC Morgan, J AF Chiu, S Mansley, EC Morgan, J TI Choosing the right battlefield for the war on drugs: an irrelevance result SO ECONOMICS LETTERS LA English DT Article DE vertical production; interdiction; double marginalization ID TRADE AB We describe a model where the effectiveness of a specific tax imposed by a government seeking to minimize consumption of some good is independent of whether the tax is imposed at the manufacturing or retail level. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science S.A. C1 Princeton Univ, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Chinese Univ Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong. RP Morgan, J (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Robertson Hall, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. NR 5 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0165-1765 J9 ECON LETT JI Econ. Lett. PD APR PY 1998 VL 59 IS 1 BP 107 EP 111 DI 10.1016/S0165-1765(98)00009-3 PG 5 WC Economics SC Business & Economics GA ZL372 UT WOS:000073426300015 ER PT J AU Wolfe, ND Escalante, AA Karesh, WB Kilbourn, A Spielman, A Lal, AA AF Wolfe, ND Escalante, AA Karesh, WB Kilbourn, A Spielman, A Lal, AA TI Wild primate populations in emerging infectious disease research: The missing link? SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; HUMAN MALARIA PARASITE; RNA GENE-SEQUENCES; PLASMODIUM; TRANSMISSION; CHIMPANZEE; EMERGENCE; MONKEYS; ORGANIZATION; SELECTION AB Wild primate populations, an unexplored source of information regarding emerging infectious disease, may hold valuable clues to the origins and evolution of some important pathogens. Primates can act as reservoirs for human pathogens. As members of biologically diverse habitats, they serve as sentinels for surveillance of emerging pathogens and provide models for basic research on natural transmission dynamics. Since emerging infectious diseases also pose serious threats to endangered and threatened primate species, studies of these diseases in primate populations can benefit conservation efforts and may provide the missing link between laboratory studies and the well-recognized needs of early disease detection, identification, and surveillance. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, US Publ Hlth Serv, Chamblee, GA 30314 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Wildlife Conservat Soc, Bronx, NY USA. RP Lal, AA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, US Publ Hlth Serv, Mail Stop F12,4770 Buford Hwy, Chamblee, GA 30314 USA. EM aal1@cdc.gov NR 72 TC 117 Z9 123 U1 0 U2 10 PU CENTERS DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA 1600 CLIFTON RD, ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 EI 1080-6059 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD APR-JUN PY 1998 VL 4 IS 2 BP 149 EP 158 PG 10 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA ZQ811 UT WOS:000073905300002 PM 9621185 ER PT J AU Azad, AF Beard, CB AF Azad, AF Beard, CB TI Rickettsial pathogens and their arthropod vectors SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID LOS-ANGELES COUNTY; MURINE TYPHUS; CAT FLEAS; IDENTIFICATION; INFECTION; OPOSSUMS; TICKS; FELIS AB Rickettsial diseases, important causes of illness and death worldwide, exist primarily in endemic and enzootic foci that occasionally give rise to sporadic or seasonal outbreaks. Rickettsial pathogens are highly specialized for obligate intracellular survival in both the vertebrate host and the invertebrate vector. While studies often focus primarily on the vertebrate host, the arthropod vector is often more important in the natural maintenance of the pathogen. Consequently, coevolution of rickettsiae with arthropods is responsible for many features of the host-pathogen relationship that are unique among arthropod-borne diseases, including efficient pathogen replication, longterm maintenance of infection, and transstadial and transovarial transmission. This article examines the common features of the host-pathogen relationship and of the arthropod Vectors of the typhus and spotted fever group rickettsiae. C1 Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Azad, AF (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, 655 W Baltimore St, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. EM aazad@umaryland.edu FU NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI 43006, R37 AI 17828] NR 31 TC 196 Z9 207 U1 4 U2 23 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD APR-JUN PY 1998 VL 4 IS 2 BP 179 EP 186 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA ZQ811 UT WOS:000073905300005 PM 9621188 ER PT J AU Bisgard, KM Kao, A Leake, J Strebel, PM Perkins, BA Wharton, M AF Bisgard, KM Kao, A Leake, J Strebel, PM Perkins, BA Wharton, M TI Haemophilus influenzae invasive disease in the United States, 1994-1995: Near disappearance of a vaccine-preventable childhood disease SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID B DISEASE; INFECTIONS; CHILDREN; ADULTS; IMMUNIZATION; EPIDEMIOLOGY; SURVEILLANCE; COUNTY; AGE AB We analyzed national Haemophilus influenzae(Hi) surveillance data from 1994 and 1995 to describe the epidemiology of Hi invasive disease among persons of all ages. Serotype data were available for 376 (56%) of 669 reported Hi cases among children aged 4 years or younger; 184 (49%) were H. influenzae type b (Hib). Among children aged 4 or younger, incidence (per 100,000) of all Hi invasive disease was 1.8 in 1994 and 1.6 (p < 0.05) in 1995. Children aged 5 months or younger had the highest average annual incidence rate of Hib invasive disease (2.2 per 100,000); children aged 6 to 11 months had the next highest rate (1.2 per 100,000) (p < 0.05). Of 181 children with Hib invasive disease whose age in months was known, 85 (47%) were too young (aged 5 months or younger) to have completed a primary series with an Hib-containing vaccine. Of the 83 children with known vaccination status who were eligible to receive a primary series (aged 6 months or older), 52 (63%) were undervaccinated, and the remaining 31 (37%) had completed a primary series in which vaccine failed. Among persons aged 5 years or older with Hi invasive disease, the lowest average annual incidence was among those 20 to 39 years of age (0.15 per 100,000), and the highest was among those aged 80 years or older (2.26 per 100,000). Among persons aged 5 years or older, serotype data were available for 1,372 (71%) of the 1,940 Hi invasive disease cases; 159 (28%) of the 568 Hi cases with known serotype were due to Hib. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Bisgard, KM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mail Stop E61, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM kmb6@cdc.gov NR 31 TC 112 Z9 121 U1 0 U2 1 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD APR-JUN PY 1998 VL 4 IS 2 BP 229 EP 237 PG 9 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA ZQ811 UT WOS:000073905300010 PM 9621193 ER PT J AU Kanesa-thasan, N Chang, GJJ Smoak, BL Magill, A Burrous, MJ Hoke, CH AF Kanesa-thasan, N Chang, GJJ Smoak, BL Magill, A Burrous, MJ Hoke, CH TI Molecular and epidemiologic analysis of dengue virus isolates from Somalia SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article AB Nucleotide sequence analysis was performed on 14 dengue virus isolates (13 dengue-2 viruses and 1 dengue-3 virus) recovered from febrile soldiers in Somalia in 1993. The dengue-e viruses were most closely related to dengue-2 virus recovered in Somalia in 1984. However, differences in nucleotide sequence (0.35% to 1.35%) were evident among the 1993 isolates. These differences were closely associated with the geographic location of the infection as well as with different times of infection at the same location. Genetic difference between strains was not associated with differences in clinical features. Molecular analysis of dengue viruses is a useful adjunct to epidemiologic investigation of their distribution over distance and time. C1 Walter Reed Army Med Ctr, Walter Reed Army Inst Res, Dept Virus Dis, DCD&I, Washington, DC 20307 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Kanesa-thasan, N (reprint author), Walter Reed Army Med Ctr, Walter Reed Army Inst Res, Dept Virus Dis, DCD&I, 14th & Dahlia St NW, Washington, DC 20307 USA. EM maj.niranjan.kanesa@wrsmtp-ccmail-army.mil NR 12 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD APR-JUN PY 1998 VL 4 IS 2 BP 299 EP 303 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA ZQ811 UT WOS:000073905300020 PM 9621203 ER PT J AU Nasci, RS Moore, CG AF Nasci, RS Moore, CG TI Vectorborne disease surveillance and natural disasters SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Nasci, RS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. NR 7 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 2 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD APR-JUN PY 1998 VL 4 IS 2 BP 333 EP 334 PG 2 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA ZQ811 UT WOS:000073905300027 PM 9621210 ER PT J AU Binder, S Khabbaz, R Swaminathan, B Tauxe, R Potter, M AF Binder, S Khabbaz, R Swaminathan, B Tauxe, R Potter, M TI The national food safety initiative SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Binder, S (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD APR-JUN PY 1998 VL 4 IS 2 BP 347 EP 349 PG 3 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA ZQ811 UT WOS:000073905300039 PM 9621220 ER PT J AU Calvert, GM Wall, DK Sweeney, MH Fingerhut, MA AF Calvert, GM Wall, DK Sweeney, MH Fingerhut, MA TI Evaluation of cardiovascular outcomes among US workers exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Dioxins and Furans - Epidemiological Assessment of Cancer Risks and Other Human Health Effects CY NOV 07-08, 1996 CL HEIDELBERG, GERMANY DE dioxin; cardiovascular diseases; cross-sectional study ID OPERATION RANCH HAND; SERUM DIOXIN; GUINEA-PIG; FOLLOW-UP; MORTALITY; TCDD; VETERANS; HEART; INTOXICATION; 2,3,7,8-TCDD AB Some animal studies and some human studies suggest that exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) may be associated with adverse effects on the cardiovascular system. As part of a cross-sectional medical study comparing workers employed 15 years earlier in the manufacture of 2,4,5-trichlorophenol or one of its derivatives at two U.S. chemical plants with an unexposed comparison group, we examined the association between TCDD exposure and various cardiovascular outcomes. A total of 281 workers and 260 unexposed referents participated. The workers had substantial exposure to TCDD, as demonstrated by significantly elevated mean serum TCDD concentration of 220 pg/g of lipid, compared with 7 pg/g of lipid among the referents. No significant association was found between TCDD exposure and any of the cardiovascular outcomes including myocardial infarction, angina, cardiac arrhythmias, hypertension, and abnormal peripheral arterial flow. Although our study had sufficient statistical power to detect an elevated risk for cardiac arrhythmias, hypertension, and abnormal peripheral arterial flow, it had low power (approximately 50%) to detect an elevated risk for myocardial infarction and angina. Our review of the literature suggests that our negative findings are consistent with those from other cross-sectional medical studies. Although several mortality studies of TCDD-exposed cohorts found significantly increased risks for cardiovascular disease mortality, similar increased risks were not observed in other mortality studies. The data available do not provide definitive conclusions but indicate that further examination of the association between TCDD exposure and cardiovascular disease should be pursued. C1 NIOSH, Div Surveillance Hazard Evaluat & Field Studies, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Calvert, GM (reprint author), NIOSH, Div Surveillance Hazard Evaluat & Field Studies, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 4676 Columbia Pkwy,R-21, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 46 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 2 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SERVICES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SERVICES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD APR PY 1998 VL 106 SU 2 BP 635 EP 643 DI 10.2307/3433814 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 110WD UT WOS:000075403800027 PM 9599711 ER PT J AU Vena, J Boffetta, P Becher, H Benn, T Bueno-De-Mesquita, HB Coggon, D Colin, D Flesch-Janys, D Green, L Kauppinen, T Littorin, N Lynge, E Mathews, JD Neuberger, M Pearce, N Pesatori, AC Saracci, R Steenland, K Kogevinas, M AF Vena, J Boffetta, P Becher, H Benn, T Bueno-De-Mesquita, HB Coggon, D Colin, D Flesch-Janys, D Green, L Kauppinen, T Littorin, N Lynge, E Mathews, JD Neuberger, M Pearce, N Pesatori, AC Saracci, R Steenland, K Kogevinas, M TI Exposure to dioxin and nonneoplastic mortality in the expanded IARC international cohort study of phenoxy herbicide and chlorophenol production workers and sprayers SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Dioxins and Furans - Epidemiological Assessment of Cancer Risks and Other Human Health Effects CY NOV 07-08, 1996 CL HEIDELBERG, GERMANY DE dioxin; epidemiology; cardiovascular diseases; diabetes; mortality; herbicides ID HIGHER CHLORINATED DIOXINS; CANCER MORTALITY; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-PARA-DIOXIN TCDD; CHEMICAL WORKERS; AH-RECEPTOR; POTENTIAL EXPOSURE; FOLLOW-UP; CHLORACNE; ACCIDENT; SUICIDE AB The authors studied noncancer mortality among phenoxyacid herbicide and chlorophenol production workers and sprayers included in an international study comprising 36 cohorts from 12 countries followed from 1939 to 1992. Exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin or higher chlorinated dioxins (TCDD/HCD) was discerned from job records and company questionnaires with validation by biologic and environmental measures. Standard mortality ratio analyses suggested a moderate healthy worker effect for all circulatory diseases, especially ischemic heart disease, among both those exposed and those not exposed to TCDD/HCD. In Poisson regression analyses, exposure to TCDD/HCD was not associated with increased mortality from cerebrovascular disease. However, an increased risk for circulatory disease, especially ischemic heart disease (rate ratio [RR] 1.67, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.23-2.26) and possibly diabetes (RR 2.25, 95% CI 0.53-9.50), was present among TCDD/HCD-exposed workers. Risks tended to be higher 10 to 19 years after first exposure and for those exposed for a duration of 10 to 19 years. Mortality from suicide was comparable to that for the general population for all workers exposed to herbicides or chlorophenols and was associated with short latency and duration of exposure. More refined investigations of the ischemic heart disease and TCDD/HCD exposure association are warranted. C1 Int Agcy Res Canc, Unit Environm Canc Epidemiol, F-69372 Lyon 08, France. SUNY Buffalo, Dept Social & Prevent Med, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA. German Canc Res Ctr, Div Epidemiol, Heidelberg, Germany. Hlth & Safety Execut, Epidemiol & Med Stat Unit, Bootle, England. Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm, Dept Chron Dis & Environm Epidemiol, NL-3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands. MRC, Environm Epidemiol Unit, Southampton, Hants, England. Med Ctr Chem Workers Hlth, Hamburg, Germany. Ontario Hydro, Dept Hlth Serv, Toronto, ON, Canada. Finnish Inst Occupat Hlth, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, Helsinki, Finland. Univ Lund, Dept Occupat & Environm Med, Lund, Sweden. Danish Canc Soc, Copenhagen, Denmark. Menzies Sch Hlth Res, Casuarina, NT, Australia. Univ Vienna, Dept Prevent Med, Vienna, Austria. Wellington Sch Med, Dept Med, Wellington, New Zealand. Univ Milan, Inst Occupat Hlth, Milan, Italy. Natl Res Council, Pisa, Italy. NIOSH, Industrywide Studies Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Municipal Inst Med Res, Resp & Environm Hlth Res Unit, Barcelona, Spain. RP Boffetta, P (reprint author), Int Agcy Res Canc, Unit Environm Canc Epidemiol, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, F-69372 Lyon 08, France. EM boffetta@iarc.fr RI Kogevinas, Manolis/C-3918-2017; OI Mathews, John/0000-0001-9029-7140; pesatori, angela/0000-0002-0261-3252 FU FIC NIH HHS [1F06TW0223-01] NR 65 TC 91 Z9 96 U1 2 U2 8 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SERVICES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SERVICES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD APR PY 1998 VL 106 SU 2 BP 645 EP 653 DI 10.2307/3433815 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 110WD UT WOS:000075403800028 PM 9599712 ER PT J AU Jung, D Berg, PA Edler, L Ehrenthal, W Fenner, D Flesch-Janys, D Huber, C Klein, R Koitka, C Lucier, G Manz, A Muttray, A Needham, L Papke, O Pietsch, M Portier, C Patterson, D Prellwitz, W Rose, DM Thews, A Konietzko, J AF Jung, D Berg, PA Edler, L Ehrenthal, W Fenner, D Flesch-Janys, D Huber, C Klein, R Koitka, C Lucier, G Manz, A Muttray, A Needham, L Papke, O Pietsch, M Portier, C Patterson, D Prellwitz, W Rose, DM Thews, A Konietzko, J TI Immunologic findings in workers formerly exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and its congeners SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Dioxins and Furans - Epidemiological Assessment of Cancer Risks and Other Human Health Effects CY NOV 07-08, 1996 CL HEIDELBERG, GERMANY DE 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin; TCDD; immunology; human; epidemiology; proliferation; surface markers; autoantibodies; vaccination ID LONG-TERM EXPOSURE; IMMUNE-SYSTEM; FOLLOW-UP; IN-VITRO; TCDD; LYMPHOCYTES; BLOOD; DIOXINS; DIBENZOFURANS; INHIBITION AB One hundred ninety-two workers in a German pesticide factory who were exposed to polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and -furans (PCDD/PCDF) were investigated for former and present diseases and laboratory changes of the immune system. Moreover, in a subgroup of 29 highly exposed and 28 control persons, proliferation studies were performed. in addition to assays such as blood count, immunoglobulins, serum electrophoresis, monoclonal bands, surface markers, autoantibodies, and lymphocyte proliferation, two new methods, the rise of tetanus antibody concentration after vaccination and the in vitro resistance of lymphocytes to chromate, were used to diagnose the morphologic and functional stale of the immune system. There was no stringent correlation of actual PCDD/PCDF concentrations with the occurrence of infections or with one of the immune parameters. In addition, outcomes of the tetanus vaccination and the chromate resistance test were not correlated with PCDD/PCDF. However, the chromate resistance of lymphocytes stimulated by phytohemagglutinin of highly exposed persons was significantly lower than that for the control group. These findings indicate that the function of lymphocytes can be stressed and possibly impaired by high exposure to PCDD/PCDF. C1 Univ Mainz, Inst Arbeits Sozial & Umweltmed, D-55131 Mainz, Germany. Univ Tubingen, Clin Internal Med, Tubingen, Germany. German Canc Res Ctr, D-6900 Heidelberg, Germany. Univ Mainz, Inst Lab Med, D-6500 Mainz, Germany. Fenner & Colleagues, Hamburg, Germany. Med Ctr Chem Workers Hlth, Hamburg, Germany. Univ Mainz, Clin Internal Med, D-6500 Mainz, Germany. NIEHS, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. ERGO Forsch Gesell mbH, Hamburg, Germany. Univ Mainz, Inst Microbiol, D-6500 Mainz, Germany. RP Jung, D (reprint author), Univ Mainz, Inst Arbeits Sozial & Umweltmed, Obere Zahlbacher Str 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany. RI Portier, Christopher/A-3160-2010; Needham, Larry/E-4930-2011 OI Portier, Christopher/0000-0002-0954-0279; FU NIEHS NIH HHS [Y1-ES-0072] NR 33 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SERVICES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SERVICES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD APR PY 1998 VL 106 SU 2 BP 689 EP 695 DI 10.2307/3433821 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 110WD UT WOS:000075403800034 PM 9599718 ER PT J AU Maciak, BJ Moore, MT Leviton, LC Guinan, ME AF Maciak, BJ Moore, MT Leviton, LC Guinan, ME TI Preventing Halloween arson in an urban setting: A model for multisectoral planning and community participation SO HEALTH EDUCATION & BEHAVIOR LA English DT Article ID HEALTH AB Arson is a violent crime and a public health problem that causes injuries and deaths, destroys homes, and destabilizes neighborhoods. During the late 1970s, pre-Halloween pranks in Detroit, Michigan, turned destructive when hundreds of fires were set deliberately throughout the city; in 1984, a record of 810 fires were set during the Halloween period. In 1985, a citywide anti-arson campaign that involved the mobilization and training of thousands of community volunteers was begun in Detroit, This report describes the multiple components of the anti-arson intervention from 1985 through 1996 and changes in the incidence of Halloween fires. Both the decrease in annual Halloween arson fires after the intervention began and the inverse relationship between the number of volunteers and the number of fires suggest a causal effect. This study illustrates the capacity of an urban community to mobilize its residents and stakeholders, the importance of community participation and multisectoral partnerships in program planning and implementation, and the challenges faced in retrospectively evaluating an apparently successful, complex, community-based intervention. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Urban Res Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Detroit Fire Dept, Fire Marshal Div, Tech Support Sect, Detroit, MI USA. Univ Michigan, Sch Publ Hlth, Detroit Community Acad Prevent Res Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Alabama, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Hlth Behav, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA. RP Maciak, BJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Urban Res Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 44 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC PI THOUSAND OAKS PA 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 USA SN 1090-1981 J9 HEALTH EDUC BEHAV JI Health Educ. Behav. PD APR PY 1998 VL 25 IS 2 BP 194 EP 211 DI 10.1177/109019819802500207 PG 18 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA ZR449 UT WOS:000073977700006 PM 9548060 ER PT J AU Butterfoss, FD Morrow, AL Rosenthal, J Dini, E Crews, RC Webster, JD Louis, P AF Butterfoss, FD Morrow, AL Rosenthal, J Dini, E Crews, RC Webster, JD Louis, P TI CINCH: An urban coalition for empowerment and action SO HEALTH EDUCATION & BEHAVIOR LA English DT Article ID HEALTH PROMOTION; COMMUNITY COALITIONS; PREVENTION AB CINCH (Consortium for the Immunization of Norfolk's Children) is an urban coalition that was developed in 1993 to improve childhood immunization rates in Norfolk, Virginia. CINCH involves diverse citizens and institutions in effective community-based assessment, planning. and action. A needs assessment from 1993 found that only 49% of Norfolk 2-year-olds were adequately immunized. Using this data, CINCH developed a plan focused on education and communication, support for at-risk families, increased access to immunizations, and improved immunization delivery. After federal funding ended in 1995, members voted to expand the scope of the coalition to address additional child health needs and to broaden the membership. CINCH is a model for a sustainable city-citizen learning environment that intervenes to "help families help themselves to better health." The coalition is presented as an organization that focuses on community empowerment and develop ment The stages of coalition development and implications for coalition implementation in other sites are discussed. C1 Ctr Pediat Res, Norfolk, VA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Butterfoss, FD (reprint author), Ctr Pediat Res, Norfolk, VA USA. EM fbutterf@chkd.com NR 23 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC PI THOUSAND OAKS PA 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 USA SN 1090-1981 J9 HEALTH EDUC BEHAV JI Health Educ. Behav. PD APR PY 1998 VL 25 IS 2 BP 212 EP 225 DI 10.1177/109019819802500208 PG 14 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA ZR449 UT WOS:000073977700007 PM 9548061 ER PT J AU Speers, MA Lancaster, B AF Speers, MA Lancaster, B TI Disease prevention and health promotion in urban areas: CDC's perspective SO HEALTH EDUCATION & BEHAVIOR LA English DT Article AB The mission of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is to prevent disease, injury, and premature death and to promote quality of life. This mission applies to all Americans, especially to the poor and underserved. As so many people who are impoverished live in America's urban areas. the CDC has a unique and specific interest in the health problems of out urban population. The CDC has established five priorities: (1) strengthen essential public health services, (2) enrich capacity to respond to urgent threats to health, (3) develop a nationwide prevention network and program, (4) promote women's health, and (5) invest in our nation's youth. Each of these priorities will contribute to improving the health of people living in urban areas. The CDC has recently undertaken numerous initiatives to address health promotion and disease prevention issues in the urban setting. Future directions for the CDC lie in better understanding the role of socioeconomic and cultural factors in promoting health and how resources within urban areas can be used to promote health. The CDC needs to explore potential relationships with various types of partners. Solving urban health problems requires actions from many federal agencies as well as from state and local organizations. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Adult & Community Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Speers, MA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Adult & Community Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS D50, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 17 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC PI THOUSAND OAKS PA 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 USA SN 1090-1981 J9 HEALTH EDUC BEHAV JI Health Educ. Behav. PD APR PY 1998 VL 25 IS 2 BP 226 EP 233 DI 10.1177/109019819802500209 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA ZR449 UT WOS:000073977700008 PM 9548062 ER PT J AU Keita-Perse, O Edwards, JR Culver, DH Gaynes, RP AF Keita-Perse, O Edwards, JR Culver, DH Gaynes, RP TI Comparing nosocomial infection rates among surgical intensive-care units: The importance of separating cardiothoracic and general surgery intensive-care units SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CARDIAC-SURGERY AB Among surgical intensive-care units (ICUs), we assessed differences in risk-adjusted nosocomial infection rates between cardiothoracic (CT) and general surgery ICUs, using National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance data from 1987 to 1995. Device-associated rates and average length of stay were significantly lower in CT ICUs. Comparisons of risk-adjusted nosocomial infection rates from general surgery ICUs (Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1998, 19:260-261). C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Gaynes, RP (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mailstop E55,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 11 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 USA SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD APR PY 1998 VL 19 IS 4 BP 260 EP 261 PG 2 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA ZM345 UT WOS:000073529200018 PM 9605275 ER PT J AU Facklam, RR AF Facklam, RR TI Streptococcal pharyngitis - The author responds SO INFECTIONS IN MEDICINE LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Streptococcus Lab, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Facklam, RR (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Streptococcus Lab, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SCP COMMUNICATIONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 134 W 29TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10001-5304 USA SN 0749-6524 J9 INFECT MED JI Infect. Med. PD APR PY 1998 VL 15 IS 4 BP 229 EP 229 PG 1 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA ZL422 UT WOS:000073431300005 ER PT J AU Mannino, DM Ford, E Giovino, GA Thun, M AF Mannino, DM Ford, E Giovino, GA Thun, M TI Lung cancer deaths in the United States from 1979 to 1992: an analysis using multiple-cause mortality data SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE lung cancer; mortality; epidemiology ID TRENDS; PROPORTION; EXPOSURE; SMOKING; MALES AB Background We sought to describe trends in the presence of lung cancer at the time of death in the United States from 1979 to 1992. Methods We analysed death certificate reports in the Multiple-Cause Mortality Files compiled by the National Center for Health Statistics, searching for any mention of lung cancer, lung cancer as the underlying cause of death, and comorbid conditions. Results Of the 29 042 213 decedents in the study period, 1 892 129 (6.5%) had a diagnosis of lung cancer listed on their death certificates; of these 1 892 129 decedents, 1 734 767 (91.7%) had lung cancer listed as the underlying cause of death. Decedents with lung cancer listed as being present but not the underlying cause of death were more likely to be male (relative risk [RR] 1.16, 95% confidence interval [CI] : 1.15-1.17), and older (RR 4.61, 95% CI:4.35-4.88 for decedents older than 85 compared to those aged less than 44), but less likely to be black than white (RR 0.88, 95% CI:0.87-0.90). The mortality rate, age-adjusted to the 1980 population, increased 23.0%, from 47.9 per 100 000 in 1979 to 58.9 per 100 000 in 1992. Over the study period, black men had the highest mortality rates (117.3-125.2 per 100 000), followed by white men (81.7-88.7 per 100 000), men of other races (37.4-46.7 per 100 000), white women (22.1-39.1 per 100 000), black women (21.4-38.2 per 100 000), and women of other races (12.6-18.1 per 100 000). Age-adjusted, state specific rates varied threefold, from 30.4 per 100 000 in Utah to 93.9 per 100 000 in Nevada. Conclusions We conclude that the underlying cause of death data base, which captures almost 92% of decedents with lung cancer present, accurately tracks lung cancer mortality trends in the US. Mortality rates of lung cancer, which are decreasing among men, continue to increase among women. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Environm Hazards & Hlth Effects, Air Pollut & Resp Hlth Branch,CDC, Atlanta, GA USA. CDC, NCCDPHP, Div Nutr, Chron Dis Prevent Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, NCCDPHP, Off Smoking & Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Amer Canc Soc, Dept Epidemiol & Surveillance Res, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. RP Mannino, DM (reprint author), 4770 Buford Highway,M-S F-39, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. OI Mannino, David/0000-0003-3646-7828 NR 29 TC 17 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0300-5771 J9 INT J EPIDEMIOL JI Int. J. Epidemiol. PD APR PY 1998 VL 27 IS 2 BP 159 EP 166 DI 10.1093/ije/27.2.159 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA ZN237 UT WOS:000073623600001 PM 9602393 ER PT J AU Krug, EG Powell, KE Dahlberg, LL AF Krug, EG Powell, KE Dahlberg, LL TI Firearm-related deaths in the United States and 35 other high- and upper-middle-income countries SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE firearms; violence; suicide; homicide; cross-cultural comparison; developed countries; epidemiology ID GUN OWNERSHIP; HOMICIDE; VIOLENCE; ASSAULTS AB Background The Forty-Ninth World Health Assembly recently declared violence a worldwide public health problem. Improved understanding of cross-national differences is useful for identifying risk factors and may facilitate prevention efforts. Few cross-national studies, however, have explored firearm-related deaths. We compared the incidence of firearm-related deaths among 36 countries. Methods Health officials in high-income (HI) and upper-middle-income countries (UMI) with populations greater than one million were asked to provide data using ICD-9 codes on firearm-related homicides, suicides, unintentional deaths and deaths of undetermined intent, as well as homicides and suicides for all methods combined. Thirty-six (78%) of the 46 countries provided complete data. We compared age-adjusted rates per 100 000 for each country and pooled rates by income group and geographical location. Results During the one-year study period, 88 649 firearm deaths were reported. Overall firearm mortality rates are five to six times higher in HI and UMI countries in the Americas (12.72) than in Europe (2.17), or Oceania (2.57) and 95 times higher than in Asia (0.13). The rate of firearm deaths in the United States (14.24 per 100 000) exceeds that of its economic counterparts (1.76) eightfold and that of UMI countries (9.69) by a factor of 1.5. Suicide and homicide contribute equally to total firearm deaths in the US, but most firearm deaths are suicides (71%) in HI countries and homicides (72%) in UMI countries. Conclusions Firearm death rates vary markedly throughout the industrialized world. Further research to identify risk factors associated with these variations may help improve prevention efforts. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Div Violence Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Krug, EG (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Div Violence Prevent, Mailstop K60,4770 Buford Hwy, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 27 TC 120 Z9 125 U1 1 U2 16 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0300-5771 J9 INT J EPIDEMIOL JI Int. J. Epidemiol. PD APR PY 1998 VL 27 IS 2 BP 214 EP 221 DI 10.1093/ije/27.2.214 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA ZN237 UT WOS:000073623600009 PM 9602401 ER PT J AU MacGowan, RJ Sterk, CE Long, A Cheney, R Seeman, M Anderson, JE AF MacGowan, RJ Sterk, CE Long, A Cheney, R Seeman, M Anderson, JE TI New needle and syringe use, and use of needle exchange programmes by street recruited injection drug users in 1993 SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE syringe; needle exchange programmes; injection drug users ID RISK BEHAVIOR; AIDS; AMSTERDAM; REDUCTION; IMPACT AB Background Needle exchange programmes (NEP) provide injection drug users (IDU) with sterile injection equipment and receive used needles in exchange. In this paper we describe the use of new syringes and NEP by IDU and characteristics associated with using NEP in 1993. Methods Street-recruited IDU were interviewed in five US locations: Atlanta, Philadelphia, Chicago, New York City, and Los Angeles (LA) county. Results Most (75-95%) reported it was easy to get a new syringe and for their last injection, 45-77% used a new syringe and 2-18% used a syringe previously used by another IDU. Use of NEP ranged from 8% to 16% in Chicago, Philadelphia, and LA County. In LA County not having injected 'speedball' in the last 30 days, last injection with a new syringe, and reporting it was very easy to get a new syringe were associated with NEP use. In Philadelphia, NEP use was associated with 'speedball' injection in the last 30 days, and in Chicago, not injecting with 'speedball' and injecting with cocaine were associated with NEP use. Conclusions In 1993, most street-recruited IDU in Chicago, Philadelphia, and LA County had not used NEP. Factors associated with NEP use were not consistent across sites. Dispersion of NEP and removal of legal barriers restricting access to sterile syringes may be more important in increasing the use of sterile syringes and NEP than client characteristics. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Emory Univ, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. AIDS Program, Los Angeles, CA USA. Philadelphia Hlth Management Corp, Philadelphia, PA USA. RP MacGowan, RJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop E-37, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 33 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0300-5771 J9 INT J EPIDEMIOL JI Int. J. Epidemiol. PD APR PY 1998 VL 27 IS 2 BP 302 EP 308 DI 10.1093/ije/27.2.302 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA ZN237 UT WOS:000073623600022 PM 9602414 ER PT J AU Ackers, ML Quick, RE Drasbek, CJ Hutwagner, L Tauxe, RV AF Ackers, ML Quick, RE Drasbek, CJ Hutwagner, L Tauxe, RV TI Are there national risk factors for epidemic cholera? The correlation between socioeconomic and demographic indices and cholera incidence in Latin America SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cholera; infant mortality; Latin America; surveillance AB Background From 1991 through 1995, all Latin American countries maintained cholera surveillance systems to track the epidemic that entered the region through Peru in January 1991. These data were used to assess correlations between socioeconomic and demographic indices that might serve as national risk predictors for epidemic cholera in Latin America. Methods Correlations between country-specific cumulative cholera incidence rates from 1991 through 1995 and infant mortality, the Human Development Index ([HDI] a numerical value based on life expectancy, education, and income), gross national product (GNP) per capita, and female literacy were tested using the Pearson correlation coefficient. Results A total of 1 339 834 cholera cases with a cumulative incidence rate of 183 per 100 000 population were reported from affected Western Hemisphere countries from 1991 through 1995. Infant mortality rates were the most strongly correlated with cumulative cholera incidence based on the Pearson correlation coefficient. The HDI had a less strong negative correlation with cumulative cholera incidence. The GNP per capita and female literacy rates were weakly and negatively correlated with cholera cumulative incidence rates. Conclusions Infant mortality and possibly the HDI may be useful indirect indices of the risk of sustained transmission of cholera within a Latin American country. Cumulative cholera incidence is decreased particularly in countries with infant mortality below 40 per 1000 live births. The lack of reported cholera cases in Uruguay and the Caribbean may reflect a low risk for ongoing transmission, consistent with socioeconomic and demographic indices. Cholera surveillance remains an important instrument for determining cholera trends within individual countries and regions. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Biostat & Informat Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. Pan Amer Hlth Org, Div Dis Prevent & Control, Communicable Dis Program, Integrated Managment Prevalent Childhood Illness, Washington, DC USA. RP Ackers, ML (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 8 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 8 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0300-5771 J9 INT J EPIDEMIOL JI Int. J. Epidemiol. PD APR PY 1998 VL 27 IS 2 BP 330 EP 334 DI 10.1093/ije/27.2.330 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA ZN237 UT WOS:000073623600027 PM 9602419 ER PT J CA CDC TI National, state, and urban area vaccination coverage levels among children aged 19-35 months - United States, July 1996 June 1997 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 47, pg 108-116, 1998) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 CDC, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat,Assessment Br, Data Management Div, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP CDC, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat,Assessment Br, Data Management Div, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD APR 1 PY 1998 VL 279 IS 13 BP 985 EP 986 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA ZD283 UT WOS:000072669700007 ER PT J AU O'Malley, CD White, E Schechter, R Smith, NJ Waterman, SH AF O'Malley, CD White, E Schechter, R Smith, NJ Waterman, SH TI Tetanus among injecting-drug users - California, 1997 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 47, pg 149-151, 1998) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint ID UNITED-STATES; MORTALITY C1 CDC, Immunizat Br, Div Communicable Dis Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Calif Dept Hlth Serv, Berkeley, CA 94704 USA. RP O'Malley, CD (reprint author), CDC, Immunizat Br, Div Communicable Dis Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD APR 1 PY 1998 VL 279 IS 13 BP 987 EP 987 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA ZD283 UT WOS:000072669700008 ER PT J AU Kurtis, JD Koros, JK Duffy, PE Green, MD AF Kurtis, JD Koros, JK Duffy, PE Green, MD TI Malaria prevention for travelers SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Letter C1 USA, Med Res Unit, Kisumu, Kenya. Kenya Med Res Inst, Kisumu, Kenya. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Kurtis, JD (reprint author), USA, Med Res Unit, Kisumu, Kenya. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD APR 1 PY 1998 VL 279 IS 13 BP 990 EP 991 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA ZD283 UT WOS:000072669700013 PM 9533489 ER PT J AU Lobel, HO AF Lobel, HO TI Malaria prevention for travelers - Reply SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Lobel, HO (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD APR 1 PY 1998 VL 279 IS 13 BP 991 EP 991 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA ZD283 UT WOS:000072669700014 ER PT J AU Fridkin, SK Yokoe, DS Whitney, CG Onderdonk, A Hooper, DC AF Fridkin, SK Yokoe, DS Whitney, CG Onderdonk, A Hooper, DC TI Epidemiology of a dominant clonal strain of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium at separate hospitals in Boston, Massachusetts SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AMPICILLIN-RESISTANT; OUTBREAK; BACTEREMIA; INFECTION; RISK; UNIT AB In 1996, the dominant (43%) strain of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE; type A) at Massachusetts General Hospital was identified at Brigham and Women's Hospital (BWH). To characterize the epidemiology of infection with type A isolates of VRE at BWH, we collected demographic and clinical data for all patients from whom VRE were isolated from a clinical specimen through September 1996. The first clinical isolates from all BWH patients from whom VRE were isolated were typed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of SmaI digests of chromosomal DNA. Among patients hospitalized after the first patient at BWH infected with a type A isolate of VRE was identified, exposures were compared between patients who acquired type A isolates of VRE and those who acquired other types of VRE. Isolates from 99 patients identified to have acquired VRE were most commonly from blood (n = 27), urine (n = 19), or wounds (n = 19). Three months after the index patient arrived at BWH and at a time when greater than or equal to 12 types of strains of VRE were present, type A isolates of VRE became dominant; 39 of 75 (52%) of the study cohort had acquired type A isolates of VRE. We found no association between the acquisition of type A isolates of VRE and transfer from another institution or temporal overlap by service, ward, or floor with patients known to have acquired type A isolates of VRE. By multivariate analysis, only residence in the medical intensive care unit (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 3.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4 to 107) and the receipt of two or more antibiotics per patient-day (adjusted OR, 12.2; 95% CI, 1.2 to 9.0) were associated with the acquisition of strain A. This strain of VRE, dominant at two Boston hospitals, was associated with intensity of antibiotic exposures (i.e., two or more antibiotics per patient-day). We hypothesize that this strain may have unidentified properties providing a mechanism favoring its spread and dominance over other extant isolates, and further studies are needed to define these properties. C1 Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Div Infect Dis, Boston, MA 02114 USA. Brigham & Womens Hosp, Div Infect Dis, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Hooper, DC (reprint author), Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Div Infect Dis, 55 Fruit St, Boston, MA 02114 USA. NR 21 TC 28 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD APR PY 1998 VL 36 IS 4 BP 965 EP 970 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA ZC324 UT WOS:000072565800020 PM 9542917 ER PT J AU Golde, WT Robinson-Dunn, B Stobierski, MG Dykhuizen, D Wang, IN Carlson, V Stiefel, H Shiflett, S Campbell, GL AF Golde, WT Robinson-Dunn, B Stobierski, MG Dykhuizen, D Wang, IN Carlson, V Stiefel, H Shiflett, S Campbell, GL TI Culture-confirmed reinfection of a person with different strains of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ERYTHEMA MIGRANS LESIONS; LYME-DISEASE; CULTIVATION; MICHIGAN; TICKS; MICE AB In recent years, the utility of serum-based diagnostic testing for Lyme disease has improved substantially; however, recovery by culture of the bacterium from skin biopsies of suspected patients is still the only definitive laboratory test. Reinfection of patients has been assumed to occur but as yet has not been documented by serial isolates from the same person, We present a case of culture-confirmed reinfection of a patient in Menominee County, Michigan, Borrelia burgdorferi was isolated from the skin punch biopsy specimens during each episode of erythema migrans (EM) and was subjected to molecular strain typing, genetic analysis of two outer surface protein genes, protein profile analysis, and serum antibody response testing, Results show that these isolates are distinct strains of the bacterium and that the two episodes of EM were caused by independent infections, This report describes the documented, culture-confirmed reinfection of a human by two different strains of B. burgdorferi. C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Med, Div Allergy, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Ft Collins, CO USA. Michigan Dept Community Hlth, Community Publ Hlth Agcy, Lansing, MI USA. Daggett Med Clin, Daggett, MI USA. RP Golde, WT (reprint author), SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Med, Div Allergy, HSCT-16-040, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. EM wgolde@epo.hsc.sunysb.edu NR 27 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD APR PY 1998 VL 36 IS 4 BP 1015 EP 1019 PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA ZC324 UT WOS:000072565800031 PM 9542928 ER PT J AU Tenover, FC Lancaster, MV Hill, BC Steward, CD Stocker, SA Hancock, GA O'Hara, CM Clark, NC Hiramatsu, K AF Tenover, FC Lancaster, MV Hill, BC Steward, CD Stocker, SA Hancock, GA O'Hara, CM Clark, NC Hiramatsu, K TI Characterization of staphylococci with reduced susceptibilities to vancomycin and other glycopeptides SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FIELD GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; RESISTANT ENTEROCOCCI; AUREUS; FAECIUM; ANTIBIOTICS; TEICOPLANIN; GENES AB During the last several years a series of staphylococcal isolates that demonstrated reduced susceptibility to vancomycin or other glycopeptides have been reported, We selected 12 isolates of staphylococci for which the vancomycin MICs were greater than or equal to 4 mu g/ml or for which the teicoplanin MICs were greater than or equal to 8 mu g/ml and 24 control strains for which the vancomycin MICs were less than or equal to 2 mu g/ml or for which the teicoplanin MICs were less than or equal to 4 mu g/ml to determine the ability of commercial susceptibility testing procedures and vancomycin agar screening methods to detect isolates with reduced glycopeptide susceptibility. By PCR analysis, none of the isolates with decreased glycopeptide susceptibility contained known vancomycin resistance genes, Broth microdilution tests held a full 24 h were best at detecting strains with reduced glycopeptide susceptibility, Disk diffusion did not differentiate the strains inhibited by 8 mu g of vancomycin per mi from more susceptible isolates, Most of the isolates with reduced glycopeptide susceptibility were recognized by MicroScan conventional panels and Etest vancomycin strips, Sensititre panels read visually were more variable, although with some of the panels MICs of 8 mu g/ml were noted for these isolates, Vitek results were 4 mu g/ml for all strains for which the vancomycin MICs were greater than or equal to 4 mu g/ml. Vancomycin MICs on Rapid MicroScan panels were not predictive, giving MICs of either less than or equal to 2 or greater than or equal to 16 mu g/ml for these isolates, Commercial brain heart infusion vancomycin agar screening plates containing 6 mu g of vancomycin per mi consistently differentiated those strains inhibited by 8 mu g/ml from more susceptible strains, Vancomycin-containing media prepared in-house showed occasional growth of susceptible strains, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, and on occasion, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Thus, strains of staphylococci with reduced susceptibility to glycopeptides, such as vancomycin, are best detected in the laboratory by nonautomated quantitative tests incubated for a full 24 h. Furthermore, it appears that commercial vancomycin agar screening plates can be used to detect these isolates. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, Nosocomial Pathogens Lab Branch G08, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Juntendo Univ, Dept Bacteriol, Tokyo, Japan. RP Tenover, FC (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, Nosocomial Pathogens Lab Branch G08, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 39 TC 308 Z9 322 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD APR PY 1998 VL 36 IS 4 BP 1020 EP 1027 PG 8 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA ZC324 UT WOS:000072565800032 PM 9542929 ER PT J AU Massung, RF Slater, K Owens, JH Nicholson, WL Mather, TN Solberg, VB Olson, JG AF Massung, RF Slater, K Owens, JH Nicholson, WL Mather, TN Solberg, VB Olson, JG TI Nested PCR assay for detection of granulocytic ehrlichiae SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; AGENT; EQUI; INFECTION; SEQUENCE; DNA; RICKETTSIA; DIAGNOSIS; DISEASE; TICKS AB A sensitive and specific nested PCR assay was developed for the detection of granulocytic ehrlichiae, The assay amplifies the 16S rRNA gene and was used to examine acute-phase EDTA-blood and serum samples obtained from seven humans with clinical presentations compatible with human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, Five of the seven suspected cases were positive by the PCR assay using DNA extracted from whole blood as the template, compared with a serologic assay that identified only one positive sample, The PCR assay using DNA extracted from the corresponding serum samples as the template identified three positive samples. The sensitivity of the assay on human samples was examined, and the limit of detection was shown to be fewer than 2 copies of the 16S rRNA gene, The application of the assay to nonhuman samples demonstrated products amplified from template DNA extracted from Ixodes scapularis ticks collected in Rhode Island and from EDTA-blood specimens obtained from white-tailed deer in Maryland. All PCR products were sequenced and identified as specific to granulocytic ehrlichiae. A putative variant granulocytic ehrlichia 16S rRNA gene sequence was detected among products amplified from both the ticks and the deer blood specimens. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Rhode Isl, Ctr Vector Borne Dis, Kingston, RI 02881 USA. Walter Reed Army Inst Res, Dept Entomol, Washington, DC 20307 USA. RP Massung, RF (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS G-13, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM rfm2@cdc.gov NR 41 TC 228 Z9 234 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD APR PY 1998 VL 36 IS 4 BP 1090 EP 1095 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA ZC324 UT WOS:000072565800046 PM 9542943 ER PT J AU Washko, RM Hoefer, H Kiehn, TE Armstrong, D Dorsinville, G Frieden, TR AF Washko, RM Hoefer, H Kiehn, TE Armstrong, D Dorsinville, G Frieden, TR TI Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in a green-winged macaw (Ara chloroptera): Report with public health implications SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GENAVENSE; ANIMALS; BIRDS AB Mycobacterium tuberculosis was isolated from the eyelid, skin, tongue, and lungs of a green-winged macaw (Ara chloroptera). Two persons living in the same household were culture positive for pulmonary tuberculosis 3 to 4 years before tuberculosis was diagnosed in the bird. Although humans have not been shown to acquire tuberculosis from birds, an infected bird may be a sentinel for human infection. C1 Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Microbiol Lab, Dept Clin Labs, Microbiol Serv, New York, NY 10021 USA. Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Dept Med, Infect Dis Serv, New York, NY 10021 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Field Epidemiol, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Prevent Serv, Div TB Eliminat, Atlanta, GA USA. New York City Dept Hlth, Bur TB Control, New York, NY 10013 USA. Anim Med Ctr, New York, NY USA. RP Kiehn, TE (reprint author), Mem Sloan Kettering Canc Ctr, Microbiol Lab, Dept Clin Labs, Microbiol Serv, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 USA. NR 10 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD APR PY 1998 VL 36 IS 4 BP 1101 EP 1102 PG 2 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA ZC324 UT WOS:000072565800048 PM 9542945 ER PT J AU Talkington, DF Thacker, WL Keller, DW Jensen, JS AF Talkington, DF Thacker, WL Keller, DW Jensen, JS TI Diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection in autopsy and open-lung biopsy tissues by nested PCR SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; POLYARTHRITIS; SAMPLES AB A nested PCR specific for the Mycoplasma pneumoniae P1 gene was used to diagnose mycoplasma infection in two cohort patients with severe pneumonia within 24 h of tissue receipt. A postmortem diagnosis of M. pneumoniae infection was obtained for the first patient, who died without the collection of appropriate paired samples for serodiagnosis. An open-lung biopsy obtained from the second patient allowed a quick, definitive diagnosis and proper selection of therapy. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. State Serum Inst, Mycoplasma Lab, Copenhagen, Denmark. RP Talkington, DF (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Mailstop CO2, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Jensen, Jorgen/I-2917-2012; OI Jensen, Jorgen Skov/0000-0002-7464-7435 NR 15 TC 24 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD APR PY 1998 VL 36 IS 4 BP 1151 EP 1153 PG 3 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA ZC324 UT WOS:000072565800062 PM 9542959 ER PT J AU Nagy, B Rigo, J Fintor, L Karadi, I Toth, T AF Nagy, B Rigo, J Fintor, L Karadi, I Toth, T TI Apolipoprotein E alleles in women with severe pre-eclampsia SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE apolipoprotein E; pre-eclampsia; gene polymorphism AB This study investigated the frequency of apolipoprotein E (apoE) alleles among women with severe pre-eclampsia. The presence of the three most common apoE alleles (epsilon 2, epsilon 3, epsilon 4) was determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism in three groups of white women: non-pregnant healthy (n = 101), pregnant healthy (n = 52), and pregnant with a diagnosis of severe pre-eclampsia (n = 54). The frequency of apo epsilon 2 was highest among women with severe pre-eclampsia (16.6%) followed by non-pregnant women (12.9%), Centers for Disease and those experiencing a healthy pregnancy (10.6%). The higher frequency of the apo epsilon 2 allele detected among women with severe pre-eclampsia suggests that apoE may play a role in the development of pre-eclampsia. C1 Semmelweis Univ Med, Sch Med, Mol Diagnost Lab, Dept Obstet & Gynecol 1, H-1088 Budapest, Hungary. NIOSH, Toxicol & Mol Biol Branch, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. Semmelweis Univ Med, Sch Med, Dept Internal Med 3, H-1125 Budapest, Hungary. RP Nagy, B (reprint author), Baross U 27, H-1088 Budapest, Hungary. RI Nagy, Balint/F-6943-2012 NR 8 TC 33 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 0 PU BRITISH MED JOURNAL PUBL GROUP PI LONDON PA BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON WC1H 9JR, ENGLAND SN 0021-9746 J9 J CLIN PATHOL JI J. Clin. Pathol. PD APR PY 1998 VL 51 IS 4 BP 324 EP 325 PG 2 WC Pathology SC Pathology GA ZP554 UT WOS:000073765100013 PM 9659248 ER PT J AU Orloff, KG Nall, W AF Orloff, KG Nall, W TI Environmental radiation levels in central Florida's phosphate mining district SO JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Florida; phosphate mining; radon ID EXPOSURE AB Environmental levels of radionuclides and gamma radiation were measured in two communities located near active phosphate mining areas in Florida. Activated carbon canisters and alpha track detectors were used to measure indoor air levels of radon in approximately 100 private homes. Elevated levels of radon (> 4 picocuries per liter [pCi/L]) were detected in 8 of 27 homes in a community built on reclaimed land that had been previously mined. In a nearby community built on unmined land, elevated levels of radon were detected in 1 of 69 homes. All of the homes with elevated levels of radon were built on concrete slabs. Outdoor gamma radiation levels were significantly greater in the reclaimed area than in the unmined area. Air particulates collected from outdoor ambient air at three locations did not contain elevated levels of radionuclides. C1 US Dept HHS, Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Publ Hlth Serv, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Orloff, KG (reprint author), US Dept HHS, Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Publ Hlth Serv, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop E-32, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU PRINCETON SCIENTIFIC PUBL INC PI PRINCETON PA PO BOX 2155, PRINCETON, NJ 08543 USA SN 1053-4245 J9 J EXPO ANAL ENV EPID JI J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. PD APR-JUN PY 1998 VL 8 IS 2 BP 207 EP 212 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA ZK371 UT WOS:000073313700008 PM 9577751 ER PT J AU Thurman, DJ Branche, CM Sniezek, JE AF Thurman, DJ Branche, CM Sniezek, JE TI The epidemiology of sports-related traumatic brain injuries in the United States: Recent developments SO JOURNAL OF HEAD TRAUMA REHABILITATION LA English DT Article DE brain injury; epidemiology; incidence; mortality; primary prevention; public health; sports AB We examined recent population-based data from the National Health Interview Survey, Consumer Product Safety Commission, and state-based traumatic brain injury (TBI) surveillance programs that provide estimates of the overall incidence of sports-related TBI in the United States. Available data indicate that sports-related TBI is an important public health problem because of the large number of people mho incur these injuries each year (approximately 300,000), the generally young age of patients at the time of injury (with possible long-term disability), and the potential cumulative effects of repeated injuries. The importance of this problem indicates the need for more effective prevention measures. The public health approach can guide efforts in injury prevention and control. The steps in this approach are (1) identifying the problem, (2) identifying risk factors, (3) developing and testing interventions, and (4) implementing programs and evaluating outcomes. Each of these steps requires adequate data. This article examines the limitations of current sports-related TBI data and suggests ways to improve data in order to develop more effective injury prevention strategies. The impact of sports-related TBI on the public indicates that this task deserves a high priority. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Acute Care Rehabil Res & Disabil Prevent, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Unintent Injury Prevent, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Thurman, DJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Acute Care Rehabil Res & Disabil Prevent, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, 4770 Buford Highway NE,Mailstop F41, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 19 TC 153 Z9 157 U1 2 U2 11 PU ASPEN PUBL INC PI FREDERICK PA 7201 MCKINNEY CIRCLE, FREDERICK, MD 21704 USA SN 0885-9701 J9 J HEAD TRAUMA REHAB JI J. Head Trauma Rehabil. PD APR PY 1998 VL 13 IS 2 BP 1 EP 8 PG 8 WC Clinical Neurology; Rehabilitation SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Rehabilitation GA ZF451 UT WOS:000072898800003 PM 9575252 ER PT J AU Kirby, SD Ureda, JR Rose, RL Hussey, J AF Kirby, SD Ureda, JR Rose, RL Hussey, J TI Peripheral cues and involvement level: Influences on acceptance of a mammography message SO JOURNAL OF HEALTH COMMUNICATION LA English DT Article ID COGNITIVE RESPONSES; ISSUE INVOLVEMENT; PERSUASION; PERSPECTIVE; INFORMATION; ATTITUDES; ROUTES; MUSIC AB The elaboration likelihood model (ELM) suggests that some communication elements are processed differently depending on a receiver's involvement with the message topic. We hypothesized that women with high levels of breast cancer involvement would be more influenced by a mammography message's arguments than by the message's peripheral cues and, conversely, that women with low levels of involvement would be more influenced by a mammography message's peripheral cues than by the message's arguments. We exposed 89 low-income African American women aged 40 to 65 years to two repetitions of a mammography promotion public service announcement embedded as a commercial within a television talk show. We used a 2 (involvement level) x 2 (argument strength) x 2 (peripheral cue favorability) factorial posttest-only design. The analysis detected a significant main effect for involvement and an interaction between peripheral cue favorability and involvement. High-involvement women reported stronger intentions than did low-involvement women to seek additional mammography information, regardless of argument strength or cue favorability. Low-involvement women reported stronger intentions to seek more mammography information only when exposed to the favorable cue condition The analysis detected no effect for argument strength in high-or low-involvement women. The ELM appears useful for designing mammography messages. As many women may have low involvement with breast cancer, mammography promotion messages that include favorable peripheral cues may be more likely to impact mammography information seeking than argument-based-only messages. C1 Ctr Dis Control, Off Commun, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ S Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Hlth Promot & Educ, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. Univ S Carolina, Coll Business Adm, Dept Mkt, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. Univ S Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. RP Kirby, SD (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control, Off Commun, Mailstop D-42,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM sbk8@cdc.gov NR 39 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 6 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1081-0730 J9 J HEALTH COMMUN JI J. Health Commun. PD APR-JUN PY 1998 VL 3 IS 2 BP 119 EP 135 PG 17 WC Communication; Information Science & Library Science SC Communication; Information Science & Library Science GA ZR455 UT WOS:000073978500003 PM 10977249 ER PT J AU Unger, ER Vernon, SD Lee, DR Miller, DL Reeves, WC AF Unger, ER Vernon, SD Lee, DR Miller, DL Reeves, WC TI Detection of human papillomavirus in archival tissues: Comparison of in situ hybridization and polymerase chain reaction SO JOURNAL OF HISTOCHEMISTRY & CYTOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Joint Meeting of the Histochemical-Society/Microscopy-Society-of-America CY AUG, 1995 CL KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI DE colorimetric in situ hybridization; human papillomavirus; polymerase chain reaction; archival tissues; formalin fixation ID INSITU HYBRIDIZATION; CERVICAL-CANCER; DNA; PCR; CARCINOMA; SURVIVAL AB Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues in pathology archives are an important resource for molecular epidemiology studies. Use of these tissues requires that assays be optimized to account for inevitable variations in tissue fixation and processing that occur in the performance of routine histology. We compared results of colorimetric in situ hybridization (ISH) to L1 consensus polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection and typing of human papillomavirus (HPV) in 180 blocks of archival tissues (up to 9 years in storage) from cervical cancer patients. Fifteen samples could not be amplified by PCR, but assays were concordant in 75.1% (124/165) of samples that could be analyzed by both methods. Similar numbers of ISH+/PCR- (23) and ISH-/PCR+ (18) cases were found. Eight of the 18 ISH-/PCR+ cases were attributable to PCR detection of HPV types not included in the ISH assay. This degree of concordance required individual optimization of assay conditions for each block. ISH and PCR assays for HPV yield complementary results, and both can be successfully applied to archival tissues. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Publ Hlth Serv,US DHHS, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RP Unger, ER (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Publ Hlth Serv,US DHHS, 1600 Clifton Rd,MSG18, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM eru0@cdc.gov OI Unger, Elizabeth/0000-0002-2925-5635 NR 16 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 1 PU HISTOCHEMICAL SOC INC PI SEATTLE PA UNIV WASHINGTON, DEPT BIOSTRUCTURE, BOX 357420, SEATTLE, WA 98195 USA SN 0022-1554 J9 J HISTOCHEM CYTOCHEM JI J. Histochem. Cytochem. PD APR PY 1998 VL 46 IS 4 BP 535 EP 540 PG 6 WC Cell Biology SC Cell Biology GA ZE992 UT WOS:000072852000014 PM 9524200 ER PT J AU Flood, JM Weinstock, HS Guroy, ME Bayne, L Simon, RP Bolan, G AF Flood, JM Weinstock, HS Guroy, ME Bayne, L Simon, RP Bolan, G TI Neurosyphilis during the AIDS epidemic, San Francisco, 1985-1992 SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; CEREBROSPINAL-FLUID; SECONDARY SYPHILIS; HIV INFECTION; SYMPTOMATIC NEUROSYPHILIS; THERAPY; TESTS AB To investigate the epidemiology and clinical spectrum of neurosyphilis in a population with high rates of coexisting syphilis and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, a retrospective analysis of cases in all San Francisco hospitals from 1985 to 1992 was conducted, Neurosyphilis was defined by a newly reactive cerebrospinal fluid VDRL; 117 patients with neurosyphilis were identified, The median age was 39 years, 91% were male, 74 (63%) were white, and 75 (64%) were HIV-infected. Thirty-eight (33%) presented with an early symptomatic neurosyphilis syndrome, Six (5%) had late neurosyphilis, Thirty-eight (32%) patients were asymptomatic, and 35 (30%) had findings attributable to coexisting neurologic diseases. Patients demonstrated high serum nontreponemal (VDRL) titers (median, 1:128) at neurosyphilis presentation, In contrast to the findings from the preantibiotic era, neurosyphilis was identified in young patients most often with HIV coinfection, and early symptomatic syndromes were identified more frequently than late neurosyphilis syndromes. C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Med, San Francisco, CA USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Neurol, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. San Francisco Dept Publ Hlth, Div Control & Prevent, San Francisco, CA USA. San Francisco Gen Hosp, San Francisco, CA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Sexually Transmitted Dis Human Immunodeficien, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Flood, JM (reprint author), San Francisco Dept Publ Hlth, Div STD Prevent & Control, 356 7th St, San Francisco, CA 94103 USA. FU ODCDC CDC HHS [H25CC90437103]; PHS HHS [R30CCR90325204] NR 36 TC 70 Z9 78 U1 1 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5801 S ELLIS AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD APR PY 1998 VL 177 IS 4 BP 931 EP 940 PG 10 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA ZD747 UT WOS:000072719400013 PM 9534965 ER PT J AU Slutsker, L Ries, AA Maloney, K Wells, JG Greene, KD Griffin, PM AF Slutsker, L Ries, AA Maloney, K Wells, JG Greene, KD Griffin, PM CA Escherichia coli O157 H7 Study Grp TI A nationwide case-control study of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 infection in the United States SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID HEMOLYTIC-UREMIC-SYNDROME; WASHINGTON-STATE; BLOODY DIARRHEA; RISK FACTOR; OUTBREAK; 0157-H7; CONSUMPTION; BEEF AB Risk factors for Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection were investigated in a case-control study at 10 medical centers throughout the United States. Among 73 case-patients and 142 matched controls, exposures in the 7 days before illness associated with E. coli O157:H7 infection in univariate analysis included consumption of hamburger (matched odds ratio [MOR], 3.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.9-7.9), undercooked hamburger (MOR, 4.5; 95% CI, 1.6-12.2), or hot dogs (MOR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.1-4.4); eating at a fast-food restaurant (MOR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.1-4.6); drinking unchlorinated well water (MOR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.1-5.7); swimming in a pond (MOR, 5.4; 95% CI, 1.1-26.0); and having a household member with diarrhea (MOR, 11.9; 95% CI, 2.7-53.5). In multivariate analysis, only eating undercooked hamburger remained associated with infection. Seven (8%) of 93 patients developed hemolytic uremic syndrome and 1 died. Prevention strategies aimed at modifying risk factors may help to reduce the risk of infection with E. coli O157:H7. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis,Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Biostat & Informat Management Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Slutsker, L (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis,Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Mailstop A-38, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 35 TC 103 Z9 106 U1 0 U2 11 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5801 S ELLIS AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD APR PY 1998 VL 177 IS 4 BP 962 EP 966 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA ZD747 UT WOS:000072719400017 PM 9534969 ER PT J AU Harrison, LH Elliott, JA Dwyer, DM Libonati, JP Ferrieri, P Billmann, L Schuchat, A AF Harrison, LH Elliott, JA Dwyer, DM Libonati, JP Ferrieri, P Billmann, L Schuchat, A CA Maryland Emerging Infections Program TI Serotype distribution of invasive group B streptococcal isolates in Maryland: Implications for vaccine formulation SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID BETA-C-PROTEIN; CAPSULAR POLYSACCHARIDE; MATERNAL IMMUNIZATION; RISK-FACTORS; DISEASE; ADULTS; EMERGENCE; INFECTION; INFANTS; EPIDEMIOLOGY AB Invasive group B streptococcal (GBS) infection is a major health problem among infants and adults. The formulation of GBS vaccines depends on knowledge of the GBS serotype distribution, Serotype V GBS infection appears to have recently emerged, suggesting that the serotype distribution changes over time. GBS isolates from 210 pediatric patients, 23 pregnant women, and 314 nonpregnant adults with invasive infection in Maryland were studied. The predominant serotypes from infants with early-onset disease were as follows: serotype III, 38% of isolates; serotype la, 36%; serotype V, 13%; and serotype II, 11%, Although the majority (60%) of isolates among infants with late-onset infection were serotype III, serotype Ia (23%) was also common. The predominant serotype among isolates from nonpregnant adult patients was serotype V, accounting for 29% of the isolates. The serotype distribution differs between pediatric patients and adults and is changing over time, The inclusion of a relatively small number of serotypes in a GBS vaccine could provide protection against the vast majority of isolates. C1 Univ Pittsburgh, Grad Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Grad Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Med, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Sch Med, Pittsburgh, PA USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Int Hlth, Baltimore, MD USA. Maryland Dept Hlth & Mental Hyg, Epidemiol & Dis Control Program, Community Hlth Surveillance & Labs Adm, Baltimore, MD USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Minnesota, Sch Med, Dept Lab Med & Pathol, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Univ Minnesota, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. RP Harrison, LH (reprint author), Univ Pittsburgh, Grad Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, 521 Parran Hall,130 DeSoto St, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA. EM LHARRISO@EDC.GSPH.PITT.EDU NR 24 TC 150 Z9 155 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 1537-6613 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD APR PY 1998 VL 177 IS 4 BP 998 EP 1002 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA ZD747 UT WOS:000072719400022 PM 9534974 ER PT J AU Mintz, ED Weber, JT Guris, D Puhr, N Wells, JG Yashuk, JC Curtis, M Tauxe, RV AF Mintz, ED Weber, JT Guris, D Puhr, N Wells, JG Yashuk, JC Curtis, M Tauxe, RV TI An outbreak of Brainerd diarrhea among travelers to the Galapagos Islands SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID CHRONIC IDIOPATHIC DIARRHEA; RAW-MILK; EPIDEMIC AB In 1992, an outbreak of chronic diarrhea occurred among passengers on a cruise ship visiting the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador. Passengers (548) were surveyed, and stool and biopsy specimens from a sample who reported chronic diarrhea were examined. On completed questionnaires, returned by 394 passengers (72%), 58 (15%) reported having chronic diarrhea associated with urgency (84%), weight loss (77%), fatigue (71%), and fecal incontinence (62%). Illness began 11 days (median) after boarding the ship and lasted 7 to >42 months. Macroscopic and histologic abnormalities of the colon were common, but extensive laboratory examination revealed no etiologic agent. No one responded to antimicrobial therapy. Patients were more likely than well passengers to have drunk the ship's unbottled water or ice before onset of illness and to have eaten raw sliced fruits and vegetables washed in unbottled water. Water handling and chlorination on the ship were deficient. Outbreaks of a similar illness, Brainerd diarrhea, have been reported in the United States. Although its etiology remains unknown, Brainerd diarrhea may also occur among travelers. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Foodbourne & Diarrhea Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Mintz, ED (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Foodbourne & Diarrhea Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, M-S A-38, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 14 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5801 S ELLIS AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD APR PY 1998 VL 177 IS 4 BP 1041 EP 1045 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA ZD747 UT WOS:000072719400028 PM 9534980 ER PT J AU Lipscomb, JC Garrett, CM Snawder, JE AF Lipscomb, JC Garrett, CM Snawder, JE TI Use of kinetic and mechanistic data in species extrapolation of bioactivation: Cytochrome P-450 dependent trichloroethylene metabolism at occupationally relevant concentrations SO JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH LA English DT Article DE trichloroethylene; cytochrome P450; metabolism; microsomes; risk assessment; enzyme kinetics; toxicity; bioactivation; chloral hydrate ID ALKOXYRESORUFIN O-DEALKYLATION; LIVER-MICROSOMES; RAT-LIVER; ENZYME-ACTIVITY; MOUSE; MICE; ETHANOL; PHARMACOKINETICS; CARCINOGENICITY; HEPATOTOXICITY AB Trichloroethylene (TRI) is an industrial solvent and environmental contaminant; therefore exposure to TRI occurs in diverse human populations. TRI causes hepatocellular carcinoma in B6C3F1 mice, but not rats; this suggests that TRI may be metabolized differently in the two species. We investigated the metabolism of TRI and the effect of TRI on enzymatic activities indicative of specific cytochrome P450 (GYP) forms in hepatic microsomes from mice, rats and humans. Studies in microsomes estimated Michaelis-Menten kinetic parameters by saturation analysis. K-m values were 35.4, 55.5 and 24.6 mu M and V-max values were 5,425, 4,826 and 1,440 pmol/min/mg in pooled mouse, rat and human microsomes, respectively. TRI (1,000 ppm) inhibited CYP2E1 dependent activity in all three species and BROD activity in mice and rats; TRI (1,000 ppm) increased CYP1A1/1A2 activity, and had no effect on CYP2A activity. Inhibition studies with mouse hepatic microsomes demonstrated that TRI was a competitive inhibitor of CYP2E1, with K-i of 50 ppm. TRI noncompetitively inhibited CYP2B-dependent activities in the rat and mouse. Preincubation of microsomes with TRI and NADPH decreased the absorbence of GO-bound CYP in all three species, but the dose-dependence was most evident in mouse hepatic microsomes. These results have quantified the interspecies difference in GYP-dependent TRI bioactivation and indicate that under both equivalent and occupationally relevant (hepatic) exposure conditions the human is at less risk of forming toxic CYP-derived TRI metabolites. C1 USAF, Armstrong Lab, Div Toxicol, Brooks AFB, TX 78235 USA. Geocenters Inc, Newton Ctr, MA USA. NIOSH, Taft Lab, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Lipscomb, JC (reprint author), US EPA, NCEA, 26 W Martin Luther King Dr,MS 117, Cincinnati, OH 45268 USA. NR 44 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 2 PU JAPAN SOC OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH PI TOKYO PA 1-29-8 SHINJUKU, SHINJUKU-KU, TOKYO, 160, JAPAN SN 1341-9145 J9 J OCCUP HEALTH JI J. Occup. Health PD APR PY 1998 VL 40 IS 2 BP 110 EP 117 DI 10.1539/joh.40.110 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA ZF800 UT WOS:000072934500003 ER PT J AU Everett, SA Husten, CG Warren, CW Crossett, L Sharp, D AF Everett, SA Husten, CG Warren, CW Crossett, L Sharp, D TI Trends in tobacco use among high school students in the United States, 1991-1995 SO JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID SMOKELESS TOBACCO; CIGARETTE-SMOKING; ADOLESCENTS; YOUTH; PATTERNS; RACE AB This study examined demographic characteristics of tobacco-using high school students in the United States from 1991 through 1995. Data about cigarette smoking and smokeless tobacco use among adolescents were collected in 1991, 1993, and 1995 using the Youth Risk Behavior Survey part of the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System implemented by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Data indicated current smoking increased 26.5% from 1991 to 1995 with one-third [31.2% (+/-1.7)] of ninth grade students and 38.2% (+/-3.5) of 12th grade students reporting current smoking in 1995. Smokeless tobacco use remained stable with 11.4% (+/-1.7) of all students and one-fourth [25.1% (+/-3.0)] of White male students reporting smokeless tobacco use in 1995. Many students already have begun using tobacco before reaching high school. Thus, interventions should begin well before high school to prevent adolescents from using and becoming addicted to tobacco. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Adolescent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Sch Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Off Smoking & Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Everett, SA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Adolescent, 4770 Buford Highway NE,MS K-33, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 25 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SCHOOL HEALTH ASSOC PI KENT PA PO BOX 708, KENT, OH 44240 USA SN 0022-4391 J9 J SCHOOL HEALTH JI J. Sch. Health PD APR PY 1998 VL 68 IS 4 BP 137 EP 140 PG 4 WC Education & Educational Research; Education, Scientific Disciplines; Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Education & Educational Research; Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA ZV239 UT WOS:000074284300002 PM 9644605 ER PT J AU Murphy, WJ Davis, RR AF Murphy, WJ Davis, RR TI The role of the chinchilla pinna and ear canal in electrophysiological measures of hearing thresholds SO JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID PRODUCT OTOACOUSTIC EMISSIONS; NOISE AB Measurements of the acoustic transfer function (ATF) of the pinnae of 8 chinchillas were compared with the auditory-evoked potential (AEP) thresholds of 16 chinchillas measured in free held and with insert earphones. The ATF was measured in anesthetized chinchillas in a far-field condition in a semi-anechoic room using a logarithmic frequency sweep from 100 Hz to 20 kHz. Probe microphone measurements were collected with the probe opening at the tympanic membrane and in the same approximate position with the chinchilla removed from the sound held. For each animal's acoustic transfer function, the average of five in-the-ear and three free-field measurements were determined. The ATF exhibited a 5-dB passive gain at about 1 kHz and a broad resonance between 2.5 and 6 kHz of about a 10-dB gain. AEP thresholds were obtained from monaural chronically implanted chinchillas at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 kHz using first free-field and then insert earphone stimuli. The free-field sound pressure was measured with a microphone in the approximate position of the chinchilla's head. The earphone sound pressures were measured with a probe microphone positioned near the tympanic membrane. The free-held AEP hearing thresholds exhibited + 10-dB gain at 4 kHz compared to the insert earphone AEP thresholds. The agreement between the ATF and AEP derived transfer function suggested that the threshold differences at 4 kHz between the two testing configurations can be accounted for by the pinna and ear canal gain. C1 NIOSH, Div Biomed & Behav Sci, Bioacoust & Occupat Vibrat Sect, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Murphy, WJ (reprint author), NIOSH, Div Biomed & Behav Sci, Bioacoust & Occupat Vibrat Sect, MS C-27,4676 Columbia Pkwy, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RI Davis, Rickie/A-3186-2008; OI Davis, Rickie/0000-0002-9264-2021 NR 21 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 USA SN 0001-4966 J9 J ACOUST SOC AM JI J. Acoust. Soc. Am. PD APR PY 1998 VL 103 IS 4 BP 1951 EP 1956 DI 10.1121/1.421376 PG 6 WC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology SC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology GA ZJ991 UT WOS:000073274100028 PM 9566318 ER PT J AU Vallyathan, V Green, F Ducatman, B Schulte, P AF Vallyathan, V Green, F Ducatman, B Schulte, P TI Roles of epidemiology, pathology, molecular biology, and biomarkers in the investigation of occupational lung cancer SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART B-CRITICAL REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID ASBESTOS CEMENT WORKERS; RESPIRATORY CANCER; CIGARETTE-SMOKING; UNITED-STATES; RADIATION EXPOSURE; HISTOLOGICAL TYPE; CHROMATE WORKERS; SUPPRESSOR GENE; SILICA EXPOSURE; RISK ASSESSMENT AB The pathology and molecular biology of lung cancer demonstrate that these tumors evolve through a series of mutations, molecular changes, and corresponding morphologic changes. To elucidate how occupational and environmental factors influence lung cancer histogenesis it is important not only to understand epidemiology and the interactions between etiologic agents but also to integrate information from pathology, biochemistry and molecular biology. This review focuses on the range of techniques currently available for characterizing lung cancer and how their prudent use can be beneficial in the identification of occupational carcinogens. Because many occupational and environmental lung cancers are caused by multiple etiologic agents, the integration of histology with cellular, biochemical and molecular biomarker techniques may provide new approaches for understanding the disease process. C1 NIOSH, Pathol & Physiol Res Branch, HELD, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. Univ Calgary, Dept Pathol, Calgary, AB, Canada. W Virginia Univ, Dept Pathol, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. NIOSH, Educ Informat Div, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Vallyathan, V (reprint author), NIOSH, Pathol & Physiol Res Branch, HELD, 1095 Willowdale Rd, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. NR 158 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA ONE GUNPOWDER SQUARE, LONDON EC4A 3DE, ENGLAND SN 1093-7404 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEAL B JI J. Toxicol. Env. Health-Pt b-Crit. Rev. PD APR-JUN PY 1998 VL 1 IS 2 BP 91 EP 116 PG 26 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA ZP715 UT WOS:000073781200001 PM 9650532 ER PT J AU Thompson, MP Norris, FH Ruback, RB AF Thompson, MP Norris, FH Ruback, RB TI Comparative distress levels of inner-city family members of homicide victims SO JOURNAL OF TRAUMATIC STRESS LA English DT Article DE trauma; homicide survivors; psychological distress; risk factors ID POSTTRAUMATIC-STRESS-DISORDER; MISSISSIPPI SCALE; ADJUSTMENT; PTSD; RELIABILITY; VALIDITY; SPOUSE; TRAUMA; EVENTS AB This study investigated the distress levels of 150 family members of homicide victims, as well as how pre-event, peri-event, and postevent variables were related to distress. Distress levels were very high, with 26% of the sample reporting clinical distress. Because it was not possible to say if this distress resulted from the homicide itself or from the fact that people who lose family members to homicide generally have lives rooted in stressful contexts, we compared the homicide sample to two sociodemographically comparable groups of 108 other trauma victims and 119 nonvictims selected from a larger epidemiological dataset. Homicide survivors were significantly more distressed than either group, suggesting that loss of a family member to homicide has definite clinical implications. Although event-related variables were somewhat predictive of distress, pre-event and postevent variables selected for this study had greater predictive utility. C1 Georgia State Univ, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. RP Thompson, MP (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Violence Prevent, 4770 Buford Highway NE,Mailstop K-60, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 34 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 1 U2 1 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0894-9867 J9 J TRAUMA STRESS JI J. Trauma Stress PD APR PY 1998 VL 11 IS 2 BP 223 EP 242 DI 10.1023/A:1024494918952 PG 20 WC Psychology, Clinical; Psychiatry SC Psychology; Psychiatry GA ZG878 UT WOS:000073049100003 PM 9565913 ER PT J AU Ravkov, EV Nichol, ST Peters, CJ Compans, RW AF Ravkov, EV Nichol, ST Peters, CJ Compans, RW TI Role of actin microfilaments in Black Creek Canal virus morphogenesis SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID HANTAVIRUS PULMONARY SYNDROME; HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; SENDAI VIRUS; SIGMODON-HISPIDUS; MEASLES-VIRUS; CELLS; INVOLVEMENT; PROTEINS; DISEASE; CYTOSKELETON AB We have investigated the involvement of cytoskeletal proteins in the morphogenesis of Black Creek Canal virus (BCCV), a New World hantavirus. Immunofluorescent staining of BCCV-infected cells revealed a filamentous pattern of virus antigen, the appearance of which was sensitive to treatment with cytochalasin D, an actin microfilament-depolymerizing drug. Double immunofluorescence staining of BCCV-infected Vero cells with anti-BCCV nucleocapsid (N) monoclonal antibody and phalloidin revealed a colocalization of the BCCV N protein with actin microfilaments. A similar, though less prominent, filamentous pattern was observed in BHK21 cells transiently expressing the BCCV N protein alone but not in cells expressing the BCCV G1 and G2 glycoproteins. Moreover, the association of the N protein with actin microfilaments,vas confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation with beta-actin-specific antibody. Treatment of the BCCV-infected Vero cells at 3 days postinfection with cytochalasin D decreased the yield of released BCCV by 94% relative to the yield from untreated cells. Pretreatment of Vero cells with cytochalasin D prior to and during BCCV adsorption and entry had no effect on the outcome of virus production. These results indicate that actin filaments may play an important role in hantavirus assembly and/or release. C1 Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Special Pathogens Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Compans, RW (reprint author), Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, 3001 Rollins Res Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RI Compans, Richard/I-4087-2013 OI Compans, Richard/0000-0003-2360-335X FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI 12680] NR 32 TC 59 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD APR PY 1998 VL 72 IS 4 BP 2865 EP 2870 PG 6 WC Virology SC Virology GA ZC506 UT WOS:000072586900034 PM 9525606 ER PT J AU Hsu, EC Sarangi, F Iorio, C Sidhu, MS Udem, SA Dillehay, DL Xu, WB Rota, PA Bellini, WJ Richardson, CD AF Hsu, EC Sarangi, F Iorio, C Sidhu, MS Udem, SA Dillehay, DL Xu, WB Rota, PA Bellini, WJ Richardson, CD TI A single amino acid change in the hemagglutinin protein of measles virus determines its ability to bind CD46 and reveals another receptor on marmoset B cells SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID MEMBRANE COFACTOR PROTEIN; DIFFERENTIAL DOWN-REGULATION; WILD-TYPE; COMPLEMENT ACTIVATION; VACCINE STRAINS; INFECTED-CELLS; GENE; FUSION; ENTRY; IDENTIFICATION AB This paper provides evidence for a measles virus receptor other than CD46 on transformed marmoset and human B cells. We first showed that most tissues of marmosets are missing the SCR1 domain of CD46, which is essential for the binding of Edmonston measles virus, a laboratory strain that has been propagated in Vero monkey kidney cells. In spite of this deletion, the common marmoset was shown to be susceptible to infections by wild-type isolates of measles virus, although they did not support Edmonston measles virus production. As one would expect from these results, measles virus could not be propagated in owl monkey or marmoset kidney cell lines, but surprisingly, both a wild-type isolate (Montefiore 89) and the Edmonston laboratory strain of measles virus grew efficiently in B95-8 marmoset B cells. In addition, antibodies directed against CD46 had no effect on wild-type infections of marmoset B cells and only partially inhibited the replication of the Edmonston laboratory strain in the same cells. A direct binding assay with insect cells expressing the hemagglutinin (H) proteins of either the Edmonston or Montefiore 89 measles virus strains was used to probe the receptors on these B cells. Insect cells expressing Edmonston H but not the wild-type H bound to rodent cells with CD46 on their surface. On the other hand, both the Montefiore 89 H and Edmonston H proteins adhered to marmoset and human B cells. Most wild-type H proteins have asparagine residues at position 481 and can be converted to a CD46-binding phenotype by replacement of the residue with tyrosine. Similarly, the Edmonston H protein did not bind CD46 when its Tyr481 was converted to asparagine. However, this mutation did not affect the ability of Edmonston H to bind marmoset and human B cells. The preceding results provide evidence, through the use of a direct binding assay, that a second receptor for measles virus is present on primate B cells. C1 Amgen Res Inst, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada. Univ Toronto, Dept Med Biophys, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada. Ontario Canc Inst, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada. Wyeth Lederle Vaccines & Pediat, Pearl River, NY 10965 USA. Emory Univ, Div Anim Resources, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Emory Univ, Dept Pathol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Richardson, CD (reprint author), Amgen Res Inst, 620 Univ Ave,Suite 706, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada. EM crichard@amgen.com NR 66 TC 118 Z9 126 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD APR PY 1998 VL 72 IS 4 BP 2905 EP 2916 PG 12 WC Virology SC Virology GA ZC506 UT WOS:000072586900039 PM 9525611 ER PT J AU Ding, YS Owen, SM Lal, RB Ikeda, RA AF Ding, YS Owen, SM Lal, RB Ikeda, RA TI Efficient expression and rapid purification of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 protease SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI; I PROTEASE; PROVIRUS AB Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is an oncovirus that is clinically associated with adult T-cell leukemia. We report here the construction of a pET19-based expression clone containing HTLV-1 protease fused to a decahistidine-containing leader peptide. The recombinant protein is efficiently expressed in Escherichia coli, and the fusion protein can be easily purified by affinity chromatography. Active mature protease in yields in excess of 3 mg/liter of culture can then be obtained by a novel two-step refolding and autoprocessing procedure. The purified enzyme exhibited K-m and K-cat values of 0.3 mM and 0.143 sec(-1) at pH 5.3 and was inhibited by pepstatin A. C1 Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Chem & Biochem, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. Ctr Dis Control, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Retrovirus Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Ikeda, RA (reprint author), Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Chem & Biochem, 706 State St, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. OI Ikeda, Richard/0000-0003-4015-5528 NR 18 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD APR PY 1998 VL 72 IS 4 BP 3383 EP 3386 PG 4 WC Virology SC Virology GA ZC506 UT WOS:000072586900095 PM 9525666 ER PT J AU Hanlon, CA Niezgoda, M Hamir, AN Schumacher, C Koprowski, H Rupprecht, CE AF Hanlon, CA Niezgoda, M Hamir, AN Schumacher, C Koprowski, H Rupprecht, CE TI First North American field release of a vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein recombinant virus SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE field study; oral vaccination; Procyon lotor; rabies; raccoon; vaccine; vaccinia recombinant virus ID RACCOONS PROCYON-LOTOR; ORAL VACCINATION; IMMUNIZATION; WILDLIFE; FOXES; PATHOGENICITY; INFECTION; SAFETY; TRIALS; CAT AB Following nearly 10 yr of extensive laboratory evaluation, a vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein (V-RG) vaccine was the first recombinant virus to undergo limited North American field release on 20 August 1990. The free-ranging raccoon population on Parramore Island (Virginia,, USA) was exposed to a high density (10 baits/ha) of vaccine-laden baits distributed on a 300 ha vaccination area. Art annual total of 887 raccoons were live-trapped for sedation, physical examination and blood collection for rabies antibody determination: there was no evidence of adverse effects or lesions due to the vaccine. Age and sex distributions, mean body weights, and live-capture histories of raccoons from the vaccination and non-baited control areas were compared. There were no statistically significant differences in survivorship between the baited and nonbaited areas, nor between rabies antibody-positive and antibody-negative raccoons from the vaccination area. There was no trend in field mortality that suggested an association with either tetracycline or sulfadimethoxine, used as biomakers, or with vaccine contact determined by antibody status. No gross or histopathologic lesions due to the vaccine were demonstrated among a subsample of live-trapped raccoons collected for gross necropsy, biomarker analysis, histopathologic examination, and V-RG virus isolation attempts. Recovery of V-RG virus was limited to the tonsils of two biomarker-postitive, clinically healthy raccoons collected from the vaccination area for postmortem examination on days 2 and 4 following bait distribution. These data reinforce the extensive body of safety data on the V-RG virus and extend it to include field evaluation where vaccine is offered free-choice in abundance, in baits designed to attract free-ranging raccoons, in a relatively simple ecosystem. C1 Wistar Inst, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Univ Penn, New Bolton Ctr, Sch Vet Med, Kennett Square, PA 19348 USA. Virbac Labs, F-06511 Carros, France. RP Hanlon, CA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM cfh8@cdc.gov FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI-09706-16] NR 44 TC 76 Z9 81 U1 1 U2 4 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD APR PY 1998 VL 34 IS 2 BP 228 EP 239 PG 12 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA ZJ559 UT WOS:000073228900002 PM 9577769 ER PT J AU Kosoy, MY Regnery, RL Kosaya, OI Jones, DC Marston, EL Childs, JE AF Kosoy, MY Regnery, RL Kosaya, OI Jones, DC Marston, EL Childs, JE TI Isolation of Bartonella spp. from embryos and neonates of naturally infected rodents SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Bartonella spp.; embryos; immune tolerance; infection transmission; Peromyscus leucopus; rodents; Sigmodon hispidus; zoonotic disease ID CAT-SCRATCH DISEASE; ROCHALIMAEA; PREVALENCE AB Embryos and neonatal offspring of wild-captured cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) and white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) were tested for the presence of Bartonella spp. Isolates of Bartonella spp. were obtained from 18 of 31 embryos and 7 of 19 neonates from bacteremic dams of the two species: no isolates were obtained from material from non-bacteremic dame. Sequence analysis demonstrated that the isolates from embryos and neonates matched the phylogenetic group of Bartonella spp. isolates obtained from the mother. No antibodies to homologous Bartonella spp. antigens were detected in maternal and neonatal blood or embryonic tissue. These findings suggest the possibility of vertical transmission of Bartonella spp. among natural rodent hosts. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Childs, JE (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM jfc5@cdc.gov RI Childs, James/B-4002-2012 NR 20 TC 39 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 4 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD APR PY 1998 VL 34 IS 2 BP 305 EP 309 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA ZJ559 UT WOS:000073228900010 PM 9577777 ER PT J AU Lockhart, JM Davidson, WR Stallknecht, DE Dawson, JE AF Lockhart, JM Davidson, WR Stallknecht, DE Dawson, JE TI Lack of seroreactivity to Ehrlichia chaffeensis among rodent populations SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Ehrlichia chaffeensis; serology; rodents; epidemiology; survey ID HUMAN GRANULOCYTIC EHRLICHIOSIS; WHITE-TAILED DEER; AMBLYOMMA-AMERICANUM; POTENTIAL VECTOR; AGENT; INFECTION; TICKS; SUSCEPTIBILITY; TRANSMISSION; IXODIDAE AB A retrospective serosurvey for antibodies to Ehrlichia chaffeensis was conducted on eight species of wild rodents (Mus musculus, Oryzomys palustris, Peromyscus leucopus, Rattus norvegicus, Reithrodontomys humulis, Sciurus Carolinensis, Sciurus niger, and Sigmodon hispidus) from the southeastern United States. Serum samples (n = 281) collected between 1973 and 1993 were evaluated using an indirect fluorescent antibody test. All samples, screened at a dilution of 1:32, were negative for antibodies to E. chaffeensis. Sixty-three percent of the rodents tested were from areas where E. chaffeensis has been confirmed or is strongly suspected to be endemic. These data suggest limited or no involvement of rodents in the epidemiology of E. chaffeensis. C1 Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, SE Cooperat Wildlife Dis Study, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, DB Warnell Sch Forest Resources, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis,Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Publ Hlth Serv,US DHHS, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Lockhart, JM (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Coll Vet Med, SE Cooperat Wildlife Dis Study, Athens, GA 30602 USA. NR 20 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD APR PY 1998 VL 34 IS 2 BP 392 EP 396 PG 5 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA ZJ559 UT WOS:000073228900026 PM 9577793 ER PT J AU Danel, IA Green, YT Walter, G AF Danel, IA Green, YT Walter, G TI 1995 assisted reproductive technology success rates: National summary and fertility clinic report SO JOURNAL OF WOMENS HEALTH LA English DT Article C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Reprod Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Green, YT (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Reprod Hlth, 4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 3 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 1059-7115 J9 J WOMENS HEALTH JI J. Womens Health PD APR PY 1998 VL 7 IS 3 BP 301 EP 303 DI 10.1089/jwh.1998.7.301 PG 3 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Women's Studies SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Women's Studies GA ZK807 UT WOS:000073365700010 PM 9580908 ER PT J AU Heneine, W Switzer, WM Sandstrom, P Brown, J Vedapuri, S Schable, CA Khan, AS Lerche, NW Schweizer, M Neumann-Haefelin, D Chapman, LE Folks, TM AF Heneine, W Switzer, WM Sandstrom, P Brown, J Vedapuri, S Schable, CA Khan, AS Lerche, NW Schweizer, M Neumann-Haefelin, D Chapman, LE Folks, TM TI Identification of a human population infected with simian foamy viruses SO NATURE MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS; IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; REVERSE-TRANSCRIPTASE; PREVALENCE; RETROVIRUS; ANTIBODY; MONKEYS; COLONY AB Studying the transmission of simian retroviruses to humans can help define the importance of these infections to public health. We identified a substantial prevalence (4/231, 1.8%) of infection with simian foamy viruses (SFV) among humans occupationally exposed to nonhuman primates. Evidence of SFV infection included seropositivity, proviral DNA detection and isolation of foamy virus. The infecting SFV originated from an African green monkey (one person) and baboons (three people), These infections have not as yet resulted in either disease or sexual transmission, and may represent benign endpoint infections. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, HIV & Retrovirol Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Immunol & Diagnost Branch, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. US FDA, Ctr Biol Evaluat & Res, Lab Retrovirus Res, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Calif Reg Primate Res Ctr, Simian Retrovirus Lab, Livermore, CA 95616 USA. Univ Freiburg, Dept Virol, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany. RP Heneine, W (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, HIV & Retrovirol Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 32 TC 161 Z9 163 U1 0 U2 6 PU NATURE AMERICA INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA SN 1078-8956 J9 NAT MED JI Nat. Med. PD APR PY 1998 VL 4 IS 4 BP 403 EP 407 DI 10.1038/nm0498-403 PG 5 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA ZF531 UT WOS:000072906800033 PM 9546784 ER PT J AU Wortley, PM Hammett, TA Fleming, PL AF Wortley, PM Hammett, TA Fleming, PL TI Donor insemination and human immunodeficiency virus transmission SO OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ARTIFICIAL-INSEMINATION AB Objective: To describe cases of AIDS attributed to donor insemination identified through national human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS surveillance and to compare the number identified through surveillance with our estimate of the number of women infected as a result of donor insemination before the initiation of donor screening. Methods: We reviewed national HIV/AIDS surveillance data on women reported through December 1996 and described characteristics of documented and possible cases attributed to donor insemination. We estimated the number of women infected before the initiation of widespread screening of donors using assumptions about the number of women inseminated each year, the average number of inseminations, the proportion of donors who were men who had sex with men, the prevalence of HIV among such men, and the rate of transmission per HIV-infected exposure. Results: A total of six documented and two possible cases of donor insemination-associated AIDS have been reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as of December 1996. An estimated eight to 141 women were infected through donor insemination in the United States between 1980 and 1984. Reasons for this discrepancy are discussed. Conclusion: Based on surveillance case reports and on our estimate, the total number of women infected as a result of donor insemination before screening was recommended is low. Current sperm bank practices to prevent HIV infection will be strengthened further by a pending proposal from the Food and Drug Administration requiring infectious disease screening and testing of semen donors. The most likely source of risk of new infections associated with donor insemination is self-insemination. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Wortley, PM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Mailstop E-47,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 18 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0029-7844 J9 OBSTET GYNECOL JI Obstet. Gynecol. PD APR PY 1998 VL 91 IS 4 BP 515 EP 518 DI 10.1016/S0029-7844(98)00040-4 PG 4 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA ZD973 UT WOS:000072744300007 PM 9540933 ER PT J AU Kogan, MD Alexander, GR Mor, JM Kieffer, EC AF Kogan, MD Alexander, GR Mor, JM Kieffer, EC TI Ethnic-specific predictors of prenatal care utilisation in Hawaii SO PAEDIATRIC AND PERINATAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LOW-BIRTH-WEIGHT; HEALTH-CARE; PREGNANCY OUTCOMES; BARRIERS; RISK; ADEQUATE; WOMEN; MODEL AB The state of Hawaii has had near-universal health insurance coverage for the last 20 years. Its highly diverse population offers the opportunity for a unique, natural experiment in the United States on the examination of social differences in health care utilisation when financial barriers are removed. Therefore, the objective of this study is to examine predictors of prenatal care utilisation patterns in the four major ethnic groups in Hawaii. The data used in this study are the 1979-92 Hawaii livebirth vital record files. A total of 165301 singleton livebirths to Hawaii-resident mothers of Caucasian, native Hawaiian, Japanese or Filipino ancestry were selected. Despite near-universal health care coverage in Hawaii, a surprising number of women did not adequately utilise prenatal care, with large differences between groups. Multivariate analyses indicated that similar maternal socio-demographic factors were associated with prenatal care use in each ethnic group. Social variation continues to exist among all ethnic groups even in the presence of universal access to care. These data emphasise the need to address the distinct cultural needs of populations for providing health services, and further challenge the assumption that removal of financial barriers will ensure a high level of prenatal care use. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. Univ Alabama, Dept Maternal & Child Hlth, Birmingham, AL USA. Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Maternal & Child Hlth, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Hlth Behav & Hlth Educ, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Kogan, MD (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, 6525 Belcrest Rd,Room 840, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. NR 40 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0269-5022 J9 PAEDIATR PERINAT EP JI Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol. PD APR PY 1998 VL 12 IS 2 BP 152 EP 162 DI 10.1046/j.1365-3016.1998.00105.x PG 11 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Pediatrics SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Pediatrics GA ZM019 UT WOS:000073496600006 PM 9620565 ER PT J AU Kellner, JD McGeer, A Cetron, MS Low, DE Butler, JC Matlow, A Talbot, J Ford-Jones, EL AF Kellner, JD McGeer, A Cetron, MS Low, DE Butler, JC Matlow, A Talbot, J Ford-Jones, EL TI The use of Streptococcus pneumoniae nasopharyngeal isolates from healthy children to predict features of invasive disease SO PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASE JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE Streptococcus pneumoniae; carriage; serotypes; antibiotic resistance ID ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANT PNEUMOCOCCI; DAY-CARE; ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE; OTITIS-MEDIA; SEROTYPE DISTRIBUTION; CONJUGATE VACCINE; RESPIRATORY-TRACT; UNITED-STATES; RISK-FACTORS; PENICILLIN AB Background. The role of sampling nasopharyngeal carriage isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae to determine characteristics of isolates causing invasive disease has not been established. Methods. Data were compared from two 1995 studies of S. pneumoniae in Metropolitan Toronto and Peel Region (population, 3.1 million). The first was a prospective survey of nasopharyngeal (NP) carriage in child care centers. The second was a prospective surveillance for all cases of invasive disease. Results. There were 545 NP S. pneumoniae isolates obtained from 532 children and 96 cases of invasive S. pneumoniae disease in children. The prevalences of reduced antibiotic susceptibility in the NP carriage and invasive studies, respectively, were: penicillin (16% vs. 11%, P = 0.29); erythromycin (12% vs. 7%, P = 0.25); and multiresistant (16% vs. 12%, P = 0.34). The power to rule out a difference between the groups was <30% for each comparison. Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole resistance was more common in NP carriage isolates than invasive isolates (38% vs. 23%, P = 0.02), Serotype 14 was more common in invasive isolates, whereas serogroup 6 was more common in NP carriage isolates, Antibiotic-resistant isolates were predominantly serogroups 6, 19 and 23 in both studies, Conclusions, Nasopharyngeal carriage isolates of S. pneumoniae reflect the antibiotic susceptibility rates of invasive isolates found in the same period for most antibiotics, However, even a large study like this may have limited power to detect a difference, The most common NP carriage serotypes are the same as the invasive isolates, although the rank order of specific serotypes is different, Routine surveys of S. pneumoniae NP carriage are not feasible because of the cost of serotyping and limited power of the observations, unless sample sizes are extremely large. C1 Natl Ctr Streptococcus, Edmonton, AB, Canada. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Toronto, Hosp Sick Children, Div Infect Dis, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada. Univ Toronto, Hosp Sick Children, Dept Microbiol, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada. Mt Sinai Hosp, Dept Microbiol, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada. RP Kellner, JD (reprint author), Alberta Childrens Prov Gen Hosp, 1820 Richmond Rd SW, Calgary, AB T2T 5C7, Canada. RI Low, Donald/B-1726-2012; mcgeer, allison /H-7747-2014 OI mcgeer, allison /0000-0001-5647-6137 NR 45 TC 67 Z9 71 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0891-3668 J9 PEDIATR INFECT DIS J JI Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. PD APR PY 1998 VL 17 IS 4 BP 279 EP 286 DI 10.1097/00006454-199804000-00004 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics GA ZH791 UT WOS:000073148000003 PM 9576381 ER PT J AU Levine, MM Lagos, R Levine, OS Heitmann, I Enriquez, N Pinto, ME Alvarez, AM Wu, E Mayorga, C Reyes, A AF Levine, MM Lagos, R Levine, OS Heitmann, I Enriquez, N Pinto, ME Alvarez, AM Wu, E Mayorga, C Reyes, A TI Epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal infections in infants and young children in metropolitan Santiago, Chile, a newly industrializing country SO PEDIATRIC INFECTIOUS DISEASE JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE Streptococcus pneumoniae; pneumococcal disease; Chile; pneumonia; empyema; meningitis; septic arthritis; peritonitis; cellulitis; epidemiology ID CONJUGATE VACCINE; RESPIRATORY-TRACT; FEBRILE CHILDREN; UNITED-STATES; OTITIS-MEDIA; STREPTOCOCCUS-PNEUMONIAE; MATERNAL IMMUNIZATION; WEST-AFRICA; DISEASE; SEROTYPES AB Aim. To study the epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal infections in infants and young children in Santiago, Chile, as a representative pediatric population in a newly industrializing country where pneumococcal conjugate vaccines may be used in the future. Methods. A 5-year retrospective laboratory-based review (1989 to 1993) was followed by a S-year prospective laboratory and hospital surveillance study in two of the six health administrative areas of Santiago to detect all hospitalized cases of invasive pneumococcal disease (defined as Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from blood, cerebrospinal fluid or another normally sterile site) among infants and children (0 to 23 months of age in the retrospective and 0 to 59 months of age in the prospective study). Results, During the B-year retrospective survey the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease was 90.6 cases per 10(5) infants 0 to 11 months old and 18.5 cases per 10(5) toddlers 12 to 23 months old. Similar rates (60.2 per 10(5) infants and 18.1 per 10(5) toddlers) were recorded during the 3 years of prospective surveillance. Among the 110 cases in children 0 to 59 months of age detected during the 3-year prospective surveillance, 2 clinical forms, pneumonia and meningitis, accounted for 87.2% of all cases; 13 of the 49 pneumonia patients (26%) had empyema as a complication, Notably 40 of the 110 cases (36.4%) occurred before 6 months of age (63.4% of the 63 infant cases). Serotypes 1, 14, 5 and 6B were the most prevalent. Overall 76 and 69%, respectively, of S. pneumoniae isolates were antigenic types that would be covered by the 11- or 9-valent conjugate vaccines under development. Conclusions, Invasive pneumococcal infections in Santiago, Chile, exhibit an epidemiologic pattern intermediate between that of developing and industrialized countries, The high burden of disease in early infancy dictates that an accelerated immunization schedule (beginning in the perinatal period) or maternal immunization with pneumococcal vaccines should be explored. C1 Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Ctr Vaccine Dev, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. Hosp San Juan Dios, Inst Salud Publ, Santiago, Chile. Hosp San Juan Dios, Serv Salud Metropolitano Norte, Santiago, Chile. Hosp Ninos Roberto del Rio, Ctr Vacunas Desarrollo Chile, Santiago, Chile. Hosp Clin Felix Bulnes, Santiago, Chile. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Levine, MM (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Ctr Vaccine Dev, 685 W Baltimore St, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [UO1-AI35948] NR 48 TC 53 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0891-3668 J9 PEDIATR INFECT DIS J JI Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. PD APR PY 1998 VL 17 IS 4 BP 287 EP 293 DI 10.1097/00006454-199804000-00005 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Pediatrics GA ZH791 UT WOS:000073148000004 PM 9576382 ER PT J AU Logan, P Leadbetter, S Gibson, RE Schieber, R Branche, C Bender, P Zane, D Humphreys, J Anderson, S AF Logan, P Leadbetter, S Gibson, RE Schieber, R Branche, C Bender, P Zane, D Humphreys, J Anderson, S TI Evaluation of a bicycle helmet giveaway program - Texas, 1995 SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE bicycles; helmets; children ID UNITED-STATES; HEAD-INJURIES; USE PATTERNS; CHILDREN; DEATHS; WEAR; LAWS AB Objective. To determine the;effect of a bicycle helmet giveaway program on helmet use among children. Methods. In 1995, a bicycle helmet giveaway program was conducted in two rural towns in Texas. Helmets were given to all 403 school children in kindergarten through grade 8. Helmet education, a bicycle rodeo, and incentives to increase helmet use were part of the program. Observations of helmet use were made before the helmet program began and after the program at several intervals throughout the school year and during the summer. A self-reported survey questionnaire was administered to children in grades 4 through 8 before the helmet program began and at several intervals during the school year to determine their attitudes about helmet use, safety perceptions, and peer pressure. A questionnaire also was administered to the parents of these children to determine attitudes and bicycle helmet use among parents. Results. Helmet use increased from 3% before the giveaway to 38% at the end of the school year, 7 months later. However, during the subsequent summer, helmet use decreased to 5%. Helmet use among 7th- and 8th-grade students was 0% at all observations periods after the giveaway. Even though 96% of all students thought that helmet use increased riding safety and 68% thought helmets should be worn at all times when riding, only 25% thought that their friends would approve of helmet use. Most parents also believed that helmets increased riding safety and should be worn, but only 23% reported always wearing one when riding a bicycle. Conclusions. Bicycle helmet giveaway programs can increase helmet use temporarily, but they may not be sufficient to sustain it. This program was not effective among 7th- and 8th-grade students. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, US Publ Hlth Serv, Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Texas Dept Hlth, Injury Prevent Dept, Safe Riders Program, Austin, TX 78756 USA. RP Leadbetter, S (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, US Publ Hlth Serv, Dept Hlth & Human Serv, 4770 Buford Hwy NE K-63, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 21 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD APR PY 1998 VL 101 IS 4 BP 578 EP 582 DI 10.1542/peds.101.4.578 PG 5 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA ZE903 UT WOS:000072843200002 PM 9521937 ER PT J AU Kenyon, TA Matuck, MA Stroh, G AF Kenyon, TA Matuck, MA Stroh, G TI Persistent low immunization coverage among inner-city preschool children despite access to free vaccine SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE vaccination; vaccination coverage; survey methodology; Chicago; vaccine preventable diseases ID UNITED-STATES; MEASLES; LATINO AB Objective. To compare vaccination coverage among children 19 to 35 months of age from public housing developments where a free vaccine outreach program was in place with children residing elsewhere in the city. Design. A household survey using a multistage cluster sampling method to compare community areas which accounted for 80% of measles cases during 1989 (high-risk stratum), areas which accounted for the remaining 20% of eases (low-risk stratum), and public housing developments (public housing stratum) having free, on-site vaccination services. Setting. Inner-city Chicago households, April to May 1994. Outcome Variables. Antigen-specific and series-specific coverage based on written records. Results. Based on evaluation of 1244 children, city-wide coverage for four doses of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine, three doses of polio vaccine, and one dose of measles-containing vaccine (4:3:1) was 47% [95% confidence interval (CI), 40% to 55%]. Coverage was significantly lower among children residing in public housing (23%; 95% CI, 18% to 28%), compared with those residing in high-risk strata (45%; 95% CI, 38% to 52%) and low-risk strata (51%; 95% CI, 43% to 60%). Compared with white children (53%), coverage for the 4:3:1 series was lower among African-American children in public housing (29%) or outside public housing (36%). Moreover, 11% (95% CI, 8% to 14%) of children residing in public housing had never received any immunizations. Conclusions. African-American children throughout Chicago, particularly in public housing, remain at increased risk for vaccine-preventable diseases and should be targeted further for vaccination services. Vaccination coverage remains low several years after a major outbreak of measles and implementation of a free vaccine outreach program. Cluster surveys may be useful for monitoring vaccination coverage in high-risk urban settings. C1 Chicago Dept Hlth, Communicable Dis Div, Chicago, IL USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Kenyon, TA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Amer Embassy Gaborone, State Dept, Washington, DC 20521 USA. NR 19 TC 49 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD APR PY 1998 VL 101 IS 4 BP 612 EP 616 DI 10.1542/peds.101.4.612 PG 5 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA ZE903 UT WOS:000072843200007 PM 9521942 ER PT J AU Etzel, RA Balk, SJ Bearer, CF Miller, MD Shannon, MW Shea, KM Falk, H Goldman, LR Miller, RW Rogan, W Coven, B Fedeyko, HJ AF Etzel, RA Balk, SJ Bearer, CF Miller, MD Shannon, MW Shea, KM Falk, H Goldman, LR Miller, RW Rogan, W Coven, B Fedeyko, HJ TI Toxic effects of indoor molds SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article ID AIR AB This statement describes molds, their toxic properties, and their potential for causing toxic respiratory problems in infants. Guidelines for pediatricians are given to help reduce exposures to mold in homes of infants. This is a rapidly evolving area and more research is ongoing. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. US EPA, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NCI, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NIEHS, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Etzel, RA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Goldman, Lynn/D-5372-2012; OI Miller, Mark/0000-0002-9301-0093 NR 21 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD APR PY 1998 VL 101 IS 4 BP 712 EP 714 PG 3 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA ZE903 UT WOS:000072843200043 ER PT J AU Shira, JE Diamond, J O'Connor, ME Packard, JM Reynolds, M Schaeffer, HA Steinhart, CM Bays, JA Alexander, RC Block, RW Johnson, CF Kairys, S Kanda, MB AF Shira, JE Diamond, J O'Connor, ME Packard, JM Reynolds, M Schaeffer, HA Steinhart, CM Bays, JA Alexander, RC Block, RW Johnson, CF Kairys, S Kanda, MB CA Amer Acad Pediat TI Medical necessity for the hospitalization of the abused and neglected child SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article AB The child suspected of being abused or neglected demands prompt evaluation in a protective environment where knowledgeable consultants are readily available. In communities without specialized centers for the care of abused children, the hospital inpatient unit becomes an appropriate setting for their initial management. Medical, psychosocial, and legal concerns may be assessed expeditiously while the child is housed in a safe haven awaiting final disposition by child protective services. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that hospitalization of abused and neglected children, when medically indicated or for their protection/diagnosis when there are no specialized facilities in the community for their care, should be viewed as medically necessary by both health professionals and third-party payers. C1 Amer Acad Family Phys, Kansas City, MO 64114 USA. Natl Assoc Childrens Hosp & Related Inst, Alexandria, VA 22314 USA. Joint Commiss Accreditat Healthcare Org, Oakbrook Terrace, IL USA. Amer Hosp Assoc, Chicago, IL 60606 USA. Amer Med Assoc, Chicago, IL 60610 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Shira, JE (reprint author), Amer Acad Family Phys, Kansas City, MO 64114 USA. NR 6 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD APR PY 1998 VL 101 IS 4 BP 715 EP 716 PG 2 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA ZE903 UT WOS:000072843200044 ER PT J AU Etzel, RA Balk, SJ Bearer, CF Miller, MD Shea, KM Simon, PR AF Etzel, RA Balk, SJ Bearer, CF Miller, MD Shea, KM Simon, PR CA Amer Acad Pediat TI Risk of ionizing radiation exposure to children: A subject review SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Review ID INDUCED THYROID-CANCER; ATOMIC-BOMB SURVIVORS; BREAST-CANCER; EXTERNAL RADIATION; CHILDHOOD; CHERNOBYL; HISTORY; TUMORS; BRAIN AB Exposure of children to ionizing radiation most commonly is from the environment, chiefly through cosmic rays and radon, or from medical technology. Medical radiation exposure occurs during diagnosis, therapy, and dental radiography. More is known about the biological effects of exposure to ionizing radiation than to nonionizing radiation from microwaves, radiowaves, and the electrical fields of other electrical appliances. This review applies only to sources of ionizing radiation and does not include the potential risks of indoor radon. The effects on children of ionizing radiation have been studied from war activities and environmental accidents. Projections are made from that data to help pediatricians evaluate risk from radiation when ordering radiographs. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NCI, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NIEHS, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Etzel, RA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. OI Miller, Mark/0000-0002-9301-0093 NR 34 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD APR PY 1998 VL 101 IS 4 BP 717 EP 719 PG 3 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA ZE903 UT WOS:000072843200045 ER PT J AU Katcher, ML Agran, P Laraque, D Pollack, SH Smith, BL Smith, GA Spivak, HR Tully, SR Anderson, SJ Griesemer, B Johnson, MD McLain, LG Rowland, TW Small, E AF Katcher, ML Agran, P Laraque, D Pollack, SH Smith, BL Smith, GA Spivak, HR Tully, SR Anderson, SJ Griesemer, B Johnson, MD McLain, LG Rowland, TW Small, E CA Amer Acad Pediat TI In-line skating injuries in children and adolescents SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article AB In-line skating has become one of the fastest-growing recreational sports in the United States. Recent studies emphasize the value of protective gear in reducing the incidence of injuries. Recommendations are provided for parents and pediatricians, with special emphasis on the novice or inexperienced skater. C1 NICHHD, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. US Dept Transportat, Washington, DC 20590 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Canadian Paediat Soc, Ottawa, ON, Canada. Natl Athlet Trainers Assoc, Dallas, TX 75247 USA. RP Katcher, ML (reprint author), NICHHD, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NR 11 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD APR PY 1998 VL 101 IS 4 BP 720 EP 722 PG 3 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA ZE903 UT WOS:000072843200046 ER PT J AU Yoon, P Bresee, JS Olney, RS Khoury, MJ AF Yoon, P Bresee, JS Olney, RS Khoury, MJ TI Epidemiologic study of infants with biliary atresia - In reply SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NCEH, DBDDD, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Yoon, P (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NCEH, DBDDD, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD APR PY 1998 VL 101 IS 4 BP 730 EP 730 PG 1 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA ZE903 UT WOS:000072843200050 ER PT J AU Anderson, LA Hinckley, JJ AF Anderson, LA Hinckley, JJ TI Role dimensions of patient and physician in medical interviews: Relationship to patients' satisfaction SO PSYCHOLOGICAL REPORTS LA English DT Article AB We applied the Verbal Response Mode coding system to 80 medical interviews to characterize role dimensions of patient and physician and to assess the relation between physicians' role dimensions and patients' satisfaction. Role dimensions conformed closely to prior work. Physicians' acquiescence was positively correlated with satisfaction. This study suggests that the role dimensions generated by the Verbal Response Mode taxonomy are a useful measure of patients' and physicians' relationships. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Anderson, LA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, K-45,4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 5 TC 3 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU PSYCHOLOGICAL REPORTS PI MISSOULA PA P O BOX 9229, MISSOULA, MT 59807 USA SN 0033-2941 J9 PSYCHOL REP JI Psychol. Rep. PD APR PY 1998 VL 82 IS 2 BP 601 EP 602 DI 10.2466/PR0.82.2.601-602 PG 2 WC Psychology, Multidisciplinary SC Psychology GA ZP834 UT WOS:000073793100047 PM 9621735 ER PT J AU Cole, G Leonard, B Hammond, S Fridinger, F AF Cole, G Leonard, B Hammond, S Fridinger, F TI Using "stages of behavioral change" constructs to measure the short-term effects of a worksite-based intervention to increase moderate physical activity SO PSYCHOLOGICAL REPORTS LA English DT Article AB We evaluated a three-level incentive program to promote regular, moderate physical activity among employees corking in a federal agency. The objective was to assess the short-term effects of the intervention by examining the stages people go through as they attempt to make permanent changes in physical activity. Indicators of the process by which changes in physical activity take place were based on a modified version of the Transtheoretical Model of Behavior. A one-group pretest/posttest design was used to ascertain which of the stages the 1,192 participants were in both before and after the intervention. Analysis indicated that, of the 1,192 participants, 6.5% regressed one or more stages, 30.3% did not regress or progress from one stage to another, 27.7% remained in the maintenance stage, and 35.4% progressed one (21.1%) or more (14.3%) stages during the 50-day intervention. Among those who progressed, the most common change was from preparation to late preparation (20.8%) and from late preparation to action (19.4%). Findings reinforce the notion that the stages of change concept can serve as indicators of the change process which, in turn, can be used as evidence of the short-term effectiveness of interventions. Findings also indicate this type of intervention holds promise for increasing physical activity among willing participants of a worksite population. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Director, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Nutr & Phys Activ, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. WESTAT Inc, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Cole, G (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Director, Mail Stop D42,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 11 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 4 PU PSYCHOLOGICAL REPORTS PI MISSOULA PA P O BOX 9229, MISSOULA, MT 59807 USA SN 0033-2941 J9 PSYCHOL REP JI Psychol. Rep. PD APR PY 1998 VL 82 IS 2 BP 615 EP 618 DI 10.2466/PR0.82.2.615-618 PG 4 WC Psychology, Multidisciplinary SC Psychology GA ZP834 UT WOS:000073793100050 PM 9621738 ER PT J AU Jones, DL Irwin, KL Inciardi, J Bowser, B Schilling, R Word, C Evans, P Faruque, S McCoy, V Edlin, BR AF Jones, DL Irwin, KL Inciardi, J Bowser, B Schilling, R Word, C Evans, P Faruque, S McCoy, V Edlin, BR CA Multicenter Crack Cocaine HIV Infection Study Team TI The high-risk sexual practices of crack-smoking sex workers recruited from the streets of three American cities SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES LA English DT Article ID HIV-INFECTION; TRANSMITTED DISEASES; COCAINE USE; WOMEN; AIDS; PROSTITUTION; TRANSMISSION; BEHAVIOR; SYPHILIS; INDUSTRY AB Background and Objectives: Small ethnographic and clinic-based studies indicate that crack-smoking sex workers are at high risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and sexually transmitted diseases (STD). Study Coals: To examine the prevalence of risky sexual behaviors and HIV and STD in a large sample of street-recruited crack-smoking sex workers. Study Design: From 1991 to 1992, 419 crack-smoking sex workers were recruited from urban neighborhoods, interviewed, and serologically tested. Results: Many female and male sex workers reported sex with injectors (30% to 41%) or HIV-infected persons (8% to 19%), past STD (73% to 93%), and inconsistent condom use (>50% for all types of sex). Sex workers who worked in crack houses or vacant lots, were paid with crack, or injected drugs had the riskiest sex practices. PI-lost sex workers initiated sex work before they first smoked crack. More than 25% were infected with HIV (27.9%), syphilis (37.5%), or herpes simplex virus type 2 (66.8%). Conclusions: Interventions to prevent HIV/STD transmission among crack-smoking sex workers are urgently needed. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Emory Univ, Dept Sociol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Univ Delaware, Newark, DE USA. Bayview Hunters Point Fdn, San Francisco, CA USA. Columbia Univ, Sch Social Work, New York, NY USA. Univ Miami, Comprehens Drug Res Ctr, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. RP Irwin, KL (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, MS-E-44,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. OI Edlin, Brian/0000-0001-8172-8797 FU PHS HHS [U64/CCU904453, U64/CCU404539, U64/CCU204582] NR 36 TC 71 Z9 72 U1 3 U2 5 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0148-5717 J9 SEX TRANSM DIS JI Sex. Transm. Dis. PD APR PY 1998 VL 25 IS 4 BP 187 EP 193 DI 10.1097/00007435-199804000-00002 PG 7 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA ZG216 UT WOS:000072978800002 PM 9564720 ER PT J AU Gunn, RA Harper, SL AF Gunn, RA Harper, SL TI Emphasizing infectious syphilis partner notification SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Dis Control, Ctr HIV STD TB, Div STD Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Gunn, RA (reprint author), STD Control Program P511B, 3851 Rosecrans St, San Diego, CA 92110 USA. NR 3 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0148-5717 J9 SEX TRANSM DIS JI Sex. Transm. Dis. PD APR PY 1998 VL 25 IS 4 BP 218 EP 219 DI 10.1097/00007435-199804000-00009 PG 2 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA ZG216 UT WOS:000072978800008 PM 9564726 ER PT J AU McGill, W Miller, K Bolan, G Malotte, K Zenilman, J Iatesta, M Kamb, M Douglas, J AF McGill, W Miller, K Bolan, G Malotte, K Zenilman, J Iatesta, M Kamb, M Douglas, J TI Awareness of and experience with the female condom among patients attending STD clinics SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES LA English DT Letter ID CONTRACEPTIVE EFFICACY; ACCEPTABILITY; PREVENTION; WOMEN C1 Denver Dept Publ Hlth, Denver, CO 80206 USA. San Francisco Dept Publ Hlth, San Francisco, CA USA. Long Beach Dept Publ Hlth & Human Serv, Long Beach, CA USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Baltimore, MD USA. New Jersey Dept Publ Hlth, Newark, NJ USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Douglas, J (reprint author), Denver Dept Publ Hlth, 605 Bannock St, Denver, CO 80206 USA. NR 13 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0148-5717 J9 SEX TRANSM DIS JI Sex. Transm. Dis. PD APR PY 1998 VL 25 IS 4 BP 222 EP 223 DI 10.1097/00007435-199804000-00012 PG 2 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA ZG216 UT WOS:000072978800011 PM 9564729 ER PT J AU Kung, HC Liu, X Juon, HS AF Kung, HC Liu, X Juon, HS TI Risk factors for suicide in Caucasians and in African-Americans: a matched case-control study SO SOCIAL PSYCHIATRY AND PSYCHIATRIC EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ADOLESCENT SUICIDE; PSYCHOLOGICAL AUTOPSY; SOCIOECONOMIC-STATUS; HEALTH; STATISTICS; VALIDITY; DRINKING; ALCOHOL; YOUNG; DEATH AB It is known that suicide rates for Caucasians are higher than those for African-Americans. However, there has been little research examining whether risk factors associated with suicide differ by race,when the effects of age, gender, and educational-occupational status are taken into account. A matched case-control study was constructed from the 1986 National Mortality Followback Survey to address such concerns. Cases included all individuals aged between 25 and 64 years dying from suicide. Controls were those who died of natural causes, who were frequency matched to cases by age and gender. The study results for Caucasians indicate that those who had at least a high school education were more likely to commit suicide [odds ratio (OR) 1.91; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.37-2.67] than those who had less than a high school education; those who were heavy drinkers were more likely to commit suicide (OR = 1.64; 95% CI = 1.16-2.33) than those who were light or moderate drinkers; those who lived alone were more likely to commit suicide (OR = 1.72; 95% CI = 1.28-2.30) than those who lived with others; those who had blue-collar occupations were more likely to commit suicide (OR = 1.79; 95% CI = 1.33-2.42) than those who had white-collar occupations, and those who had used mental health services were more likely to commit suicide(OR = 3.07; 95% CI = 2.34-4.01) than those who had not used them. For African-Americans, use of mental health services was the only factor significantly associated with suicide (OR = 4.56 95% CI = 1.69-12.29). C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. Inst Psychiat, New York, NY USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Baltimore, MD USA. RP Kung, HC (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, 6525 Belcres Rd,Room 840, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. NR 71 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 2 PU DR DIETRICH STEINKOPFF VERLAG PI DARMSTADT PA PLATZ DER DEUTSCHEN EINHEIT 25, D-64293 DARMSTADT, GERMANY SN 0933-7954 J9 SOC PSYCH PSYCH EPID JI Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol. PD APR PY 1998 VL 33 IS 4 BP 155 EP 161 DI 10.1007/s001270050038 PG 7 WC Psychiatry SC Psychiatry GA ZG573 UT WOS:000073017200003 ER PT J AU Beeker, C Guenther-Grey, C Raj, A AF Beeker, C Guenther-Grey, C Raj, A TI Community empowerment paradigm drift and the primary prevention of HIV/AIDS SO SOCIAL SCIENCE & MEDICINE LA English DT Review DE empowerment; women; HIV/AIDS; community participation; community capacity ID HEALTH PROMOTION; HIV PREVENTION; PSYCHOLOGICAL EMPOWERMENT; AIDS-PREVENTION; RISK REDUCTION; UNITED-STATES; WOMEN; PARTICIPATION; INTERVENTION; EDUCATION AB Long discussed in the public health arena, the concept of empowerment has only recently entered the discourse on the primary prevention of HIV/AIDS in the United States. Despite its broad appeal, empowerment has not been systematically incorporated into theory-based interventions, which may reflect a lack of consensus on the meaning of empowerment, how to measure it, and the intervention strategies it implies. The purpose of this paper is to consider the relevance of empowerment to community interventions for persons at risk for HIV, particularly women. The origins of empowerment are reviewed; community empowerment as an intervention framework is described and its core assumptions defined. There is some evidence of the growing influence of empowerment and related concepts in recent HIV-related policy, research, and programs funded through the; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. However, adoption of an empowerment framework for HIV prevention will require further theory and measurement development, as well as changes in bow public health researchers and practitioners work with the communities they serve. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Commun & Behav Sci Branch, Div Canc Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Behav Intervent Res Branch, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Alabama, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Hlth Behav, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA. RP Beeker, C (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Commun & Behav Sci Branch, Div Canc Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 117 TC 103 Z9 103 U1 3 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0277-9536 J9 SOC SCI MED JI Soc. Sci. Med. PD APR PY 1998 VL 46 IS 7 BP 831 EP 842 DI 10.1016/S0277-9536(97)00208-6 PG 12 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences, Biomedical SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Biomedical Social Sciences GA YZ647 UT WOS:000072276000006 PM 9541069 ER PT J AU Soni, MG Mangipudy, RS Mumtaz, MM Mehendale, HM AF Soni, MG Mangipudy, RS Mumtaz, MM Mehendale, HM TI Tissue repair response as a function of dose during trichloroethylene hepatotoxicity SO TOXICOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID CARBON-TETRACHLORIDE; LIVER; AUTOPROTECTION; INJURY; CCL4; HEPATOCYTES; TOXICITY; RECOVERY; RATS AB Trichloroethylene (TCE), a widely used organic solvent and degreasing agent, is regarded as a hepatotoxicant. The objective of the present studies was to investigate whether the extent and timeliness of tissue repair has a determining influence on the ultimate outcome of hepatotoxicity, Male Sprague-Dawley rats (200-250 g) were injected with a 10-fold close range of TCE and hepatotoxicity and tissue repair were studied during a time course of 0 to 96 h, Light microscopic changes as evaluated by H&E-stained liver sections revealed a dose-dependent necrosis of hepatic cells. Maximum liver cell necrosis was observed at 48 h after the TCE administration. However, liver injury as assessed by plasma sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) showed a dose response over a 10-fold dose range only at 6 h, whereas alanine aminotransferase (ALT) did not show a dose response at any of the time points studied. A low dose of TCE (250 mg/kg) showed an increase in SDH at all time points up to 96 h without peak levels, whereas higher doses showed peak only at 6 h, At later time points SDI-P declined but remained above normal. In vitro addition of trichloroacetic acid, a metabolite of TCE to plasma, decreased the activities of SDH and ALT indicating that metabolites formed during TCE toxicity may interfere with plasma enzyme activities in vivo. This indicates that the lack of dose-related increase in SDH and ALT activities may be because of interference by the TCE metabolite. Tissue regeneration response as measured by [H-3]thymidine incorporation into hepatocellular nuclear DNA was stimulated maximally at 24 h after 500 mg/kg TCE administration. A higher dose of TCE led to a delay and diminishment in [H-3]thymidine incorporation. At a low dose of TCE (250 mg/kg) [H-3]thymidine incorporation peaked at 48 h and this could be attributed to very low or minimal injury caused by this dose, With higher doses tissue repair was delayed and attenuated allowing for unrestrained progression of liver injury. These results support the concept that the toxicity and repair are opposing responses and that a dose-related increase in tissue repair represents a dynamic, quantifiable compensatory mechanism. (C) 1998 Society of Toxicology. C1 NE Louisiana Univ, Div Toxicol, Monroe, LA 71209 USA. NE Louisiana Univ, Coll Pharm & Hlth Sci, Louisiana Inst Toxicol, Monroe, LA 71209 USA. US Dept HHS, Agcy Tox Subs & Dis Registry, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Soni, MG (reprint author), NE Louisiana Univ, Div Toxicol, Monroe, LA 71209 USA. NR 31 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 2 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1096-6080 J9 TOXICOL SCI JI Toxicol. Sci. PD APR PY 1998 VL 42 IS 2 BP 158 EP 165 DI 10.1093/toxsci/42.2.158 PG 8 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA ZM173 UT WOS:000073512000010 PM 9579028 ER PT J AU Migasena, S Simasathien, S Samakoses, R Pitisuttitham, P Heath, J Bellini, W Bennett, J AF Migasena, S Simasathien, S Samakoses, R Pitisuttitham, P Heath, J Bellini, W Bennett, J TI Adverse impact of infections on antibody responses to measles vaccination SO VACCINE LA English DT Article DE measles; vaccine; antibodies; illnesses ID RESPIRATORY-TRACT INFECTION; MUMPS-RUBELLA VACCINE; ENZYME IMMUNOASSAYS; CHILDREN; INFANTS; VIRUS; IMMUNOGENICITY; STRATEGIES; KINSHASA; TITER AB Antibody titres were determined in 102 Thai infants who were vaccinated at 9-months of age during the respiratory disease season. The symptom densities of illnesses at or following vaccination, including rhinorrhea and diarrhea, were significantly lower among seroconverters, although the simple presence or absence of specific symptoms was not significantly related to seroconversions. Logistic regression indicated that neutralization test antibody titres below the median titre of 1:80 following vaccination were significantly more frequent among those with rhinorrhea when vaccinated and among those with diarrhea after vaccination. Compared with a referent group without these symptoms, titres were lower in those who had rhinorrhea when vaccinated, rhinorrhea during the first week post vaccination, and diarrhea in either of the two follow-up weeks. Illnesses concurrent or subsequent to measles vaccination adversely affected antibody responses in these study objects. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Carter Ctr, Task Force Child Survival & Dev, Atlanta, GA USA. Mahidol Univ, Vaccine Trial Ctr, Bangkok, Thailand. Pramongkutklao Hosp, Bangkok, Thailand. CDC, NCID, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Bennett, J (reprint author), Carter Ctr, Task Force Child Survival & Dev, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 19 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0264-410X J9 VACCINE JI Vaccine PD APR PY 1998 VL 16 IS 6 BP 647 EP 652 DI 10.1016/S0264-410X(97)00229-6 PG 6 WC Immunology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Immunology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA ZD150 UT WOS:000072656400016 PM 9569478 ER PT J AU Xu, WB Tamin, A Rota, JS Zhang, LB Bellini, WJ Rota, PA AF Xu, WB Tamin, A Rota, JS Zhang, LB Bellini, WJ Rota, PA TI New genetic group of measles virus isolated in the People's Republic of China SO VIRUS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE measles virus; People's Republic of China ID CURRENT WILD-TYPE; MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY; VACCINE STRAINS; IDENTIFICATION; ACID AB Genetic and antigenic characterization of 14 wild-type measles viruses isolated from four provinces in the People's Republic of China during 1993 and 1994 was conducted. Sequence analyses of the hemagglutinin (H) and nucleoprotein (N) genes indicated that 13 of the 14 Chinese viruses comprised a previously undescribed genetic group. Viruses from this unique group were the most genetically diverse measles viruses described, so far. The Chinese viruses differed from other wild-type viruses by as much as 6.9% in the H gene and 7.0% in the N gene at the nucleotide level. One of the 14 viruses was a member of the same genetic group that contains the Edmonston strain. Antigenic analysis using monoclonal antibodies to the H protein did not detect significant differences in binding patterns between the Chinese viruses and other wild-type measles viruses. In addition, representative viruses from the unique Chinese group were neutralized by both human post-vaccination antiserum and mouse antiserum against the H protein of the Edmonston vaccine virus. Viruses closely related to these Chinese viruses were also associated with importations of measles into the United States during 1997 from Vietnam and Hong Kong suggesting that viruses from this new genetic group continue to circulate in China and possibly other parts of Asia. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Resp & Enter Viruses Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Chinese Acad Prevent Med, Beijing, Peoples R China. RP Rota, PA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Resp & Enter Viruses Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM par1@cdc.gov NR 41 TC 61 Z9 90 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1702 J9 VIRUS RES JI Virus Res. PD APR PY 1998 VL 54 IS 2 BP 147 EP 156 DI 10.1016/S0168-1702(98)00020-3 PG 10 WC Virology SC Virology GA 102YP UT WOS:000074954100003 PM 9696123 ER PT J AU Bhella, RS Nichol, ST Wanas, E Ghosh, HP AF Bhella, RS Nichol, ST Wanas, E Ghosh, HP TI Structure, expression and phylogenetic analysis of the glycoprotein gene of Cocal virus SO VIRUS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE glycoprotein G; Cocal virus; vesicular stomatitis; rhabdovirus ID VESICULAR STOMATITIS-VIRUS; MEMBRANE-GLYCOPROTEINS; LOW-PH; SEQUENCES; DOMAIN; VESICULOVIRUSES; IDENTIFICATION; SEROTYPES; GENOME; RABIES AB A cDNA copy of the mRNA of the glycoprotein G of Cocal virus, a rhabdovirus, has been cloned, sequenced and expressed in mammalian cells. The deduced amino acid sequence shows a typical transmembrane glycoprotein, 512 amino acids in length, containing two potential N-linked glycosylation sites. The amino acid sequence showed a high degree of identity with that of the prototype vesicular stomatitis virus serotype Indiana [VSV (IND)] G protein. In addition, phylogenetic analysis of amino acid sequence differences among the G proteins of vesiculoviruses indicated that Cocal virus represents a distinct lineage within the VSV (IND) serotype. Expression of the cloned Cocal G gene in mammalian cells produced a glycoprotein of mol.wt 71000 which was not palmitylated but induced cell fusion at acid pH. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 McMaster Univ, Dept Biochem, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Special Pathogens Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Ghosh, HP (reprint author), McMaster Univ, Dept Biochem, 1200 Main St W, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada. NR 35 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-1702 J9 VIRUS RES JI Virus Res. PD APR PY 1998 VL 54 IS 2 BP 197 EP 205 DI 10.1016/S0168-1702(98)00006-9 PG 9 WC Virology SC Virology GA 102YP UT WOS:000074954100007 PM 9696127 ER PT J AU Jasinskiene, N Coates, CJ Benedict, MQ Cornel, AJ Rafferty, CS James, AA Collins, FH AF Jasinskiene, N Coates, CJ Benedict, MQ Cornel, AJ Rafferty, CS James, AA Collins, FH TI Stable transformation of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, with the Hermes element from the housefly SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENT; ANOPHELES-GAMBIAE; MUSCA-DOMESTICA; GENE; DROSOPHILA; VECTOR; INTEGRATION; EXPRESSION; PROMOTER; DNA AB The mosquito Aedes aegypti is the world's most important vector of yellow fever and dengue viruses, Work is currently in progress to control the transmission of these viruses by genetically altering the capacity of wild Ae, aegypti populations to support virus replication. The germ-line transformation system reported here constitutes a major advance toward the implementation of this control strategy, A modified Hermes transposon carrying a 4.7-kb fragment of genomic DNA that includes a wild-type allele of the Drosophila melanogaster cinnabar (cn) gene was used to transform a white-eyed recipient strain of Ae, aegypti. Microinfection of preblastoderm mosquito embryos with this construct resulted in 50% of the emergent G(0) adults showing some color in their eyes, Three transformed families were recovered, each resulting from an independent insertion event of the cn(+)-carrying transposon, The cn(+) gene functioned as a semidominant transgene and segregated in Mendelian ratios, Hermes shows great promise as a vector for efficient, heritable, and stable transformation of this important mosquito vector species. C1 Lithuania Acad Sci, Inst Biochem, LT-2600 Vilnius, Lithuania. Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Mol Biol & Biochem, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Collins, FH (reprint author), Univ Notre Dame, Dept Biol Sci, Galvin Life Sci, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [R37 AI029746, R01 AI029746, AI32730, AI29746] NR 22 TC 263 Z9 280 U1 2 U2 20 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD MAR 31 PY 1998 VL 95 IS 7 BP 3743 EP 3747 DI 10.1073/pnas.95.7.3743 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA ZE957 UT WOS:000072848500077 PM 9520437 ER PT J AU Loparev, VN Parsons, JM Knight, JC Panus, JF Ray, CA Buller, RHL Pickup, DJ Esposito, JJ AF Loparev, VN Parsons, JM Knight, JC Panus, JF Ray, CA Buller, RHL Pickup, DJ Esposito, JJ TI A third distinct tumor necrosis factor receptor of orthopoxviruses SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID VACCINIA VIRUS; TNF-RECEPTOR; COWPOX VIRUS; EXPRESSION SYSTEM; FACTOR-ALPHA; LT-ALPHA; PROTEINS; HOMOLOG; GENOME; SEQUENCE AB Cowpox virus Brighten red strain (CPV) contains a gene, crmD, which encodes a 320-aa tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) of 44% and 22% identity, respectively, to the CPV TNFR-like proteins, cytokine response modifiers (crm) CrmB and CrmC, The crmD gene was interrupted in three other cowpox strains examined and absent in various other orthopoxviruses; however, four strains of ectromelia virus (ECT) examined contained an intact crmD (97% identity to CPV crmD) and lacked cognates of crmB and crmC, The protein, CrmD, contains a transport signal; a 151-aa cysteine-rich region with 21 cysteines that align with human TNFRII ligand-binding region cysteines; and C-terminal region sequences that are highly diverged from cellular TNFR C-terminal region sequences involved in signal transduction, Bacterial maltose binding proteins containing the CPV or ECT CrmD cysteine rich region bound TNF and lymphotoxin-alpha (LT alpha) and blocked their in vitro cytolytic activity, Secreted viral CrmD bound TNF and LT alpha and was detectable after the early stage of replication, using nonreducing conditions, as 60- to 70-kDa predominant and 90- to 250-kDa minor disulfide-linked complexes that were able to be reduced to a 46-kDa form and deglycosylated to a 38-kDa protein, Cells infected with CPV produced extremely low amounts of CrmD compared with ECT, Possessing up to three TNFRs, including CrmD, which is secreted as disulfide-linked complexes in varied amounts by CPV and ECT, likely enhances the dynamics of the immune modulating mechanisms of orthopoxviruses. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis,Poxvirus Sect, Viral Exanthems & Herpesvirus Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. St Louis Univ, Dept Mol Biol & Immunol, St Louis, MO 63104 USA. Duke Univ, Dept Microbiol, Durham, NC 27710 USA. RP Esposito, JJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis,Poxvirus Sect, Viral Exanthems & Herpesvirus Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd,Bldg 7,Room 342 Mailstop G18, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 37 TC 91 Z9 94 U1 1 U2 1 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD MAR 31 PY 1998 VL 95 IS 7 BP 3786 EP 3791 DI 10.1073/pnas.95.7.3786 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA ZE957 UT WOS:000072848500085 PM 9520445 ER PT J AU Abouya, L Coulibaly, IM Wiktor, SZ Coulibaly, D N'kragbo, M N'gbo, A Zahui, H Toure, K Jacquemin, K Koffi, MS Ackah, A Sassan-Morokro, M Maurice, C Whitaker, JP De Cock, KM Greenberg, AE AF Abouya, L Coulibaly, IM Wiktor, SZ Coulibaly, D N'kragbo, M N'gbo, A Zahui, H Toure, K Jacquemin, K Koffi, MS Ackah, A Sassan-Morokro, M Maurice, C Whitaker, JP De Cock, KM Greenberg, AE TI The Cote d'Ivoire national HIV counseling and testing program for tuberculosis patients: implementation and analysis of epidemiologic data SO AIDS LA English DT Article DE HIV; tuberculosis; counseling and testing; Cote d'Ivoire ID WEST-AFRICAN CITY; ABIDJAN; INFECTION; MORTALITY; IMPACT; SEROCONVERSION; CHEMOTHERAPY; BEHAVIOR; COUPLES; UGANDA AB Objectives: To describe the implementation of a free, voluntary and confidential HIV counseling and testing program for patients with newly diagnosed tuberculosis at the eight large outpatient tuberculosis centers in Cote d'Ivoire, and to present epidemiologic findings on participating patients. Design: HIV counseling and testing program with ongoing HIV serosurveillance. Methods: HIV counseling and testing services were established at the two tuberculosis centers in Abidjan in 1989 and were extended to six centers in the Cote d'Ivoire interior in the first half of 1994. Characteristics of counseled patients, acceptance rates of HIV testing, and HIV serologic results were analyzed for all eight centers from 1994 to 1996. Temporal trends in HIV seropositivity rates were examined for the two centers of Abidjan from 1989 to 1996. Results: From July 1994 through December 1996, 17 946 (91.8%) out of 19 594 patients who were counseled at the eight centers in Cote d'Ivoire consented to HIV testing, of whom 7749 (43.2%) were HIV-seropositive. The highest rates of 47.0 and 45.6% were found in the two centers in Abidjan, with rates ranging from 32.9 to 42.4% in the six centers in the interior. HIV-seropositive tuberculosis patients from each of the 50 districts in Cote d'Ivoire were identified. In Abidjan, the HIV seropositivity rate remained relatively stable among men (46.7% in 1989, 48.5% in 1991, 43.6% in 1996), but rose sharply among women from 32.7% in 1989 to 50.1% in 1996. Conclusions: The high HIV seropositivity rates among tuberculosis patients in all geographic regions of Cote d'Ivoire indicate that the HIV epidemic has now spread throughout the country. However, the successful implementation of an extensive HIV counseling and testing program for more than 37 000 tuberculosis patients to date demonstrates the commitment of the Cote d'Ivoire Ministry of Health to integrating HIV/AIDS prevention activities with tuberculosis control efforts. When logistically and economically feasible, the extension of HIV-related social and clinical services to HIV-seropositive tuberculosis patients should be considered by other national tuberculosis control programs in Africa. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Projet RETRO Cl, Abidjan, Cote Ivoire. Programme Natl Lutte SIDA MST & TB, Abidjan, Cote Ivoire. RP Greenberg, AE (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control, MS E-50,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 27 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0269-9370 J9 AIDS JI Aids PD MAR 26 PY 1998 VL 12 IS 5 BP 505 EP 512 DI 10.1097/00002030-199805000-00012 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA YY998 UT WOS:000072209900012 PM 9543449 ER PT J AU Rayfield, MA Downing, RG Baggs, J Hu, DJ Pieniazek, D Luo, CC Biryahwaho, B Otten, RA Sempala, SDK Dondero, TJ AF Rayfield, MA Downing, RG Baggs, J Hu, DJ Pieniazek, D Luo, CC Biryahwaho, B Otten, RA Sempala, SDK Dondero, TJ CA HIV Variant Working Grp TI A molecular epidemiologic survey of HIV in Uganda SO AIDS LA English DT Article DE Uganda; HIV-1; subtypes; surveillance ID IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS TYPE-1; HETERODUPLEX MOBILITY ASSAY; ENZYME-IMMUNOASSAY; GENETIC DIVERSITY; UNITED-STATES; SUBTYPE; IDENTIFICATION; INFECTIONS; THAILAND; GABON AB Objective: Previous data, based on a small sampling of convenience, reported subtypes A, B, C, D, and G in Uganda, but neither the extent nor the proportion of these subtypes could be evaluated. To establish correctly the prevalence and distribution of HIV-1 subtypes, we analysed viral clades in 739 HIV-1-seropositive specimens from different areas of Uganda. Methods: Blood specimens from 1100 patients were collected in five districts of Uganda. Within this collection, 929 HIV-1-seroreactive samples underwent analysis of viral DNA, and 739 were selected for further subtyping in env or pol regions. Results: Using a combination of subtype A- and D-specific probes to C2-V3 region and DNA sequencing, HIV-1 env subtypes were determined in 594 specimens: 341 were of subtype A (57.4%), 250 of subtype D (42.1%), and three of subtype C (0.5%). Sixty-two samples showed reactivity with both probes, suggesting potential mixed infections, cross-reactivity to probes, or possibly other subtypes. Subsequent sequence analysis of 19 randomly selected specimens revealed subtypes A (n = 4), D (n = 12), and C (n = 3). Sequence analysis of the 27 samples chosen from the remaining 83 samples, which could be amplified only with viral gp41 or protease gene primers, classified them as subtypes A (n = 13) and D (n = 14). No significant clinical, demographic, or geographic differences were found between HIV-1 infections with viruses of subtypes A and D, despite considerable genetic diversity within these clades. Conclusions: This is the first major population-based study of the prevalent HIV-1 strains in an African country selected for vaccine trials. The subtyping methods we describe should be of use to investigators seeking to conduct large-scale screening for HIV variants in other populations. (C) 1998 Rapid Science Ltd. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, HIV Retrovirus Dis Branch, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Uganda Virus Res Inst, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent Res Collaborat, Entebbe, Uganda. Emory Univ, Dept Epidemiol, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, HIV Immunol Branch, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Int Act, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Nat Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Rayfield, MA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, HIV Retrovirus Dis Branch, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Mail Stop G-19,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. OI Baggs, James/0000-0003-0757-4683 NR 26 TC 51 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0269-9370 J9 AIDS JI Aids PD MAR 26 PY 1998 VL 12 IS 5 BP 521 EP 527 DI 10.1097/00002030-199805000-00014 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA YY998 UT WOS:000072209900014 PM 9543451 ER PT J AU Palella, FJ Delaney, KM Moorman, AC Loveless, MO Fuhrer, J Satten, GA Aschman, DJ Holmberg, SD AF Palella, FJ Delaney, KM Moorman, AC Loveless, MO Fuhrer, J Satten, GA Aschman, DJ Holmberg, SD CA HIV Outpatient Study Investigators TI Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID DYNAMICS IN-VIVO; HIV-1 INFECTION; CLINICAL-PRACTICE; CUBIC MILLIMETER; THERAPY; ZIDOVUDINE; PLASMA; COUNTS; MARKERS; ADULTS AB Background and Methods National surveillance data show recent, marked reductions in morbidity and mortality associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). To evaluate these declines, we analyzed data on 1255 patients, each of whom had at least one CD4+ count below 100 cells per cubic millimeter, who were seen at nine clinics specializing in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in eight U.S. cities from January 1994 through June 1997. Results Mortality among the patients declined from 29.4 per 100 person-years in 1995 to 8.8 per 100 person-years in the second quarter of 1997. There were reductions in mortality regardless of sex, race, age, and risk factors for transmission of HIV. The incidence of any of three major opportunistic infections (Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, Mycobacterium avium complex disease, and cytomegalovirus retinitis) declined from 21.9 per 100 person-years in 1994 to 3.7 per 100 person-years by mid-1997. In a failure-rate model, increases in the intensity of antiretroviral therapy (classified as none, monotherapy, combination therapy without a protease inhibitor, and combination therapy with a protease inhibitor) were associated with stepwise reductions in morbidity and mortality. Combination antiretroviral therapy was associated with the most benefit; the inclusion of protease inhibitors in such regimens conferred additional benefit. Patients with private insurance were more often prescribed protease inhibitors and had lower mortality rates than those insured by Medicare or Medicaid. Conclusions The recent declines in morbidity and mortality due to AIDS are attributable to the use of more intensive antiretroviral therapies. (C) 1998, Massachusetts Medical Society. C1 Northwestern Univ, Sch Med, Chicago, IL 60611 USA. Hlth Res Network Apache Med Syst, Chicago, IL USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Oregon Hlth & Sci Univ, Portland, OR 97201 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. RP Palella, FJ (reprint author), Northwestern Univ, Sch Med, 303 E Super St,Passavant Pavil,Rm 828, Chicago, IL 60611 USA. FU PHS HHS [UC64/CCU5096889-03] NR 27 TC 6057 Z9 6193 U1 65 U2 409 PU MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SOC PI WALTHAM PA WALTHAM WOODS CENTER, 860 WINTER ST,, WALTHAM, MA 02451-1413 USA SN 0028-4793 EI 1533-4406 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD MAR 26 PY 1998 VL 338 IS 13 BP 853 EP 860 DI 10.1056/NEJM199803263381301 PG 8 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA ZD284 UT WOS:000072669800001 PM 9516219 ER PT J AU Jochimsen, EM Carmichael, WW An, JS Cardo, DM Cookson, ST Holmes, CEM Antunes, MBD de Melo, DA Lyra, TM Barreto, VST Azevedo, SMFO Jarvis, WR AF Jochimsen, EM Carmichael, WW An, JS Cardo, DM Cookson, ST Holmes, CEM Antunes, MBD de Melo, DA Lyra, TM Barreto, VST Azevedo, SMFO Jarvis, WR TI Liver failure and death after exposure to microcystins at a hemodialysis center in Brazil SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID DIALYSIS CENTER; HEMOLYSIS; ANEMIA AB Background Hemodialysis is a common but potentially hazardous procedure. From February 17 to 20, 1996, 116 of 130 patients (89 percent) at a dialysis center (dialysis center A) in Caruaru, Brazil, had visual disturbances, nausea, and vomiting associated with hemodialysis. By March 24, 26 of the patients had died of acute liver failure. Methods A case patient was defined as any patient undergoing dialysis at dialysis center A or Caruaru's other dialysis center (dialysis center B) during February 1996 who had acute liver failure. To determine the risk factors for and the source of the outbreak, we conducted a cohort study of the 130 patients at dialysis center A and the 47 patients at dialysis center B, reviewed the centers' water supplies, and collected water, patients' serum, and postmortem liver tissue for microcystin assays. Results One hundred one patients (all at dialysis center A) met the case definition, and 50 died. Affected patients who died were older than those who survived (median age, 47 vs. 35 years; P<0.001). Furthermore, all 17 patients undergoing dialysis on the Tuesday-, Thursday-, and Saturday-night schedule became ill, and 13 of them (76 percent) died. Both centers received water from a nearby reservoir. However, the water supplied to dialysis center B was treated, filtered, and chlorinated, whereas the water supplied to dialysis center A was not. Microcystins produced by cyanobacteria were detected in water from the reservoir and from dialysis center A and in serum and liver tissue of case patients. Conclusions Water used for hemodialysis can contain toxic materials, and its quality should therefore be carefully monitored. (C) 1998, Massachusetts Medical Society. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Hosp Infect Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Wright State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Dayton, OH 45435 USA. Secretaria Saude Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil. Hosp Barao Lucena, Recife, PE, Brazil. Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. RP Jochimsen, EM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Hosp Infect Program, Mailstop E-69,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 26 TC 655 Z9 703 U1 10 U2 109 PU MASS MEDICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 10 SHATTUCK, BOSTON, MA 02115 USA SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD MAR 26 PY 1998 VL 338 IS 13 BP 873 EP 878 DI 10.1056/NEJM199803263381304 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA ZD284 UT WOS:000072669800004 PM 9516222 ER PT J AU Vernon, SD Unger, ER Reeves, WC AF Vernon, SD Unger, ER Reeves, WC TI Human papillomaviruses and anogenital cancer SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Letter ID INFECTION; RISK C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Vernon, SD (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 6 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU MASS MEDICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 10 SHATTUCK, BOSTON, MA 02115 USA SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD MAR 26 PY 1998 VL 338 IS 13 BP 921 EP 921 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA ZD284 UT WOS:000072669800023 PM 9518291 ER PT J AU Ellerbrock, TV Kuhn, L Wright, TC AF Ellerbrock, TV Kuhn, L Wright, TC TI Human papillomaviruses and anogenital cancer - Reply SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Letter ID CERVICAL-CANCER; PREVALENCE C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Columbia Univ, Coll Phys & Surg, New York, NY 10032 USA. RP Ellerbrock, TV (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MASS MEDICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 10 SHATTUCK, BOSTON, MA 02115 USA SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD MAR 26 PY 1998 VL 338 IS 13 BP 922 EP 922 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA ZD284 UT WOS:000072669800025 ER PT J CA CDC TI Progress toward poliomyelitis eradication - Bangladesh, 1995-1997 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 47 pg 31-35, 1998) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 WHO, Expanded Programme Immunizat, Dhaka, Bangladesh. WHO, Reg Off SE Asia, New Delhi, India. WHO, Global Program Vaccines & Immunizat, Geneva, Switzerland. CDC, Resp & Enter Viruses Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Vaccine Preventable Dis Eradicat Div, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAR 25 PY 1998 VL 279 IS 12 BP 903 EP 904 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA ZC304 UT WOS:000072563600009 ER PT J AU Gonzaga, S Keane, V Gushulak, B Boyd, H AF Gonzaga, S Keane, V Gushulak, B Boyd, H TI Enhanced medical assessment strategy for Barawan Somali refugees - Kenya, 1997 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 46, pg 1250-1254, 1998) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Int Org Migrat, Geneva, Switzerland. Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. CDC, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Surveillance & Epidemiol Branch, Div Quarantine, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Gonzaga, S (reprint author), Int Org Migrat, Geneva, Switzerland. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAR 25 PY 1998 VL 279 IS 12 BP 904 EP 905 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA ZC304 UT WOS:000072563600010 ER PT J AU Andersen, RE Crespo, CJ Bartlett, SJ Cheskin, LJ Pratt, M AF Andersen, RE Crespo, CJ Bartlett, SJ Cheskin, LJ Pratt, M TI Relationship of physical activity and television watching with body weight and level of fatness among children - Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID CHILDHOOD WEIGHT; US ADULTS; ADOLESCENTS; OVERWEIGHT; OBESITY; EXERCISE; PREVALENCE; MORTALITY; STATEMENT; MORBIDITY AB Context.-Physical inactivity contributes to weight gain in adults, but whether this relationship is true for children of different ethnic groups is not well established, Objective.-To assess participation in vigorous activity and television watching habits and their relationship to body weight and fatness in US children, Design.-Nationally representative cross-sectional survey with an in-person interview and medical examination, Setting and Participants.-Between 1988 and 1994, 4063 children aged 8 through 16 years were examined as part of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III, Mexican Americans and non-Hispanic blacks were oversampled to produce reliable estimates for these groups, Main Outcome Measures.-Episodes of weekly vigorous activity and daily hours of television watched, and their relationship to body mass index and body fatness. Results.-Eighty percent of US children reported performing 3 or more bouts of vigorous activity each week, This rate was lower in non-Hispanic black and Mexican American girls (69% and 73%, respectively). Twenty percent of US children participated in 2 or fewer bouts of vigorous activity per week, and the rate was higher in girls (26%) than in boys (17%), Overall, 26% of US children watched 4 or more hours of television per day and 67% watched at least 2 hours per day, Non-Hispanic black children had the highest rates of watching 4 or more hours of television per day (42%), Boys and girls who watch 4 or more hours of television each day had greater body fat (P<.001) and had a greater body mass index (P<.001) than those who watched less than 2 hours per day, Conclusions.-Many US children watch a great deal of television and are inadequately vigorously active. Vigorous activity levels are lowest among girls, non-Hispanic blacks, and Mexican Americans, Intervention strategies to promote lifelong physical activity among US children are needed to stem the adverse health consequences of inactivity. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Div Geriatr Med & Gerontol, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Div Gastroenterol, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA. NHLBI, Dept Hlth & Fitness, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Phys Act & Hlth Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Andersen, RE (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Div Geriatr Med & Gerontol, 333 Cassell Dr,Suite 1640, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA. OI Bartlett, Susan/0000-0001-9755-2490 NR 43 TC 747 Z9 769 U1 8 U2 76 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAR 25 PY 1998 VL 279 IS 12 BP 938 EP 942 DI 10.1001/jama.279.12.938 PG 5 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA ZC304 UT WOS:000072563600034 PM 9544768 ER PT J AU Mermin, JH Townes, JM Gerber, M Dolan, N Mintz, ED Tauxe, RV AF Mermin, JH Townes, JM Gerber, M Dolan, N Mintz, ED Tauxe, RV TI Typhoid fever in the United States, 1985-1994 - Changing risks of international travel and increasing antimicrobial resistance SO ARCHIVES OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID MULTIRESISTANT SALMONELLA-TYPHI; NEW-YORK; EPIDEMIOLOGY; CIPROFLOXACIN; OUTBREAK; CHILDREN AB Background: Typhoid fever is a potentially fatal illness common in the less industrialized world. In the United States, the majority of cases occur in travelers to other countries. Methods: We reviewed surveillance forms submitted to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga, for patients with culture-confirmed typhoid fever between 1985 and 1994. Results: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention received report forms for 2445 cases Of typhoid fever. Median age of patients was 24 years (range, 0-89 years). Ten (0.4%) died. Seventy-two percent reported international travel within the 30 days before onset of illness. Six counties accounted for 80% of cases: Mexico (28%), India (25%), the Philippines (10%), Pakistan (8%), El Salvador (5%), and Haiti (4%). The percentage of cases associated with visiting Mexico decreased from 46% in 1985 to 23% in 1994, while the percentage of cases associated with visiting the Indian subcontinent increased from 25% in 1985 to 37% in 1994. The incidence of typhoid fever in US citizens traveling to the Indian subcontinent was at least 18 times higher than for any other geographic region. Complete data on antimicrobial susceptibility to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole were reported for 330 (13%) Salmonella Typhi isolates. Isolates from 1990 to 1994 were more likely than isolates from 1985 to 1989 to be resistant to any of these antimicrobial agents (30% vs 12%; P<.001) and to be resistant to all 3 agents (12% vs 0.6%; P<.001). Conclusions: American travelers to less industrialized countries, especially those traveling to the Indian subcontinent, continue to be at risk for typhoid fever. Antimicrobial resistance has increased, and a quinolone or third-generation cephalosporin may be the best choice for empirical treatment of typhoid fever. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Food Borne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Mermin, JH (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Food Borne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Mailstop A-38,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Mermin, Jonathan/J-9847-2012 NR 28 TC 115 Z9 120 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0003-9926 J9 ARCH INTERN MED JI Arch. Intern. Med. PD MAR 23 PY 1998 VL 158 IS 6 BP 633 EP 638 DI 10.1001/archinte.158.6.633 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA ZC306 UT WOS:000072563900010 PM 9521228 ER PT J AU Johnson, MA Houston, DK Edmonds, J Nozza, RJ Shea, K Cutler, M Lewis, RD Modlesky, C Gunter, EW AF Johnson, MA Houston, DK Edmonds, J Nozza, RJ Shea, K Cutler, M Lewis, RD Modlesky, C Gunter, EW TI Age-related hearing loss is associated with poor bone health and low calcium intake in women. SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 20 PY 1998 VL 12 IS 5 SU S MA 5082 BP A878 EP A878 PN 2 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 121HD UT WOS:000076006501465 ER PT J AU Simonds, RJ Rogers, MF Dondero, TJ AF Simonds, RJ Rogers, MF Dondero, TJ TI Ethics of placebo-controlled trials of zidovudine to prevent the perinatal transmission of HIV in the Third World SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Simonds, RJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 1 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 2 PU MASS MEDICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 10 SHATTUCK, BOSTON, MA 02115 USA SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD MAR 19 PY 1998 VL 338 IS 12 BP 836 EP 837 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA ZC163 UT WOS:000072546800014 PM 9508628 ER PT J AU Bodenhorn, K Taylor, H AF Bodenhorn, K Taylor, H TI Public opinion about public health - California and the United States, 1996 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 47, pg 69-73, 1998) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Calif Ctr Hlth Improvement, Woodland Hills, CA 91365 USA. Louis Harris & Associates Inc, New York, NY 10001 USA. CDC, Off Director, Publ Hlth Practice Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Bodenhorn, K (reprint author), Calif Ctr Hlth Improvement, Woodland Hills, CA 91365 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAR 18 PY 1998 VL 279 IS 11 BP 819 EP 820 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA ZA943 UT WOS:000072417600008 ER PT J AU Cook, J Owen, P Bender, B Senner, J Davis, B Leff, M Adams, M Breukelman, F McTague, D Pledger, E Onaka, A Johnson, C Steiner, B Costello, N Wineski, A Perry, M Asher, K Meriwether, R Maines, D Weinstein, A Brooks, D McGee, H Salem, N Arbuthnot, P Murayi, T Smith, P Huffman, S DeJan, E Zaso, K Boesclager, G Honey, W Melnik, T Passaro, K Kaske, J Indian, R Hann, N Grant-Worley, J Mann, L Hesser, J Gladman, Y Gildemaster, M Ridings, D Condon, K Giles, R McIntyre, R Redman, L Wynkoop-Simmons, K KIng, F Cautley, E Futa, M AF Cook, J Owen, P Bender, B Senner, J Davis, B Leff, M Adams, M Breukelman, F McTague, D Pledger, E Onaka, A Johnson, C Steiner, B Costello, N Wineski, A Perry, M Asher, K Meriwether, R Maines, D Weinstein, A Brooks, D McGee, H Salem, N Arbuthnot, P Murayi, T Smith, P Huffman, S DeJan, E Zaso, K Boesclager, G Honey, W Melnik, T Passaro, K Kaske, J Indian, R Hann, N Grant-Worley, J Mann, L Hesser, J Gladman, Y Gildemaster, M Ridings, D Condon, K Giles, R McIntyre, R Redman, L Wynkoop-Simmons, K KIng, F Cautley, E Futa, M TI State-specific prevalence of lapses in health-care-insurance coverage - United States, 1995 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 47, pg 73-77, 1998) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 CDC, Behav Surveillance Br, Div Adult & Community Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Cook, J (reprint author), CDC, Behav Surveillance Br, Div Adult & Community Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAR 18 PY 1998 VL 279 IS 11 BP 822 EP + PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA ZA943 UT WOS:000072417600009 ER PT J AU Remick, D Chancellor, K Pederson, J Zambraski, EJ Sawka, MN Wenger, CB AF Remick, D Chancellor, K Pederson, J Zambraski, EJ Sawka, MN Wenger, CB TI Hyperthermia and dehydration-related deaths associated with intentional rapid weight loss in three collegiate wrestlers - North Carolina, Wisconsin, and Michigan, November-December 1997 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 47, pg 105-108, 1998) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint ID EXERCISE C1 Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. N Carolina Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Raleigh, NC 27611 USA. Franciscan Skemp Healthcare, La Crosse, WI 54601 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. USA, Environm Med Res Inst, Natick, MA 01760 USA. CDC, Div Nutr Phys Act, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Off Regulatory Affairs, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Ctr Food Safety & Appl Nutr, US FDA, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Div Environm Hazards & Hlth Effects, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Remick, D (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. NR 11 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAR 18 PY 1998 VL 279 IS 11 BP 824 EP 825 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA ZA943 UT WOS:000072417600010 ER PT J AU Passaro, DJ Werner, SB McGee, J Mac Kenzie, WR Vugia, DJ AF Passaro, DJ Werner, SB McGee, J Mac Kenzie, WR Vugia, DJ TI Wound botulism associated with black tar heroin among injecting drug users SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID 22-YEAR FOLLOW-UP; INFECTIONS; ADDICTS; ABUSERS; CARE AB Context.-Wound botulism (WB) is a potentially lethal, descending, flaccid, paralysis that results when spores of Clostridium botulinum germinate in a wound and elaborate neurotoxin. Since 1988, California has experienced a dramatic increase in WB associated with injecting "black tar" heroin (BTH), a dark, tarry form of the drug. Objective.-To identify risk factors for WB among injecting drug users (IDUs). Design.-Case-control study based on data from in-person and telephone interviews. Participants.-Case patients (n=26) were IDUs who developed WB from January 1994 through February 1996. Controls (n=110) were IDUs newly enrolled in methadone detoxification programs in 4 counties. Main Outcome Measures.-Factors associated with the development of WB. Results.-Among the 26 patients, the median age was 41.5 years, 15 (58%) were women, 14 (54%) were non-Hispanic white, 11 (42%) were Hispanic, and none were positive for the human immunodeficiency virus. Nearly all participants (96% of patients and 97% of controls) injected BTH, and the mean cumulative dose of BTH used per month was similar for patients and controls (27 g and 31 g, respectively; P=.6). Patients were more likely than controls to inject drugs subcutaneously or intramuscularly (92% vs 44%, P<.001) and used this route of drug administration more times per month (mean, 67 vs 24, P<.001), with a greater cumulative monthly dose of BTH (22.3 g vs 6.3 g, P<.001). A dose-response relationship was observed between the monthly cumulative dose of BTH injected subcutaneously or intramuscularly and the development of WB (chi(2) for linear trend, 26.5; P<.001). In the final regression model, subcutaneous or intramuscular injection of BTH was the only behavior associated with WB among IDUs (odds ratio, 13.7; 95% confidence interval, 3.0-63.0). The risk for development of WB was not affected by cleaning the skin, cleaning injection paraphernalia, or sharing needles. Conclusions.-Injection of BTH intramuscularly or subcutaneously is the primary risk factor for the development of WB. Physicians in the western United States, where BTH is widely used, should be aware of the potential for WB to occur among IDUs. C1 Calif Dept Hlth Serv, Div Communicable Dis, Berkeley, CA 94704 USA. Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Div Infect Dis & Geog Med, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol Program Off, Div Field Epidemiol, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Passaro, DJ (reprint author), Calif Dept Hlth Serv, Div Communicable Dis, Berkeley, CA 94704 USA. EM dpass@ix.netcom.com RI Mac Kenzie, William /F-1528-2013 OI Mac Kenzie, William /0000-0001-7723-0339 NR 18 TC 116 Z9 120 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60654-0946 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAR 18 PY 1998 VL 279 IS 11 BP 859 EP 863 DI 10.1001/jama.279.11.859 PG 5 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA ZA943 UT WOS:000072417600033 PM 9516001 ER PT J AU Hanzlick, R Combs, D AF Hanzlick, R Combs, D TI Medical examiner and coroner systems - History and trends SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the National-Association-of-Medical-Examiners CY SEP 17, 1997 CL BALTIMORE, MARYLAND SP Natl Assoc Med Examiners AB Context.-Medical legal investigations in the United States (primarily unnatural or suspected unnatural deaths) are carried out by medical examiner or coroner systems, Medical examiners-usually physicians and generally with training in pathology, medicolegal death investigation, and performance of forensic autopsies-generally have greater expertise in unnatural death investigations than do coroners. Objective.-To document the locations and implementation year for states and counties that have medical examiner systems that have replaced coroner systems or that are defined in statute and assist coroners in their investigations. Design.-Review of published information and national survey in 1997. Setting.-United States. Participants.-County medical examiners and state medical examiners or their administrators. Main Outcome Measures.-The location of states and counties with medical examiner systems, the implementation year for each system, and the proportion of counties and population served by medical examiner systems. Results.-A total of 79 of 91 county medical examiners responded. A total of 36 states have at least 1 medical examiner system at the county, district, or state level in which there is no coroner involved in the death investigation process. Only 22 states have medical examiner death investigation systems in place and have no coroners in the state. Among 13 states in which some counties have coroner systems and some have medical examiner systems, medical examiner systems exist in 8% of counties and serve 43% of the population, Medical examiner systems that operate without coroner involvement serve about 48% of the population nationwide. Few state or county medical examiner systems have been implemented since 1990. Conclusions.-In this century, medical examiner systems have gradually replaced coroner systems, but such change has slowed in recent years, with medical examiner systems now serving about 48% of the national population. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Forens Pathol, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Hanzlick, R (reprint author), 916 Cumberland Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30306 USA. NR 4 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAR 18 PY 1998 VL 279 IS 11 BP 870 EP 874 DI 10.1001/jama.279.11.870 PG 5 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA ZA943 UT WOS:000072417600035 PM 9516003 ER PT J AU Schwartz, B Mainous, AG Marcy, SH AF Schwartz, B Mainous, AG Marcy, SH TI Why do physicians prescribe antibiotics for children with upper respiratory tract infections? SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Editorial Material ID RESISTANT STREPTOCOCCUS-PNEUMONIAE; EXPECTATIONS; PREVALENCE; CARRIAGE C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Resp Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Med Univ S Carolina, Dept Family Med, Charleston, IL USA. So Calif Kaiser Permanente Hlth Care Program, Panorama City, CA USA. RP Schwartz, B (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Resp Dis Branch, Mailstop C-23,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 24 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAR 18 PY 1998 VL 279 IS 11 BP 881 EP 882 DI 10.1001/jama.279.11.881 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA ZA943 UT WOS:000072417600039 PM 9516007 ER PT J AU Lewis, C Wright, J Yetley, E AF Lewis, C Wright, J Yetley, E TI Patterning of measures of folate status from NHANES III. SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. US FDA, Washington, DC 20204 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 17 PY 1998 VL 12 IS 4 SU S MA 1328 BP A227 EP A227 PN 1 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 121HC UT WOS:000076006401323 ER PT J AU Pfeiffer, CM AF Pfeiffer, CM TI Rapid and accurate HPLC assay for total plasma homocysteine and cysteine in a clinical lab setting SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 17 PY 1998 VL 12 IS 4 SU S MA 3194 BP A550 EP A550 PN 1 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 121HC UT WOS:000076006403190 ER PT J AU Schleicher, RL Caudill, SP Yeager, PR Sowell, AL AF Schleicher, RL Caudill, SP Yeager, PR Sowell, AL TI Serum vitamin C levels in the US population 1988-94: Results of NHANES III. SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 17 PY 1998 VL 12 IS 4 SU S MA 2975 BP A512 EP A512 PN 1 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 121HC UT WOS:000076006402972 ER PT J AU Sundstrom, JB Mahanty, S Spiropoulou, CF Bressler, D Rollin, PE AF Sundstrom, JB Mahanty, S Spiropoulou, CF Bressler, D Rollin, PE TI Comparison of the direct effects of Sin Nombre (SNV) and Hantaan (HTN) virus infection on the activation of human lung microvascular endothelial cells (HMVEC-L) in vitro. SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Special Pathogens Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 17 PY 1998 VL 12 IS 4 SU S MA 3384 BP A583 EP A583 PN 1 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 121HC UT WOS:000076006403378 ER PT J AU Unger, ER Vernon, SD Lee, DR Miller, DL Dimulescu, L Rajeevan, M AF Unger, ER Vernon, SD Lee, DR Miller, DL Dimulescu, L Rajeevan, M TI Human papillomavirus integration alters viral transcription. SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 17 PY 1998 VL 12 IS 4 SU S MA 945 BP A162 EP A162 PN 1 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 121HC UT WOS:000076006400946 ER PT J AU Vesper, HW Myers, G AF Vesper, HW Myers, G TI HPLC assay as reference base for the determination of pyridinoline and deoxypyridinoline in urine and serum SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CDC, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 17 PY 1998 VL 12 IS 4 SU S MA 1428 BP A245 EP A245 PN 1 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 121HC UT WOS:000076006401422 ER PT J AU Wright, JD Bialostosky, K Gunter, EW Carroll, MD Najjar, MF AF Wright, JD Bialostosky, K Gunter, EW Carroll, MD Najjar, MF TI Distributions of serum and red blood cell (RBC) folate and serum vitamin B-12 of persons 4 years and older: United States, 1988-1994 SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 17 PY 1998 VL 12 IS 4 SU S MA 1322 BP A226 EP A226 PN 1 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 121HC UT WOS:000076006401317 ER PT J AU Yetley, E Johnson, C Lewis, C AF Yetley, E Johnson, C Lewis, C TI Approaches for assessing iron status: Comparisons between NHANES II and NHANES III. SO FASEB JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 US FDA, Washington, DC 20204 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FEDERATION AMER SOC EXP BIOL PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0892-6638 J9 FASEB J JI Faseb J. PD MAR 17 PY 1998 VL 12 IS 4 SU S MA 1332 BP A228 EP A228 PN 1 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Cell Biology GA 121HC UT WOS:000076006401328 ER PT J AU Green, DC Moore, JM Adams, MM Berg, CJ Wilcox, LS McCarthy, BJ AF Green, DC Moore, JM Adams, MM Berg, CJ Wilcox, LS McCarthy, BJ TI Are we underestimating rates of vaginal birth after previous cesarean birth? The validity of delivery methods from birth certificates SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bias (epidemiology); birth certificates; cesarean section; cesarean section, repeat; reproducibility of results; sensitivity and specificity; vaginal birth after cesarean ID DATA QUALITY; REGISTRY; VALIDATION; RECORDS AB Previous studies of birth certificates have not fully evaluated how accurately they identify delivery methods that have a historical component, such as repeat cesarean and vaginal birth after previous cesarean (VBAC). The authors used linked Georgia birth certificates for first and second deliveries to examine the accuracy of four reported delivery methods in the second pregnancy: vaginal (without previous cesarean), VBAC, primary cesarean, and repeat cesarean, as well as an indicator of a previous cesarean. From the immediate birth certificates, the delivery method for each of the two births was classified as vaginal (V) or cesarean section (CS), which produced possible sequences of V-V, CS-V, V-CS, and CS-CS. The delivery method for the second births to 106,049 women from 1989 through 1992 was reviewed, taking into account the historical information from the linked certificates regarding the first births. Only 42.0% of women with a CS-V sequence were correctly designated on the second birth certificate as a VBAC; 79.3% of women with a V-CS sequence were correctly designated as primary cesarean. From 1980 through 1988, birth certificates contained a check box indicating a previous cesarean (but no VBAC box). During this period, only 75.5% of 25,491 women with a previous cesarean were so designated on the birth certificate. These findings suggest that cross-sectional vital records data substantially underestimate VBAC and primary cesarean rates. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent,WHO, Collaborating Ctr Perinatal Care & Hlth Serv Res, Div Reprod Hlth,Nat Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth, Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Green, DC (reprint author), Prudential Ctr Hlth Care Res, 2859 Paces Ferry Rd,Suite 820, Atlanta, GA 30339 USA. NR 15 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 2 PU JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV SCHOOL HYGIENE PUB HEALTH PI BALTIMORE PA 111 MARKET PLACE, STE 840, BALTIMORE, MD 21202-6709 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD MAR 15 PY 1998 VL 147 IS 6 BP 581 EP 586 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA ZC538 UT WOS:000072590400010 PM 9521185 ER PT J AU Loria, CM Whelton, PK Caulfield, LE Szklo, M Klag, MJ AF Loria, CM Whelton, PK Caulfield, LE Szklo, M Klag, MJ TI Agreement among indicators of vitamin C status SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ascorbic acid; biological markers; diet; nutrition surveys; nutritional status ID SUBSEQUENT CANCER MORTALITY; ASCORBIC-ACID; BREAST-CANCER; ANTIOXIDANT VITAMINS; NUTRIENT INTAKE; HEART-DISEASE; UNITED-STATES; E CONSUMPTION; RISK; POPULATION AB Agreement among three indicators of vitamin C status-serum ascorbate level, a 24-hour recall, and the frequency of fruit and vegetable consumption-was examined using data from the Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted between 1976 and 1980. Agreement between pairs of these indicators was good when assessed at the group level but inconsistent at the individual level, These indicators, when classified as continuous measures, had moderately good agreement (r = 0.45-0.54), whereas agreement was poor when classified as quartiles (kappa = 0.17-0.23), Agreement between clinically based categories of serum ascorbate and total intake levels was poorer than expected (kappa = 0.25) as was agreement between low or deficient levels of both of these indicators (kappa = 0.3). Disagreement between low or deficient serum and intake levels was greater in participants who were younger, African American compared with white and other races, less educated, current smokers, nonsupplement users, and examined in the winter compared with in the summer or fall. These findings suggest that the indicators cannot be used interchangeably to assess vitamin C status because they distinguish between different aspects of status, intake level versus serum level, an indicator of available pool. Moreover, depending upon how these indicators are used in statistical analyses, they may classify individuals differently. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Off Anal Epidemiol & Hlth Promot, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. Tulane Univ, Sch Publ Hlth & Trop Med, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Hlth Policy & Management, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Ctr Human Nutr, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. RP Loria, CM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Off Anal Epidemiol & Hlth Promot, Room 730,6525 Belcrest Rd, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. NR 46 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV SCHOOL HYGIENE PUB HEALTH PI BALTIMORE PA 111 MARKET PLACE, STE 840, BALTIMORE, MD 21202-6709 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD MAR 15 PY 1998 VL 147 IS 6 BP 587 EP 596 PG 10 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA ZC538 UT WOS:000072590400011 PM 9521186 ER PT J AU Wingo, PA Ries, LAG Rosenberg, HM Miller, DS Edwards, BK AF Wingo, PA Ries, LAG Rosenberg, HM Miller, DS Edwards, BK TI Cancer incidence and mortality, 1973-1995 - A report card for the US SO CANCER LA English DT Article DE neoplasms; incidence; mortality; race; gender; Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results program ID FATAL COLON-CANCER; UNITED-STATES; TRENDS; BREAST; RISK AB BACKGROUND. The American Cancer Society, the National Cancer Institute (NCI), and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention including the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) agreed to produce together an annual "Report Card" to the nation on progress related to cancer prevention and control in the U.S. METHODS. This report provides average annual percent changes in incidence and mortality during 1973-1990 and 1590-1995, plus age-adjusted cancer incidence and death rates for whites, blacks, Asians and Pacific Islanders, and Hispanics. Information on newly diagnosed cancer cases is based on data collected by NCI, and information on cancer deaths is based on underlying causes of death as reported to NCHS. RESULTS. For all sites combined, cancer incidence rates decreased on average 0.7% per year during 1990-1995 (P > 0.05), in contrast to an increasing trend in earlier years. Among the ten leading cancer incidence sites, a similar reversal in trends was apparent for the cancers of the lung, prostate, colon/rectum, urinary bladder, and leukemia; female breast cancer incidence rates increased significantly during 1973-1990 but were level during 1990-1995. Cancer death rates for all sites combined decreased on average 0.5% per year during 1990-1995 (P < 0.05) after significantly increasing 0.4% per year during 1973-1990. Death rates for the four major cancers (lung, female breast, prostate, and colon/rectum) decreased significantly during 1990-1995. CONCLUSIONS. These apparent successes are encouraging and signal the need to maximize cancer control efforts in the future so that even greater in-roads in reducing the cancer burder, in the population are achieved. (C) 1998 American Cancel Society. C1 Amer Canc Soc, Epidemiol & Surveillance Res Dept, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. NCI, Div Canc Control & Populat Sci, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Div Vital Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Canc Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Wingo, PA (reprint author), Amer Canc Soc, Epidemiol & Surveillance Res Dept, 1599 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. NR 28 TC 302 Z9 310 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0008-543X J9 CANCER JI Cancer PD MAR 15 PY 1998 VL 82 IS 6 BP 1197 EP 1207 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19980315)82:6<1197::AID-CNCR26>3.0.CO;2-0 PG 11 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA ZA556 UT WOS:000072376400026 PM 9506368 ER PT J AU Halsey, NA Coberly, JS Desormeaux, J Losikoff, P Atkinson, J Moulton, LH Contave, M Johnson, M Davis, H Geiter, L Johnson, E Huebner, R Boulos, R Chaisson, RE AF Halsey, NA Coberly, JS Desormeaux, J Losikoff, P Atkinson, J Moulton, LH Contave, M Johnson, M Davis, H Geiter, L Johnson, E Huebner, R Boulos, R Chaisson, RE TI Randomised trial of isoniazid versus rifampicin and pyrazinamide for prevention of tuberculosis in HIV-1 infection SO LANCET LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; THERAPY; RISK AB Background Tuberculosis is a common complication of HIV-1 infection, especially in developing countries. Practical and effective chemoprophylaxis regimens for HIV-1-related tuberculosis are needed, Our aim was to test the efficacy of isoniazid versus rifampicin with pyrazinamide for prevention of tuberculosis in HIV-1-positive individuals. Methods We compared the efficacy of 6 months of isoniazid with 2 months of rifampicin and pyrazinamide for prevention of tuberculosis in HIV-1-seropositive individuals. Eligible participants were aged 16-77 years, HIV-1 seropositive, had a positive purified-protein derivative (PPD) skin test reaction of at least 5 mm, and had a normal chest radiograph. Participants were randomly assigned partially supervised twice weekly isoniazid for 24 weeks or twice weekly rifampicin and pyrazinamide for 8 weeks. Participants were followed up for up to 4 years for the development of tuberculosis and survival. Findings Tuberculosis developed in 14 (3.8%) of 370 participants assigned isoniazid and 19 (5.0%) of 380 participants assigned rifampicin and pyrazinamide (Cox model rate ratio 1.3 [95% CI 0.7-2.7]). The Kaplan-Meier estimate of the risk of tuberculosis during the first 10 months after entry was 3.7% among participants who received rifampicin and pyrazinamide compared with 1.0% (p=0.03) among participants who received isoniazid, and 5.4% versus 5.1%, respectively (p=0.9) at 36 months after entry. Higher rates of tuberculosis were observed in people with baseline CD4 percentages (of total lymphocytes) of less than 20 (rate ratio 4.0 [95% CI 1.8-9.0]). There were no significant differences in total mortality at any time. Interpretation Twice-weekly isoniazid preventive therapy for 6 months or rifampicin and pyrazinamide for 2 months provided similar overall protection against tuberculosis in HIV-1-infected, PPD-positive adults, The better protection among recipients of isoniazid during the first 10 months was most likely secondary to the longer duration of chemoprophylaxis. Preventive therapy for HIV-1-seropositive, PPD-positive individuals could be practical in developing countries with a once weekly clinic visit, but optimum duration of chemoprophylaxis has not been determined. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Int Hlth, Baltimore, MD USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Biostat, Baltimore, MD USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Ctr Dev Sante, Port Au Prince, Haiti. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div TB Eliminat, Ctr Prevent Serv, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Halsey, NA (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Int Hlth, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. OI Moulton, Lawrence/0000-0001-7041-7387 FU PHS HHS [U52/CCU 301871] NR 31 TC 208 Z9 211 U1 0 U2 2 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 42 BEDFORD SQUARE, LONDON WC1B 3SL, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD MAR 14 PY 1998 VL 351 IS 9105 BP 786 EP 792 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)06532-X PG 7 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA ZB916 UT WOS:000072521200011 PM 9519950 ER PT J AU Reiter, P AF Reiter, P TI Global-warming and vector-borne disease in temperate regions and at high altitude SO LANCET LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Dengue Branch, San Juan, PR 00921 USA. RP Reiter, P (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Dengue Branch, San Juan, PR 00921 USA. NR 5 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 0 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 42 BEDFORD SQUARE, LONDON WC1B 3SL, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD MAR 14 PY 1998 VL 351 IS 9105 BP 839 EP 840 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)78979-0 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA ZB916 UT WOS:000072521200071 PM 9519996 ER PT J AU Chang, HJ Miller, HL Watkins, N Arduino, MJ Ashford, DA Midgley, G Aguero, SM Pinto-Powell, R von Reyn, F Edwards, W McNeil, MM Jarvis, WR AF Chang, HJ Miller, HL Watkins, N Arduino, MJ Ashford, DA Midgley, G Aguero, SM Pinto-Powell, R von Reyn, F Edwards, W McNeil, MM Jarvis, WR TI An epidemic of Malassezia pachydermatis in an intensive care nursery associated with colonization of health care workers pet dogs SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID INFANTS; INFECTIONS; SEVERITY; FURFUR; UNIT; DNA AB Background Malassezia species are lipophilic yeasts that are emerging as nosocomial pathogens, particularly in low-birth-weight neonates who receive lipid emulsions. When a cluster of patients with Malassezia pachydermatis infection was identified in an intensive care nursery, we initiated an investigation. Methods A case patient was defined as any infant in the intensive care nursery who had a positive culture for M. pachydermatis between October 17, 1993, and January 18, 1995. We conducted a cohort study to identify risk factors for colonization and infection with M. pachydermatis. We collected cultures from the infants and the health care workers and from the health care workers' pets, since this organism has been associated with otitis externa in dogs. Results Fifteen infants met the case definition: eight with bloodstream infections, two with urinary tract infections, one with meningitis, and four with asymptomatic colonization. The case patients were significantly more likely than the other infants to weigh 1300 g or less (15 of 65 vs. 0 of 419, P<0.001). In a multivariate analysis of infants weighing 1300 g or less, the independent risk factors for colonization or infection with M. pachydermatis were a greater severity of concomitant illness (odds ratio, 19.7; P=0.001), arterial catheterization for nine or more days (odds ratio, 29.5; P=0.02), and exposure to Nurse A (odds ratio, 74.7; P=0.01). In a point-prevalence survey, 9 additional infants, 1 health care worker, and 12 of the health care workers' pet dogs had positive cultures for M. pachydermatis. The isolates from all 15 case patients, the 9 additional colonized infants, 1 health care worker, and 3 of the 12 dogs had identical patterns of restriction-fragment-length polymorphisms. Conclusions In this outbreak, it is likely that M. pachydermatis was introduced into the intensive care nursery on health care workers' hands after being colonized from pet dogs at home. The organism persisted in the nursery through patient-to-patient transmission. (C)1998, Massachusetts Medical Society. C1 Ctr Dis Control, Hosp Infect Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Chicago, Robert Wood Johnson Clin Scholars Program, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Univ Illinois, Chicago, IL USA. Dartmouth Hitchcock Med Ctr, Lebanon, NH 03766 USA. St Thomas Hosp, London, England. RP Jarvis, WR (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control, Hosp Infect Program, Mailstop E-69, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Arduino, Matthew/C-1461-2012 OI Arduino, Matthew/0000-0001-7072-538X NR 18 TC 128 Z9 139 U1 0 U2 3 PU MASS MEDICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 10 SHATTUCK, BOSTON, MA 02115 USA SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD MAR 12 PY 1998 VL 338 IS 11 BP 706 EP 711 DI 10.1056/NEJM199803123381102 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA ZB546 UT WOS:000072483400002 PM 9494146 ER PT J AU Ryan, WM Nims, L Keller, MW Sewell, CM AF Ryan, WM Nims, L Keller, MW Sewell, CM TI Rat-bite fever - New Mexico, 1996 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 47, pg 89-91, 1998) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint ID STREPTOBACILLUS-MONILIFORMIS C1 Espanola Hosp, Espanola, NM 87532 USA. CDC, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Div Appl Publ Hlth Training Proposed, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. New Mexico Dept Hlth, Albuquerque, NM 87101 USA. RP Ryan, WM (reprint author), Espanola Hosp, Espanola, NM 87532 USA. NR 8 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAR 11 PY 1998 VL 279 IS 10 BP 740 EP 741 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA ZA474 UT WOS:000072366900011 ER PT J CA CDC TI Missed opportunities in preventive counseling for cardiovascular disease - United States, 1995 (Reprinted from MMWR, pg 47, pg 91-95, 1998) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint ID PHYSICIANS; HEALTH C1 CDC, Cardiovasc Hlth Br, Div Adolescent & Community Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP CDC, Cardiovasc Hlth Br, Div Adolescent & Community Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAR 11 PY 1998 VL 279 IS 10 BP 741 EP 742 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA ZA474 UT WOS:000072366900012 ER PT J AU Tumay, S Satirlar, N Afsar, O Altay, B Noyan, N Ozkan, A Caglayan, S Alaeddinoglu, I Artuk, C Ozkaya, E AF Tumay, S Satirlar, N Afsar, O Altay, B Noyan, N Ozkan, A Caglayan, S Alaeddinoglu, I Artuk, C Ozkaya, E TI Progress toward poliomyelitis eradication - Turkey, 1994-1997 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 47, pg 116-1120, 1998) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Minist Hlth, Div Primary Hlth Care Svcs, Ankara, Turkey. Minist Hlth, Natl Polio Lab, Ankara, Turkey. WHO, Reg Off Europe, Communicable Dis & Immunizat Unit, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. WHO, Global Programme Vaccines & Immunizat, Geneva, Switzerland. CDC, Resp & Enter Viruses Br, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Vaccine Preventable Dis Eradicat Div, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Tumay, S (reprint author), Minist Hlth, Div Primary Hlth Care Svcs, Ankara, Turkey. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAR 11 PY 1998 VL 279 IS 10 BP 742 EP 743 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA ZA474 UT WOS:000072366900013 ER PT J AU Notzon, FC Komarov, YM Ermakov, SP Sempos, CT Marks, JS Sempos, EV AF Notzon, FC Komarov, YM Ermakov, SP Sempos, CT Marks, JS Sempos, EV TI Causes of declining life expectancy in Russia SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID FORMER SOVIET-UNION; NORTH-KARELIA; MORTALITY; DISEASE; DEPRESSION; SUICIDES; FINLAND; RISK AB Context.-Russian life expectancy has fallen sharply in the 1990s, but the impact of the major causes of death on that decline has not been measured. Objective.-To assess the contribution of selected causes of death to the dramatic decline in life expectancy in Russia in the years following the breakup of the Soviet Union, Design.-Mortality and natality data from the vital statistics systems of Russia and the United States, Setting.-Russia, 1990-1994, Population.-Entire population of Russia, Main Outcome Variables.-Mortality rates, life expectancy, and contribution to change in life expectancy, Methods.-Application of standard life-table methods to calculate life expectancy by year, and a partitioning method to assess the contribution of specific causes of death and age groups to the overall decline in life expectancy, United States data presented for comparative purposes, Results.-Age-adjusted mortality in Russia rose by almost 33% between 1990 and 1994, During that period, life expectancy for Russian men and women declined dramatically from 63.8 and 74.4 years to 57.7 and 71.2 years, respectively, while in the United States, life expectancy increased for both men and women from 71.8 and 78.8 years to 72.4 and 79.0 years, respectively, More than 75% of the decline in life expectancy was due to increased mortality rates for ages 25 to 64 years. Overall, cardiovascular diseases (heart disease and stroke) and injuries accounted for 65% of the decline in life expectancy while infectious diseases, including pneumonia and influenza, accounted for 5.8%, chronic liver diseases and cirrhosis for 2.4%, other alcohol-related causes for 9.6%, and cancer for 0.7%. Increases in cardiovascular mortality accounted for 41.6% of the decline in life expectancy for women and 33.4% for men, while increases in mortality from injuries leg, falls, occupational injuries, motor vehicle crashes, suicides, and homicides) accounted for 32.8% of the decline in life expectancy for men and 21.8% for women. Conclusion.-The striking rise in Russian mortality is beyond the peacetime experience of industrialized countries, with a 5-year decline in life expectancy in 4 years' time, Many factors appear to be operating simultaneously, including economic and social instability, high rates of tobacco and alcohol consumption, poor nutrition, depression, and deterioration of the health care system, Problems in data quality and reporting appear unable to account for these findings, These results clearly demonstrate that major declines in health and life expectancy can take place rapidly. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, US Dept HHS, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. Minist Publ Hlth Russia, Moscow, Russia. MedSocEconomInorm, Moscow, Russia. Univ Illinois, Dept Internal Med, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Div Nutr Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, US Dept HHS, Atlanta, GA USA. Midatlantic Kaiser Permanente Med Grp, Gaithersburg, MD USA. RP Notzon, FC (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, US Dept HHS, 6525 Belcrest Rd,Room 701, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. RI Ermakov, Sergey/G-1709-2016 OI Ermakov, Sergey/0000-0003-1072-1162 NR 46 TC 162 Z9 169 U1 4 U2 17 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAR 11 PY 1998 VL 279 IS 10 BP 793 EP 800 DI 10.1001/jama.279.10.793 PG 8 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA ZA474 UT WOS:000072366900040 PM 9508159 ER PT J AU Threlfall, EJ Angulo, FJ Wall, PG AF Threlfall, EJ Angulo, FJ Wall, PG TI Ciprofloxacin-resistant Salmonella typhimurium DT104 SO VETERINARY RECORD LA English DT Letter ID CATTLE C1 Cent Publ Hlth Lab, PHLS, Lab Enter Pathogens, London NW9 5HT, England. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Communicable Dis Surveillance, London NW9 5HT, England. RP Threlfall, EJ (reprint author), Cent Publ Hlth Lab, PHLS, Lab Enter Pathogens, 61 Colindale Ave, London NW9 5HT, England. NR 12 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 0 PU BRITISH VETERINARY ASSOC PI LONDON PA 7 MANSFIELD ST, LONDON, ENGLAND W1M 0AT SN 0042-4900 J9 VET REC JI Vet. Rec. PD MAR 7 PY 1998 VL 142 IS 10 BP 255 EP 255 PG 1 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA ZC741 UT WOS:000072612500020 PM 9549872 ER PT J AU Valway, SE Sanchez, MPC Shinnick, TF Orme, I Agerton, T Hoy, D Jones, JS Westmoreland, H Onorato, IM AF Valway, SE Sanchez, MPC Shinnick, TF Orme, I Agerton, T Hoy, D Jones, JS Westmoreland, H Onorato, IM TI An outbreak involving extensive transmission of a virulent strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 35th Annual Meeting of the Infectious-Diseases-Society-of-America CY SEP 07-16, 1997 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA SP Infect Dis Soc Amer ID COMMUNITY; INFECTION; EPIDEMIC; CHILDREN AB Background and Methods From 1994 to 1996, there was a large outbreak of tuberculosis in a small, rural community with a population at low risk for tuberculosis. Twenty-one patients with tuberculosis (15 with positive cultures) were identified; the DNA fingerprints of the 13 isolates available for testing were identical. To determine the extent of transmission, we investigated both the close and casual contacts of the patients. Using a mouse model, we also studied the virulence of the strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis that caused the outbreak. Results The index patient, in whom tuberculosis was diagnosed in 1995; the source patient, in whom the disease was diagnosed in 1994; and a patient in whom the disease was diagnosed in 1996 infected the other 18 persons. In five, active disease developed after only brief, casual exposure. There was extensive transmission from the three patients to both close and casual contacts. Of the 429 contacts, 311 (72 percent) had positive skin tests, including 86 with documented skin-test conversions. Mice infected with the virulent Erdman strain of M. tuberculosis had approximately 1000 bacilli per lung after 10 days and about 10,000 bacilli per lung after 20 days. In contrast, mice infected with the strain involved in the outbreak had about 10,000 bacilli per lung after 10 days and about 10 million bacilli per lung after 20 days. Conclusions In this outbreak of tuberculosis, the growth characteristics of the strain involved greatly exceeded those of other clinical isolates of M. tuberculosia. The extensive transmission of tuberculosis may have been due to the increased virulence of the strain rather than to environmental factors or patient characteristics. (C) 1998, Massachusetts Medical Society. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div TB Eliminat, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol Program Off, Epidemiol Intelligence Serv, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Tennessee Dept Hlth, Upper Cumberland Reg, Cookeville, TN 38501 USA. Kentucky Dept Hlth Serv, Frankfort, KY 40601 USA. RP Valway, SE (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div TB Eliminat, Mailstop E-10,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 20 TC 282 Z9 286 U1 0 U2 4 PU MASS MEDICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 10 SHATTUCK, BOSTON, MA 02115 USA SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD MAR 5 PY 1998 VL 338 IS 10 BP 633 EP 639 DI 10.1056/NEJM199803053381001 PG 7 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA YZ844 UT WOS:000072299700001 PM 9486991 ER PT J AU Wahl, GL Brown, M Parker, DL AF Wahl, GL Brown, M Parker, DL TI Fatalities associated with large round hay bales - Minnesota, 1994-1996 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 47, pg 27-30, 1998) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Minnesota Dept Hlth, Div Safety Res, NIOSH, CDC, Minneapolis, MN 55414 USA. RP Wahl, GL (reprint author), Minnesota Dept Hlth, Div Safety Res, NIOSH, CDC, Minneapolis, MN 55414 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAR 4 PY 1998 VL 279 IS 9 BP 647 EP 649 PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA YY849 UT WOS:000072192800009 ER PT J AU Cook, J Bender, B Leff, M Costello, N Perry, M Asher, K Meriwether, R McGee, H Murayi, T Smith, P Huffman, S Zaso, K Melnik, TA Grant-Worley, J Redman, L Futa, M Bland, S AF Cook, J Bender, B Leff, M Costello, N Perry, M Asher, K Meriwether, R McGee, H Murayi, T Smith, P Huffman, S Zaso, K Melnik, TA Grant-Worley, J Redman, L Futa, M Bland, S TI Years of healthy life - Selected states, United States, 1993-1995 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 47, pg 5-7, 1998) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 TRW Co Inc, Atlanta, GA USA. Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Adult & Community Hlth, Behav Surveillance Br, Hyattsville, MD USA. Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Div Vital Stat, Mortal Stat Br, CDC, Hyattsville, MD USA. RP Cook, J (reprint author), TRW Co Inc, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAR 4 PY 1998 VL 279 IS 9 BP 649 EP 649 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA YY849 UT WOS:000072192800010 ER PT J AU Gunn, RA Rolfs, RT Greenspan, JR Seidman, RL Wasserheit, JN AF Gunn, RA Rolfs, RT Greenspan, JR Seidman, RL Wasserheit, JN TI The changing paradigm of sexually transmitted disease control in the era of managed health care SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID PARTNER NOTIFICATION; REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH; CHAIN-REACTION; HIV-INFECTION; CRACK COCAINE; SYPHILIS; INTERVENTION; PREVENTION; DIAGNOSIS AB Several trends in sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) have laid the foundation for a new paradigm for STD treatment and prevention that: encompasses a community-wide, population-oriented approach, Public health STD programs, in partnership with a wide variety of community collaborators, will need to carry out the essential functions of public health-assessment, policy development, and assurance-by developing resources for community organizing and planning, enhanced information systems, and comprehensive training programs for professional staff and community partners, Community providers (particularly practicing clinicians and community and hospital clinics) will need to deliver primary prevention (community health promotion and clinical preventive services) and secondary prevention (screening and treatment) services while categorical STD clinics focus on providing care for high-risk, high-frequency STD transmitters who serve as the reservoir for much of a community's bacterial STDs, Managed care organizations and public health STD programs will need to formalize collaborative arrangements and capitalize on the strengths of each organization in order to have a population-level impact on STD transmission. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div STD Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Hlth & Human Serv Agcy, San Diego, CA USA. Utah Dept Hlth, Salt Lake City, UT 84116 USA. San Diego State Univ, Grad Sch Publ Hlth, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. RP Gunn, RA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Commun, Natl Ctr HIV STD TB Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 41 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAR 4 PY 1998 VL 279 IS 9 BP 680 EP 684 DI 10.1001/jama.279.9.680 PG 5 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA YY849 UT WOS:000072192800032 PM 9496986 ER PT J AU Yoon, SS Macdonald, SC Parrish, RG AF Yoon, SS Macdonald, SC Parrish, RG TI Deaths from unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning and potential for prevention with carbon monoxide detectors SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB Context.-Unintentional carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning causes approximately 2100 deaths in the United States per year, but the use of CO detectors could potentially prevent many of these deaths. Objective.-To describe the epidemiology of potentially preventable unintentional CO poisoning deaths in New Mexico. Design.-Descriptive analysis. Population Studied.-A total of 136 deaths from CO poisoning investigated by the New Mexico Office of the Medical Investigator, 1980 through 1995. Main Outcome Measures.-Characteristics of deaths from CO poisoning; estimates of the number of deaths potentially preventable with CO detectors. Results.-Of 136 people whose deaths were classified as "unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning, not fire related," 49 (36%) most likely were asleep when poisoned. Thirty-nine (49%) of 80 people whose deaths were identified as "residential fatalities" most likely were asleep vs 10 (18%) of 56 of those whose deaths were identified as occurring in or around motor vehicles. A blood-alcohol level greater than 0.01% was present in 56 (42%) of the decedents. Among decedents who had a negative blood-alcohol level (52 in residences and 26 in vehicles), an electronic audible CO detector may have prevented CO poisoning; whereas, among those who had a negative blood-alcohol level and most likely were awake at the time of CO exposure (28 in residences and 23 in vehicles), an electronic detector or a nonaudible, chemical reagent type detector may have prevented CO poisoning. Conclusion.-Differences exist between deaths due to unintentional CO poisoning that occur in residences and those that occur in or around motor vehicles. Carbon monoxide detectors, whether the electronic or chemical reagent types, may have prevented approximately half of these deaths, The high proportion of decedents with alcohol in their blood indicates that effective public health campaigns must address the role of alcohol in CO poisoning deaths. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Surveillance & Programs Branch, Div Environm Hazzards & Hlth Effects, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Yoon, SS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Epidemiol Program Off, Mail Stop F47,4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 14 TC 56 Z9 56 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD MAR 4 PY 1998 VL 279 IS 9 BP 685 EP 687 DI 10.1001/jama.279.9.685 PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA YY849 UT WOS:000072192800033 PM 9496987 ER PT J AU Obisesan, TO Vargas, CM Gillum, RF AF Obisesan, TO Vargas, CM Gillum, RF TI Regional and urbanization variations in hypertension prevalence among the elderly in the US: NHANES III. SO CIRCULATION LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Howard Univ Hosp, Washington, DC USA. Ctr Dis Control Prevent, Hyattsville, MD USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0009-7322 J9 CIRCULATION JI Circulation PD MAR 3 PY 1998 VL 97 IS 8 MA P38 BP 825 EP 825 PG 1 WC Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA YY916 UT WOS:000072200800089 ER PT J AU Escobedo, LG Reddy, M Giovino, GA AF Escobedo, LG Reddy, M Giovino, GA TI The relationship between depressive symptoms and cigarette smoking in US adolescents SO ADDICTION LA English DT Article ID MAJOR DEPRESSION; NICOTINE DEPENDENCE; YOUNG-ADULTS; INTERVIEW; DISORDERS; COMMUNITY; BEHAVIORS; TELEPHONE; VALIDITY; TRENDS AB Aims. Data from the Teenage Attitudes and Practices Survey were analyzed to assess the relationship between depressive symptoms and cigarette smoking. Designs, Setting, Participants. Nationally representative sample of adolescents interviewed in 1989 and again in 1993. Measurements. Prevalence rate and adjusted odds ratio for smoking at follow-up by depressive symptoms status at baseline. Findings. Adolescents with depressive symptoms were more likely than other adolescents to start smoking. Conclusions. The associations between depressive symptoms and regular smoking appears to be established by adolescence. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Escobedo, LG (reprint author), New Mexico Dept Hlth, 1170 N Solano Dr,Suite L, Las Cruces, NM 88001 USA. NR 32 TC 115 Z9 118 U1 1 U2 2 PU CARFAX PUBL CO PI ABINGDON PA PO BOX 25, ABINGDON, OXFORDSHIRE, ENGLAND OX14 3UE SN 0965-2140 J9 ADDICTION JI Addiction PD MAR PY 1998 VL 93 IS 3 BP 433 EP 440 DI 10.1046/j.1360-0443.1998.93343311.x PG 8 WC Substance Abuse; Psychiatry SC Substance Abuse; Psychiatry GA ZB501 UT WOS:000072478900011 PM 10328050 ER PT J AU Knuchel, MC Spira, TJ Neumann, AU Xiao, LH Rudolph, DL Phair, J Wolinsky, SM Koup, RA Cohen, OJ Folks, TM Lal, RB AF Knuchel, MC Spira, TJ Neumann, AU Xiao, LH Rudolph, DL Phair, J Wolinsky, SM Koup, RA Cohen, OJ Folks, TM Lal, RB TI Analysis of a biallelic polymorphism in the tumor necrosis factor a promoter and HIV type 1 disease progression SO AIDS RESEARCH AND HUMAN RETROVIRUSES LA English DT Article ID FACTOR-ALPHA; INFECTION; RELEVANCE; ALLELES; REGION AB The relevance of a TNF-alpha promoter polymorphism, a G-to-A polymorphic sequence at position-308, was examined to test whether variant alleles of TNF-alpha affect susceptibility to infection with HIV-1 and progression to AIDS. Analysis of specimens from cohorts of HIV-1 positive homosexual men demonstrated that 3 of the 32 (9.4%) HIV-1-infected long-term nonprogressors (LTNPs) were homozygous for the uncommon TNF-2 allele compared with 3 of the 196 (1.5%) HIV-1-seronegative blood donors and uninfected homosexual men (p < 0.05), There was no difference in heterozygosity among HIV-1-seropositive or -seronegative groups, although some of the seropositive men heterozygous for the TNF2 genotype were also heterozygous for CCR5 Delta 32. However, no significant association was found between TNF genotypes and time of survival, CD4 slopes, or viral loads when seroincident (n = 109) and seroprevalent cases (n = 442) from the Chicago MACS were analyzed, Functional analysis of lymphocytes from the seronegative group revealed no difference in endogenous or mitogen-induced TNF-alpha production, as well as susceptibility to in vitro HIV-1 infection between different TNF-genotype donors, These data suggest that TNF genotypes do not play a direct role in HIV-1 disease progression; however, they could potentially be part of a multigenic linkage that may be involved in delaying progression to AIDS. C1 Ctr Dis Control, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, HIV Retrovirus Dis Branch, DASTLR, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Immunol Branch, DASTLR,DPD, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Bar Ilan Univ, Dept Life Sci, IL-91120 Jerusalem, Israel. Hadassah Univ Hosp, Human Biol Res Ctr, IL-91120 Jerusalem, Israel. Northwestern Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Chicago, IL 60611 USA. Aaron Diamond AIDS Res Ctr, New York, NY 10016 USA. NIAID, Immunoregulat Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20895 USA. RP Knuchel, MC (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, HIV Retrovirus Dis Branch, DASTLR, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Wolinsky, Steven/B-2893-2012; Xiao, Lihua/B-1704-2013; Infektiologie, USZ/A-6921-2011 OI Xiao, Lihua/0000-0001-8532-2727; NR 15 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 0889-2229 J9 AIDS RES HUM RETROV JI Aids Res. Hum. Retrovir. PD MAR 1 PY 1998 VL 14 IS 4 BP 305 EP 309 DI 10.1089/aid.1998.14.305 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA ZA585 UT WOS:000072379300003 PM 9519891 ER PT J AU Cheingsong-Popov, R Osmanov, S Pau, CP Schochetman, G Barin, F Holmes, H Francis, G Ruppach, H Dietrich, U Lister, S Weber, J AF Cheingsong-Popov, R Osmanov, S Pau, CP Schochetman, G Barin, F Holmes, H Francis, G Ruppach, H Dietrich, U Lister, S Weber, J CA UNAIDS Network HIV1 Isolation Characterization TI Serotyping of HIV type 1 infections: Definition, relationship to viral genetic subtypes, and assay evaluation SO AIDS RESEARCH AND HUMAN RETROVIRUSES LA English DT Article ID HETERODUPLEX MOBILITY ASSAY; INJECTING DRUG-USERS; MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY; ENZYME-IMMUNOASSAY; ANTIBODY-BINDING; VIRUS; THAILAND; VARIABILITY; GENOTYPES; DIVERSITY AB V3 serotyping refers to a system based on binding of antibody in patient sera to V3-loop peptides derived from HIV-1 env genetic subtypes, The V3(X) serotype represents reactivity of serum from an HIV-1-infected patient (regardless of viral genetic subtype), which reacts preferentially to a V3 peptide derived from the X subtype sequence, We have classified HIV-1 serotypes, determined the relationship between the HIV-1 V3 serotypes and viral genetic subtypes in a large study (n = 125), and evaluated the performance of three different V3 peptide-binding assays, Seven HIV-1 V3 serotypes mere identified: A, B, B-Br, B-Th, C, D, and E, Serotypes B-Br and B-Th represent sera that react specifically to peptides derived from Brazilian B (B-Br, GWGR) and Thai B (B-Th, GPGQ) Strains, The HIV-1 V3 B, C, and E serotypes correlated Closely with their viral env genetic subtypes; 19-26 of 32 B sera (59-79%), 3-4 of 4 C sera (75-100%), and 19-22 of 23 E sera (83-96%) mere identified as serotypes B, C, and E, respectively, In contrast, two major V3 serotypes were classified in A sera: A (14-18 of 36 [40-50%]) and C (12-19 of 36 [33-54%]), Similarly, two major V3 serotypes were classified in D sera: B (6-10 of 20 [30-50%]) and D (9-12 of 20 [45-60%]), Serotyping of subtype E sera showed the best concordance with genetic subtypes by all assays, Overall, HIV-1 V3 serotyping produced consistent results among three laboratories, However, HIV-1 V3 serotypes do not distinguish all HIV-1 genetic subtypes, The relative biological significance of the V3 serotypes remains to be elucidated. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Imperial Coll, Sch Med St Marys, Dept Genitourinary Med & Communicable Dis, London W2 1NY, England. UNAIDS, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. Univ Tours, Dept Microbiol Med & Mol, F-37044 Tours, France. Natl Inst Biol Stand & Controls, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, Herts, England. Georg Speyer Haus, D-60596 Frankfurt, Germany. RP Cheingsong-Popov, R (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop D-12, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. FU Wellcome Trust NR 37 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT, INC PI NEW ROCHELLE PA 140 HUGUENOT STREET, 3RD FL, NEW ROCHELLE, NY 10801 USA SN 0889-2229 EI 1931-8405 J9 AIDS RES HUM RETROV JI Aids Res. Hum. Retrovir. PD MAR 1 PY 1998 VL 14 IS 4 BP 311 EP 318 DI 10.1089/aid.1998.14.311 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA ZA585 UT WOS:000072379300004 PM 9519892 ER PT J AU Subbarao, S Limpakarnjanarat, K Mastro, TD Bhumisawasdi, J Warachit, P Jayavasu, C Young, NL Luo, CC Shaffer, N Kalish, ML Schochetman, G AF Subbarao, S Limpakarnjanarat, K Mastro, TD Bhumisawasdi, J Warachit, P Jayavasu, C Young, NL Luo, CC Shaffer, N Kalish, ML Schochetman, G TI HIV type 1 in Thailand, 1994-1995: Persistence of two subtypes with low genetic diversity SO AIDS RESEARCH AND HUMAN RETROVIRUSES LA English DT Article ID IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS TYPE-1; INJECTING DRUG-USERS; ENZYME-IMMUNOASSAY; NORTHERN THAILAND; ENVELOPE SUBTYPES; EPIDEMIC; AIDS; RECOMBINATION; GLYCOSYLATION; INFECTION AB Extensive transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in Thailand began in 1988, resulting in an estimated 800,000 cumulative infections by 1994, During 1994 and 1995, we collected blood specimens from 215 asymptomatic HIV-1-infected people with various risk behaviors from nine locations in all four regions of Thailand, HIV-1 subtypes and genetic heterogeneity were determined for 214 strains by a combination of direct DNA sequencing (n = 95), subtype-specific oligonucleotide probe testing (n = 201), and V3-loop peptide enzyme immunoassay (PEIA) (n = 214), All strains were either env subtype E (175; 81.8%) or B (39; 18.2%), Of the subtype B isolates, 37 (94.9%) were B' and 2 (5.1%) were more typical North American-like B strains (most subtype B strains in Thailand are part of a distinct subcluster within the subtype B branch on phylogenetic trees, termed B'; formerly Thai B or B-B) Of 149 viruses from people with sexual risk behaviors from all regions, 146 (98.0%) were subtype E, Of 65 viruses from injecting drug users (IDUs), 29 (44.6%) were subtype E and 36 (55.4%) were subtype B, including 35 B' strains, There was regional variation in the proportions of subtypes E and B' among IDUs, The intrasubtype nucleotide divergence within the V3 and flanking regions of the env gene (mid-C2 to the start of the V4 region) was low (5.7% for subtype E and 3.1% for subtype B') compared with other HIV-1 group M subtypes from different countries, These findings of two subtypes with low heterogeneity indicate that Thailand may be a desirable setting for evaluating candidate HIV-1 vaccines, The mix of subtype E and B' strains among IDUs also offers the opportunity to study phenotypic differences between the two subtypes. C1 Minist Publ Hlth, HIV AIDS Collaborat, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Minist Publ Hlth, Dept Med Sci, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand. RP Subbarao, S (reprint author), Minist Publ Hlth, HIV AIDS Collaborat, DMS 6 Bldg,Tivanon Rd, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand. NR 40 TC 89 Z9 94 U1 0 U2 4 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 0889-2229 J9 AIDS RES HUM RETROV JI Aids Res. Hum. Retrovir. PD MAR 1 PY 1998 VL 14 IS 4 BP 319 EP 327 DI 10.1089/aid.1998.14.319 PG 9 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA ZA585 UT WOS:000072379300005 PM 9519893 ER PT J AU Brodaty, H Clarke, J Ganguli, M Grek, A Jorm, AF Khachaturian, Z Scherr, P AF Brodaty, H Clarke, J Ganguli, M Grek, A Jorm, AF Khachaturian, Z Scherr, P TI Screening for cognitive impairment in general practice: Toward a consensus SO ALZHEIMER DISEASE & ASSOCIATED DISORDERS LA English DT Article DE dementia; Alzheimer disease; primary care; diagnosis ID MINI-MENTAL-STATE; SUBJECTIVE MEMORY COMPLAINTS; ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE; ELDERLY PEOPLE; DEMENTING DISORDERS; SENILE DEMENTIA; PRIMARY-CARE; DEPRESSION; COMMUNITY; PRACTITIONERS AB We considered whether general practitioners should examine all older patients over a certain age for cognitive impairment in screening for early dementia. We invited presentations from key experts, selectively reviewed the literature, and developed a consensus statement. The efficacy of and benefits from unselective use of cognitive testing and informant questionnaires for detecting early dementia in older patients attending general practice are limited. Positive predictive values of cognitive screening for dementia are less than 50%, even for older patient populations. Higher values may be obtained by testing patients who have a relevant history of cognitive or functional decline. Whatever procedures are adopted for screening older general practice attenders for cognitive impairment or early dementia, investigation is still required into the relative merits of different health professionals performing the screening, the positive and negative effects on patients and their families, and the cost-benefit ratio. The majority view of workshop participants was that cognitive testing should occur for older patients when there is a reason to suspect dementia. Testing may occur in an individual considered to be at risk because of an informant history of cognitive or functional decline, clinical observation, or, sometimes, very old age. No single instrument for cognitive screening is suitable for global use. Screening programs must be supported by training and supplemented by education for professionals and families in management of dementia. C1 Univ New S Wales, Acad Dept Psychogeriatr, Sydney, NSW, Australia. Univ Newcastle Upon Tyne, Royal Coll Gen Practitioners, Dept Primary Hlth Care, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, Tyne & Wear, England. Univ Pittsburgh, Sch Med, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Grad Sch Publ Hlth, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA. McMaster Univ, Dept Psychiat, Hamilton, ON, Canada. Australian Natl Univ, NHMRC Social Psychiat Res Unit, Canberra, ACT, Australia. Khachaturian Radebaugh & Associates Inc, Potomac, MD USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Aging Studies Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Brodaty, H (reprint author), Prince Henry Hosp, Acad Dept Psychogeriatr, Sydney, NSW 2036, Australia. RI Jorm, Anthony/B-5555-2009; Brodaty, Henry/E-2753-2010; Ganguli, Mary/A-3638-2013; MORAN, CATHERINE/C-9539-2015; OI Jorm, Anthony/0000-0002-1424-4116 NR 87 TC 61 Z9 65 U1 2 U2 9 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0893-0341 J9 ALZ DIS ASSOC DIS JI Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Dis. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 12 IS 1 BP 1 EP 13 DI 10.1097/00002093-199803000-00001 PG 13 WC Clinical Neurology; Pathology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pathology GA ZP658 UT WOS:000073775500001 PM 9539404 ER PT J AU Brownson, RC Schmid, TL King, AC Eyler, AA Pratt, M Murayi, T Mayer, JP Brown, DR AF Brownson, RC Schmid, TL King, AC Eyler, AA Pratt, M Murayi, T Mayer, JP Brown, DR TI Support for policy interventions to increase physical activity in rural Missouri SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH PROMOTION LA English DT Article ID RISK FACTOR SURVEILLANCE C1 St Louis Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Prevent Res Ctr, St Louis, MO 63108 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA USA. Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Hlth Res & Policy, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA. St Louis Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Prevent Res Ctr, St Louis, MO 63103 USA. RP Brownson, RC (reprint author), St Louis Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Prevent Res Ctr, 3663 Lindell Blvd, St Louis, MO 63108 USA. EM brownson@slu.edu FU PHS HHS [U48/CCU710806] NR 10 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER J HEALTH PROMOTION INC PI KEEGO HARBOR PA 1660 CASS LAKE RD, STE 104, KEEGO HARBOR, MI 48320 USA SN 0890-1171 J9 AM J HEALTH PROMOT JI Am. J. Health Promot. PD MAR-APR PY 1998 VL 12 IS 4 BP 263 EP 266 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 104UF UT WOS:000075033200008 PM 10178620 ER PT J AU Calvert, GM Ward, E Schnorr, TM Fine, LJ AF Calvert, GM Ward, E Schnorr, TM Fine, LJ TI Cancer risks among workers exposed to metalworking fluids: A systematic review SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE industrial oils; pancreatic cancer; laryngeal cancer; rectal cancer; bladder cancer; scrotal cancer; skin neoplasms; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; nitrosamines; occupation ID LOWER URINARY-TRACT; BLADDER-CANCER; AUTOMOBILE-INDUSTRY; LARYNGEAL-CANCER; MANUFACTURING PLANT; OCCUPATIONAL RISKS; MORTALITY RATIO; PANCREAS CANCER; CUTTING FLUIDS; UNITED-STATES AB Metalworking fluids (MWFs) are commonly used in a variety of industrial machining and grinding operations. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) estimates that more than one million workers are exposed to MWFs. NIOSH conducted a comprehensive and systematic review of the epidemiologic studies that examined the association between MWF exposure and cancer Substantial evidence was found for an increased risk of cancer at several sites (larynx, rectum, pancreas, skin, scrotum, and bladder) associated with at least some MWFs used prior to the mid-1970s. This paper provides the evidence pertaining to cancer at these sites. Cancer at those sites found to have more limited or less consistent evidence for an association with MWF (stomach, esophagus, lung, prostate, brain, colon, and hematopoietic system) will not be discussed in this paper but are discussed in the recent NIOSH Criteria for a Recommended Standard-Occupational Exposure to MWFs. Because the changes in MWF composition that have occurred over the last several decades may not be sufficient to eliminate the cancer risks associated with MWF exposure, reductions in aii borne MWF exposures are recommended. (C) 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Surveillance Hazard Evaluat & Field Studies, NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Calvert, GM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Surveillance Hazard Evaluat & Field Studies, NIOSH, 4676 Columbia Pkwy,R-21, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 45 TC 73 Z9 76 U1 2 U2 4 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0271-3586 J9 AM J IND MED JI Am. J. Ind. Med. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 33 IS 3 BP 282 EP 292 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0274(199803)33:3<282::AID-AJIM10>3.0.CO;2-W PG 11 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA YV298 UT WOS:000071809200010 PM 9481427 ER PT J AU Saraiya, M Berg, CJ Kendrick, JS Strauss, LT Atrash, HK Ahn, YW AF Saraiya, M Berg, CJ Kendrick, JS Strauss, LT Atrash, HK Ahn, YW TI Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for ectopic pregnancy SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ectopic pregnancy; cigarette smoking ID TUBAL PREGNANCY AB OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to assess the risk of ectopic pregnancy among women who smoke cigarettes. STUDY DESIGN: We used data from a case-control study of ectopic pregnancy conducted from October 1988 to August 1990 at an inner-city hospital in Georgia. Cases were 196 non-Hispanic black women with a surgically confirmed ectopic pregnancy. Controls were non-Hispanic black women who had delivered either a live or a stillborn infant weighing at least 500 gm (n = 882) or who were pregnant and seeking an induced abortion (n = 237). RESULTS: After we adjusted for parity, douching history, history of infertility, and age, the odds ratio for ectopic pregnancy was 1.9 (95% confidence interval 1.4 to 2.7) for women who smoked during the periconception period compared with women who did not smoke at that time. After stratification by the amount of daily smoking during the periconception period, the odds ratio rose from 1.6 (95% confidence interval 0.9 to 2.9) for women who smoked 1 to 5 cigarettes to 1.7 (95% confidence interval 1.1 to 2.8) for women who smoked 6 to 10 cigarettes to 2.3 (95% confidence interval 1.3 to 4.0) for women who smoked 11 to 20 cigarettes, and to 3.5 (95% confidence interval 1.4 to 8.6) for women who smoked >20 cigarettes per day. CONCLUSION: In this inner-city population, cigarette smoking was an independent, dose-related risk factor for ectopic pregnancy among black women. The public health and medical care communities should inform the public of this additional risk associated with cigarette smoking and intensity intervention strategies to reduce cigarette smoking among women of reproductive age. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Epidemiol Program Off, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Reprod Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RP Saraiya, M (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Tuberculosis Eliminat Int Activ, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Mailstop E-10,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 34 TC 67 Z9 70 U1 0 U2 1 PU MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0002-9378 J9 AM J OBSTET GYNECOL JI Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 178 IS 3 BP 493 EP 498 DI 10.1016/S0002-9378(98)70427-2 PG 6 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA ZE901 UT WOS:000072843000016 PM 9539515 ER PT J AU Thorsen, P Jensen, IP Jeune, B Ebbesen, N Arpi, M Bremmelgaard, A Moller, BR AF Thorsen, P Jensen, IP Jeune, B Ebbesen, N Arpi, M Bremmelgaard, A Moller, BR TI Few microorganisms associated with bacterial vaginosis may constitute the pathologic core: A population-based microbiologic study among 3596 pregnant women SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bacterial vaginosis; microbiology; genital tract; pregnancy ID CHLAMYDIA-TRACHOMATIS; PRETERM DELIVERY; BIRTH; METRONIDAZOLE; INFECTION AB OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between various microorganisms isolated from the genital tract in pregnant women with bacterial vaginosis. STUDY DESIGN: A cross-sectional population-based study among pregnant women addressed at their first antenatal visit before 24 full gestational weeks from the referring area of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Odense University Hospital, Denmark, from November 1992 to February 1994. The main outcome measures were prevalence of various microorganisms and statistical estimates of interactions (crude, adjusted, and relative odds ratios) between the microorganisms isolated from the lower genital tract in pregnant women with and without clinical diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis. RESULTS: Three thousand five hundred ninety-six (3596) pregnant women were asked to participate. Of the 3596 pregnant women 3174 (88.4%) agreed to participate before 24 full gestational weeks. After controlling for the presence of other microorganisms, strong associations between Gardnerella vaginalis, anaerobic bacteria, Mycoplasma hominis, and present bacterial vaginosis were found. Similarly Lactobacillus spp. were found to be associated with the absence of bacterial vaginosis. The combination of G. vaginalis and anaerobic bacteria and/or M. hominis was found in 59.6% of the cases with bacterial vaginosis and in 3.9% of the cases without bacterial vaginosis (odds ratio 36.4, 95% confidence interval 27.8 to 47.8). The crude odds ratio was found to be as high as 74.8 (95% confidence interval 32.3 to 174.1) when the combination of G. vaginalis, M. hominis, anaerobic bacteria, and no Lactobacillus spp. was associated with bacterial vaginosis, CONCLUSION: There is a microbial foundation for bacterial vaginosis, and it is possibly due to an intermicrobial interaction in which the microorganisms G. vaginalis, anaerobic bacteria, and M. hominis are dominating, indicating that these constitute the pathologic core of bacterial vaginosis. C1 Odense Univ Hosp, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark. State Serum Inst, Dept Virol, Copenhagen, Denmark. Odense Univ, Ctr Hlth & Social Policy, Odense, Denmark. Frederiksberg Univ Hosp, Dept Clin Microbiol, DK-2000 Copenhagen, Denmark. RP Thorsen, P (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Pregnancy & Infant Hlth Branch, 4770 Buford Highway K-23, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RI Jeune, Bernard/P-6866-2015 NR 25 TC 104 Z9 106 U1 1 U2 2 PU MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0002-9378 J9 AM J OBSTET GYNECOL JI Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 178 IS 3 BP 580 EP 587 DI 10.1016/S0002-9378(98)70442-9 PG 8 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA ZE901 UT WOS:000072843000031 PM 9539529 ER PT J AU Alaimo, K Briefel, RR Frongillo, EA Olson, CM AF Alaimo, K Briefel, RR Frongillo, EA Olson, CM TI Food insufficiency exists in the United States: Results from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID SUFFICIENCY; INDICATORS; INSECURITY; CHILDREN; HUNGER; WOMEN AB Objectives. The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of food insufficiency in the United States and to examine sociodemographic characteristics related to food insufficiency. Methods. Data were analyzed from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a cross-sectional representative sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population living in households. Individuals were classified as "food insufficient" if a family respondent reported that the family sometimes or often did not get enough food to eat. Results. From 1988 through 1994, the overall prevalence of food insufficiency was 4.1% and was primarily related to poverty status. In the low-income population, food insufficiency was positively associated with being Mexican American, being under the age of 60, having a family head who had not completed high school, participating in the Food Stamp Program, and not having health insurance. It was not related to family type or employment status of the family head. Over half of food-insufficient individuals lived in employed families. Conclusions. Food insufficiency is not limited to very low-income persons, specific racial/ethnic groups, family types, or the unemployed. Understanding food insufficiency is critical to formulating nutrition programs and policies. C1 Cornell Univ, Div Nutr Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. RP Alaimo, K (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Div Nutr Sci, 370 MVR Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. EM ka22@cornell.edu NR 37 TC 143 Z9 150 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD MAR PY 1998 VL 88 IS 3 BP 419 EP 426 DI 10.2105/AJPH.88.3.419 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA ZT680 UT WOS:000074113800017 PM 9518974 ER PT J AU Wechsler, H Basch, CE Zybert, P Shea, S AF Wechsler, H Basch, CE Zybert, P Shea, S TI Promoting the selection of low-fat milk in elementary school cafeterias in an inner-city Latino community: Evaluation of an intervention SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID HEALTHY-HEART-PROGRAM; NUTRITION EDUCATION; CHILDREN; GUIDELINES; PREVENTION; RATIONALE; DISEASE; DIET AB Objectives. This study examined the effects of a school-based intervention designed to promote the consumption of low-fat white milk at lunchtime in 6 elementary schools in an inner-city, primarily Latino neighborhood. Methods. A multifaceted intervention based on social marketing techniques was delivered at 3 randomly selected schools. The school was the unit of assignment and analysis; 6902 children were involved in the study. Milk selection and consumption were measured by sampling discarded milk and/or tallying milk carton disappearance at baseline, immediately postintervention, and at 3 to 4 months follow-up. Results. Immediately postintervention, the mean proportion of sampled milk cartons that contained low-fat milk increased in the intervention schools, from 25% to 57%, but remained constant at 28% in the control schools. Differences between intervention and control schools remained significant at 3 to 4 months follow-up. The intervention was not associated with a decrease in overall milk consumption. Conclusions. A school-based intervention can lead to significant increases in student consumption of low-fat milk. C1 Columbia Univ Teachers Coll, Ctr Hlth Promot, New York, NY 10027 USA. Columbia Univ Teachers Coll, Dept Hlth & Nutr Educ, New York, NY 10027 USA. Columbia Univ Coll Phys & Surg, Dept Med, New York, NY 10032 USA. Columbia Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, New York, NY 10027 USA. Presbyterian Hosp, New York, NY 10032 USA. RP Wechsler, H (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Adolescent & Sch Hlth, 4770 Buford Hwy,MS K-33, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL35189, HL49508] NR 42 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD MAR PY 1998 VL 88 IS 3 BP 427 EP 433 DI 10.2105/AJPH.88.3.427 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA ZT680 UT WOS:000074113800018 PM 9518975 ER PT J AU Shahan, TA Sorenson, WG Paulauskis, JD Morey, R Lewis, DM AF Shahan, TA Sorenson, WG Paulauskis, JD Morey, R Lewis, DM TI Concentration- and time-dependent upregulation and release of the cytokines MIP-2, KC, TNF, and MIP-1 alpha in rat alveolar macrophages by fungal spores implicated in airway inflammation SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DUST TOXIC SYNDROME; FUNCTIONAL-CHARACTERIZATION; PULMONARY INFLAMMATION; LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; PROTEIN-2; CINC AB Inhalation of fungal spores has been shown to cause primary or secondary infection and respiratory inflammation and diseases such as allergic alveolitis, atopic asthma, and organic dust toxic syndrome, which are rarely reported in the absence of predisposing factors. Biochemical and molecular markers of inflammation were measured in rat bronchial alveolar lavage cells (> 95% macrophages) following stimulation with fungal spores isolated from pathogenic and nonpathogenic fungi that have been implicated in airway inflammation. The results of this study demonstrate that mRNA transcripts for the C-X-C branch of the PF4 superfamily are differentially upregulated over those of the C-C mediators in a time-and concentration-dependent manner. Macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2 and KC were differentially upregulated over the acute phase inflammatory cytokines MIP-1 alpha and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in rat alveolar macrophages stimulated with fungal spores from Aspergillus candidus, Aspergillus niger; Eurotium amstelodami, and Cladosporium cladosporioides. Spores from Aspergillus terreus and Penicillium spinulosum failed to stimulate an increase of any cytokine mRNA, whereas those from Aspergillus fumigatus stimulated the upregulation of MIP-2, KC, TNF-alpha, and MIP-1 alpha mRNAs. Over time, A. fumigatus stimulated increasing KC production until 24 h, when production levels increased slightly, then leveled off when measurements ceased at 36 h. Latex spheres stimulated modest amounts of MIP-2 and transforming growth factor-beta only. These observations suggest that the inflammatory cytokines MIP-2 and KC may be involved in the inflammation arising from the inhalation of fungal spores in a time-and concentration-dependent manner. C1 NIOSH, CDC, Div Resp Dis Studies, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth, Boston, MA 02115 USA. RP Sorenson, WG (reprint author), NIOSH, CDC, Div Resp Dis Studies, 1095 Willowdale Rd MS-215, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. NR 30 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER LUNG ASSOC PI NEW YORK PA 1740 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10019 USA SN 1044-1549 J9 AM J RESP CELL MOL JI Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 18 IS 3 BP 435 EP 440 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Respiratory System SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Respiratory System GA ZB187 UT WOS:000072445100016 PM 9490662 ER PT J AU Hightower, AW Ombok, M Otieno, R Odhiambo, R Oloo, AJ Lal, AA Nahlen, BL Hawley, WA AF Hightower, AW Ombok, M Otieno, R Odhiambo, R Oloo, AJ Lal, AA Nahlen, BL Hawley, WA TI A geographic information system applied to a malaria field study in western Kenya SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article AB This paper describes use of the global positioning system (GPS) in differential mode (DGPS) to obtain highly accurate longitudes, latitudes, and altitudes of 1,169 houses, 15 schools, 40 churches, four health cart: centers, 48 major mosquito breeding sites, IO borehole wells, seven shopping areas, major roads, streams, the shore of Lake Victoria, and other geographic features of interest associated with a longitudinal study of malaria in 15 villages in western Kenya. The area mapped encompassed approximately 70 km(2) and included 42.0 km of roads, 54.3 km of streams, and 15.0 km of lake shore. Location data were entered into a geographic information system for map production and Linkage with various databases for spatial analyses. Spatial analyses using parasitologic and entomologic data are presented as examples. Background information on DGPS is presented along with estimates of effort and expense to produce the nap information. C1 Natl Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Kenya Med Res Inst, Vector Biol Control & Res Ctr, Kisumu, Kenya. Kenya Med Res Inst, Nairobi, Kenya. RP Hightower, AW (reprint author), Natl Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 17 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DRIVE SUITE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 58 IS 3 BP 266 EP 272 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA ZF396 UT WOS:000072893300002 PM 9546401 ER PT J AU Morrison, AC Getis, A Santiago, M Rigau-Perez, JG Reiter, P AF Morrison, AC Getis, A Santiago, M Rigau-Perez, JG Reiter, P TI Exploratory space-time analysis of reported dengue cases during an outbreak in Florida, Puerto Rico, 1991-1992 SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; AEDES-AEGYPTI DIPTERA; 2ND-ORDER ANALYSIS; ANTIBODIES; PATTERNS; CULICIDAE; FAMILIES; MARKERS; VIRUSES; NUMBER AB The spatial and temporal distributions of dengue cases reported during a 1991-1992 outbreak in Florida, Puerto Rico (population = 8,689), were studied by using a Geographic Information System. A total of 377 dengue cases were identified from a laboratory-based dengue surveillance system and georeferenced by their residential addresses on digital zoning and U.S. Geological Survey topographic maps. Weekly case maps were generated for the period between June and December 1991, when 94.2% of the dengue cases were reported. The temporal evolution of the epidemic was rapid, affecting a wide geographic area within seven weeks of the first reported cases of the season. Dengue cases were reported in 217 houses; of these 56 (25.8%) had between two and six reported cases. K-function analysis was used to characterize the spatial clustering patterns for all reported dengue cases (laboratory-positive and indeterminate) and laboratory-positive cases alone, while the Barton and David and Knox tests were used to characterize spatio-temporal attributes of dengue cases reported during the 1991-1992 outbreak. For both sets of data significant case clustering was identified within individual households over short periods of time (three days or less), but in general, the cases had spatial pattern characteristics much like the population pattern as a whole. The rapid temporal and spatial progress of the disease within the community suggests that control measures should be applied to the entire municipality, rather than to the areas immediately surrounding houses of reported cases. The potential for incorporating Geographic Information System technologies into a dengue surveillance system and the limitations of using surveillance data for spatial studies are discussed. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Dengue Branch, San Juan, PR 00921 USA. San Diego State Univ, Dept Geog, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. US Geol Survey, Div Water Resources, Guaynabo, PR 00965 USA. RP Reiter, P (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Dengue Branch, 2 Calle Casia, San Juan, PR 00921 USA. NR 43 TC 124 Z9 127 U1 0 U2 17 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DRIVE SUITE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 58 IS 3 BP 287 EP 298 PG 12 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA ZF396 UT WOS:000072893300006 PM 9546405 ER PT J AU Jafri, HS Torrico, F Noh, JC Bryan, RT Balderrama, F Pilcher, JB Tsang, VCW AF Jafri, HS Torrico, F Noh, JC Bryan, RT Balderrama, F Pilcher, JB Tsang, VCW TI Application of the enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot to filter paper blood spots to estimate seroprevalence of cysticercosis in Bolivia SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID TAENIA-SOLIUM; DIAGNOSIS; ANTIGENS; ASSAY; EITB AB An enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot (EITB) assay was used to study the prevalence of cysticercosis in rural Bolivia. Dried blood spots on filter paper from fingersticks were used as assay samples. Before the serosurvey, experiments were performed to show that samples eluted from dried whole blood on filter paper exhibited no decrease in sensitivity when compared with the more traditional serum samples used in the EITB. Fingerstick blood dried on filter paper is a convenient, economical way of transporting and storing field samples for epidemiologic surveys of cysticercosis in developing countries. This report shows the utility of this sample collection method in underdeveloped countries where refrigeration is not possible and where venipuncture is a problem. Blood was obtained from randomly selected residents in three rural regions of Bolivia: Chuquisaca (n = 1,859), Cochabamba (n = 1,516), and Tarija (n = 1,010). The estimated seroprevalence on 10% of the sample collected for the three regions were 9%, 4.5%, and 2%, respectively. C1 Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Div Pediat Infect Dis, Dallas, TX 75235 USA. Univ Mayor San Simon, Fac Med, Cochabamba, Bolivia. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Immunol Branch, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hantavirus Project, Indian Hlth Serv Headquarters W, Epidemiol Branch, Albuquerque, NM 87110 USA. RP Jafri, HS (reprint author), Univ Texas, SW Med Ctr, Div Pediat Infect Dis, Dallas, TX 75235 USA. NR 14 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DRIVE SUITE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 58 IS 3 BP 313 EP 315 PG 3 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA ZF396 UT WOS:000072893300010 PM 9546409 ER PT J AU Lowry, PW Truong, DH Hinh, LD Ladinsky, JL Karabatsos, N Cropp, CB Martin, D Gubler, DJ AF Lowry, PW Truong, DH Hinh, LD Ladinsky, JL Karabatsos, N Cropp, CB Martin, D Gubler, DJ TI Japanese encephalitis among hospitalized pediatric and adult patients with acute encephalitis syndrome in Hanoi, Vietnam 1995 SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; OLMSTED COUNTY; IDENTIFICATION; EPIDEMIOLOGY; VIRUS; DETERMINANTS; INFECTIONS; MINNESOTA; CHILDREN AB The etiologic spectrum of acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) has not been well defined in Vietnam. Cohort and case-control studies were performed on all adult and pediatric AES patients admitted to the Neurology Service of Each Mai Hospital between June 5 and August 3, 1995. Among pediatric AES patients, 31 (67%) of 46 had acute Japanese encephalitis (JE), compared with only two (6%) of 33 adult AES patients (P < 0.0001). For confirmed JE cases, serum specimens obtained 15-21 days after symptom onset had the highest mean anti-JE IgM signal-to-noise (PIN) ratios (8.08 + 1.09 SE). A serosurvey of adult household members did not reveal any cases of recent subclinical JE infection, although 26% had evidence of past JE infection. The use of bed netting was nearly universal but did not appear to reduce the risk of AES or JE. Given the high incidence of JE, particularly among children, Vietnam seems well suited for the development of a targeted JE vaccination strategy. C1 Univ Minnesota, Sch Publ Hlth, Div Epidemiol, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Univ Minnesota, Sch Publ Hlth, Div Infect Dis, Minneapolis, MN USA. Univ Minnesota, Sch Med, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Bach Mai Hosp, Dept Neurol, Hanoi, Vietnam. Univ Wisconsin, Sch Med, Dept Prevent Med, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Lowry, PW (reprint author), Mayo Clin, Div Gastroenterol, E-19A,200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA. NR 42 TC 35 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DRIVE SUITE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 58 IS 3 BP 324 EP 329 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA ZF396 UT WOS:000072893300013 PM 9546412 ER PT J AU Blanton, RE Wachira, TM Zeyhle, EE Njoroge, EM Magambo, JK Schantz, PM AF Blanton, RE Wachira, TM Zeyhle, EE Njoroge, EM Magambo, JK Schantz, PM TI Oxfendazole treatment for cystic hydatid disease in naturally infected animals SO ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY LA English DT Article ID ECHINOCOCCUS-GRANULOSUS; SHEEP; ALBENDAZOLE; PHARMACOKINETICS; CYSTICERCOSIS; POPULATION; RELEVANCE; PLASMA AB Few chemotherapeutic agents are available for the medical management of hydatid disease caused by the parasite Echinococcus granulosus. In order to test the potential of oxfendazole for the treatment of infection with this parasite, nine infected goats and four sheep were given oxfendazole twice weekly at a dose of 30 mg/kg of body weight for 4 weeks and monitored by ultrasound for an additional 4 weeks. Efficacy was finally evaluated by postmortem examination, including determination of protoscolex viability and cyst wall histology. In treated animals, protoscolices were dead or absent in 97% of cysts from oxfendazole-treated animals compared to 28% of cysts from untreated control animals. On postmortem examination, 53% of cysts from treated animals were found to be grossly degenerate. A sample of those cysts that appeared potentially viable all demonstrated evidence of severe damage to the cyst wall. By light microscopy, cysts showed severe disorganization of the adventitial layer with invasion of inflammatory cells and in some cases frank necrosis,vith no apparent adventitial layer. The follow-up period for assessment of the drug's ability to cause complete degeneration and resorption of cysts was relatively short. This study, however, indicates that oxfendazole is at least as effective as and is easier to administer than albendazole for the treatment of hydatid disease. C1 Case Western Reserve Univ, Sch Med, Div Geog Med, Dept Med, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. Univ Hosp Cleveland, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. African Med & Res Fdn, Nairobi, Kenya. Univ Nairobi, Sch Vet Med, Nairobi, Kenya. Jomo Kenyatta Univ Agr & Technol, Nairobi, Kenya. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. RP Blanton, RE (reprint author), Case Western Reserve Univ, Sch Med, Div Geog Med, Dept Med, 2109 Adelbert Rd, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. EM reb6@po.cwru.edu OI Blanton, Ronald/0000-0001-6655-7336 FU NIAID NIH HHS [P01 AI033061, AI 33061, U19 AI033061] NR 25 TC 25 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0066-4804 J9 ANTIMICROB AGENTS CH JI Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 42 IS 3 BP 601 EP 605 PG 5 WC Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA YZ945 UT WOS:000072311000019 PM 9517939 ER PT J AU Heshmati, H Moini, J Krug, C McMillan, M Castro, C Griffiths, J Janowski, HT AF Heshmati, H Moini, J Krug, C McMillan, M Castro, C Griffiths, J Janowski, HT CA CDC TI Rubella among crew members of commercial cruise ships - Florida, 1997 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 46, pg 1247-1249, 1998) SO ARCHIVES OF DERMATOLOGY LA English DT Reprint C1 Brevard Cty Hlth Dept, Merritt Isl, FL USA. Broward Cty Hlth Dept, Ft Lauderdale, FL Broward USA. CDC, Miami Quarantine Stn, Program Operat Br,Div Quarantine, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Miami Quarantine Stn, Surv Epidemiol Br,Div Quarantine, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Heshmati, H (reprint author), Brevard Cty Hlth Dept, Merritt Isl, FL USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0003-987X J9 ARCH DERMATOL JI Arch. Dermatol. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 134 IS 3 BP 393 EP 394 PG 2 WC Dermatology SC Dermatology GA ZC493 UT WOS:000072585300024 ER PT J AU Thorn, M Bergstrom, R Kressner, U Sparen, P Zack, M Ekbom, A AF Thorn, M Bergstrom, R Kressner, U Sparen, P Zack, M Ekbom, A TI Trends in colorectal cancer incidence in Sweden 1959-93 by gender, localization, time period, and birth cohort SO CANCER CAUSES & CONTROL LA English DT Article DE age factors; cohort studies; colonic neoplasms; incidence; rectal neoplasms; Sweden ID LARGE-BOWEL; COLON CANCER; AGE-PERIOD; ANATOMIC DISTRIBUTION; TEMPORAL VARIATION; SEX-DIFFERENCES; CARCINOMA; SUBSITE; DENMARK; MODELS AB Objectives: This study examined invasive colorectal cancer incidence-rates in Sweden from 1959 through 1993 (n = 134,643 cases). Methods: Age-standardized rates were calculated using the Swedish population in 1970 as a reference. Results: In right-sided colon cancer (ascending and transverse colon including right and left flexures), male age-standardized rates rose from 8.0 to 15.0 (1.8 percent annually, 95 percent confidence interval [CI] = 1.3-2.4) and female rates increased from 9.1 to 14.4 (1.5 percent annually, CI = 1.0-2.0). For left-sided colon cancer (descending and sigmoid colon), the rates have been stable recently. For rectal cancer, the rates among men rose from 18.8 to 23.0 and among women from 10.7 to 14.7. For both men and women, the relative risk (RR) of right-sided colon cancer had been increasing in successive generations, until leveling-off in those born after 1930. The RR of left-sided colon cancer had been almost constant for cohorts born before 1930 but steadily decreasing in later-born cohorts. The RR of rectal cancer was slightly increasing in successive cohorts. Conclusions: Changes in lifestyle or carcinogenic exposures during early life probably explain Swedish colorectal cancer incidence-trends better than improved diagnostic activities. C1 Univ Uppsala Hosp, Dept Surg, S-75185 Uppsala, Sweden. Karolinska Inst, Dept Med Epidemiol, S-10401 Stockholm, Sweden. Univ Uppsala, Dept Stat, S-75105 Uppsala, Sweden. Ctr Dis Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Boston, MA 02115 USA. RP Thorn, M (reprint author), Univ Uppsala Hosp, Dept Surg, S-75185 Uppsala, Sweden. NR 32 TC 33 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0957-5243 J9 CANCER CAUSE CONTROL JI Cancer Causes Control PD MAR PY 1998 VL 9 IS 2 BP 145 EP 152 DI 10.1023/A:1008826109697 PG 8 WC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA ZD613 UT WOS:000072704400004 PM 9578291 ER PT J AU Helfand, RF Gary, HE Atkinson, WL Nordin, JD Keyserling, HL Bellini, WJ AF Helfand, RF Gary, HE Atkinson, WL Nordin, JD Keyserling, HL Bellini, WJ TI Decline of measles-specific immunoglobulin M antibodies after primary measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination SO CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ENZYME IMMUNOASSAYS; VIRUS AB Detection of measles-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) has become the standard diagnostic method for laboratory confirmation of measles, In outbreaks, the interpretation of an IgM-positive result can be complicated when persons with suspected measles receive a dose of measles vaccine as part of outbreak control measures. This investigation evaluated the decay of measles-specific IgM antibodies 1 to 4 months after primary vaccination with measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine (MMRII). Serum samples were obtained from 536 infants vaccinated when they were 15 months old as part of a study to assess primary and secondary measles vaccine failure, Sixty serum specimens per week were selected from specimens collected between 4 and 9 weeks after MMRII vaccination; all 176 available serum specimens collected between 10 and greater than or equal to 16 weeks were included, Specimens were tested for the presence of measles-specific IgM by an antibody-capture enzyme immunoassay. The proportion of IgM-positive specimens dropped from 73% at 4 weeks after vaccination to 52% at 5 weeks after vaccination and then declined to 7% by 8 weeks after vaccination. Less than 10% of children remained IgM positive between 9 and 11 weeks, An IgM-negative result helps rule out the diagnosis of measles in a person with suspected infection and a history of recent vaccination, The interpretation of a positive IgM result from a person with a clinically suspected case of measles and a recent history of measles vaccination (especially within 8 weeks) is problematic, and the diagnosis of measles should be based on epidemiologic linkage to a confirmed case or on detection of wild-type measles virus. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Emory Univ, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Grp Hlth Fdn, Minneapolis, MN 55440 USA. RP Helfand, RF (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Resp & Enter Viruses Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop G-17, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 8 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 1071-412X J9 CLIN DIAGN LAB IMMUN JI Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 5 IS 2 BP 135 EP 138 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA ZA823 UT WOS:000072405600003 PM 9521134 ER PT J AU Granade, TC Phillips, SK Parekh, B Gomez, F Kitson-Piggott, W Oleander, H Mahabir, B Charles, W Lee-Thomas, S AF Granade, TC Phillips, SK Parekh, B Gomez, F Kitson-Piggott, W Oleander, H Mahabir, B Charles, W Lee-Thomas, S TI Detection of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in oral fluids: A large-scale evaluation of immunoassay performance SO CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; HIGH-RISK POPULATIONS; HIV-ANTIBODY; SALIVA; SERUM; INFECTION; SPECIMENS; DIAGNOSIS; URINE; ELISA AB Paired serum and oral-fluid (OF) specimens (n = 4,448) were collected from blood donors and patients attending local sexually transmitted disease clinics in Trinidad and Tobago and the Bahamas and were tested for the presence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) antibodies. Sera were tested by Abbott AB HIV-1/HIV-2 (rDNA) enzyme immunoassay (EIA), and positive specimens were confirmed by Cambridge HIV-1 and HIV-2 Western blotting (WB). OF specimens were collected with the OraSure collection device and mere tested by Murex GACELISA and by two EIAs from Organon Teknika (the Oral Fluid Vironostika HIV-1 Microelisa System [OTC-L] and the Vironostika HIV-1 Microelisa System [OTC-M]). EIA-reactive OF specimens were confirmed by miniaturized WB (OFWB). GACELISA detected all 474 HIV-1 seropositive specimens (sensitivity, 100%). OTC-L detected 470 positive specimens (sensitivity, 99.2%), while OTC-M detected 468 positive specimens (sensitivity, 98.8%). Specificities ranged from 99.2 to 100% for the three assays. Concordance of OFWB with serum WB was 99.4%, and banding patterns determined by the two methods were similar. The immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentration of OF specimens ranged from 0.21 to 100 mu g/ml, with a mean of 17.1 mu g/ml. Significant differences in OF IgG concentrations were observed between HIV antibody-positive and HIV antibody-negative persons (31.94 versus 15.28 mu g/ml, respectively [P < 0.0001]). These data further confirm the suitability of OF specimens for detection of HIV-1 antibodies. Currently available HIV-1 antibody assays provide sensitivities and specificities with OF specimens comparable to those achieved with serum specimens. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Minst Hlth & Environm, Nassau, Bahamas. Minist Hlth, Port Spain, Trinid & Tobago. Caribbean Epidemiol Ctr, Port Spain, Trinid & Tobago. RP Granade, TC (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd D-12, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 38 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 1071-412X J9 CLIN DIAGN LAB IMMUN JI Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 5 IS 2 BP 171 EP 175 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA ZA823 UT WOS:000072405600007 PM 9521138 ER PT J AU Inostroza, J Trucco, O Prado, V Vinet, AM Retamal, G Ossa, G Facklam, RR Sorensen, RU AF Inostroza, J Trucco, O Prado, V Vinet, AM Retamal, G Ossa, G Facklam, RR Sorensen, RU TI Capsular serotype and antibiotic resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in two Chilean cities SO CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RESPIRATORY-TRACT INFECTIONS; OTITIS-MEDIA; PNEUMOCOCCAL DISEASE; GAMBIAN CHILDREN; RISK-FACTORS; INFANTS; VACCINE; COLONIZATION; PENICILLIN; DIAGNOSIS AB We compared the incidence of nasopharyngeal colonization by Streptococcus pneumoniae, the serotypes causing mucosal and invasive diseases, and the antibiotic resistance of these strains in patients admitted to three large hospitals and children attending day care centers in two Chilean cities (Santiago and Temuco), The populations in both cities were similar in ethnic background, socioeconomic status, family size, and access to medical care. Significant differences in nasopharyngeal colonization rates, in serotypes causing infections, and in antibiotic resistance were found between the two cities. In children 0 to 2 years of age, 42% were colonized with S. pneumoniae in Santiago compared to 14% in Temuco. A total of 41 serotypes were identified in both Chilean cities studied. Six serotypes were found only in Santiago; 14 serotypes were found only in Temuco. Antibiotic-resistant serotypes 6A, 6B, 14, 19F, and 23F were detected only in Santiago. We show that important differences in the incidence of nasopharyngeal carriage, infection, and S. pneumoniae serotypes can exist in similar populations in different areas of the same country. Our findings are relevant for prevention strategies, antibiotic usage, and vaccine design. C1 Louisiana State Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA. Hosp Reg Temuco, Immunol Lab, Temuco, Chile. Hosp Reg Temuco, Dept Pediat, Temuco, Chile. Hosp Reg Temuco, Dept Internal Med, Temuco, Chile. Univ La Frontera, Dept Basic Sci, Temuco, Chile. Univ La Frontera, Dept Pediat, Temuco, Chile. Univ La Frontera, Dept Internal Med, Temuco, Chile. Univ Chile, Sch Med, Microbiol Unit, Santiago, Chile. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Lab Sect, Childhood & Resp Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis,Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Sorensen, RU (reprint author), Louisiana State Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Pediat, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA. EM rsorensen@mail.peds.lsumc.edu NR 39 TC 20 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 1071-412X J9 CLIN DIAGN LAB IMMUN JI Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 5 IS 2 BP 176 EP 180 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA ZA823 UT WOS:000072405600008 PM 9521139 ER PT J AU Crook, J Tharpe, JA Johnson, SE Willlams, DB Stinson, AR Facklam, RR Ades, EW Carlone, GM Sampson, JS AF Crook, J Tharpe, JA Johnson, SE Willlams, DB Stinson, AR Facklam, RR Ades, EW Carlone, GM Sampson, JS TI Immunoreactivity of five monoclonal antibodies against the 37-kilodalton common cell wall protein (PsaA) of Streptococcus pneumoniae SO CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LATEX AGGLUTINATION TESTS; ADHESIN-A PSAA; UNITED-STATES; PNEUMOCOCCAL PNEUMONIA; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; CEREBROSPINAL-FLUID; ANTIGENS; RESISTANCE; PURIFICATION; DIAGNOSIS AB Five monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were produced against the Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumococcal surface adhesin A (PsaA) 37-kDa common cell wall protein. These antibodies were used in a dot immunoblot and Western blot study of clinical isolates of S. pneumoniae to detect the presence of the protein. By both assays, the MAbs reacted with clinical isolates representing the 23 type-specific serotypes present in the licensed pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. Western blot analysis confirmed the presence of a protein migrating in the gel with a molecular mass of 37 kDa. An extension of the study by using dot immunoblot analysis that included an analysis of the 90 serotypes of S. pneumoniae showed that all five MAbs reacted with 89 of the 90 serotypes tested. MAb 1B6, the exception, did not react with S. pneumoniae serotype 16F. Dot immunoblot analysis of the MAbs with Enterococcus faecalis and viridans streptococci showed varied reactivity patterns, depending on the species. The MAbs against the 37-kDa antigen did not react with Escherichia coli, respiratory pathogens, or nonpathogens representing 22 genera and 29 species of bacteria. All five MAbs also reacted with five multidrug-resistant strains of S. pneumoniae. In summary, these MAbs may be useful for detection of pneumococcal antigen and may lead to the development of diagnostic assays for pneumococcal disease. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, US Dept HHS, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Sampson, JS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, US Dept HHS, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop G05, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM JAS5@CDC.GOV RI Ades, Edwin/A-9931-2009 NR 50 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 1071-412X J9 CLIN DIAGN LAB IMMUN JI Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 5 IS 2 BP 205 EP 210 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA ZA823 UT WOS:000072405600013 PM 9521144 ER PT J AU Tsai, JF Margolis, HS Jeng, JE Ho, MS Chang, WY Hsieh, MY Lin, ZY Tsai, JH AF Tsai, JF Margolis, HS Jeng, JE Ho, MS Chang, WY Hsieh, MY Lin, ZY Tsai, JH TI Immunoglobulin- and hepatitis B surface antigen-specific circulating immune complexes in chronic hepatitis B virus infection SO CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE circulating immune complexes; HBsAg-specific immune complex; conglutinin and C1q immune complex assays; chronic hepatitis B virus infection ID CHRONIC LIVER-DISEASE; HEPATOCELLULAR-CARCINOMA; ALPHA-FETOPROTEIN; IGM; CIRRHOSIS AB For assessing the role of circulating immune complexes (CIC) in chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, CICs containing IgM, IgG, and HBsAg were determined by C1q and conglutinin (K) assays in 216 patients with chronic HBV infection and 54 healthy controls. The concentration of each type of CIC in patients is higher than in controls (P = 0.0001). CIC is a common feature of chronic REV infection with 95.8% of cases having at least one abnormal test result. At least one type of HBsAg-CIC is positive in 54.2% of patients. HBsAg-CIC positivity is associated with HBeAg positivity CP = 0.0001), higher aminotransferase levels (P < 0.002), and younger age (P = 0.001). IgG-CIC or IgM-HBsAg-CIC correlates with higher aminotransferase activity (P = 0.001). In conclusion, HBsAg-CIC correlates with HBV replication. IBG-CIC and/or IgM-HBsAg-CIC correlate with disease activity. Immune-mediated injury may play a role in the pathogenesis of chronic HBV infection. (C) 1998 Academic Press. C1 Kaohsiung Med Coll, Dept Internal Med, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan. Kaohsiung Med Coll, Clin Lab, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan. Ctr Dis Control, Hepatitis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Acad Sinica, Inst Biomed Sci, Taipei, Taiwan. RP Tsai, JF (reprint author), Kaohsiung Med Coll, Dept Internal Med, 100 Shih Chuan 1 Rd, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan. NR 34 TC 17 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0090-1229 J9 CLIN IMMUNOL IMMUNOP JI Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 86 IS 3 BP 246 EP 251 DI 10.1006/clin.1997.4477 PG 6 WC Immunology; Pathology SC Immunology; Pathology GA ZJ023 UT WOS:000073171800003 PM 9557157 ER PT J AU Rynkiewicz, DL Cage, GD Butler, WR Ampel, NM AF Rynkiewicz, DL Cage, GD Butler, WR Ampel, NM TI Clinical and microbiological assessment of Mycobacterium simiae isolates from a single laboratory in southern Arizona SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; ACQUIRED-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-SYNDROME; FIELD GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; SP-NOV; AVIUM COMPLEX; INFECTION; IDENTIFICATION; PATTERNS; AIDS AB Mycobacterium simiae was the third most common mycobacterium identified over a 2-year period from a single clinical laboratory in southern Arizona. Thirty-three isolates from 25 patients were identified over 1 year. The isolation of M. simiae was considered clinically significant for only two of 23 evaluable patients, None of five patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection had clinical disease associated with M. simiae. Twenty isolates were available for detailed study, All but one of the 20 isolates were niacin-negative, and 11 were nonphotochromogenic. All 20 isolates had a triple-cluster pattern consistent with M. simiae by high-performance liquid chromatography, and restriction fragment patterns were identical for 16 isolates. Analysis of 16S rDNA confirmed the identity of all the tested isolates as M. simiae. In this study, M. simiae was a frequent clinical isolate but was rarely associated with disease, The organisms isolated were confirmed to be M. simiae but appeared to be phenotypically distinct strains of low virulence. C1 Univ Arizona, Coll Med, Infect Dis Sect, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Vet Adm Med Ctr, Med Serv 111, Tucson, AZ 85723 USA. Arizona Dept Hlth Serv, Clin & Reference Microbiol Lab, Phoenix, AZ 85007 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, TB Lab Res, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Ampel, NM (reprint author), Vet Adm Med Ctr, Med Serv 111, 3601 S 6th Ave, Tucson, AZ 85723 USA. NR 29 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5801 S ELLIS AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 26 IS 3 BP 625 EP 630 DI 10.1086/514573 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA YZ745 UT WOS:000072287400014 PM 9524834 ER PT J AU Kiely, JL AF Kiely, JL TI What is the population-based risk of preterm birth among twins and other multiples? SO CLINICAL OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; GESTATIONAL-AGE; PREGNANCIES; MORTALITY; DELIVERY; TRENDS C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Infant & Child Hlth Studies Branch, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. RP Kiely, JL (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Infant & Child Hlth Studies Branch, 6525 Belcrest Rd, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. NR 20 TC 82 Z9 94 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0009-9201 J9 CLIN OBSTET GYNECOL JI Clin. Obstet. Gynecol. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 41 IS 1 BP 3 EP 11 DI 10.1097/00003081-199803000-00005 PG 9 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA YX538 UT WOS:000072050600002 PM 9504218 ER PT J AU Alexander, GR Kogan, M Martin, J Papiernik, E AF Alexander, GR Kogan, M Martin, J Papiernik, E TI What are the fetal growth patterns of singletons, twins, and triplets in the United States? SO CLINICAL OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GESTATIONAL-AGE; INFANT-MORTALITY; BIRTHS; PREGNANCY; PRETERM; CARE C1 Univ Alabama, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Maternal & Child Hlth, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA. Univ Paris 05, Matern Port Royal, F-75270 Paris 06, France. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Publ Hlth Serv, US Dept HHS, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Alexander, GR (reprint author), Univ Alabama, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Maternal & Child Hlth, 112 Mortimer Jordan Hall,1825 Univ Blvd, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA. NR 23 TC 89 Z9 90 U1 0 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0009-9201 J9 CLIN OBSTET GYNECOL JI Clin. Obstet. Gynecol. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 41 IS 1 BP 115 EP 125 DI 10.1097/00003081-199803000-00017 PG 11 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA YX538 UT WOS:000072050600014 ER PT J AU Courville, TM Caldwell, B Brunell, PA AF Courville, TM Caldwell, B Brunell, PA TI Lack of evidence of transmission of HIV-1 to family contacts of HIV-1 infected children SO CLINICAL PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; HOUSEHOLD CONTACTS; TYPE-1 INFECTION; SEXUAL PARTNERS; HTLV-III/LAV; HEMOPHILIA; ANTIBODY; HOME AB Although a number of studies have documented that casual household contact does not result in the transmission of Hn! isolated cases of person-to-person transmission have been reported, We report a study of household transmission in which the families were unaware the children were infected with HIV and thus took no precautions to prevent transmission. Twenty-two family members of nine transfusion-associated HIV-infected children were studied for transmission of HIV in households. There was a total of 174 person-years of household exposure; 76 of these exposure years were before the diagnosis of HIV infection in the index child. All family members tested negative for HIV by ELISA. Sharing household facilities, and interactions with the infected child including kissing, bathing, sleeping with, and helping to bathe, dr-ess, and eat, did not result in transmission. Interactions that could theoretically result in person-to-person transmission occurred in these households such as caring for nose bleeds, biting, and home health care procedures, The findings of this and other studies support the participation of HIV-infected infants and children in out-of-home care programs. It remains prudent, however, to observe current recommendations for prevention of HIV-1 for all individuals regardless of whether HIV status is known. C1 Cedars Sinai Med Ctr, Ahmanson Pediat Ctr, Div Pediat Infect Dis, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div HIV AIDS, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Courville, TM (reprint author), Childrens Hosp Oakland, Dept Pediat Infect Dis, 747 52nd St, Oakland, CA 94609 USA. FU PHS HHS [V62/CCU904451-01] NR 23 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU WESTMINSTER PUBL INC PI GLEN HEAD PA 708 GLEN COVE AVE, GLEN HEAD, NY 11545 USA SN 0009-9228 J9 CLIN PEDIATR JI Clin. Pediatr. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 37 IS 3 BP 175 EP 178 DI 10.1177/000992289803700303 PG 4 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA ZC023 UT WOS:000072531800003 PM 9545605 ER PT J AU Nakao, H Popovic, T AF Nakao, H Popovic, T TI Use of random amplified polymorphic DNA for rapid molecular subtyping of Corynebacterium diphtheriae SO DIAGNOSTIC MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE LA English DT Article AB A total of 210 Corynebacterium diphtheriae strains isolated worldwide were assayed by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay. RAPD was as discriminating as standard ribotyping, and in some cases, even further differentiation was obtained. RAPD can rapidly aid clinical and molecular epidemic studies in a simple and cost-effective manner. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Inc. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis,Epidemiol Invest Lab, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Meningitis & Special Pathogens Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Popovic, T (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis,Epidemiol Invest Lab, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Meningitis & Special Pathogens Branch, MS C02,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 4 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0732-8893 J9 DIAGN MICR INFEC DIS JI Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 30 IS 3 BP 167 EP 172 DI 10.1016/S0732-8893(97)00237-X PG 6 WC Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA ZD290 UT WOS:000072670400004 PM 9572022 ER PT J AU Mertz, GJ Hjelle, BL Bryan, RT AF Mertz, GJ Hjelle, BL Bryan, RT TI Hantavirus infection (Reprinted from Advances in internal medicine, vol 42, pg 369-421, 1997) SO DM DISEASE-A-MONTH LA English DT Reprint ID SOUTHWESTERN UNITED-STATES; KOREAN HEMORRHAGIC-FEVER; HANTAAN VIRUS-INFECTION; SIN-NOMBRE-VIRUS; RENAL SYNDROME VIRUSES; WHITE-FOOTED MOUSE; CREEK-CANAL-VIRUS; PULMONARY-SYNDROME; NEPHROPATHIA-EPIDEMICA; GENETIC IDENTIFICATION C1 Univ New Mexico, Sch Med, Biomed Res Facil, Div Infect Dis, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. Univ New Mexico, Sch Med, Biomed Res Facil, Ctr Canc, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. Univ New Mexico, Sch Med, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hantavirus Project, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. RP Mertz, GJ (reprint author), Univ New Mexico, Sch Med, Biomed Res Facil, Div Infect Dis, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. NR 159 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0011-5029 J9 DM-DIS MON JI DM-Dis.-a-Mon. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 44 IS 3 BP 89 EP + PG 51 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA ZB042 UT WOS:000072429000002 ER PT J AU Reiter, LW DeRosa, C Kavlock, RJ Lucier, G Mac, MJ Melillo, J Melnick, RL Sinks, T Walton, BT AF Reiter, LW DeRosa, C Kavlock, RJ Lucier, G Mac, MJ Melillo, J Melnick, RL Sinks, T Walton, BT TI The US federal framework for research on endocrine disruptors and an analysis of research programs supported during fiscal year 1996 SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Review DE carcinogenicity; developmental toxicity; endocrine disruptor; immunotoxicity; neurotoxicity; risk assessment AB The potential health and ecological effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals has become a high visibility environmental issue. The 1990s have witnessed a growing concern, both on the part of the scientific community and the public, that environmental chemicals may be causing widespread effects in humans and in a variety of fish and wildlife species. This growing concern led the Committee on the Environment and Natural Resources (CENR) of the National Science and Technology Council to identify the endocrine disrupter issue as a major research initiative in early 1995 and subsequently establish an ad hoc Working Group on Endocrine Disrupters. The objectives of the working group are to 1) develop a planning framework for federal research related to human and ecological health effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals: 2) conduct an inventory of ongoing federal research programs; and 3) identify research gaps and develop a coordinated interagency plan to address priority research needs. This communication summarizes the activities of the federal government in defining a common framework for planning an endocrine disruptor research program and in assessing the status of the current effort. After developing the research framework and compiling an inventory of active research projects supported by the federal government in fiscal year 1996, the CENR working group evaluated the current federal effort by comparing the ongoing activities with the research needs identified in the framework The analysis showed that the federal government supports considerable research on human health effects, ecological effects, and exposure assessment, with a predominance of activity occurring under human health effects. The analysis also indicates that studies on reproductive development and carcinogenesis are more prevalent than studies on neurotoxicity and immunotoxicity, that mammals (mostly laboratory animals) are the main species under study, and that chlorinated dibenzodioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls are the most commonly studied chemical classes. Comparison of the inventory with the research needs should allow identification of underrepresented research areas in need of attention. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Agcy Tox Substance & Dis Registry, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NIEHS, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Execut Off President, Off Sci & Technol Policy, Washington, DC 20500 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Reiter, LW (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 1 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 2 U2 12 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SERVICES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SERVICES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 106 IS 3 BP 105 EP 113 DI 10.1289/ehp.98106105 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 110JX UT WOS:000075378600014 PM 9443998 ER PT J AU Michalek, JE Rahe, AJ Boyle, CA AF Michalek, JE Rahe, AJ Boyle, CA TI Paternal dioxin, preterm birth, intrauterine growth retardation, and infant death SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE dioxin; infant death; intrauterine growth retardation; preterm birth; prenatal exposures ID OPERATION RANCH HAND; SERUM DIOXIN; REPRODUCTIVE OUTCOMES; VETERANS; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-PARA-DIOXIN; EXPOSURE; GONADOTROPINS; TESTOSTERONE; TOXICITY AB We studied paternal exposure to Agent Orange and its dioxin contaminant (2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin) and preterm birth, intrauterine growth retardation, or infant death in veterans of Operation Ranch Hand, the unit responsible for spraying herbicides during the Vietnam war. A Comparison group of Air Force veterans who served in Southeast Asia during the same time period and who were not occupationally exposed to herbicides was included. We studied children conceived during or after the father's service in Southeast Asia and based exposure on paternal dioxin measured in 1987 or 1992 extrapolated to the time of conception of the child. We assigned each child to one of four exposure categories: Comparison and three Ranch Hand categories (Background, Low, High). Children in the High (relative risk = 1.3) and Background (relative risk = 1.4) categories were at increased risk of preterm birth. The risk of intrauterine growth retardation was not increased in any exposure category. The risk of infant death was increased in all Ranch Hand children, with the greatest increases in the High (relative risk = 4.5) and Background (relative risk = 3.2) categories. These patterns indicate that the increases in the relative risk of preterm birth and infant death may not be related to paternal dioxin level. C1 Armstrong Lab, Brooks AFB, TX 78235 USA. Vista Technol Inc, San Antonio, TX USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Michalek, JE (reprint author), AFRL-HEDB,2606 Doolittle Rd,Bldg 807, Brooks AFB, TX 78232 USA. NR 27 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 8 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD MAR PY 1998 VL 9 IS 2 BP 161 EP 167 DI 10.1097/00001648-199803000-00010 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA YX941 UT WOS:000072096000010 PM 9504284 ER PT J AU Luby, SP Faizan, MK Fisher-Hoch, SP Syed, A Mintz, ED Bhutta, ZA McCormick, JB AF Luby, SP Faizan, MK Fisher-Hoch, SP Syed, A Mintz, ED Bhutta, ZA McCormick, JB TI Risk factors for typhoid fever in an endemic setting, Karachi, Pakistan SO EPIDEMIOLOGY AND INFECTION LA English DT Article ID RESISTANT SALMONELLA; OUTBREAK; EPIDEMIOLOGY; PATHOGENESIS; INFECTIONS AB We conducted a study to evaluate risk factors for developing typhoid fever in a setting where the disease is endemic in Karachi, Pakistan. We enrolled 100 cases with blood culture-confirmed Salmonella typhi between July and October 1994 and 200 age-matched neighbourhood controls. Cases had a median age of 5.8 years. In a conditional logistic regression model, eating ice cream (Odds ratio [OR] = 2.3; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2-4.2, attributable risk [AR] = 36%), eating food from a roadside cabin during the summer months (OR = 4.6, 95% CI 1.6-13.0; AR = 18%), taking antimicrobials in the 2 weeks preceding the onset of symptoms (OR = 5.7, 95% CI 2.3-13.9, AR = 21%), and drinking water at the work-site (OR = 44.0, 95% CI 2.8-680, AR = 8%) were all independently associated with typhoid fever. There was no difference in the microbiological water quality of home drinking water between cases and controls. Typhoid fever in Karachi resulted from high-dose exposures from multiple sources with individual susceptibility increased by young age and prior antimicrobial use. Improving commercial food hygiene and decreasing unnecessary antimicrobial use would be expected to decrease the burden of typhoid fever. C1 Aga Khan Univ, Dept Community Hlth Sci, Karachi, Pakistan. Aga Khan Univ, Dept Pathol, Karachi, Pakistan. Aga Khan Univ, Dept Pediat, Karachi, Pakistan. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept HHS, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Luby, SP (reprint author), Aga Khan Univ, Dept Community Hlth Sci, POB 3500,Stadium Rd, Karachi, Pakistan. NR 34 TC 46 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0950-2688 J9 EPIDEMIOL INFECT JI Epidemiol. Infect. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 120 IS 2 BP 129 EP 138 DI 10.1017/S0950268897008558 PG 10 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA ZL572 UT WOS:000073447800003 PM 9593481 ER PT J AU Hankinson, JL Stocks, J Peslin, R AF Hankinson, JL Stocks, J Peslin, R TI Reproducibility of lung volume measurements SO EUROPEAN RESPIRATORY JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE between and within-subject variance; lung volumes; N-2 dilution; plethysmography; reproducibility ID NITROGEN WASHOUT MEASUREMENTS; AIRWAY-RESISTANCE; HEALTHY INFANTS; FUNCTION TESTS; VARIABILITY; SPIROMETRY; SOCIETY; SINGLE AB Test reproducibility is an important consideration when interpreting results and should be set as a goal during data collection. Reproducibility criteria may need to be different for different subject groups and are instrument and procedure-dependent. Ideally, the within-subject variability for each lung volume and measurement technique used should be established for each laboratory, These values also need to be established for each different subject group (age and disease). At a minimum, test reproducibility should be monitored and controlled and each laboratory should define their between-day reproducibility of measurements on at least one "reference" subject from ongoing periodic (e.g., weekly or monthly) measurements as part of their laboratory's quality control programme. For plethysmographic measurements functional residual capacity (FRC)pleth multiple determinations and a corresponding test reproducibility criteria is probably justified. C1 NIOSH, Div Resp Dis Studies, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. Inst Child Hlth, Portex Unit Anaesthesie Resp Med & Intens Care, London, England. INSERM, U14, Unite Physiopathol Resp, F-54511 Vandoeuvre Nancy, France. RP Hankinson, JL (reprint author), 415 Shirley Pl, Valdosta, GA 31605 USA. RI Stocks, Janet/C-1892-2008 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [13 HL48384-01] NR 38 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0903-1936 J9 EUR RESPIR J JI Eur. Resp. J. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 11 IS 3 BP 787 EP 790 PG 4 WC Respiratory System SC Respiratory System GA ZK489 UT WOS:000073326700046 PM 9596139 ER PT J AU Lansky, A Thomas, JC Earp, JA AF Lansky, A Thomas, JC Earp, JA TI Partner-specific sexual behaviors among persons with both main and other partners SO FAMILY PLANNING PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article ID CONDOM USE; TRANSMITTED DISEASES; MULTIPLE PARTNERS; HIGH-RISK; WOMEN; AIDS; CLINICS; URBAN; HIV AB Context: If men and women engage in different sexual behavior with main partners than with other types of partners, then programs aimed at preventing the spread of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) may need to address individuals' differential risk with each partner type. Methods: Relationship characteristics, partner risk behaviors and sexual behaviors are examined among 123 male and 106 female STD clinic patients who had both main and other partners. Individual-level comparisons are made for two types of partner pairs: main vs. other frequent (side) partners and main vs. casual partners. Results: Among men and women with both main and side partners, the proportion who had known only their main partner for at least a year (48% of men and 41 % of women) was significantly higher than the proportion who had known only their side partner for that long (2% and 9%, respectively); no other variable differed significantly by partner type. Among those with main and casual partners, both men and women were more likely to use alcohol or drugs before or during sex with main partners only (15%) than with casual partners only (1-3%). Women with main and casual partners were more likely to have oral sex only with main partners than only with casualpartners (37% vs. 3%), and were more likely to use condoms only with casualpartners than only with main partners (33% vs. 4%). Conclusions: Providers need to ask individuals about their sexual behaviors with different partner types, and should tailor prevention messages to an individual's risks and reproductive intentions with each partner. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Hlth Behav & Hlth Educ, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Lansky, A (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. FU AHRQ HHS [T32-HS00032]; NIAID NIH HHS [U01-AI31496] NR 23 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 1 U2 2 PU ALAN GUTTMACHER INST PI NEW YORK PA 120 WALL STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10005 USA SN 0014-7354 J9 FAM PLANN PERSPECT JI Fam. Plann. Perspect. PD MAR-APR PY 1998 VL 30 IS 2 BP 93 EP 96 DI 10.2307/2991666 PG 4 WC Demography; Family Studies SC Demography; Family Studies GA ZF864 UT WOS:000072940900015 PM 9561875 ER PT J AU Mast, EE Alter, MJ Holland, PV AF Mast, EE Alter, MJ Holland, PV TI Evaluation of assays for antibody to hepatitis E virus by a serum panel SO HEPATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NON-B-HEPATITIS; LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; OPEN-READING FRAME-2; TRANSMITTED NON-A; SYNTHETIC PEPTIDES; ENZYME-IMMUNOASSAY; MOLECULAR-CLONING; FUSION PROTEINS; HEV; EPIDEMIC AB Few data are available to evaluate the performance of existing assays for antibody to the hepatitis E virus (anti-HEV), A panel of 164 randomized and coded sera was tested for anti-HEV by 12 different assays. The panel included a dilution series of an early convalescent human serum, known-positive sera (undiluted human sera obtained 2 months to 13 years after acute hepatitis E, and postinoculation chimpanzee sera), known-negative sera (preinoculation chimpanzee sera; sera from chimpanzees with hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, or hepatitis C virus infection; and normal human sera), and sera obtained from previously tested U.S. blood donors without a history of hepatitis. Six tests detected anti-HEV in greater than or equal to 90% of undiluted known-positive sera, The sensitivity of all of the assays with known-positive sera ranged from 17% to 100%, and the limit of detection by endpoint dilution ranged from 1:5 to 1:160, Ten tests were nonreactive for all of the 22 known-negative sera, one test was reactive for one serum, and one test was reactive for 5 sera, In pairwise comparisons of different tests in blood donor sera, the overall concordance ranged from 49% to 94% (median, 69%) and the concordance among reactive sera ranged from 0% to 89% (median, 32%), Several of these tests performed well in detecting anti-HEV in known positive sera, However, highly discrepant results among U.S. blood donor sera indicate that anti-HEV seroprevalence data in non-HEV-endemic countries may be unreliable and should be interpreted with caution. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hepatitis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Sacramento Med Fdn, Sacramento, CA USA. NIH, Hepatitis Viruses Sect, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Mast, EE (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hepatitis Branch, Mailstop G37,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 32 TC 154 Z9 178 U1 0 U2 2 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0270-9139 J9 HEPATOLOGY JI Hepatology PD MAR PY 1998 VL 27 IS 3 BP 857 EP 861 DI 10.1002/hep.510270331 PG 5 WC Gastroenterology & Hepatology SC Gastroenterology & Hepatology GA YZ384 UT WOS:000072249000031 PM 9500718 ER PT J AU Rosa, RR Bonnet, MH Cole, LL AF Rosa, RR Bonnet, MH Cole, LL TI Work schedule and task factors in upper-extremity fatigue SO HUMAN FACTORS LA English DT Article ID PHYSICAL WORK; PERFORMANCE; ALERTNESS; SLEEP; PATTERNS; 8-HOUR; SHIFTS; MALES AB We tested the combined effects of work schedule and task factors on upper-extremity fatigue in the laboratory during 8-h and 12-h shift schedules. Participants performed a simulated manual assembly task at three repetition rates and three torque loads and self-adjusted their work cycle duration to maintain fatigue at moderate levels. Work cycle durations decreased with increases in both load level and repetition rate. Fatigue was observed more quickly with increasing time on shifts and during night shifts compared with day shifts. Work schedule effects were most apparent at lighter workloads, with minimal differences at higher workloads. The highest fatigue levels were observed during 12-h night shifts, with similar levels reached by the end of both the week of 8-h night shifts and the week of 12-h day shifts. Overall durations were 20%-30% shorter than in previous short-term studies, which was likely a result of the more realistic work schedules used in this study. Results from this study could be applied to the design of work-rest schedules for manual tasks involving the upper extremities. C1 NIOSH, Div Biomed & Behav Sci, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Dept Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Dayton, OH USA. RP Rosa, RR (reprint author), NIOSH, Div Biomed & Behav Sci, 4676 Columbia Pkwy, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 32 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 4 U2 9 PU HUMAN FACTORS SOC PI SANTA MONICA PA BOX 1369, SANTA MONICA, CA 90406 USA SN 0018-7208 J9 HUM FACTORS JI Hum. Factors PD MAR PY 1998 VL 40 IS 1 BP 150 EP 158 DI 10.1518/001872098779480523 PG 9 WC Behavioral Sciences; Engineering, Industrial; Ergonomics; Psychology, Applied; Psychology SC Behavioral Sciences; Engineering; Psychology GA ZJ585 UT WOS:000073231500013 PM 9579109 ER PT J AU Gilmore, RD Mbow, ML AF Gilmore, RD Mbow, ML TI A monoclonal antibody generated by antigen inoculation via tick bite is reactive to the Borrelia burgdorferi Rev protein, a member of the 2.9 gene family focus SO INFECTION AND IMMUNITY LA English DT Article ID OUTER-SURFACE-PROTEIN; LYME-DISEASE SPIROCHETE; INVITRO CULTIVATION; MOLECULAR ANALYSIS; CIRCULAR PLASMIDS; LINEAR DNA; OSPC GENE; INFECTIVITY; EXPRESSION; AGENT AB Murine monoclonal antibodies directed against proteins of Borrelia burgdorferi B31 (low passage) were generated by the administration of antigen via the bite of borrelia-infected ticks. This strategy was employed as a mechanism to create antibodies against antigens presented by the natural route of tick transmission versus those presented by inoculation with cultured borreliae. One of the resultant antibodies reacted with a 17-kDa antigen from cultured B. burgdorferi, as seen by immunoblot analysis. This antibody was used to screen a B. burgdorferi genomic DNA lambda vector expression library, and an immunoreactive clone was isolated. DNA sequence analysis of this clone, containing a 2.7-kb Insert, revealed several open reading frames. These open reading frames were found to be homologs of genes discovered as a multicopy gene family in the 297 strain of B. burgdorferi by Porcella et al. (S. F. Porcella, T. G. Popova, D. R. Akins, M. Li, J. D. Radolf, and M. V. Norgard, J. Bacteriol. 178:3293-3307, 1996). By selectively subcloning genes Found in this insert into an Escherichia coli plasmid expression vector, the observation was made that the rev gene product was the protein reactive with the 17-kDa-specific monoclonal antibody. The rev gene product was found to be expressed in low-passage, but not in high-passage, B. burgdorferi B31. Correspondingly, the rev gene was not present in strain B31 genomic DNA from cultures that had been passaged >50 times. Serum samples from Lyme disease patients demonstrated an antibody response against the Rev protein. The generation of an anti-Rev response in Lyme disease patients, and in mice by tick bite inoculation, provides evidence that the Rev protein is expressed and immunogenic during the course of natural transmission and infection. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Pathol, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Gilmore, RD (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, POB 2087,Foothills Campus, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. NR 36 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0019-9567 J9 INFECT IMMUN JI Infect. Immun. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 66 IS 3 BP 980 EP 986 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA YY565 UT WOS:000072160900015 PM 9488385 ER PT J AU Caceres, VM Kim, DK Breese, JS Horan, J Noel, JS Ando, T Steed, CJ Weems, JJ Monroe, SS Gibson, JJ AF Caceres, VM Kim, DK Breese, JS Horan, J Noel, JS Ando, T Steed, CJ Weems, JJ Monroe, SS Gibson, JJ TI A viral gastroenteritis outbreak associated with person-to-person spread among hospital staff SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID COMMON-SOURCE OUTBREAK; NORWALK VIRUS; FOOD HANDLER; TRANSMISSION AB OBJECTIVE: To identify the etiologic agent and risk factors associated with a hospital ward outbreak of gastroenteritis. SETTING: A regional referral hospital in upstate South Carolina. METHODS: We reviewed patient charts, surveyed staff, and tested stool from acutely ill persons. A case was defined as diarrhea and vomiting in a staff member or patient from January 5 to 13, 1996. RESULTS: The initial case occurred on January 5 in a staff nurse who subsequently was hospitalized on the ward and visited by many staff colleagues. The staff were at a significantly greater risk for gastroenteritis than were patients (28/89 [31%] vs 10/91 [11%]; relative risk [RR], 2.9; 95% confidence interval [CI95], 1.55.5). All 10 case-patients had been exposed to case-nurses (assigned nurses who were primary caretakers), and eight had documented exposure to case-nurses 1 to 2 days before their illness. Patients exposed to case-nurses had a significantly increased risk of illness (8/57 [14%] vs 0/32; RR, >4.5; CI95, undefined). Neither staff nor patients had significantly increased risk from food, water, ice, or exposure to case-patients. Electron microscopy identified small round-structured viruses (SRSVs) in nine of nine stool samples. CONCLUSION: This nosocomial outbreak of gastroenteritis was likely caused by SRSVs introduced by a staff member and spread via person-to-person transmission from and among staff. The potential for spread of SRSV-associated gastroenteritis from and among staff should be considered in developing strategies to prevent similar outbreaks in hospital settings (Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1998;19:162-167). C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Div Field Epidemiol, Program Epidemiol, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. S Carolina Dept Hlth & Environm Control, Columbia, SC 29201 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Greenville Hosp, Greenville, NC USA. RP Caceres, VM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Div Field Epidemiol, Program Epidemiol, Mailstop E-05,Polio Eradicat Act,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. OI Monroe, Stephan/0000-0002-5424-716X NR 15 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 2 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 USA SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 19 IS 3 BP 162 EP 167 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA ZE874 UT WOS:000072840300007 PM 9552183 ER PT J AU Soave, R Herwaldt, BL Relman, DA AF Soave, R Herwaldt, BL Relman, DA TI Cyclospora SO INFECTIOUS DISEASE CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA LA English DT Article ID CYANOBACTERIUM-LIKE ORGANISM; MOLE TALPA-EUROPAEA; INTESTINAL PATHOGEN; PROLONGED DIARRHEA; FOREIGN RESIDENTS; CAYETANENSIS; INFECTION; TRAVELERS; NEPAL; OUTBREAK AB Cyclosporan organisms were first described by Eimer in 1870, and the genus Cyclosporn was named by Schneider in 1881.(30,40) Subsequently, oocysts ranging in size from 12 to 36 by 6 to 22 mu m and designated as members of various Cyclospora species have been detected in the intestines of snakes, myriapods, and rodents.(40) Ashford provided the first description of human-associated cyclosporan oocysts, based on detection in stool specimens collected in 1977 and 1978, from three individuals living in Papua New Guinea. Two of them had reported diarrhea.(2,3) The unfamiliar and nonspecific features of these oocysts hampered classification. Ashford's speculation that the organisms might be detected in other parts of the world ultimately proved to be correct; however, this realization followed a tortuous course over the next 15 years. Beginning in the mid-1980s, Cyclospora oocysts found in human diarrheal stool specimens were given a variety of identifiers, including fungal spores, cyanobacterium-like bodies, blue-green algae, and large Cryptosporidium.* In retrospect, all of the descriptions corresponded to that of a human-associated Cyclospora. Confirmation of genus assignment occurred in 1993 when Ortega et al succeeded in inducing sporulation and demonstrating that the organism contained two sporocysts per oocyst and two sporozoites per sporocyst.(41) The first known outbreak of human cyclosporiasis in the United States took place in 1990 in a hospital dormitory in Chicago.(28) Otherwise, only sporadic cases, mostly in travelers, and two small clusters of infection were recognized in North America before 1996.(6, 29) In the spring and summer of 1996, 1465 sporadic and cluster-associated cases of cyclosporiasis were reported in the United States and Canada.(24) Over 1000 cases again have been reported during the spring and early summer of 1997.(7, 8) The escalating number of cases over the past 2 years, attributed to consumption of contaminated food, have sparked a national effort coordinated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to unravel the mysteries of this enigmatic, emerging coccidian pathogen.(14, 42) C1 Cornell Univ, Div Int Med & Infect Dis, Coll Med, New York, NY 10021 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Stanford Univ, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Soave, R (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Div Int Med & Infect Dis, Coll Med, 1300 York Ave,Box 125, New York, NY 10021 USA. NR 59 TC 19 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 5 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0891-5520 J9 INFECT DIS CLIN N AM JI Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 12 IS 1 BP 1 EP + DI 10.1016/S0891-5520(05)70404-9 PG 13 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA YY197 UT WOS:000072123000002 PM 9494825 ER PT J AU Alter, MJ Mast, EE Moyer, LA Margolis, HS AF Alter, MJ Mast, EE Moyer, LA Margolis, HS TI Hepatitis C SO INFECTIOUS DISEASE CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA LA English DT Article ID NON-B-HEPATITIS; NON-A-HEPATITIS; UNITED-STATES; POSTTRANSFUSION HEPATITIS; VIRUS-INFECTION; VIRAL-HEPATITIS; HEPATOCELLULAR-CARCINOMA; LIVER-DISEASE; BLOOD-DONORS; NEEDLESTICK INJURY AB Since its discovery in 1988,(25) hepatitis C virus (HCV) has emerged as a major cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. The widespread endemicity of HCV infection is the result of a combination of factors, including those related to the genetic diversity of the virus and the host response, and specific settings and behaviors that facilitated transmission. The vast majority of persons who contract HCV infection become persistently infected, and most also develop chronic liver disease, including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The mechanism by which such a high rate of persistent infection is established appears to be related to the lack of development of an effective neutralizing immune response. Like other RNA viruses, the substantial heterogeneity of the HCV genome is the result of mutations that occur during viral replication.(19) Within an infected individual, the genetic heterogeneity of HCV consists of a population of closely related, yet heterogeneous, sequences called quasispecies, which result from the rapid development of mutations in a hypervariable region (HVR1) within one of the envelope proteins. Patients infected with HCV mount a humoral immune response to epitopes of HVR1, but sequential changes in the consensus sequence of HVR1 during infection result in the generation of variants that are not recognized by preexisting antibodies.(19, 38, 39, 83) The generation of these neutralization escape mutants appears to be the mechanism by which the virus establishes and maintains persistent infection. Although virus-and host-specific factors are responsible for the high rate of chronic HCV infection, the magnitude of the spread of HCV infection is primarily the result of specific factors related to transmission. Historically, healthcare-related factors that have been important in the transmission of HCV included the transfusion of contaminated blood and blood products and the reuse or sharing of contaminated equipment during the course of both traditional and nontraditional medical procedures. The most important human behavior related to the transmission of HCV has been injection drug use, which in many developed countries has been the leading source of HCV infection during the past 20 to 30 years. The clinical importance of HCV infection was recognized only recently, and attention and resources have been rapidly directed toward developing new and improved therapies. The perception of the public health importance of HCV infection is still limited. Despite the knowledge that injection drug use is the major source of HCV infection in the United States, this message has not been included in prevention and treatment programs, and the resources needed to support strong public health programs have yet to be identified. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hepatitis Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Alter, MJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hepatitis Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Mailstop G37,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 89 TC 65 Z9 69 U1 0 U2 1 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0891-5520 J9 INFECT DIS CLIN N AM JI Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 12 IS 1 BP 13 EP + DI 10.1016/S0891-5520(05)70405-0 PG 16 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA YY197 UT WOS:000072123000003 PM 9494826 ER PT J AU Hughes, JM Conte, JE AF Hughes, JM Conte, JE TI Emerging infectious diseases - Preface SO INFECTIOUS DISEASE CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, Infect Dis Res Grp, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. RP Hughes, JM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0891-5520 J9 INFECT DIS CLIN N AM JI Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 12 IS 1 BP XV EP XVI DI 10.1016/S0891-5520(05)70403-7 PG 2 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA YY197 UT WOS:000072123000001 ER PT J AU Cox, NJ Fukuda, K AF Cox, NJ Fukuda, K TI Influenza SO INFECTIOUS DISEASE CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA LA English DT Article ID HONG-KONG INFLUENZA; A H1N1 VIRUSES; ACUTE RESPIRATORY-DISEASE; PANDEMIC INFLUENZA; UNITED-STATES; HEMAGGLUTININ; EVOLUTION; EPIDEMICS; INFECTIONS; MORTALITY AB The propensity of influenza viruses to undergo rapid and unpredictable antigenic change has given influenza a prominent place among emerging and reemerging diseases.(29, 50, 81) Historical accounts suggest that influenza viruses, which cause a highly contagious, febrile, acute respiratory illness in humans, have been around for centuries.(48) Epidemics of various severity have occurred almost annually. Pandemics of influenza, which generally have had a more widespread and dramatic impact than annual epidemics, have occurred unpredictably at irregular intervals. The three most dramatic events caused by influenza viruses during this century were the pandemics of "Spanish" influenza beginning in 1918, the 1957 "Asian" influenza, and most recently, the 1968 "Hong Kong" influenza. In each pandemic, novel influenza viruses swept rapidly and pervasively around the globe and caused disease in all age groups.(78) Each pandemic was associated with high rates of morbidity, considerable social disruption, and substantial economic losses. In addition, the Spanish influenza pandemic was associated with a relatively high case-fatality rate in young and previously healthy adults. This unique pattern of mortality had profound medical, social, and political consequences.(13) Although not considered a true pandemic by many,(38) the reemergence in 1977 of influenza A (H1N1) viruses ("Russian" influenza) is also notable because these viruses swept rapidly around the globe and caused considerable morbidity among individuals under 20 years of age.(78) Two features of influenza virus replication and evolution account for the epidemiologic success of these viruses. First, there is relatively rapid and unpredictable antigenic change (antigenic drift) in the surface proteins, hemagglutinin (HA), and neuraminidase (NA). Antigenic drift occurs as part of the continuing evolution of influenza viruses after they emerge in pandemic form and become established in humans. As antibody levels to the pandemic strain rise within the human population, the circulating influenza viruses must change antigenically to survive. Antigenic drift renders an individual susceptible to new strains because the antigenically drifted influenza viruses are able to escape neutralization by antibody to previously circulating strains. Annual epidemics occur during the interpandemic period because sufficient numbers of individuals in the population become susceptible to the antigenically variant strain. Second, there is the emergence of novel influenza A viruses in humans (antigenic shift). Antigenic shift occurs when certain animal influenza viruses, which normally infect only avian or swine reservoirs and are unrelated to the influenza viruses currently circulating in humans, are transmitted to humans. Evidence suggests that emergence of novel pandemic strains may occur either after genetic reassortment between human and animal influenza viruses or, alternatively, via direct transmission of an animal strain to humans.(80, 81) Thus, antigenic shift is defined as the appearance in the human population of a new influenza virus containing a novel HA or novel HA and NA that are immunologically distinct from those of the influenza viruses that have been circulating in man in recent decades. A pandemic takes place when human-to-human transmission of these novel viruses occurs and leads to disease in a large and immunologically susceptible human population. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Influenza Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Cox, NJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Influenza Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Mailstop G16,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 85 TC 47 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 13 PU W B SAUNDERS CO-ELSEVIER INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 1600 JOHN F KENNEDY BOULEVARD, STE 1800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19103-2899 USA SN 0891-5520 J9 INFECT DIS CLIN N AM JI Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 12 IS 1 BP 27 EP + DI 10.1016/S0891-5520(05)70406-2 PG 13 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA YY197 UT WOS:000072123000004 PM 9494827 ER PT J AU Jaffe, HW Schochetman, G AF Jaffe, HW Schochetman, G TI Group O human immunodeficiency virus-1 infections SO INFECTIOUS DISEASE CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA LA English DT Article ID HIV-1 GROUP-O; POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; DUAL INFECTION; AFRICAN ORIGIN; UNITED-STATES; TYPE-1; SENSITIVITY; SUBTYPE; RECOMBINATION; RETROVIRUS AB Over the past 16 years, the epidemics of HIV infection and AIDS have created many challenges far those working to develop serologic and genetic tests to diagnose infection, antiviral agents to treat infection, and vaccines to prevent infection. Perhaps the greatest challenge comes from the realization that HIV is not a single virus, but a group of related viruses. The remarkable genetic heterogeneity of HIV enables certain HIV strains to elude detection by some of our most widely used serologic assays, to develop resistance to antiviral compounds within weeks to months, and to escape from immune responses generated by natural infection and immunization. This article discusses the range of HIV genetic variation and possible reasons for this variation, and focuses on a specific subset of HIV-1 viruses known as group 0. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Aids STD & TB, Res Lab, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Jaffe, HW (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Aids STD & TB, Res Lab, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 42 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0891-5520 J9 INFECT DIS CLIN N AM JI Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 12 IS 1 BP 39 EP + DI 10.1016/S0891-5520(05)70407-4 PG 9 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA YY197 UT WOS:000072123000005 PM 9494828 ER PT J AU McJunkin, JE Khan, RR Tsai, TF AF McJunkin, JE Khan, RR Tsai, TF TI California La Crosse encephalitis SO INFECTIOUS DISEASE CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA LA English DT Article ID VIRAL ENCEPHALITIS; VIRUS-INFECTION; LACROSSE VIRUS; RIBAVIRIN; VIRULENCE; INHIBITION; CELLS AB In the early 1960s, physicians in La Crosse County, Wisconsin, and neighboring areas of Minnesota were concerned with the number of children each summer who developed "rural encephalitis." In 1964, Wayne Thompson, DVM, isolated a viral agent from the postmortem brain of a 4-year-old victim of the malady and named the new pathogen La Crosse virus (LAC).(45) La Crosse virus was found to be an arbovirus of the California(18-20, 45) serogroup (family Bunyaviridae) transmitted by the "tree-hole mosquito" Aedes triseriatus. The virus has two types of surface glycoproteins: G1 mediates attachment primarily to human (and other mammalian) cells and G2 serves attachment to mosquito (invertebrate) cells.(16, 21, 31) These glycoproteins are located on 5- to 10- nm long spikes protruding from the spherical lipid envelope of the La Crosse virus. The viral genome is composed of three distinct pieces of negative sense, single-stranded circularized RNA, termed "S," "M," and "L" segments (for small, medium and large). The M-RNA segment is a major determinate of pathogenicity, encoding for the G1 and G2 surface glycoproteins.(3, 15, 16, 41) C1 W Virginia Univ, Robert C Byrd Hlth Sci Ctr, Charleston Div, Dept Pediat, Charleston, WV 25302 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP McJunkin, JE (reprint author), W Virginia Univ, Robert C Byrd Hlth Sci Ctr, Charleston Div, Dept Pediat, 830 Pennsylvania Ave,Suite 104, Charleston, WV 25302 USA. NR 52 TC 35 Z9 39 U1 3 U2 9 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0891-5520 J9 INFECT DIS CLIN N AM JI Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 12 IS 1 BP 83 EP + DI 10.1016/S0891-5520(05)70410-4 PG 12 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA YY197 UT WOS:000072123000008 PM 9494831 ER PT J AU Doyle, TJ Bryan, RT Peters, CJ AF Doyle, TJ Bryan, RT Peters, CJ TI Viral hemorrhagic fevers and hantavirus infections in the Americas SO INFECTIOUS DISEASE CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA LA English DT Article ID SOUTHWESTERN UNITED-STATES; CREEK-CANAL-VIRUS; PULMONARY-SYNDROME; GENETIC IDENTIFICATION; SIGMODON-HISPIDUS; RENAL SYNDROME; ARGENTINA; OUTBREAK; INSUFFICIENCY; ARENAVIRUSES AB In 1958, Junin virus emerged into the scientific consciousness as the caus ative agent of Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF).(55) Three other members of the arenavirus family have subsequently been implicated in South American hemorrhagic fevers (SAHF): Machupo virus, first isolated in 1963,(34) causes Bolivian hemorrhagic fever (BHF); Guanarito virus, first isolated in 1990,(63) causes Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever (VHF); and Sabia virus, first isolated in 1990,(15) is a causative agent of hemorrhagic fever in Brazil. All SAHF viruses are associated with a primary rodent reservoir and are transmitted to humans primarily via inhalation of aerosolized virus found in rodent excreta. In 1993, a previously unknown hantavirus, later referred to as Sin Nombre virus (SNV), was identified as the causal agent of a severe, life-threatening respiratory disease now known as hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS), which first appeared in dramatic fashion during an outbreak in the Southwestern United States.(9, 52) Subsequent work has uncovered at least eight additional distinct hantaviruses throughout the Western hemisphere associated with HPS.(64) All hantaviruses are associated with a primary rodent reservoir, and their transmission to humans is believed to involve mechanisms similar to human infection with South American hemorrhagic fever viruses. This article describes laboratory, epidemiologic, and clinical features of the SAHF and hantavirus disease in the Americas, and points out common features of their emergence. Because of their vastly different ecology and epidemiology as mosquito-borne diseases, yellow fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever, which also exist as viral hemorrhagic diseases in the Western Hemisphere, are not discussed. C1 Ctr Dis Control, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Special Pathogens Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control, Special Pathogens Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Albuquerque, NM USA. RP Peters, CJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Special Pathogens Branch, Mailstop A-26,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 75 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 9 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0891-5520 J9 INFECT DIS CLIN N AM JI Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 12 IS 1 BP 95 EP + DI 10.1016/S0891-5520(05)70411-6 PG 18 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA YY197 UT WOS:000072123000009 PM 9494832 ER PT J AU Schonberger, LB AF Schonberger, LB TI New variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and bovine spongiform encephalopathy SO INFECTIOUS DISEASE CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA LA English DT Article ID TRANSMISSION; BSE AB Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in humans and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle are invariably fatal, subacute degenerative diseases of the brain that are classified as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. They are both caused by "unconventional" filterable agents, which have long incubation periods that are usually measured in years. These agents have unusually high resistance to disinfection and, unlike other infectious agents, elicit no demonstrable inflammatory or classic immune response. The most sensitive, specific, and generally available method for confirming these diseases is by pathologic examination of brain tissue.(13, 22) As transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, CJD and BSE are regarded as the same type of disease process. The leading etiologic hypothesis for these diseases is that they result from the accumulation, in affected brains, of the transmissible agent, which consists of an abnormal form of a host-encoded glycoprotein. This transmissible agent was named a "prion" in 1982.(23) Since CJD in humans was first reported in 1968 to be transmissible to chimpanzees, there has been continued speculation about the possibility of natural transmission of this disease to account for the over 85% of CJD cases that seem to occur sporadically with no known source of infection.(15) No natural route for transmission of CJD, however, has been convincingly demonstrated. Potential environmental risk factors, including consumption of various organ meats, have been examined in a number of case-control studies, but results have been conflicting.(15, 25) To explain the similar incidence of CJD (about one case per million population per year) found in many different geographic areas of the world and the absence of apparent environmental risk factors, prominent investigators have hypothesized that 85% or more of CJD cases (i.e., those classified as sporadic, with no known environmental source of infection) result from de novo spontaneous generation of the self-replicating prion protein. Further, this process may be facilitated by an occasional somatic mutation that increases the usually rare stochastic fluctuations in the structure of the normal cellular precursor to the prion protein.(13, 22) C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, NCID, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Schonberger, LB (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, NCID, Mailstop A39,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 28 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 1 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0891-5520 J9 INFECT DIS CLIN N AM JI Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 12 IS 1 BP 111 EP + DI 10.1016/S0891-5520(05)70412-8 PG 12 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA YY197 UT WOS:000072123000010 PM 9494833 ER PT J AU Slutsker, L Altekruse, SF Swerdlow, DL AF Slutsker, L Altekruse, SF Swerdlow, DL TI Foodborne diseases - Emerging pathogen and trends SO INFECTIOUS DISEASE CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA LA English DT Review ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI O157-H7; SALMONELLA-ENTERITIDIS INFECTIONS; HEMOLYTIC-UREMIC-SYNDROME; HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; YERSINIA-ENTEROCOLITICA O-3; UNITED-STATES; CAMPYLOBACTER-JEJUNI; MULTISTATE OUTBREAK; HUMAN LISTERIOSIS; APPLE CIDER AB Foodborne diseases have a major public health impact (Table 1).(14,117) Although precise figures are lacking, the yearly incidence of foodborne illness in the United States is estimated at between 6 and 80 million illnesses resulting in approximately 500 to 9000 deaths.(41) The annual economic burden is estimated at 5 billion U.S, dollars.(6) Although most foodborne illnesses are mild, the consequences can be severe. In addition to acute gastrointestinal symptoms, such as diarrhea and vomiting, many foodborne pathogens can cause invasive disease. For example, infection with Listeria monocytogenes can cause meningitis or sepsis in neonates and immunosuppressed patients: and miscarriage in pregnant women.(91) Salmonellosis may also result in sepsis.(67) Infection with some foodborne pathogens can be followed by chronic sequelae or disability. Toxoplasmosis is an important cause of congenital malformation.(59) Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a leading cause of hemolytic uremic syndrome, the most common cause of acute kidney failure in children.(49) Nontyphoidal Salmonella or Yersinia enterocolitica infection can cause reactive arthritis,(18,103) and campylobacteriosis can cause Guillain-Barre syndrome, one of the most common causes of flaccid paralysis in the United States since the control of poliomyelitis.(75) The epidemiology of foodborne diseases is rapidly changing as foodborne pathogens emerge. A variety of factors have contributed to the emergence of foodborne disease. The Institute of Medicine report on emerging infectious diseases identified six broad categories of change in the social environment that influence the emergence of infectious diseases.(57) These include changes in human demographics and behavior, technology and industry, international travel and commerce, microbial adaptation, economic development and land use, and the public health infrastructure. This article presents examples of emerging or reemerging foodborne pathogens, followed by examples of factors associated with the emergence of foodborne diseases. Approaches that may help to prevent and control emerging foodborne hazards are also discussed. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Slutsker, L (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Mailstop A-38, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 118 TC 89 Z9 92 U1 2 U2 29 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0891-5520 J9 INFECT DIS CLIN N AM JI Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 12 IS 1 BP 199 EP + DI 10.1016/S0891-5520(05)70418-9 PG 20 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA YY197 UT WOS:000072123000016 PM 9494839 ER PT J AU Chamberland, M Khabbaz, RF AF Chamberland, M Khabbaz, RF TI Emerging issues in blood safety SO INFECTIOUS DISEASE CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA LA English DT Article ID CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB-DISEASE; HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; TRANSFUSION-TRANSMITTED BABESIOSIS; GROUP-O INFECTIONS; UNITED-STATES; HEPATITIS-C; FACTOR-VIII; TRYPANOSOMA-CRUZI; BACTERIAL SEPSIS; KAPOSIS-SARCOMA AB Every year in the United States approximately 12 million donations are collected from volunteer blood donors. These donations are separated into an average of three components, including red blood cells, platelets, and plasma. Ln addition, approximately 12 million units of plasma are collected by plasmapheresis from paid donors and pooled to manufacture plasma-derived products, such as immune globulin (IG) preparations, clotting factor concentrates, and albumin. During the past few decades, important changes in the way blood is collected, processed, stored, and transfused have helped reduce the risk of known transfusion-associated infections. Plastic containers introduced in the 1950s made it possible to separate blood components in a closed system, which markedly decreased the risk of bacterial contamination.(11) The advent of an assay for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in the late 1960s, and the ensuing screening of blood for this marker, contributed to reducing the risk of transfusion-transmitted hepatitis.(47) Unfortunately, these advances were modulated in the early 1980s by the AIDS epidemic; over 4000 persons developed AIDS after becoming infected with HIV from unscreened blood.(71) BY th, time a heat inactivation procedure was introduced in the manufacture of clotting factor concentrates from plasma, approximately half of the United States hemophilia population had become infected with HIV.(48) A decade later, the repercussions of this tragedy still impacts transfusion medicine, resulting in magnified perceptions of the actual risks associated with this medical intervention. Because blood is a biologic product, it is unlikely that the risk of transfusion-transmitted infections will ever be reduced to zero. A residual risk remains, for example, for transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV)(6,69) and for HIV infection.(16) Nonetheless, the blood supply in the United States in the 1990s is among the safest in the world, and is safer now than it has ever been.(80) Factors contributing to the reduced risk of transfusion-transmitted infections include improvements in donor selection, donor screening by serologic tests and other markers of infection, and viral inactivation procedures for plasma-derived products. Blood donors are subjected to extensive interviews to exclude persons with a history of exposures or behaviors that increase their risk of harboring transmissible agents. All blood donations are routinely screened for syphilis, hepatitis B virus (HBV), HCV, human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I), HIV-1, and HIV-2; selected donations are additionally screened for cytomegalovirus. Plasma used in the manufacture of clotting factors and other plasma-derived products is subjected to heat treatment or other procedures that inactivate lipid-enveloped viruses, such as HIV,HBV, and HCV. These approaches, coupled with surveillance to monitor for trends in infection, constitute the backbone of public health strategies to protect the blood supply from known pathogens and to monitor for the emergence of new infectious agents. A number of challenges have faced blood safety in recent years, including variant HIV strains inconsistently detected by licensed HIV tests,(66) transmission of HCV through an intravenous immune globulin (IVIG) product,(14) a cluster of hepatitis A virus infection among hemophilia patients,(73) contamination of an albumin preparation,(22) and finding a porcine parvovirus in a porcine factor Vm product (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], unpublished data). In addition, for an increasing number of emerging infectious agents, such as human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8),(12) and putative human agents, such as Borna disease virus,(36) questions of transmissibility and risk of transmission by blood and blood products have arisen. Experimental evidence supporting transmission of prions by blood has raised concerns about the risk of transmission of Creutz-feldt-Jakob disease (CJD) to recipients of blood and blood products.(15,57) Finally, as the blood supply in the developed world has become increasingly safe, economic factors continue to prevent the institution of much-needed safety measures, such as HIV serologic tests, in much of the developing world. This article discusses some of these emerging issues in blood safety. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Khabbaz, RF (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Mailstop A30,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 84 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0891-5520 J9 INFECT DIS CLIN N AM JI Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 12 IS 1 BP 217 EP + DI 10.1016/S0891-5520(05)70419-0 PG 14 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA YY197 UT WOS:000072123000017 PM 9494840 ER PT J AU Ostroff, SM Kozarsky, P AF Ostroff, SM Kozarsky, P TI Emerging-infectious diseases and travel medicine SO INFECTIOUS DISEASE CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; LEGIONNAIRES-DISEASE; HEMORRHAGIC-FEVER; EPIDEMIC CHOLERA; LATIN-AMERICA; LASSA FEVER; OUTBREAK; MALARIA; TUBERCULOSIS; SURVEILLANCE AB In the 1992 report, Emerging Infections: Microbial Threats to Health in the United States,(43) produced by the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences, expanding international travel and commerce was identified as one of six principal factors contributing to the global development and spread of emerging and reemerging pathogens. In recent years the number of travelers has risen sharply, and populations are now in motion to a degree never before seen in history. Mobile populations include leisure and business travelers, military personnel, long-term expatriates, and missionaries. Also included are legal and illegal immigrants and persons uprooted while seeking refuge from numerous regional conflicts. Members of these populations travel between countries more frequently and rapidly than previously possible. It has been estimated that during 1995 over 1.4 million tourists crossed international borders every day, an annual total of over 500 million persons (Fig. 1).(39) Virtually any destination can be reached from any other in only 36 hours of travel. This 36-hour window is well within the incubation period of most infectious diseases, affording ample opportunity for the unrecognized movement of pathogens from place to place and for rapid global spread of microbial agents. From the microbe's point of view, the global village of the late 20th century provides global opportunities for disease emergence and transmission. For several reasons travelers warrant special attention from those wishing to monitor, control, and prevent the spread of emerging pathogens. First, emerging infections may arise in areas frequented by tourists or other travelers, and these individuals may provide the first evidence fora new disease agent. Second, travelers often visit areas where the spectrum of infectious diseases includes agents that are nonendemic for their homeland. During travel, such persons may become exposed to these illnesses and transport them home, contributing to potential global spread; they may also bring disease vectors with them and expand their range. Third, travelers often engage in activities that increase their risk for disease exposure, such as outdoor activities during adventure travel. And finally, mass population movements associated with civil strife, particularly in developing countries, have proven to be high-risk settings for disease emergence. This article examines these issues and provides examples of emerging infectious diseases linked to international travel and discusses systems for surveillance, control, and prevention of travel-associated disease. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Director, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Ostroff, SM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Director, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Mailstop C12, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 74 TC 37 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 4 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0891-5520 J9 INFECT DIS CLIN N AM JI Infect. Dis. Clin. North Am. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 12 IS 1 BP 231 EP + DI 10.1016/S0891-5520(05)70420-7 PG 12 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA YY197 UT WOS:000072123000018 PM 9494841 ER PT J AU Schroeder, DJ Rosa, RR Witt, LA AF Schroeder, DJ Rosa, RR Witt, LA TI Some effects of 8- vs. 10-hour work schedules on the test performance/alertness of air traffic control specialists SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL ERGONOMICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT XIIth International Symposium on Night and Shiftwork CY JUN, 1995 CL CONNECTICUT SP Mashnantucket Pequot Tribe, Foxwoods Resort & Casino, Int Commiss Occupat Hlth, Univ Connecticut Grad Program Ind Org Psychol, EXXON Corp DE shift work; fatigue; human performance; air traffic control; mood; sleep; computerized tests ID EXTENDED WORKDAYS; SHIFT SCHEDULES; 12H SHIFTS; ALERTNESS; FATIGUE; SLEEP AB A 10 h 4 d rotating shift schedule worked by some Air Traffic Control Specialists (ATCSs) was compared to the more traditional 8 h 2-2-1 rapidly rotating schedule, Measures of performance and alertness were obtained from a group of 52 ATCSs at art en route ATC center on tasks in the NIOSH fatigue test battery. Additional information on sleep patterns, mood, and somatic complaints was also gathered. Results confirm that tests comprising the NIOSH battery are sensitive to fatigue and diurnal variations associated with a rotating shift schedule. Test performance of ATCSs on the 10 h shift did not differ from those on the 8 h schedule for any of the parameters, when comparing the initial 4 d of the work week. Test performance was notably poorer on the night shift that occurred on the final (fifth) day of the 2-2-1 8 h schedule. For both schedules, there was evidence of changes in alertness on some of the NIOSH performance measures within work days and ac:ross days of the week. Changes in test performance and mood ratings corresponded to the decline in self-reported sleep time across the work week. C1 FAA Civil Aeromed Inst, Human Resources Res Div, Oklahoma City, OK USA. NIOSH, Div Biomed & Behav Sci, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Barnett Banks, Jacksonville, FL USA. RP Schroeder, DJ (reprint author), FAA Civil Aeromed Inst, Human Resources Res Div, Oklahoma City, OK USA. NR 34 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-8141 J9 INT J IND ERGONOM JI Int. J. Ind. Ergon. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 21 IS 3-4 BP 307 EP 321 DI 10.1016/S0169-8141(97)00044-9 PG 15 WC Engineering, Industrial; Ergonomics SC Engineering GA YX397 UT WOS:000072035900016 ER PT J AU van den Broek, J Mfinanga, S Moshiro, C O'Brien, T Mugomela, A AF van den Broek, J Mfinanga, S Moshiro, C O'Brien, T Mugomela, A TI Survival of HIV-positive and HIV-negative leprosy patients in Mwanza, Tanzania SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LEPROSY AND OTHER MYCOBACTERIAL DISEASES LA English DT Letter ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; INFECTION C1 Royal Trop Inst, NL-1097 DN Amsterdam, Netherlands. Natl TB & Leprosy Programme, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania. Natl Inst Med Res, Muhimbili Res Stn, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania. Natl Inst Med Res, Cent TB Lab, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania. Univ Dar Es Salaam, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div TB Eliminat, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. WHO, TB Unit, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. Bugando Med Ctr, Mwanza, Tanzania. RP van den Broek, J (reprint author), Natl TB & Leprosy Programme, POB 5478, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania. NR 8 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT JOURNAL LEPROSY PI GREENVILLE PA BUSINESS & CIRCULATION OFFICE, 1 ALM WAY, GREENVILLE, SC 29601-9999 USA SN 0148-916X J9 INT J LEPROSY JI Int. J. Lepr. Other Mycobact. Dis. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 66 IS 1 BP 53 EP 56 PG 4 WC Microbiology; Pathology; Tropical Medicine SC Microbiology; Pathology; Tropical Medicine GA ZQ300 UT WOS:000073844200009 PM 9614841 ER PT J AU Kassler, WJ Alwano-Edyegu, MG Marum, E Biryahwaho, B Kataaha, P Dillon, B AF Kassler, WJ Alwano-Edyegu, MG Marum, E Biryahwaho, B Kataaha, P Dillon, B TI Rapid HIV testing with same-day results: a field trial in Uganda SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF STD & AIDS LA English DT Article DE HIV antibody testing; prevention; counselling AB Rapid, on-site HIV testing with same-day results may improve services and increase the number of clients who learn their serostatus in developing countries. To validate test performance under field conditions and assess the change in the proportion of clients who learn their serostatus, we conducted a field trial using the Capillus HIV-1/HIV-2 assay (Cambridge Diagnostics) at the AIDS information Centre counselling and testing sites in Uganda. Compared to the standard 2-EIA testing algorithm, the sensitivity of Capillus was 99.6% (95% CI; 98.5%, 99.9%), the specificity was 98.8% (95% CI; 98.1%, 99.3%), the positive predictive value was 96.5% (95% CI; 94.5%, 97.8%), and the negative predictive value was 99.9% (95% CI; 99.5%, 100%). It took less than 5 min to perform a single test, and results were returned to clients in less than an hour, during which time clients were counselled. This resulted in a 27% increase in the proportion of clients who learned their serostatus and received counselling. We conclude that simple, rapid HIV tests can be performed accurately on-site within the time frame of a clinic visit, increasing the number of clients who learn their serostatus and receive pest-test counselling. C1 Ctr Dis Control, Div STD Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Kassler, WJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control, Div STD Prevent, 1600 Clifton Ave Rd E44, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 13 TC 57 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 3 PU ROYAL SOC MEDICINE PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 1 WIMPOLE STREET, LONDON W1M 8AE, ENGLAND SN 0956-4624 J9 INT J STD AIDS JI Int. J. STD AIDS PD MAR PY 1998 VL 9 IS 3 BP 134 EP 138 DI 10.1258/0956462981921882 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA YZ553 UT WOS:000072265600003 PM 9530897 ER PT J AU Solomon, L Stein, M Flynn, C Schuman, P Schoenbaum, E Moore, J Holmberg, S Graham, NMH HIV Epidemiology Res Study (HERS) Grp AF Solomon, L Stein, M Flynn, C Schuman, P Schoenbaum, E Moore, J Holmberg, S Graham, NMH HIV Epidemiology Res Study (HERS) Grp CA HIV Epidemiol Res Stud HERS Grp TI Health services use by urban women with or at risk for HIV-1 infection: The HIV epidemiology research study (HERS) SO JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES AND HUMAN RETROVIROLOGY LA English DT Article DE HIV; AIDS; women; health services; race; injection drug use ID ZIDOVUDINE USE; UNITED-STATES; DRUG-USERS; AIDS; CARE; SURVIVAL; DISEASE; ACCESS; COHORT AB Objective: To characterize health services use by urban women with or at risk for HIV-1 infection enrolled in a prospective multicenter study. Methods: 1310 women 16 to 55 years of age who were at risk for HIV-1 infection were recruited between April 1993 and January 1995 at four urban centers (Baltimore, Maryland; The Bronx, New York: Detroit, Michigan; and Providence, Rhode Island). HIV-1-seropositive women without AIDS-defining illness were oversampled in a ratio of 2:1 in comparison with HIV-1-seronegative women. At a baseline study visit, the women received physical and laboratory examinations, including CD4(+) counts, and were interviewed regarding HIV risk behavior, health services use, and clinical data. Results: 863 women were HIV-1-seropositive and 430 were HIV-1-seronegative, Fifty-two percent of the women reported injection drug use (IDU) since 1985, and 48% acquired HIV through sexual contact. Seventy-seven percent were African American, 23% were white, and 16% were Hispanic. The median age was 35 years. HIV-seronegative women were significantly less likely to have health insurance (19%) than were HIV-seropositive women (30%; p <.001). Among the HIV-seropositive women, 68% had CD4(+) cell counts of <500/mu l, and 64% were asymptomatic. Sixty-four percent of the HIV-seronegative women had had an outpatient hospital visit in the past 6 months, as had 86% of HIV-seropositive women (p < 0.001). Hospitalization in the past 6 months was also higher in HIV-seropositive women (22% vs. 12%; p < .001). Despite heavy use of health services, only 49% of women with CD4(+) counts of <200/mu l reported current use of antiretroviral therapy, and only 58% reported current use of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) prophylaxis. Among HIV-seropositive women, and after adjusting for CD4(+) count, HIV symptoms, race, and study site, IDUs were significantly less likely to have a regular doctor and a recent outpatient visit and more likely to be hospitalized and use the emergency department (ED) than were non-IDUs. In multivariate analyses of HIV-seropositive persons, African American women had similar access to care and use of antiretroviral therapy and PCP prophylaxis than did white women but were less likely to have an outpatient department visit in the previous 6 months and to be taking PCP and opportunistic infection (OI) prophylaxis. Health services access and use of HIV-related therapies did not significantly differ between Hispanic and white women with HIV infection. Conclusion: Although both HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative women had high levels of use of medical services, current use of antiretrovirals and OI prophylaxis was low throughout, and TDUs used HIV-related primary health services less and were more likely to receive emergency or episodic care. IDU and African American race were independently associated with decreased use of medical services. C1 Maryland AIDS Adm, Dept Hlth & Mental Hyg, Baltimore, MD 21202 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Baltimore, MD 21215 USA. Brown Univ, Sch Med, Providence, RI 02912 USA. Wayne State Univ, Sch Med, Detroit, MI 48901 USA. Montefiore Med Ctr, Bronx, NY 10467 USA. Albert Einstein Coll Med, Bronx, NY 10467 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Solomon, L (reprint author), Maryland AIDS Adm, Dept Hlth & Mental Hyg, 500 N Calvert St, Baltimore, MD 21202 USA. FU PHS HHS [U64CCU200714, U64CCU306802, U64CCU106795] NR 18 TC 93 Z9 93 U1 2 U2 3 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1077-9450 J9 J ACQ IMMUN DEF SYND JI J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol. PD MAR 1 PY 1998 VL 17 IS 3 BP 253 EP 261 PG 9 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA YZ965 UT WOS:000072312900011 PM 9495226 ER PT J AU Beck-Sague, CM Farshy, CE Jackson, TK Guillory, L Edelkind, D Bullard, JC Urdez, EA Jones, B Francis, K Sievert, A Morse, SA Black, CM AF Beck-Sague, CM Farshy, CE Jackson, TK Guillory, L Edelkind, D Bullard, JC Urdez, EA Jones, B Francis, K Sievert, A Morse, SA Black, CM TI Detection of Chlamydia trachomatis cervical infection by urine tests among adolescents clinics SO JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENT HEALTH LA English DT Article DE adolescents; cervical infection; Chlamydia trachomatis; laboratory diagnosis; ligase chain reaction; polymerase chain reaction; urine testing ID SEXUALLY-TRANSMITTED DISEASES; POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; CONDOM-USE; REACTION ASSAY; UNITED-STATES; FEMALE ADOLESCENTS; NONINVASIVE TESTS; WOMEN; DIAGNOSIS; SPECIMENS AB Purpose: To compare urine ligase and polymerase chain reaction (LCR, PCR) tests for diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis cervical infection with PCR and nucleic acid probe (GPA) on cervical specimens in adolescents, as well as risk factors for C. trachomatis infection and prevalence of infection at enrollment. Methods: Urine and cervical specimens were collected from women aged 13-20 years attending adolescent clinics, and interviews were administered. Urine specimens were tested by PCR and LCR, and cervical specimens by GPA and PCR. Prevalence rates of C. trachomatis infection and gonorrhea were compared by demographic, behavioral, and clinical risk factors. Results: Of 415 women tested, 86 (20.7%) were infected with C. trachomatis as indicated by positive cervical PCR results. A higher prevalence of C. trachomatis infection Adolescents was seen among adolescents who douched monthly or more frequently, or had gonorrhea; prevalence declined from 25.8% in the first 7 months to 16.3% in the last 14 months of the study (p = .017). A statistically significant protective effect for reported condom use was not observed. Sensitivity of urine PCR was 89.5% and specificity was 100% relative to cervical PCR, compared to 84.9% and 99.4% (urine LCR) and 65.4% and 98.0% (cervical GPA). Sensitivity of urine PCR was higher in women with discharge; urine LCR sensitivity was higher in women < 19 years of age. Conclusions: Polymerase chain reaction and LCR assays on urine specimens were sensitive, Specific, and noninvasive tests in this population of adolescents with high C. trachomatis infection prevalence. Chlamydia trachomatis infection was associated with douching monthly or more frequently. Prevalence of infection declined over the period during which the study was conducted. (C) Society for Adolescent Medicine, 1998. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, CDC, Off Minor & Womens Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, CDC, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div AIDS STDs & Tuberculosis Lab Res, Atlanta, GA USA. Clifton Springs Teen Clin, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Beck-Sague, CM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, CDC, Off Minor & Womens Hlth, MS C-12, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 43 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1054-139X J9 J ADOLESCENT HEALTH JI J. Adolesc. Health PD MAR PY 1998 VL 22 IS 3 BP 197 EP 204 DI 10.1016/S1054-139X(97)00209-7 PG 8 WC Psychology, Developmental; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Pediatrics SC Psychology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Pediatrics GA YX526 UT WOS:000072049400004 PM 9502006 ER PT J AU Brener, ND Collins, JL AF Brener, ND Collins, JL TI Co-occurrence of health-risk behaviors among adolescents in the United States SO JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENT HEALTH LA English DT Article DE adolescence; adolescent behavior; risk behavior; sexuality; substance abuse; weapons; seat belt use; gender differences ID DRUG-USE; RURAL ADOLESCENTS; SEXUAL BEHAVIORS; YOUNG ADULTHOOD; SCHOOL-STUDENTS; PATTERNS; ALCOHOL; INJURY AB Purpose: Although it is common for adolescents to experiment with several health-risk behaviors before reaching adulthood, little is known about the co-occurrence of these behaviors. The purposes of this study were to determine the co-occurrence of specific health-risk behaviors among a nationally representative sample of adolescents, and to examine whether the distribution of multiple risk behaviors varies by age, sex, and school enrollment status. Methods: This study analyzed survey data from a United States national probability sample (n = 10,645) of youth aged 12-21 years. Survey items measuring current seat belt use, weapon carrying, tobacco, alcohol, and other drug use, and sexual behavior were included in the analysis. Results: The majority of adolescents aged 12-17 years did not engage in multiple health-risk behaviors. However, the prevalence of multiple risk behaviors increased dramatically with age. While only 1 in 12 adolescents aged 12-13 years engaged in two or more of these behaviors, one-third of those aged 14-17 years and half of the college-aged youth (18-21 years) did so. Male respondents and out-of-school youth aged 14-17 years were more likely to engage in multiple health-risk behaviors than were other respondents. Conclusions: These results suggest that the likelihood that adolescents engage in multiple health-risk behaviors is related to age and that many adolescents engage in these behaviors serially rather than at the same time. (C) Society for Adolescent Medicine, 1998. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Adolescent & Sch Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Brener, ND (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Adolescent & Sch Hlth, Mailstop K-33,4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 23 TC 108 Z9 112 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1054-139X J9 J ADOLESCENT HEALTH JI J. Adolesc. Health PD MAR PY 1998 VL 22 IS 3 BP 209 EP 213 DI 10.1016/S1054-139X(97)00161-4 PG 5 WC Psychology, Developmental; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Pediatrics SC Psychology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Pediatrics GA YX526 UT WOS:000072049400006 PM 9502008 ER PT J AU Barr, DB Ashley, DL AF Barr, DB Ashley, DL TI A rapid, sensitive method for the quantitation of N-acetyl-S(2-hydroxyethyl)-L-cysteine in human urine using isotope dilution HPLC-MS-MS SO JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS-SPECTROMETRY; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; GLUTATHIONE CONJUGATION; TOXIC-CHEMICALS; EXPOSURE; METABOLITES; IONIZATION; N-ACETYL-S-2-HYDROXYETHYL-L-CYSTEINE; DERIVATIVES; BIOMARKER C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Environm Hlth Lab Sci, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Barr, DB (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Environm Hlth Lab Sci, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RI Barr, Dana/E-2276-2013; Barr, Dana/E-6369-2011 NR 34 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 4 PU PRESTON PUBLICATIONS INC PI NILES PA 7800 MERRIMAC AVE PO BOX 48312, NILES, IL 60648 USA SN 0146-4760 J9 J ANAL TOXICOL JI J. Anal. Toxicol. PD MAR-APR PY 1998 VL 22 IS 2 BP 96 EP 104 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Toxicology SC Chemistry; Toxicology GA ZC315 UT WOS:000072564900002 PM 9547405 ER PT J AU Plikaytis, BB Crawford, JT Shinnick, TM AF Plikaytis, BB Crawford, JT Shinnick, TM TI IS1549 from Mycobacterium smegmatis forms long direct repeats upon insertion SO JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID IS-LIKE ELEMENT; GENE AMPLIFICATION; TUBERCULOSIS; SEQUENCE AB A new insertion element, IS1549, was identified serendipitously from Mycobacterium smegmatis LR222 during experiments using a vector designed to detect the excision of IS6110 from between the promoter region and open reading frame (ORF) of an aminoglycoside phosphotransferase gene. Six of the kanamycin-resistant isolates had a previously unidentified insertion element upstream of the ORF of the aph gene. The 1,634-bp sequence contained a single ORF of 504 amino acids with 85% G+C content in the third codon position. The putative protein sequence showed a distant relationship to the transposase of IS231, which is a member of the IS4 family of insertion elements. IS1549 contains 11-bp terminal inverted repeats and is characterized by the formation of unusually long and variable-length (71- to 246-bp) direct repeats of the target DNA during transposition, Southern blot analysis revealed that five copies of IS1549 are present in LR222, but not all M. smegmatis strains carry this element, Only strains with a 65-kDa antigen gene with a PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism type identical to that of M. smegmatis 607 contain IS1549, None of 13 other species of Mycobacterial tested by PCR with two sets of primers specific for IS1549 were positive for the expected amplified product. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div AIDS STD & TB Res Lab, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Plikaytis, BB (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div AIDS STD & TB Res Lab, Mailstop G35,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM bbp1@CDC.gov NR 21 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0021-9193 J9 J BACTERIOL JI J. Bacteriol. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 180 IS 5 BP 1037 EP 1043 PG 7 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA YZ357 UT WOS:000072246300004 PM 9495740 ER PT J AU McDade, JE Hausler, WJ AF McDade, JE Hausler, WJ TI Modernization of public health laboratories in a privatization atmosphere SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material ID SALMONELLA; OUTBREAK C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Iowa, Hyg Lab, Iowa City, IA USA. RP McDade, JE (reprint author), Bldg 1,Room 6108,CDC,1600 Clifton Rd,NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 18 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 36 IS 3 BP 609 EP 613 PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA YX389 UT WOS:000072035100001 PM 9508281 ER PT J AU Blitz, L Pujol, FH Swenson, PD Porto, L Atencio, R Araujo, M Costa, L Monsalve, DC Torres, JR Fields, HA Lambert, S Van Geyt, C Norder, H Magnius, LO Echevarria, JM Stuyver, L AF Blitz, L Pujol, FH Swenson, PD Porto, L Atencio, R Araujo, M Costa, L Monsalve, DC Torres, JR Fields, HA Lambert, S Van Geyt, C Norder, H Magnius, LO Echevarria, JM Stuyver, L TI Antigenic diversity of hepatitis B virus strains of genotype F in Amerindians and other population groups from Venezuela SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SURFACE-ANTIGEN; HBSAG SUBTYPES; HBV GENOTYPE; RELATEDNESS; INFECTION; SEQUENCE; BRAZIL; BASIN AB The adw4 subtype of hepatitis B virus (HBV) belongs to a unique genomic group (genotype F) representing the original HBV strains from the New World. Data regarding the prevalence of this subtype among HBV carriers in South America are, however, scarce, and those concerning HBV genotype F are based on only a few samples from Latin America. In this study, serum samples were obtained from 141 hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carriers from Amerindians and urban populations from Venezuela. The HBsAg subtype was identified with monoclonal antibodies in 105 samples, and the HBV genotype was identified by reverse-phase hybridization with DNA fragments in 58 samples. The adw4 subtype was highly prevalent In the population studied (75%); among the Amerindians, the prevalence was 97%. The adw2 subtype was also present (10%), while other subtypes (ayw3 and ayw4) were only occasionally found. The HBV subtype was associated with the expected genotype in most cases (80%), and thus genotype F was highly prevalent. Sequencing of viral strains that gave genotypes unpredicted by the HBsAg subtyping confirmed seven of them as belonging to not previously described genotype-subtype associations: namely, adw2 and ayw4 within genotype F. C1 Inst Venezolano Invest Cient, CMBC, Lab Biol Virus, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela. LUZ, Inst Invest Clin, Lab Reg Referencia Virol, Maracaibo, Venezuela. UCV, Inst Trop Med, Caracas, Venezuela. Seattle King Cty Dept Publ Hlth, Seattle, WA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hepatitis Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. Innogenet, Ghent, Belgium. Swedish Inst Infect Dis Control, Dept Virol, Stockholm, Sweden. CNMVIS, Inst Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain. RP Pujol, FH (reprint author), Inst Venezolano Invest Cient, CMBC, Lab Biol Virus, Apdo 21827, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela. EM fpujol@pasteur.ivic.ve OI Norder, Helene/0000-0002-7528-3872 NR 27 TC 77 Z9 85 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 36 IS 3 BP 648 EP 651 PG 4 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA YX389 UT WOS:000072035100009 PM 9508289 ER PT J AU Nicholson, WL Muir, S Sumner, JW Childs, JE AF Nicholson, WL Muir, S Sumner, JW Childs, JE TI Serologic evidence of infection with Ehrlichia spp. in wild rodents (Muridae : Sigmodontinae) in the United States SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HUMAN GRANULOCYTIC EHRLICHIOSIS; BORRELIA-BURGDORFERI; CAUSATIVE AGENT; LYME-DISEASE; IDENTIFICATION; CYCLE; TRANSMISSION; ORGANISMS; HORSES; EQUI AB Rodent (Muridae: Sigmodontinae) blood and sera collected from 14 states were tested for seroreactivity to a cultured isolate of the human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE) agent by using an indirect immunofluorescence assay, Of the 1,240 samples tested, 136 (11%) were found to be reactive at titers of greater than or equal to 32. Rodents with HGE agent-specific antibodies were found in Nem York (23% of 491 samples; geometric mean endpoint titer [GMT] = 441), Connecticut (11% of 100 samples; GMT = 481), California (9% of 32 samples; GMT = 323), Colorado (2% of 212 samples; GMT = 256), Florida (7% of 27 samples; GMT = 362), Maryland (7% of 15 samples; titer = 64), New Jersey (4% of 76 samples; titer = 256), and Wisconsin (13% of 8 samples;titer = 128). Samples from Georgia (n = 16), Illinois (n = 27), Nevada (n = 27), North Carolina (n = 52), Ohio (n = 57), and Utah (n = 100) were not reactive. The earliest seroreactive sample was from a Peromyscus leucopus mouse collected in June 1986 in Connecticut, and the majority of the seroreactive samples (68%) were from this species. Samples from other Peromyscus species (P. boylii, P. maniculatus, and P. gossypinus) were also found to be reactive, with a GMT for the genus of 410. Several species of Neotoma woodrats (N. fuscipes, N. lepida, N. albigula, and N. mexicana) from California and Colorado had antibodies that reacted with the HGE agent (genus GMT = 194), suggesting that enzootic cycles of Ehrlichia spp, exist outside of the areas of confirmed human disease, Attempts to amplify and detect ehrlichial DNA from the limited tissues available (n = 40 animals) were unsuccessful. Further studies are needed to determine the identity of the organisms inducing antibody production in these rodent species and to elucidate the epidemiology and public health importance of these agents. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Mol Microbiol & Immunol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. RP Nicholson, WL (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop G-13, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Childs, James/B-4002-2012 NR 32 TC 55 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 36 IS 3 BP 695 EP 700 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA YX389 UT WOS:000072035100018 PM 9508298 ER PT J AU Hellyer, TJ DesJardin, LE Beggs, ML Yang, Z Eisenach, KD Cave, MD Bates, JH Assaf, MK Crawford, JT AF Hellyer, TJ DesJardin, LE Beggs, ML Yang, Z Eisenach, KD Cave, MD Bates, JH Assaf, MK Crawford, JT TI IS6110 homologs are present in multiple copies in mycobacteria other than tuberculosis-causing mycobacteria SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Letter ID DNA C1 Univ Arkansas Med Sci, John L McClellan Mem Vet Hosp, Med Res Serv, Dept Pathol, Little Rock, AR 72205 USA. Univ Arkansas Med Sci, John L McClellan Mem Vet Hosp, Med Res Serv, Dept Anat, Little Rock, AR 72205 USA. Univ Arkansas Med Sci, John L McClellan Mem Vet Hosp, Med Res Serv, Dept Med, Little Rock, AR 72205 USA. Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Biol & Biotechnol Res Program, Livermore, CA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, TB Mycobacteriol Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Hellyer, TJ (reprint author), Univ Arkansas Med Sci, John L McClellan Mem Vet Hosp, Med Res Serv, Dept Pathol, Little Rock, AR 72205 USA. NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 36 IS 3 BP 853 EP 854 PG 2 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA YX389 UT WOS:000072035100055 PM 9508334 ER PT J AU Nelson, DB Kotranski, L Semaan, S Collier, K Lauby, J Feighan, K Halbert, J AF Nelson, DB Kotranski, L Semaan, S Collier, K Lauby, J Feighan, K Halbert, J TI The validity of self-reported opiate and cocaine use by out-of-treatment drug users SO JOURNAL OF DRUG ISSUES LA English DT Article AB The objective of this study was (I) to assess the validity of self-report measures of opiate and cocaine use for a sample of out-of-treatment drug users by comparing self-reports to urinalysis results, and (2) to examine the correlates of valid self-reports. Baseline data were collected from 1, 015 out-of-treatment drug users in Philadelphia as part of an HIV risk reduction intervention project funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse. Agreement rates, sensitivity, and specificity measurements were high, and kappa values were good indicating that out-of-treatment drug users provided moderately valid self-reported drug use. The multivariate analysis revealed that women and younger persons were more likely to validly report opiate use and those who were younger and more educated were more likely to give valid reports of cocaine use. Additional research is needed to better understand differences in the validity of self-reports of opiate and cocaine use and the role that urinalysis plays in influencing the validity of self-reported data. C1 Philadelphia Hlth Management Corp, Philadelphia, PA 19102 USA. NIDA, Cooperat Agreement Community Based Monitoring & A, Rockville, MD USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Kotranski, L (reprint author), Philadelphia Hlth Management Corp, 260 S Broad St, Philadelphia, PA 19102 USA. NR 17 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU J DRUG ISSUES INC PI TALLAHASSEE PA FLORIDA STATE UNIV, SCHOOL CRIMINOLOGY CRIMINAL JUSTICE, PO BOX 66696, TALLAHASSEE, FL 32313-6696 USA SN 0022-0426 J9 J DRUG ISSUES JI J. Drug Issues PD SPR PY 1998 VL 28 IS 2 BP 483 EP 494 PG 12 WC Substance Abuse SC Substance Abuse GA 102EU UT WOS:000074912000011 ER PT J AU Kilmarx, PH Knapp, JS Xia, MS St Louis, ME Neal, SW Sayers, D Doyle, LJ Roberts, MC Whittington, WL AF Kilmarx, PH Knapp, JS Xia, MS St Louis, ME Neal, SW Sayers, D Doyle, LJ Roberts, MC Whittington, WL TI Intercity spread of gonococci with decreased susceptibility to fluoroquinolones: A unique focus in the United States SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 35th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy CY SEP 17-22, 1995 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA SP Amer Soc Microbiol ID FIELD GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; RESISTANT NEISSERIA-GONORRHOEAE; CIPROFLOXACIN RESISTANCE; DOSE CIPROFLOXACIN; NORTH-AMERICA; NORFLOXACIN; OFLOXACIN; STRAINS; EPIDEMIOLOGY; PHILIPPINES AB Patients and gonococcal isolates (n = 783) from five sexually transmitted disease clinics in Ohio and western Pennsylvania were studied to investigate the spread of gonococci with decreased fluoroquinolone susceptibility, Among patients with gonorrhea, rates of infection with strains with decreased fluoroquinolone susceptibility (MIC of 0.125-0.25 mu g ciprofloxacin/mL) were 20% for Cleveland, 9% for Akron, 7% for Columbus, 1% for Toledo, and 0.5% for Pittsburgh. Persons infected with strains with decreased susceptibility were more likely than those with susceptible strains to be male and older; no significant differences in sex behaviors, residence of sex partners, or recent antibiotic use were detected, Prevalence of decreased susceptibility was not correlated with reported levels of community fluoroquinolone use, The Pro/IB-3 auxotype/serovar class accounted for 80% (44/55) of isolates with decreased susceptibility, Pro/IB-3 isolates from three cities had indistinguishable pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns, suggesting intercity spread of a clone. C1 Ctr Dis Contr & Prevent, NCHSTP, Communicat Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ohio Dept Hlth, STD HIV Prevent, Columbus, OH 43266 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Pathobiol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Ctr AIDS & STD, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Epidemiol Program Off, Div STD Prevent,Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Cleveland Clin, Dept Microbiol, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. RP Kilmarx, PH (reprint author), Ctr Dis Contr & Prevent, NCHSTP, Communicat Off, Mailstop E-06,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI-24136, AI-131448] NR 31 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5801 S ELLIS AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 177 IS 3 BP 677 EP 682 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA YY555 UT WOS:000072159900021 PM 9498447 ER PT J AU Perkins, BA Jonsdottir, K Briem, H Griffiths, E Plikaytis, BD Hoiby, EA Rosenqvist, E Holst, J Nokleby, H Sotolongo, F Sierra, G Campa, HC Carlone, GM Williams, D Dykes, J Kapczynski, D Tikhomirov, E Wenger, JD Broome, CV AF Perkins, BA Jonsdottir, K Briem, H Griffiths, E Plikaytis, BD Hoiby, EA Rosenqvist, E Holst, J Nokleby, H Sotolongo, F Sierra, G Campa, HC Carlone, GM Williams, D Dykes, J Kapczynski, D Tikhomirov, E Wenger, JD Broome, CV TI Immunogenicity of two efficacious outer membrane protein-based serogroup B meningococcal vaccines among young adults in Iceland SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 34th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy CY OCT 03-07, 1994 CL ORLANDO, FLORIDA ID VESICLE VACCINE AB Serum bactericidal activity (SEA) and ELISA antibody levels elicited by two efficacious serogroup B meningococcal vaccines were measured in a controlled trial involving 408 15- to 20-year-olds. Subjects were given two doses at a 6-week interval of a serogroup B or control vaccine. Response was defined as greater than or equal to 4-fold rise in antibody level, After two doses of the Finlay Institute (Havana) vaccine at 12 months, the proportions of SEA and ELISA responders were not different from those of the control group (15% and 17% [vaccine] vs. 13% and 98 [control], P > .05). After two doses of the National Institute of Public Health (Oslo) vaccine, there were more SEA and ELISA responders than in the control group (47% and 34% [vaccine] vs. 10% and 1% [control]) or the Finlay Institute vaccine group (P < .05 for both), SEA and ELISA may be insensitive correlates for protective efficacy for some outer membrane protein-based serogroup B meningococcal vaccines. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Natl Univ Hosp, Dept Microbiol, Reykjavik, Iceland. Reykjavik City Hosp, Dept Infect Dis, Reykjavik, Iceland. Natl Inst Biol Stand & Controls, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, Herts, England. Natl Inst Publ Hlth, Oslo, Norway. Finlay Inst, Havana, Cuba. WHO, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. RP Perkins, BA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop C-23, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 17 TC 127 Z9 133 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5801 S ELLIS AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 177 IS 3 BP 683 EP 691 PG 9 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA YY555 UT WOS:000072159900022 PM 9498448 ER PT J AU Snow, RW Nahlen, B Palmer, A Donnelly, CA Gupta, S Marsh, K AF Snow, RW Nahlen, B Palmer, A Donnelly, CA Gupta, S Marsh, K TI Risk of severe malaria among African infants: Direct evidence of clinical protection during early infancy SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID PLASMODIUM-FALCIPARUM AB Little empirical evidence from field-based studies exists on the relative magnitude or duration of clinical protection from Plasmodium falciparum malaria in infancy. A prospective study was undertaken to examine the age distribution of hospital admissions in four geographically and demographically well-defined areas with differing intensities of P. falciparum transmission. Where transmission was perennial, significant clinical protection from severe morbidity was observed up to the third month of life; in the seasonal transmission area, disease rates rose after the sixth month of life. Infants exposed to the highest rates of P. falcipanrm exposure demonstrated significant declines in the risks of severe malaria from 6 months of age. These data provide direct evidence for the very early acquisition of clinical immunity and for the existence of a period of clinical protection, which together may explain why, in these communities, the cumulative risk of malarial disease throughout childhood appears to decline with increasing transmission intensity. C1 Kenya Med Res Inst, Wellcome Trust Collaborat Programme, Nairobi, Kenya. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Kenya Med Res Inst, Collaborat Programme, Vector Biol & Control Res Ctr, Kisumu, Kenya. Kenya Med Res Inst, Clin Res Ctr, Coastal Unit, Kilifi, Kenya. Univ Oxford, John Radcliffe Hosp, Nuffield Dept Clin Med, Inst Mol Med,Mol Parasitol Grp, Oxford OX3 9DU, England. Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, Wellcome Trust Ctr Epidemiol Infect Dis, Oxford OX1 3PS, England. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Royal Victoria Hosp, Dept Paediat, Banjul, Gambia. RP Snow, RW (reprint author), Kenya Med Res Inst, Wellcome Trust Collaborat Programme, POB 43640, Nairobi, Kenya. EM bobsnow@users.africaonline.co.ke FU Wellcome Trust NR 13 TC 93 Z9 93 U1 0 U2 2 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5801 S ELLIS AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 177 IS 3 BP 819 EP 822 PG 4 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA YY555 UT WOS:000072159900048 PM 9498474 ER PT J AU Trout, D Decker, J Mueller, C Bernert, JT Pirkle, J AF Trout, D Decker, J Mueller, C Bernert, JT Pirkle, J TI Exposure of casino employees to environmental tobacco smoke SO JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID COTININE; URINE; WORKPLACE AB Environmental and medical evaluations were performed to evaluate occupational exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) among casino employees, Air concentrations of both nicotine and respirable dust were similar to those published in the literature for other non-industrial indoor environments, The geometric mean serum cotinine level of the 27 participants who provided serum samples was 1.34 nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL) (pre-shift) and 1.85 ng/mL (post-shift). Both measurements greatly exceeded the geometric mean value of 0.65 ng/mL for participants in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) who reported exposure to ETS at work, This evaluation demonstrates that a sample of employees working in a casino gaming area were exposed to ETS at levels greater than those observed in a representative sample of the US population, and that the serum and urine cotinine of these employees increased during the workshift. C1 NIOSH, Div Surveillance Hazard Evaluat & Field Studi, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NIOSH, Div Surveillance Hazard Evaluat & Field Studi, Atlanta, GA USA. Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Environm Hlth Lab Sci, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Trout, D (reprint author), NIOSH, Div Surveillance Hazard Evaluat & Field Studi, 4676 Columbia Pkwy,R-10, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 28 TC 55 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 4 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1076-2752 J9 J OCCUP ENVIRON MED JI J. Occup. Environ. Med. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 40 IS 3 BP 270 EP 276 DI 10.1097/00043764-199803000-00009 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA ZB385 UT WOS:000072467000009 PM 9531098 ER PT J AU Reiter, P AF Reiter, P TI Aedes albopictus and the world trade in used tires, 1988-1995: The shape of things to come? SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE Asian tiger mosquito; Aedes albopictus; Aedes aegypti; used tires; transportation; dispersal ID UNITED-STATES; DISCOVERY; AMERICA; DISEASE; AFRICA; VECTOR; SPREAD; SKUSE; TEXAS; ASIA AB In the decade since used tires were identified as the mode of introduction of Aedes albopictus to the United States, similar infestations have been reported from 10 other countries in the Americas and 2 in Europe. Millions of used tires are still being traded throughout the world and although a few governments have implemented inspection procedures to prevent further introductions, these are unlikely to be effective. Further introductions of mosquitoes of potential public health significance are inevitable. C1 US Dept HHS, Dengue Branch, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis,Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, San Juan, PR 00921 USA. RP Reiter, P (reprint author), US Dept HHS, Dengue Branch, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis,Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 2 Calle Casia, San Juan, PR 00921 USA. NR 39 TC 113 Z9 121 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOC PI MOUNT LAUREL PA 15000 COMMERCE PARKWAY, SUITE C, MOUNT LAUREL, NJ 08054 USA SN 8756-971X EI 1943-6270 J9 J AM MOSQUITO CONTR JI J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 14 IS 1 BP 83 EP 94 PG 12 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA ZN859 UT WOS:000073690500013 PM 9599329 ER PT J AU Satten, GA Datta, S Williamson, JM AF Satten, GA Datta, S Williamson, JM TI Inference based on imputed failure times for the proportional hazards model with interval-censored data SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN STATISTICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE Cox model; current-status data; Monte Carlo method; Robbins-Monro process; stochastic approximation; survival analysis ID REGRESSION; LIKELIHOOD AB We propose an approach to the proportional hazards model for interval-censored data in which parameter estimates are obtained by solving estimating equations that are the partial likelihood score equations for the full-data proportional hazards model, averaged over all rankings of imputed failure times consistent with the observed censoring intervals. Imputed failure times are generated using a parametric estimate of the baseline distribution; the parameters of the baseline distribution are estimated simultaneously with the proportional hazards regression parameters. Although a parametric form for the baseline distribution must be specified, simulation studies show that the method performs well even when the baseline distribution is misspecified. The estimating equations are solved using Monte Carlo techniques. We present a recursive stochastic approximation scheme that converges to the zero of the estimating equations; the solution has a random error that is asymptotically normally distributed with a variance-covariance matrix that can itself be estimated recursively. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Stat, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Satten, GA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, MS E-48, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. OI Satten, Glen/0000-0001-7275-5371 NR 19 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER STATISTICAL ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1429 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0162-1459 J9 J AM STAT ASSOC JI J. Am. Stat. Assoc. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 93 IS 441 BP 318 EP 327 DI 10.2307/2669628 PG 10 WC Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics GA ZA356 UT WOS:000072355300032 ER PT J AU Herman, WH Thompson, TJ Visscher, W Aubert, RE Engelgau, MM Liburd, L Watson, DJ Hartwell, T AF Herman, WH Thompson, TJ Visscher, W Aubert, RE Engelgau, MM Liburd, L Watson, DJ Hartwell, T TI Diabetes mellitus and its complications in an African-American community: Project direct SO JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article DE diabetes mellitus; noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus; blacks ID NUTRITION-EXAMINATION-SURVEY; NATIONAL-HEALTH; POPULATION; WHITES; PATTERNS; BLACKS AB Project DIRECT (Diabetes intervention Reaching and Educating Communities Together) is a multilevel community-based intervention project designed to address diabetes and Its complications in an African-American community This article presents results of the Project DIRECT pilot study and describes risk factors for diabetes, diabetes prevalence, complications, and care practices. During 1993, a pilot study was conducted among persons 20 to 74 years of age in Wake County, North Carolina. The study involved household interviews and examinations, and more extensive health center interviews-and examinations based on the race of the head of the household, previous diagnosis of diabetes, and results of capillary glucose tests done in the household. Of the black population aged 20 to 74 years, 52 +/- 3% reported being inactive and 51 +/- 3% were overweight; the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes was 5.2 +/- 0.9%; the prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes was 5.7 +/- 2.7%; and the prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance was 11.4 +/- 7.5%. Blacks with diabetes were significantly more likely than nonblacks with diabetes to have uncontrolled hypertension and to smoke cigarettes. Blacks with diabetes were significantly less likely to report having health insurance or to have a private health-care provider. Diabetes mellitus is a major public health problem in the African-American community of Wake County Modifiable risk factors For diabetes and undiagnosed diabetes are common. Project DIRECT is attempting to improve the health-related quality of life of this population by reducing the burden of diabetes and its complications through a multilevel, community-based intervention. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol & Stat Branch, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Herman, WH (reprint author), 3920 Taubman Ctr, Box 0354, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. NR 19 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 5 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 USA SN 0027-9684 J9 J NATL MED ASSOC JI J. Natl. Med. Assoc. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 90 IS 3 BP 147 EP 156 PG 10 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA ZD437 UT WOS:000072685400006 PM 9549978 ER PT J AU Hughart, N Holt, E Rosenthal, J Ross, A Jones, A Keane, V Vivier, P Guyer, B AF Hughart, N Holt, E Rosenthal, J Ross, A Jones, A Keane, V Vivier, P Guyer, B TI Effectiveness of pediatric practice consultation on missed opportunities for immunization SO JOURNAL OF URBAN HEALTH-BULLETIN OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE vaccination; immunization; missed opportunities; children; primary care; tracking system ID CHILDREN; VACCINATION; EMERGENCY; BALTIMORE; CARE AB Objective. To evaluate the effectiveness of pediatric practice consultation in reducing missed-opportunity rates at eight pediatric sites in Baltimore, Maryland. The overarching goal was to decrease the occurrence of missed opportunities from 33% to 15% for the first, second, and third diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccines during visits at which children were eligible for the vaccines. Design. The effect of an in-office educational program alone at four sites is compared with the educational program and a consultation on office vaccination practices at four matched sites. All eight sites received a small grant ($2,000) to fund practice changes. The medical records of children making visits before and after the interventions were audited to determine missed-opportunity rates. The policies and operations and the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of physicians and nurse practitioners at each site were also assessed. Results. The four education-consultation sites experienced a statistically significant 14% net reduction in the missed-opportunity rate relative to the education-only sites. This positive effect, however, was largely due to an increase in missed opportunities at one education-only site. There was a 10% increase in the missed-opportunity rate among the education-only sites and a 4% decrease among the education-consultation sites; neither change was statistically significant. Two of the three sites that reduced missed opportunities were matched health maintenance organizations (HMOs). Shortly after the interventions, both HMOs implemented tracking and follow-up information systems, which were planned before the interventions. Conclusions. There is no evidence that either the educational program alone or the educational program and consultation combination reduced missed opportunities. The findings suggest that improved tracking and follow-up data systems and vaccination of children at sick visits may reduce missed opportunities. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Maternal & Child Hlth, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. Brown Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Providence, RI 02912 USA. RP Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Maternal & Child Hlth, 624 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. EM nhughart@jhsph.edu FU PHS HHS [200-90-0850] NR 21 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1099-3460 EI 1468-2869 J9 J URBAN HEALTH JI J. Urban Health PD MAR PY 1998 VL 75 IS 1 BP 123 EP 134 DI 10.1007/BF02344934 PG 12 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 104JK UT WOS:000075010800016 PM 9663972 ER PT J AU Danel, IA Berg, CJ AF Danel, IA Berg, CJ TI Observations from the CDC - World Health Day - April 7, 1998 - Invest in the future: Support safe motherhood SO JOURNAL OF WOMENS HEALTH LA English DT Editorial Material ID UNITED-STATES; PREGNANCY C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Danel, IA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 4770 Buford Highway NE,MailStop K-23, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 1059-7115 J9 J WOMENS HEALTH JI J. Womens Health PD MAR PY 1998 VL 7 IS 2 BP 157 EP 159 DI 10.1089/jwh.1998.7.157 PG 3 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Women's Studies SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Women's Studies GA ZG170 UT WOS:000072973900009 ER PT J AU Potosky, AL Breen, N Graubard, BI Parsons, PE AF Potosky, AL Breen, N Graubard, BI Parsons, PE TI The association between health care coverage and the use of cancer screening tests - Results from the 1992 National Health Interview Survey SO MEDICAL CARE LA English DT Article DE access to health care; health insurance; health maintenance organization; breast neoplasms; mammography; cervix neoplasms; Pap smear; colon neoplasms; fecal occult blood test; sigmoidoscopy ID FECAL OCCULT BLOOD; COLORECTAL-CANCER; CERVICAL-CANCER; BREAST-CANCER; CONTROLLED TRIAL; PREVENTIVE CARE; PROSTATE-CANCER; MORTALITY; MAMMOGRAPHY; INSURANCE AB OBJECTIVES. The authors investigated whether utilization of six different cancer screening tests (mammography, clinical breast exam, Pap smear, Fecal Occult Blood Test, and Digital rectal exam) varied according to type of health care coverage. METHODS. Data on the use of cancer screening tests and coverage in two age groups from a 1992 nationally representative cross-sectional survey of approximately 9,400 adults were analyzed. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to estimate proportions of persons screened according to type and extent of coverage, adjusted for socioeconomic, demographic, and health status characteristics. RESULTS. Persons aged 40 to 64 years with Medicaid coverage were equally as likely to receive five of six cancer screening tests as those with private fee-for-service coverage, and both groups were much more likely to be screened (70% higher for all six tests) than those who had no coverage. In contrast, persons aged 65 years and older who had supplemental private fee-for-service insurance in addition to Medicare were more likely to receive five of six tests than those with Medicare and Medicaid or those with Medicare only. For all six screening tests, managed care enrollees at all ages were approximately 10% more likely to be screened than persons enrolled in private fee-for-service plans. Fecal Occult Blood Test (25% versus 20%) and digital rectal exams (44% versus 38%) in persons aged 40 to 64 years and mammography (59% versus 48%) and Fecal Occult Blood Test screening (38% versus 30%) in the elderly were significantly more frequent for persons in managed care plans. CONCLUSIONS. The extent of fee-for-service insurance coverage in the traditional indemnity US health care system was positively associated with the use of cancer screening tests. The authors found less difference in use of cancer screening between managed care and fee-for-service care in 1992 than we expected based on earlier research comparing use of preventive services in health maintenance organizations with fee-for-service care. C1 NCI, Appl Res Branch, Div Canc Control & Populat Sci, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Div Hlth Interview Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. RP Potosky, AL (reprint author), NCI, Appl Res Branch, Div Canc Control & Populat Sci, EPN Room 313,6130 Execut Blvd MSC 7344, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NR 50 TC 152 Z9 152 U1 0 U2 3 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0025-7079 J9 MED CARE JI Med. Care PD MAR PY 1998 VL 36 IS 3 BP 257 EP 270 DI 10.1097/00005650-199803000-00004 PG 14 WC Health Care Sciences & Services; Health Policy & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA ZB388 UT WOS:000072467300004 PM 9520952 ER PT J AU Lehmann, T Hawley, WA Grebert, H Collins, FH AF Lehmann, T Hawley, WA Grebert, H Collins, FH TI The effective population size of Anopheles gambiae in Kenya: Implications for population structure SO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION LA English DT Article DE Anopheles gambiae; effective population size; malaria; microsatellite; population structure ID MICROSATELLITE ALLELE FREQUENCIES; WEST-AFRICA; LINKAGE DISEQUILIBRIUM; NULL ALLELES; DRY SEASON; LOCI; MALARIA; COMPLEX; DIFFERENTIATION; POLYMORPHISM AB We estimated current and long-term effective population size (N-e) of two Anopheles gambiae (savanna cytotype) populations in Kenya. Temporal variation at nine microsatellite loci in each population sampled 7 and 9 years apart and genetic diversity in each sample were analyzed to answer the following questions. (1) Do bottlenecks occur in Kenyan populations of A. gambiae? (2) How variable are different populations with respect to their current and long-term N-e values? (3) What are the implications of these results on population structure and history? The estimates of N-e of Asembo and Jego were 6,359 and 4,258, respectively, and the lower 95% limits were 2,455 and 1,669, respectively. Thus, despite the typical observation of low density at the village level during the dry season, large populations are maintained annually. Large current N-e is consistent with previous studies showing low differentiation across the continent, especially under Wright's isolation-by-distance model. Current N-e in Asembo was 1.5-fold higher than in Jego, but this difference was not significant. Long-term N-e in Asembo (22,667) was 2.9-fold higher than that in Jego (7,855) based on the stepwise mutation model. The difference between populations was significant at both time points regardless of whether long-term N-e values were calculated based on the stepwise mutation model or the infinite-alleles model. Heterozygosity in Jego declined significantly between 1987 (59%) and 1996 (54%), whereas heterozygosity in Asembo was stable (66%-65%). Despite the relatively high and significant differentiation between Asembo and Jego (F-ST = 0.072-0.10, R-ST = 0.037-0.038), all alleles in Jego were found in Asembo but not vice versa. All of these findings suggest that lower N-e in Jego magnifies differentiation between the two populations. The long-term N-e was biased downward, because its calculation was based on an upper bound estimate of microsatellite mutation rate. N-e values based on mtDNA and allozymes were an order of magnitude higher. Long-term N-e therefore, is probably measured in hundreds of thousands and hence does not support a recent expansion of this species from a small population. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Chamblee, GA 30341 USA. Emory Univ, Dept Biol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Kenya Med Res Inst, Clin Res Ctr, Nairobi, Kenya. RP Lehmann, T (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Mailstop F22,4770 Buford Highway, Chamblee, GA 30341 USA. EM lbt2@cdc.gov FU PHS HHS [A140631-01] NR 65 TC 125 Z9 130 U1 0 U2 12 PU SOC MOLECULAR BIOLOGY EVOLUTION PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 1897, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0737-4038 J9 MOL BIOL EVOL JI Mol. Biol. Evol. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 15 IS 3 BP 264 EP 276 PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA ZA419 UT WOS:000072361600004 PM 9501493 ER PT J AU Williamson, DF Narayan, KMV Teutsch, SM AF Williamson, DF Narayan, KMV Teutsch, SM TI The economic impact of obesity in the United States: Whither? SO OBESITY RESEARCH LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Diabet Translat K10, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Merck & Co Inc, W Point, PA USA. RP Williamson, DF (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Diabet Translat K10, 4770 Buford Hwy, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RI Narayan, K.M. Venkat /J-9819-2012 OI Narayan, K.M. Venkat /0000-0001-8621-5405 NR 13 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU NORTH AMER ASSOC STUDY OBESITY PI ROCHESTER PA C/O DR MICHAEL JENSEN, MAYO MEDICAL CENTER, MAYO CLIN 200 FIRST ST, SW, ROCHESTER, MN 55905 USA SN 1071-7323 J9 OBES RES JI Obes. Res. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 6 IS 2 BP 173 EP 175 PG 3 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics GA ZX534 UT WOS:000074526400011 PM 9545025 ER PT J AU Sherwood, MB Garcia-Siekavizza, A Meltzer, MI Hebert, A Burns, AF McGorray, S AF Sherwood, MB Garcia-Siekavizza, A Meltzer, MI Hebert, A Burns, AF McGorray, S TI Glaucoma's impact on quality of life and its relation to clinical indicators - A pilot study SO OPHTHALMOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 67th Annual Meeting of the Association-for-Research-in-Vision-and-Ophthalmology CY APR 21-26, 1996 CL FT LAUDERDALE, FLORIDA SP Assoc Res Vis & Ophthalmol ID OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA; MOS SHORT-FORM; OF-LIFE; LASER TRABECULOPLASTY; CATARACT-SURGERY; VISUAL FUNCTION; TRABECULECTOMY AB Objective: This study aimed to compare the quality of life (Q of L) of patients with glaucoma and control subjects and to determine the relationships between Q of L and demographic and clinical variables in patients with glaucoma. Design: The study design was a stratified cross-sectional study. Participants: A gender-, race-, and age-stratified cross-sectional sample of patients with glaucoma (n = 56) and control subjects (n = 54) was obtained. Additional patients (n = 12) were included to examine the relationships between glaucoma, its therapy, and Q of L. Intervention: The Medical Outcomes Study short form (MOS-20), the Activities of Daily Vision Scale (ADVS), and questions related to glaucoma and side effects of treatment were administered. Descriptive statistics characterized demographic variables and MOS and ADVS scales. Group differences were evaluated using chi-square, Fisher's and Ordinal Exact, Wilcoxon rank-sum, and two-sample t tests. Spearman rank correlations were obtained between MOS-ADVS scores and clinical and demographic variables. Regression was used for multivariate analysis. Main Outcome Measures: The MOS scores, ADVS scores, visual acuity, visual fields, and demographic variables were measured. Results: Patients scored significantly lower than did the control subjects in all MOS-20 categories except pain. Differences were physical (-20%), role (-43%), mental health (-10%), general health (-22%), and social (-9%). The only category that was not statistically significant was that of pain (P = 0.075). In the glaucoma subgroup, there were differences between whites and nonwhites in MOS subscales physical, role, social, pain, and health, and ADVS near vision, In patients, current medications and previous surgeries correlated with ADVS subscales night vision, near vision, and glare; visual acuity and fields correlated with MOS subscales physical, role and health, and all ADVS subscales, A multiple regression model including visual acuity and fields, urban residence, and female gender explained 61% of the variability in ADVS overall score. Conclusions: The Q-of-L perception differed between patients with glaucoma and control subjects. Increasing field loss, decreased visual acuity, and complexity of therapy correlated with patients' reduction in activities of daily vision. C1 Univ Florida, Coll Med, Dept Ophthalmol, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. CDC, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Anthropol, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Stat, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Sherwood, MB (reprint author), Univ Florida, Coll Med, Dept Ophthalmol, POB 100284,JHMHSC, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. NR 23 TC 102 Z9 107 U1 2 U2 8 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0161-6420 J9 OPHTHALMOLOGY JI Ophthalmology PD MAR PY 1998 VL 105 IS 3 BP 561 EP 566 DI 10.1016/S0161-6420(98)93043-3 PG 6 WC Ophthalmology SC Ophthalmology GA YZ385 UT WOS:000072249100046 PM 9499791 ER PT J AU Bain, O Wanji, S Enyong, P Petit, G Noireau, F Eberhard, MI Wahl, G AF Bain, O Wanji, S Enyong, P Petit, G Noireau, F Eberhard, MI Wahl, G TI New features on the moults and morphogenesis of the human filaria Loa loa by using rodent hosts - Consequences SO PARASITE-JOURNAL DE LA SOCIETE FRANCAISE DE PARASITOLOGIE LA English DT Article DE Loa loa; laboratory mouse; jird; moults; morphogenesis; Onchocercinae; Dirofilariinae; phylogeny ID MERIONES-UNGUICULATUS; ONCHOCERCA-VOLVULUS; DIROFILARIA-IMMITIS; INFECTIVE LARVAE; WUCHERERIA-BANCROFTI; DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES; PROTECTIVE IMMUNITY; JIRD; LIENALIS; NEMATODA AB The development of the human filaria Loa Loa (Dirofilariinae, Onchocercidae), previously studied in monkeys, was studied using the non permissive hosts-mice and jirds. The development proved to be rapid: moult 3 occurred on day 8 post-inoculation, the adult stage was reached on day 25 and measured al that lime 3-3.5 mm in length. As in the other filarioids, the female genital apparatus developed during the fourth stage. A critical analysis of the studies on the development of Onchocercid species was made. The optimal duration of the sieges (i.g. the shortest time) was chosen for the comparison. it appeared that the duration of the stage 3 was a constant character in a given species whatever the experimental conditions, whereas moult 4 might be retarded in a non susceptible host. Comparison between the 18 developmental cycles of Onchocercidae in the vertebrate host was made. Two biological types could be distinguished: either the moult 3 occurred on day 2-3 and was followed apparently by a late moult 4 (greater than or equal to 50 days), or the moult 3 occurred after about one week of development and ii was associated with a less long stage 4 (20-40 days). The first group includes Dirofilaria and Onchocerca, the second group brings together mainly Loa and the Onchocercinae of the Dipetalonema line and related genera (Acanthocheilonema, Brugia, Litomosoides, etc.). The groups thus formed suggest real relationships as they fit with the morphology of the infective stage and the results of a recent molecular analysis of the 5S DNA. C1 Museum Natl Hist Nat, CNRS, URA 114, F-75231 Paris 05, France. Ecole Prat Hautes Etud, F-75013 Paris, France. Univ Buea, Fac Sci, Dept Life Sci, Buea, South West Prov, Cameroon. Res Inst Trop Med, Kumba, South West Prov, Cameroon. ORSTOM, Inst Boliviano Biol Altura, La Paz, Bolivia. CDC, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. CIRMF, Franceville, Gabon. RP Bain, O (reprint author), Museum Natl Hist Nat, CNRS, URA 114, 61 Rue Buffon, F-75231 Paris 05, France. NR 52 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU PRINCEPS EDITIONS PI ISSY MOULINEAUX PA 64 AVENUE CHARLES DE GAULLE, 92130 ISSY MOULINEAUX, FRANCE SN 1252-607X J9 PARASITE JI Parasite-J. Soc. Fr. Parasitol. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 5 IS 1 BP 37 EP 46 PG 10 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA ZD182 UT WOS:000072659600005 PM 9754295 ER PT J AU Bergquist, NR Colley, DG AF Bergquist, NR Colley, DG TI Schistosomiasis vaccines: Research to development SO PARASITOLOGY TODAY LA English DT Article ID PROTECTIVE IMMUNITY; MANSONI; VACCINATION; PROSPECTS; INDUCTION; ANTIGEN; EPITOPE; PROTEIN AB In this article, Robert Bergquist and Dan Colley deal with the consolidated, international efforts to generate a schistosomiasis vaccine; in particular, they summarize the deliberations of a series of meetings, held in Cairo, Egypt, 21-25 May 1997, with the aim of reviewing the current status of affairs in this respect in order to make recommendations for the future course of schistosomiasis vaccine development. C1 WHO, Special Programme Res & Training Trop Dis, World Bank, UNDP, CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Bergquist, NR (reprint author), WHO, Special Programme Res & Training Trop Dis, World Bank, UNDP, CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. NR 17 TC 143 Z9 165 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0169-4758 J9 PARASITOL TODAY JI Parasitol. Today PD MAR PY 1998 VL 14 IS 3 BP 99 EP 104 DI 10.1016/S0169-4758(97)01207-6 PG 6 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA ZA134 UT WOS:000072332300006 PM 17040715 ER PT J AU El-On, J Sneier, R Furth, M Hoida, G Schantz, P AF El-On, J Sneier, R Furth, M Hoida, G Schantz, P TI Echinococcus granulosus: Contamination of hydatid cysts with eggs and larvae of the nematode Muellerius capillaris SO PARASITOLOGY TODAY LA English DT Letter ID GOATS C1 Ben Gurion Univ Negev, Fac Hlth Sci, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, IL-84105 Beer Sheva, Israel. Minist Agr, Hadera, Israel. Ctr Dis Control, Atlanta, GA USA. RP El-On, J (reprint author), Ben Gurion Univ Negev, Fac Hlth Sci, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, POB 653, IL-84105 Beer Sheva, Israel. NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0169-4758 J9 PARASITOL TODAY JI Parasitol. Today PD MAR PY 1998 VL 14 IS 3 BP 124 EP 124 PG 1 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA ZA134 UT WOS:000072332300011 PM 17040720 ER PT J AU Tharpe, JA Russell, H Leinonen, M Plikaytis, BD Breiman, RF Carlone, GM Ades, EW Sampson, JS AF Tharpe, JA Russell, H Leinonen, M Plikaytis, BD Breiman, RF Carlone, GM Ades, EW Sampson, JS TI Comparison of a pneumococcal common protein (PsaA) antibody ELISA and a PsaA immune complex ELISA for detection of pneumococcal serum antibody SO PATHOBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE pneumococcal surface adhesin A; pneumococcal pneumonia; ELISA; immune complexes ID LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY; COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA; STREPTOCOCCUS-PNEUMONIAE; ANTIGEN-DETECTION; DIAGNOSIS; PNEUMOLYSIN; BACTEREMIA AB We examined and compared results from three assays, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and two immune complex ELISAs for analysis of the serum antibody response to a native pneumococcal 37-kD common cell-wall protein by using acute-and convalescent-phase sera from 56 patients with community-acquired pneumonia. The sensitivities of the ELISA, the undissociated and dissociated immune complex assays were 85% (23 of 27), 78% (21 of 27) and 67% (18 of 27), respectively. To determine specificity, paired sera from patients with pneumonia of other bacterial etiologies were tested. The specificities were 83, 83 and 72% for the ELISA, undissociated immune complex, and dissociated immune complex, respectively. Based on this study, the sensitivities of the three assays were not statistically different. These tests could be used retrospectively to confirm invasive pneumococcal disease. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Resp Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Biostat & Informat Management Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Natl Publ Hlth Inst, Helsinki, Finland. RP Sampson, JS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Resp Dis Branch, MS G05,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM jas5@cdc.gov RI Ades, Edwin/A-9931-2009 NR 30 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU KARGER PI BASEL PA ALLSCHWILERSTRASSE 10, CH-4009 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 1015-2008 J9 PATHOBIOLOGY JI Pathobiology PD MAR-APR PY 1998 VL 66 IS 2 BP 77 EP 83 DI 10.1159/000028000 PG 11 WC Cell Biology; Pathology SC Cell Biology; Pathology GA ZR445 UT WOS:000073976300005 PM 9645631 ER PT J AU Troiano, RP Flegal, KM AF Troiano, RP Flegal, KM TI Overweight children and adolescents: Description, epidemiology, and demographics SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE body weight; body mass index; health surveys; nutrition surveys; child; adolescence; socioeconomic factors ID BODY-MASS INDEX; NUTRITION EXAMINATION SURVEYS; NATIONAL-HEALTH; UNITED-STATES; CHILDHOOD OBESITY; PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY; YOUNG MEN; PREVALENCE; TRENDS; WEIGHT AB We describe prevalence and trends in overweight among children and adolescents (6 to 17 years old) in the US population and variation in the prevalence by sex, age, race-ethnicity, income, and educational level. Height and weight were measured in nationally representative surveys conducted between 1963 and 1994: cycles II (1963 to 1965) and III (1966 to 1970) of the National Health Examination Survey (NHES) and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES I, 1971 to 1974; NHANES II, 1976 to 1980; and NHANES III, 1988 to 1994). Overweight was defined by the age-and sex-specific 95th percentile of body mass index (BMI) from NHES II and III. BMI values between the 85th and 95th percentiles were considered an area of concern, because at this level there is increased risk for becoming overweight. Approximately 11% of children and adolescents were overweight in 1988 to 1994, and an additional 14% had a BMI between the 85th and 95th percentiles. The prevalence of overweight did not vary systematically with race-ethnicity, income, or education. overweight prevalence increased over time, with the largest increase between NHANES II and NHANES III. Examination of the entire BMI distribution showed that the heaviest children were markedly heavier in NHANES III than in NHES, but the rest of the distribution of BMI showed little change. Data are limited for assessing the causes of the rapid change in the prevalence of overweight. The increased overweight prevalence in US children and adolescents may be one manifestation of a more general set of societal effects. Childhood overweight should be addressed from a public health perspective. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. RP Troiano, RP (reprint author), NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RI Flegal, Katherine/A-4608-2013; OI Troiano, Richard/0000-0002-6807-989X; Flegal, Katherine/0000-0002-0838-469X NR 63 TC 787 Z9 811 U1 7 U2 52 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD MAR PY 1998 VL 101 IS 3 SU S BP 497 EP 504 PG 8 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA ZA434 UT WOS:000072362900002 PM 12224656 ER PT J AU Halsey, NA Abramson, JS Chesney, PJ Fisher, MC Gerber, MA Gromisch, DS Kohl, S Marcy, SM Murray, DL Overturf, GD Whitley, RJ Yogev, R Peter, G Donowitz, LG Breiman, R Hardegree, MC Jacobs, RF MacDonald, NE Orenstein, WA Rabinovich, NR Schwartz, B Shira, JE Diamond, J O'Connor, ME Packard, JM Reynolds, M Schaeffer, HA Steinhart, CM English, CS Perkins, MT Maruca, R Wilson, JM Wiener, E VanOstenberg, PR Striker, T Raphaely, RC AF Halsey, NA Abramson, JS Chesney, PJ Fisher, MC Gerber, MA Gromisch, DS Kohl, S Marcy, SM Murray, DL Overturf, GD Whitley, RJ Yogev, R Peter, G Donowitz, LG Breiman, R Hardegree, MC Jacobs, RF MacDonald, NE Orenstein, WA Rabinovich, NR Schwartz, B Shira, JE Diamond, J O'Connor, ME Packard, JM Reynolds, M Schaeffer, HA Steinhart, CM English, CS Perkins, MT Maruca, R Wilson, JM Wiener, E VanOstenberg, PR Striker, T Raphaely, RC TI The revised CDC guidelines for isolation precautions in hospitals: Implications for pediatrics SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article AB The Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the National Center for Infectious Diseases have issued new isolation guidelines that replace earlier recommendations. Modifications of these guidelines for the care of hospitalized infants and children should be considered specifically as they relate to glove use for routine diaper changing, private room isolation, and common use areas such as playrooms and schoolrooms. These new guidelines replace those provided in the 1994 Red Book and have been incorporated into the 1997 Red Book. C1 Amer Acad Pediat, Comm Infect Dis, Elk Grove Village, IL 60007 USA. Amer Acad Pediat, Comm Hosp Care, Elk Grove Village, IL 60007 USA. Natl Vaccine Program Off, Rockville, MD USA. US FDA, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. Amer Thorac Soc, New York, NY USA. Canadian Paediat Soc, Ottawa, ON, Canada. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NIH, Bethesda, MD USA. Amer Acad Family Phys, Kansas City, MO 64114 USA. Amer Hosp Assoc, Chicago, IL USA. Natl Assoc Childrens Hosp & Related Inst, Alexandria, VA USA. Joint Commiss Accreditat Healthcare Org, Chicago, IL USA. Amer Acad Pediat, Sect Anesthesiol, Elk Grove Village, IL USA. RP Halsey, NA (reprint author), Amer Acad Pediat, Comm Infect Dis, Elk Grove Village, IL 60007 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD MAR PY 1998 VL 101 IS 3 BP art. no. EP e13 PG 4 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA ZA433 UT WOS:000072362800034 ER PT J AU Krause, JS Stanwyck, CA Maides, J AF Krause, JS Stanwyck, CA Maides, J TI Locus of control and life adjustment: Relationship among people with spinal cord injury SO REHABILITATION COUNSELING BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID INTERNAL-EXTERNAL-CONTROL AB The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship of life adjustment after spinal cord injury (SCI) with 3 components of locus of control (LOC): internality, chance, and powerful others. Of the 127 participants, those who were older at injury, had fewer years of education, or were from minority backgrounds reported less favorable LOC scores. Locus of control was correlated with several aspects of life adjustment: Internality was positively correlated with subjective well-being, and powerful others was negatively correlated with health indicators. Rehabilitation counseling will be enhanced by using LOC to predict risk for adverse outcomes. C1 Shepherd Ctr, Crawford Res Inst, Atlanta, GA 30309 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Krause, JS (reprint author), Shepherd Ctr, Crawford Res Inst, 2020 Peachtree Rd NW, Atlanta, GA 30309 USA. NR 14 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER COUNSELING ASSOC PI ALEXANDRIA PA 5999 STEVENSON AVE, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22304-3300 USA SN 0034-3552 J9 REHABIL COUNS BULL JI Rehabil. Couns. Bull. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 41 IS 3 BP 162 EP 172 PG 11 WC Rehabilitation SC Rehabilitation GA ZJ475 UT WOS:000073219400001 ER PT J AU Beall, B AF Beall, B TI Two iron-regulated putative ferric siderophore receptor genes in Bordetella bronchiseptica and Bordetella pertussis SO RESEARCH IN MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Bordetella bronchiseptica; iron; bfrB gene; bfrC gene; Fur-repressed genes; TonB-dependent receptors; TnphoA mutagenesis; regulation ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI; OUTER-MEMBRANE; IDENTIFICATION; ALCALIGIN; PROTEINS; MUTANTS; CLONING; EXPRESSION; TRANSPORT; SEQUENCE AB Two iron-regulated genes with deduced homology to TonB-dependent ferric siderophore receptors were cloned from Bordetella bronchiseptica by screening a library of TnphoA insertion mutants. bfrB and bfrC were iron-repressed in B. bronchiseptica by a Fur-dependent mechanism, and were expressed from promoters overlapped by potential Fur-binding sites. Both genes were highly conserved among Bordetella species and were also iron-regulated in Bordetella pertussis. bfrB and bfrC mutants of both species and a bfrB-bfrC double mutant of B. bronchiseptica had no discernible defects in utilization of known iron sources for Bordetella. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Res Dis Lab Sect, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Beall, B (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Res Dis Lab Sect, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop C02, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 32 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES MEDICALES ELSEVIER PI PARIS CEDEX 15 PA 23 RUE LINOIS, 75724 PARIS CEDEX 15, FRANCE SN 0923-2508 J9 RES MICROBIOL JI Res. Microbiol. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 149 IS 3 BP 189 EP 201 DI 10.1016/S0923-2508(98)80079-X PG 13 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA ZJ148 UT WOS:000073184300004 PM 9766221 ER PT J AU Boyle, MDP Vogel, L Sisson, S Raeder, R AF Boyle, MDP Vogel, L Sisson, S Raeder, R TI Do chickens immunized with bacterial immunoglobulin G-binding proteins produce rheumatoid factor-like antibodies? SO SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FC-RECEPTOR; IGG; STREPTOCOCCI; SITE; REGION AB An association between the production of rheumatoid factor (RF)-like antibodies in animals immunized with bacterial immunoglobulin (Ig)G-binding proteins has been noted. Three potential explanations have been proposed: (1) altered host IgG due to binding of the immunogen; (2) B-cell superantigenic properties of the binding proteins; and (3) idiotype-anti-idiotype response leading to an antibody which acts as an antigen mimic. In order to distinguish among these possibilities, it is necessary to carry out studies in animals whose IgG does not react with the IgG-binding protein immunogen. Consequently, we have determined the effects of immunizing chickens with a purified group C streptococcal IgG-binding protein, FcRc, a bacterium expressing this protein, and appropriate control immunogens. The results of these studies provided evidence for production of specific antibodies to FcRc in groups of chickens immunized with either the pure protein or bacteria expressing the protein. No significant association with production of RF-like antibodies was noted, favouring the altered IgG-binding explanation for the association between RF-like antibodies and immunization with the bacterial IgG-binding proteins. C1 Med Coll Ohio, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Toledo, OH 43699 USA. Dartmouth Med Sch, Dept Microbiol, Lebanon, NH USA. Cascade Immunol Corp, Springfield, OR USA. Ctr Dis Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Boyle, MDP (reprint author), Med Coll Ohio, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Toledo, OH 43699 USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI30153] NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0300-9475 J9 SCAND J IMMUNOL JI Scand. J. Immunol. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 47 IS 3 BP 218 EP 222 PG 5 WC Immunology SC Immunology GA ZA885 UT WOS:000072411800005 PM 9519859 ER PT J AU Ellen, JM Aral, SO Madger, LS AF Ellen, JM Aral, SO Madger, LS TI Do differences in sexual behaviors account for the racial/ethnic differences in adolescents' self-reported history of a sexually transmitted disease? SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES LA English DT Article AB Background and Objectives: African-American adolescents have the highest rates of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) of any racial/ethnic group of adolescents. The objective of this study was to determine the degree to which racial/ethnic differences in sexual behaviors account for African-American adolescents' higher rates of STDs. Study Design: A secondary analysis of data collected as part of the Youth Risk Behavior Survey supplement to the 1992 National Health Interview Survey was conducted. The sample included 5,189 nationally representative civilian noninstitutionalized sexually experienced United States adolescents 14 to 21 years of age. Results: The age-and sex-adjusted odds ratio (OR) for a reported history of an STD for African-American adolescents was 3.86 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.57,9.50). The STD risk for African-American youth increased with the adjustment for other sociodemographic factors (OR = 4.13; CI = 1.71,9.99) and decreased with the adjustment for sexual behaviors (OR = 3.67; CI = 1.55, 8.66). Conclusions: Differences in sexual behaviors do not fully account for African-American adolescents' increased risk for STDs. Interventions designed to reduce sexual risk taking among African-American adolescents may not ameliorate racial/ethnic differences in rates of STDs. C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Pediat, Div Adolescent Med, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div STDs, Natl Ctr STD HIV & TB, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Epidemiol & Prevent Med, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. RP Ellen, JM (reprint author), 1350-7th Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI3499, AI36986]; PHS HHS [R30/CCR903352-06] NR 12 TC 82 Z9 83 U1 1 U2 3 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0148-5717 J9 SEX TRANSM DIS JI Sex. Transm. Dis. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 25 IS 3 BP 125 EP 129 DI 10.1097/00007435-199803000-00002 PG 5 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA ZA006 UT WOS:000072318300002 PM 9524987 ER PT J AU Finelli, L St Louis, ME Gunn, RA Crissman, CE AF Finelli, L St Louis, ME Gunn, RA Crissman, CE CA FIELD EPIDEMIOL NETWORK STDS TI Epidemiologic support to state and local sexually transmitted disease control programs - Perceived need and availability SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES LA English DT Article ID INFECTION; CHLAMYDIA; WOMEN; CRITERIA; CLINICS AB Background and Objectives: Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) comprise the majority of national infectious disease morbidity reported, yet the number of epidemiologists working in state and local STD programs is estimated to be small. Even less is known about the training and activities of those epidemiologists. Goals: To determine the number, training, and affiliation of epidemiologists working with STD programs and the level of satisfaction with epidemiologic support available. Study Design: Survey of 65 program managers in state and local health departments. Results: Program managers named 146 people working on epidemiologic activities, and 84 of those people were classified as "epidemiologist" by the criteria we applied. The median number of full-time equivalent (FTE) epidemiologists working in or with STD programs was 0.5; one quarter of all STD program had no epidemiologists. There was a significant association between number of FTE epidemiologist and population, with most programs with more than 0.5 epidemiologists located in areas with at least 1,000,000 population. State Epidemiologists do not provide technical support to most state STD programs. Almost half (45%) of all program managers indicated that they have inadequate epidemiologic support for routine program activities. Conclusions: The current level of epidemiologic support available to most STD programs is inadequate to perform surveillance and data analyses, interpret data to develop program objectives, and perform program evaluation, An essential next step is the delineation of a set of critical, analytic STD field epidemiology functions to define appropriate standards against which epidemiologic rapacity can be more precisely measured. C1 New Jersey Dept Hlth & Senior Serv, Trenton, NJ USA. Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div Sexually Transmitted Dis Prevent, Epidiemiol & Surveillance Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div Sexually Transmitted Dis Prevent, Program Dev & Support Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. San Diego Cty Dept Hlth Serv, STD Program, San Diego, CA USA. RP Finelli, L (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div STD Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,MSE-02, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 22 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0148-5717 J9 SEX TRANSM DIS JI Sex. Transm. Dis. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 25 IS 3 BP 132 EP 136 DI 10.1097/00007435-199803000-00004 PG 5 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA ZA006 UT WOS:000072318300004 PM 9524989 ER PT J AU Laner, MR Russell, JN AF Laner, MR Russell, JN TI Desired characteristics of spouses and best friends: Do they differ by sex and/or gender? SO SOCIOLOGICAL INQUIRY LA English DT Article ID MATE SELECTION CRITERIA; RELATIONSHIP SATISFACTION; PREFERENCES; EVOLUTIONARY; INTIMACY; PARTNER; SELF AB In view of the salutary effects that having one's spouse as one's best friend are said to impart (G. R. Lee 1988; Schwartz 1994), we investigated the relationship between desired characteristics of a best friend and of a spouse. Consistent with earlier scholarship in this area we found that desired characteristics overlap considerably for those two roles. We also found that men's and women's selection of characteristics are highly similar and that having a current same-sex or cross-sex best friend did not modify the characteristics chosen for either best friends or spouses. We discuss these findings in terms of the trend toward nontraditional gender role identities and expectations in close relationships. C1 Arizona State Univ, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Div Hlth Interview Stat, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Laner, MR (reprint author), Arizona State Univ, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. NR 53 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 5 PU UNIV TEXAS PRESS PI AUSTIN PA BOX 7819, AUSTIN, TX 78713-7819 USA SN 0038-0245 J9 SOCIOL INQ JI Sociol. Inq. PD SPR PY 1998 VL 68 IS 2 BP 186 EP 202 DI 10.1111/j.1475-682X.1998.tb00460.x PG 17 WC Sociology SC Sociology GA 102PT UT WOS:000074933700003 ER PT J AU Wagner, KR Giles, WH Johnson, CJ Ou, CY Bray, PF Goldschmidt-Clermont, PJ Croft, JB Brown, VK Stern, BJ Feeser, BR Buchholz, DW Earley, CJ Macko, RF McCarter, RJ Sloan, MA Stolley, PD Wityk, RJ Wozniak, MA Price, TR Kittner, SJ AF Wagner, KR Giles, WH Johnson, CJ Ou, CY Bray, PF Goldschmidt-Clermont, PJ Croft, JB Brown, VK Stern, BJ Feeser, BR Buchholz, DW Earley, CJ Macko, RF McCarter, RJ Sloan, MA Stolley, PD Wityk, RJ Wozniak, MA Price, TR Kittner, SJ TI Platelet glycoprotein receptor IIIa polymorphism P1A2 and ischemic stroke risk - The stroke prevention in young women study SO STROKE LA English DT Article DE cerebrovascular disorders; platelets; polymorphism (genetics); young adults; women ID MEN; ALLOANTIGENS; THROMBOSIS; DISEASE; COMPLEX AB Background and Purpose-Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (GpIIb-IIIa), a membrane receptor for fibrinogen and von Willebrand factor, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of acute coronary syndromes but has not been previously investigated in relation to stroke in young adults. Methods-We used a population-based case-control design to examine the association of the GpIIIa polymorphism P1A2 with stroke in young women. Subjects were 65 cerebral infarction cases (18 patients with and 47 without an identified probable etiology) 15 to 44 years of age from the Baltimore-Washington region and 122 controls frequency matched by age from the same geographic area. A face-to-face interview for vascular disease risk factors and a blood sample for the P1A2 allele and serum cholesterol were obtained from each participant. Logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratio for one or more P1A2 alleles after adjustment for other risk factors. Results-Among cases and controls, the prevalence rates of one or more P1A2 alleles were 21% and 22% among blacks and 36% and 28% among whites, respectively. This genotype was significantly associated with hypertension only in black control subjects but otherwise not with any of the established vascular risk factors. The adjusted odds ratio for cerebral infarction of one or more P1A2 alleles was 1.1 (confidence interval [CI], 0.6 to 2.3) overall, 0.5 (CI, 0.1 to 7.1) among blacks, and 1.4 (CI, 0.5 to 3.7) among whites. For the cases with an identified probable etiology, the corresponding odds ratios were 3.0 (CI, 0.9 to 10.4) overall, 0.7 (CI, 0.1 to 7.1) among blacks, and 12.8 (CI, 1.2 to 135.0) among whites. Conclusions-No association was found between the P1A2 polymorphism of GpIIIa and young women with stroke. However, subgroup analyses showed that the P1A2 polymorphism of GpIIIa appeared to be associated with stroke risk among white women, particularly those with a clinically identified probable etiology for their stroke. Further work with an emphasis on stroke subtypes and with multiracial populations is warranted. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Neurol, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Epidemiol & Prevent Med, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Neurol, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Med, Baltimore, MD USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Cardiovasc Hlth Branch, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Environm Hlth Lab Sci, Atlanta, GA USA. Emory Univ, Dept Neurol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RP Kittner, SJ (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Neurol, Bressler Bldg,Room 12-013,655 W Baltimore St, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. FU NINDS NIH HHS [NS16332-11] NR 20 TC 71 Z9 76 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0039-2499 J9 STROKE JI Stroke PD MAR PY 1998 VL 29 IS 3 BP 581 EP 585 PG 5 WC Clinical Neurology; Peripheral Vascular Disease SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Cardiovascular System & Cardiology GA ZA292 UT WOS:000072348900004 PM 9506596 ER PT J AU Woo, THS Patel, BKC Smythe, LD Symonds, ML Norris, MA Weyant, RS Dohnt, MF AF Woo, THS Patel, BKC Smythe, LD Symonds, ML Norris, MA Weyant, RS Dohnt, MF TI Identification of Leptospira inadai by continuous monitoring of fluorescence during rapid cycle PCR SO SYSTEMATIC AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Leptospira inadai; 6S rDNA; SYBR Green I; rapid cycle PCR; real-time detection ID RIBOSOMAL-RNA; DNA AB Seven new Leptospira isolates from rats, a buffalo, and contaminated media showed either reactive serology against more than 1 serogroup or no reactive serology against a reference panel of 22 serovars in the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Because of these inconclusive results, the 16S rDNA sequences of these isolates were determined and found to resemble thar of the type strain of Leptospira inadai (L. inadai), serovar lyme strain 10, which Is considered to be nonpathogenic for humans. Comparative analyses of other Leptospira 16S rDNA sequences from databases revealed a L. inadai-specific signature sequence, against which an amplification primer was designed. This primer when used in conjunction with an universal primer enabled the trial of a rapid PCR protocol in which fluorescence emissions due to binding of SYBR Green I dye to PCR products were continuously monitored during rapid thermal cycling. A melting curve acquired immediately after PCR was used to distinguish the intended product. The thermal cycling and continuous monitoring of fluorescence emission were accomplished by the LightCycler; the whole procedure of 30 PCR cycles and melting curve acquisition required only 20 minutes. The primer achieved the required specificity, as the intended PCR product resulted only from 6 confirmed L. inadai reference strains and 7 field isolates that had been verified as L. inadai by the 16S rDNA sequencing, but not from 16 reference strains of Leptospira belonging to 7 other genospecies. Furthermore, these experiments showed that the PCR protocol was robust because target DNA of different conditions, which were extracted by either 1 of the 4 methods used, could be detected. C1 Griffith Univ, Fac Sci & Technol, Sch Biomol & Biomed Sci, Brisbane, Qld 4111, Australia. WHO, FAO, Collaborating Ctr Reference & Res Leptospirosis, Brisbane, Qld, Australia. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Leptospirosis Lab, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Patel, BKC (reprint author), Griffith Univ, Fac Sci & Technol, Sch Biomol & Biomed Sci, Nathan Campus, Brisbane, Qld 4111, Australia. RI Patel, Bharat/H-8050-2015 OI Patel, Bharat/0000-0002-5332-1858 NR 19 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 2 PU GUSTAV FISCHER VERLAG PI JENA PA VILLENGANG 2, D-07745 JENA, GERMANY SN 0723-2020 J9 SYST APPL MICROBIOL JI Syst. Appl. Microbiol. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 21 IS 1 BP 89 EP 96 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA ZH012 UT WOS:000073063300010 PM 9741113 ER PT J AU Messenger, SL McGuire, JA AF Messenger, SL McGuire, JA TI Morphology, molecules, and the phylogenetics of cetaceans SO SYSTEMATIC BIOLOGY LA English DT Review DE Cetacea; DNA sequences; likelihood-ratio test; molecular clock; morphology; Mysticeti; Odontoceti; partition-homogeneity; test; phylogeny; Templeton test ID RIBOSOMAL-RNA; SECONDARY STRUCTURE; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; WHALES; SEQUENCES; CONFIDENCE; INFERENCE; EVOLUTION; ALIGNMENT; MODELS AB Recent phylogenetic analyses of cetacean relationships based on DNA sequence data have challenged the traditional view that baleen whales (Mysticeti) and toothed whales (Odontoceti) are each monophyletic, arguing instead that baleen whales are the sister group of the odontocete family Physeteridae (sperm whales). We reexamined this issue in light of a morphological data set composed of 207 characters and molecular data sets of published 12S, 165, and cytochrome b mitochondrial DNA sequences. We reach four primary conclusions: (1) Our morphological data set strongly supports the traditional view of odontocete monophyly; (2) the unrooted molecular and morphological trees are very similar, and most of the conflict results from alternative rooting positions; (3) the rooting position of the molecular tree is sensitive to choice of artiodactyl outgroup taxa and the treatment of two small but ambiguously aligned regions of the 12S and 16S sequences, whereas the morphological root is strongly supported; and (4) combined analyses of the morphological and molecular data provide a well-supported phylogenetic estimate consistent with that based on the morphological data alone (and the traditional view of toothed-whale monophyly) but with increased bootstrap support at nearly every node of the tree. C1 Univ Texas, Dept Zool, Austin, TX 78712 USA. Univ Texas, Texas Mem Museum, Austin, TX 78705 USA. RP Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, MS G-33,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM sum4@cdc.gov; jmcguire@mail.utexas.edu NR 103 TC 145 Z9 152 U1 5 U2 36 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 1063-5157 EI 1076-836X J9 SYST BIOL JI Syst. Biol. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 47 IS 1 BP 90 EP 124 PG 35 WC Evolutionary Biology SC Evolutionary Biology GA ZK090 UT WOS:000073283900009 PM 12064244 ER PT J AU Dreyer, G Addiss, D Santos, A Figueredo-Silva, J Noroes, J AF Dreyer, G Addiss, D Santos, A Figueredo-Silva, J Noroes, J TI Direct assessment in vivo of the efficacy of combined single-dose ivermectin and diethylcarbamazine against adult Wuchereria bancrofti SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article DE filariasis; Wuchereria bancrofti; chemotherapy; diethylcarbamazine; ivermectin; microfilaricidal effect; macrofilaricidal effect; filaria dance sign; ultrasonography; Brazil ID ADULTICIDAL EFFICACY; PLUS DIETHYLCARBAMAZINE; LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS; MU-G/KG; MICROFILAREMIA; RECIFE; BRAZIL; TOOL AB When ivermectin and diethylcarbamazine (DEC) are given simultaneously in a single dose to persons with Wuchereria bancrofti infection, the resulting suppression of microfilaraemia is more profound and sustained than when either drug is given alone. To assess whether this effect is a result of enhanced macrofilaricidal efficacy, we used ultrasound to monitor the adult worms in the scrotal area of men with W.bancrofti microfilaraemia. Twenty-one men were treated simultaneously with DEC (6 mg/kg) and either 200 mu g/kg or 400 mu g/kg of ivermectin (11 and 10 men, respectively). Ten other men received a single 200 mu g/kg dose of ivermectin followed 5 d later by a 6 mg/kg dose of DEC (sequential treatment). All men became amicrofilaraemic after treatment and all except one remained so for one year. Cessation of adult worm movement, indicative of death of all the adult worms in a given 'nest', was observed in none of 30 nests in men who received simultaneous treatment and in 3 of the 19 nests (16%) in the men who received sequential treatment (P=0.05). Scrotal nodules were detected in 5 of 21 men (24%) who received simultaneous treatment and in 8 men (80%) who received sequential treatment (P <0.01). Thus, coadministration of ivermectin with DEC seems to interfere with the macrofilaricidal action of DEC. These findings have implications both for treatment of the individual patient and for community-based drug distribution programmes designed to interrupt transmission of W.bancrofti. C1 CPqAM FIOCRUZ, Dept Parasitol, BR-52020200 Recife, PE, Brazil. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, PHS,US Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Fed Pernambuco, Lab Immunopatol Keizo Asami, Recife, PE, Brazil. Univ Fed Pernambuco, Hosp Clin, Serv Urol, Recife, PE, Brazil. RP Dreyer, G (reprint author), CPqAM FIOCRUZ, Dept Parasitol, Av Moraes Rego S-N,Cidade Univ, BR-52020200 Recife, PE, Brazil. NR 27 TC 35 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 0 PU ROYAL SOC TROPICAL MEDICINE PI LONDON PA MANSON HOUSE 26 PORTLAND PLACE, LONDON, ENGLAND W1N 4EY SN 0035-9203 J9 T ROY SOC TROP MED H JI Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD MAR-APR PY 1998 VL 92 IS 2 BP 219 EP 222 DI 10.1016/S0035-9203(98)90754-4 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA ZN081 UT WOS:000073606800027 PM 9764338 ER PT J AU Altekruse, SF Swerdlow, DL Wells, SJ AF Altekruse, SF Swerdlow, DL Wells, SJ TI Factors in the emergence of food borne diseases SO VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-FOOD ANIMAL PRACTICE LA English DT Article ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI O157-H7; SALMONELLA-ENTERITIDIS INFECTIONS; HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; UNITED-STATES; APPLE CIDER; OUTBREAK; EPIDEMIOLOGY; CHOLERA; BRUCELLOSIS; CALIFORNIA AB Food borne diseases are an important public health problem. Over the past two decades, the epidemiology of food borne diseases has changed rapidly as a consequence of changes in the social environment and the ability of pathogens to adapt to new niches. Several newly recognized pathogens have emerged and well-recognized pathogens have increased in prevalence or become associated with new food vehicles. Several factors have contributed to the changing patterns of food borne diseases, and addressing food borne diseases will require rapid surveillance and effective prevention strategies. This article examines these factors and briefly addresses prevention and control of food borne diseases. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. US FDA, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. USDA, Anim Plant Hlth Inspect Serv, Ctr Epidemiol & Anim Hlth, Ft Collins, CO USA. RP Altekruse, SF (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd A38, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 78 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 3 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0749-0720 J9 VET CLIN N AM-FOOD A JI Vet. Clin. N. Am.-Food Anim. Pract. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 14 IS 1 BP 1 EP + PG 16 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA ZF288 UT WOS:000072882500002 PM 9532663 ER PT J AU Altekruse, SF Swerdlow, DL Stern, NJ AF Altekruse, SF Swerdlow, DL Stern, NJ TI Campylobacter jejuni SO VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-FOOD ANIMAL PRACTICE LA English DT Article ID GUILLAIN-BARRE-SYNDROME; YERSINIA-ENTEROCOLITICA; BROILER-CHICKENS; RISK-FACTORS; PREVALENCE; COLONIZATION; ENTERITIS; POULTRY; SALMONELLA; COLI AB Campylobacter jejuni is the most common food borne bacterial pathogen and leading cause of food borne disease in humans in the United States and other industrialized nations. Approximately four million cases of human campylobacteriosis occur each year in the United States. Although the majority of cases consist of limited diarrheal illness, severe sequelae can affect a small portion of patients with campylobacteriosis that may include reactive arthritis and Guillain-Barre syndrome. Animal reservoirs primarily include poultry (C. jejuni) and swine (C. coli). Pathogen reduction during poultry processing and safe handling of raw poultry in the kitchen are needed to prevent illness. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. US FDA, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. USDA ARS, Russell Res Ctr, Poultry Microbiol Safety Res Unit, Athens, GA 30613 USA. RP Altekruse, SF (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd A38, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 68 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 2 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0749-0720 J9 VET CLIN N AM-FOOD A JI Vet. Clin. N. Am.-Food Anim. Pract. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 14 IS 1 BP 31 EP + PG 11 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA ZF288 UT WOS:000072882500004 PM 9532665 ER PT J AU Tollefson, L Angulo, FJ Fedorka-Cray, PJ AF Tollefson, L Angulo, FJ Fedorka-Cray, PJ TI National surveillance for antibiotic resistance in zoonotic enteric pathogens SO VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-FOOD ANIMAL PRACTICE LA English DT Article ID QUINOLONE RESISTANCE; ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS; VETERINARY-MEDICINE; CAMPYLOBACTER; SALMONELLA; ANIMALS; HEALTH AB Treatment of food-producing animals with antimicrobial agents that are important in human therapy may present a public health risk by the transfer of resistant zoonotic pathogens from animals to humans. Resistant bacteria can diminish the effectiveness of antibiotics and demand the use of more expensive or less safe alternatives. Ln 1996, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) established the National Antimicrobial Monitoring System to prospectively monitor changes in antimicrobial susceptibilities of zoonotic pathogens from human and animal clinical specimens, healthy farm animals, and carcasses of food-producing animals at slaughter plants. This article describes the development, implementation, and objectives of the monitoring system and presents initial data generated by the system. C1 US FDA, Ctr Vet Med, Off Surveillance & Compliance, Rockville, MD 20855 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. USDA ARS, Natl Anim Dis Ctr, Ames, IA 50010 USA. RP Tollefson, L (reprint author), US FDA, Ctr Vet Med, Off Surveillance & Compliance, HFV-200,7500 Standish Pl, Rockville, MD 20855 USA. NR 17 TC 61 Z9 63 U1 1 U2 4 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0749-0720 J9 VET CLIN N AM-FOOD A JI Vet. Clin. N. Am.-Food Anim. Pract. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 14 IS 1 BP 141 EP + PG 11 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA ZF288 UT WOS:000072882500012 PM 9532673 ER PT J AU Angulo, FJ Voetsch, AC Vugia, D Hadler, JL Farley, M Hedberg, C Cieslak, P Morse, D Dwyer, D Swerdlow, DL AF Angulo, FJ Voetsch, AC Vugia, D Hadler, JL Farley, M Hedberg, C Cieslak, P Morse, D Dwyer, D Swerdlow, DL CA FoodNet Working Grp TI Determining the burden of human illness from food borne diseases - CDC's emerging infectious disease program food borne diseases active surveillance network (FoodNet) SO VETERINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-FOOD ANIMAL PRACTICE LA English DT Article AB Food borne diseases cause a significant burden of illness in the United States. The Food Borne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet), established in 1995, continues to monitor the burden and causes of food borne diseases and provide much of the data to address this public health problem. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Calif Dept Hlth Serv, Div Commun Dis Control, Dis Invest & Surveillance Branch, Berkeley, CA 94704 USA. Dept Publ Hlth, Hartford, CT USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Atlanta, GA USA. Minnesota Dept Hlth, Acute Dis Epidemiol Sect, Minneapolis, MN USA. Oregon Dept Human Resources, State Hlth Div, Acute & Communicable Dis Program, Portland, OR USA. Dept Hlth, Wadsworth Ctr, Div Infect Dis, Albany, NY USA. Dept Hlth, Wadsworth Ctr, Div Epidemiol, Albany, NY USA. Maryland Dept Hlth & Mental Hyg, Epidemiol & Dis Control Program, Baltimore, MD USA. RP Angulo, FJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Mailstop A-38,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 12 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 4 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0749-0720 J9 VET CLIN N AM-FOOD A JI Vet. Clin. N. Am.-Food Anim. Pract. PD MAR PY 1998 VL 14 IS 1 BP 165 EP + PG 9 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA ZF288 UT WOS:000072882500014 PM 9532675 ER PT J AU Rodriguez, LL Owens, JH Peters, CJ Nichol, ST AF Rodriguez, LL Owens, JH Peters, CJ Nichol, ST TI Genetic reassortment among viruses causing hantavirus pulmonary syndrome SO VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID LA-CROSSE VIRUS; SIN-NOMBRE-VIRUS; CALIFORNIA SEROGROUP; POLYGENIC CONTROL; GENOME STRUCTURE; UNITED-STATES; BUNYAVIRUSES; EVOLUTION; IDENTIFICATION; TRANSMISSION AB In order to determine the frequency and characteristics of reassortment among viruses causing hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS), mixed infections were initiated in tissue culture by using two closely related strains of Sin Nombre virus, CC107 (from eastern California) and NMR11 (from New Mexico), which share the same species of rodent host in nature, the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus). Potential reassortant virus plaques were screened by multiplex RT-PCR, using primers specific for individual genome segments of each strain. Reassortant viruses involving the M and S segments and, to a lesser extent, the L segment were detected in 8.5% of 294 progeny plaques tested. In addition, approximately 30% of the progeny virus plaques appeared to contain S or M segments originating from both parental virus strains, i.e., they were diploid. Most of these diploid virus genotypes were not stable, becoming either reassortant or parental virus strains upon plaque-to-plaque virus passage. In contrast to the results above, only one Virus reassortant and four diploids were observed among 163 progeny virus plaques from mixed infections between Sin Nombre virus NMR11 and the genetically more distant Black Creek Canal virus, an HPS-causing virus from Florida, which has the cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) as its natural host. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Special Pathogens Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Nichol, ST (reprint author), NCID, CDC, DVRD, Special Pathogens Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. EM stn1@dcd.gov NR 34 TC 78 Z9 90 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0042-6822 J9 VIROLOGY JI Virology PD MAR 1 PY 1998 VL 242 IS 1 BP 99 EP 106 DI 10.1006/viro.1997.8990 PG 8 WC Virology SC Virology GA ZA335 UT WOS:000072353200012 PM 9501041 ER PT J AU Chen, RT DeStefano, F AF Chen, RT DeStefano, F TI Vaccine adverse events: causal or coincidental? SO LANCET LA English DT Editorial Material ID CROHNS-DISEASE; ABSENCE C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Vaccine Safety & Dev Act Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Chen, RT (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Vaccine Safety & Dev Act Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 12 TC 94 Z9 96 U1 0 U2 17 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 42 BEDFORD SQUARE, LONDON WC1B 3SL, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD FEB 28 PY 1998 VL 351 IS 9103 BP 611 EP 612 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)78423-3 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA ZA447 UT WOS:000072364200003 PM 9500313 ER PT J AU Gostin, LO Ward, JW Baker, AC AF Gostin, LO Ward, JW Baker, AC TI National HIV case reporting - Reply SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Letter C1 Georgetown Johns Hopkins Program Law & Publ Hlth, Washington, DC 20001 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Natl Assoc People AIDS, Washington, DC 20005 USA. RP Gostin, LO (reprint author), Georgetown Johns Hopkins Program Law & Publ Hlth, Washington, DC 20001 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MASS MEDICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 10 SHATTUCK, BOSTON, MA 02115 USA SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD FEB 26 PY 1998 VL 338 IS 9 BP 627 EP 627 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA YY708 UT WOS:000072175700028 ER PT J CA CDC TI AIDS among persons aged >= 50 years - United States, 1991-1996 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 47, pg 21-27, 1998) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 CDC, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP CDC, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 330 N WABASH AVE, STE 39300, CHICAGO, IL 60611-5885 USA SN 0098-7484 EI 1538-3598 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD FEB 25 PY 1998 VL 279 IS 8 BP 575 EP 576 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA YX457 UT WOS:000072041900012 ER PT J AU Goldoft, M Stehr-Green, P Hedberg, K Flemming, DW Hall, W Johnson, DR AF Goldoft, M Stehr-Green, P Hedberg, K Flemming, DW Hall, W Johnson, DR TI Adverse ocular reactions following transfusions - United States, 1997-1998 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 47, pg 49-50, 1998) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint ID BLOOD C1 St John Hosp, Longview, WA 98632 USA. Washington State Dept Hlth, Seattle, WA USA. Oregon Hlth Div, Portland, OR USA. Michigan Dept Community Hlth, Detroit, MI USA. US FDA, Ctr Biol Evaluat & Res, Ctr Devices & Radiol Hlth, Off Regulatory Affairs, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. CDC, Div Appl Publ Hlth Training, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Hosp Infect Program, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Goldoft, M (reprint author), St John Hosp, Longview, WA 98632 USA. NR 5 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD FEB 25 PY 1998 VL 279 IS 8 BP 576 EP + PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA YX457 UT WOS:000072041900013 ER PT J AU Frank, E Brogan, DJ Mokdad, AH Simoes, EJ Kahn, HS Greenberg, RS AF Frank, E Brogan, DJ Mokdad, AH Simoes, EJ Kahn, HS Greenberg, RS TI Health-related behaviors of women physicians vs other women in the United States SO ARCHIVES OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID COUNSELING PRACTICES; DISEASE; SMOKING; RISK; INTERNISTS; ALCOHOL; HABITS AB Objective: To examine the health-related behaviors of women physicians compared with those of other women of high and not high socioeconomic status and with national goals. Methods: We examined the results of a questionnaire-based survey of a stratified random sample, the Women Physicians' Health Study, and a US telephone survey (Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Atlanta, Ga). We analyzed 3 samples of women aged 30 to 70 years: (1) respondents from the Women Physicians' Health Study (n=4501); (2) respondents from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (n=1310) of the highest socioeconomic status; and (3) all other respondents from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (n=35361). Results: Women physicians were more likely than other women of high socioeconomic status and even more likely than other women not to smoke. The few physicians (3.7%) who smoked reported consuming fewer cigarettes per day, and physicians who had stopped smoking reported quitting at a younger age than women in the general population. Women physicians were less likely to report abstaining from alcohol, but those who drank reported consuming less alcohol per episode than other women and were less likely to report hinging on alcohol than women in the general population. Unlike vr amen in the general population and even other women of high socioeconomic status, women physicians' reported behaviors exceeded national goals for the year 2000 in all examined behaviors and screening habits. Conclusions: Women physicians report having generally good health habits even when compared with other socioeconomically advantaged women and, report exceeding all examined national goals for personal screening practices and other personal health behaviors. Women physicians' behaviors may provide useful standards for other women in the United States. C1 Emory Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Family & Prevent Med, Womens Phys Hlth Study, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. St Louis Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, St Louis, MO 63103 USA. Med Univ S Carolina, Columbia, SC USA. RP Frank, E (reprint author), Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Family & Prevent Med, Womens Phys Hlth Study, 69 Butler St, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. OI Kahn, Henry/0000-0003-2533-1562; Simoes, Eduardo/0000-0003-4371-4305 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [5T32-HL-07034] NR 25 TC 101 Z9 102 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0003-9926 J9 ARCH INTERN MED JI Arch. Intern. Med. PD FEB 23 PY 1998 VL 158 IS 4 BP 342 EP 348 DI 10.1001/archinte.158.4.342 PG 7 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA YY366 UT WOS:000072139900004 PM 9487231 ER PT J AU Godoy, P Castilla, J Rullan, JV AF Godoy, P Castilla, J Rullan, JV TI Incidence and risk factors for the association of AIDS and tuberculosis SO MEDICINA CLINICA LA Spanish DT Article ID DRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS; NEW-YORK-CITY; EXTRAPULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS; NOSOCOMIAL TRANSMISSION; DEFINING DISEASE; HIV-INFECTION; UNITED-STATES; PRISON; EPIDEMIOLOGY; COUNTRIES AB BACKGROUND: Incidence of tuberculosis in persons coinfected with HIV is very high. The aim of this study was to determine the risk factors for tuberculosis in AIDS patients in Spain. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A study was carried into AIDS cases (1993 European AIDS case definition) over 12 years old, diagnosed in Spain in 1994. A comparison was run between cases with tuberculosis and the remaining reported AIDS cases on the register, by sex, age, transmission category and prison record. Multiple logistic regression was used to assess the independent effect of each variable, with the adjusted odds ratio (ORa) and their 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: Annual incidence of AIDS and tuberculosis comorbidity was 8.9 per 100,000 inhabitants. Multivariate analysis revealed that tuberculosis in AIDS patients appeared with higher frequency in: males (ORa = 1.4; CI 95%, 1.3-1.6); the 13-29 age group (ORa = 1.3; CI 95%, 1.1-1.5) and the 30-39 year old group (ORa = 1.1; CI 95%, 1.0-1.3), injecting drug users (IDU) (ORa = 1.4; CI 95%, 1.2-1.6), and those patients with a prison record (ORa = 2.1; CI 95%, 1.9-2.4). CONCLUSIONS: In Spain, male AIDS patients, under age 40 years with a prison record and IDU have a higher risk of tuberculosis. Control measures for tuberculosis should therefore be intensified among these patients. C1 Inst Salud Carlos III, Ctr Nacl Epidemiol, Programa Epidemiol Aplicada Campo, Madrid, Spain. Secretaria Plan Nacl Sida, Madrid, Spain. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, PEAC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Godoy, P (reprint author), Vall Aneu 45, Lleida 25199, Spain. RI Castilla, Jesus/B-9048-2008 OI Castilla, Jesus/0000-0002-6396-7265 NR 58 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 7 PU EDICIONES DOYMA S/A PI BARCELONA PA TRAV DE GRACIA 17-21, 08021 BARCELONA, SPAIN SN 0025-7753 J9 MED CLIN-BARCELONA JI Med. Clin. PD FEB 21 PY 1998 VL 110 IS 6 BP 205 EP 208 PG 4 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA ZB043 UT WOS:000072429100002 PM 9547731 ER PT J CA CDC TI Update: Influenza activity - United States, 1997-98 season (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 47, pg 36-38, 1998) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 CDC, WHO Collab Ctr Surveil Epidem & Contr Influenza, Influenza Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis,Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP CDC (reprint author), CDC, WHO Collab Ctr Surveil Epidem & Contr Influenza, Influenza Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis,Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD FEB 18 PY 1998 VL 279 IS 7 BP 498 EP 498 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA YW470 UT WOS:000071938900009 ER PT J AU Hardouin, S Bourgeois, F Toraasson, M Oubenaissa, A Elalouf, JM Fellmann, D Dakhli, T Swynghedauw, B Moalic, JM AF Hardouin, S Bourgeois, F Toraasson, M Oubenaissa, A Elalouf, JM Fellmann, D Dakhli, T Swynghedauw, B Moalic, JM TI beta-adrenergic and muscarinic receptor mRNA accumulation in the sinoatrial node area of adult and senescent rat hearts SO MECHANISMS OF AGEING AND DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article DE beta-adrenergic and muscarinic receptor mRNA; heart; sino-atrial node; senescence ID CARDIAC-HYPERTROPHY; ADENYLATE-CYCLASE; MESSENGER-RNAS; BETA-1-ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR; CHOLINERGIC RECEPTORS; VENTRICULAR MYOCYTES; CONDUCTION SYSTEM; AGE; SUBTYPES; EXPRESSION AB The sinoatrial (SA) node is the cardiac pacemaker and changes in its adrenergic-muscarinic phenotype have been postulated as a determinant of age-associated modifications in heart rate variability. To address this question, right atria were microdissected, the SA node area was identified by acetylcholinesterase staining, and, using a RT-PCR method, the accumulation of mRNA molecules encoding beta(1)- and beta(2)-adrenergic (beta(1)- and beta(2)-AR) and muscarinic (M-2-R) receptor was quantified to define the proportion between beta-AR and M-2-R mRNAs within the sinoatrial area of adult (3 months) and senescent (24 months) individual rat hearts. In adult hearts, the highest M-2-R/beta-AR mRNA ratio was observed within the sinoatrial area compared with adjacent atrial myocardium, while in the senescent hearts, no difference was observed between sinoatrial and adjacent areas. This change was specific of the sinoatrial area since adult and senescent whole atrial or ventricular myocardium did not differ in their M-2-R/beta-AR mRNA ratio, and was associated with a fragmentation of acetylcholinesterase staining of the senescent SA node. Quantitative changes in the expression of genes encoding proteins involved in heart rate regulation specifically affect the sinoatrial area of the senescent heart. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Hop Lariboisiere, U127 INSERM, IFR Circulat Lariboisiere, F-75475 Paris, France. NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Ctr Etud Saclay, Dept Biol Cellulaire & Mol, Serv Biol Cellulaire, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. CNRS URA 561, Lab Histol Embryol Cytogenet, F-25030 Besancon, France. RP Moalic, JM (reprint author), Hop Lariboisiere, U127 INSERM, IFR Circulat Lariboisiere, 41 Bd de la Chapelle, F-75475 Paris, France. RI Elalouf, Jean-Marc/C-4351-2014 OI Elalouf, Jean-Marc/0000-0003-0151-6423 NR 61 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0047-6374 J9 MECH AGEING DEV JI Mech. Ageing. Dev. PD FEB 16 PY 1998 VL 100 IS 3 BP 277 EP 297 DI 10.1016/S0047-6374(97)00142-5 PG 21 WC Cell Biology; Geriatrics & Gerontology SC Cell Biology; Geriatrics & Gerontology GA ZF171 UT WOS:000072870800007 PM 9578116 ER PT J AU Orloski, KA Campbell, GL Genese, CA Beckley, JW Schriefer, ME Spitalny, KC Dennis, DT AF Orloski, KA Campbell, GL Genese, CA Beckley, JW Schriefer, ME Spitalny, KC Dennis, DT TI Emergence of Lyme disease in Hunterdon County, New Jersey, 1993: A case-control study of risk factors and evaluation of reporting patterns SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Borrelia burgdorferi; Lyme disease; Spirochaeta; zoonoses ID IXODES-DAMMINI ACARI; NEW-YORK-STATE; BORRELIA-BURGDORFERI; CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS; WESTCHESTER-COUNTY; OUTDOOR WORKERS; LANDSCAPE; IXODIDAE; TRANSMISSION; ATTACHMENT AB Reported cases of Lyme disease in Hunterdon County, New Jersey, increased almost 200% from 75 (67/100,000 population) in 1992 to 216 (193/100,000 population) in 1993, For evaluation of risk factors for Lyme disease and for determination of the cause of this increase, a case-control study was conducted, and the reporting practices of physicians' offices were evaluated, For cases reported in 1993, age and sex distribution, month of disease onset, and proportion of cases with erythema migrans rash were within expected limits. Analysis of age-matched case-control data showed that rural residence; clearing periresidential brush during spring and summer months; and the presence of rock walls, woods, deer, or a bird feeder on residential property were associated with incident Lyme disease, A review of physician reporting patterns suggested that the increase in reported cases in 1993 was due to improved reporting as well as to an increase in the numbers of patients diagnosed with Lyme disease, In addition, substantial underreporting of Lyme disease by physicians' offices was found. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Bacterial Zoonoses Branch, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. New Jersey State Dept Hlth, Trenton, NJ 08625 USA. Hunterdon Cty Dept Hlth, Flemington, NJ USA. New York State Dept Hlth, Albany, NY USA. RP Orloski, KA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Bacterial Zoonoses Branch, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, POB 2087, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. NR 29 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 4 PU JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV SCHOOL HYGIENE PUB HEALTH PI BALTIMORE PA 111 MARKET PLACE, STE 840, BALTIMORE, MD 21202-6709 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD FEB 15 PY 1998 VL 147 IS 4 BP 391 EP 397 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA ZA168 UT WOS:000072335800010 PM 9508107 ER PT J AU Dankovic, DA Stayner, LT AF Dankovic, DA Stayner, LT TI Comment on "Relative susceptibility of animals and humans to the cancer hazard posed by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin using internal measures of dose" SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Letter ID TISSUE C1 NIOSH, Risk Evaluat Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Dankovic, DA (reprint author), NIOSH, Risk Evaluat Branch, 4676 Columbia Pkwy, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD FEB 15 PY 1998 VL 32 IS 4 BP 549 EP 550 DI 10.1021/es970467i PG 2 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA YW550 UT WOS:000071947600017 ER PT J AU Yang, ZY Delgado, R Xu, L Todd, RF Nabel, EG Sanchez, A Nabel, GJ AF Yang, ZY Delgado, R Xu, L Todd, RF Nabel, EG Sanchez, A Nabel, GJ TI Distinct cellular interactions of secreted and transmembrane Ebola virus glycoproteins SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID MARBURG VIRUS; CELLS AB The mechanisms by which Ebola virus evades detection and infects cells to cause hemorrhagic fever have not been defined, though its glycoprotein, synthesized in either a secreted or transmembrane form, is likely involved. Here the secreted glycoprotein was found to interact with neutrophils through CD16b, the neutrophil-specific form of the Fc gamma receptor III, whereas the transmembrane glycoprotein was found to interact with endothelial cells but not neutrophils. A murine retroviral vector pseudotyped with the transmembrane glycoprotein preferentially infected endothelial cells. Thus, the secreted glycoprotein inhibits early neutrophil activation, which likely affects the host response to infection, whereas binding of the transmembrane glycoprotein to endothelial cells may contribute to the hemorrhagic symptoms of this disease. C1 Univ Michigan, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Internal Med, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Biol Chem, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Nabel, GJ (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RI Delgado, Rafael/C-4910-2016 OI Delgado, Rafael/0000-0002-6912-4736 NR 15 TC 187 Z9 198 U1 1 U2 25 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD FEB 13 PY 1998 VL 279 IS 5353 BP 1034 EP 1037 DI 10.1126/science.279.5353.1034 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA YX100 UT WOS:000072006400047 PM 9461435 ER PT J AU Simonds, RJ Steketee, R Nesheim, S Matheson, P Palumbo, P Alger, L Abrams, EJ Orloff, S Lindsay, M Bardeguez, AD Vink, P Byers, R Rogers, M AF Simonds, RJ Steketee, R Nesheim, S Matheson, P Palumbo, P Alger, L Abrams, EJ Orloff, S Lindsay, M Bardeguez, AD Vink, P Byers, R Rogers, M TI Impact of zidovudine use on risk and risk factors for perinatal transmission of HIV SO AIDS LA English DT Article DE antiviral therapy; epidemiology; risk factors; obstetrics/gynecology; pediatrics; vertical transmission ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; MOTHER-TO-CHILD; VERTICAL TRANSMISSION; INFANT TRANSMISSION; INFECTED WOMEN; TYPE-1; PREDICTORS; REDUCTION; COHORT; BIRTH AB Objectives: To evaluate the impact of perinatal zidovudine use on the risk of perinatal transmission of HIV and to determine risk factors for transmission among women using perinatal zidovudine. Design: Prospective cohort study of 1533 children born to HIV-infected women between 1985 and 1995 in four US cities. Methods: The association of potential risk factors with perinatal HIV transmission was assessed with univariate and multivariate statistics. Results: The overall transmission risk was 18% [95% confidence interval (CI), 16-21]. Factors associated with transmission included membrane rupture > 4 h before delivery [relative risk (RR), 2.1; 95% CI, 1.6-2.7], gestational age < 37 weeks (RR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.4-2.2), maternal CD4+ lymphocyte count < 500 x 10(6) cells/l (RR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.3-2.2), birthweight < 2500 g (RR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.3-2.1), and antenatal and neonatal zidovudine use (RR, 0.6; 95% CI, 0.4-0.9). For infants exposed to zidovudine antenatally and neonatally, the transmission risk was 13% overall but was significantly lower following shorter duration of membrane rupture (7%) and term delivery (9%). The transmission risk declined from 22% before 1992 to 11% in 1995 (P < 0.001) in association with increasing zidovudine use and changes in other risk factors. Conclusions: Perinatal HIV transmission risk has declined with increasing perinatal zidovudine use and changes in other factors. Further reduction in transmission for women taking zidovudine may be possible by reducing the incidence of other potentially modifiable risk factors, such as long duration of membrane rupture and prematurity. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Emory Univ, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. New York City Perinatal HIV Transmiss Collaborat, New York, NY USA. Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103 USA. Univ Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. RP Simonds, RJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop E-45, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 34 TC 104 Z9 106 U1 0 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0269-9370 J9 AIDS JI Aids PD FEB 12 PY 1998 VL 12 IS 3 BP 301 EP 308 DI 10.1097/00002030-199803000-00008 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA YT338 UT WOS:000071591600009 PM 9517993 ER PT J AU Duerr, AC Brockmann, SV Cesnik-Barbosa, CT Macasaet, MA AF Duerr, AC Brockmann, SV Cesnik-Barbosa, CT Macasaet, MA TI HIV infection among women of reproductive age SO AIDS LA English DT Letter ID PREGNANCY; FRANCE C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. SUNY, Dept Community Med, Brooklyn, NY USA. RP Duerr, AC (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0269-9370 J9 AIDS JI Aids PD FEB 12 PY 1998 VL 12 IS 3 BP 330 EP 331 PG 2 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA YT338 UT WOS:000071591600018 PM 9518001 ER PT J AU Hodgson, TA AF Hodgson, TA TI The health care costs of smoking SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. RP Hodgson, TA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. NR 3 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU MASS MEDICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 10 SHATTUCK, BOSTON, MA 02115 USA SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD FEB 12 PY 1998 VL 338 IS 7 BP 470 EP 470 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA YW122 UT WOS:000071900100012 PM 9463152 ER PT J AU Deitchman, S Jagger, J AF Deitchman, S Jagger, J TI Management of traumatic lacerations SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908 USA. RP Deitchman, S (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU MASS MEDICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 10 SHATTUCK, BOSTON, MA 02115 USA SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD FEB 12 PY 1998 VL 338 IS 7 BP 474 EP 475 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA YW122 UT WOS:000071900100022 PM 9463160 ER PT J AU Payne, A Nix, J Shaff, D Chapman, A Ghorayeb, B Keith, G Lamb, K Nix, B Johnson, G Johnson-Minter, J Guidry, H Mahlow, J Kelley, M Simpson, D McManus, E Desai, G Hawk, J Sorhage, F Ellis, H AF Payne, A Nix, J Shaff, D Chapman, A Ghorayeb, B Keith, G Lamb, K Nix, B Johnson, G Johnson-Minter, J Guidry, H Mahlow, J Kelley, M Simpson, D McManus, E Desai, G Hawk, J Sorhage, F Ellis, H TI Human rabies - Texas and New Jersey, 1997 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 47, pg 1-5, 1998) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Houston Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Bur Anim Regulat & Care, Houston, TX USA. Columbia Spring Br Med Ctr, Houston, TX USA. Texas Dept Hlth, Austin, TX 78756 USA. Warren Cty Dept Hlth, Washington, DC USA. New Jersey State Dept Hlth & Senior Svcs, Trenton, NJ USA. CDC, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Br, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Payne, A (reprint author), Houston Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Bur Anim Regulat & Care, Houston, TX USA. NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD FEB 11 PY 1998 VL 279 IS 6 BP 421 EP 422 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA YV580 UT WOS:000071839800009 ER PT J CA CDC TI Availability of new rabies vaccine for human use (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 47, pg 12-19, 1998) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 CDC, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Br, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP CDC (reprint author), CDC, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Br, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD FEB 11 PY 1998 VL 279 IS 6 BP 422 EP 423 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA YV580 UT WOS:000071839800010 ER PT J AU Slack, HH Heumann, MA AF Slack, HH Heumann, MA TI Use of unvented residential heating appliances - United States, 1988-1994 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 46, pg 1221-1224, 1997) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 US EPA, Reg 4, Washington, DC 20460 USA. Oregon Dept Human Resources, Ctr Dis Prevent & Epidemiol, Hlth Div, Portland, OR USA. CDC, Air Pollut & Resp Hlth Branch, Div Environm Hazards & Hlth Effects, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Slack, HH (reprint author), US EPA, Reg 4, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD FEB 11 PY 1998 VL 279 IS 6 BP 423 EP 424 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA YV580 UT WOS:000071839800011 ER PT J AU Kozlowski, LT Mehta, NY Sweeney, CT AF Kozlowski, LT Mehta, NY Sweeney, CT TI Filter ventilation levels in selected US cigarettes, 1997 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 46, pg 1043-1047, 1997) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint ID BLOCKING; MISUSE C1 Penn State Univ, Coll Hlth & Human Dev, Dept Biobehav Hlth, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. CDC, Off Smoking & Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Kozlowski, LT (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Coll Hlth & Human Dev, Dept Biobehav Hlth, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD FEB 11 PY 1998 VL 279 IS 6 BP 424 EP 425 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA YV580 UT WOS:000071839800012 ER PT J AU Branche, CM AF Branche, CM TI Personal watercraft-related injuries - Reply SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Branche, CM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD FEB 11 PY 1998 VL 279 IS 6 BP 434 EP 434 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA YV580 UT WOS:000071839800028 ER PT J AU Rosenstein, N Levine, O Taylor, JP Evans, D Plikaytis, BD Wenger, JD Perkins, BA AF Rosenstein, N Levine, O Taylor, JP Evans, D Plikaytis, BD Wenger, JD Perkins, BA TI Efficacy of meningococcal vaccine and barriers to vaccination SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 36th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy CY SEP 15-18, 1996 CL NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA SP Amer Soc Microbiol ID MULTILOCUS ENZYME ELECTROPHORESIS; SEROGROUP-C; GROUP-A; DISEASE; CAMPAIGN; CARRIAGE; CANADA; CAMPUS AB Context.-Use of the quadrivalent meningococcal vaccine for control of outbreaks has increased in recent years, but the efficacy of meningococcal vaccine during mass vaccination campaigns in US civilian populations has not been assessed. Objectives.-To evaluate the efficacy of the quadrivalent meningococcal vaccine against serogroup C meningococcal disease in a community outbreak setting and to evaluate potentially modifiable barriers to vaccination in an area with persistent meningococcal disease following immunization. Design.-Matched case-control study of vaccine efficacy using cases of serogroup C meningococcal disease in persons eligible for vaccination during mass vaccination campaigns. Control patients were matched by neighborhood and age. The control group was used to identify possible barriers to vaccination. Setting.-Gregg County, Texas, population 106 076, from 1993 to 1995. Participants.-A total of 17 case patients with serogroup C meningococcal disease eligible for vaccine and 84 control patients. Main Outcome Measures.-Vaccine efficacy and risk factors associated with nonvaccination. Results.-Vaccine efficacy among 2- to 29-year-olds was 85% (95% confidence interval, 27%-97%) and did not change in bivariate analyses with other risk factors that were significant in univariate analysis. Among control patients, older age was strongly associated with nonvaccination; vaccination rates for 2- to 4-year-olds, 5- to 18-year-olds, and 19- to 29-year-olds were 67%, 48%, and 20%, respectively (chi(2) for linear trend, P=.01). Conclusions.-The meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine was effective against serogroup C meningococcal disease in this community outbreak. Although specific barriers to vaccination were not identified, older age was a risk factor for nonvaccination in the target population of 2- to 29-year-olds. In future outbreaks, emphasis should be placed on achieving high vaccination coverage, with special efforts to vaccinate young adults. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NCID, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Childhood & Resp Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NCID, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Biostat & Informat Management Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Texas Dept Hlth, Infect Dis Epidemiol & Surveillance Div, Austin, TX 78756 USA. Texas Dept Hlth, Infect Dis Epidemiol & Surveillance Div, Tyler, TX USA. RP Rosenstein, N (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NCID, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Childhood & Resp Dis Branch, Mailstop C-23,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM nar5@cdc.gov NR 27 TC 75 Z9 76 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD FEB 11 PY 1998 VL 279 IS 6 BP 435 EP 439 DI 10.1001/jama.279.6.435 PG 5 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA YV580 UT WOS:000071839800030 PM 9466635 ER PT J AU Stull, TM Hearn, TL Hancock, JS Handsfield, JH Collins, CL AF Stull, TM Hearn, TL Hancock, JS Handsfield, JH Collins, CL TI Variation in proficiency testing performance by testing site SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID OF-AMERICAN-PATHOLOGISTS; LABORATORY PERFORMANCE; CLINICAL-CHEMISTRY; DISEASE-CONTROL; WORKING GROUP; ACCURACY; EXPERIENCE; PROGRAMS; CENTERS; IMPACT AB Context.-Congress enacted the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988 (CLIA) to promote uniform quality and standards among all testing sites in the United States. The performance indicators specified in the legislation are proficiency testing (PT) performance and periodic inspections. Objective.-To evaluate variation in PT performance by type of testing facility during the first year of compulsory participation under CLIA. Design.-All 1994 PT score data electronically reported to the Health Care Financing Administration as a component of compliance with the CLIA regulations were obtained. Over 1.2 million PT event scores from 17 058 unique testing sites were sorted into 2 groups based on the type of testing facility: hospitals and independent laboratories (HI) and all other testing sites (AOT). Main Outcome Measures.-Satisfactory and unsatisfactory performance rates for HI and AOT for each analyte and/or test, according to the criteria specified by the CLIA regulations. Results.-The aggregate rates of satisfactory event performance for all regulated analytes, tests, and specialties were 97% and 91% for the HI and AOT groups, respectively. The aggregate odds ratio for unsatisfactory PT event performance for the AOT group compared with the HI group was 2.89, with a range of 2.19 to 7.51 for the individual analytes. Conclusion.-There was a consistent difference in PT performance during the first full year of compulsory PT under the CLIA regulations based on the type of testing facility performing the analysis. Traditional testing sites achieved higher rates of satisfactory performance than newly regulated, alternative testing sites. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Publ Hlth Practice Program Off, Div Lab Syst, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Stull, TM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Publ Hlth Practice Program Off, Div Lab Syst, 4770 Bufrod Hwy NE,Mailstop G-23, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 33 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD FEB 11 PY 1998 VL 279 IS 6 BP 463 EP 467 DI 10.1001/jama.279.6.463 PG 5 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA YV580 UT WOS:000071839800036 PM 9466641 ER PT J AU Krug, EG Kresnow, MJ Peddicord, JP Dahlberg, LL Powell, KE Crosby, AE Annest, JL AF Krug, EG Kresnow, MJ Peddicord, JP Dahlberg, LL Powell, KE Crosby, AE Annest, JL TI Suicide after natural disasters SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID HEALTH; STRESS; COMMUNITIES; MORTALITY; RECOVERY; DISTRESS; VICTIMS; TERM; WAR AB Background Among the victims of floods, earthquakes, and hurricanes, there is an increased prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder and depression, which are risk factors for suicidal thinking. We conducted this study to determine whether natural disasters affect suicide rates. Methods From a list of all the events declared by the U.S. government to be federal disasters between 1982 and 1989, we selected the 377 counties that had each been affected by a single natural disaster during that period, We collected data on suicides during the 36 months before and the 48 months after the disaster and aligned the data around the month of the disaster. Pooled rates were calculated according to the type of disaster. Comparisons were made between the suicide rates before and those after disasters in the affected counties and in the entire United States. Results Suicide rates increased in the four years after floods by 13.8 percent, from 12.1 to 13.8 per 100,000 (P<0.001); in the two years after hurricanes by 31.0 percent, from 12.0 to 15.7 per 100,000 (P<0.001); and in the first year after earthquakes by 62.9 percent, from 19.2 to 31.3 per 100,000 (P<0.001). The four-year increase of 19.7 percent after earthquakes was not statistically significant. Rates computed in a similar manner for the entire United States were stable. The increases in suicide rates were found for both sexes and for all age groups. The suicide rates did not change significantly after tornadoes or severe storms. Conclusions Our study shows that suicide rates increase after severe earthquakes, floods, and hurricanes and confirms the need for mental health support after severe disasters. (C) 1998, Massachusetts Medical Society. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Stat & Programming, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Violence Prevent, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Krug, EG (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Mailstop K-60,4770 Buford Hwy, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 36 TC 68 Z9 74 U1 6 U2 9 PU MASS MEDICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 10 SHATTUCK, BOSTON, MA 02115 USA SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD FEB 5 PY 1998 VL 338 IS 6 BP 373 EP 378 DI 10.1056/NEJM199802053380607 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA YV426 UT WOS:000071822200007 PM 9449732 ER PT J AU Saw, TA Lim, W Shortridge, K Tam, J Liu, KK Mak, KH Tsang, T Au, TK Ho, YY Lee, TY Kwong, H Webster, RG AF Saw, TA Lim, W Shortridge, K Tam, J Liu, KK Mak, KH Tsang, T Au, TK Ho, YY Lee, TY Kwong, H Webster, RG TI Update: Isolation of avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses from humans - Hong Kong, 1997-1998 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 46, pg 1245-1247, 1998) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Hong Kong Dept Hlth, Virus Unit, Hong Kong, Hong Kong. Univ Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong. Chinese Univ Hong Kong, Shatin 100083, Hong Kong. Dept Agr & Fisheries, Hong Kong, Hong Kong. Prince Wales Hosp, Hong Kong, Hong Kong. Princess Margaret Hosp, Hong Kong, Hong Kong. Queen Elizabeth Hosp, Hong Kong, Hong Kong. Queen Mary Hosp, Hong Kong, Hong Kong. Tuen Mun Hosp, Hong Kong, Hong Kong. United Christian Hosp, Hong Kong, Hong Kong. Yan Chai Hosp, Hong Kong, Hong Kong. St Jude Childrens Res Hosp, Memphis, TN 38105 USA. WHO, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. CDC, Influenza Br, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Saw, TA (reprint author), Hong Kong Dept Hlth, Virus Unit, Hong Kong, Hong Kong. NR 3 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD FEB 4 PY 1998 VL 279 IS 5 BP 347 EP 348 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA YU572 UT WOS:000071731300009 ER PT J AU Heshmati, H Moini, J Krugg, C McMillan, M Castro, C Griffiths, J Janowski, HT AF Heshmati, H Moini, J Krugg, C McMillan, M Castro, C Griffiths, J Janowski, HT TI Rubella among crew members of commercial cruise ships - Florida, 1997 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 46, pg 1247-1250, 1998) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Brevard Cty Hlth Dept, Merritt Isl, FL USA. Broward Cty Hlth Dept, Ft Lauderdale, FL USA. Florida Dept Hlth, Tallahassee, FL USA. CDC, Vessel Sanit Program, Special Programs Grp, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Child Vaccine Preventable Dis Br, Epidemiol & Surveillance Div, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Miami Quarantine Stn, Program Operat Br, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Surveillance & Epidemiol Br, Div Quarantine, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Heshmati, H (reprint author), Brevard Cty Hlth Dept, Merritt Isl, FL USA. NR 1 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD FEB 4 PY 1998 VL 279 IS 5 BP 348 EP + PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA YU572 UT WOS:000071731300010 ER PT J AU Solomon, L Eldred, L Markowitz, J Ryan, P Benjamin, G Robbins, AS Hamaker, DW King, SA Melville, SK Thomas, MC Simpson, DM AF Solomon, L Eldred, L Markowitz, J Ryan, P Benjamin, G Robbins, AS Hamaker, DW King, SA Melville, SK Thomas, MC Simpson, DM TI Evaluation of HIV case surveillance through the use of non-name unique identifiers - Maryland and Texas, 1994-1996 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 46, pg 1254-1271, 1998) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint ID COMPLETENESS C1 Maryland Dept Hlth & Mental Hyg, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. Texas Dept Hlth, Austin, TX 78756 USA. CDC, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Solomon, L (reprint author), Maryland Dept Hlth & Mental Hyg, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD FEB 4 PY 1998 VL 279 IS 5 BP 350 EP 352 PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA YU572 UT WOS:000071731300011 ER PT J CA CDC TI Approval of installation of air bag on-off switches for certain motor-vehicle owners (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 46, pg 1098-1099, 1997) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 CDC, Div Unintent Injury Prevent, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Natl Highway Traff Safety Adm US, Washington, DC 20590 USA. RP CDC, Div Unintent Injury Prevent, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 330 N WABASH AVE, STE 39300, CHICAGO, IL 60611-5885 USA SN 0098-7484 EI 1538-3598 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD FEB 4 PY 1998 VL 279 IS 5 BP 352 EP 352 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA YU572 UT WOS:000071731300012 ER PT J AU Wortley, PM Fleming, PL AF Wortley, PM Fleming, PL TI Increasing incidence of AIDS among women - Reply SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Wortley, PM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD FEB 4 PY 1998 VL 279 IS 5 BP 355 EP 356 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA YU572 UT WOS:000071731300017 ER PT J AU Holmberg, SD Moorman, AC Von Bargen, J Palella, FJ Loveless, MO Ward, DJ Navin, TR AF Holmberg, SD Moorman, AC Von Bargen, J Palella, FJ Loveless, MO Ward, DJ Navin, TR CA HOPS Investigators TI Possible effectiveness of clarithromycin and rifabutin for cryptosporidiosis chemoprophylaxis in HIV disease SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID INTESTINAL CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS; AIDS; PROPHYLAXIS AB Context.-Cryptosporidium parvum infection, a common cause of diarrhea in persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), is difficult to treat or prevent. Objective.-To evaluate relative rates of cryptosporidiosis in HIV-infected patients who were either receiving or not receiving chemoprophylaxis or treatment for Mycobacterium avium complex. Design.-Analysis of prospectively collected data from HIV-infected patients' visits to their physicians since 1992. Setting.-Ten (8 private, 2 publicly funded) HIV clinics in 9 US cities. Patients.-A total of 1019 HIV-infected patients with CD4(+) cell counts less than 0.075 x 10(9)/L. Main Outcome Measures.-Incidence of clinical cryptosporidiosis during treatment with clarithromycin, rifabutin, and azithromycin. Results.-Five of the 312 patients reportedly taking clarithromycin developed cryptosporidiosis vs 30 of the 707 patients not taking clarithromycin (relative hazard [RH], 0.25 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.10-0.67]; P=.004). Two of the 214 patients taking rifabutin developed cryptosporidiosis vs 33 of the 805 not taking rifabutin (RH, 0.15 [95% CI, 0.04-0.62]; P=.01). Prophylactic efficacy of either drug was 75% or greater. No protective effect was seen in the 54 patients reportedly taking azithromycin (RH, 1.48 [95% CI, 0.44-5.04]; P=.46). Conclusions.-Clarithromycin and rifabutin were highly protective against development of cryptosporidiosis in immune-suppressed HIV-infected persons in this analysis; further study is warranted. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Northwestern Univ, Sch Med, Chicago, IL USA. Oregon Hlth Sci Univ, Portland, OR 97201 USA. RP Holmberg, SD (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Mailstop E-45,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 20 TC 46 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD FEB 4 PY 1998 VL 279 IS 5 BP 384 EP 386 DI 10.1001/jama.279.5.384 PG 3 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA YU572 UT WOS:000071731300030 PM 9459473 ER PT J AU Alexander, M Allison, D Auld, E Barber, C Beecher, C Beim, A Bier, D Brock, C Broihier, C Byal, N Chappell, J Ciampa, L Clark, A Clark, K Cobe, P Edelson, A Elam, K Ellis, M Gravani, R Greenwell, M Greer, K Gunby, P Hahn, B Haiken, M Hayes, JL Head, A Hill, J Horton, S Howkins, MA Howze, E Ingenthron, G Jacobs, C Jibrin, J Katalinich, P Knuth, K Lane, S Latona, V Levy, S Lindner, L Margolis, D McDonough, B Melton, J Melton, R Monsen, ER Morgan, A Mudd, M Paulson, T Pierre, C Pratt, S Price, F Proulx, L Richter, E Rowe, S Shepers, A Somer, E Starnes, S Straus, K Thompson, B Welch, C Winston, M Yap, L AF Alexander, M Allison, D Auld, E Barber, C Beecher, C Beim, A Bier, D Brock, C Broihier, C Byal, N Chappell, J Ciampa, L Clark, A Clark, K Cobe, P Edelson, A Elam, K Ellis, M Gravani, R Greenwell, M Greer, K Gunby, P Hahn, B Haiken, M Hayes, JL Head, A Hill, J Horton, S Howkins, MA Howze, E Ingenthron, G Jacobs, C Jibrin, J Katalinich, P Knuth, K Lane, S Latona, V Levy, S Lindner, L Margolis, D McDonough, B Melton, J Melton, R Monsen, ER Morgan, A Mudd, M Paulson, T Pierre, C Pratt, S Price, F Proulx, L Richter, E Rowe, S Shepers, A Somer, E Starnes, S Straus, K Thompson, B Welch, C Winston, M Yap, L CA Harvard Sch Public Hlth Int Food Information Council Fdn TI Improving public understanding: Guidelines for communicating emerging science on nutrition, food safety and health SO JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Int Food Informat Council Fdn, Washington, DC 20036 USA. Natl Publ Radio, Washington, DC USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Tufts Univ, Medford, MA 02155 USA. Monsanto Co, St Louis, MO 63167 USA. Harvard Univ, Hlth Serv, Amer Canc Soc, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Columbia Univ, Coll Phys, New York, NY 10027 USA. Penn State Univ, Ctr Sports Med, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NYU, Med Ctr, New York, NY USA. Nabisco Inc, Consumer & Sci Affairs, E Hanover, NJ USA. Cornell Univ, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Morgan, A (reprint author), Int Food Informat Council Fdn, 1100 Connecticut Ave NW,Suite 430, Washington, DC 20036 USA. NR 40 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 3 PU NATL CANCER INSTITUTE PI BETHESDA PA 9030 OLD GEORGETOWN RD, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0027-8874 J9 J NATL CANCER I JI J. Natl. Cancer Inst. PD FEB 4 PY 1998 VL 90 IS 3 BP 194 EP 199 PG 6 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA YY182 UT WOS:000072121500006 ER PT J AU Potischman, N Weiss, HA Swanson, CA Coates, RJ Gammon, MD Malone, KE Brogan, D Stanford, JL Hoover, RN Brinton, LA AF Potischman, N Weiss, HA Swanson, CA Coates, RJ Gammon, MD Malone, KE Brogan, D Stanford, JL Hoover, RN Brinton, LA TI Diet during adolescence and risk of breast cancer among young women SO JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE LA English DT Article ID BODY-SIZE; AMERICAN WOMEN; LIFE; MORTALITY; PATTERNS AB Background: A variety of breast cancer risk factors pertain to a woman's adolescence and may be related to nutritional influences, We assessed risk of early-onset breast cancer related to diet during adolescence in a case-control study, Methods: Study participants were accrued from the following three geographical regions covered by cancer registries: Atlanta, GA; Seattle/Puget Sound, WA; and central New Jersey, Case patients (n = 1647) were newly diagnosed with breast cancer, and control subjects (n = 1501) were identified by random-digit-dialing techniques. In an interview, each subject was asked to recall the frequency of consumption and portion size of 29 key food items at ages 12-13 years, Mothers of a subset of respondents completed questionnaires, and food groups were recalculated after removal of foods with poor agreement between mother and daughter, Logistic regression analyses were used to calculate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals, Results: When high versus low quartiles of consumption were compared, there was a suggestion of a reduced risk associated with high consumption of fruits and vegetables, although this finding was not statistically significant, Slight increases (of borderline statistical significance) in risk of breast cancer were found for intake of chicken or high-fat meat, Intake of animal fat, high-fat foods, high-fat snacks and desserts, or dairy products during adolescence had no apparent influence on breast cancer risk, Removal of foods suspected to be poorly recalled by the daughters did not change any of the risk estimates, Conclusion: These data do not provide evidence for a strong influence of dietary intakes during adolescence on risk of early-onset breast cancer. C1 NCI, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Univ London London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, London WC1E 7HT, England. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Canc Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA USA. Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Biostat, Atlanta, GA USA. Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Grp, Seattle, WA USA. Columbia Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Div Epidemiol, New York, NY 10027 USA. RP Potischman, N (reprint author), NCI, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, NIH, Execut Plaza N,Rm 430, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RI Brinton, Louise/G-7486-2015 OI Brinton, Louise/0000-0003-3853-8562 NR 34 TC 65 Z9 70 U1 1 U2 6 PU NATL CANCER INSTITUTE PI BETHESDA PA 9030 OLD GEORGETOWN RD, BETHESDA, MD 20814 USA SN 0027-8874 J9 J NATL CANCER I JI J. Natl. Cancer Inst. PD FEB 4 PY 1998 VL 90 IS 3 BP 226 EP 233 DI 10.1093/jnci/90.3.226 PG 8 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA YY182 UT WOS:000072121500010 PM 9462680 ER PT J AU Pollock, DA Adams, DL Bernardo, LM Bradley, V Brandt, MD Davis, TE Garrison, HG Iseke, RM Johnson, S Kaufmann, CR Kidd, P Leon-Chisen, N MacLean, S Manton, A McClain, PW Michelson, EA Pickett, D Rosen, RA Schwartz, RJ Smith, M Snyder, JA Wright, JL AF Pollock, DA Adams, DL Bernardo, LM Bradley, V Brandt, MD Davis, TE Garrison, HG Iseke, RM Johnson, S Kaufmann, CR Kidd, P Leon-Chisen, N MacLean, S Manton, A McClain, PW Michelson, EA Pickett, D Rosen, RA Schwartz, RJ Smith, M Snyder, JA Wright, JL CA DEEDS Writing Comm TI Data elements for emergency department systems, release 1.0 (DEEDS): A summary report SO ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE LA English DT Editorial Material DE DEEDS; data elements; emergency department record systems AB Variations in the way that data are entered in ED record systems impede the use of ED records for direct patient care and deter their reuse for many other legitimate purposes, To foster more uniform ED data, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Center for Injury Prevention and Control is coordinating a public-private partnership that has developed recommended specifications for many observations, actions, instructions, conclusions, and identifiers that are entered in ED records. The partnership's initial product, Data Elements far Emergency Department Systems, Release 1.0 (DEEDS), is intended for use by individuals and organizations responsible for ED record systems. If the recommended specifications are widely adopted, then problems-such as data incompatibility and high costs of collecting, linking, and using data-can be substantially reduced. The collaborative effort that led to DEEDS, Release 1.0, sets a precedent for future review and revision of the initial recommendations. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Pollock, DA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, 4770 Buford Highway NE,Mailstop F41, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU HANLEY & BELFUS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 210 S 13TH ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19107 USA SN 1069-6563 J9 ACAD EMERG MED JI Acad. Emerg. Med. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 5 IS 2 BP 185 EP 193 PG 9 WC Emergency Medicine SC Emergency Medicine GA YW749 UT WOS:000071969400020 ER PT J AU O'Brien, TR Padian, NS Hodge, T Goedert, JJ O'Brien, SJ Carrington, M AF O'Brien, TR Padian, NS Hodge, T Goedert, JJ O'Brien, SJ Carrington, M TI CCR-5 genotype and sexual transmission of HIV-1 SO AIDS LA English DT Letter ID HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS C1 NCI, Viral Epidemiol Branch, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, Dept Epidemiol & Biostat, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Atlanta, GA USA. Publ Hlth Serv, US Dept HHS, NCI, Lab Genome Divers, Bethesda, MD USA. NCI, Frederick Canc Res & Dev Ctr, SAIC Frederick, Frederick, MD USA. RP O'Brien, TR (reprint author), NCI, Viral Epidemiol Branch, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. NR 6 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0269-9370 J9 AIDS JI Aids PD FEB PY 1998 VL 12 IS 4 BP 444 EP 445 PG 2 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA YX416 UT WOS:000072037800019 PM 9520179 ER PT J AU Ahluwalia, IB DeVellis, RF Thomas, JC AF Ahluwalia, IB DeVellis, RF Thomas, JC TI Reproductive decisions of women at risk for acquiring HIV infection SO AIDS EDUCATION AND PREVENTION LA English DT Article ID SOCIAL SUPPORT; PREGNANCY; PREVENTION; KNOWLEDGE; CONTINUE; STRESS AB Approximately 1 to 1.5 million people in the United States are infected with HIV. The incidence of HIV is increasing among women and children. Little information exists regarding the determinants of reproductive decisions of women at risk of PW infection. This study investigated the correlates of reproductive decisions using data from the National AIDS Demonstration and Research Projects funded by the National Institutes on Drug Abuse. Subjects for this study were 1,921 women. HIV serostatus, AIDS knowledge, and perceived risk for getting AIDS were not associated with the reproductive decisions. Major correlates of reproductive decisions were age, ethnicity, and the number of children living with the women. Pregnancy, 6 months after the baseline interview, was associated with intention to become pregnant at baseline. In addition age and education level were significant predictors of self-reported pregnancy at follow-up. C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Hlth Behav & Hlth Educ, Sch Publ Hlth, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Epidemiol, Sch Publ Hlth, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Ahluwalia, IB (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control, Div Reprod Hlth, MS K-22,4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. FU AHRQ HHS [1R03HS07958-01] NR 25 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 1 PU GUILFORD PUBLICATIONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 72 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10012 USA SN 0899-9546 J9 AIDS EDUC PREV JI Aids Educ. Prev. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 10 IS 1 BP 90 EP 97 PG 8 WC Education & Educational Research; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Education & Educational Research; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA YX007 UT WOS:000071997000007 PM 9505101 ER PT J AU Esche, CA Groff, JH AF Esche, CA Groff, JH TI ELPAT program report: Background and current status (October 1997) SO AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOCIATION JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID LEAD C1 NIOSH, Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Phys Sci & Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Esche, CA (reprint author), NIOSH, Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Phys Sci & Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 18 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOC PI FAIRFAX PA 2700 PROSPERITY AVE #250, FAIRFAX, VA 22031-4307 USA SN 0002-8894 J9 AM IND HYG ASSOC J JI Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 59 IS 2 BP 86 EP 89 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA YX147 UT WOS:000072011100003 PM 9487661 ER PT J AU Qian, YG Willeke, K Grinshpun, SA Donnelly, J Coffey, CC AF Qian, YG Willeke, K Grinshpun, SA Donnelly, J Coffey, CC TI Performance of N95 respirators: Filtration efficiency for airborne microbial and inert particles SO AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOCIATION JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE efficiency; filter; microorganism; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; respirator ID AEROSOL PENETRATION; MASKS; MICROORGANISMS; CALIBRATION; SIZE AB In 1995 the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health issued new regulations for nonpowered particulate respirators (42 CFR Part 84). A new filler certification system also was created. Among the new particulate respirators that have entered the market, the N95 respirator is the most commonly used in industrial and health care environments. The filtration efficiencies of unloaded N95 particulate respirators have been compared with those of dust/mist (DM) and dust/fume/mist (DFM) respirators certified under the former regulations (30 CFR Part 11). Through laboratory tests with NaCl certification aerosols and measurements with particle-size spectrometers, N95 respirators were found to have higher filtration efficiencies than DM and DFM respirators and noncertified surgical masks. N95 respirators made by different companies were found to have different filtration efficiencies for the most penetrating particle size (0.1 to 0.3 mu m), but ail were at least 95% efficient at that size for NaCl particles. Above the most penetrating particle size the filtration efficiency increases with size; it reaches approximately 99.5% or higher at. about 0.75 mu m. Tests with bacteria of size and shape similar to Mycobacterium tuberculosis also showed filtration efficiencies of 99.5% or higher. Experimental data were used to calculate the aerosol mass concentrations inside the respirator when worn in representative work environments. The penetrated mass fractions, in the absence of face leakage, ranged from 0.02% for large particle distributions to 1.8% for submicrometer-size welding fumes. Thus, N95 respirators provide excellent protection against airborne particles when there is a good face seal. C1 Univ Cincinnati, Dept Environm Hlth, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA. NIOSH, Div Resp Dis Studies, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RP Willeke, K (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Dept Environm Hlth, POB 670056, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA. EM klaus.willeke@uc.edu RI Coffey, Christopher/I-2471-2012 FU NIOSH CDC HHS [R01-OH-03244] NR 16 TC 73 Z9 79 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE ASSOC PI FAIRFAX PA 2700 PROSPERITY AVE #250, FAIRFAX, VA 22031-4307 USA SN 0002-8894 J9 AM IND HYG ASSOC J JI Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 59 IS 2 BP 128 EP 132 DI 10.1202/0002-8894(1998)059<0128:PONRFE>2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA YX147 UT WOS:000072011100008 PM 9487666 ER PT J AU Dietz, WH AF Dietz, WH TI Does energy expenditure affect changes in body fat in children? SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Editorial Material ID METABOLIC-RATE; WEIGHT; RISK C1 New England Med Ctr, Div Pediat Gastroenterol & Nutr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Dietz, WH (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mail Stop K24,4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 13 TC 1 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CLINICAL NUTRITION PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, SUBSCRIPTIONS, RM L-3300, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0002-9165 J9 AM J CLIN NUTR JI Am. J. Clin. Nutr. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 67 IS 2 BP 190 EP 191 PG 2 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA YU348 UT WOS:000071708100005 PM 9459364 ER PT J AU St Lawrence, JS Eldridge, GD Reitman, D Little, CE Shelby, MC Brasfield, TL AF St Lawrence, JS Eldridge, GD Reitman, D Little, CE Shelby, MC Brasfield, TL TI Factors influencing condom use among African American women: Implications for risk reduction interventions SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE African American; women; condoms; risk reduction; HIV/AIDS ID INNER-CITY WOMEN; AIDS-PREVENTION; HIV-INFECTION; MINORITY WOMEN; BLACK-WOMEN; BEHAVIOR; KNOWLEDGE; ATTITUDES; GENDER; SEX AB Examined factors associated with condom use in a community-based sample of 423 sexually active African American women. Measures were selected to reflect the components in prevailing models of health behavior. Condom users were higher on AIDS health priority, prevention attitudes, stage of change, behavioral intentions, reported more frequent and comfortable sexual communication with partners, perceived greater partner and peer approval for condom use, and reported that peers also used condoms. Women in exclusive relationships evidenced earlier stage of change, lower intentions to use condoms, fewer peers who engaged in preventive behaviors, perceived themselves to have lower risk, and had lower rates of condom rise, higher education, and family income. Women in fluid relationships were at particularly high risk, with lower rates of condom use relative to women not in a relationship and greater sexual risk for HIV. Implications for HIV-risk reduction interventions with African American women are discussed. C1 Jackson State Univ, Community Hlth Program, Jackson, MS 39217 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP St Lawrence, JS (reprint author), Jackson State Univ, Community Hlth Program, 2310 Highway 80 W,Suite 3130, Jackson, MS 39217 USA. FU NICHD NIH HHS [1 R01 HD48842 MH] NR 48 TC 68 Z9 68 U1 2 U2 4 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0091-0562 J9 AM J COMMUN PSYCHOL JI Am. J. Community Psychol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 26 IS 1 BP 7 EP 28 DI 10.1023/A:1021877906707 PG 22 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Psychology, Multidisciplinary; Social Work SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Psychology; Social Work GA ZJ520 UT WOS:000073224400002 PM 9574496 ER PT J AU Gammon, MD Schoenberg, JB Britton, JA Kelsey, JL Coates, RJ Brogan, D Potischman, N Swanson, CA Daling, JR Stanford, JL Brinton, LA AF Gammon, MD Schoenberg, JB Britton, JA Kelsey, JL Coates, RJ Brogan, D Potischman, N Swanson, CA Daling, JR Stanford, JL Brinton, LA TI Recreational physical activity and breast cancer risk among women under age 45 years SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE breast neoplasms; exercise ID DELAYED MENARCHE; UNITED-STATES; EXERCISE; PREVENTION; AMENORRHEA; PROSPECTS AB To evaluate whether recreational physical activity is associated with breast cancer among young women, the authors analyzed data from a population-based case-control study. Cases (n = 1,668) were women under age 45 years who had been newly diagnosed with breast cancer between 1990 and 1992 in Atlanta, Georgia, central New Jersey, or Seattle, Washington. Controls (n = 1,505) were frequency-matched to cases by 5-year age group and geographic area of residence. Breast cancer was not associated with recreational activity in any of the three time periods assessed (highest quartile of activity vs. lowest: age-and center-adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 0.94 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.77-1.15) at ages 12-13 years, OR = 1.08 (95% CI 0.88-1.32) at age 20 years, and OR = 1.18 (95% CI 0.97-1.44) during the past year), with the average of the three time periods (OR = 1.02, 95% CI 0.84-1.25), or with daily climbing of at least two flights of stairs (without stopping) during the past year (daily climbing vs. never climbing: OR = 1.03, 95% CI 0.86-1.23). Estimates were not modified or confounded by body mass index, menopausal status, or caloric intake during the past year. These results do not support a protective role for physical activity in the risk of breast cancer among young women. C1 Columbia Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Div Epidemiol, New York, NY 10027 USA. New Jersey Dept Hlth & Senior Serv, Appl Canc Epidemiol Program, Trenton, NJ USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Hlth Res & Policy, Div Epidemiol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Canc Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA USA. Emory Univ, Dept Biostat, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. NCI, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Div Publ Hlth Sci, Seattle, WA 98104 USA. Univ Utah, Div Publ Hlth Sci, Salt Lake City, UT USA. RP Gammon, MD (reprint author), Columbia Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Div Epidemiol, New York, NY 10027 USA. RI Brinton, Louise/G-7486-2015 OI Brinton, Louise/0000-0003-3853-8562 NR 38 TC 80 Z9 81 U1 1 U2 3 PU JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV SCHOOL HYGIENE PUB HEALTH PI BALTIMORE PA 111 MARKET PLACE, STE 840, BALTIMORE, MD 21202-6709 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD FEB 1 PY 1998 VL 147 IS 3 BP 273 EP 280 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA YX150 UT WOS:000072011400013 PM 9482502 ER PT J AU Bennett, TA Kotelchuck, M Cox, CE Tucker, MJ Nadeau, DA AF Bennett, TA Kotelchuck, M Cox, CE Tucker, MJ Nadeau, DA TI Pregnancy-associated hospitalizations in the United States in 1991 and 1992: A comprehensive view of maternal morbidity SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE pregnancy complications; morbidity hospitalization; maternal health services; women's health ID LOW-BIRTH-WEIGHT; MORTALITY AB OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to update the national estimate of severe pregnancy complications and describe associated maternal characteristics of hospitalizations during pregnancy, applying an expanded definition of maternal morbidity. STUDY DESIGN: From 1991 and 1992 National Hospital Discharge Survey data, we estimated ratios of hospitalizations per 100 deliveries and compared relative ratios by maternal characteristics. We computed standard errors with the SUDAAN program and estimated 95% confidence intervals for relative ratios. RESULTS: The likelihood of hospitalization for pregnancy complications appeared to decline between the period 1986 and 1987 and the period 1991 and 1992, although primarily for pregnancy loss hospitalizations. In 1991 and 1992 there were 18.0 total pregnancy-associated hospitalizations/100 births (17.2 for whites, 28.1 for blacks). Component ratios were 12.3 for obstetric hospitalizations, 4.4 for pregnancy loss hospitalizations, and 1.4 for nonobstetric hospitalizations; all ratios were higher for blacks than for whites. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal hospitalization remains a substantial component of prenatal care. Because of underreporting and changes in medical practice, recent declines in maternal hospitalization may not represent true reductions in maternal morbidity. C1 Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Maternal & Child Hlth, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Ctr Hlth Promot & Dis Prevent, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hlth Promot Dis Prevent Res Ctr, Div Reprod Hlth, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Bennett, TA (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Maternal & Child Hlth, CB 7400,401 Rosenau Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. NR 21 TC 72 Z9 73 U1 0 U2 0 PU MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0002-9378 J9 AM J OBSTET GYNECOL JI Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 178 IS 2 BP 346 EP 354 DI 10.1016/S0002-9378(98)80024-0 PG 9 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA YZ971 UT WOS:000072313500024 PM 9500498 ER PT J AU Lowry, R Powell, KE Kann, L Collins, JL Kolbe, LJ AF Lowry, R Powell, KE Kann, L Collins, JL Kolbe, LJ TI Weapon-carrying, physical fighting, and fight-related injury among US adolescents SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 124th Annual Meeting of the American-Public-Health-Association CY NOV 17-21, 1996 CL NEW YORK, NEW YORK SP Amer Public Hlth Assoc DE violence; adolescence; adolescent behavior; firearms ID UNITED-STATES; VIOLENCE; YOUTH; FIREARM; RISK; HOMICIDE; ASSAULTS; FAMILY AB Introduction: Access to firearms and other weapons has been cited as an important factor contributing to the rise in violence-related injury among adolescents in the United States. Methods: Data from the Youth Risk Behavior Survey supplement to the 1992 National Health Interview Survey were analyzed to examine relationships among weapon-carrying, physical fighting, and fight-related injury among U.S. adolescents aged 12-21 years (N = 10,269). Adjusted odds ratios (OR) were used to describe the association of weapon-carrying during the past 30 days with physical fighting and fight-related injury during the past 12 months. Results: Weapon-carrying (15%) and physical fighting (39%) were common among adolescents. One out of 30 (3.3%) adolescents reported receiving medical care for fight-related injuries. Controlling for demographic characteristics, youth who carried weapons were more likely than those who did not to have been in a physical fight (OR = 3.3). The association between weapon-carrying and physical fighting was stronger among females (OR = 5.0) than among males (OR = 2.9),but did not vary significantly by age, race/ethnicity, or place of residence (urban, suburban, rural). Controlling for frequency of physical fighting and demographics, adolescents who carried a handgun (OR = 2.6) or other weapon (OR = 1.6) were more likely than those who did not carry a weapon to have had medical care for fight-related injuries. Conclusions: Among adolescents, weapon-carrying is associated with increased involvement in physical fighting and a greater likelihood of injury among those who do fight, Efforts to reduce fight-related injuries among youth should stress avoidance of weapon-carrying. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Adolescent & Sch Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Violence Prevent, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Lowry, R (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Adolescent & Sch Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Mailstop K-33,4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 46 TC 59 Z9 60 U1 1 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 14 IS 2 BP 122 EP 129 DI 10.1016/S0749-3797(97)00020-2 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA 104AQ UT WOS:000074990400006 PM 9631164 ER PT J AU Nelson, DE Bolen, J Kresnow, MJ AF Nelson, DE Bolen, J Kresnow, MJ TI Trends in safety belt use by demographics and by type of state safety belt law, 1987 through 1993 SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID SEAT-BELT; UNITED-STATES; DRIVERS; HEALTH AB Objectives. This study examined trends in safety belt use by age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, and type of safety belt law Methods. We analyzed Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data on safety belt use from 33 states for 1987 through 1993 and used linear regression models to determine trends in prevalence. Results. Asian/Pacific Islanders and Hispanics had the highest safety belt use among racial/ethnic groups. Prevalence varied little from age 25 through 64 years in all years, but averaged 25 percentage points higher in states with primary laws than in states with no belt laws. Overall safety belt use increased by an average of 2.7 +/- 0.1 percentage points per year and varied little across most demographic groups, but there was no significant increase for Black males aged 18 through 29 years. Conclusions. The generally consistent increase in safety belt use across demographic groups is in sharp contrast to trends in other health-risk behaviors. States should enact primary safety belt laws and focus safety belt use efforts towards young Black males. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Adult & Community Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Div Unintent Injuries, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Adult & Community Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Nelson, DE (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Adult & Community Hlth, 4770 Buford Hwy NE,MS K-30, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 33 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD FEB PY 1998 VL 88 IS 2 BP 245 EP 249 DI 10.2105/AJPH.88.2.245 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA ZT677 UT WOS:000074113400014 PM 9491015 ER PT J AU Ballard, TJ Saltzman, LE Gazmararian, JA Spitz, AM Lazorick, S Marks, JS AF Ballard, TJ Saltzman, LE Gazmararian, JA Spitz, AM Lazorick, S Marks, JS TI Violence during pregnancy: Measurement issues SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID PHYSICAL ABUSE; PREVALENCE AB Objectives. Standardized quantitative methods are needed to study occurrence and timing of violence in relation to pregnancy and to study the context in which pregnancy-related violence occurs. Methods. Data from three published studies of prevalence of violence during pregnancy are used to illustrate ways to measure the association of violence in relation to pregnancy. Results. Four patterns of violence in relation to pregnancy are identified, and related research issues are discussed. Also, 2 population-based surveys that address the suggestions presented here are discussed. Conclusions. Better measurement of the association between violence and pregnancy will facilitate development of data-based prevention and intervention programs. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Div Violence Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Prudential Ctr Hlth Care Res, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Med, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Maternal & Child Hlth, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA. RP Saltzman, LE (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, 4770 Buford Hwy,Mailstop K-60, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 8 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD FEB PY 1998 VL 88 IS 2 BP 274 EP 276 DI 10.2105/AJPH.88.2.274 PG 3 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA ZT677 UT WOS:000074113400020 PM 9491021 ER PT J AU Stephens, DS Moxon, ER Adams, J Altizer, S Antonovics, J Aral, S Berkelman, R Bond, E Bull, J Cauthen, G Farley, MM Glasgow, A Glasser, JW Katner, HP Kelley, S Mittler, J Nahmias, AJ Nichol, S Perrot, V Pinner, RW Schrag, S Small, P Thrall, PH AF Stephens, DS Moxon, ER Adams, J Altizer, S Antonovics, J Aral, S Berkelman, R Bond, E Bull, J Cauthen, G Farley, MM Glasgow, A Glasser, JW Katner, HP Kelley, S Mittler, J Nahmias, AJ Nichol, S Perrot, V Pinner, RW Schrag, S Small, P Thrall, PH TI Emerging and reemerging infectious diseases: A multidisciplinary perspective SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF THE MEDICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Population Biology, Evolution, and Control of Infectious Diseases CY FEB 22-23, 1995 CL EMORY UNIV, ATLANTA, GEORGIA HO EMORY UNIV DE infectious diseases; microbiology; population biology; emerging pathogens ID IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; UNITED-STATES; VIRULENCE; EVOLUTION; STREPTOCOCCUS; EPIDEMIC; ADULTS; SYSTEM; IDENTIFICATION; POPULATIONS AB Predictions that infectious diseases would be eliminated as a major threat So human health hare been shattered by emerging and reemerging infections, among them acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), hemorrhagic fevers, marked increases in infections caused by antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, and the resurgence of tuberculosis and malaria, Understanding the dynamics of emerging and reemerging infections is critical to efforts to reduce the morbidity and mortality of such infections, to establish policy related to preparedness for infectious threats, and for decisions on where to use limited resources; in the fight against infections. In order to offer at multidisciplinary perspective, 23 infectious disease specialists, epidemiologists, geneticists, microbiologists, and population biologists participated an an open forum at Emory University on emerging and reemerging infectious diseases, As summarized below, the group addressed questions about the definition, the identification, the factors responsible or, and multidisciplinary approaches to emerging and reemerging infections. C1 Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Div Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Immunol & Microbiol, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat & Publ Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. Emory Univ, Dept Biol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Dept Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Std HIV Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Prevent Serv, Div TB Eliminat, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Special Pathogens Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. John Radcliffe Hosp, Dept Paediat, Oxford OX3 9DU, England. Univ Michigan, Dept Biol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Duke Univ, Dept Bot, Durham, NC 27706 USA. Burroughs Wellcome Fund, Morrisville, NC USA. Univ Texas, Dept Zool, Austin, TX 78712 USA. Mercer Univ, Sch Med, Macon, GA 31207 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Med, Sch Med, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Stephens, DS (reprint author), Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Div Infect Dis, 69 Butler St SE, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. RI Stephens, David/A-8788-2012 NR 69 TC 16 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 5 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0002-9629 J9 AM J MED SCI JI Am. J. Med. Sci. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 315 IS 2 BP 64 EP 75 DI 10.1097/00000441-199802000-00002 PG 12 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA YV976 UT WOS:000071883300002 PM 9472905 ER PT J AU Halloran, ME Anderson, RM Azevedo-Neto, RS Bellini, WJ Branch, O Burke, MA Compans, R Day, K Gooding, L Gupta, S Katz, J Kew, O Keyserling, H Krause, R Lal, AA Massad, E McLean, AR Rosa, P Rota, P Wiener, P Wynn, SG Zanetta, DMT AF Halloran, ME Anderson, RM Azevedo-Neto, RS Bellini, WJ Branch, O Burke, MA Compans, R Day, K Gooding, L Gupta, S Katz, J Kew, O Keyserling, H Krause, R Lal, AA Massad, E McLean, AR Rosa, P Rota, P Wiener, P Wynn, SG Zanetta, DMT TI Population biology, evolution, and immunology of vaccination and vaccination programs SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF THE MEDICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Population Biology, Evolution, and Control of Infectious Diseases CY FEB 22-23, 1995 CL EMORY UNIV, ATLANTA, GEORGIA HO EMORY UNIV DE immunology; modeling; populations; vaccines ID MEASLES-VIRUS; TRANSMISSION DYNAMICS; SEVERE MALARIA; CHOLERA-TOXIN; B-SUBUNIT; SAO-PAULO; WILD-TYPE; INFECTION; IMMUNITY; VACCINES AB The purpose of prophylactic vaccination is to reduce morbidity and mortality in a population. Many questions related to the design of vaccines and vaccination programs require a population standpoint for their sharp formulation and laboratory and field studies to understand their immunologic background. Practical suggestions of the workshop included increased studies of age-specific immunity, better immunoepidemiologic surveillance, better design of efficacy studies, and more systematic sampling of parasite strains to study the evolutionary pressure exerted by vaccines. Theoretical immunology has much to contribute. One of the realizations of the workshop was the value of a strong interdisciplinary approach in vaccine development, utilizing relevant contributions from immunology, population biology, mathematical modeling, epidemiology, molecular biology, and virology. C1 Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Biostat, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, Oxford OX1 2JD, England. Univ Sao Paulo, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Discipline Med Informat, BR-05508 Sao Paulo, Brazil. Ctr Dis Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Fogarty Inst, Bethesda, MD USA. NIAID, Rocky Mt Labs, Hamilton, MT 59840 USA. RP Halloran, ME (reprint author), Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Biostat, 1518 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RI Massad, Eduardo/H-6143-2011; Massad, Eduardo/B-1169-2012; Zanetta, Dirce/G-4950-2013; Compans, Richard/I-4087-2013; Azevedo, Raymundo/B-7593-2008; Day, Karen/F-3697-2015 OI Massad, Eduardo/0000-0002-7200-2916; Compans, Richard/0000-0003-2360-335X; Azevedo, Raymundo/0000-0003-0660-2371; Day, Karen/0000-0002-6115-6135 FU NIAID NIH HHS [R01-AI32042, R29-AI3105, T32-AI07442] NR 51 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 4 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0002-9629 J9 AM J MED SCI JI Am. J. Med. Sci. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 315 IS 2 BP 76 EP 86 DI 10.1097/00000441-199802000-00003 PG 11 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA YV976 UT WOS:000071883300003 PM 9472906 ER PT J AU Levin, BR Antia, R Berliner, E Bloland, P Bonhoeffer, S Cohen, M DeRouin, T Fields, PI Jafari, H Jernigan, D Lipsitch, M McGowan, JE Mead, P Nowak, M Porco, T Sykora, P Simonsen, L Spitznagel, J Tauxe, R Tenover, F AF Levin, BR Antia, R Berliner, E Bloland, P Bonhoeffer, S Cohen, M DeRouin, T Fields, PI Jafari, H Jernigan, D Lipsitch, M McGowan, JE Mead, P Nowak, M Porco, T Sykora, P Simonsen, L Spitznagel, J Tauxe, R Tenover, F TI Resistance to antimicrobial chemotherapy: A prescription for research and action SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF THE MEDICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Population Biology, Evolution, and Control of Infectious Diseases CY FEB 22-23, 1995 CL EMORY UNIV, ATLANTA, GEORGIA HO EMORY UNIV ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI DIARRHEA; DRUG-RESISTANCE; ANTIBIOTIC-RESISTANCE; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; THERAPY; TUBERCULOSIS; EPIDEMIOLOGY; EVOLUTION; CHALLENGE; BACTERIA AB The growing problem of resistance to antimicrobial chemotherapy was discussed by participants at the February 1995 workshop at Emory University on population biology, evolution, and control of infectious diseases. They discussed the nature and source of this problem and identified areas of research in which information is lacking for the development of programs to control of the emergence and spread of resistant bacteria. Particular attention was given to theoretical (mathematical modeling) and empirical studies of the within and between-host population biology (epidemiology) and the evolution of microbial resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. Suggestions were made about the kinds of models and data needed, and the procedures that could be employed to stem the ascent and dissemination of resistant bacteria. This article summarizes the observations and recommendations made at the 1995 meeting and in the correspondence between participants that followed. It concludes with an update on the theoretical and empirical research on the between- and within-host population biology and evolution of resistance to antimicrobial chemotherapy most of which has been done since that meeting. C1 Emory Univ, Dept Biol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Congress Off Technol Assessment, Washington, DC USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Oxford, Dept Zool, Oxford OX1 2JD, England. Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Levin, BR (reprint author), Emory Univ, Dept Biol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. EM blevin@emory.edu RI Bonhoeffer, Sebastian/A-2735-2008; mcgowan jr, john/G-5404-2011; Nowak, Martin/A-6977-2008; OI Bonhoeffer, Sebastian/0000-0001-8052-3925; Simonsen, Lone/0000-0003-1535-8526 NR 60 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0002-9629 J9 AM J MED SCI JI Am. J. Med. Sci. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 315 IS 2 BP 87 EP 94 DI 10.1097/00000441-199802000-00004 PG 8 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA YV976 UT WOS:000071883300004 PM 9472907 ER PT J AU Branch, OH Udhayakumar, V Hightower, AW Oloo, AJ Hawley, WA Nahlen, BL Bloland, PB Kaslow, DC Lal, AA AF Branch, OH Udhayakumar, V Hightower, AW Oloo, AJ Hawley, WA Nahlen, BL Bloland, PB Kaslow, DC Lal, AA TI A longitudinal investigation of IgG and IgM antibody responses to the merozoite surface protein-1 19-kilodalton domain of Plasmodium falciparum in pregnant women and infants: Associations with febrile illness, parasitemia, and anemia SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID HUMORAL IMMUNE-RESPONSES; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; MALARIA TRANSMISSION; TERMINAL FRAGMENT; CELL INVASION; ANTIGEN; GROWTH; EPITOPES; INHIBIT; BACULOVIRUS AB This study was aimed at delineating characteristics of naturally acquired immunity against the merozoite surface antigen-1 (MSP-1) of Plasmodium falciparum, a candidate malaria vaccine antigen, A case/control study was performed on 75 case/control pairs of infants with febrile illness at the time of the first detected infection indicating a clinical case. The presence and level of antibodies at one month prior to the first infection and at the time of the first infection in the afebrile group was significantly higher than in the febrile group. Decreased parasite density and decreased infection-related loss of hemoglobin was seen in infants with anti-MSP-1(19kD) IgG antibodies. In addition, mothers who were positive for the presence of these antibodies conferred protection against placental infection and infection in their infants. In this study, development of anti-MSP-1(19kD) antibody responses in 24 infants were studied longitudinally using monthly serum samples collected from birth until approximately one year of age. In addition, umbilical cord blood sera and respective mothers' sera were analyzed. Longitudinal studies of antibody responses revealed several short-lived IgG and IgM peaks throughout an infant's first year that correlated with detection of parasitemia. The protection against parasitemia and febrile illness was observed in infants when anti-MSP1-(19kD) antibodies were present; when infants were negative for IgG, they had a 10-times greater risk of becoming parasitemic. These data from a longitudinal and prospective study of malaria suggest a protective role for anti-MSP-1(19kD) antibodies in infants and pregnant women. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Kenya Med Res Inst, Vector Biol & Control Res Ctr, Kissian, Kenya. NIAID, Malaria Res Lab, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Branch, OH (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Mailstop F-12,4770 Buford Highway, Chamblee, GA 30341 USA. NR 27 TC 135 Z9 135 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DRIVE SUITE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 58 IS 2 BP 211 EP 219 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA YZ465 UT WOS:000072256800018 PM 9502606 ER PT J AU Pollack, DA Adams, DL Bernardo, LM Bradley, V Brandt, MD Davis, TE Garrison, HG Iseke, RM Johnson, S Kaufmann, CR Kidd, P Leon-Chisen, N MacLean, S Manton, A McClain, PW Michelson, EA Pickett, D Rosen, RA Schwartz, RJ Smith, M Snyder, JA Wright, JL AF Pollack, DA Adams, DL Bernardo, LM Bradley, V Brandt, MD Davis, TE Garrison, HG Iseke, RM Johnson, S Kaufmann, CR Kidd, P Leon-Chisen, N MacLean, S Manton, A McClain, PW Michelson, EA Pickett, D Rosen, RA Schwartz, RJ Smith, M Snyder, JA Wright, JL TI Data Elements for Emergency Department Systems, Release 1.0 (DEEDS): A summary report SO ANNALS OF EMERGENCY MEDICINE LA English DT Article C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Pollack, DA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, 4770 Buford Highway NE,Mailstop F41, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 7 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 2 PU MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 0196-0644 J9 ANN EMERG MED JI Ann. Emerg. Med. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 31 IS 2 BP 264 EP 273 DI 10.1016/S0196-0644(98)70317-8 PG 10 WC Emergency Medicine SC Emergency Medicine GA YW023 UT WOS:000071887900018 PM 9472191 ER PT J AU Odds, FC Van Gerven, F Espinel-Ingroff, A Bartlett, MS Ghannoum, MA Lancaster, MV Pfaller, MA Rex, JH Rinaldi, MG Walsh, TJ AF Odds, FC Van Gerven, F Espinel-Ingroff, A Bartlett, MS Ghannoum, MA Lancaster, MV Pfaller, MA Rex, JH Rinaldi, MG Walsh, TJ TI Evaluation of possible correlations between antifungal susceptibilities of filamentous fungi in vitro and antifungal treatment outcomes in animal infection models SO ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY LA English DT Article ID AMPHOTERICIN-B; CRYPTOCOCCAL MENINGITIS; MURINE MODEL; IN-VITRO; THERAPY; HYALOHYPHOMYCOSIS; ASPERGILLOSIS; ITRACONAZOLE; COMBINATION; CANDIDIASIS AB Nine isolates of filamentous fungi previously tested in 11 different laboratories for their susceptibilities to amphotericin B and itraconazole in vitro were injected intravenously into mice and guinea pigs, and responses to treatment with both agents were studied, The experiments were done in a single laboratory, Mean survival times, the percentages of animals surviving 12 days after infection, and culture results for samples of deep organs obtained postmortem were used as markers of antifungal efficacy, Because of variations in organism pathogenicity, interpretable test systems in vivo could not be established for Fusarium spp, in mice or guinea pigs or for Pseudallescheria boydii in mice, even with the use of immunosuppressive pretreatments, Among the infections that could be evaluated, some degree of response to the corresponding treatment in vivo was seen in animals infected with each of two Rhizopus arrhizus isolates susceptible to amphotericin B at < 0.5 mu g/ml and Aspergillus spp, isolates susceptible to itraconazole at < 1.0 mu g/ml. Conversely, no responses were apparent with infecting strains for which MICs were greater than or equal to 2 mu g/ml (amphotericin B) or greater than or equal to 1 mu g/ml (itraconazole). However, the limitations of the intravenous challenge systems studied mean that no firm conclusion relating MICs in vitro to the lowest effective doses in vivo could be drawn. C1 Janssen Res Fdn, Dept Bacteriol & Mycol, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium. Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Med Coll Virginia, Richmond, VA 23298 USA. Indiana Univ, Med Ctr, Indianapolis, IN USA. Ctr Med Mycol, Cleveland, OH USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Antimicrobial Resistance Sect, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Iowa, Coll Med, Special Microbiol Lab, Iowa City, IA USA. Univ Texas, Sch Med, Ctr Study Emerging & Reemerging Pathogens, Dept Internal Med,Div Infect Dis, Houston, TX USA. Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Pathol, San Antonio, TX 78284 USA. NCI, Pediat Branch, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Odds, FC (reprint author), Janssen Res Fdn, Dept Bacteriol & Mycol, B-2340 Beerse, Belgium. EM fodds@janbelc1.ssw.jnj.com NR 25 TC 112 Z9 115 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0066-4804 J9 ANTIMICROB AGENTS CH JI Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 42 IS 2 BP 282 EP 288 PG 7 WC Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA YU748 UT WOS:000071750300013 PM 9527773 ER PT J AU Croppo, GP Visvesvara, GS Leitch, GJ Wallace, S Schwartz, DA AF Croppo, GP Visvesvara, GS Leitch, GJ Wallace, S Schwartz, DA TI Identification of the microsporidian Encephalitozoon hellem using immunoglobulin G monoclonal antibodies SO ARCHIVES OF PATHOLOGY & LABORATORY MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID ACQUIRED-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-SYNDROME; ENTEROCYTOZOON-BIENEUSI INFECTION; TRANSPLANT RECIPIENT; TISSUE-CULTURE; ATHYMIC MICE; AIDS PATIENT; DIARRHEA; CUNICULI; VIRUS; ULTRASTRUCTURE AB Objective.-Microsporidia isolated from clinical specimens so far have been identified to level of species by electron microscopy, indirect immunofluorescence (IIF), western blot (WE), and genetic analysis. Recent studies, however, indicate extensive serologic cross-reactions among microsporidian species involved in human disease. Design and Setting.-In this study, we used IIF and WE techniques to evaluate the reactivity of six different immunoglobulin G monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) raised against Encephalitozoon hellem with six isolates of E hellem that originated from patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. A rabbit isolate of Encephalitozoon cuniculi, and an isolate of Encephalitozoon intestinalis, which was established in cultures from the urine of a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome were also used for comparison. Results.-Five of the six antibodies, when analyzed by both IIF and WE assays, specifically identified six isolates of E hellem originating from three patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The sixth MAb, however, reacted with all of the E hellem isolates in the WE assay, but failed to react with them in the IIF assay. Using the IIF test, five of the six MAbs failed to react with E cuniculi and E intestinalis, even at a dilution of 1:50. The MAbs also did not read in the IIF test with Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Giardia, and Cryptosporidium. These MAbs did react with E cunicoli and E intestinalis in the WE assay, but the banding patterns were very different from those of E hellem, thus facilitating the identification of E hellem from the other microsporidia. The MAbs also reacted, in the IIF test, with E hellem spores in formalin-fixed tissue sections that were heated in a microwave oven. Conclusions.-Identification of microsporidian agents to the species level is important. Since certain therapeutic agents (eg, fumagillin, albendazole) are efficacious in treating E hellem infections of the cornea, as well as urogenital and respiratory infections caused by E hellem, a quick and definitive identification of the organism is important so that successful therapy may be instituted. An IIF test using the MAbs described here would therefore be invaluable in the quick identification of this parasite. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Biol & Diagnost Branch, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Morehouse Sch Med, Dept Physiol, Atlanta, GA 30310 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RP Visvesvara, GS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Biol & Diagnost Branch, Div Parasit Dis, Mail Stop F-13,4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 37 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU COLLEGE AMER PATHOLOGISTS PI NORTHFIELD PA C/O KIMBERLY GACKI, 325 WAUKEGAN RD, NORTHFIELD, IL 60093-2750 USA SN 0003-9985 J9 ARCH PATHOL LAB MED JI Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 122 IS 2 BP 182 EP 186 PG 5 WC Medical Laboratory Technology; Medicine, Research & Experimental; Pathology SC Medical Laboratory Technology; Research & Experimental Medicine; Pathology GA YW354 UT WOS:000071926600013 PM 9499364 ER PT J AU Cohen, LR Runyan, CW Bowling, JM AF Cohen, LR Runyan, CW Bowling, JM TI Social determinants of pediatric residents' injury prevention counseling SO ARCHIVES OF PEDIATRICS & ADOLESCENT MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID SMOKING CESSATION TREATMENT; PRIMARY CARE PHYSICIANS; HEALTH BELIEF MODEL; MEDICAL-EDUCATION; LEARNING THEORY; PATIENT; PROMOTION; PRACTITIONERS; COMMUNICATION; KNOWLEDGE AB Background: Social norms imparted by preceptors and the requirements necessary to pass American Board of Pediatrics' examinations are potentially important contributors to physician behavior. Objective: To explore the relationships between perceived professional norms regarding injury prevention and the injury prevention topics discussed, and counseling strategies employed, by pediatric residents. Design: A self-administered survey. Setting: All 5 North Carolina pediatric residency programs. Participants: Physicians training in pediatrics or medicine-pediatrics in these programs (N=160, 72% response rate). Main Outcome Measure: Correlation between perceived professional norms and self-reported content of injury prevention counseling and use of behavior change strategies. Results: Although 95% of the pediatric residents reported counseling all or almost all parents with children younger than 1 year about car seat use, only 19% reported counseling this many parents about gun safety. Of the 7 behavior change strategies that residents were asked about, respondents were most likely to report "showing approval for safe behaviors" to all or almost all parents (78%). Two thirds reported asking all or almost all parents about the safety of their homes. Pediatric residents' reported injury prevention counseling was correlated with their perceived professional norms regarding such counseling for most of the content areas and behavior change strategies. Conclusions: Perceived professional norms regarding injury prevention are related to pediatric residents' counseling. Preceptors should be aware that they transmit professional norms to residents. Also, the American Board of Pediatrics can increase residents' attention to injury prevention by informing them that it will be a topic included in the board examination. C1 Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Injury Prevent Res Ctr, Chapel Hill, NC USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Hlth Behav & Hlth Educ, Chapel Hill, NC USA. RP Cohen, LR (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Adolescent & Sch Hlth, 4770 Buford Hwy NE,Mailstop K33, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM lic8@cdc.gov FU PHS HHS [R01-CCR402444-10] NR 61 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 1072-4710 J9 ARCH PEDIAT ADOL MED JI Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 152 IS 2 BP 169 EP 175 PG 7 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA YX012 UT WOS:000071997500010 PM 9491044 ER PT J AU Fink, JB Krause, SA Barrett, L Schaaff, D Alex, CG AF Fink, JB Krause, SA Barrett, L Schaaff, D Alex, CG TI Extending ventilator circuit change interval beyond 2 days reduces the likelihood of ventilator-associated pneumonia SO CHEST LA English DT Article DE infection; mechanical ventilation; pneumonia ID NOSOCOMIAL PNEUMONIA; MECHANICAL VENTILATION; ATTRIBUTABLE MORTALITY; COLONIZATION; MORBIDITY; PATIENT; STAY AB Objective: To determine the risk of acquiring ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) and the impact on costs when extending ventilator circuit change intervals beyond 2 days to 7 and 30 days. Design: Prospective 4-year review of mechanically ventilated patients. Setting: The respiratory and medical ICUs of an 800-bed tertiary teaching Veterans Affairs hospital. Patients: All adult patients receiving mechanical ventilation from January 1991 through December 1994. Interventions: Ventilator circuits with active heated water humidifiers were changed at B-day intervals during a 2-year control period, followed by 7-day and 30-day intervals (for 1 year each), Heated wire circuits were adopted with the 30-day interval. The rate of VAP per 1,000 ventilator days was calculated for each circuit change interval group, Survival analysis was used to model VAP with ventilator circuit change to determine risk. Results: During the study period, 637 patients received mechanical ventilation. During the 2 years with 2-day change intervals, the VAP per 1,000 ventilator days was 11.88 (n=343), compared with 3.34 (n=137) and 6.28 (n=157) for 7-day and 30-day change intervals, respectively. The risk of acquiring a VAP for those with a circuit change every 2 days was significantly greater (relative risk, 3.1; p=0.0004; 95% confidence interval, 1.662, 5.812) than those with the 7- and 30-day circuit changes, Extending circuit change intervals reduced supply and labor costs averaging $4,231/yr for each ventilator in use. Conclusions: Circuit change intervals of 7 and 30 days have lower risks for VAP than the 2-day intervals, yielding substantial reductions in morbidity as well labor and supply costs. C1 Edward Hines Vet Adm Hosp, Dept Vet Affairs, Med Serv 111, Hines, IL 60141 USA. Loyola Univ, Stritch Sch Med, Maywood, IL 60153 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Fink, JB (reprint author), Edward Hines Vet Adm Hosp, Dept Vet Affairs, Med Serv 111, Bldg 200,Room 1416, Hines, IL 60141 USA. NR 20 TC 35 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER COLL CHEST PHYSICIANS PI NORTHBROOK PA 3300 DUNDEE ROAD, NORTHBROOK, IL 60062-2348 USA SN 0012-3692 J9 CHEST JI Chest PD FEB PY 1998 VL 113 IS 2 BP 405 EP 411 DI 10.1378/chest.113.2.405 PG 7 WC Critical Care Medicine; Respiratory System SC General & Internal Medicine; Respiratory System GA YX065 UT WOS:000072002900029 PM 9498960 ER PT J AU Mei, JV Hanon, WH Dobbs, TL Bell, CJ Spruill, C Gwinn, M AF Mei, JV Hanon, WH Dobbs, TL Bell, CJ Spruill, C Gwinn, M TI Radioimmunoassay for monitoring zidovudine in dried blood spot specimens SO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; PLASMA; SERUM; ASSAY; INFANTS; WOMEN; AZT AB We modified and evaluated a RIA for serum and used the modified RIA to measure zidovudine in dried blood spot specimens (DBSs) routinely collected for newborn screening and tested anonymously for maternally acquired HIV antibodies in the national HIV Seroprevalence Survey Among Childbearing Women. DBS calibration and quality-control materials were used to adapt the serum assay to the DBS matrix. The assay had a limit of detection of 24 mu g/L serum and was used to measure zidovudine from both whole DBSs and the eluate remaining after HIV antibody screening. We initiated a pilot study to investigate the assay's performance and assess its potential to determine the implementation of the US Public Health Service recommendations that HIV-infected pregnant women and newborns receive zidovudine treatment to reduce the risk of perinatal HIV transmission. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Newborn Screening Qual Assurance Program, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV Sexually Transmitted Dis & TB Preven, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Mei, JV (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Newborn Screening Qual Assurance Program, F-19,4770 Buford Hwy NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 18 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC CLINICAL CHEMISTRY PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 L STREET NW, SUITE 202, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-1526 USA SN 0009-9147 J9 CLIN CHEM JI Clin. Chem. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 44 IS 2 BP 281 EP 286 PG 6 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA YW156 UT WOS:000071904100015 PM 9474025 ER PT J AU Gunter, EW McDonnell, SM AF Gunter, EW McDonnell, SM TI Transferrin saturation and screening of genetic hemochromatosis - Response SO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Letter C1 Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, NHANES Lab, Nutr Biochem Branch, Div Environm Hlth Lab Sci, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Med Epidemiol Maternal & Child Hlth Branch, Div Nutr & Phys Activ,Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prev & H, Publ Hlth Serv,Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Gunter, EW (reprint author), Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, NHANES Lab, Nutr Biochem Branch, Div Environm Hlth Lab Sci, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 11 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC CLINICAL CHEMISTRY PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 L STREET NW, SUITE 202, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-1526 USA SN 0009-9147 J9 CLIN CHEM JI Clin. Chem. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 44 IS 2 BP 361 EP 362 PG 2 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA YW156 UT WOS:000071904100037 ER PT J AU Archibald, LK den Dulk, MO Pallangyo, KJ Reller, LB AF Archibald, LK den Dulk, MO Pallangyo, KJ Reller, LB TI Fatal Mycobacterium tuberculosis bloodstream infections in febrile hospitalized adults in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; BLOOD CULTURE SYSTEM; BACTEC 12B BOTTLES; SEPTI-CHEK AFB; AVIUM-INTRACELLULARE; HIV-INFECTION; BACTEREMIA; RECOVERY; NAIROBI; KENYA AB Causes of community-acquired bloodstream infections (BSIs) in sub-Saharan Africa are unknown with regard to mycobacteria and fungi. We prospectively studied 517 consecutive febrile (axillary temperature, greater than or equal to 37.5 degrees C) adults (greater than or equal to 15 years of age) admitted to one hospital in Tanzania. After hospital admission and informed consent, blood was drawn for culture (of bacteria, mycobacteria, and fungi), determination of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) status, and malaria smears. Malaria smears were prepared for a control group of 150 afebrile patients. One hundred and forty-five patients (28%) had BSI. Of these 145 patients, 118 (81%) were HIV-1-infected. HIV-positive patients were more likely than HIV-negative ones to have BSI (118 of 282 vs. 27 of 235; P < .0001), The three most frequently isolated pathogens were Mycobacterium tuberculosis (60 [39%]), non-typhi Salmonella species (29 [19%]) and Staphylococcus aureus (13 [8.3%]). The incidence of malaria parasitemia was similar in study and control patients (9.5% vs, 8%). In this patient population with high prevalence of HIV-1 infection, M. tuberculosis has become the foremost cause of documented BSI. C1 Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Clin Microbiol Lab, Durham, NC 27706 USA. Duke Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Durham, NC 27706 USA. Duke Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Durham, NC 27706 USA. Muhimbili Univ, Coll Hlth Sci, Dept Med, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania. Univ Dar Es Salaam, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania. RP Archibald, LK (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, Mailstop E-69,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 33 TC 109 Z9 112 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5801 S ELLIS AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 26 IS 2 BP 290 EP 296 DI 10.1086/516297 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA YW499 UT WOS:000071941900007 PM 9502444 ER PT J AU Nivin, B Nicholas, P Gayer, M Frieden, TR Fujiwara, PI AF Nivin, B Nicholas, P Gayer, M Frieden, TR Fujiwara, PI TI A continuing outbreak of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, with transmission in a hospital nursery SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID HEALTH-CARE WORKERS; MYCOBACTERIUM-TUBERCULOSIS; NOSOCOMIAL TRANSMISSION AB We investigated an increase in cases of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDRTB) at a large urban facility where a prior nosocomial outbreak of MDRTB had occurred, Nosocomial transmission appeared to account for this outbreak as well, including a cluster of cases in a newborn nursery, Seven of 24 patients (29%) described in this investigation may have been exposed in the hospital nursery during an approximately 2-week period. We believe this to be the first documented outbreak of MDRTB in a hospital nursery. The transmission in the nursery demonstrates that the possibility of exposure to unrecognized active tuberculosis in nursery and hospital personnel is always present. Infection and active disease in the infants developed after a relatively short period of exposure, These findings underscore the need for adherence to published infection control guidelines in health care settings. C1 New York City Dept Hlth, Bur TB Control, New York, NY 10007 USA. Elmhurst Hosp, Dept Infect Dis, New York, NY USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div TB Eliminat, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Nivin, B (reprint author), New York City Dept Hlth, Bur TB Control, 225 Broadway,22nd Floor,Box 72B, New York, NY 10007 USA. NR 20 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 2 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5801 S ELLIS AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 26 IS 2 BP 303 EP 307 DI 10.1086/516296 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA YW499 UT WOS:000071941900009 PM 9502446 ER PT J AU de Manzione, N Salas, RA Paredes, H Godoy, O Rojas, L Araoz, F Fulhorst, CF Ksiazek, TG Mills, JN Ellis, BA Peters, CJ Tesh, RB AF de Manzione, N Salas, RA Paredes, H Godoy, O Rojas, L Araoz, F Fulhorst, CF Ksiazek, TG Mills, JN Ellis, BA Peters, CJ Tesh, RB TI Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever: Clinical and epidemiological studies of 165 cases SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID LASSA FEVER; EASTERN PROVINCE; SIERRA LEONE; ARENAVIRUS; VIRUS AB Epidemiological and clinical data are presented on 165 cases of Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever (VHF), a newly emerging viral zoonosis caused by Guanarito virus (of the family Arenaviridae). The disease is endemic in a relatively circumscribed area of central Venezuela. Since its first recognition in 1989, the incidence of VHF has peaked each year between November and January, during the period of major agricultural activity in the region of endemicity. The majority of cases have involved male agricultural workers. Principal symptoms among the patients with VHF included fever, malaise, headache, arthralgia, sore throat, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, conclusions, and a variety of hemorrhagic manifestations, The majority of patients also had leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. The overall fatality rate among the 165 cases was 33.3%,, despite hospitalization and,vigorous supportive care. C1 Univ Texas, Med Branch, Ctr Trop Dis, Dept Pathol, Galveston, TX 77555 USA. Portuguesa State Div Hlth, Reg Res Unit, Guanare, Venezuela. Natl Inst Hyg Rafael Rangel, Dept Virol, Caracas, Venezuela. Minist Hlth & Social Assistance, Div Epidemiol, Caracas, Venezuela. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Tesh, RB (reprint author), Univ Texas, Med Branch, Ctr Trop Dis, Dept Pathol, 301 Univ Blvd, Galveston, TX 77555 USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI-33983, AI-10894] NR 25 TC 46 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 7 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5801 S ELLIS AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 26 IS 2 BP 308 EP 313 DI 10.1086/516299 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA YW499 UT WOS:000071941900010 PM 9502447 ER PT J AU Kramer, MH Greer, GJ Quinonez, JF Padilla, NR Hernandez, B Arana, BA Lorenzana, R Morera, P Hightower, AW Eberhard, ML Herwaldt, BL AF Kramer, MH Greer, GJ Quinonez, JF Padilla, NR Hernandez, B Arana, BA Lorenzana, R Morera, P Hightower, AW Eberhard, ML Herwaldt, BL TI First reported outbreak of abdominal angiostrongyliasis SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID COSTARICENSIS MORERA; RARE CAUSE; ENTEROCOLITIS; CESPEDES AB Human abdominal angiostrongyliasis is a potentially fatal disease caused by Angiostrongylus costaricensis, a nematode found in the Americas. During the period of December 1994 through August 1995, an outbreak of this disease occurred in Guatemala. We identified 22 cases of abdominal angiostrongyliasis and conducted a matched case-control study to identify risk factors for illness. The median age of the 18 cases enrolled in the study was 37 years (range, 9-68 years), and 11 (61.1%) were male. Consumption of the following six raw food items was associated with angiostrongyliasis: mint (odds ratio [OR], 6.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5-66.0), shrimp (OR, infinite; 95% CI, 1.4 to infinite), and four kinds of ceviche that reportedly contained raw mint COR for consumption of mint or ceviche that contained mint, 7.0; 95% CI, 1.0-315). We conclude that raw mint was the likely vehicle of infection for this outbreak. To our knowledge, this is the first reported outbreak of abdominal angiostrongyliasis and the first time that a specific food item has been epidemiologically linked to the disease. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, US PHS, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Epidemiol Program Off, US PHS, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Med Entomol Res & Training Unit, Guatemala City, Guatemala. Hosp Herrera Llerandi, AMEDESGUA, Asociac Med Especialistas Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala. Hosp San Juan Dios, Dept Pathol, San Jose, Costa Rica. RP Herwaldt, BL (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, US PHS, Mailstop F-22,4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 46 TC 20 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 3 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 1058-4838 EI 1537-6591 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 26 IS 2 BP 365 EP 372 DI 10.1086/516325 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA YW499 UT WOS:000071941900020 PM 9580096 ER PT J AU Unger, ER Vernon, SD Nisenbaum, R Thoms, WW Spann, C Miller, DL Lee, DR Horowitz, IR Icenogle, JP Reeves, WC AF Unger, ER Vernon, SD Nisenbaum, R Thoms, WW Spann, C Miller, DL Lee, DR Horowitz, IR Icenogle, JP Reeves, WC TI Human papillomavirus and disease status following therapy for cervical cancer SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 13th International Papillomavirus Conference CY OCT 08-12, 1994 CL AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS ID GENITAL HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS; CERVICOVAGINAL LAVAGE; INFECTION; EPIDEMIOLOGY; NEOPLASIA; SURVIVAL; CELLS AB We enrolled 85 patients with invasive cervical cancer and collected cervicovaginal lavage samples at each clinical visit for diagnosis, staging, treatment, and follow-up. Lavage samples were tested by L1 consensus polymerase chain reaction for human papillomavirus (HPV). Results were compared with HPV demonstrated in tumor tissue and the clinical status at time of sample collection, Sensitivity and specificity of the lavage for detection of tumor HPV, determined on the basis of results of tests on lavage samples collected prior to therapy, were found to be 56% and 76.9%, respectively. The proportion of lavage samples detecting tumor HPV decreased significantly with treatment, from 0.54 at diagnosis to 0.03 at complete response (P<.001). Local treatment failure was associated with increased detection of tumor HPV; however, no samples were positive prior to clinically detected treatment failure, These results suggest that cervicovaginal lavage is not an effective sampling method for epidemiological analysis of HPV in cervical tumors. C1 Emory Univ, Sch Med, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Klemm Anal Grp, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Unger, ER (reprint author), Emory Univ, Sch Med, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd,MSG18, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. OI Unger, Elizabeth/0000-0002-2925-5635 NR 14 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5801 S ELLIS AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 26 IS 2 BP 373 EP 378 DI 10.1086/516302 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA YW499 UT WOS:000071941900021 PM 9502457 ER PT J AU Prevots, DR Atti, MLCD Sallabanda, A Diamante, E Aylward, RB Kakariqqi, E Fiore, L Ylli, A van der Avoort, H Sutter, RW Tozzi, AE Panei, P Schinaia, N Genovese, D Oblapenko, G Greco, D Wassilak, SGF AF Prevots, DR Atti, MLCD Sallabanda, A Diamante, E Aylward, RB Kakariqqi, E Fiore, L Ylli, A van der Avoort, H Sutter, RW Tozzi, AE Panei, P Schinaia, N Genovese, D Oblapenko, G Greco, D Wassilak, SGF TI Outbreak of paralytic poliomyelitis in Albania, 1996: High attack rate among adults and apparent interruption of transmission following nationwide mass vaccination SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID POLIOVIRUSES; RISK AB After >10 years without detection of any cases of wild virus-associated poliomyelitis, a large outbreak of poliomyelitis occurred in Albania in 1996, A total of 138 paralytic cases occurred, of which 16 (12%) were fatal, The outbreak was due to wild poliovirus type 1, isolated from 69 cases, An attack rate of 10 per 100,000 population was observed among adults aged 19-25 years who were born during a time of declining wild poliovirus circulation and had been vaccinated with two doses of monovalent oral poliovirus vaccines (OPVs) that may have been exposed to ambient temperatures for prolonged periods, Control of the epidemic was achieved by two rounds of mass vaccination with trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine targeted to persons aged 0-50 years, This outbreak underscores the ongoing threat of importation of wild poliovirus into European countries, the importance of delivering potent vaccine through an adequate cold chain, and the effectiveness of national OPV mass vaccination campaigns for outbreak control. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ist Super Sanita, I-00161 Rome, Italy. Inst Shendetit Publ, Tirana, Albania. Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm, RIVM, NL-3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands. WHO, Reg Off Europe, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. WHO, Expanded Program Immunizat, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. RP Prevots, DR (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Mailstop E61,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Tozzi, Alberto Eugenio/F-9494-2012 OI Tozzi, Alberto Eugenio/0000-0002-6884-984X NR 24 TC 46 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 3 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5801 S ELLIS AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 26 IS 2 BP 419 EP 425 DI 10.1086/516312 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA YW499 UT WOS:000071941900029 PM 9502465 ER PT J AU Fiore, AE Nuorti, JP Levine, GS Marx, A Weltman, AC Yeager, S Benson, RF Pruckler, J Edelstein, PH Greer, P Zaki, SR Fields, BS Butler, JC AF Fiore, AE Nuorti, JP Levine, GS Marx, A Weltman, AC Yeager, S Benson, RF Pruckler, J Edelstein, PH Greer, P Zaki, SR Fields, BS Butler, JC TI Epidemic legionnaires' disease two decades later: Old sources, new diagnostic methods SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID LEGIONELLA-PNEUMOPHILA; COOLING-TOWERS; EVAPORATIVE CONDENSER; WHIRLPOOL-SPA; OUTBREAK; TRANSMISSION; MODE; ASPIRATION; EXPOSURE; SURVIVAL AB In July 1995 we investigated a pneumonia outbreak in a Pennsylvania town. We conducted epidemiological and molecular microbiological studies to determine the outbreak source and interrupt transmission of disease, Legionnaires' disease (LD) was quickly identified by urine antigen testing, and a newly developed immunohistochemical stain confirmed nosocomial transmission to a hospital inpatient, LD was confirmed in 22 patients. Case-patients were more likely than controls to have been within 1,000 feet of the hospital (matched odds ratio, 21.0; 95% confidence interval, 2.9-368) during the 2 weeks prior to illness. Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 (Lp-l) was isolated from hospital cooling towers (CTs) and rooftop air samples but not from hospital potable water or community CTs. Hospital CT and air Lp-l isolates matched all five patient isolates by monoclonal antibody, arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis subtyping, Strategies to prevent LD must include minimizing transmission from CTs. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Childhood & Resp Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Mol Pathol & Ultrastruct Act Sect, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Penn, Sch Med, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Univ Penn, Sch Med, Dept Med, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Penn Dept Hlth, Bur Epidemiol, Harrisburg, PA 17108 USA. Penn Dept Hlth, Bur Prevent Hlth Programs, Harrisburg, PA 17108 USA. RP Butler, JC (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Epidemiol Program Off, MS C23,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 56 TC 54 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 2 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5801 S ELLIS AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 26 IS 2 BP 426 EP 433 DI 10.1086/516309 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA YW499 UT WOS:000071941900030 PM 9502466 ER PT J AU Sobottka, I Schwartz, DA Schottelius, J Visvesvara, GS Pieniazek, NJ Schmetz, C Kock, NP Laufs, R Albrecht, H AF Sobottka, I Schwartz, DA Schottelius, J Visvesvara, GS Pieniazek, NJ Schmetz, C Kock, NP Laufs, R Albrecht, H TI Prevalence and clinical significance of intestinal microsporidiosis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with and without diarrhea in Germany: A prospective coprodiagnostic study SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID ENTEROCYTOZOON-BIENEUSI INFECTION; TRANSPLANT RECIPIENT; SEPTATA-INTESTINALIS; AIDS; HIV; ALBENDAZOLE; FEATURES; DISEASE; THERAPY AB The prevalence of intestinal microsporidiosis among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons with chronic diarrhea varies from 7% to 50%; thus, microsporidia are a significant source of morbidity and, occasionally, mortality among these patients, Anecdotal reports suggest that intestinal microsporidiosis is also an important infection in patients with AIDS in Germany, To determine the prevalence of microsporidiosis among HIV-infected patients in Germany, we performed a prospective coprodiagnostic study of 97 consecutive HIV-infected patients, Microsporidia were the most common enteropathogen identified in 18 (36.0%) of 50 patients with diarrhea and 2 (4.3%) of 47 patients without diarrhea (P <.001; chi(2) test), Microsporidia were present in 60% of patients with chronic diarrhea and 5.9% of patients with acute diarrhea. The etiologic agent was Enterocytozoon bieneusi in 18 patients and Encephalitozoon intestinalis in two patients, The prevalence of intestinal microsporidiosis in this cohort of German patients with AIDS and diarrhea is one of the highest to be reported anywhere in the world, Microsporidiosis seems to represent one of the most important causes of diarrhea in HIV-infected patients in Germany and thus must be considered in the differential diagnosis for all AIDS patients presenting with diarrhea. C1 Bernhard Nocht Inst Trop Med, Hamburg, Germany. Univ Hamburg, Hosp Eppendorf, Dept Internal Med, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany. Univ Hamburg, Hosp Eppendorf, Inst Med Microbiol & Immunol, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Div Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Schwartz, DA (reprint author), Grady Mem Hosp, Dept Pathol, 80 Butler St SE, Atlanta, GA 30335 USA. RI Albrecht, Helmut/D-5319-2011 NR 39 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5801 S ELLIS AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 26 IS 2 BP 475 EP 480 DI 10.1086/516328 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA YW499 UT WOS:000071941900037 PM 9502473 ER PT J AU Lott, TJ Burns, BM Zancope-Oliveira, R Elie, CM Reiss, E AF Lott, TJ Burns, BM Zancope-Oliveira, R Elie, CM Reiss, E TI Sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) from yeast species within the genus Candida SO CURRENT MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RIBOSOMAL DNA-SEQUENCES; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; RNA; PATTERNS; 5.8S; REGION; RDNA AB Nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) regions were determined for 13 species within the genus Candida, representing a collection of those species pathogenic for humans. No two species had identical sequences and the sizes of ITS2 varied fourfold, representing an apparent continuous gradient of nucleotides. When present, sequence homologies were observed in the 5' end of ITS2, and many species exhibited more limited homologies within three known conserved domains found in other yeasts. Cluster analysis of primary sequence revealed a concordance with a known taxonomic subfamily and suggests that certain species within the genus form a similar grouping. A majority of species exhibited similar presumptive RNA secondary structures, consistent with the hypothesis that these spacer regions are essential for correct processing of the 5.8S and 28S subunits. C1 Ctr Dis Control, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept HHS, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Georgia State Univ, Dept Biol, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Lott, TJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept HHS, Bldg 5,B-12 Mailstop G-11,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Zancope-Oliveira, Rosely /I-1955-2013 NR 24 TC 53 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0343-8651 J9 CURR MICROBIOL JI Curr. Microbiol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 36 IS 2 BP 63 EP 69 DI 10.1007/s002849900280 PG 7 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA YT829 UT WOS:000071649200001 PM 9425241 ER PT J AU Borazjani, RN Lott, TJ Ahearn, DG AF Borazjani, RN Lott, TJ Ahearn, DG TI Comparison of 5.8S and ITS2 rDNA RFLP patterns among isolates of Acremonium obclavatum, A-kiliense, and A-strictum from diverse sources SO CURRENT MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INTERNAL TRANSCRIBED SPACERS; AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEMS; AMPLIFIED RIBOSOMAL DNA; FUNGAL ENDOPHYTES; FIBERGLASS INSULATION; COLONIZATION; GRASSES; CEPHALOSPORIUM; IDENTIFICATION; AMPLIFICATION AB Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products of nuclear 5.8S and internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS2) of rDNA from reference cultures of Acremonium obclavatum (a rarely recognized species first reported from India) were compared with cultures of Acremonium spp. isolated from Georgia, USA. Digestion of amplicons sequentially with Hinfl and Sau3AI divided the isolates into four restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) groups. A representative isolate of primary colonizers of insulation facings from a building in Georgia appeared identical to the type culture of A. obclavatum, whereas other cultures from Indian soils showed variation in the ITS2 region that divided them into further subgroups. Reference cultures of A. kiliense (ATCC 14489) and A. strictum (ATCC 10141) and two additional isolates from metropolitan Atlanta, assigned to this latter species complex on a morphological basis, represented two additional RFLP groups both of which were distinct from the RFLP groups in A. obclavatum. A. kiliense and A. strictum could be placed into similar subgroups on the basis of morphological differences and distinct RFLP patterns. C1 Georgia State Univ, Dept Biol, Atlanta, GA 30302 USA. Ctr Dis Control, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Ahearn, DG (reprint author), Georgia State Univ, Dept Biol, POB 4010, Atlanta, GA 30302 USA. NR 27 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0343-8651 J9 CURR MICROBIOL JI Curr. Microbiol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 36 IS 2 BP 70 EP 74 DI 10.1007/s002849900281 PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA YT829 UT WOS:000071649200002 PM 9425242 ER PT J AU De Rosa, CT Pohl, HR Williams, M Ademoyero, AA Chou, CHSJ Jones, DE AF De Rosa, CT Pohl, HR Williams, M Ademoyero, AA Chou, CHSJ Jones, DE TI Public health implications of environmental exposures SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd BELLE Conference on Toxicological Defense Mechanisms and the Shape of Dose-Response Relationships CY NOV 12-14, 1996 CL RES TRIANGLE PK, NORTH CAROLINA SP Biol Effects Low Level Exposures, Advisory Comm DE ATSDR; risk analysis; toxicokinetics; mechanisms; adaptation; toxicodynamics; hormesis; BMD; PBPK; mixtures ID VINYL-CHLORIDE; ZINC; TOXICITY; RATS; TRICHLOROETHYLENE; HORMESIS; MIXTURES; MICE AB The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) is a public health agency with responsibility for assessing the public health implications associated with uncontrolled releases of hazardous substances into the environment. The biological effects of low-level exposures are a primary concern in these assessments. One of the tools used by the agency for this purpose is the risk assessment paradigm originally outlined and described by the National Academy of Science in 1983. Because of its design and inherent concepts, risk assessment has been variously employed by a number of environmental and public health agencies and programs as a means to organize information, as a decision support tool, and as a working hypothesis for biologically based inference and extrapolation. Risk assessment has also been the subject of significant critical review. The ATSDR recognizes the utility of both the qualitative and quantitative conclusions provided by traditional risk assessment, but the agency uses such estimates only in the broader context of professional judgment, internal and external peer review, and extensive public review and comment. This multifaceted approach is consistent with the Council on Environmental Quality's description and use of risk analysis as an organizing construct based on sound biomedical and other scientific judgment in concert with risk assessment to define plausible exposure ranges of concern rather than a single numerical estimate that may convey an artificial sense of precision. In this approach biomedical opinion, host factors, mechanistic interpretation, molecular epidemiology, and actual exposure conditions are all critically important in evaluating the significance of environmental exposure to hazardous substances. As such, the ATSDR risk analysis approach is a multidimensional endeavor encompassing not only the components of risk assessment but also the principles of biomedical judgment, risk management, and risk communication. Within this framework of risk analysis, the ATSDR may rely on one or more of a number of interrelated principles and approaches to screen, organize information, set priorities, make decisions, and define future research needs and directions. C1 Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Div Toxicol, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Jones, DE (reprint author), Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Div Toxicol, MS-E29,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM dej2@cdc.gov NR 76 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 3 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SERVICES PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SERVICES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 106 SU 1 BP 369 EP 378 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 110WC UT WOS:000075403700032 PM 9539032 ER PT J AU Malkin, R Martinez, K Marinkovich, V Wilcox, T Wall, D Biagini, R AF Malkin, R Martinez, K Marinkovich, V Wilcox, T Wall, D Biagini, R TI The relationship between symptoms and IgG and IgE antibodies in an office environment SO ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE indoor environmental quality; fungi; antibodies; bioaerosols; allergy AB Airborne fungi have been postulated as a cause of symptoms among office workers, Using the MAST chemiluminescent system, this study evaluated 36 IgG and 36 IgE antibody levels in 47 office workers from an area with elevated airborne fungal concentrations and 44 office workers from an otherwise similar area with lower airborne fungal exposure, No difference was found in IgG antibody to fungi between the lower and higher exposure areas, but high IgG antibody to one or more of the fungi studied was detected in 67% of all the workers tested. IgE antibody to one or more antigens was detected in 40% of the participants, Workers who reported atopic symptoms (sneezing, runny nose, and itchy eyes) or "sick building" symptoms (any three of the following temporally related to work: headache, fatigue, stuffy nose, irritated eyes, or sore throat) were more likely to have one positive IgE antibody test, Type I hypersensitivity to aeroallergens besides fungi may play a role in some symptoms reported by some participants in this office building. (C) 1998 Academic Press. C1 NIOSH, Div Surveillance Hazard Evaluat & Field Studies, Hazard Evaluat & Tech Assistance Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Stanford Med Sch, Palo Alto, CA 94305 USA. NIOSH, Div Surveillance Hazard Evaluat & Field Studies, Support Serv Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NIOSH, Div Behav & Biol Sci, Appl Biol Branch, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Malkin, R (reprint author), NIOSH, Div Surveillance Hazard Evaluat & Field Studies, Hazard Evaluat & Tech Assistance Branch, 4676 Columbia Parkway,Mail Stop R-10, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 16 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0013-9351 J9 ENVIRON RES JI Environ. Res. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 76 IS 2 BP 85 EP 93 DI 10.1006/enrs.1997.3800 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA ZC207 UT WOS:000072552300003 PM 9515063 ER PT J AU Lipscomb, JC Confer, PD Miller, MR Stamm, SC Snawder, JE Bandiera, SM AF Lipscomb, JC Confer, PD Miller, MR Stamm, SC Snawder, JE Bandiera, SM TI Metabolism of trichloroethylene and chloral hydrate by the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) in vitro SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE medaka; trichloroethylene; metabolism; microsomes; cytochrome P450 ID RAT-LIVER; INDUCTION; NITROSODIETHYLAMINE; CYTOCHROME-P-450; DEALKYLATION; ETHANOL; ACIDS; MICE AB Trichloroethylene (TRI), a common groundwater contaminant, is readily metabolited by mammals to produce chloral hydrate (CH), trichloroacetic acid (TCA), and trichloroethanol (TCOH). Cytochrome P450 (CYP) and other enzymes are responsible for formation of these metabolites, which are implicated in TRI's toxicity and carcinogenicity. To establish the validity of the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) as an alternate test species for TRI, we examined the metabolism of TRI and CH, as well as CYP expression, in medaka liver preparations. Trichloroethylene was incubated with medaka microsomal protein, and metabolites were extracted and analyzed using gas chromatography. Microsome-mediated metabolism of TRI was observed, and a K-m value for TRI oxidation of 540 mu M and a V-max value of 213 pmol/min.mg(-1) protein were obtained. Conversion of TRI to CH, TCA, and TCOH was found with medaka hepatic subcellular fractions. In addition, a sex difference in hepatic microsomal TRI metabolism, specific CYP content, and ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activity was noted. The lower specific activity of preparations from the livers of female medaka is compensated for by increased total protein in the larger liver mass of the female. Immunochemical analysis showed that CYP1A was readily detectable in medaka liver, but CYP2E1 was present at very low levels. These data suggest that TRI metabolism in medaka liver preparations mimics that observed in mammalian systems and supports their use as an alternative test species in the evaluation of the toxicity of TRI. C1 USAF, Armstrong Lab, Div Toxicol, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. GEO Ctr Inc, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. W Virginia Univ, Dept Biochem, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. NIOSH, Taft Lab, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Univ British Columbia, Fac Pharmaceut Sci, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada. RP Lipscomb, JC (reprint author), USAF, Armstrong Lab, Div Toxicol, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. EM jlipscomb@al.wpafb.mil NR 40 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 17 IS 2 BP 325 EP 332 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1998)017<0325:MOTACH>2.3.CO;2 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA YU184 UT WOS:000071690700025 ER PT J AU Gunnlaugsson, G Einarsdottir, J Angulo, FJ Mentambanar, SA Passa, A Tauxe, RV AF Gunnlaugsson, G Einarsdottir, J Angulo, FJ Mentambanar, SA Passa, A Tauxe, RV TI Funerals during the 1994 cholera epidemic in Guinea-Bissau, West Africa: The need for disinfection of bodies of persons dying of cholera SO EPIDEMIOLOGY AND INFECTION LA English DT Article AB The 1994 cholera epidemic in Guinea-Bissau resulted in 15878 reported cases and 306 deaths. Early in the epidemic, although the health ministry mandated that the bodies of persons dying of cholera be disinfected, outbreaks occurred in several villages following funerals in the region of Biombo. To determine the influence of disinfection and funeral activities on cholera transmission, we analysed surveillance data and conducted-a case-control study following a funeral. The attack rate during the week following funerals was higher in villages where bodies were not disinfected (risk ratio = 2.6, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.9-3.8). Cholera was strongly associated with eating at a funeral with a non-disinfected corpse (odds ratio [OR] = 14.5, 95 % CI 0.9-786) and with touching (i.e., transporting, washing) the body (OR = 36.2, 95% CI 2.6-1769). During cholera epidemics, in addition to other cholera prevention activities, health officials should inform community leaders about the risk of cholera transmission during funerals, meals should not be served at funerals, and bodies of persons dying of cholera should be disinfected. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Minist Publ Hlth, Reg Hlth Board Biombo, Bissau, Guinea Bissau. Stockholm Univ, Dept Social Anthropol, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. RP Angulo, FJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Mailstop A-38,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 9 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 5 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0950-2688 J9 EPIDEMIOL INFECT JI Epidemiol. Infect. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 120 IS 1 BP 7 EP 15 DI 10.1017/S0950268897008170 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA ZD104 UT WOS:000072651800002 PM 9528812 ER PT J AU Lyytikainen, O Hoffmann, E Timm, H Schweiger, B Witte, W Vieth, U Ammon, A Petersen, LR AF Lyytikainen, O Hoffmann, E Timm, H Schweiger, B Witte, W Vieth, U Ammon, A Petersen, LR TI Influenza A outbreak among adolescents in a ski hostel SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY & INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article DE influenza A; Staphylococcus aureus ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; TOXIC SHOCK SYNDROME; STAPHYLOCOCCUS-AUREUS; VIRUS AB An outbreak of influenza A H3N2 with a high attack rate (49%) and abrupt onset (69% became ill within 2 days) occurred among 81 ski school participants who stayed in a crowded hostel in Austria in early 1997. Two students were hospitalized with pneumonia; one of them died. Cultures of blood and/or respiratory secretions from the hospitalized students yielded toxin-producing Staphylococcus aureus. Influenza A H3N2 was confirmed serologically in four participants, including one surviving hospitalized student, and by polymerase chain reaction of lung tissue from the deceased student. This investigation demonstrates that influenza can cause an explosive outbreak among skiers in a crowded hostel, leading to severe complications among previously healthy adolescents. C1 Robert Koch Inst, Dept Infect Dis Epidemiol, D-10963 Berlin, Germany. European Programme Intervent Epidemiol Training, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium. Hlth Dept Nurnberger Land, D-91205 Lauf, Germany. Robert Koch Inst, Natl Reference Ctr Influenza, D-13353 Berlin, Germany. Robert Koch Inst, Natl Reference Ctr Staphylococci, D-38855 Wernigerode, Germany. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Petersen, LR (reprint author), Robert Koch Inst, Dept Infect Dis Epidemiol, Stresemannstr 90-102, D-10963 Berlin, Germany. NR 12 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0934-9723 J9 EUR J CLIN MICROBIOL JI Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 17 IS 2 BP 128 EP 130 DI 10.1007/s100960050032 PG 3 WC Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA ZN459 UT WOS:000073648000013 PM 9629981 ER PT J AU Hammett, TM Gaiter, JL Crawford, C AF Hammett, TM Gaiter, JL Crawford, C TI Reaching seriously at-risk populations: Health interventions in criminal justice settings SO HEALTH EDUCATION & BEHAVIOR LA English DT Article ID SUBSTANCE-ABUSE TREATMENT; AIDS EDUCATION; DRUG-USERS; CONDOM USE; HIV; PRISON; PREVENTION; JAIL; WOMEN; MODEL AB More than 6 million people are under some form of criminal justice supervision in the United States on any given day. The vast majority are arrested in and return to urban, low-income communities. These are men, women, and adolescents with high rates of infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS, other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), and tuberculosis (TB), as well as substance abuse and other health problems. A review of recent literature indicates that an increasing problem for these populations is that they have had little prior access to primary health care or health interventions, and many are returning to their communities without critical preventive health information and skills, appropriate medical services, and other necessary support. Periods of incarceration and other criminal justice supervision offer important opportunities to provide a range of health interventions to this underserved population, and general evaluations show the potential for this strategy. Public health and criminal justice agencies have the expertise and should collaborate to provide interventions needed by incarcerated populations. Moreover, many recently released inmates require primary care for HIV/AIDS, other STDs, and TB. Consequently, timely discharge planning is essential, as are linkages with community-based organizations and agencies that can provide medical care, health education, and necessary supportive services. C1 ABT Associates Inc, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Behav Intervent Res Branch, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. US Dept Justice, Natl Inst Justice, Off Justice Programs, Program Dev Div, Washington, DC 20530 USA. RP Hammett, TM (reprint author), ABT Associates Inc, 55 Wheeler St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. EM ted_hammett@abtassoc.com NR 98 TC 105 Z9 107 U1 2 U2 10 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC PI THOUSAND OAKS PA 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 USA SN 1090-1981 J9 HEALTH EDUC BEHAV JI Health Educ. Behav. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 25 IS 1 BP 99 EP 120 DI 10.1177/109019819802500108 PG 22 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA YT618 UT WOS:000071625100007 PM 9474502 ER PT J AU Scheckler, WE Brimhall, D Buck, AS Farr, BM Friedman, C Garibaldi, RA Gross, PA Harris, JA Hierholzer, WJ Martone, WJ McDonald, LL Solomon, SL AF Scheckler, WE Brimhall, D Buck, AS Farr, BM Friedman, C Garibaldi, RA Gross, PA Harris, JA Hierholzer, WJ Martone, WJ McDonald, LL Solomon, SL TI Requirements for infrastructure and essential activities of infection control and epidemiology in hospitals: A consensus panel report SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS; PROSPECTIVE PAYMENT; SURVEILLANCE; OUTBREAK; EXPERIENCE; EFFICACY; PROGRAM; CARE AB The scientific basis for claims of efficacy of nosocomial infection surveillance and control programs was established by the Study on the Efficacy of Nosocomial Infection Control project. Subsequent analyses have demonstrated nosocomial infection prevention and control programs to be not only clinically effective but also cost-effective. Although governmental and professional organizations have developed a wide variety of useful recommendations and guidelines for infection control, and apart from general guidance provided by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations, there are surprisingly few recommendations on infrastructure and essential activities for infection control and epidemiology programs. In April 1996, the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America established a consensus panel to develop recommendations for optimal infrastructure and essential activities of infection control and epidemiology programs in hospitals. The following report represents the consensus panel's best assessment of needs for a healthy and effective hospital-based infection control and epidemiology program. The recommendations fall into eight categories: managing critical data and information; setting and recommending policies and procedures; compliance with regulations, guidelines, and accreditation requirements; employee health; direct intervention to prevent transmission of infectious diseases; education and training of healthcare workers; personnel resources; and nonpersonnel resources. The consensus panel used an evidence-based approach and categorized recommendations according to modifications of the scheme developed by the Clinical Affairs Committee of the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. C1 Soc Healthcare Epidemiol Amer, Mt Royal, NJ 08061 USA. APIC, Chicago, IL USA. AHA, Chicago, IL 60606 USA. CDC, HIP, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Scheckler, WE (reprint author), Soc Healthcare Epidemiol Amer, 19 Mantua Rd, Mt Royal, NJ 08061 USA. EM sheahq@tmg.smarthub.com NR 59 TC 88 Z9 90 U1 0 U2 0 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 USA SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 19 IS 2 BP 114 EP 124 PG 11 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA YY567 UT WOS:000072161100014 PM 9510112 ER PT J CA CDC TI Update: Influenza Activity - US, 1997-1998 season (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 46, pg 1192-1194, 1997) SO INFECTIONS IN MEDICINE LA English DT Reprint DE influenza; vaccination C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis,Influenza Branch, WHO Collab Ctr Surveill Epidem & Contr Influenz, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis,Influenza Branch, WHO Collab Ctr Surveill Epidem & Contr Influenz, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SCP COMMUNICATIONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 134 W 29TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10001-5304 USA SN 0749-6524 J9 INFECT MED JI Infect. Med. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 15 IS 2 BP 140 EP 141 PG 2 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA YY202 UT WOS:000072123500013 ER PT J AU Butler, JC Fields, BS Breiman, RF AF Butler, JC Fields, BS Breiman, RF TI Issues in the control of nosocomial legionellosis SO INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Butler, JC (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1056-9103 J9 INFECT DIS CLIN PRAC JI Infect. Dis. Clin. Pract. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 7 IS 2 BP 117 EP 118 PG 2 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA YY568 UT WOS:000072161200009 ER PT J AU Skov, T Deddens, J Petersen, MR Endahl, L AF Skov, T Deddens, J Petersen, MR Endahl, L TI Prevalence proportion ratios: estimation and hypothesis testing SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE generalized linear model; Cox regression; cross sectional study; log-binomial model; GEE-logistic model ID CROSS-SECTIONAL DATA; ODDS-RATIO; RISK AB Background Recent communications have argued that often it may not be appropriate to analyse cross-sectional studies of prevalent outcomes with logistic regression models. The purpose of this communication is to compare three methods that have been proposed for application to cross sectional studies: (1) a multiplicative generalized linear model, which we will call the log-binomial model, (2) a method based on logistic regression and robust estimation of standard errors, which we will call the GEE-logistic model, and (3) a Cox regression model. Methods Five sets of simulations representing fourteen separate simulation conditions were used to test the performance of the methods. Results All three models produced point estimates close to the true parameter, i.e. the estimators of the parameter associated with exposure had negligible bias. The Cox regression produced standard errors that were too large, especially when the prevalence of the disease war high, whereas the log-binomial model and the GEE-logistic model had the correct type I error probabilities. It was shown by example that the GEE-logistic model could produce prevalences greater than one, whereas it was proven that this could not happen with the log-binomial model. The log-binomial model should be preferred. C1 Natl Inst Occupat Hlth, DK-2100 Kobenhavn O, Denmark. NIOSH, Div Surveillance Hazard Evaluat & Field Studi, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Dept Math Sci, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. RP Skov, T (reprint author), Natl Inst Occupat Hlth, Lerso Pk Alle 105, DK-2100 Kobenhavn O, Denmark. NR 13 TC 268 Z9 283 U1 1 U2 6 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0300-5771 J9 INT J EPIDEMIOL JI Int. J. Epidemiol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 27 IS 1 BP 91 EP 95 DI 10.1093/ije/27.1.91 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA ZD759 UT WOS:000072720800015 PM 9563700 ER PT J AU Gillum, RF Mussolino, ME Madans, JH AF Gillum, RF Mussolino, ME Madans, JH TI Body fat distribution and hypertension incidence in women and men - The NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBESITY LA English DT Article DE hypertension; female; blood pressure; blacks; adipose tissue; obesity ID BLOOD-PRESSURE; HEART-DISEASE; RISK-FACTORS; ASSOCIATION; INFORMATION; SMOKING; MASS AB OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that an elevated ratio of subscapular to triceps skinfold thickness (SFR), one measure of truncal obesity, is associated with increased incidence of essential hypertension. DESIGN: Data from the NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study (NHEFS) were analyzed. SUBJECTS: A cohort of 4303 women and 2579 men with complete data who were normotensive at baseline in 1971-1975. MEASUREMENTS: Incidence of hypertension, blood pressure 160/95 mm Hg or greater or on blood pressure medication at follow-up in 1982-1984. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant increase in risk of hypertension over approximately 10 y follow-up in white women aged 25-74 y with SFR in the fifth compared to the first quintile independent of age and body mass index (BMI) (relative risk = 1.52, 95% confidence interval 1.13-2.06, P = 0.006). The association was somewhat diminished after controlling for baseline blood pressure, change in BMI and other risk variables. An even stronger association was seen for subscapular skinfold and hypertension incidence. In white men aged 25-74 y, a significant association of high SFR with age-, BMI-adjusted risk of hypertension was seen (RR = 1.41, 95% Cl 1.01-1.96, P = 0.04). Data for black women or black men failed to reveal significant variation in hypertension risk among quintiles of SFR or subscapular skinfold except in black women with low baseline BMI. CONCLUSIONS: Data from NHEFS confirm the association of higher truncal obesity with increased incidence of hypertension in white women. Further studies are needed, especially in larger samples of black women. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Off Anal Epidemiol & Hlth Promot, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. RP Gillum, RF (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Off Anal Epidemiol & Hlth Promot, 6525 Belcrest Rd,Room 730, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. NR 29 TC 43 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 1 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 0307-0565 J9 INT J OBESITY JI Int. J. Obes. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 22 IS 2 BP 127 EP 134 DI 10.1038/sj.ijo.0800554 PG 8 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics GA YV168 UT WOS:000071796200006 PM 9504320 ER PT J AU Santelli, J Lowry, R Brener, N Robin, L AF Santelli, J Lowry, R Brener, N Robin, L TI Socioeconomic status and sexual risk behaviors among US adolescents SO JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENT HEALTH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1054-139X J9 J ADOLESCENT HEALTH JI J. Adolesc. Health PD FEB PY 1998 VL 22 IS 2 BP 158 EP 158 PG 1 WC Psychology, Developmental; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Pediatrics SC Psychology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Pediatrics GA YT594 UT WOS:000071622700063 ER PT J AU You, XD Schinazi, RF Arrowood, MJ Lejkowski, M Juodawlkis, AS Mead, JR AF You, XD Schinazi, RF Arrowood, MJ Lejkowski, M Juodawlkis, AS Mead, JR TI In-vitro activities of paromomycin and lasalocid evaluated in combination against Cryptosporidium parvum SO JOURNAL OF ANTIMICROBIAL CHEMOTHERAPY LA English DT Article ID FLOW-CYTOMETRY AB Using a chemiluminescence immunoassay, paromomycin and lasalocid were shown to inhibit Cryptosporidium parvum growth in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells in a concentration-dependent manner. The median effective concentrations (EC(50)s) for paromomycin and lasalocid were 1184 mg/L and 0.4 mg/L, respectively. Neither drug was cytotoxic to host cells at concentrations up to five times their EC(50)s. Drug combination studies were conducted and the resulting data were analysed by the median-effect principle and combination index method. Statistically significant synergy was observed when combinations of paromomycin and lasalocid were used at ratios of 5000:1 and 2500:1. A possible mechanism for synergy is discussed. C1 Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Georgia VA Res Ctr AIDS & HIV Infect, Decatur, GA 30033 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Mead, JR (reprint author), Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RI Schinazi, Raymond/B-6777-2017 FU NIAID NIH HHS [N01-AI-25144] NR 8 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0305-7453 J9 J ANTIMICROB CHEMOTH JI J. Antimicrob. Chemother. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 41 IS 2 BP 293 EP 296 DI 10.1093/jac/41.2.293 PG 4 WC Infectious Diseases; Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy SC Infectious Diseases; Microbiology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy GA ZB581 UT WOS:000072486900023 PM 9533476 ER PT J AU Kilpatrick, DR Nottay, B Yang, CF Yang, SJ Da Silva, E Penaranda, S Pallansch, M Kew, O AF Kilpatrick, DR Nottay, B Yang, CF Yang, SJ Da Silva, E Penaranda, S Pallansch, M Kew, O TI Serotype-specific identification of polioviruses by PCR using primers containing mixed-base or deoxyinosine residues at positions of codon degeneracy SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; VACCINE-RELATED POLIOVIRUSES; ANTIGENIC DETERMINANTS; SEQUENCES; VP1; DIFFERENTIATION; PARAMETERS; RECEPTOR; EPITOPES; BINDING AB We have developed a method for determining the serotypes of poliovirus isolates by PCR, Three sets of serotype-specific antisense PCR-initiating primers (primers seroPV1A, seroPV2A, and seroPV3A) were designed to pair with codons of VP1 amino acid sequences that are conserved within but that differ across serotypes, The sense polarity primers (primers seroPV1S, seroPV2S, and seroPV3S) matched codons of more conserved capsid sequences. The primers contain mixed-base and deoxyinosine residues to compensate for the high rate of degeneracy of the targeted codons, The serotypes of all polioviruses tested (48 vaccine-related isolates and 110 diverse wild isolates) were correctly identified by PCR with the serotype-specific primers. None of the genomic sequences of 49 nonpolio enterovirus reference strains were amplified under equivalent reaction conditions with any of the three primer sets. These primers are useful for the rapid screening of poliovirus isolates and for determining the compositions of cultures containing mixtures of poliovirus serotypes. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Inst Oswaldo Cruz, Lab Enterovirus, BR-20001 Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. RP Kilpatrick, DR (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, G10, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM dyk0@cdc.gov NR 31 TC 79 Z9 81 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 36 IS 2 BP 352 EP 357 PG 6 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA YR636 UT WOS:000071515100005 PM 9466740 ER PT J AU Green, TA Black, CM Johnson, RE AF Green, TA Black, CM Johnson, RE TI Evaluation of bias in diagnostic-test sensitivity and specificity estimates computed by discrepant analysis SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LIGASE CHAIN-REACTION; CHLAMYDIA-TRACHOMATIS INFECTION; FIRST-VOID URINE; REACTION ASSAY; ENDOCERVICAL SPECIMENS; LOW-PREVALENCE; WOMEN; PERFORMANCE; MEN AB When a new diagnostic test is potentially more sensitive than the reference test used td classify persons as infected or uninfected, a substantial number of specimens from infected persons may be reference-test negative but ne,v-test positive. Discrepant analysis involves the performance of one or more additional tests with these specimens, reclassification as infected those persons for whom the new-test-positive results are confirmed, and recalculation of the estimates of new-test sensitivity and specificity by using the revised classification. This approach has been criticized because of the bias introduced by the selective use of confirmation testing. Under conditions appropriate for evaluating a nucleic acid amplification (NAA) test for Chlamydia trachomatis infection with cell culture as the reference test, we compared the bias in estimates based on the discrepant-analysis classification of persons as infected or uninfected with that in estimates based on the culture classification. We concluded that the bias in estimates of NAA-test specificity based on discrepant analysis is small and generally less than that in estimates based on culture. However, the accuracy of discrepant-analysis based estimates of NAA-test sensitivity depends critically on whether culture specificity is equal to or is slightly less than 100%, and it is affected by competing biases that are not fully taken into account by discrepant analysis. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Sexually Transmitted Dis Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Green, TA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,MS-A12, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 20 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 36 IS 2 BP 375 EP 381 PG 7 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA YR636 UT WOS:000071515100009 PM 9466744 ER PT J AU Pujol, FH Khudyakov, YE Devesa, M Cong, ME Loureiro, CL Blitz, L Capriles, F Beker, S Liprandi, F Fields, HA AF Pujol, FH Khudyakov, YE Devesa, M Cong, ME Loureiro, CL Blitz, L Capriles, F Beker, S Liprandi, F Fields, HA TI Hepatitis G virus infection in Amerindians and other Venezuelan high-risk groups SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID C VIRUS; MAINTENANCE HEMODIALYSIS; GBV-C; ASSOCIATION; CLONING; DISEASE; STRAIN; GENOME AB Recently, a new virus related to flaviviruses, the hepatitis G virus (HGV), or GBV-C virus, was discovered as a putative blood-borne human pathogen. HGV RNA (NS5 region) was amplified by reverse transcription-nested PCR in the sera of 6 of 64 (9%) hemodialysis patients; 2 of 80 (2.5%) West Yukpa Amerindians, a population with a high rate of HBV infection but negative for HCV infection; and 1 patient with an acute episode of non-A, non-B, non-C hepatitis (NABCH), The patterns of single-strand conformation polymorphism of the amplified products were unique among different specimens and similar on follow-up for hemodialysis patients, All patients tested remained HGV RNA positive 1 and 2 years later, without major sequence variation, except for the NABCH patient, for whom a double infection and an apparent clearance of the original dominant variant was observed after 2 years, The sequences of the NS5 amplified products demonstrated 85 to 90% identity with other reported HGV sequences. C1 Inst Venezolano Invest Cient, Lab Biol Virus, CMBC, Ctr Microbiol & Biol Celular,IVIC, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela. Unidad Hemodialsis Cron de Caracas, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela. Ctr Med Caracas, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela. LUZ, Lab Reg Referencia Virol, Maracaibo, Venezuela. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hepatitis Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Pujol, FH (reprint author), Inst Venezolano Invest Cient, Lab Biol Virus, CMBC, Ctr Microbiol & Biol Celular,IVIC, Apdo 21827, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela. NR 29 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 36 IS 2 BP 470 EP 474 PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA YR636 UT WOS:000071515100026 PM 9466761 ER PT J AU O'Hara, CM Westbrook, GL Miller, JM AF O'Hara, CM Westbrook, GL Miller, JM TI Evaluation of vitek GNI+ and Becton Dickinson microbiology systems crystal E/NF identification systems for identification of members of the family Enterobacteriaceae and other gram-negative, glucose-fermenting and non-glucose-fermenting bacilli (vol 35, pg 3269, 1997) SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Correction C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Nosocomial Pathogens Lab Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP O'Hara, CM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Nosocomial Pathogens Lab Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 36 IS 2 BP 606 EP 606 PG 1 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA YR636 UT WOS:000071515100058 ER PT J AU Burrus, BB Liburd, LC Burroughs, A AF Burrus, BB Liburd, LC Burroughs, A TI Maximizing participation by black Americans in population-based diabetes research: The project DIRECT pilot experience SO JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY HEALTH LA English DT Article AB Diabetes and its associated complications and risk factors have a higher prevalence among blacks than whites. To reduce the burden of diabetes within the black community, research is needed to assess the behavioral, social, and environmental correlates associated with this disproportionate burden. Because of some well known instances of historical exploitation and abuse from medical and public health research conducted in black communities, this population has little enthusiasm for additional research, despite pressing health needs. This paper describes the process used to eliminate barriers and enhance trust between the target community and the researchers conducting a population survey of diabetes in Wake County, North Carolina. A. community advisory board was organized to (1) review the survey instruments and methodologies, (2) identify persons from the community to serve as interviewers, and (3) promote the survey using the major local communication channels. The response rate to both the household survey and the comprehensive medical exam was 77%. Eighty-one percent of eligible black respondents completed the household exam and 80% completed the comprehensive medical exam. Advantages of building collaborative relationships between the community and research team are discussed. C1 Res Triangle Inst, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Diabet Translat, Program Dev Branch, Community Intervent Sect, Atlanta, GA USA. Project DIRECT, Raleigh, NC USA. RP Burrus, BB (reprint author), Res Triangle Inst, POB 12194, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. NR 13 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 2 PU HUMAN SCI PRESS INC PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013-1578 USA SN 0094-5145 J9 J COMMUN HEALTH JI J. Community Health PD FEB PY 1998 VL 23 IS 1 BP 15 EP 27 DI 10.1023/A:1018718803890 PG 13 WC Health Policy & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA YZ741 UT WOS:000072287000002 PM 9526723 ER PT J AU Weiss, BD Coyne, C Michielutte, R Davis, TC Meade, CD Doak, LG Doak, CC Brown, P Askov, E Mettger, W Songer, T Friedell, GH Smith, T Furnas, S AF Weiss, BD Coyne, C Michielutte, R Davis, TC Meade, CD Doak, LG Doak, CC Brown, P Askov, E Mettger, W Songer, T Friedell, GH Smith, T Furnas, S CA Natl Work Grp Literacy Hlth TI Communicating with patients who have limited literacy skills - Report of the National Work Group on Literacy and Health SO JOURNAL OF FAMILY PRACTICE LA English DT Article DE literacy; illiteracy; health status; patient education; communication ID DEVELOPING-COUNTRIES; EDUCATION MATERIALS; INFORMED CONSENT; RANDOMIZED TRIAL; READABILITY; EMERGENCY; INFORMATION; SMOKING; COMPREHENSION; PAMPHLETS AB Between 40 and 44 million persons in the United States have rudimentary literacy skills, and are unable to understand written materials that require only basic reading proficiency. The purpose of this report is to characterize the current status of illiteracy in the United States, describe the relationship between poor literacy and poor health, and make recommendations on how to deal with patients who have poor reading skills. Data collected by the National Work Group on Literacy and Health indicate that one quarter of the US population has rudimentary reading skills, and another 25% has limited reading skills. This makes it difficult to have written communication with much of the US population. Poor reading skills are associated with poor health and greater use of health services, but the basis for this association is unclear. Instruments are available to measure patients' reading skills in clinical settings, and information can be transmitted to patients in ways that make it understandable to poor readers. However, it is not known if using special low-literacy education materials with these patients improves health outcomes. When written communication with low-literacy patients is essential, materials should be at the 5th-grade revel or lower, supplemented by nonwritten communication. Simple and nonwritten materials are appropriate for persons with limited literacy, and also for those with well-developed literacy. Research is needed to clarify the mechanisms through which illiteracy influences health status and health services utilization, and to determine if using low-literacy health education materials improves health outcomes. C1 Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, San Antonio, TX 78284 USA. Wake Forest Univ, Bowman Gray Sch Med, Winston Salem, NC USA. Louisiana State Univ, Med Ctr, Shreveport, LA USA. H Lee Moffitt Canc Res Ctr & Inst, Tampa, FL USA. Patient Learnig Associates, Potomac, MD USA. W Virginia Univ, Mary Babb Randolph Canc Ctr, Morgantown, WV 26506 USA. Inst Study Adult Literacy, University Pk, PA USA. Mettger Commun, Takoma Pk, MD USA. Interact Knowledge Inc, Charlotte, NC USA. Univ Kentucky, Lucille Parker Markey Canc Ctr, Lexington, KY USA. Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Massey Canc Ctr, Richmond, VA USA. Hlth Promot Council SE Penn, Philadelphia, PA USA. NCI, Off Canc Commun, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. MPH, Baltimore, MD USA. Literacy Volunteers Amer, Manlius, NY USA. Louisiana State Univ, Med Ctr, Shreveport, LA 71105 USA. Patient Learning Associates, Potomac, MD USA. Natl Inst Literacy, Washington, DC USA. US Dept HHS, Washington, DC 20201 USA. Project Literacy US, Pittsburgh, PA USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Educ, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Laubach Literacy Act, Syracuse, NY USA. Program Appropriate Technol Hlth, Washington, DC USA. NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Univ New England, AHEC Hlth Literacy Program, Biddeford, ME USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Hlth Educ & Literacy Program, Boston, MA USA. AMC Canc Res Ctr, Denver, CO USA. Media Educ Surveys, San Francisco, CA USA. RP Weiss, BD (reprint author), Univ Texas, Hlth Sci Ctr, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX 78284 USA. EM bdweiss@uthscsa.edu NR 75 TC 112 Z9 114 U1 1 U2 13 PU APPLETON & LANGE PI E NORWALK PA 25 VAN ZANT ST, E NORWALK, CT 06855 USA SN 0094-3509 J9 J FAM PRACTICE JI J. Fam. Pract. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 46 IS 2 BP 168 EP 176 PG 9 WC Primary Health Care; Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA YX398 UT WOS:000072036000014 ER PT J AU Coughlin, SS AF Coughlin, SS TI Implementing breast and cervical cancer prevention programs among the Houma Indians of Southern Louisiana: Cultural and ethical considerations SO JOURNAL OF HEALTH CARE FOR THE POOR AND UNDERSERVED LA English DT Article DE Native Americans; Indians; North American; cultural characteristics; breast cancer; cervical cancer; cancer prevention and control; ethics; social justice ID NON-HISPANIC WHITES; AMERICAN-INDIANS; CLINICAL RESEARCH; NATIVE-AMERICANS; NEW-MEXICO; MORTALITY; CARE AB This paper provides an overview of the ethical and cultural issues that were taken into account in planning a cross-cultural study of barriers to breast and cervical cancer screening among Houma Indian women who reside in Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana. In such cross-cultural studies, the investigators and members of the target population are from different cultural backgrounds. In planning the study, ethical principles and cultural norms were carefully specified to ensure that the welfare of the participants would be protected and potential benefits maximized. This experience with the Houma Indian Nation illustrates the need for greater participation of research subjects in the planning and implementation of studies on their behalf. An ethical, culturally sensitive approach to cancer control research is needed to address the health concerns of Native American populations. C1 Tulane Univ, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA. RP Coughlin, SS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol & Stat Branch, Div Canc Prevent & Control, 4770 Buford Highway NE K-55, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 44 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 5 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC PI THOUSAND OAKS PA 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 USA SN 1049-2089 J9 J HEALTH CARE POOR U JI J. Health Care Poor Underserved PD FEB PY 1998 VL 9 IS 1 BP 30 EP 41 PG 12 WC Health Policy & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA YN981 UT WOS:000071229400003 PM 10073192 ER PT J AU Actor, JK Kuffner, T Dezzutti, CS Hunter, RL McNicholl, JM AF Actor, JK Kuffner, T Dezzutti, CS Hunter, RL McNicholl, JM TI A flash-type bioluminescent immunoassay that is more sensitive than radioimaging: quantitative detection of cytokine cDNA in activated and resting human cells SO JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGICAL METHODS LA English DT Article DE quantitative RT-PCR; mRNA; cytokine; bioluminescence; aequorin; radioimaging ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; MESSENGER-RNA; DNA; ASSAYS; CHEMILUMINESCENT; AMPLIFICATION; PRODUCTS AB Because of its high sensitivity, bioluminescence (BL) is an excellent alternative to radioactive quantitation of cytokine RT-PCR-derived products. BL also allows detection of amplicons at cycle numbers not normally detectable using radioactivity. No direct comparisons between these two methods have been made. In this study, the sensitivities of BL using recombinant aequorin, a flash-type luminescent tag capable of detecting signal to attomolar (10(-18) M) levels and radio imaging (RI) were directly compared. In addition, the application of BL for detecting cytokine message from biologic samples was examined. BL was 30- to 60-fold more sensitive than RI in detecting human IL-2 and CD3 delta amplicons. This difference was particularly found during low cycle PCR, but was less at higher cycle numbers. The ability of BL to detect differences in cytokine message in stimulated and unstimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells was also evaluated. Using linear regression analysis, we observed up to 5,000-fold increases in RT-PCR amplified-mRNA in stimulated cells for IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10 and GM-CSF compared to unstimulated cells. Changes in CD3 delta, TNF alpha or IL-12 were not observed or quantitated. We present a novel aequorin-based application of bioluminescent technology to directly quantitate RT-PCR amplicons and to investigate the induction of human cytokine expression. Significant advantages of this sensitive bioluminescent method compared with radioactive methods are its abilities to quantitate amplicons in a PCR cycle range where linear detection is most robust and to analyze products in an automated, open-architecture microtiter plate format. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Emory Univ, Sch Med, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Univ Texas, Sch Med, Houston, TX USA. Ctr Dis Control, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, DASTLR, Immunol Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP McNicholl, JM (reprint author), Emory Univ, Sch Med, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. OI Actor, Jeffrey/0000-0002-9265-7012 NR 27 TC 43 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-1759 J9 J IMMUNOL METHODS JI J. Immunol. Methods PD FEB 1 PY 1998 VL 211 IS 1-2 BP 65 EP 77 DI 10.1016/S0022-1759(97)00190-7 PG 13 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Immunology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Immunology GA ZM877 UT WOS:000073585300007 PM 9617832 ER PT J AU Xiao, LH Owen, SM Rudolph, DL Lal, RB Lal, AA AF Xiao, LH Owen, SM Rudolph, DL Lal, RB Lal, AA TI Plasmodium falciparum antigen-induced human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication is mediated through induction of tumor necrosis factor-alpha SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID HIV-1 INFECTION; IMMUNE ACTIVATION; MALARIA; DISEASE; CHILDREN; KINSHASA; ZAIRE; ASSOCIATION; POPULATION; MORTALITY AB Because malaria-stimulated cytokine production may have deleterious effects on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication, the effects of Plasmodium falciparum antigens on HIV-1 replication were studied. Stimulation with malarial antigens significantly enhanced HIV-1 replication of HIV-1(LAV) and primary HIV-1 isolates (subtype A) in CDS-depleted peripheral blood mononuclear cells from naive donors. The malarial antigen-induced activation of HIV-1 was due to cellular activation as judged by the expression of cell activation markers and proliferative responses. While malarial antigen stimulation increased expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), only monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to TNF-alpha inhibited malarial antigen-induced HIV-1 replication, whereas MAb to IL-6 had no effect. Malarial antigen increased HIV-1 replication by increasing viral mRNA expression and by activating long terminal repeat-directed viral transcription. These data suggest that P. falciparum infection can modulate HIV-1 pathogenesis by activating lymphocytes and stimulating viral replication through the production of cytokines. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Immunol Branch, Div Parasit Dis, Chamblee, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Retrovirus Dis Branch, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Chamblee, GA 30341 USA. RP Lal, AA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Immunol Branch, Div Parasit Dis, Mail Stop F-12,4770 Buford Highway, Chamblee, GA 30341 USA. RI Xiao, Lihua/B-1704-2013 OI Xiao, Lihua/0000-0001-8532-2727 NR 26 TC 93 Z9 96 U1 1 U2 5 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5801 S ELLIS AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 177 IS 2 BP 437 EP 445 PG 9 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA YV221 UT WOS:000071801500023 PM 9466533 ER PT J AU Burnett, CA AF Burnett, CA TI Dermatitis in the US working population, 1988 SO JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE DERMATOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0022-202X J9 J INVEST DERMATOL JI J. Invest. Dermatol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 110 IS 2 MA 1 BP 195 EP 195 PG 1 WC Dermatology SC Dermatology GA YT480 UT WOS:000071608100025 ER PT J AU Savage, RE DeBord, DG Swaminathan, S Butler, MA Snawder, J Kanitz, MH Cheever, K Reid, T Werren, D AF Savage, RE DeBord, DG Swaminathan, S Butler, MA Snawder, J Kanitz, MH Cheever, K Reid, T Werren, D TI Occupational applications of a human cancer research model SO JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID HUMAN UROEPITHELIAL CELLS; EXFOLIATED UROTHELIAL CELLS; MOUSE SKIN CARCINOGENESIS; N-HYDROXY DERIVATIVES; ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE; ALPHA-DIFLUOROMETHYLORNITHINE; DNA-ADDUCTS; BLADDER CARCINOGENESIS; CHEMOPREVENTIVE AGENTS; POLYAMINE METABOLISM AB Many bladder cancers are indolent, and since there are no biomarkers to predict progression, the prognosis is problematic. Utilizing an in vitro/in vivo human uroepithelial cell (SV-HUC.PC) transformation system, we investigated several molecular events occurring along the continuum of exposure to disease outcome as potential biomarkers for occupational carcinogenesis, The model also served to generate information on the occupational carcinogenicity of N-hydroxy-4,4'-methylene bis(2-chloroaniline) [N-OH-MOCA]. Two of 14 groups of SV-HUC.PC treated with various concentrations of N-OH-MOCA formed carcinomas in athymic nude mice. Each of the biomarkers investigated demonstrated potential for interventions/prevention applications of occupational bladder cancers but will require validation and further evaluation. Those investigated displaying potential occupational utility included the induction of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), DNA adducts, and altered proteins, as detected on HUC two-dimensional polyamylamide gel electrophoresis protein maps. C1 NIOSH, Div Biomed & Behav Sci, Expt Toxicol Branch, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent,Biochem Toxicol Sect, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Comprehens Canc, Dept Human Oncol, Madison, WI USA. RP Savage, RE (reprint author), NIOSH, Div Biomed & Behav Sci, Expt Toxicol Branch, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent,Biochem Toxicol Sect, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 71 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1076-2752 J9 J OCCUP ENVIRON MED JI J. Occup. Environ. Med. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 40 IS 2 BP 125 EP 135 DI 10.1097/00043764-199802000-00008 PG 11 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA YY444 UT WOS:000072147200006 PM 9503288 ER PT J AU Grosch, JW Murphy, LR AF Grosch, JW Murphy, LR TI Occupational differences in depression and global health: Results from a national sample of US workers SO JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; JOB DECISION LATITUDE; SELF-RATED HEALTH; UNITED-STATES; CARDIOVASCULAR-DISEASE; MENTAL-HEALTH; PREVALENCE; STRAIN; RISK; DISORDERS AB Occupational differences in depression and global health were examined in. a sample of 8,486 employed persons who completed the 1987 National Medical Expenditure Survey (NMES). Scores on the depression and global health measures in the NMES were adjusted for age, race, sex, tenure, and hours worked pm week, and then grouped according to occupations in the 1980 US Census code. In all, 239 different occupations, distributed across 11 occupational categories, were studied. Results indicated that professional and managerial occupations tended: to have healthier scores on both depression and global health, Occupations involving the operation of machines or transportation equipment tended to have poorer scores, These findings are discussed in terms of factors that contribute to occupational differences in well-being, and the need for additional research in which more detailed information-concerning working conditions is collected. C1 NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Grosch, JW (reprint author), NIOSH, 4676 Columbia Pky,MS-C24, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 39 TC 32 Z9 35 U1 2 U2 8 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1076-2752 J9 J OCCUP ENVIRON MED JI J. Occup. Environ. Med. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 40 IS 2 BP 153 EP 164 DI 10.1097/00043764-199802000-00012 PG 12 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA YY444 UT WOS:000072147200010 PM 9503292 ER PT J AU Sullivan, JS Morris, CL Richardson, BB Galland, GG Collins, WE AF Sullivan, JS Morris, CL Richardson, BB Galland, GG Collins, WE TI Attempts to transmit the N-3 strain of Plasmodium fieldi to Aotus monkeys SO JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article ID IN-VITRO; TRIVIRGATUS; HEPATOCYTES; KNOWLESI AB Aotus lemurinus griseimembra monkeys inoculated with parasitized erythrocytes of the N-3 strain of Plasmodium fieldi had transient low-density parasitemia. Exoerythrocytic stages of this strain of parasite were demonstrated in sections of liver from Aotus vociferans monkeys taken 8 days after the intravenous inoculation of sporozoites dissected from the salivary glands of Anopheles dirus mosquitoes; no blood-stage infections were observed. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, US Publ Hlth Serv,Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Chamblee, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Anim Resources Branch, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, US Publ Hlth Serv,Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Chamblee, GA 30341 USA. RP Sullivan, JS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, US Publ Hlth Serv,Dept Hlth & Human Serv, 4770 Buford Highway, Chamblee, GA 30341 USA. NR 15 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-3395 J9 J PARASITOL JI J. Parasitol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 84 IS 1 BP 195 EP 197 DI 10.2307/3284562 PG 3 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA YY306 UT WOS:000072133900043 PM 9488369 ER PT J AU Parsons, JT Butler, R Kocik, S Norman, L Nuss, R AF Parsons, JT Butler, R Kocik, S Norman, L Nuss, R CA Adolescent Hemphilia Behav Intervention Evaluat TI The role of the family system in HIV risk reduction: Youths with hemophilia and HIV infection and their parents SO JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC PSYCHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE hemophilia; HIV-infection; family systems; communication; safer sex behaviors ID ACQUIRED-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-SYNDROME; UNITED-STATES; ADOLESCENTS; ADAPTATION; KNOWLEDGE; CHILDREN; BEHAVIOR; AIDS; ATTITUDES AB Objective. To examine the relationship between family communication and HIV risk reduction behaviors among a multisite sample of 125 male youths (ages 12-25) with hemophilia and HIV-infection, as well as their parents. Methods: Participants completed self-report surveys assessing communication and attitudes regarding HIV risk reduction interventions; adolescents also provided data about their sexual behaviors. Results: Adolescents with parents who discuss sexual issues were more likely to report HIV status disclosure to sexual partners. Most parents were supportive of HBV risk reduction interventions for their adolescents, but the youths themselves tended to endorse only interventions that offered opportunities for recreational activities and socialization with peers. Conclusions: Findings are discussed in terms of intervention implications and the need for family systems-based programs. C1 Jersey City State Coll, Dept Psychol, Jersey City, NJ 07305 USA. Childrens Hosp, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Puget Sound Blood Ctr, Seattle, WA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Parsons, JT (reprint author), Jersey City State Coll, Dept Psychol, 2039 Kennedy Blvd, Jersey City, NJ 07305 USA. EM JPARSONS@jcs1.jcstate.edu OI Parsons, Jeffrey/0000-0002-6875-7566 NR 27 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 0146-8693 J9 J PEDIATR PSYCHOL JI J. Pediatr. Psychol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 23 IS 1 BP 57 EP 65 DI 10.1093/jpepsy/23.1.57 PG 9 WC Psychology, Developmental SC Psychology GA 133AD UT WOS:000076663500008 PM 9564129 ER PT J AU Berger, EH Franks, JR Behar, A Casali, JG Dixon-Ernst, C Kieper, RW Merry, CJ Mozo, BT Nixon, CW Ohlin, D Royster, JD Royster, LH AF Berger, EH Franks, JR Behar, A Casali, JG Dixon-Ernst, C Kieper, RW Merry, CJ Mozo, BT Nixon, CW Ohlin, D Royster, JD Royster, LH TI Development of a new standard laboratory protocol for estimating the field attenuation of hearing protection devices. Part III. The validity of using subject-fit data SO JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID WORKPLACE; NOISE; EARPLUGS; WORN AB The mandate of ASA Working Group S12/WG11 has been to develop "laboratory and/or field procedure(s) that yield useful estimates of field performance" of hearing protection devices (HPDs). A real-ear attenuation at threshold procedure was selected, devised, tested via an, interlaboratory study, and incorporated into a draft standard that was approved in 1997 [J. D. Royster et al., "Development of a new standard laboratory protocol for estimating the field attenuation of hearing protection devices. Part I. Research of Working Group 11, Accredited Standards Committee S12, Noise," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 99, 1506-1526 (1996); ANSI S12.6-1997, "American National Standard Methods for Measuring Real-Ear Attenuation of Hearing Protectors" (American National Standards Institute, New York, 1997)]. The real-world estimation procedure utilizes a subject-fit methodology with Listeners who are audiometrically proficient, but inexperienced in the use of HPDs. A key factor in the decision to utilize the subject-fit method was an evaluation of the representativeness of the laboratory data vis-a-vis attenuation values achieved by workers in practice, Twenty-two field studies were reviewed to develop a data base for comparison purposes, Results indicated that laboratory subject-fit attenuation values were typically equivalent to or greater than the field attenuation values, and yielded a better estimate of those values than did experimenter-fit or experimenter-supervised fit types of results. Recent data which are discussed in the paper, but which were not available at the time of the original analyses, confirm the findings. (C) 1998 Acoustical Society of America. [S0001-4966(98)03001-X]. C1 EAR Aearo Co, Indianapolis, IN 46268 USA. NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Behar Noise Control, Scarborough, ON M1M 2X8, Canada. Virginia Polytech Inst & State Univ, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA. ALCOA, Pittsburgh, PA 15219 USA. USA, Aeromed Res Lab, Ft Rucker, AL 36330 USA. Syst Res Labs Inc, Wright Patterson AFB, OH 45433 USA. USA, Ctr Hlth Promot & Prevent Med, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010 USA. Environm Noise Consultants Inc, Raleigh, NC 27622 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP EAR Aearo Co, Indianapolis, IN 46268 USA. RI Behar, Alberto/B-3967-2008 NR 36 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 6 PU ACOUSTICAL SOC AMER AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0001-4966 EI 1520-8524 J9 J ACOUST SOC AM JI J. Acoust. Soc. Am. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 103 IS 2 BP 665 EP 672 DI 10.1121/1.423236 PG 8 WC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology SC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology GA YX461 UT WOS:000072042300003 PM 9479749 ER PT J AU Ott, DE Moss, E Martinez, K AF Ott, DE Moss, E Martinez, K TI Aerosol exposure from an ultrasonically activated (harmonic) device SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF GYNECOLOGIC LAPAROSCOPISTS LA English DT Article ID SURGERY; SCALPEL; SMOKE AB Study Objective. To determine the distribution and concentration of aerosol particles ca used by an ultrasonic (Harmonic) scalpel during simulated surgical use. Design. Prospective experimental analysis (Canadian Task Force classification II-1). Setting, Standard operating room. Materials, Lean pork, lean beef, water and blood, and the Harmonic scalpel with ball, curved scalpel, and cutting tips. Interventions. Real-time sampling of airborne aerosols was performed over 6-second sampling periods. Measurements and Main Results, Blood and tissue particles increased significantly during use of the Harmonic scalpel. Local exhaust evacuation methods diminished these concentrations. Conclusions. The Harmonic scalpel causes formation of bioaerosols that are composed of material of respirable size. When this device is used, a local exhaust system or smoke-evacuation method should be activated to reduce exposure to blood, blood by-products, and potentially infectious materials. C1 NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Mercer Univ, Sch Engn, Macon, GA 31207 USA. RP Ott, DE (reprint author), 250 Charter Lane, Macon, GA 31210 USA. NR 10 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU JOURNAL AMER ASSOC GYNECOLOGIC LAPAROSCOPISTS PI SANTA FE SPRINGS PA 13021 EAST FLORENCE AVE, SANTA FE SPRINGS, CA 90670-4505 USA SN 1074-3804 J9 J AM ASSOC GYN LAP JI J. Am. Assoc. Gynecol. Laparoscopists PD FEB PY 1998 VL 5 IS 1 BP 29 EP 32 DI 10.1016/S1074-3804(98)80007-8 PG 4 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA ZH938 UT WOS:000073163000006 PM 9454873 ER PT J AU Chumlea, WC Guo, SS Wholihan, K Cockram, D Kuczmarski, RJ Johnson, CL AF Chumlea, WC Guo, SS Wholihan, K Cockram, D Kuczmarski, RJ Johnson, CL TI Stature prediction equations for elderly non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, and Mexican-American persons developed from NHANES III data SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID KNEE HEIGHT; AGE AB Objective To develop new, nationally representative equations to predict stature for racial/ethnic groups of the elderly population in the United States. Design Anthropometric data for stature, knee height, and sitting height for adults aged 60 years or older were collected from a sample of persons in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1994), a national probability sample of the US population. Subjects A gender- and racial/ethnic-stratified sample of 4,750 persons from the US population (1,369 non-Hispanic white men, 1,472 non-Hispanic white women, 474 non-Hispanic black men, 481 non-Hispanic black women, 497 Mexican-American men, 457 Mexican-American women) aged 60 years or older participated in this study. Statistical analyses Sampling weights were used to adjust the individual data to account for unequal probabilities of selection, nonresponse, and coverage errors so that all individual data used in these analyses represented national probability estimates. Regression analysis was performed to predict stature in each gender and ethnic group, and the results were cross-validated. Results Stature prediction models using knee height and age and sitting height and age were evaluated for each gender and racial/ethnic group. The equations with knee height and age were selected on the basis of root mean square error and pure errors incross-validation and on the accuracy and validity of measures of knee height over sitting height. Results of these regressions, including regression coefficients, standard errors of the coefficients, multiple correlation coefficients, root mean square error, and the standard error for the individual for the final equations, are presented. Conclusions New stature prediction equations using knee height and age are presented for non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black and Mexican-American elderly persons from current nationally representative data. These equations should be applied when a measure of stature cannot be obtained, for example, for persons with amputations of the leg, or with spinal curvature or who are confined to bed. Predicted stature values are acceptable surrogates in nutritional indexes. C1 Wright State Univ, Sch Med, Dept Community Hlth, Div Human Biol, Yellow Springs, OH 45387 USA. Abbott Labs, Ross Prod Div, Med Nutr Res & Dev, Columbus, OH USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Hlth Examinat Stat, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. RP Chumlea, WC (reprint author), Wright State Univ, Sch Med, Dept Community Hlth, Div Human Biol, 1005 Xenia Ave, Yellow Springs, OH 45387 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [HL-53404]; NICHD NIH HHS [HD-12252, HD-27063] NR 21 TC 103 Z9 107 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER DIETETIC ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 216 W JACKSON BLVD #800, CHICAGO, IL 60606-6995 USA SN 0002-8223 J9 J AM DIET ASSOC JI J. Am. Diet. Assoc. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 98 IS 2 BP 137 EP 142 DI 10.1016/S0002-8223(98)00036-4 PG 6 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA YU947 UT WOS:000071772600008 PM 12515412 ER PT J AU Kelly, A Jackson, RJ AF Kelly, A Jackson, RJ TI Public health principles and women's environmental health: No more lost opportunities SO JOURNAL OF WOMENS HEALTH LA English DT Article ID BREAST-CANCER C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Planning Evaluat & Legislat, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Kelly, A (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Planning Evaluat & Legislat, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, MS F-29,4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 1059-7115 J9 J WOMENS HEALTH JI J. Womens Health PD FEB PY 1998 VL 7 IS 1 BP 15 EP 18 DI 10.1089/jwh.1998.7.15 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Women's Studies SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Women's Studies GA YZ473 UT WOS:000072257600008 PM 9511125 ER PT J AU Evans-Davis, KD Dillehay, DL Wargo, DN Webb, SK Talkington, DF Thacker, WL Small, LS Brown, MB AF Evans-Davis, KD Dillehay, DL Wargo, DN Webb, SK Talkington, DF Thacker, WL Small, LS Brown, MB TI Pathogenicity of Mycoplasma volis in mice and rats SO LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB A new species of Mycoplasma, M. volis, was isolated front the respiratory tract of clinically normal field-trapped prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) that were to be housed in close proximity to other rodents. To determine the pathogenic potential of the new mycoplasmal isolate, three groups of rodents (Sprague Dawley rats, BALB/c mice, and severe combined immunodeficient [SCID] mice) were intranasally inoculated with 2 x 10(8) color-changing units (CCU) of M. volis and were observed for 4 to 6 weeks. Experimental animals did not manifest clinical signs of disease; however, one experimental SCID mouse was euthanized 5 days after inoculation because of a severe circling disorder, Lung lesions in experimental SD rats ranged from mild to severe bronchial-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) hyperplasia, Lung lesions in BALB/c and SCID mice ranged from no lesions to mild pneumonia. We were able to isolate M. volis from some control mice, none of which had lung lesions, All mice were seronegative for Sendai virus, mouse hepatitis virus, and M. pulmonis. All immunocompetent experimental animals (BALB/c mice and Sprague Dawley rats) were seropositive for M. volis, All immunocompetent control animals and SCID, mice were seronegative for M. volis. Our data suggest that M. volis is capable of causing microscopic lesions and seroconversion in rats and mice, and therefore these rodents should not be housed in close proximity to voles. C1 Emory Univ, Sch Med, Div Anim Resources, Atlanta, GA USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Microbiol Associates Inc, Microbiol Lab, Rockville, MD USA. Univ Florida, Dept Infect Dis, Gainesville, FL USA. RP Evans-Davis, KD (reprint author), US FDA, Div Vet Serv, 1401 Rockville Pike HFM-280, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE PI CORDOVA PA 70 TIMBERCREEK DR, SUITE 5, CORDOVA, TN 38018 USA SN 0023-6764 J9 LAB ANIM SCI JI Lab. Anim. Sci. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 48 IS 1 BP 38 EP 44 PG 7 WC Veterinary Sciences; Zoology SC Veterinary Sciences; Zoology GA YY876 UT WOS:000072196000008 PM 9517888 ER PT J AU Kennedy, ER AF Kennedy, ER TI Guidelines available for development, validation of analytical methods SO LC GC-MAGAZINE OF SEPARATION SCIENCE LA English DT Letter C1 NIOSH, Methods Res Branch, Div Phys Sci & Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Kennedy, ER (reprint author), NIOSH, Methods Res Branch, Div Phys Sci & Engn, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ADVANSTAR COMMUNICATIONS PI DULUTH PA 131 W FIRST ST, DULUTH, MN 55802 USA SN 0888-9090 J9 LC GC-MAG SEP SCI JI LC GC-Mag. Sep. Sci. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 16 IS 2 BP 90 EP 90 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA YX472 UT WOS:000072043400002 ER PT J AU Suzuki, M Matsuoka, H Yamashita, K Maeda, K Kawano, K Uno, H Tsubouchi, H AF Suzuki, M Matsuoka, H Yamashita, K Maeda, K Kawano, K Uno, H Tsubouchi, H TI CD45RO expression on peripheral lymphocytes as a prognostic marker for adult T-cell leukemia SO LEUKEMIA & LYMPHOMA LA English DT Article DE CD45RO; ATL; prognosis; flowcytometry ID MONONUCLEAR-CELLS; LYMPHOMA; ANTIGEN; CLASSIFICATION; ACTIVATION; UCHL1 AB Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) is an aggressive hematological malignancy etiologically linked to HTLV-I. The clinical subtype classification, age, performance status, serum calcium and LDH levels are major prognostic factors of ATL, but these criteria and factors do not always correlate with prognosis. CD45 is expressed on cells of the hematopoietic system, and plays a pivotal role in antigen-stimulated proliferation of T-lymphocytes. CD45RO is a very Light weight isoform of CD45 expressed on activated T-cells. Recent studies have shown that peripheral lymphocytes show two patterns of CD45RO expression in HTLV-I infected individuals which appears to correlate with their clinical outcome. The acute type ATL patients have pattern A with CD45RO(+) lymphocytes with intermediate expression (CD45ROint cells), and show a better prognosis than those who do not have any CD45ROint cells. Further studies demonstrated that CD45ROint cells were not infected with HTLV-I, and as a result we suggest that CD45RO expression be considered a marker of host immunity in acute type ATL clinical course, in contrast to the levels of WBC or LDH which are regarded as tumor markers and indicators of tumor mass. C1 Miyazaki Med Coll, Dept Internal Med 2, Miyazaki 88916, Japan. RP Suzuki, M (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NCID, DASTLR, RDB, Mail Stop G-19,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 29 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU HARWOOD ACAD PUBL GMBH PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG1 8JL SN 1042-8194 J9 LEUKEMIA LYMPHOMA JI Leuk. Lymphoma PD FEB PY 1998 VL 28 IS 5-6 BP 583 EP 590 PG 8 WC Oncology; Hematology SC Oncology; Hematology GA ZH790 UT WOS:000073147900017 PM 9613989 ER PT J AU Qureshi, AI Hanson, DL Jones, JL Janssen, RS AF Qureshi, AI Hanson, DL Jones, JL Janssen, RS TI Estimation of the temporal probability of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) dementia after risk stratification for HIV-infected persons SO NEUROLOGY LA English DT Article ID MULTICENTER AIDS COHORT; CENTRAL-NERVOUS-SYSTEM; UNITED-STATES; CEREBROSPINAL-FLUID; CLINICAL-FEATURES; INTERFERON-GAMMA; FOLLOW-UP; COMPLEX; ZIDOVUDINE; PREVALENCE AB We developed a scheme using routinely available data to estimate the risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) dementia in HIV-infected persons over time. We performed a longitudinal review of medical records from more than 100 medical facilities in 11 U.S. cities. A total of 19,462 HIV-infected persons without history of dementia enrolled in a multi-institution survey. The main outcome measure was the development of HIV dementia (1987 case definition) during the median follow-up period of 17 months (range, 1 to 72 months). Of 19,462 HIV-infected persons, HIV dementia developed in 880 persons (4.5%; 2.6% per person-year). The strongest predictors of HIV dementia were CD4+ T-lymphocyte count, anemia, and AIDS-defining infections or cancer. The 2-year probability of HIV dementia was highest for persons who had a CD4+ T-lymphocyte count of fewer than 100 cells/mu L and an AIDS-defining illness or anemia or both (18.6 to 24.9%). Intermediate risk was observed in persons with CD4+ T-lymphocyte count of 100 to 199 cells/mu L and an AIDS-defining illness or anemia or both or in persons with a CD4+ T-lymphocyte count of fewer than 100 cells/mu L but without another risk factor (2-year probability, 10.4 to 15.2%). The 2-year probability that HN dementia would develop was lowest (1.0%) for persons with CD4+ T-lymphocyte count-of more than 200 cells/mu L and no other risk factors. Risk stratification using routine clinical information provides information that may prove useful in patient care decisions. C1 Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Neurol, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RP Janssen, RS (reprint author), Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Off Director, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,MS-021, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 52 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0028-3878 J9 NEUROLOGY JI Neurology PD FEB PY 1998 VL 50 IS 2 BP 392 EP 397 PG 6 WC Clinical Neurology SC Neurosciences & Neurology GA YX557 UT WOS:000072052500021 PM 9484360 ER PT J AU O'Callaghan, JP AF O'Callaghan, JP TI Astrocytes: Key players in mediation or modulation of neurotoxic responses? Commentary on forum position paper SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NIOSH, Mol Neurotoxicol Lab, Toxicol & Mol Toxicol Branch, Hlth Effects Lab Div,Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RP O'Callaghan, JP (reprint author), NIOSH, Mol Neurotoxicol Lab, Toxicol & Mol Toxicol Branch, Hlth Effects Lab Div,Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 1095 Willowdale Rd,Mailstop L3014, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RI O'Callaghan, James/O-2958-2013 NR 7 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU INTOX PRESS INC PI LITTLE ROCK PA PO BOX 24865, LITTLE ROCK, AR 72221 USA SN 0161-813X J9 NEUROTOXICOLOGY JI Neurotoxicology PD FEB PY 1998 VL 19 IS 1 BP 35 EP 36 PG 2 WC Neurosciences; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA YZ607 UT WOS:000072271000005 PM 9498218 ER PT J AU Hillis, SD Marchbanks, PA Tylor, LR Peterson, HB AF Hillis, SD Marchbanks, PA Tylor, LR Peterson, HB CA US Collabor Rev Steriliz Working Grp TI Higher hysterectomy risk for sterilized than nonsterilized women: Findings from the US Collaborative Review of Sterilization SO OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LONG-TERM RISK; TUBAL-STERILIZATION; UNITED-STATES AB Objective: To compare the risk of hysterectomy among previously sterilized women and women whose husbands had undergone vasectomy, and to evaluate whether this risk differed by age at surgical procedure or by method of tubal occlusion. Methods: Our study population comprised 7718 women enrolled in a prospective, multicenter cohort study between 1978 and 1986. After stratifying by the woman's age at surgical procedure, we used the life-table approach and adjusted hazards ratios to examine whether the relative risk of hysterectomy during the 5 years after enrollment differed between the 7174 women who had been sterilized and the 544 women whose husbands had undergone vasectomy. Results: The 5-year cumulative probability of hysterectomy was 8% among the previously sterilized women and 2% among the women whose husbands had undergone vasectomy. Among women 34 years of age and younger at enrollment, sterilized women were 4.4 times as likely to have a hysterectomy as women whose husbands had undergone vasectomy (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.9, 10.0). Findings were similar for women 35 years of age and older (rate ratio = 4.6; 95% CI 1.4, 14.5). Each of the six most commonly used methods of tubal occlusion was associated with an increased risk of hysterectomy. Conclusion: Women undergoing tubal sterilization were more likely than women whose husbands underwent vasectomy to undergo hysterectomy within 5 years after sterilization, regardless of age at sterilization. An increased risk of hysterectomy was observed for each method of tubal occlusion. C1 Ctr Dis Control, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Reprod Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Hillis, SD (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Reprod Hlth, 4770 Buford Highway NE,Mailstop K-34, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. FU NICHD NIH HHS [3-YO2-HD41075-10] NR 19 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0029-7844 J9 OBSTET GYNECOL JI Obstet. Gynecol. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 91 IS 2 BP 241 EP 246 DI 10.1016/S0029-7844(97)00648-0 PG 6 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA YU010 UT WOS:000071670800016 PM 9469283 ER PT J AU Gooch, BF Siew, C Cleveland, JL Gruninger, SE Lockwood, SA Joy, ED AF Gooch, BF Siew, C Cleveland, JL Gruninger, SE Lockwood, SA Joy, ED TI Occupational blood exposure and HIV infection among oral and maxillofacial surgeons SO ORAL SURGERY ORAL MEDICINE ORAL PATHOLOGY ORAL RADIOLOGY AND ENDODONTICS LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; HEPATITIS-B VIRUS; HEALTH-CARE WORKERS; PERCUTANEOUS INJURIES; DENTAL PROFESSIONALS; SURGICAL-PROCEDURES; NEEDLESTICK INJURY; GLOVE PERFORATION; IMMUNE GLOBULIN; OPERATING-ROOM AB Objective. The purpose of this study was to examine occupational blood exposure and the seroprevalence of HIV infection among oral and maxillofacial surgeons. Study Design. Three hundred twenty-one oral and maxillofacial surgeons attending an annual meeting voluntarily and anonymously participated in an HIV serosurvey and completed a questionnaire assessing practice anal demographic factors. Statistical tests included the Wilcoxon rank-sum test and the chi-squared test. Results. Eighty percent of those who completed the survey reported one or more blood-skin contacts within the previous month. The mean number of percutaneous injuries within the previous year was 2.36 +/- 0.2, Wire was most commonly associated with percutaneous injuries. Oral and maxillofacial surgeons who reported three or more percutaneous injuries performed more fracture reductions than oral and maxillofacial surgeons reporting no percutaneous injuries (p < 0.01), No participant was HIV-positive; the upper limit of the 95% confidence interval was 1.15%. Conclusion. The findings suggest that the occupational risk for HIV infection in oral surgery is very low even though most oral and maxillofacial surgeons experienced blood contact. Associations of percutaneous injuries with fracture reductions and wire may assist in the development of new techniques and equipment to minimize blood exposures. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Oral Hlth, Surveillance Invest & Res Branch, Chamblee, GA 30341 USA. Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Dept Toxicol, Res Inst, Chicago, IL USA. Med Coll Georgia, Dept Oral & Maxillofacial Surg, Augusta, GA 30912 USA. RP Gooch, BF (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Oral Hlth, Surveillance Invest & Res Branch, 4770 Buford Highway,F10, Chamblee, GA 30341 USA. NR 43 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU MOSBY-YEAR BOOK INC PI ST LOUIS PA 11830 WESTLINE INDUSTRIAL DR, ST LOUIS, MO 63146-3318 USA SN 1079-2104 J9 ORAL SURG ORAL MED O JI Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 85 IS 2 BP 128 EP 134 DI 10.1016/S1079-2104(98)90414-0 PG 7 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA YX101 UT WOS:000072006500004 PM 9503444 ER PT J AU Wamae, CN Gatika, SM Roberts, JM Lammie, PJ AF Wamae, CN Gatika, SM Roberts, JM Lammie, PJ TI Wuchereria bancrofti in Kwale District, Coastal Kenya: patterns of focal distribution of infection, clinical manifestations and anti-filarial IgG responsiveness SO PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE filariasis; microfilaria; antigen; antibody; focal transmission ID HAITIAN PEDIATRIC POPULATION; CIRCULATING ANTIGEN; IMMUNE RESPONSIVENESS; ANTIFILARIAL ANTIBODY; ENDEMIC COMMUNITY; RESPONSES; HETEROGENEITY; TRANSMISSION; INDIVIDUALS; EXPRESSION AB A cross-sectional study of bancroftian filariasis was conducted in 2 adjacent communities, Mvumoni and Kilore in Muhaka, Kwale District. Wuchereria bancrofti infection, clinical manifestations and anti-filarial IgG responsiveness were determined before the long rains, a time coinciding with a low transmission season. The prevalence of microfilaraemia increased gradually with age and was significantly higher in Kilore (24%) than in Mvumoni (6.3%, P < 0.001). Similarly, the prevalence of antigenaemia increased with age and also was significantly higher in Kilore, 48.9% than in Mvumoni, 20.5% (P < 0.001). Hydrocele, funiculitis, lymphangitis and lymphadenitis were also significantly more common in Kilore than in Mvumoni. In comparing the 2 communities, levels of IgG4 responsiveness in antigen-positive persons were higher in Kilore than Mvumoni (P = 0.034), but this was related to higher antigen loads in persons in Kilore than in Mvumoni. In antigen-negative persons, anti-filarial antibodies of 3 IgG isotypes were significantly higher in Kilore than Mvumoni (P < 0.001, for IgG1, IgG2, IgG4). These results emphasize the highly focal nature of bancroftian filariasis in this setting and demonstrate that anti-filarial antibody levels are related to transmission intensity. C1 Kenya Med Res Inst, Ctr Microbiol Res, Nairobi, Kenya. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Wamae, CN (reprint author), Kenya Med Res Inst, Ctr Microbiol Res, Mbagathi Rd,POB 54840, Nairobi, Kenya. NR 29 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0031-1820 J9 PARASITOLOGY JI Parasitology PD FEB PY 1998 VL 116 BP 173 EP 182 DI 10.1017/S0031182097002060 PN 2 PG 10 WC Parasitology SC Parasitology GA YW828 UT WOS:000071978100009 PM 9509027 ER PT J AU Wilfert, C Beck, DT Fleischman, AR Mofenson, LM Pantell, RH Schonberg, SK Scott, GB Sklaire, MW Whitley-Williams, PN Rogers, MF AF Wilfert, C Beck, DT Fleischman, AR Mofenson, LM Pantell, RH Schonberg, SK Scott, GB Sklaire, MW Whitley-Williams, PN Rogers, MF CA Comm Pediat AIDS 1996 1997 TI Surveillance of pediatric HIV infection SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; UNITED-STATES; ACQUIRED HIV; CHILDREN; TRANSMISSION; DIAGNOSIS; INFANTS; AIDS; AGE AB Pediatric human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) surveillance should expand to include perinatal HIV exposure and HIV infection as well as AIDS to delineate completely the extent and impact of HIV infection on children and families, accurately assess the resources necessary to provide services to this population, evaluate the efficacy of public health recommendations, and determine any potential long-term consequences of interventions to prevent perinatal transmission to children ultimately determined to be uninfected as well as for those who become infected. Ensuring the confidentiality of information collected in the process of surveillance is critical. In addition, expansion of surveillance must not compromise the established, ongoing surveillance system for pediatric AIDS. An expanded pediatric HIV surveillance program provides an important counterpart to existing American Academy of Pediatrics and American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommendations for HIV counseling and testing in the prenatal setting. C1 Comm Pediat AIDS, Elk Grove Village, IL 60007 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Wilfert, C (reprint author), Comm Pediat AIDS, Elk Grove Village, IL 60007 USA. OI Mofenson, Lynne/0000-0002-2818-9808 NR 32 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD FEB PY 1998 VL 101 IS 2 BP 315 EP 319 PG 5 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA YU816 UT WOS:000071758100032 ER PT J AU Shaikh, R Guris, D Strebel, PM Wharton, M AF Shaikh, R Guris, D Strebel, PM Wharton, M TI Underreporting of pertussis deaths in the United States: Need for improved surveillance SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Shaikh, R (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 4 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD FEB PY 1998 VL 101 IS 2 BP 323 EP 323 DI 10.1542/peds.101.2.323 PG 1 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA YU816 UT WOS:000071758100035 PM 9457164 ER PT J AU Faulkner, DL Merritt, RK AF Faulkner, DL Merritt, RK TI Race and cigarette smoking among United States adolescents: The role of lifestyle behaviors and demographic factors SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE smoking; adolescence; African-Americans; prevalence AB Objective. Cigarette smoking is on the rise among adolescents in the United States. Although both African-American and white adolescents have experienced increases in cigarette smoking over time, the prevalence of smoking has remained consistently lower among African-American adolescents than their white counterparts. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the race differential in the prevalence of cigarette smoking is attributed to differences in selected Lifestyle behaviors and demographic factors. Design. A cross-sectional study was conducted among African-American and white adolescents (aged 12 to 17 years) who participated in the Youth Risk Behavior Survey supplement to the 1992 National Health Interview Survey. Analyses were restricted to those who had complete data on all study variables (n = 5569). Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the prevalence odds ratios (POR) of current smoking for white adolescents (versus African-American adolescents) before and after adjustment for confounding factors. Results. The crude POR of current smoking for white adolescents compared with African-American adolescents was 2.8 (95% confidence interval = 2.1 to 3.9). Simultaneous adjustment for confounding factors resulted in a POR of 2.6 (95% confidence interval = 1.8 to 3.7). Conclusions. Selected lifestyle behaviors and demographic factors do not account for the race differential in the prevalence of adolescent cigarette smoking. This study underscores the need for more research on contributors to the race gap. Such research could advance theoretical understanding of the etiology of cigarette smoking among adolescents and lead to more effective smoking prevention programs for all youths. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Off Smoking & Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Faulkner, DL (reprint author), PCS Hlth Syst, Mail Code 034,9501 E Shea Blvd, Scottsdale, AZ 85260 USA. NR 18 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD FEB PY 1998 VL 101 IS 2 BP art. no. EP e4 DI 10.1542/peds.101.2.e4 PG 5 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA YU816 UT WOS:000071758100022 PM 9445514 ER PT J AU Gergen, PJ Fowler, JA Maurer, KR Davis, WW Overpeck, MD AF Gergen, PJ Fowler, JA Maurer, KR Davis, WW Overpeck, MD TI The burden of environmental tobacco smoke exposure on the respiratory health of children 2 months through 5 years of age in the United States: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988 to 1994 SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE environmental tobacco smoke (ETS); asthma; wheeze; chronic bronchitis; children; attributable risk ID PASSIVE-SMOKING; CHILDHOOD ASTHMA; MATERNAL SMOKING; PARENTAL SMOKING; URINARY COTININE; 1ST YEAR; ILLNESS; INFANTS; FAMILY; LIFE AB Objective. To measure the effect of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) on respiratory health in a national sample of young children. Methods. The study evaluated children 2 months through 5 years of age participating in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988 to 1994. The group was a representative sample of the US population (N = 7680). A parental report of household smoking or maternal smoking during pregnancy ascertained ETS exposure, Respiratory outcomes were based on parental report of wheezing, cough, upper respiratory infection, or pneumonia in the last 12 months and chronic bronchitis or physician-diagnosed asthma at any time. Logistic regression was used to adjust for age, sex, race/ethnicity, birth weight, day care, family history of allergy, breastfeeding, education level of head of household, and household size. Results. Approximately 38% of children were presently exposed to ETS in the home, whereas 23.8% were exposed by maternal smoking during pregnancy. ETS exposure increased chronic bronchitis and three or more episodes of wheezing among children 2 months to 2 years old and asthma among children 2 months to 5 years old. For household exposure, a consistent effect was seen only at greater than or equal to 20 cigarettes smoked per day. Adjusted odds ratios for increased risk (95% confidence interval) for household exposures greater than or equal to 20 cigarettes smoked per day vs none smoked) and maternal prenatal exposure (prenatal smoking vs no smoking), respectively, for children 2 months to 2 years old were chronic bronchitis, 2.5 (1.6, 4.1); 2.2, (1.6, 3); three or more episodes of wheezing, 2.7 (1.7, 4.2), 2.1 (1.5, 2.9); and for children 2 months to 5 years old were asthma, 2.1 (1.4, 3.2); 1.8 (1.3, 2.6). Reported use within the past month of prescription medications for asthma (beta-agonists or inhaled steroids) was not different between those with asthma reporting ETS exposure and those reporting no exposure; percent of patients with asthma reporting use of medication by household exposure was 0, 25.7%; 1 to 19 cigarettes smoked per day, 32.9%; and greater than or equal to 20 cigarettes smoked per day, 23.1%; percent of patients with asthma reporting use of medication by maternal smoking during pregnancy was no, 28.9%; yes, 22.7%. Among children 2 months to 2 years of age exposed to ETS, 40% to 60% of the cases of asthma, chronic bronchitis, and three or more episodes of wheezing were attributable to ETS exposure, For diagnosed asthma among children 2 months through 5 years old, there were 133 800 to 161 600 excess cases. Among exposed children 2 months through 2 years of age, there were 61 000 to 79 200 excess cases of chronic bronchitis and 126 700 to 172 000 excess cases of three or more episodes of wheezing. Conclusions. ETS exposure is common among children in the United States. The reported prevalence of asthma, wheezing, and chronic bronchitis was increased with ETS exposures. No statistically significant increase in the prevalence of upper respiratory infection, pneumonia, or cough was associated with ETS exposure. ETS exposure has little effect on the respiratory health of children between 3 and 5 years of age, with the exception of asthma. ETS appears to increase the prevalence of asthma rather than the severity as measured by medication use. These findings reinforce the need to reduce the exposure of young children to ETS. C1 CPCR, Agcy Hlth Care Policy & Res, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. Klemm Anal Grp Inc, Hyattsville, MD USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Care Stat, Hyattsville, MD USA. NICHHD, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Gergen, PJ (reprint author), CPCR, Agcy Hlth Care Policy & Res, Room 502,2101 E Jefferson St, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. NR 37 TC 154 Z9 158 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD FEB PY 1998 VL 101 IS 2 BP art. no. EP e8 DI 10.1542/peds.101.2.e8 PG 6 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA YU816 UT WOS:000071758100026 PM 9445518 ER PT J AU Morrow, AL Rosenthal, J Lakkis, HD Bowers, JC Butterfoss, FD Crews, RC Sirotkin, B AF Morrow, AL Rosenthal, J Lakkis, HD Bowers, JC Butterfoss, FD Crews, RC Sirotkin, B TI A population-based study of access to immunization among urban Virginia children served by public, private, and military health care systems SO PEDIATRICS LA English DT Article DE immunization; population-based research; access barriers; quality of care ID RISK-FACTORS; DELAYED IMMUNIZATION; VACCINATION COVERAGE; PRESCHOOL-CHILDREN; PROVIDER PRACTICES; UNITED-STATES; POOR CHILDREN; PHYSICIANS; INFANTS; CLINICS AB Background Pediatric immunization rates have increased in the United States since 1990. Nevertheless, national survey data indicate that up to one third of 2-year-old children in some states and urban areas lack at least one recommended dose of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP)-, polio-, or measles-containing vaccines. Immunization has become a key measure of preventive pediatric health care in the United States. To achieve and maintain the national immunization goal that 90% of children receive all recommended immunizations by 2 years of age, the role of the health care system in immunization delivery must be examined. Urban eastern Virginia has a diverse population that obtains immunization services from public, private, and military providers and insurers. At the time of this survey, immunization services in Virginia were available free to all children through public health clinics and to military families when using a military facility. Objective. To examine access to pediatric immunization services and health system factors associated with underimmunization in a representative sample of children at 12 and 24 months of age. Methods. We conducted a household survey in urban eastern Virginia from April through September 1993. A total of 12 770 households in Norfolk and Newport News, VA, were selected for inclusion in the study using probability-proportionate-to-size cluster sampling. Use of probability-proportionate-to-size sampling ensured that children within each city had equal probability of being included in the survey. Selected households were visited by trained interviewers to determine their eligibility, defined as having at least one child 12 to 30 months of age residing in the household. In eligible households, parents were asked to participate in a standardized, 15-minute interview. Survey respondents were asked about household demographics, and for each eligible child, the immunization history, health insurance, the name and location of all immunization providers, the usual immunization provider, and any problems the parent had experienced accessing immunization services with that child. Up-to-date (UTD) immunization status was defined as having all recommended doses of DTP, polio, and measles-mumps-rubella at 12 months (three DTP and two polio immunizations) and 24 months (four DTP, three polio, and one measles-mumps-rubella immunizations). The child's immunization history was assessed from parent and provider records only. Data analysis accounted for the survey's cluster sampling design tie, within-cluster correlation). Because the immunization rates of the two cities did not differ significantly, unweighted analyses were used for ease of computation. Significance was determined for contingency tables by Wald's chi(2) test. Results. A total of 749 children (91% of eligible households) participated in the survey. Study children were born between October, 1990, and July, 1992. Immunization records were obtained for 705 children (94%). Eighty-seven percent of respondents were mothers, 44% were African-American, 40% of children were military dependents, and 40% were enrolled in the Women, Infants and Children (WIC) program. Sixty-five percent of children were UTD at 12 months and 53% at 24 months. Parents reported that their children's usual immunization providers were private doctors (34%); public health, hospital clinics, or community health centers (32%); and military clinics or a military contract provider (34%). At least one problem accessing immunization services was reported by 35% of respondents, ranging from 29% among those who used a private doctor as their child's usual immunization provider to 46% among those using a military contract provider. Overall, the most commonly reported problem was clinic waiting time (12%), with reports of waiting time as a problem occurring most often among those using the military contract provider (22%) and public health clinics (17%). The second most common problem was difficulty obtaining a timely appointment (10%), with appointment problems ranging from 18% to 24% among those using military facilities compared with 4% to 6% among those using other providers. Some of the other problems reported were taking time away from work, office hours, cost, and transportation, with the frequency varying by type of usual provider. Household risk factors for children not being UTD at 12 and 24 months included having a greater number of children, single parenthood, lack of education beyond high school, teenage mother, African-American ethnicity, and not finding the child's immunization record at home, After adjusting for these household factors by multiple logistic regression, the system-related factors significantly associated with not being UTD at 12 months were not being in WIC (odds ratio [OR] = 2.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.4-3.3), having Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Uniformed Services (OR = 5.2; CI: 2.9-9.5) or Medicaid (OR = 2.7; CI: 1.4-5.3) insurance, longer clinic waiting time (for each hour, OR = 1.6; CI: 1.2-2.0), and transportation problems (OR = 2.6; CI: 1.3-5.2); and at 24 months were not being in WIC (OR = 2.0; CI: 1.1-3.7), problems obtaining an appointment (OR = 4.5; CI: 1.8-8.6), and use of a military contract clinic (OR = 5.6; CI: 2.6-11.9). Although not all reported problems accessing services were independent risk factors for underimmunization, a dose-response relationship was found between the total number of different reported problems and children not being UTD at 24 months. Conclusions This is the first population-based study of the association between immunization coverage rates and access to public, private, and military health care systems. Overall, one third of parents perceived barriers to pediatric immunization services, and parent-reported problems accessing services had a dose-response association with underimmunization. The most commonly reported problems were long waiting times and difficulty obtaining appointments, but the pattern and magnitude of problems reported differed among public, private, and military services. Despite free immunizations, parents most often reported problems accessing public and military providers. Thus, parents did not necessarily consider cost-free and geographically available pediatric services to be barrier-free. Enrollment in WIC was associated with significantly increased immunization rates, although this study was conducted before linkage of the WIC program with immunization services. This finding suggests the importance of WIC as a point of access to the health care system for vulnerable families. In this population, significant variation in immunization rates was found among health care providers and insurers that was not readily explained by measured population characteristics or parent-reported access barriers, possibly attributable, in part, to differences in provider practices. Population-level measurement of immunization rates and parent perception of services is critical for improving access to, and quality of, immunization services. C1 Eastern Virginia Med Sch, Childrens Hosp Kings Daughters, Ctr Pediat Res, Norfolk, VA 23510 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Morrow, AL (reprint author), Eastern Virginia Med Sch, Childrens Hosp Kings Daughters, Ctr Pediat Res, 855 W Brambleton Ave, Norfolk, VA 23510 USA. NR 41 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER ACAD PEDIATRICS PI ELK GROVE VILLAGE PA 141 NORTH-WEST POINT BLVD,, ELK GROVE VILLAGE, IL 60007-1098 USA SN 0031-4005 J9 PEDIATRICS JI Pediatrics PD FEB PY 1998 VL 101 IS 2 AR e5 DI 10.1542/peds.101.2.e5 PG 10 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA YU816 UT WOS:000071758100023 PM 9445515 ER PT J AU Adams, MM Elam-Evans, LD Wilson, HG Gilbertz, DA AF Adams, MM Elam-Evans, LD Wilson, HG Gilbertz, DA TI Recurrence of preterm delivery: literature review and observations from Georgia SO PRENATAL AND NEONATAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Preterm Birth - Etiology, Mechanisms and Prevention CY OCT 26-28, 1997 CL CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA DE gestational age; premature infant; recurrence ID LOW-BIRTH-WEIGHT; PREGNANCIES C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, WHO Collaborat Ctr Perinat Care & Hlth Serv, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, US Dept HHS,Div Reprod Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Adams, MM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, WHO Collaborat Ctr Perinat Care & Hlth Serv, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, US Dept HHS,Div Reprod Hlth, MS K-20,4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU PARTHENON PUBLISHING GROUP PI CARNFORTH LANCASHIRE PA CASTERTON HALL, CARNFORTH LANCASHIRE LA6 2LA, ENGLAND SN 1359-8635 J9 PRENAT NEONAT MED JI Prenat. Neonatal Med. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 3 IS 1 BP 130 EP 133 PG 4 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology; Pediatrics SC Obstetrics & Gynecology; Pediatrics GA ZW380 UT WOS:000074405200033 ER PT J AU Rowley, DL AF Rowley, DL TI Beyond the medical model: research on social factors and preterm delivery SO PRENATAL AND NEONATAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Preterm Birth - Etiology, Mechanisms and Prevention CY OCT 26-28, 1997 CL CHARLESTON, SC DE preterm delivery; social determinants; contextual analysis; multilevel model; social inequalities ID LOW-BIRTH-WEIGHT; DISEASE; INFANTS; HEALTH; BLACK C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Rowley, DL (reprint author), 4770 Buford Highway,MS-K40, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 14 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU PARTHENON PUBLISHING GROUP PI LANCASTER PA RICHMOND HOUSE, WHITE CROSS, SOUTH ROAD, LANCASTER LA1 4XQ, ENGLAND SN 1359-8635 J9 PRENAT NEONAT MED JI Prenat. Neonatal Med. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 3 IS 1 BP 170 EP 172 PG 3 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology; Pediatrics SC Obstetrics & Gynecology; Pediatrics GA ZW380 UT WOS:000074405200042 ER PT J AU Foxman, B Aral, SO Holmes, KK AF Foxman, B Aral, SO Holmes, KK TI Interrelationships among douching practices, risky sexual practices, and history of self-reported sexually transmitted diseases in an urban population SO SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES LA English DT Article ID PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE; HOMOSEXUAL MEN; WOMEN; INFECTION; BEHAVIOR; ASSOCIATION; PATTERNS; COUPLES; ADULTS; DRY AB Goals: To describe the interrelationships of douching, sex during menses, dry sex, and anal intercourse and their associations with self-reported history of sexually transmitted diseases (STD). Study Design: The authors interviewed by telephone 422 white Americans (WA) and 44 African Americans (AA) selected using random-digit dialing, and 135 AA selected from a listed sample of census tracks having a population of at least 40% AA. Results: After adjusting for lifetime numbers of vaginal sex partners, sex during menses was associated with self-reported history of chlamydial infection among women (WA: odds ratio [OR] = 3.9; confidence interval [CI]: 1.1, 14.0; AA: OR = 1.6; CI: 0.6, 4.2), Anal sex was associated with self-reported history of genital warts, genital herpes, hepatitis, and gonorrhea; douching with a twofold increase in self-reported pelvic inflammatory disease, Anal sex was most common in women with a history of same-and opposite-sex: partners. Conclusions: These data confirm the association of douching and anal sex with various STD and suggest that sex during menses is associated with chlamydial infection. C1 Univ Michigan, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Ctr Prevent Serv, Div STD, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Washington, Dept Med, Seattle, WA USA. Univ Washington, Ctr AIDS & STD, Seattle, WA USA. RP Foxman, B (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, 109 Observ St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. OI Foxman, Betsy/0000-0001-6682-238X FU NIAID NIH HHS [AI/MH34118] NR 29 TC 53 Z9 53 U1 1 U2 3 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0148-5717 J9 SEX TRANSM DIS JI Sex. Transm. Dis. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 25 IS 2 BP 90 EP 99 DI 10.1097/00007435-199802000-00006 PG 10 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA YV528 UT WOS:000071834100006 PM 9518384 ER PT J AU Sullivan, MT Guido, EA Metler, RP Schable, CA Williams, AE Stramer, SL AF Sullivan, MT Guido, EA Metler, RP Schable, CA Williams, AE Stramer, SL TI Identification and characterization of an HIV-2 antibody-positive blood donor in the United States SO TRANSFUSION LA English DT Article ID VIRUS TYPE-2 INFECTION; IMMUNOASSAY AB BACKGROUND: As of June 1, 1992, the Food and Drug Administration recommended that all donated blood be screened for antibodies specific to HIV-2. Despite broad serologic surveillance, only two cases of HIV-2 infection had been detected among potential blood and plasma donors since the implementation of the test. CASE REPORT: The identification of a third HIV-2 antibody-positive blood donor is reported. The first-time donor was identified by routine screening procedures as anti-HIV-1/HIV-2-reactive, and that status was confirmed by licensed HIV-I Western blot. Concurrent whole-virus lysate enzyme immunoassay and Western blot for HIV-2 were strongly positive, but the possibility of HIV-1 cross-reactivity could not be eliminated. The donor was notified, counseled, and deferred from future donation. He subsequently enrolled in a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-sponsored epidemiologic study of HIV-positive former donors. When it was revealed during the standardized interview that he was a native of an HIV-2-endemic region, follow-up samples were submitted to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Investigational HIV-1 and HIV-2 peptide enzyme immunoassays indicated that this infection was due to HIV-2 only. CONCLUSION: Enzyme immunoassays for antibodies to synthetic peptides of HIV-1 and HIV-2 may be useful in differentiating the two viruses in individuals with ambiguous Western blot results and risk factors for HIV-2 infection. C1 Amer Red Cross, Jerome H Holland Lab, Rockville, MD USA. Amer Red Cross, Blood Serv, Philadelphia, PA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Reporting & Anal Sect,Surveillance Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Sullivan, MT (reprint author), Natl Blood Data Resource Ctr, 8101 Glenbrook Rd, Bethesda, MD USA. FU PHS HHS [U64/CCU302965-10] NR 17 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC BLOOD BANKS PI BETHESDA PA 8101 GLENBROOK RD, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2749 USA SN 0041-1132 J9 TRANSFUSION JI Transfusion PD FEB PY 1998 VL 38 IS 2 BP 189 EP 193 DI 10.1046/j.1537-2995.1998.38298193104.x PG 5 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA ZC744 UT WOS:000072612800012 PM 9531953 ER PT J AU McMillan, DE Sanders, JH Koenig, D Akwabi-Ameyaw, K Painter, TM AF McMillan, DE Sanders, JH Koenig, D Akwabi-Ameyaw, K Painter, TM TI New land is not enough: Agricultural performance of new lands settlement in West Africa SO WORLD DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article DE West Africa; onchocerciasis; disease control; settlement; agricultural development; crop technology ID BURKINA-FASO; DIVERSIFICATION; INCOME AB For centuries onchocerciasis, or river blindness, has contributed to the underpopulation of fertile river basins in much of the West African savanna. For this reason, an 11-country program initiated in 1974 to control river blindness disease was expected to increase total crop production and improve living standards. Farm management data from 15 sites show that despite the control program's success in opening up new land, the farmers moving back into these areas were successful in increasing and stabilizing their incomes at only five of the 15 sites. Two of the major factors that explained these low success rates were the highly negative policy environment and lack of appropriate technology and supports for intensive cereal production in the drier semi-arid basins. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Purdue Univ, W Lafayette, IN USA. American Univ, Washington, DC 20016 USA. Calif State Univ Stanislaus, Turlock, CA 95382 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP McMillan, DE (reprint author), Univ Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 68 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0305-750X J9 WORLD DEV JI World Dev. PD FEB PY 1998 VL 26 IS 2 BP 187 EP 211 DI 10.1016/S0305-750X(97)10055-9 PG 25 WC Economics; Planning & Development SC Business & Economics; Public Administration GA ZC740 UT WOS:000072612400001 ER PT J AU Gangarosa, EJ Galazka, AM Wolfe, CR Phillips, LM Gangarosa, RE Miller, E Chen, RT AF Gangarosa, EJ Galazka, AM Wolfe, CR Phillips, LM Gangarosa, RE Miller, E Chen, RT TI Impact of anti-vaccine movements on pertussis control: the untold story SO LANCET LA English DT Review ID UNITED-STATES; CHILDREN; IMMUNIZATION; EPIDEMIOLOGY; EXPERIENCE; EFFICACY; SAFETY AB To assess the impact of anti-vaccine movements that targeted pertussis whole-cell vaccines, we compared pertussis incidence in countries where high coverage with diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccines (DTP) was maintained (Hungary, the former East Germany, Poland, and the USA) with countries where immunisation was disrupted by anti-vaccine movements (Sweden, Japan, Uh, The Russian Federation, Ireland, Italy, the former West Germany, and Australia). Pertussis incidence was 10 to 100 times lower in countries where high vaccine coverage was maintained than in countries where immunisation programs were compromised by anti-vaccine movements. Comparisons of neighbouring countries with high and low vaccine coverage further underscore the efficacy of these vaccines. Given the safety and cost-effectiveness of whole-cell pertussis vaccines, our study shows that, far from being obsolete, these vaccines continue to have an important role in global immunisation. C1 Emory Univ, Gangarosa Int Hlth Fdn, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. WHO, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Georgia, GA 30333 USA. PHLS Communicable Dis Surveillance Ctr, London, England. RP Gangarosa, EJ (reprint author), 5305 Greencastle Way, Stone Mt, GA 30087 USA. NR 42 TC 317 Z9 328 U1 4 U2 42 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 42 BEDFORD SQUARE, LONDON WC1B 3SL, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD JAN 31 PY 1998 VL 351 IS 9099 BP 356 EP 361 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)04334-1 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA YV794 UT WOS:000071864000044 PM 9652634 ER PT J AU Kado, NY Kuzmicky, PA Loarca-Pina, G Mumtaz, MM AF Kado, NY Kuzmicky, PA Loarca-Pina, G Mumtaz, MM TI Genotoxicity testing of methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE) in the Salmonella microsuspension assay and mouse bone marrow micronucleus test SO MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article DE methyl tertiary-butyl ether; microsuspension; mutagenicity; Salmonella typhimurium; micronucleus test; bone marrow ID LYMPHOMA ASSAY; MUTAGENS; CARCINOGENESIS; VAPOR AB Methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE) is an oxygenated fuel additive that is present in gasoline at levels up to 15% by volume. Since the 1990 Clean Air Act amendments require the use of oxygenated gasoline in 39 areas of the USA, the use of MTBE is projected to continue to dramatically increase. As the use of MTBE increases, the potential for environmental release of MTBE from gasoline stations and automobiles will also increase. Despite its growing use as a fuel additive and its potential for increased exposure to the public, few genotoxicity data on MTBE have been published in the peer-reviewed literature, In the present study, we tested the potential genotoxicity of MTBE in two short-term test systems, an in vitro Salmonella microsuspension assay and an in vivo mouse bone marrow micronucleus test. For the microsuspension assay, MTBE was tested at 7 dose levels of 30 to 7400 mu g/tube in tester strains TA98, TA100, TA104, and TA1535, with and without the addition of metabolic enzymes (S9) at 4 concentrations (0, 300, 600, and 1200 mu g S9/ml final concentration). A closed system was used to minimize loss of MTBE. The response was not significant. However, a high degree of toxicity was observed at the highest doses in all tester strains. MTBE was also tested for clastogenicity in the mouse bone marrow micronucleus test using both male and female Swiss-Webster mice. Mice were administered single intraperitoneal injections of MTBE in olive oil at 5 doses ranging from 0.25 to 1.75 g/kg. Then were no significant increases in micronucleus formation at any dose of MTBE when compared with the negative control animals receiving only olive oil. MTBE was not positive when tested for point mutations and clastogenicity, using respectively, a Salmonella microsuspension assay and the mouse bone marrow micronucleus test. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Dept Environm Toxicol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Autonoma Queretaro, Fac Quim, Dept Invest & Posgrad, Queretaro 76010, Qro, Mexico. Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Kado, NY (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Dept Environm Toxicol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 22 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1383-5718 J9 MUTAT RES-GEN TOX EN JI Mutat. Res. Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen. PD JAN 30 PY 1998 VL 412 IS 2 BP 131 EP 138 DI 10.1016/S1383-5718(97)00179-4 PG 8 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA ZD067 UT WOS:000072647900003 PM 9580226 ER PT J AU Karon, JM AF Karon, JM TI Centers for Disease Control Workshop on AIDS Case Projections and HIV Seroprevalence and Incidence Estimates - Preface SO STATISTICS IN MEDICINE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol E48, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Karon, JM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol E48, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0277-6715 J9 STAT MED JI Stat. Med. PD JAN 30 PY 1998 VL 17 IS 2 BP 125 EP 125 PG 1 WC Mathematical & Computational Biology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medical Informatics; Medicine, Research & Experimental; Statistics & Probability SC Mathematical & Computational Biology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medical Informatics; Research & Experimental Medicine; Mathematics GA YW314 UT WOS:000071921500001 ER PT J AU Karon, JM Khare, M Rosenberg, PS AF Karon, JM Khare, M Rosenberg, PS TI The current status of methods for estimating the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus in the United States of America SO STATISTICS IN MEDICINE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Centers-for-Disease-Control Workshop on AIDS Case Projections and HIV Seroprevalence and Incidence Estimates CY FEB, 1995 CL ATLANTA, GEORGIA SP Ctr Dis Control ID HIV-INFECTION; AIDS EPIDEMIC; DRUG-USERS; TRENDS; DISEASE; SEROPREVALENCE; RATES; WOMEN; BACKCALCULATION; PROJECTIONS AB The prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection can be estimated by two distinct methods, One method, back-calculation, is a complex statistical procedure that estimates the HIV epidemic curve. The second method is based on data from population-based surveys, which provide estimates of the proportion of persons infected with HIV within subgroups, and on the known or estimated population totals for these subgroups. Estimates from these methods are subject to substantial uncertainty and bias, both of which are difficult to quantify. We review recent use of these procedures to estimate HIV prevalence in the United States of America, We also summarize new data on the uncertainty and the bias in these estimates. Reliable estimates of HIV prevalence can be made only by synthesizing estimates from several procedures and by a comprehensive evaluation of relevant data. Future estimates of HIV prevalence will require modifications of these methods or the development of new methods, (C) 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol E48, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Hlth Examinat Stat, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Hyattsville, MD USA. NCI, Epidemiol & Biostat Program, Epidemiol Methods Sect, Rockville, MD USA. RP Karon, JM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol E48, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 45 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 1 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0277-6715 J9 STAT MED JI Stat. Med. PD JAN 30 PY 1998 VL 17 IS 2 BP 127 EP 142 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0258(19980130)17:2<127::AID-SIM756>3.0.CO;2-R PG 16 WC Mathematical & Computational Biology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medical Informatics; Medicine, Research & Experimental; Statistics & Probability SC Mathematical & Computational Biology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medical Informatics; Research & Experimental Medicine; Mathematics GA YW314 UT WOS:000071921500002 PM 9483724 ER PT J AU Green, TA AF Green, TA TI Using surveillance data to monitor trends in the AIDS epidemic SO STATISTICS IN MEDICINE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Centers-for-Disease-Control Workshop on AIDS Case Projections and HIV Seroprevalence and Incidence Estimates CY FEB, 1995 CL ATLANTA, GEORGIA SP Ctr Dis Control ID ACQUIRED-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-SYNDROME; DELAYS AB Series of incident cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) must be adjusted before being used to evaluate trends in AIDS incidence or to estimate the current prevalence of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This paper describes adjustments that account for delays in reporting AIDS cases, the lack of HIV-exposure information for some cases, and future diagnoses of AIDS-defining opportunistic illnesses among persons reported with AIDS under the severe immunosuppression criteria of the 1993 AIDS surveillance case definition. These adjustments are illustrated using AIDS cases reported to March 1996. (C) 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Green, TA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div AIDS STD & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd NE MS A12, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 14 TC 77 Z9 84 U1 0 U2 1 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0277-6715 J9 STAT MED JI Stat. Med. PD JAN 30 PY 1998 VL 17 IS 2 BP 143 EP 154 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0258(19980130)17:2<143::AID-SIM757>3.0.CO;2-Y PG 12 WC Mathematical & Computational Biology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medical Informatics; Medicine, Research & Experimental; Statistics & Probability SC Mathematical & Computational Biology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medical Informatics; Research & Experimental Medicine; Mathematics GA YW314 UT WOS:000071921500003 PM 9483725 ER PT J AU Byers, RH Caldwell, MB Davis, S Gwinn, M Lindegren, ML AF Byers, RH Caldwell, MB Davis, S Gwinn, M Lindegren, ML TI Projection of AIDS and HIV incidence among children born infected with HIV SO STATISTICS IN MEDICINE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Centers-for-Disease-Control Workshop on AIDS Case Projections and HIV Seroprevalence and Incidence Estimates CY FEB, 1995 CL ATLANTA, GEORGIA SP Ctr Dis Control ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; UNITED-STATES; PEDIATRIC AIDS; TRANSMISSION; PREVALENCE; INFANT AB By 31 December 1995, 6285 children with perinatally acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) had been reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) by the state and local health departments of all 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. territories. We present here the statistical methods used to estimate the number of infants born with HIV and to predict the number of diagnoses of perinatally acquired AIDS among children to 1997. We estimate that there were 13,900 children who had perinatally acquired HIV infection by the end of 1995 and who will eventually be reported with AIDS. If 85 per cent of all diagnoses are reported, this represents a total of more than 16,300 diagnoses. Of these, 6600 had developed AIDS by the end of 1995 and will eventually be reported to CDC. We project that, during 1996 and 1997, another 1500 HIV-infected children will be born. (C) 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Byers, RH (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Mail Stop E48, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 17 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 1 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0277-6715 J9 STAT MED JI Stat. Med. PD JAN 30 PY 1998 VL 17 IS 2 BP 169 EP 181 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0258(19980130)17:2<169::AID-SIM759>3.0.CO;2-8 PG 13 WC Mathematical & Computational Biology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medical Informatics; Medicine, Research & Experimental; Statistics & Probability SC Mathematical & Computational Biology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medical Informatics; Research & Experimental Medicine; Mathematics GA YW314 UT WOS:000071921500005 PM 9483727 ER PT J AU Saw, TA Lim, W Shortridge, K Tam, J Liu, KK Mak, KH Tsang, T Ho, YY Lee, FY Kwong, H AF Saw, TA Lim, W Shortridge, K Tam, J Liu, KK Mak, KH Tsang, T Ho, YY Lee, FY Kwong, H TI Isolation of avian influenza A (H5N1) viruses from humans - Hong Kong, May-December 1997 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 46, pg 1204-1207, 1997) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Hong Kong Dept Hlth, Virus Unit, Hong Kong, Hong Kong. Univ Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong. Chinese Univ Hong Kong, Shatin 100083, Hong Kong. Dept Agr & Fisheries, Hong Kong, Taiwan. Queen Mary Hosp, London, England. Queen Elizabeth Hosp, London, England. Prince Wales Hosp, Cardiff, S Glam, Wales. Yan Chai Hosp, Hong Kong, Hong Kong. WHO, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. CDC, Influenza Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Saw, TA (reprint author), Hong Kong Dept Hlth, Virus Unit, Hong Kong, Hong Kong. NR 1 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JAN 28 PY 1998 VL 279 IS 4 BP 263 EP 264 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA YT472 UT WOS:000071607000012 ER PT J CA CDC TI Update: Respiratory syncytial virus activity - United States, 1997-98 season (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 46, pg 1163-1165, 1997) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint RP CDC (reprint author), CDC, Resp & Enter Viruses Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis,Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Natl Resp & Enter Virus Surveil Syst Collab Labs, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JAN 28 PY 1998 VL 279 IS 4 BP 264 EP 265 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA YT472 UT WOS:000071607000013 ER PT J CA CDC TI Toy-related injuries among children and teenagers United States, 1996 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 46, pg 1185-1189, 1997) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 CDC, Div Unintent Injury Prevent, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP CDC, Div Unintent Injury Prevent, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 330 N WABASH AVE, STE 39300, CHICAGO, IL 60611-5885 USA SN 0098-7484 EI 1538-3598 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JAN 28 PY 1998 VL 279 IS 4 BP 265 EP 265 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA YT472 UT WOS:000071607000014 ER PT J AU Schwartz, B Bell, DM Hughes, JM AF Schwartz, B Bell, DM Hughes, JM TI Antibiotic prescribing and respiratory tract infections - Reply SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Schwartz, B (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JAN 28 PY 1998 VL 279 IS 4 BP 273 EP 273 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA YT472 UT WOS:000071607000024 ER PT J AU Duerr, A Curtis, K Shelton, JD Meirik, O AF Duerr, A Curtis, K Shelton, JD Meirik, O TI Hormonal contraception and genital-tract shedding of HIV-1 infected cells SO LANCET LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Reprod Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. USAID, Off Populat, Washington, DC USA. WHO, Special Programme Res Dev & Res Training Huma, UNDP,UNFPA,World Bank, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. RP Duerr, A (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Reprod Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 5 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 42 BEDFORD SQUARE, LONDON WC1B 3SL, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD JAN 24 PY 1998 VL 351 IS 9098 BP 294 EP 295 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)78234-9 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA YU294 UT WOS:000071702200060 PM 9457127 ER PT J AU Aplogan, A Mangindula, V Muamba, PT Mwema, GN Okito, L Pebody, RG Roth, CE Shongo, LS Szczeniowsi, M Tshioko, KF AF Aplogan, A Mangindula, V Muamba, PT Mwema, GN Okito, L Pebody, RG Roth, CE Shongo, LS Szczeniowsi, M Tshioko, KF TI Human monkeypox - Kasai Oriental, Democratic Republic of Congo, February 1996 October 1997 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 46, pg 1168-1171, 1997) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Epicentre, Paris, France. Univ Kinshasa, Sch Publ Hlth, Inst Natl Rech Biomed, Kinshasa, Congo. European Program Intervent Eipidemiol Training, Brussels, Belgium. Publ Hlth Lab Serv, London, England. Publ Hlth Lab Serv, Cardiff, S Glam, Wales. WHO, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. CDC, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Viral Examthems & Herpesvirus Br, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Aplogan, A (reprint author), Epicentre, Paris, France. NR 6 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JAN 21 PY 1998 VL 279 IS 3 BP 189 EP 190 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA YR124 UT WOS:000071460700010 ER PT J AU Bosley, MT AF Bosley, MT TI Laboratory-based surveillance for rotavirus - United States, July 1996 June 1997 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 46, pg 1092-1094, 1997) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint ID USA C1 Georgia Inst Technol, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. Natl Resp & Enter Virus Surveillance Syst Collabo, Atlanta, GA USA. CDC, Viral Gastroenteritis Sect, Resp & Enter Viruses Br, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Off Director, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Bosley, MT (reprint author), Georgia Inst Technol, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JAN 21 PY 1998 VL 279 IS 3 BP 192 EP 192 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA YR124 UT WOS:000071460700014 ER PT J AU Bell, BP Alter, MJ AF Bell, BP Alter, MJ TI Should health care workers exposed to hepatitis C routinely receive hepatitis A vaccine? Reply SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Letter C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Bell, BP (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JAN 21 PY 1998 VL 279 IS 3 BP 195 EP 195 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA YR124 UT WOS:000071460700021 ER PT J AU Subbarao, K Klimov, A Katz, J Regnery, H Lim, W Hall, H Perdue, M Swayne, D Bender, C Huang, J Hemphill, M Rowe, T Shaw, M Xu, XY Fukuda, K Cox, N AF Subbarao, K Klimov, A Katz, J Regnery, H Lim, W Hall, H Perdue, M Swayne, D Bender, C Huang, J Hemphill, M Rowe, T Shaw, M Xu, XY Fukuda, K Cox, N TI Characterization of an avian influenza A (H5N1) virus isolated from a child with a fatal respiratory illness SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID A VIRUSES; HEMAGGLUTININ; CONJUNCTIVITIS; PATHOGENICITY; NEURAMINIDASE; CHICKENS; GENE AB An avian H5N1 influenza A virus (A/Hong Kong/156/97) was isolated from a tracheal aspirate obtained from a 3-year-old child in Hong Kong with a fatal illness consistent with influenza. Serologic analysis indicated the presence of an H5 hemagglutinin. All eight RNA segments were derived from an avian influenza A virus. The hemagglutinin contained multiple basic amino acids adjacent to the cleavage site, a feature characteristic of highly pathogenic avian influenza A viruses. The virus caused 87.5 to 100 percent mortality in experimentally inoculated White Plymouth Rock and White Leghorn chickens. These results may have implications for global influenza surveillance and planning for pandemic influenza. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Influenza Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Queen Mary Hosp, Govt Virus Unit, Hong Kong, Hong Kong. ARS, SE Poultry Res Lab, USDA, Athens, GA 30605 USA. RP Subbarao, K (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Influenza Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 21 TC 932 Z9 1072 U1 17 U2 187 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD JAN 16 PY 1998 VL 279 IS 5349 BP 393 EP 396 DI 10.1126/science.279.5349.393 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA YT158 UT WOS:000071570800049 PM 9430591 ER PT J AU Fierro, M Jenkins, SR AF Fierro, M Jenkins, SR TI Hypothermia-related deaths - Virginia, November 1996 April 1997 - (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 46, pg 1157-1159, 1997) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 CDC, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Hlth Studies Branch, Div Environm Hazards & Hlth Effects, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Fierro, M (reprint author), CDC, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Hlth Studies Branch, Div Environm Hazards & Hlth Effects, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JAN 14 PY 1998 VL 279 IS 2 BP 102 EP 102 PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA YQ015 UT WOS:000071338900009 ER PT J CA CDC TI Alcohol-related traffic fatalities involving children - United States, 1985-1996 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 46, pg 1130-1133, 1997) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint RP CDC, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Div Unintent Injury Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JAN 14 PY 1998 VL 279 IS 2 BP 104 EP 105 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA YQ015 UT WOS:000071338900011 ER PT J AU Gill, GV Famuyiwa, OO Rolfe, M Archibald, LK AF Gill, GV Famuyiwa, OO Rolfe, M Archibald, LK TI Tropical diabetic hand syndrome SO LANCET LA English DT Article ID MELLITUS C1 Univ Liverpool, Liverpool Sch Trop Med, Trop Med Div, Liverpool L3 5QA, Merseyside, England. Ogun State Univ, Teaching Hosp, Dept Med, Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria. Armed Forces Hosp, CPO Seeb, Oman. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Gill, GV (reprint author), Univ Liverpool, Liverpool Sch Trop Med, Trop Med Div, Liverpool L3 5QA, Merseyside, England. NR 5 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU LANCET LTD PI LONDON PA 42 BEDFORD SQUARE, LONDON WC1B 3SL, ENGLAND SN 0140-6736 J9 LANCET JI Lancet PD JAN 10 PY 1998 VL 351 IS 9096 BP 113 EP 114 DI 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)78146-0 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA YT341 UT WOS:000071591900021 PM 9439504 ER PT J AU Farley, TA McFarland, L Estes, M Schwab, K AF Farley, TA McFarland, L Estes, M Schwab, K TI Viral gastroenteritis associated with eating oysters - Louisiana, December 1996 January 1997 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 46, pg 1109-1112, 1997) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Louisiana Dept Hlth & Hosp, Epidemiol Sect, Baton Rouge, LA 70821 USA. Baylor Univ, Dept Virol, Houston, TX 77030 USA. CDC, Viral Gastroenteritis Sect, Resp & Enter Viruses Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis,Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. CDC, Div Appl Publ Hlth Training, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Farley, TA (reprint author), Louisiana Dept Hlth & Hosp, Epidemiol Sect, Baton Rouge, LA 70821 USA. NR 1 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JAN 7 PY 1998 VL 279 IS 1 BP 10 EP 11 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA YP607 UT WOS:000071295100006 ER PT J AU Sato, T Hoshi, K Yoshino, H Urata, J Nakamura, Y Yanagawa, H AF Sato, T Hoshi, K Yoshino, H Urata, J Nakamura, Y Yanagawa, H TI Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease associated with cadaveric dura mater grafts - Japan, January 1979 May 1996 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 46, pg 1066-1069, 1997) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint C1 Japanese Natl CJD Surveillance Grp, Tokyo, Japan. Jichi Med Univ, Dept Publ Hlth, Minamikawachi, Tochigi, Japan. CDC, Off Director, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Kohnodai Hosp, Natl Ctr Neurol & Psychiat, Ichikawa, Chiba, Japan. RP Sato, T (reprint author), Japanese Natl CJD Surveillance Grp, Tokyo, Japan. NR 1 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JAN 7 PY 1998 VL 279 IS 1 BP 11 EP 12 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA YP607 UT WOS:000071295100007 ER PT J CA CDC TI Abortion surveillance: Preliminary analysis - United States, 1995 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 46, pg 1133-1137, 1997) SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Reprint ID SERVICES RP CDC, Stat & Comp Resources Branch, Div Reprod Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JAN 7 PY 1998 VL 279 IS 1 BP 12 EP 13 PG 2 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA YP607 UT WOS:000071295100008 ER PT J AU Vlahov, D Graham, N Hoover, D Flynn, C Bartlett, JG Margolick, JB Lyles, CM Nelson, KE Smith, D Holmberg, S Farzadegan, H AF Vlahov, D Graham, N Hoover, D Flynn, C Bartlett, JG Margolick, JB Lyles, CM Nelson, KE Smith, D Holmberg, S Farzadegan, H TI Prognostic indicators for AIDS and infectious disease death in HIV-infected injection drug users - Plasma viral load and CD4(+) cell count SO JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS INFECTION; PNEUMOCYSTIS-CARINII; PERIPHERAL-BLOOD; CUBIC MILLIMETER; RNA; QUANTITATION; PROGRESSION; ZIDOVUDINE; THERAPY; COHORT AB Context.-Plasma human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) viral load and CD4(+) cell count are used to predict prognosis of persons infected with HIV. However, whether combining these markers improves prognostic accuracy and whether they predict prognosis for injection drug users (IDUs) and nonwhite persons infected with HIV has not been extensively investigated. Objective.-To evaluate plasma viral load and CD4(+) cell count as prognostic indicators for the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and infectious disease deaths. Design.-Cohort study initiated in 1988 and 1989 with follow-up for up to 7.9 years. Participants.-Injection drug users infected with HIV recruited from the community in Baltimore, Md. Main Outcome Measures.-Plasma HIV-1 RNA and CD4(+) cell count measured at baseline compared with time to first clinical AIDS diagnosis and death due to an infectious disease. Results.-Of 522 subjects, 96% were African American, 80% were male, 96% injected drugs within the past 6 months, and the median age was 33 years. A total of 146 cases of AIDS and 119 infectious disease deaths were seen during a median follow-up period of 6.4 years. Time-fixed baseline levels of viral load and CD4(+) cell count were independent predictors of progression to AIDS and infectious disease deaths, but in proportional hazards models, viral load had better predictive value than CD4(+) cell count. Kaplan-Meier analysis of time to AIDS and to infectious disease deaths by Viral load (<500, 500-9999, 10 000-29 999, greater than or equal to 30 000 copies/mL) at 3 levels of CD4(+) cell count (<0.20, 0.20-0.49, and greater than or equal to 0.50X10(9)/L [<200, 200-499, and greater than or equal to 500/uL]) was reduced to a 5-stage classification scheme using a backward stepwise regression procedure. The 5-year cumulative probabilities for AIDS and infectious disease deaths ranged from 0% and 0%, respectively, for group I (viral load, <500 copies/mL; CD4(+) cell count, 0.50X10(9)/L) to 81.2% and 76.1% respectively, for group V (viral load, greater than or equal to 10000 copies/mL; CD4(+) cell count, 0.20X10(9)/L). Conclusions.-In this study, plasma HIV-1 viral load independently and in combination with CD4(+) cell count measurements provided powerful prognostic information for progression to AIDS and death caused by infectious disease in a population of predominantly African American IDUs. Combining categories of both markers provided a simple method for prognostically staging HIV disease. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Mol Microbiol & Immunol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Vlahov, D (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Room E-6008,615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. FU NIDA NIH HHS [DA04334]; PHS HHS [U54/CCU306802] NR 30 TC 145 Z9 151 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0098-7484 J9 JAMA-J AM MED ASSOC JI JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc. PD JAN 7 PY 1998 VL 279 IS 1 BP 35 EP 40 DI 10.1001/jama.279.1.35 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA YP607 UT WOS:000071295100032 PM 9424041 ER PT J AU Bowers, TJ Sweger, D Jue, D Anderson, B AF Bowers, TJ Sweger, D Jue, D Anderson, B TI Isolation, sequencing and expression of the gene encoding a major protein from the backteriophage associated with Bartonella henselae SO GENE LA English DT Article DE cat scratch disease; transduction; gene cloning; signal peptide ID ROCHALIMAEA AB The gene encoding a 31-kDa major protein (Pap31) associated with the bacteriophage harbored in Bartonella henselae was cloned and sequenced. Analysis of the resulting sequence revealed an open reading frame of 837 nucleotides coding for a protein of 279 amino acids. pap31 was then subcloned downstream of the lacZ promoter in pUC19. pap31 was amplified by polymerase chain reaction, and the linear amplicon was used as template for in-vitro transcription and translation. A protein with an apparent molecular mass of approximately 31 kDa was synthesized from this reaction. Upon analysis of the deduced aa sequence, a potential signal sequence and a consensus signal peptidase cleavage site were identified, indicative that Pap31 is modified posttranslationally, and the mature protein may be targeted to the host membrane. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Univ S Florida, Coll Med, Dept Med Microbiol & Immunol, Tampa, FL 33612 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Anderson, B (reprint author), Univ S Florida, Coll Med, Dept Med Microbiol & Immunol, Tampa, FL 33612 USA. EM banderso@cml.med.usf.edu RI Anderson, Burt/H-4449-2011 FU NIAID NIH HHS [R29 AI038178] NR 13 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1119 J9 GENE JI Gene PD JAN 5 PY 1998 VL 206 IS 1 BP 49 EP 52 DI 10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00580-5 PG 4 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA YQ917 UT WOS:000071437500007 PM 9461414 ER PT J AU Xiao, LH Owen, SM Goldman, I Lal, AA DeJong, JJ Goudsmit, J Lal, RB AF Xiao, LH Owen, SM Goldman, I Lal, AA DeJong, JJ Goudsmit, J Lal, RB TI CCR5 coreceptor usage of non-syncytium-inducing primary HIV-1 is independent of phylogenetically distinct global HIV-1 isolates: Delineation of consensus motif in the V3 domain that predicts CCR-5 usage SO VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS TYPE-1; T-CELL-LINE; MACROPHAGE TROPISM; INFECTION; GP120; PHENOTYPE; LYMPHOCYTES; RECEPTOR; ENTRY; COFACTOR AB The cellular tropism of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is dependent on utilization of specific chemokine co-receptor: macrophage-tropic/non-syncytium-inducing (NSI) viruses use CCR5, whereas T-cell tropic/syncytium-inducing (SI) viruses preferentially use CXCR4. We have analyzed co-receptor usage of 24 phylogenetically distinct primary HIV-1 isolates representing group M (clades A-F) and group O with known SI and NSI phenotype, using lymphocytes from donor with nonfunctional CCR5 (CCR5(-/-); homozygous 32-bp deletion). While all SI isolates infected CCR5(-/-) lymphocytes (and hence do not require CCR5 for viral entry), all NSI isolates, regardless of clade, did not infect CCR5(-/-) lymphocytes. Thus, CCR5 expression is required for infection with NSI isolates and the CCR5 usage is independent of viral genotype. To localize the viral determinant involved in CCR5 binding, the V3 sequences across the clades were aligned based on the CCR5 usage. There were conserved uncharged residues at position 11 of V3 (mostly serine/glycine) and negatively charged residues at residue 25 (mostly glutamic/aspartic acid) among all isolates that used CCR5, whereas substitution with arginine or glutamine at these two positions led to usage of a cc-receptor other than CCR5. This analysis led us to identity a consensus motif S/GXXXGPGXXXXXXXE/D within the V3 loop that predicts CCR5 cc-receptor usage. Most isolates, with exception of one isolate, containing the conserved motif and predicted to utilize CCR5 indeed had an absolute requirement of CCR5 expression for infectibility. Site-directed mutagenesis in the infectious molecular clone further confirmed these results. Taken together, these data provide evidence that sequences within the V3 loop provide important residues that might be directly or indirectly involved in binding to a CCR5 co-receptor. (C) 1998 Academic Press. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Retrovirus Dis Branch,Div Aids, STD TB Lab Res & Immunol Branch,Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis,PHS,US Dept HHS, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Amsterdam, Dept Human Retrovirol, NL-1012 WX Amsterdam, Netherlands. RP Lal, RB (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Retrovirus Dis Branch,Div Aids, STD TB Lab Res & Immunol Branch,Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis,PHS,US Dept HHS, Mail Stop G-19,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM RBL3@CDC.GOV RI Xiao, Lihua/B-1704-2013 OI Xiao, Lihua/0000-0001-8532-2727 NR 42 TC 134 Z9 143 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0042-6822 J9 VIROLOGY JI Virology PD JAN 5 PY 1998 VL 240 IS 1 BP 83 EP 92 DI 10.1006/viro.1997.8924 PG 10 WC Virology SC Virology GA YR928 UT WOS:000071545900009 PM 9448692 ER PT J AU Pfeffer, M Kinney, RM Kaaden, OR AF Pfeffer, M Kinney, RM Kaaden, OR TI The alphavirus 3 '-nontranslated region: Size heterogeneity and arrangement of repeated sequence elements SO VIROLOGY LA English DT Article DE alphavirus; nucleotide sequence data; repeated sequence elements; 3 '-nontranslated region (NTR) ID ROSS RIVER VIRUS; COMPLETE NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; EQUINE ENCEPHALITIS-VIRUS; 3' NONTRANSLATED REGION; SEMLIKI-FOREST VIRUS; SINDBIS-VIRUS; GENOMIC RNA; WESTERN; RECOMBINATION; CONSERVATION AB The 3'-nontranslated region (NTR) of representative strains of all known alphavirus species was amplified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. For 23 of them, the 3'-NTR sequence was determined. Together with previously published data, this allowed an analysis of the 3'-NTR of the viruses in the genus Alphavirus. The length of the 3'-NTRs varied from 77 nt for Pixuna virus to 609 nt for Bebaru virus. The 19-nt conserved sequence element directly adjacent to the poly(A) tract was found in all viruses, supporting the hypothesis that this region is a cis-acting sequence element during viral replication and essential for virus growth in vitro. Within the 3'-NTR of all alphaviruses, repeated sequence elements of various numbers and lengths were found. Their composition was very consistent in both the Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) and the Sindbis-like viruses, although their number was constant only within the latter group. For the VEE viruses, our data suggested that insertion events rather than deletions from an ancestor with a long 3'-NTR created the various number of repeated sequence elements. Among the remaining viruses, both the number and the composition of repeated sequence elements varied remarkedly. (C) 1998 Academic Press. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, CDC,PHS,US Dept HHS, Ft Collins, CO USA. Univ Munich, Fac Vet, Inst Med Microbiol Epidem & Infect Dis, D-80539 Munich, Germany. RP Pfeffer, M (reprint author), Inst Med Mikrobiol Infekt & Seuchenmed, Vet Str 13, D-80539 Munich, Germany. EM Martin.Pfeffer@micro.vetmed.uni-muenchen.de NR 40 TC 36 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0042-6822 J9 VIROLOGY JI Virology PD JAN 5 PY 1998 VL 240 IS 1 BP 100 EP 108 DI 10.1006/viro.1997.8907 PG 9 WC Virology SC Virology GA YR928 UT WOS:000071545900011 PM 9448694 ER PT J AU Sanchez, A Trappier, SG Stroher, U Nichol, ST Bowen, MD Feldmann, H AF Sanchez, A Trappier, SG Stroher, U Nichol, ST Bowen, MD Feldmann, H TI Variation in the glycoprotein and VP35 genes of Marburg virus strains SO VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID EBOLA VIRUS; MESSENGER-RNA; SEQUENCE; ELEMENTS; REGIONS; PROTEIN; DISEASE; FUSION AB Marburg virus, the prototype of the family Filoviridae, differs genetically, serologically, end morphologically from Ebola viruses, To better define the genetic Variation within the species, VP35 and glycoprotein (GP) genes of representative human isolates from four known episodes of Marburg virus hemorrhagic fever were analyzed. The percentage nucleotide differences in the GP gene coding regions of Marburg viruses (0.1-21%) was nearly equal to the percentage amino acid changes (0-23%), while the percentage nucleotide differences in VP35 coding regions (0.3-20.9%) were higher than the percentage amino acid changes (0.9-6.1%), indicating a greater number of nonsynonymous changes occurring In the GP gene. The higher Variation in the GP gene and the corresponding protein, especially those changes in the variable middle region of the GP, suggests that the variability may be the result of responses to natural host pressures. Analysis of the GP gene open reading frame shows a nonrandom distribution of nonsynonymous mutations that may indicate positive Darwinian selection is operating within the variable region. A heptad repeat region end an adjoining predicted fusion peptide are found in the C-terminal third of Marburg virus GPs, as has been previously shown for Ebola virus, and are similar to those found in transmembrane glycoproteins of retroviruses, paramyxoviruses, coronaviruses, and influenza viruses. Comparative analyses showed that there are two lineages within the Marburg virus species of filoviruses. The most recent isolate from Kenya (1987) represents a separate genetic lineage within the Marburg virus species (21-23% amino acid difference). However, this lineage likely does not represent a separate Marburg subtype, as the extent of divergence is lass than that separating Ebola virus subtypes. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Special Pathogens Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Marburg, Inst Virol, D-3550 Marburg, Germany. RP Sanchez, A (reprint author), 1600 Clifton Rd,Bldg 15,Room SB611,Mail Stop G14, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM ans1@cdc.gov NR 33 TC 37 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0042-6822 J9 VIROLOGY JI Virology PD JAN 5 PY 1998 VL 240 IS 1 BP 138 EP 146 DI 10.1006/viro.1997.8902 PG 9 WC Virology SC Virology GA YR928 UT WOS:000071545900015 PM 9448698 ER PT S AU Bolen, J Sacks, J Bland, S AF Bolen, J Sacks, J Bland, S GP AAAM AAAM TI Motor vehicle-related injury prevention behaviors: A report card for the nation, 1995 SO 42ND ANNUAL PROCEEDINGS - ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF AUTOMOTIVE MEDICINE SE PROCEEDINGS - ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF THE ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF AUTOMOTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 42nd Annual Meeting of the Association-for-the-Advancement-of-Automotive-Medicine CY OCT 05-07, 1998 CL CHARLOTTESVILLE, VA SP Assoc Adv Automot Med C1 Ctr Dis Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Bolen, J (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASSOC ADVANCEMENT AUTOMOTIVE MEDICINE PI BARRINGTON PA PO BOX 4176, BARRINGTON, IL 60011-4176 USA SN 0892-6484 J9 P ANN C ASS PY 1998 BP 422 EP 423 PG 2 WC Emergency Medicine; Pediatrics; Transportation SC Emergency Medicine; Pediatrics; Transportation GA BM27F UT WOS:000078239700030 ER PT S AU Waters, T Dowell, E AF Waters, T Dowell, E BE Kumar, S TI Effects of frequent asymmetric manual lifting on psychophysical lifting capacity and spinal biodynamics SO ADVANCES IN OCCUPATIONAL ERGONOMICS AND SAFETY, VOL 2 SE ADVANCES IN OCCUPATIONAL ERGONOMICS AND SAFETY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT XIIIth Annual International Occupational Ergonomics and Safety Conference CY JUN 11-14, 1998 CL YPSILANTI, MI AB This paper reports on the preliminary results from a laboratory study of the effects of asymmetric postures, frequency, direction of lift, and foot constraint on the psychophysical lifting capacity and spinal biodynamics of experienced material handlers. A standard psychophysical method of weight adjustment was used to evaluate the worker's maximum-acceptable-weight-of-lift (MAWL) and a lumbar motion monitor was used to measure the spinal biodynamics during the lifting activity. The independent variables included three angles of asymmetry (0, 45, and 90 degrees), two frequencies (1 and 6 lifts per minute), and three direction/foot contraint conditions (sagittal-to-asymmetric with feet fixed, sagittal-to-asymmetric with feet free, and asymmetric-to-sagittal with feet fixed). The dependent variables included worker's psychophysically-derived MAWL, and peak range of motion, velocity, and acceleration of the lumbar spine in the three principal planes. Preliminary analysis of the data indicates that lift frequency significantly affected the MAWL, but asymmetry angle did not. As expected, the transverse range of motion increased as the angle of asymmetry increased. C1 NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Waters, T (reprint author), NIOSH, C24, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU I O S PRESS PI AMSTERDAM PA NIEUWE HEMWEG 6B, 1013 BG AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1384-2269 BN 90-5199-393-5 J9 ADV OCCUP ERGO SAF PY 1998 VL 2 BP 312 EP 315 PG 4 WC Engineering, Industrial; Ergonomics; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Rehabilitation SC Engineering; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Rehabilitation GA BL57P UT WOS:000075917700074 ER PT J AU Cheingsong-Popov, R Williamson, C Lister, S Morris, L van Harmelen, J Bredell, H Wood, R Sonnenberg, P van der Ryst, E Martin, D Weber, J AF Cheingsong-Popov, R Williamson, C Lister, S Morris, L van Harmelen, J Bredell, H Wood, R Sonnenberg, P van der Ryst, E Martin, D Weber, J TI Usefulness of HIV-1 V3 serotyping in studying the HIV-1 epidemic in South Africa SO AIDS LA English DT Letter ID ANTIBODY-BINDING; TYPE-1; SEQUENCES; SUBTYPES; GENOTYPE; LOOP C1 St Marys, Imperial Coll Sch Med, Dept Genitourinary Med & Communicable Dis, London, England. Univ Cape Town, S African Inst Med Res, ZA-7925 Cape Town, South Africa. Univ Cape Town, Dept Med Microbiol, ZA-7925 Cape Town, South Africa. Natl Inst Virol, Dept Hlth, MRC, AIDS Virus Res Unit, Sandringham, South Africa. Univ Cape Town, Dept Med, ZA-7700 Rondebosch, South Africa. Dept Hlth & Gold Fields S Africa, Epidemiol Res Unit, Johannesburg, South Africa. Univ Witwatersrand, Dept Community Hlth, ZA-2001 Johannesburg, South Africa. Univ Orange Free State, Fac Med, Dept Virol, Bloemfontein, South Africa. RP Cheingsong-Popov, R (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Wood, Robin/G-8509-2011 NR 12 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0269-9370 J9 AIDS JI Aids PY 1998 VL 12 IS 8 BP 949 EP 950 PG 2 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Virology GA ZN841 UT WOS:000073688000018 PM 9631149 ER PT J AU VanDevanter, N Cleary, PD Moore, J Thacker, AS O'Brien, TR AF VanDevanter, N Cleary, PD Moore, J Thacker, AS O'Brien, TR TI Reproductive behavior in HIV-discordant heterosexual couples: Implications for counseling SO AIDS PATIENT CARE AND STDS LA English DT Article ID INTRAVENOUS DRUG-USERS; SEXUAL-BEHAVIOR; WOMEN; PREGNANCY; RISK; SUSCEPTIBILITY; TRANSMISSION; KNOWLEDGE; DECISIONS; INFECTION AB The development of effective behavioral interventions is critical to controlling the HIV epidemic. Although heterosexual transmission accounts for a growing proportion of new infections in the United States, little is known about factors that influence sexual behavior in HIV-discordant heterosexual couples. The objective of this study was to examine the reproductive behaviors of HIV-discordant heterosexual couples. Data were obtained on 71 discordant couples enrolled in a study of HIV heterosexual transmission. Results showed that women in such couples have pregnancy rates similar to those of women of reproductive age in the general population. One seroconversion occurred as a result of pregnancy attempt. These results suggest the need for educational efforts directed at HIV-discordant heterosexual couples. C1 Columbia Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Div Sociomed Sci, New York, NY 10032 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Dept Hlth Care Policy, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Ctr Dis Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Natl Canc Inst, Bethesda, MD USA. RP VanDevanter, N (reprint author), Columbia Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Div Sociomed Sci, 600 W 168th St, New York, NY 10032 USA. FU PHS HHS [U64-CCU20486] NR 36 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARY ANN LIEBERT INC PUBL PI LARCHMONT PA 2 MADISON AVENUE, LARCHMONT, NY 10538 USA SN 1087-2914 J9 AIDS PATIENT CARE ST JI Aids Patient Care STDS PD JAN PY 1998 VL 12 IS 1 BP 43 EP 49 DI 10.1089/apc.1998.12.43 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA YW317 UT WOS:000071921800007 PM 11361885 ER PT J AU Dilley, A Austin, H Hooper, WC Lally, C Ribeiro, MJA Wenger, NK Silva, V Rawlins, P Evatt, B AF Dilley, A Austin, H Hooper, WC Lally, C Ribeiro, MJA Wenger, NK Silva, V Rawlins, P Evatt, B TI Relation of three genetic traits to venous thrombosis in an African-American population SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE blacks; blood coagulation factors; genetics; prevalence; risk factors; thrombosis; veins ID ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING-ENZYME; ACTIVATED PROTEIN-C; LEFT-VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY; POOR ANTICOAGULANT RESPONSE; RISK FACTOR; DELETION POLYMORPHISM; INSERTION/DELETION POLYMORPHISM; MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; HEART-DISEASE; MUTATION AB A mutation in the Factor V gene (Factor V Leiden), a variant in the 5, 10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene (MTHFR), and an insertion/deletion polymorphism of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene (ACE) may be related to abnormal blood clotting. The authors examined the associations between these genetic traits and venous thrombosis among African Americans, This study comprised 93 patients with venous thrombosis and 185 control subjects attending clinics at an urban, public hospital in Atlanta, Georgia, in 1995-1996, Subjects' DNA was extracted from blood and assayed for these genetic traits, Odds ratios were obtained from logistic regression and used as a measure of association between each genetic trait and venous thrombosis. Factor V Leiden was unrelated to venous thrombosis, but the mutation was too rare among our African-American subjects to evaluate adequately its relation to venous thrombosis, The homozygous and heterozygous genotypes for the V allele of the MTHFR gene were unrelated to venous thrombosis (odds ratio = 0.9, 95% confidence interval 0.5-1.8). Subjects with the deletion/deletion ACE polymorphism experienced a moderate increase in venous thrombosis risk compared with persons with the other genotypes (odds ratio = 1.5, 95% confidence interval 0.9-2.6). However, women with this ACE genotype experienced no increased risk (odds ratio = 0.9, 95% confidence interval 0.5-1.9), whereas men with this genotype had nearly three times the risk (odds ratio = 2.8, 95% confidence interval 1.2-6.2; p value for interaction = 0.06), These data indicate that the prevalence of Factor V Leiden and the V allele of the MTHFR gene is low among African Americans, The D allele of the ACE gene is equally prevalent among African Americans and whites and may be related to venous thrombosis among African-American men. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Publ Hlth Serv, US Dept HHS, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Atlanta, GA USA. Grady Mem Hosp, Atlanta, GA 30335 USA. RP Dilley, A (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Publ Hlth Serv, US Dept HHS, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 30 TC 60 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV SCHOOL HYGIENE PUB HEALTH PI BALTIMORE PA 111 MARKET PLACE, STE 840, BALTIMORE, MD 21202-6709 USA SN 0002-9262 J9 AM J EPIDEMIOL JI Am. J. Epidemiol. PD JAN 1 PY 1998 VL 147 IS 1 BP 30 EP 35 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA YQ848 UT WOS:000071429700004 PM 9440395 ER PT J AU Baranowski, T Smith, M Newman, M Hearn, MD Lin, LS Baranowski, JC Doyle, C Wang, DQT Resnicow, K AF Baranowski, T Smith, M Newman, M Hearn, MD Lin, LS Baranowski, JC Doyle, C Wang, DQT Resnicow, K TI Adult consumption of fruit and vegetables and fat related practices by meal and day SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH PROMOTION LA English DT Article ID FOOD C1 Univ Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Ctr, Dept Behav Sci, Houston, TX 77030 USA. Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Behav Sci & Hlth Educ, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Georgia State Univ, Dept Nutr & Dietet, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Stat & Data Management Branch, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Baranowski, T (reprint author), Univ Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Ctr, Dept Behav Sci, Box 243,1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [CA 61596]; NHLBI NIH HHS [HL 47618] NR 10 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER J HEALTH PROMOTION INC PI KEEGO HARBOR PA 1660 CASS LAKE RD, STE 104, KEEGO HARBOR, MI 48320 USA SN 0890-1171 J9 AM J HEALTH PROMOT JI Am. J. Health Promot. PD JAN-FEB PY 1998 VL 12 IS 3 BP 162 EP 165 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 104UE UT WOS:000075033100003 PM 10176089 ER PT J AU Albalak, R Khan, LK Martorell, R AF Albalak, R Khan, LK Martorell, R TI Evidence of a genetic origin to the reduced stature of Mexican Americans compared to US non-Hispanic whites. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN BIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Emory Univ, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Ctr Dis Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Martorell, Reynaldo /I-2539-2012 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 1042-0533 J9 AM J HUM BIOL JI Am. J. Hum. Biol. PY 1998 VL 10 IS 1 MA 102 BP 115 EP 115 PG 1 WC Anthropology; Biology SC Anthropology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA YU971 UT WOS:000071775500018 ER PT J AU Kotler, DP Thea, DM Allison, DB Wang, J St Louis, M Keusch, GT Pierson, RN AF Kotler, DP Thea, DM Allison, DB Wang, J St Louis, M Keusch, GT Pierson, RN TI Relative and interacting effects of sex, race, and environment upon body cell mass in healthy adults SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FAT-FREE MASS; ACTIVITY LEVEL; WHITE WOMEN; LIFE-STYLE; BLACKS; DENSITY; MODEL; AGE; UNDERNUTRITION; POPULATIONS AB Most epidemiologic studies in nutrition have concentrated on body fat and obesity because of associated health risks, while few studies have examined factors that influence body cell mass (BCM). The relative influences of sex, race, environment, and age upon BCM were compared by analyzing the results of bioimpedance analyses in two cohorts of 1094 healthy adults, including Africans in Zaire, plus African Americans and Caucasians in New York City. Men were taller, heavier, and had a larger BCM and fat-free mass (FFM) than women, while women had more fat than men. African American men and women had more BCM, FFM, and fat than Africans. In contrast, BCM and FFM were not different in African Americans and Caucasians, and body fat was higher only in African American than in Caucasian women. Sex influenced the effects of environment and race, since the majority of the weight differences in men were in FFM, while the majority of the weight differences in women were in fat. The effect of sex upon BCM was stronger than the effects of environment (p < 0.001) or race (p < 0.001), and the effect of environment was stronger than the effect of race (p = 0.012), so that the relative strengths were sex > environment > race. Race had a stronger effect upon FFM than upon BCM. Since race did not affect BCM significantly, it may affect other components of FFM, e.g., extracellular water or solids, such as skeletal mass. The results demonstrate that sex affects normal body composition to a greater degree than race or environment. (C) 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Columbia Univ Coll Phys & Surg, St Lukes Roosevelt Hosp Ctr, Dept Med, Gastrointestinal Div, New York, NY 10025 USA. Columbia Univ Coll Phys & Surg, St Lukes Roosevelt Hosp Ctr, Dept Med, Body Composit Unit, New York, NY 10025 USA. Tufts Univ, Sch Med, Div Geog Med, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div STD Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Kotler, DP (reprint author), Columbia Univ Coll Phys & Surg, St Lukes Roosevelt Hosp Ctr, Dept Med, Gastrointestinal Div, S&R 1301,1111 Amsterdam Ave, New York, NY 10025 USA. OI Allison, David/0000-0003-3566-9399 NR 51 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 1042-0533 J9 AM J HUM BIOL JI Am. J. Hum. Biol. PY 1998 VL 10 IS 2 BP 259 EP 268 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6300(1998)10:2<259::AID-AJHB11>3.0.CO;2-7 PG 10 WC Anthropology; Biology SC Anthropology; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA ZE556 UT WOS:000072805400011 ER PT J AU Valdiserri, RO Weber, JT Frey, R AF Valdiserri, RO Weber, JT Frey, R TI Trends in HIV seropositivity in publicly funded HIV counseling and testing programs: Implications for prevention policy SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE HIV antibodies; HIV prevention; HIV screening; HIV serodiagnosis; HIV seropositivity ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; AIDS; RISK; INFECTION AB Introduction: We describe trends in seropositivity among clients attending publicly funded HIV counseling and testing sites across the United States and discuss implications for prevention policy. Methods: The present analysis used client-level data from 1990 through 1994 for 26 of 65 state, territorial, and local health departments receiving Centers for Disease Control and Prevention funds. Logistic regression was used to predict the proportion of HIV tests that were positive, Curves were created representing adjusted HIV seropositivity trends for 1990 through 1994. Results: HIV seropositivity rates were higher before 1992. Throughout, rates were higher among men, most racial/ethnic minorities tested, and persons 30 years or older. Although rates for men remained higher than those for women, the gap has narrowed in recent years. For both men and women, rates remained low for those reporting heterosexual activity as their only potential risk for HIV. Over time, more high-risk seronegatives are being repeatedly tested. Conclusions: Lower, stabilized seropositivity rates after 1992 reflect large increases in testing volume, increasing frequency of repeat testing, and fewer asymptomatic-infected persons entering this public system. Various program innovations including enhanced outreach, improved access, rapid testing, and client-centered counseling should be considered as strategies to increase the number of infected persons who learn their serostatus early and enter into medical care. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Valdiserri, RO (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop E07, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 32 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0749-3797 J9 AM J PREV MED JI Am. J. Prev. Med. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 14 IS 1 BP 31 EP 42 DI 10.1016/S0749-3797(97)00012-3 PG 12 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Medicine, General & Internal SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; General & Internal Medicine GA YU620 UT WOS:000071736500005 PM 9476834 ER PT J AU Tomar, SL Giovino, GA AF Tomar, SL Giovino, GA TI Incidence and predictors of smokeless tobacco use among US youth SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Session of the American-Association-for-Public-Health-Dentistry CY OCT 05-07, 1995 CL LAS VEGAS, NEVADA SP Amer Assoc Publ Hlth Dent ID CIGARETTE-SMOKING; ADOLESCENTS; POPULATION; CHILDREN; DRUGS; AGE AB Objectives. The purpose of this study was to provide estimates of the cumulative incidence of initiation of smokeless tobacco use in a cohort of young persons and to explore sociodemographic, environmental, behavioral, and personal predictors of experimentation with and regular use of snuff or chewing tobacco. Methods. The data for this cohort study were derived from the 1989 Teenage Attitudes and Practices Survey and its 1993 follow-up. The study included 7830 young people 11 through 19 years of age at baseline. Results. During the 4 years, 12.7% of participants (20.9% of male participants) first tried smokeless tobacco, and 4.0% (8.0% of male participants) became self-classified regular users. This suggests that, each year, approximately 824 000 young people in the United States 11 to 19 years of age experiment with smokeless tobacco and about 304 000 become regular users. Cumulative incidence was highest for male non-Hispanic Whites. Predictors of regular use included age, geographic region, cigarette smoking, participation in organized sports, and perceived friends' approval or indifference. Conclusions. Public health approaches to preventing use of smokeless tobacco should include development of skills for responding to pressures to use tobacco. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Off Smoking & Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Tomar, SL (reprint author), Univ Calif San Francisco, Sch Dent, Dept Dent Publ Hlth & Hyg, 707 Parnassus Ave,Box 0754, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA. NR 52 TC 54 Z9 54 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD JAN PY 1998 VL 88 IS 1 BP 20 EP 26 DI 10.2105/AJPH.88.1.20 PG 7 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA ZP949 UT WOS:000073804800004 PM 9584028 ER PT J AU Husten, CG McCarty, MC Giovino, GA Chrismon, JH Zhu, BP AF Husten, CG McCarty, MC Giovino, GA Chrismon, JH Zhu, BP TI Intermittent smokers: A descriptive analysis of persons who have never smoked daily SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article ID REGULAR SMOKERS; SMOKING; CHIPPERS AB Objectives. This study assessed the prevalence of and demographic variables associated with lifetime never-daily smoking in the United States. Methods. Descriptive demographic data and logistic regression analyses were used to examine associations with never-daily smoking. Results. Lifetime never-daily smokers constituted a significant minority of non-White smokers. There was a strong association between never-daily smoking and college education among young adults, particularly men. Although never-daily smoking was associated with initiation behavior among young smokers, it also represented a persistent pattern for some smokers, particularly non-Whites and Hispanics. Conclusions. The demographic distribution of never-daily smoking may have implications for developing culturally appropriate smoking prevention and cessation strategies. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Smoking & Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Univ Minnesota, Sch Publ Hlth, Div Epidemiol, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Utah Dept Hlth, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Bur Surveillance & Anal, Salt Lake City, UT 84116 USA. RP Husten, CG (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Smoking & Hlth, 4770 Buford Hwy NE,Mail Stop K-50, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 16 TC 65 Z9 65 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER PUBLIC HEALTH ASSOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 FIFTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0090-0036 J9 AM J PUBLIC HEALTH JI Am. J. Public Health PD JAN PY 1998 VL 88 IS 1 BP 86 EP 89 DI 10.2105/AJPH.88.1.86 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA ZP949 UT WOS:000073804800015 PM 9584039 ER PT J AU May, DS Lee, NC Nadel, MR Henson, RM Miller, DS AF May, DS Lee, NC Nadel, MR Henson, RM Miller, DS TI The national breast and cervical cancer early detection program: Report on the first 4 years of mammography provided to medically underserved women SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ROENTGENOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POSITIVE PREDICTIVE VALUE; SCREENING MAMMOGRAPHY; FAMILY HISTORY; FOLLOW-UP; AGE AB OBJECTIVE. We describe results from 284,503 mammographic examinations and associated diagnostic workup provided to medically underserved women in an ongoing nationwide breast cancer early detection program. MATERIALS AND METHODS. We report the results of mammographic examinations and diagnostic workups on 230,143 medically underserved women 40 years old or older who underwent at least one mammographic examination from July 1991 through June 1995. Mammograms were obtained in hundreds of mammography and clinical facilities throughout the United States, including community health centers, health department clinics, private practitioners' offices, university-based facilities, and mobile mammography units. Our analysis included rates of mammograms with abnormal findings (reported according to the categories of the American College of Radiology Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System), breast cancer detection rates, numbers of diagnostic procedures performed, stage and size distribution of breast cancers, and positive predictive value of mammograms and biopsies with abnormal findings-all presented according to screening round and 10-year age intervals. RESULTS. Mammograms with abnormal findings constituted 5% of mammograms in the first round and 4% in subsequent rounds, both proportions declining by approximately one third from the youngest (40-49 years) to the oldest (70 years and older) age group. Breast cancer detection rates per 1000 mammographic examinations were 5.1 for the first round and 2.0 for subsequent rounds; from the youngest to the oldest age group, the first-round rates doubled and the subsequent-round rates tripled, Early-stage cancers accounted for 54% of first-round cancers and 81% of subsequent-round cancers. Percentage of invasive cancers at least 2 cm in size declined from 51% in the first round to 33% in subsequent rounds; however, we found little change in the proportion of lesions smaller than 1 cm. Positive predictive values declined from 9.5 cancers per 100 mammograms with abnormal findings in the first round to 5.6 cancers per 100 mammograms with abnormal findings in the subsequent rounds. CONCLUSION. A large nationwide breast cancer early detection program conducted through hundreds of diverse facilities has provided results that, although not a statistically representative sample of mammography services, are probably the best available characterization of the current state of breast cancer screening practices as they actually occur in the 1990s in the United States, These results should be useful to clinicians, researchers, and public health personnel in counseling patients, planning new studies, and improving efforts to control breast cancer. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Canc Prevent & Control, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP May, DS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Canc Prevent & Control, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Mailstop K55,4770 Buford Hwy, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 31 TC 82 Z9 86 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER ROENTGEN RAY SOC PI RESTON PA 1891 PRESTON WHITE DR, SUBSCRIPTION FULFILLMENT, RESTON, VA 22091 USA SN 0361-803X J9 AM J ROENTGENOL JI Am. J. Roentgenol. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 170 IS 1 BP 97 EP 104 PG 8 WC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA YM600 UT WOS:000071081000027 PM 9423608 ER PT J AU Watts, DM Callahan, J Rossi, C Oberste, MS Roehrig, JT Wooster, MT Smith, JF Cropp, CB Gentrau, EM Karabatsos, N Gubler, D Hayes, CG AF Watts, DM Callahan, J Rossi, C Oberste, MS Roehrig, JT Wooster, MT Smith, JF Cropp, CB Gentrau, EM Karabatsos, N Gubler, D Hayes, CG TI Venezuelan equine encephalitis febrile cases among humans in the Peruvian Amazon River region SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; HEMORRHAGIC-FEVER; SOUTH-AMERICA; VIRUS; IDENTIFICATION; EPITOPES; TC-83 AB A survey was conducted from October 1, 1993 to June 30, 1995 to determine the arboviral etiologies of febrile illnesses in the city of Iquitos in the Amazon River Basin of Peru. The study subjects were patients who were enrolled at medical care clinics or in their homes by Peruvian Ministry of Health (MOH) workers as part of the passive and active disease surveillance program of the MOH. The clinical criterion for enrollment was the diagnosis of a suspected viral-associated, acute, undifferentiated febrile illness of less than or equal to 5 days duration. A total of 598 patients were enrolled in the study. Demographic information, medical history, clinical data, and blood samples were obtained from each patient. The more common clinical features were fever, headache, myalgia, arthralgia, retro-ocular pain, and chills. Sera were tested for virus by the newborn mouse and cell culture assays. Viral isolates were identified initially by immunofluorescence using polyclonal antibody. An ELISA using viral-specific monoclonal antibodies and nucleotide sequence analysis were used to determine the specific variety of the viruses. In addition, thin and thick blood smears were observed for malaria parasites. Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus subtype I, variety ID virus was isolated from 10 cases, including three cases in October, November, and December 1993, five cases in January and February 1994, and two cases in June 1995. The ELISA for IgM and IgG antibody indicated that VEE virus was the cause of an additional four confirmed and four presumptive cases, including five from January through March 1994 and three in August 1994. Sixteen cases were positive for malaria. The 18 cases of VEE occurred among military recruits (n = 7), agriculture workers (n = 3), students (n = 3), and general laborers (n = 5). These data indicated that an enzootic strain of VEE virus was the cause of at least 3% (18 of 598) of the cases of febrile illnesses studied in the city of Iquitos in the Amazon Basin region of Peru. C1 USN, Med Res Inst Detachment, NAMRID, Unit 3800, APO, AA 34031 USA. USA, Med Res Inst Infect Dis, Ft Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Arbovirus Res Branch, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. Peruvian Minist Hlth, Iquitos, Peru. USN, Dept Infect Dis, Med Res Inst, Bethesda, MD 20889 USA. RP Watts, DM (reprint author), USN, Med Res Inst Detachment, NAMRID, Unit 3800, APO, AA 34031 USA. OI Roehrig, John/0000-0001-7581-0479 NR 33 TC 46 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DRIVE SUITE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 58 IS 1 BP 35 EP 40 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA YT775 UT WOS:000071643800008 PM 9452289 ER PT J AU Oberste, MS Weaver, SC Watts, DM Smith, JE AF Oberste, MS Weaver, SC Watts, DM Smith, JE TI Identification and genetic analysis of Panama-genotype Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus subtype ID in Peru SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID MOLECULAR EVIDENCE; SOUTH-AMERICA; NORTH-AMERICA; ENCEPHALOMYELITIS; ALPHAVIRUSES; EVOLUTION; SEQUENCE; STRAINS; COMPLEX AB Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus was isolated in 1993, 1994, and 1995 from human cases of acute, undifferentiated, febrile illness in the Peruvian Amazon Basin. Two virus isolates were recovered in 1994 from Peruvian soldiers at a jungle outpost near Pantoja in northern Peru, and 10 isolates were obtained from military personnel and civilians in 1993-1995 in Iquitos, an urban center in northeastern Peru. The genetic relationship of these isolates to other VEE virus strains was determined by sequencing 856-867 nucleotide reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction fragments derived from the PE2 glycoprotein gene. The sequences were compared with those of other VEE virus strains, including representatives of the IAB, IC, ID, IE, II, and IIIC subtypes. The two Pantoja isolates were most closely related to subtype IC and ID viruses previously isolated in Colombia and Venezuela, and to the ID viruses isolated during the 1970s in Iquitos. All of the recent Iquitos isolates were similar to one another, but they were more closely related to Panamanian ID strains than to isolates previously obtained in Iquitos, Peru, or in Colombia and Venezuela. The recent Iquitos VEE viral isolates were the first Panama-genotype VEE ID virus strains identified outside of the Republic of Panama. C1 USA, Div Virol, Med Res Inst Infect Dis, Ft Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702 USA. Univ Texas, Med Branch, Ctr Trop Dis, Galveston, TX 77555 USA. Univ Texas, Med Branch, Dept Pathol, Galveston, TX 77555 USA. USN, Med Res Inst Detachment, Lima, Peru. RP Oberste, MS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Mailstop G-17,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Weaver, Scott/D-6490-2011 NR 37 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DRIVE SUITE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 58 IS 1 BP 41 EP 46 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA YT775 UT WOS:000071643800009 PM 9452290 ER PT J AU Kamau, L Lehmann, T Hawley, WA Orago, ASS Collins, FH AF Kamau, L Lehmann, T Hawley, WA Orago, ASS Collins, FH TI Microgeographic genetic differentiation of Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes from Asembo Bay, Western Kenya: A comparison with Kilifi in coastal Kenya SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID LINKAGE DISEQUILIBRIUM; SUBDIVIDED POPULATIONS; MICROSATELLITE; CHIMPANZEES; COMPLEX AB Microgeographic differentiation in Anopheles gambiae from seven villages less than 10 km apart in Asembo Bay, western Kenya was estimated by analysis of variability in seven microsatellite loci. Results from the Asembo Bay villages were compared with specimens collected in Kilifi, coastal Kenya, 700 km to the east. Allele frequency distribution was very similar in all villages in Asembo Bay, but differed for the Kilifi population. Genetic differentiation among villages was low with loci-specific F(st) falling within the range of 0.0000-0.0085. These low estimates of differentiation correspond to among-village migration indices greater than 5.66, suggesting a high level of gene flow within the Asembo population. The N(m) value between Kilifi and Asembo Bay was 1.54, indicating much lower levels of gene flow. Average observed heterozygosity among the seven villages was in all but one case less than the expected heterozygosity, most Likely indicating the presence of null alleles, but possibly the presence of randomly mating units (demes) smaller than the village. We conclude that there is likely no genetic structure at the level of the village in Asembo Bay but that gene flow is restricted between western and coastal Kenya, probably by the high elevation rift. C1 Kenya Govt Med Res Ctr, Nairobi, Kenya. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Kenyatta Univ, Dept Zool, Nairobi, Kenya. RP Collins, FH (reprint author), Univ Notre Dame, Dept Biol Sci, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. NR 26 TC 38 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DR, STE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 58 IS 1 BP 64 EP 69 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA YT775 UT WOS:000071643800013 PM 9452294 ER PT J AU Moss, DM Bennett, SN Arrowood, MJ Wahlquist, SP Lammie, PJ AF Moss, DM Bennett, SN Arrowood, MJ Wahlquist, SP Lammie, PJ TI Enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot analysis of a cryptosporidiosis outbreak on a United States Coast Guard cutter SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND HYGIENE LA English DT Article ID MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; IMMUNOBLOT ANALYSIS; BOVINE COLOSTRUM; IGA ANTIBODIES; NEONATAL MICE; AIDS PATIENTS; PARVUM; SPOROZOITES; OOCYSTS; WATER AB Symptoms consistent with an outbreak of cryptosporidiosis (diarrhea, vomiting, nausea, and abdominal cramps) occurred on a U.S. Coast Guard cutter within 0-18 days after the cutter filled its tanks with Milwaukee, Wisconsin city water in March 1993. At three-weeks postdocking (PD) the suspected water was removed, and serum samples and stool specimens were collected from 47 of the 58 crew members, as well as questionnaire data on their water consumption and symptoms aboard the cutter. At 10-weeks PD and/or at 28-weeks PD, additional serum specimens were collected. Intensitometric data from enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot (EITB) were obtained on IgA responses to a 17-kD antigen group, IgM responses to a 27-kD antigen group, and IgG responses to 27-, 17-, and 15-kD antigen groups extracted from oocysts. In addition, IgG responses to crude oocyst antigens were obtained by ELISA. Based on reported symptoms, EITB results, and stool examination, the crew members were classified as confirmed (10), probable (10), suspected (22), and noncases (16). Of the 10 confirmed cases (all symptomatic) and the 10 probable cases (eight symptomatic) whose stools were positive and negative, respectively, for Cryptosporidium oocysts by microscopy, all showed changes in EITB intensities to the antigen groups and were considered EITB positive. The remaining 38 crew members, 22 suspected cases (all symptomatic), and 16 noncases (all asymptomatic), if tested, had negative stool examinations and were considered EITB negative. Of the 10 confirmed cases, only four showed a significant change in IgG responses (P < 0.05) between three-weeks PD and follow-up serum specimens by ELISA. Crew members considered confirmed cases consumed significantly more water (P less than or equal to 0.005) aboard the cutter than noncases. Crew members considered EITB positive consumed more water (P less than or equal to 0.04) than crew members considered EITB negative while there was no significant difference in water consumption (P greater than or equal to 0.19) between crew members considered ELISA positive and ELISA negative. Using the EITB, the observation of changes in intensity of IgA responses to the 17-kD antigen group, IgM responses to the 27-kD antigen group, and IgG responses to the 27-17-, and 15-kD antigen groups from C. parvum oocysts between acute and convalescent serum specimens appears useful for immunodiagnosis of Cryptosporidium infection and for prospective epidemiologic studies designed to monitor infection risk. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Moss, DM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Mailstop F-13,4770 Buford Highway, Chamblee, GA 30341 USA. NR 44 TC 40 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC TROP MED & HYGIENE PI MCLEAN PA 8000 WESTPARK DRIVE SUITE 130, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0002-9637 J9 AM J TROP MED HYG JI Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 58 IS 1 BP 110 EP 118 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Tropical Medicine GA YT775 UT WOS:000071643800020 PM 9452301 ER PT J AU Greenlund, KJ Kiefe, CI Gidding, SS Lewis, CE Srinivasan, SR Williams, OD Berenson, GS AF Greenlund, KJ Kiefe, CI Gidding, SS Lewis, CE Srinivasan, SR Williams, OD Berenson, GS TI Differences in cardiovascular disease risk factors in black and white young adults: Comparisons among five communities of the CARDIA and the Bogalusa Heart studies SO ANNALS OF EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cardiovascular disease; regional variation; risk factors ID 15-YEAR FOLLOW-UP; UNITED-STATES; BLOOD-PRESSURE; GEOGRAPHIC PATTERNS; MORTALITY; CORONARY; URBANIZATION; SMOKING; COHORTS; REGION AB PURPOSE: To examine community differences in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors among black and white young adults by combining data from two large epidemiologic studies. METHODS: Data are from participants aged 20-31 years in the Coronary Artery Risk Development In Young Adults (CARDIA) study (1987-1988; N = 4129) and the Bogalusa Heart study (1988-1991; N = 1884), adjusting for data collection differences prior to analysis. CARDIA includes four urban sites; Birmingham, Alabama; Chicago, Illinois; Minneapolis, Minnesota; and Oakland, California. Bogalusa is a semi-rural town in Southeastern Louisiana. CVD risk factors examined were smoking status, body habitus, and blood pressure. RESULTS: In Birmingham and Bogalusa, more white than black women were current smokers; no ethnic differences were observed among men. In Chicago, Minneapolis, and Oakland, more blacks were current smokers than were whites. For all sites, educational level was strongly inversely related to current smoking status; ethnic differences were more apparent among those with up to a high school education. Among white men and women, prevalence of obesity (body mass index > 31.1 kg/m(2) in men and 32.3 kg/m(2) in women) was greater in Birmingham and Bogalusa than in Chicago, Minneapolis, and Oakland. Mean systolic blood pressures were highest in Bogalusa, and the proportion of black men with elevated blood pressure (greater than or equal to 130/85 mmHg) was higher in Bogalusa and Birmingham. CONCLUSIONS: Community and ethnic differences in CVD risk factors were observed among young adults in two large epidemiologic studies. Further studies may enhance our understanding of the relationship of geographic differences in CVD risk to subsequent disease. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Inc. C1 Tulane Univ, Sch Publ Hlth & Trop Med, Tulane Ctr Cardiovasc Hlth, New Orleans, LA USA. Univ Alabama, Div Prevent Med, Birmingham, AL USA. Northwestern Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pediat, Chicago, IL 60611 USA. Northwestern Univ, Sch Med, Dept Prevent Med, Chicago, IL 60611 USA. RP Greenlund, KJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Adult & Community Hlth, 4770 Buford Hwy NE,Mailstop K-45, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [N01-HC-48047, N01-HC-48049, N01-HC-48048] NR 42 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1047-2797 J9 ANN EPIDEMIOL JI Ann. Epidemiol. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 8 IS 1 BP 22 EP 30 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA YT168 UT WOS:000071571900004 PM 9465990 ER PT J AU Nichol, G Dennis, DT Steere, AC Lightfoot, R Wells, G Shea, B Tugwell, P AF Nichol, G Dennis, DT Steere, AC Lightfoot, R Wells, G Shea, B Tugwell, P TI Test-treatment strategies for patients suspected of having Lyme disease: A cost-effectiveness analysis SO ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID BORRELIA-BURGDORFERI; DECISION-MAKING; HEART-BLOCK; MYOSITIS; DERMATOMYOSITIS; MANIFESTATIONS; FIBROMYALGIA; POPULATION; ARTHRITIS; DIAGNOSIS AB Purpose: To examine the cost-effectiveness of test-treatment strategies for patients suspected of having Lyme disease. Data Sources: The medical literature was searched for information on outcomes and costs. Expert opinion was sought for information on utilities. Study Selection: Articles that described patient population, diagnostic criteria, dose and duration of therapy, and criteria for assessment of outcomes. Data Extraction: The decision analysis evaluated the following strategies: 1) no testing-no treatment; 2) testing with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) followed by antibiotic treatment of patients with positive results; 3) two-step testing with ELISA followed by Western blot and antibiotic treatment for patients with positive results on either test; and 4) empirical antibiotic therapy. Three patient scenarios were considered: myalgic symptoms, rash resembling erythema migrans, and recurrent oligoarticular inflammatory arthritis. Results were calculated as costs per quality-adjusted life-year and were subjected to sensitivity analysis. Adjustment was made for the diagnostic value of common clinical features of Lyme disease. Data Synthesis: For myalgic symptoms without other features suggestive of Lyme disease, the no testing-no treatment strategy was most economically attractive (that is, had the most favorable cost-effectiveness ratio). For rash, empirical antibiotic therapy was less costly and more effective than other strategies. For oligoarticular arthritis with a history of rash and tick bite, two-step testing was associated with the lowest cost-effectiveness ratio. Testing with ELISA and empirical antibiotic therapy cost an additional $880 000 and $34 000 per quality-adjusted life-year, respectively. For oligoarticular arthritis with one or no other features suggestive of Lyme disease, two-step testing was most economically attractive. Conclusions: Neither testing nor antibiotic treatment is cost-effective if the pretest probability of Lyme disease is low. Empirical antibiotic therapy is recommended if the pretest probability is high, and two-step testing is recommended if the pretest probability is intermediate. C1 Ottawa Gen Hosp, Dept Med, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada. Ottawa Civic Hosp, Clin Epidemiol Unit, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4E9, Canada. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Ft Collins, CO 80521 USA. Tufts Univ New England Med Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Univ Kentucky, Kentucky Clin J511, Div Rheumatol, Lexington, KY 40536 USA. Tufts Univ, Med Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. RP Tugwell, P (reprint author), Ottawa Gen Hosp, Dept Med, 501 Smyth Rd, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada. OI Tugwell, Peter/0000-0001-5062-0556 NR 66 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER COLL PHYSICIANS PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE MALL WEST 6TH AND RACE ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-1572 USA SN 0003-4819 J9 ANN INTERN MED JI Ann. Intern. Med. PD JAN 1 PY 1998 VL 128 IS 1 BP 37 EP 48 PG 12 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA YN342 UT WOS:000071158000007 PM 9424980 ER PT J AU Fouad, MN Kiefe, C Funkhouser, E Urban, D Hall, I AF Fouad, MN Kiefe, C Funkhouser, E Urban, D Hall, I TI Do men die of or with prostate cancer? SO ANNALS OF ONCOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Alabama, Birmingham, AL USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0923-7534 J9 ANN ONCOL JI Ann. Oncol. PY 1998 VL 9 SU 3 MA 098 BP 71 EP 71 PG 1 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA 135BG UT WOS:000076779500099 ER PT J AU Graham, JD Corso, PS Morris, JM Segui-Gomez, M Weinstein, MC AF Graham, JD Corso, PS Morris, JM Segui-Gomez, M Weinstein, MC TI Evaluating the cost-effectiveness of clinical and public health measures SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Review DE cost-effectiveness; cancer; heart disease; trauma; infectious disease ID ACUTE MYOCARDIAL-INFARCTION; CORONARY HEART-DISEASE; HEPATITIS-B; BREAST-CANCER; UNITED-STATES; CERVICAL-CANCER; BICYCLE HELMETS; HIV-INFECTION; PREVENTION; TRAUMA AB Cost-effectiveness analysis, an analytic tool that expresses as a ratio the cost of obtaining an additional unit of health outcome, can help decision makers achieve more health protection for the same or less cost. We characterize the state of the cost-effectiveness analysis literature by reviewing how this technique is applied to various clinical and public health interventions. We describe the results of cost-effectiveness analyses for over 40 interventions to reduce cancer, heart disease, trauma, and infectious disease. The cost-effectiveness ratios for these interventions vary enormously, from interventions that save money to those that cost more than $1 million per year of life gained. The methods used to derive the cost-effectiveness ratios also vary considerably, and we summarize this variation within each health area. Greater uniformity of analytical practice will be necessary if cost-effectiveness analysis is to became a more influential tool in debates about resource allocation. C1 Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Ctr Risk Anal, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Prevent Res & Anal, Prevent Effectiveness Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Graham, JD (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Ctr Risk Anal, 718 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115 USA. EM jgraham@hsph.harvard.edu NR 75 TC 118 Z9 119 U1 0 U2 11 PU ANNUAL REVIEWS INC PI PALO ALTO PA 4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, CA 94303-0139 USA SN 0163-7525 J9 ANNU REV PUBL HEALTH JI Annu. Rev. Public Health PY 1998 VL 19 BP 125 EP 152 DI 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.19.1.125 PG 28 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA ZN554 UT WOS:000073657500007 PM 9611615 ER PT J AU Kellermann, AL Fuqua-Whitley, DS Rivara, FP Mercy, J AF Kellermann, AL Fuqua-Whitley, DS Rivara, FP Mercy, J TI Preventing youth violence: What works? SO ANNUAL REVIEW OF PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Review DE adolescent; firearm; crime; prevention; evaluation ID DELINQUENT-BEHAVIOR; ANTISOCIAL-BEHAVIOR; FOLLOW-UP; PROGRAM; INTERVENTION; CHILDREN; VICTIMIZATION; CHILDHOOD; CONFLICT; CRIME AB Between 1985 and 1992, serious youth violence in the United States surged to unprecedented levels. The growing use of firearms to settle disputes has contributed to this phenomenon. Youth are most often victimized by one of their peers. In response to this problem, a wide variety of programs have been implemented in an attempt to prevent youth violence or reduce its severity. Few have been adequately evaluated. In general, interventions applied between the prenatal period and age 6 appear to be more effective than interventions initiated in later childhood or adolescence. Community-based programs that target certain high-risk behaviors may be beneficial as well. A sustained commitment to evaluation research is needed to identify the most effective approaches to youth violence prevention. C1 Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Ctr Injury Control, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Univ Washington, Harborview Injury Prevent Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Violence Prevent, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Kellermann, AL (reprint author), Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Ctr Injury Control, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. NR 103 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 5 U2 9 PU ANNUAL REVIEWS INC PI PALO ALTO PA 4139 EL CAMINO WAY, PO BOX 10139, PALO ALTO, CA 94303-0139 USA SN 0163-7525 J9 ANNU REV PUBL HEALTH JI Annu. Rev. Public Health PY 1998 VL 19 BP 271 EP 292 DI 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.19.1.271 PG 22 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA ZN554 UT WOS:000073657500012 PM 9611620 ER PT J CA CDC TI Update: Trends in AIDS incidence - United States, 1996 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 46, pg 861-867, 1997) SO ARCHIVES OF DERMATOLOGY LA English DT Reprint C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 0003-987X J9 ARCH DERMATOL JI Arch. Dermatol. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 134 IS 1 BP 122 EP 123 PG 2 WC Dermatology SC Dermatology GA YR333 UT WOS:000071484900029 ER PT J AU Bolen, JR Kresnow, MJ Sacks, JJ AF Bolen, JR Kresnow, MJ Sacks, JJ TI Reported bicycle helmet use among adults in the United States SO ARCHIVES OF FAMILY MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID INJURIES AB This study estimates bicycle helmet use among adults in the United States, examines factors associated with helmet use among adult bicyclists in 1994, and examines other safety-related practices. A telephone survey of 5238 randomly dialed households in the United States was conducted. The participants were randomly selected adult (aged greater than or equal to 18 years) respondents, and the main outcome measure was bicycle riding and helmet use in the last 30 days. We estimate that 20.2% of adults reported riding a bicycle in the 30 days preceding their interview. Of the bicyclists, 18.3% report they always wear their helmet when bicycling. Persons between the ages of 18 and 24 years had the highest proportion of bicycle riders for any adult age group (31.3%) but reported using helmets less than any other adult age group (5.1%). In univariate and multivariate analyses, age older than 24 years, female sex, higher educational level, and living in the west or northeast region of the country were associated with helmet: use among adults. Helmet users were also more likely than nonusers to report a higher prevalence of other safety behaviors (ie, always wearing a safety belt, having a smoke detector in the house, and having a fire escape plan). Further efforts to increase the wearing of bicycle helmets by adults are necessary to meet the year 2000 objective of 50% helmet use. Adults should be targeted for increased helmet promotion efforts, especially those between the ages of 18 and 24 years. Increasing consistent use of helmets among adults may also help increase consistent use of helmets among children through role modeling. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Unintent Injury Prevent, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Stat & Programming, Natl Ctr Injury Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Bolen, JR (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent, 4770 Buford Hwy NE,K-30, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 24 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 1063-3987 J9 ARCH FAM MED JI Arch. Fam. Med. PD JAN-FEB PY 1998 VL 7 IS 1 BP 72 EP 77 DI 10.1001/archfami.7.1.72 PG 6 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA YT008 UT WOS:000071554800015 PM 9443703 ER PT J AU Shahangian, S AF Shahangian, S TI Proficiency testing in laboratory medicine - Uses and limitations SO ARCHIVES OF PATHOLOGY & LABORATORY MEDICINE LA English DT Review ID OF-AMERICAN-PATHOLOGISTS; PHYSICIANS OFFICE LABORATORIES; OPERATIONAL PROCESS SPECIFICATIONS; DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; QUALITY ASSURANCE PROGRAM; CLINICAL-CHEMISTRY; ACCURACY ASSESSMENT; CONFERENCE XXIII; DISEASE-CONTROL; WORKING GROUP AB Objective. - To provide a critical review of recently published literature on the effectiveness, uses, and limitations of proficiency testing (PT) as a mechanism for laboratory improvement, and to explore ways to improve the PT process. Data Source. - All publications identified by a MEDLINE search of the literature dating back to 1987 on the subject of "proficiency testing" in laboratory medicine, as well as selected references cited in recent review articles. Study Selection. - No specific selection criteria were used for inclusion of publications identified by the MEDLINE database as long as they dealt with PT as a mechanism of medical laboratory improvement or a measure of laboratory performance. Data Extraction. - Abstractions of data were made depending on relevance of the data. Data Synthesis. - Proficiency testing data are an indicator, but not a measure, of laboratory performance. Limitations of current PT practices are incomplete assessment of the total testing process, PT materials being treated differently than those from patients, PT performance criteria, and "matrix effect." Proficiency testing performance has been related to length of PT experience, test environment and volume, institutional size, laboratory and analyst workload, difficulty of PT materials, performing quality control, testing methodology, and degree of automation. Conclusions. - Proficiency testing has a well-established role as both a laboratory improvement and an educational tool. There are, however, several practical and design limitations even for the best-administered PT programs. Suggestions to improve the PT process include increased reliance on PT results in combination with other quality indicators (such as performance in regional surveys), occasional use of "blind" PT, introduction of biological materials to PT participants, electronic grading and reporting of PT results, and introduction of challenging PT materials to fulfill the educational role of PT. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Lab Practice Assessment Branch, Div Lab Syst, Publ Hlth Practice Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Shahangian, S (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Lab Practice Assessment Branch, Div Lab Syst, Publ Hlth Practice Program Off, 4770 Buford Hwy NE,Mailstop G-23, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 162 TC 32 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 4 PU COLLEGE AMER PATHOLOGISTS PI NORTHFIELD PA C/O KIMBERLY GACKI, 325 WAUKEGAN RD, NORTHFIELD, IL 60093-2750 USA SN 0003-9985 J9 ARCH PATHOL LAB MED JI Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 122 IS 1 BP 15 EP 30 PG 16 WC Medical Laboratory Technology; Medicine, Research & Experimental; Pathology SC Medical Laboratory Technology; Research & Experimental Medicine; Pathology GA YR466 UT WOS:000071498100002 PM 9448012 ER PT J AU Parashar, UD Kilgore, PE Holman, RC Clarke, MJ Bresee, JS Glass, RI AF Parashar, UD Kilgore, PE Holman, RC Clarke, MJ Bresee, JS Glass, RI TI Diarrheal mortality in US infants - Influence of birth weight on risk factors for death SO ARCHIVES OF PEDIATRICS & ADOLESCENT MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID CHILDREN; ROTAVIRUS; VACCINES; TRENDS AB Objectives: To examine diarrhea-associated deaths among very low-birth-weight (VLBW) (<1500 g) infants and low- and normal-birth-weight (LNBW) (greater than or equal to 1500 g) infants at birth and to identify specific interventions to prevent these deaths. Design: Retrospective analyses of linked infant and birth death data on diarrhea of all causes compiled by the National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga. Patients: Infants aged 27 days through 11 months who died with diarrhea. Setting: United States, 1991. Results: A majority (56%, n=143) of the 257 diarrhea-associated deaths reported among US infants in 1991 occurred among VLBW infants. Compared with LNBW infants, VLBW infants had a 100-fold greater diarrheal mortality (269 deaths per 100 000 live births for VLBW infants vs 2.8 deaths per 100 000 live births for LNBW infants), died at a younger age, and more often died in the hospital. Diarrhea-associated deaths among VLBW infants were strongly associated with prematurity and a low 1-minute Apgar score whereas African American race, less maternal education, and a low 1-minute Apgar score were associated with increased diarrheal mortality among LNBW infants. Conclusions: Infants of VLBW are at an increased risk for diarrheal deaths and new efforts are required to understand and improve the diagnosis of and therapy for diarrhea among these infants. For LNBW infants, diarrheal deaths remain a social problem and efforts need to focus on improved education and home-based rehydration therapy for children whose mothers fit the high-risk profile and who may lack adequate access to health care. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral Gastroenteritis Sect, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Off Director, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Epidemiol Program Off, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Parashar, UD (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral Gastroenteritis Sect, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Mailstop G04, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Kilgore, Paul/L-1462-2013 OI Kilgore, Paul/0000-0003-3214-4482 NR 16 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 1072-4710 J9 ARCH PEDIAT ADOL MED JI Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 152 IS 1 BP 47 EP 51 PG 5 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA YR347 UT WOS:000071486300007 PM 9452707 ER PT J AU Oh, MK Smith, KR O'Cain, M Kilmer, D Johnson, J Hook, EW AF Oh, MK Smith, KR O'Cain, M Kilmer, D Johnson, J Hook, EW TI Urine-based screening of adolescents in detention to guide treatment for gonococcal and chlamydial infections - Translating research into intervention SO ARCHIVES OF PEDIATRICS & ADOLESCENT MEDICINE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the North-American-Society-of-Pediatric-and-Adolescent-Gynecology CY APR 04-06, 1997 CL CINCINNATI, OHIO SP N Amer Soc Pediat & Adolescent Gynecol ID LIGASE CHAIN-REACTION; SEXUALLY-TRANSMITTED DISEASES; FIRST-VOID URINE; NEISSERIA-GONORRHOEAE; REACTION ASSAY; TRACHOMATIS; DIAGNOSIS; BEHAVIOR; FEMALES; WOMEN AB Objectives: To determine the utility of urine-based ligase chain reaction assays for Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis in (1) the acceptability of such testing to adolescent detainees, (2) the potential use of these tests for identifying asymptomatic infections, and (3) the effectiveness of this approach for ensuring treatment of infected adolescents. Design: Cross-sectional screening and verification of treatment for infected cases. Subjects: Adolescents admitted to a short-term juvenile detention center. Main Outcome Measures: Neisseria gonorrhoeae and C trachomatis infection rates, and timing and location of treatment for infected patients. Results: Refusal rate was 1.5%. Of 263 participants, 46 (17.5%) were female subjects. Chlamydia trachomatis infections were identified in 28.3% of the female and 8.8% of the male subjects. Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections were present in 13.1% of the female and 2.8% of the male subjects. Overall, 37 participants (14%) were positive for N gonorrhoeae, C trachomatis, or both, only one of whom had symptoms. Almost 70% (25/36) of asymptomatic infected subjects were treated within 28 days of screening. A treatment was documented in 36 of the 37 infected youth, including 20 who were followed up and treated after release from the detention center, by 6 months after testing. Conclusion: Urine ligase chain reaction tests were effective for identifying and guiding treatment of unsuspected N gonorrhoeae and C trachomatis infections in teenagers admitted to a short-term detention center where traditional swab specimens may be difficult to obtain. C1 Univ Alabama, Dept Pediat, Birmingham, AL 35233 USA. Univ Alabama, Dept Med, Birmingham, AL 35233 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Dept Publ Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Alabama, Dept Psychiat, Birmingham, AL 35233 USA. RP Oh, MK (reprint author), Univ Alabama, Dept Pediat, Childrens Hosp Off Bldg,1630 6th Ave S, Birmingham, AL 35233 USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [5U19AI38514]; PHS HHS [C60117041, R30/CCR413570] NR 25 TC 62 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 1072-4710 J9 ARCH PEDIAT ADOL MED JI Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 152 IS 1 BP 52 EP 56 PG 5 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA YR347 UT WOS:000071486300008 PM 9452708 ER PT J AU Shefer, A Mezoff, J Caspari, D Bolton, M Herrick, P AF Shefer, A Mezoff, J Caspari, D Bolton, M Herrick, P TI What mothers in the women, infants, and children (WIC) program feel about WIC and immunization linkage activities - A summary of focus groups in Wisconsin SO ARCHIVES OF PEDIATRICS & ADOLESCENT MEDICINE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 31st National Immunization Conference CY MAY 20, 1997 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. ID MEASLES AB Background: Although studies indicate that strategies to improve immunization coverage among preschool-age children enrolled in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) are effective, the attitudes of parents of children enrolled in WIC toward the linkage between WIC and immunization programs is unknown. Objective: To gain a better understanding of how parents using WIC resources feel about the association of WIC and immunization services, their attitudes toward WIC immunization activities, factors that may cause clients to drop out of the program, and the effects of racial background on parent attitudes. Participants and Methods: We conducted 8 focus group sessions with mothers whose children receive WIC services in Milwaukee, Wis. Mothers were between 18 and 35 years old, with at least 1 child between 6 and 24 months of age. The 47 mothers participating were each assigned to 1 of 8 focus groups, including 2 groups each of Asian, white, African American, and Hispanic mothers. A systematic content analysis was conducted for themes and key points within and across ethnic groups. Results: Socially disadvantaged mothers reported their overall experiences in WIC to be very positive. Lengthy waiting time during a WIC visit was identified as the most important barrier to participation. Mothers believed strongly that it was the responsibility of parents to get their children vaccinated, but that WIC staff and the primary care provider should work together to remind parents when vaccinations were due. Mothers expressed very positive attitudes toward the linking of WIC and immunization activities. Telephone reminders and education were mentioned as the best ways to encourage mothers to get their child vaccinated on time. Immunization linkage activities and the requirement that a parent report to a WIC center more frequently if the child was under-immunized were not mentioned as reasons for dropping out of the WIC program; indeed, more frequent visits to a WIC center were actually viewed as a potentially effective strategy by several mothers. Some mothers found obtaining immunizations and WIC services at the same time and place to be very convenient. There did not seem to be any significant differences among ethnic groups in attitudes toward immunization linkage activities being performed in WIC. Conclusions: Mothers with preschool-age children enrolled in WIC feel that the linkage of immunization activities with WIC services is a helpful way to improve the health of their children. This linkage was not identified as a contributing factor for leaving the WIC program. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Immunizat Serv Div, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. City Milwaukee Hlth Dept, Milwaukee, WI USA. State Wisconsin Women Infants & Children WIC Prog, Div Hlth, Reg Off, Milwaukee, WI USA. RP Shefer, A (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Immunizat Serv Div, Natl Immunizat Program, MS E-52,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 14 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER MEDICAL ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 515 N STATE ST, CHICAGO, IL 60610 USA SN 1072-4710 J9 ARCH PEDIAT ADOL MED JI Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 152 IS 1 BP 65 EP 70 PG 6 WC Pediatrics SC Pediatrics GA YR347 UT WOS:000071486300010 PM 9452710 ER PT J AU Brewer, AW Osburn, BI AF Brewer, AW Osburn, BI TI Sequential distribution of neurovirulent and avirulent strains of bluetongue virus in neonatal mice by RT-PCR SO ARCHIVES OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID INDUCED CONGENITAL ENCEPHALOPATHIES; BOVINE FETUSES; VACCINE VIRUS; SEROTYPE-11; INFECTION; VIRULENT; CATTLE AB Neurotropism of bluetongue virus (BLU) has been demonstrated in the developing brain of fetal ruminants and neonatal mouse models. Two strains of BLU serotype 11, UC8 and UC2, differentiated by their electrophoretic characteristics and abilities to cause brain lesions in bovine fetuses and neonatal mice were investigated to determine differences in tissue distribution in new born mice following subcutaneous inoculation. Tissue analysis by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) showed selective distribution of both BLU strains to the brain and spleen as early as 3 h post-inoculation (PI) but viral RNA was not detected in the blood or other tissues for the duration of the 15 day experiment. UC2 persisted within the brain and spleen until 9 h PI without development of CNS lesions. In contrast, UC8 persisted within the spleen for 24 h and in the brain through the end of the experiment. UC8 infected mice developed necrotizing lesions throughout the cerebrum and cerebellum that were most severe on PI days 11 and 13. Immunohistochemical staining for BLU identified infected cells within the brains of UC8 inoculated mice before inflammatory lesions were present and gave supportive evidence of the ability of UC2 to infect brain cells. Our results show that both UC8 and UC2 selectively target the brain and spleen in neonatal mice early after inoculation and suggest that the differences in neurovirulence between these strains are due to differences in replicative efficacy within host target cells. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Dept Vet Pathol Microbiol & Immunol, Davis, CA USA. RP Brewer, AW (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,MS G-32, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 26 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG WIEN PI VIENNA PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0304-8608 J9 ARCH VIROL JI Arch. Virol. PY 1998 VL 143 IS 1 BP 145 EP 155 DI 10.1007/s007050050274 PG 11 WC Virology SC Virology GA YU978 UT WOS:000071776200012 PM 9505972 ER PT J AU Robertson, B Myers, G Howard, C Brettin, T Bukh, J Gaschen, B Gojobori, T Maertens, G Mizokami, M Nainan, O Netesov, S Nishioka, K Shin-i, T Simmonds, P Smith, D Stuyver, L Weiner, A AF Robertson, B Myers, G Howard, C Brettin, T Bukh, J Gaschen, B Gojobori, T Maertens, G Mizokami, M Nainan, O Netesov, S Nishioka, K Shin-i, T Simmonds, P Smith, D Stuyver, L Weiner, A TI Classification, nomenclature, and database development for hepatitis C virus (HCV) and related viruses: proposals for standardization SO ARCHIVES OF VIROLOGY LA English DT News Item ID ENTIRE NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; COMPLETE CODING SEQUENCE; MAJOR GENETIC GROUPS; NON-B HEPATITIS; NON-A; PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS; EVOLUTIONARY ANALYSIS; PREDOMINANT GENOTYPE; GENOMIC ORGANIZATION; DISTINCT GENOTYPES AB This paper presents a summary of the recommendations that were formulated for the purposes of unifying the nomenclature for hepatitis C virus (HCV), based upon guidelines of the International Committee on Virus Taxonomy (ICTV), and provides guidelines for the incorporation of sequence data into an HCV database that will be available to researchers through the internet, Based upon the available data, the genus Hepacivirus should be regarded as comprising a single species with HCV-1 as the prototype. All currently known isolates of HCV can be divided into six phylogenetically distinct groups, and we recommend that these groups are described as clades 1 to 6. Whether or not these should be regarded as different species within the Hepacivirus,genus requires additional clinical, virological, and immunological information. Clades 1, 2, 4, and 5 would correspond to genotype 1, 2, 4, and 5 while clade 3 would comprise genotype 3 and genotype 10, and clade 6 comprise genotypes 6, 7, 8, 9, and II. We propose that existing subtype designations are reassigned within these clades based upon publication priority, the existence of a complete genome sequence and prevalence. The assignment of isolates to new clades and subtypes should be confined to isolates characterized from epidemiologically unlinked individuals. Comparisons should be based on nucleotide sequences of at least two coding regions and preferably of complete genome sequences, and should be based on phylogenetic analysis rather than percent identity. A forum for discussion and contributions to these recommendations will be made available at the international HCV database at http://s2as02.genes.nig.ac.jp. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Hepatitis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Theoret Biol & Biophys Grp, Los Alamos, NM USA. Univ London Royal Vet Coll, London, England. NIAID, Hepatitis Viruses Sect, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Natl Inst Genet, Ctr Informat Biol, Mishima, Shizuoka 411, Japan. Hepatitis Program, Ghent, Belgium. Nagoya City Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med 2, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan. State Res Ctr Virol & Biotechnol Vector, Novosibirsk, Russia. Viral Hepatitis Res Fdn Japan, Tokyo, Japan. Univ Edinburgh, Dept Med Microbiol, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland. Chiron Corp, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA. RP Robertson, B (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Hepatitis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Netesov, Sergey/A-3751-2013 OI Netesov, Sergey/0000-0002-7786-2464 NR 59 TC 340 Z9 361 U1 1 U2 14 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG WIEN PI VIENNA PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0304-8608 J9 ARCH VIROL JI Arch. Virol. PY 1998 VL 143 IS 12 BP 2493 EP 2503 DI 10.1007/s007050050479 PG 11 WC Virology SC Virology GA 166PR UT WOS:000078586500020 PM 9930205 ER PT J AU Tokars, JI Miller, ER Alter, MJ Arduino, MJ AF Tokars, JI Miller, ER Alter, MJ Arduino, MJ TI National surveillance of dialysis associated diseases in the United States, 1995 SO ASAIO JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID BLOOD-STREAM INFECTIONS; CHRONIC-HEMODIALYSIS; HEPATITIS-B; RESISTANT; VANCOMYCIN; VIRUS; TRANSMISSION; TUBERCULOSIS; OUTBREAK; RISK AB Chronic hemodialysis centers in the United States were surveyed in 1995 regarding a number of hemodialysis associated diseases and practices. A total of 2,647 centers, representing 224,954 patients and 54,194 staff members, responded. Seventy-seven percent of centers reported that they reused disposable dialyzers. At the end of 1995, 65% of patients were treated with an arteriovenous graft, 22% an arteriovenous fistula, and 13% a temporary or permanent central catheter. By the end of 1995, at least three doses of hepatitis B vaccine had been administered to 35% of patients and to 82% of staff members. Acute infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) occurred in 0.06% of patients, and was more likely to be reported by centers with lower proportions of patients vaccinated against HBV. The prevalence of antibody to hepatitis C virus (HCV) was 10.4% among patients and 2.0% among staff. At least one patient with vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) was reported by 11.5% of centers, more commonly by hospital (vs freestanding centers not located in hospitals) and government centers, and centers located in certain geographic areas. Vancomycin was received by 7.2% of patients in December 1995. The percentage of centers reporting patients with other pathogens was 7.9% for active tuberculosis, 39% for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and 40% for methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Environm Lab Branch, Hosp Infect Program,Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Publ Hlth Serv,Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Invest & Prevent Branch, Hosp Infect Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol Sect, Hepatitis Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Tokars, JI (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Environm Lab Branch, Hosp Infect Program,Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Publ Hlth Serv,Dept Hlth & Human Serv, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS E-69, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Arduino, Matthew/C-1461-2012 OI Arduino, Matthew/0000-0001-7072-538X NR 50 TC 114 Z9 115 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1058-2916 J9 ASAIO J JI Asaio J. PD JAN-FEB PY 1998 VL 44 IS 1 BP 98 EP 107 DI 10.1097/00002480-199801000-00019 PG 10 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Transplantation SC Engineering; Transplantation GA YR460 UT WOS:000071497500019 PM 9466509 ER PT J AU Kim, YV Conover, DL Lotz, WG Cleary, SF AF Kim, YV Conover, DL Lotz, WG Cleary, SF TI Electric field-induced changes in agonist-stimulated calcium fluxes of human HL-60 leukemia cells SO BIOELECTROMAGNETICS LA English DT Article DE 60 Hz electric field; receptor-operated ion channels; intracellular free calcium concentration; purinergic receptor; histamine receptor ID SIGNAL-TRANSDUCTION; EXTRACELLULAR ATP; MAGNETIC-FIELD; STOCHASTIC RESONANCE; PERIODIC SIGNALS; HL60 CELLS; ACTIVATION; LYMPHOCYTES; DEPENDENCE; RECEPTORS AB The mechanism of biological effects of extremely-low-frequency elect;ic and magnetic fields may involve induced changes of Ca2+ transport through plasma membrane ion channels. In this study we investigated the effects of externally applied, low-intensity 60 Hz electric (E) fields (0.5 V/m, current density 0.8 A/m(2)) on the agonist-induced Ca2+ fluxes of HL-60 leukemia cells. The suspensions of HL-60 cells received E-field or sham exposure for 60 min and were simultaneously stimulated either by 1 mu M ATP or by 100 mu M histamine or were not stimulated at all. After E-field or sham exposure, the responses of the intracellular calcium levels of the cells to different concentrations of ATP (0.2-100 mu M) were assessed. Compared with control cells, exposure of ATP-activated cells to an E-field resulted in a 20-30% decrease in the magnitude of [Ca2+](i) elevation induced by a low concentration of ATP (<1 mu M). In contrast, exposure of histamine-activated HL-60 cells resulted in a 20-40% increase of ATP-induced elevation of [Ca2+](i). E-field exposure had no effect on non-activated cells. Kinetic analysis of concentration-response plots also showed that compared with control cells, exposure to the E-field resulted in increases of the Michaelis constant, K-m, value in ATP-treated cells and of the maximal [Ca2+](i) peak rise in histamine-treated HL-60 cells. The observed effects were reversible, indicating the absence of permanent structural damages induced by acute 60 min exposure to electric fields. These results demonstrate that low-intensity electric fields can alter calcium distribution in cells, most probably due to the effect on receptor-operated Ca2+ and/or ion channels. (C) 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.dagger C1 NIOSH, Div Biomed & Behav Sci, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Med Coll Virginia, Dept Physiol, Richmond, VA 23298 USA. RP Conover, DL (reprint author), NIOSH, Div Biomed & Behav Sci, 4676 Columbia Pkwy,C-27, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. FU BHP HRSA HHS [VOG EMB 272]; NIEHS NIH HHS [R01ES054175] NR 32 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0197-8462 J9 BIOELECTROMAGNETICS JI Bioelectromagnetics PY 1998 VL 19 IS 6 BP 366 EP 376 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1521-186X(1998)19:6<366::AID-BEM4>3.0.CO;2-# PG 11 WC Biology; Biophysics SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Biophysics GA 114TD UT WOS:000075624400004 PM 9738527 ER PT J AU Ribot, EM Quinn, FD Bai, XH Murtagh, JJ AF Ribot, EM Quinn, FD Bai, XH Murtagh, JJ TI Rapid amplification of transposon ends for the isolation, cloning and sequencing of transposon-disrupted chromosomal genes SO BIOTECHNIQUES LA English DT Article ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; SINGLE SPECIFIC PRIMER; DNA; PCR; MUTATIONS; FRAGMENTS; WALKING; RACE C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch MSCO3, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Atlanta Vet Adm Med Ctr, Decatur, GA USA. RP Ribot, EM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Foodborne & Diarrheal Dis Branch MSCO3, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 19 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU EATON PUBLISHING CO PI NATICK PA 154 E. CENTRAL ST, NATICK, MA 01760 USA SN 0736-6205 J9 BIOTECHNIQUES JI Biotechniques PD JAN PY 1998 VL 24 IS 1 BP 16 EP + PG 4 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA YQ698 UT WOS:000071414300001 PM 9454943 ER PT J AU Sullivan, PS Hanson, DL Chu, SY Jones, JL Ward, JW AF Sullivan, PS Hanson, DL Chu, SY Jones, JL Ward, JW CA Adult Adolescent Spectrum Dis Grp TI Epidemiology of anemia in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons: Results from the multistate adult and adolescent spectrum of HIV disease surveillance project SO BLOOD LA English DT Article ID AVIUM COMPLEX INFECTION; BONE-MARROW; HEMATOLOGIC MANIFESTATIONS; ZIDOVUDINE THERAPY; ERYTHROPOIETIN; SUPPRESSION; AIDS; ABNORMALITIES; HEMATOPOIESIS; BLOOD AB To study the incidence of, the factors associated with, and the effect on survival of anemia in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons, we analyzed data from the longitudinal medical record reviews of 32,867 HIV-infected persons who received medical care from January 1990 through August 1996 in clinics, hospitals, and private medical practices in nine United States cities. We calculated the 1-year incidence of anemia (a hemoglobin level of <10 g/dL or a physician diagnosis of anemia); the adjusted odds ratios showing excess risk of anemia associated with demographic factors, prescribed therapies, and concurrent diseases; the risk of death for patients who developed anemia compared with risk for patients who did not develop anemia; and, of patients who did develop anemia, the risk of death for those who did not recover from anemia compared with the risk for those who did recover. The 1-year incidence of anemia was 36.9% for persons with one or more acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-defining opportunistic illnesses (clinical AIDS), 12.1% for patients with a CD4 count of less than 200 cells/mu m or CD4 percentage of <14 but not clinical AIDS (immunologic AIDS), and 3.2% for persons without clinical or immunologic AIDS. Of anemia diagnoses, 22% were identified by physicians as drug related. Incidence of anemia was associated with clinical AIDS, immunologic AIDS, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, bacterial septicemia, black race, female sex, prescription of zidovudine, fluconazole, and ganciclovir, and lack of prescription of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The increased risk of death associated with anemia differed by first CD4 count: for patients with a CD4 count of greater than or equal to 200 cells/mu L at the beginning of the survival analysis, the risk of death was 148% (99% confidence interval [Cl], 114 to 188) greater for those who developed anemia; for patients whose first CD4 count was <200 cells/mu L, the risk of death was 56% (99% CI, 43 to 71) greater for those in whom anemia developed. For persons in whom anemia developed, the risk of death was 170% (99% CI, 132 to 203) greater for persons who did not recover from anemia compared with those who did recover. Anemia is a frequent complication of HIV infection, and its incidence is associated with progression of HIV disease, prescription of certain chemotherapeutics, black race, and female sex. Anemia, particularly anemia that does not resolve, is associated with shorter survival of HIV-infected patients. C1 Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Sullivan, PS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mail Stop E47, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Sullivan, Patrick/A-9436-2009; OI Sullivan, Patrick/0000-0002-7728-0587 NR 32 TC 228 Z9 239 U1 0 U2 2 PU W B SAUNDERS CO PI PHILADELPHIA PA INDEPENDENCE SQUARE WEST CURTIS CENTER, STE 300, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3399 USA SN 0006-4971 J9 BLOOD JI Blood PD JAN 1 PY 1998 VL 91 IS 1 BP 301 EP 308 PG 8 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA YN358 UT WOS:000071160100036 PM 9414298 ER PT J AU Morato, MJF Colley, DG Powell, MR AF Morato, MJF Colley, DG Powell, MR TI Cytokine profiles during experimental Chagas' disease SO BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL AND BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Meeting on Cytokines CY NOV 24-28, 1996 CL ANGRA REIS, BRAZIL DE experimental Chagas' disease; Trypanosoma cruzi; cytokines; IFN-gamma; IL-10; IL-4 ID TRYPANOSOMA-CRUZI INFECTION; SUSCEPTIBILITY; EXPRESSION; SECRETION AB People infected with Trypanosoma cruzi remain so for life, yet only 30-40% of these individuals develop characteristic chagasic cardiomyopathies. Similarly, when infected with the Brazilian strain of T. cruzi, DBA/2 mice develop severe cardiac damage while B10.D2 mice do not. To better understand the immunological parameters that may be involved in the disease process, we have used this murine model (DBA/2 vs B10.D2) and compared the changes in cytokine production during the course of infection with T. cruzi. Concanavalin A (Con A) stimulation of spleen cells harvested during the acute phase (day 30) resulted in similarly high levels of IFN-gamma in both mouse strains. However, the amount of IFN-gamma in supernatants from cultures of B10.D2 spleen cells initiated during the chronic phase (day 72) was at subacute levels, whereas secretion by chronic DBA/2 spleen cells remained high. In addition, Con A-stimulated spleen cells from acute DBA/2 mice produced approximately twice as much IL-10 and significantly more IL-4 than cells from B10.D2 mice. IL-4 secretion remained low by cells from chronic B10.D2 mice, but when using cells from chronic DBA/2 mice, levels continued to increase beyond the already high levels secreted by cells harvested during the acute phase. Proliferative responses to Con A stimulation by spleen cells from DBA/2 mice were significantly higher than those from B10.D2 mice in both the acute and chronic phases. These data suggest that enhanced responses in DBA/2 mice, which may be related to a higher parasite burden, a lack of down-regulation, and/or the onset of autoimmune phenomena, correlate with the more severe cardiomyopathy seen in pathopermissive mice. C1 FIOCRUZ, Ctr Pesquisas Rene Rachou, Lab Imunol Celular & Mol, BR-30190002 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, NCID, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Morato, MJF (reprint author), FIOCRUZ, Ctr Pesquisas Rene Rachou, Lab Imunol Celular & Mol, Av Augusto Lima 1715, BR-30190002 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASSOC BRAS DIVULG CIENTIFICA PI SAO PAULO PA FACULDADE MEDICINA, SALA 21, 14049 RIBEIRAO PRETO, SAO PAULO, BRAZIL SN 0100-879X J9 BRAZ J MED BIOL RES JI Brazilian J. Med. Biol. Res. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 31 IS 1 BP 123 EP 125 DI 10.1590/S0100-879X1998000100016 PG 3 WC Biology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Research & Experimental Medicine GA YR478 UT WOS:000071499300016 PM 9686188 ER PT J AU Grant, AD De Cock, KM AF Grant, AD De Cock, KM TI The growing challenge of HIV/AIDS in developing countries SO BRITISH MEDICAL BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; WEST-AFRICAN CITY; HIV-INFECTION; OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS; PULMONARY COMPLICATIONS; PNEUMOCYSTIS-CARINII; DEVELOPING-WORLD; COTE-DIVOIRE; AIDS; TRANSMISSION AB The burden of HIV infection and disease continues to increase in many developing countries. An emerging theme is of an HIV pandemic composed of mini-epidemics, each with its own characteristics in terms of the trends in HIV prevalence, those affected, and the HIV-related opportunistic diseases observed. A number of explanations for the observed differences in the spread of HIV infection have been proposed but since the factors concerned, such as sexual behaviour and the prevalence of other sexually transmitted diseases, are closely interrelated, it is difficult to tease out which are the most important. Among HIV-related opportunistic diseases, tuberculosis stands out as the most important cause of morbidity and mortality in most developing countries, but the relative prevalence of other diseases shows considerable regional variation. Thus, there is a need for local approaches to the global problem of managing HIV disease. The most pressing public health challenges are to use existing knowledge of strategies to reduce HIV transmission, and to apply them in ways appropriate to the local situation, and to develop, evaluate and implement interventions to prolong healthy life in those already infected. C1 Univ London London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, Dept Infect & Trop Dis, Infect Dis Epidemiol Unit, London WC1E 7HT, England. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent Surveillance & Epidemiol, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Grant, AD (reprint author), Univ London London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, Dept Infect & Trop Dis, Infect Dis Epidemiol Unit, Keppel St, London WC1E 7HT, England. NR 62 TC 20 Z9 24 U1 3 U2 3 PU ROYAL SOC MEDICINE PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 1 WIMPOLE STREET, LONDON W1M 8AE, ENGLAND SN 0007-1420 J9 BRIT MED BULL JI Br. Med. Bull. PY 1998 VL 54 IS 2 BP 369 EP 381 PG 13 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 105WM UT WOS:000075098000009 PM 9830203 ER PT J AU Cohen, ML AF Cohen, ML TI Resurgent and emergent disease in a changing world SO BRITISH MEDICAL BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID RESISTANCE; INFECTIONS; OUTBREAK AB Emerging infectious diseases pose important public health problems for both the developed and developing world. Many new or previously unrecognized bacterial, fungal, viral, and parasitic diseases have emerged within the past two decades. At the same time, many once-controlled infections have re-emerged or become resistant to antimicrobial therapy. This emergence is the result of changes in society, technology the environment, and the microbes themselves, and these changes have had often unpredictable consequences. Important factors influencing emergence include changes in human demographics and behaviour, changes in technology and industry, changes in economic development and land use, increasing and rapid international travel and commerce, microbial adaptation and change, and the breakdown of public health measures. Addressing emerging infectious diseases will require international and interdisciplinary partnerships to build an appropriate infrastructure to detect and respond to these often unanticipated threats to health. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis C09, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Cohen, ML (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis C09, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 28 TC 14 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 4 PU ROYAL SOC MEDICINE PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 1 WIMPOLE STREET, LONDON W1M 8AE, ENGLAND SN 0007-1420 J9 BRIT MED BULL JI Br. Med. Bull. PY 1998 VL 54 IS 3 BP 523 EP 532 PG 10 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 195UV UT WOS:000080271300002 PM 10326281 ER PT J AU Young, JC Mills, JN Enria, DA Dolan, NE Khan, AS Ksiazek, TG AF Young, JC Mills, JN Enria, DA Dolan, NE Khan, AS Ksiazek, TG TI New World hantaviruses SO BRITISH MEDICAL BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID TO-PERSON TRANSMISSION; CREEK-CANAL VIRUS; SOUTHWESTERN UNITED-STATES; SIN-NOMBRE-VIRUS; PULMONARY-SYNDROME; GENETIC IDENTIFICATION; SIGMODON-HISPIDUS; ARGENTINA; ANTIBODY; OUTBREAK AB Since the initial description in 1993 of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome and its novel aetiological agent, Sin Nombre virus, our knowledge of the epidemiology of New World hantaviruses has continued to evolve. After the identifying outbreak in the southwestern US, four hantaviruses have been identified in North America with specific rodent hosts and associated with a number of sporadic cases. This stability of case recognition in North America is in contrast to the multiple outbreaks and endemic cases in South America. Despite a plethora of New World hantaviruses and new evidence of person-to-person transmission, the ecological and personal determinants of this human infection remain a mystery. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Special Pathogens Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis,Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept Hlth &, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. Inst Nacl Enfermedades Virales Humans J Maiztegui, Pergamino, Argentina. RP Young, JC (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Special Pathogens Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis,Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept Hlth &, MS A26,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. RI Spratt, Brian/A-1676-2009 NR 43 TC 26 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 2 PU ROYAL SOC MEDICINE PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 1 WIMPOLE STREET, LONDON W1M 8AE, ENGLAND SN 0007-1420 J9 BRIT MED BULL JI Br. Med. Bull. PY 1998 VL 54 IS 3 BP 659 EP 673 PG 15 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 195UV UT WOS:000080271300013 PM 10326292 ER PT J AU Khan, AS Sanchez, A Pflieger, AK AF Khan, AS Sanchez, A Pflieger, AK TI Filoviral haemorrhagic fevers SO BRITISH MEDICAL BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID EBOLA-VIRUS INFECTION; MARBURG-VIRUS; HEMORRHAGIC-FEVER; RHESUS-MONKEYS; GREEN MONKEYS; DISEASE; GLYCOPROTEIN; STRAIN; GENE; REPLICATION AB Sensationalised accounts of wards of dying patients have fueled intense public fascination with filoviruses and highlighted the global threat of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. Filoviruses are the prototypical emerging pathogens: they cause a haemorrhagic disease of high case-fatality associated with explosive outbreaks due to person-to-person transmission, have no known treatment, occur unpredictably, and have an unknown reservoir. In truth, since their initial discovery in 1967, only a handful of filoviral outbreaks have occurred, mostly in remote locations. However, the documented occurrence of secondary cases in locations far from endemic areas validates the concern that filoviruses have the potential to cause unprecedented outbreaks in the future. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Special Pathogens Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Pflieger, AK (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Special Pathogens Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS A26, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 85 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 3 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0007-1420 EI 1471-8391 J9 BRIT MED BULL JI Br. Med. Bull. PY 1998 VL 54 IS 3 BP 675 EP 692 PG 18 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 195UV UT WOS:000080271300014 PM 10326293 ER PT J AU Cunliffe, NA Kilgore, PE Bresee, JS Steele, AD Luo, N Hart, CA Glass, RI AF Cunliffe, NA Kilgore, PE Bresee, JS Steele, AD Luo, N Hart, CA Glass, RI TI Epidemiology of rotavirus diarrhoea in Africa: a review to assess the need for rotavirus immunization SO BULLETIN OF THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION LA English DT Review ID ACUTE SUMMER GASTROENTERITIS; SOUTH-AFRICA; YOUNG-CHILDREN; CHILDHOOD DIARRHEA; BLACK INFANTS; GA-RANKUWA; MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY; ENTEROPATHOGENIC AGENTS; HOSPITALIZED CHILDREN; PEDIATRIC DIARRHEA AB Rapid progress towards the development of rotavirus vaccines has prompted a reassessment of the disease burden of rotavirus diarrhoea in developing countries and the possible impact of these vaccines in reducing diarrhoeal morbidity and mortality among infants and young children. We examined the epidemiology and disease burden of rotavirus diarrhoea among hospitalized and clinic patients in African countries through a review of 43 published studies of the etiology of diarrhoea. The studies were carried out from 1975 through 1992, and only those in which a sample of more than 100 patients with diarrhoea were specifically screened for rotavirus by using an established diagnostic test were included. Rotavirus was detected in a median of 24% of children hospitalized for diarrhoea and in 23% who were treated as outpatients; 38% of the hospitalized patients with rotavirus were <6 months and 81% were <1 year of age. Rotavirus was detected year-round in nearly every country and generally exhibited distinct seasonal peaks during the dry months. In 5 countries where rotavirus strains had been G-typed, 74% of strains were of one of the four common serotypes (GI to G4), GI was the predominant serotype, and 26% were non-typeable This cumulative experience from 15 African countries suggests that rotavirus is the most important cause of severe diarrhoea in African children and that most strains in circulation today belong to common G types that are included in reassortant vaccines. Wherever large numbers of cases of rotavirus diarrhoea occur early in infancy, immunization at birth may protect the children before their first symptomatic infection. C1 CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Child Vaccine Preventable Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Viral Gastroenteritis Sect, Atlanta, GA USA. Med Univ S Africa, Dept Virol, MEDUNSA, Pretoria, South Africa. Minist Hlth, Lusaka, Zambia. Univ Liverpool, Dept Med Microbiol & Genitourinary Med, Liverpool L69 3BX, Merseyside, England. RP Glass, RI (reprint author), CDC, Mailstop G-04,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Kilgore, Paul/L-1462-2013; OI Kilgore, Paul/0000-0003-3214-4482; Cunliffe, Nigel/0000-0002-5449-4988 FU Wellcome Trust NR 117 TC 148 Z9 157 U1 0 U2 4 PU WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION PI GENEVA 27 PA DISTRIBUTION AND SALES, CH-1211 GENEVA 27, SWITZERLAND SN 0042-9686 J9 B WORLD HEALTH ORGAN JI Bull. World Health Organ. PY 1998 VL 76 IS 5 BP 525 EP 537 PG 13 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 153FQ UT WOS:000077822500014 PM 9868844 ER PT J AU Cady, B Steele, GD Morrow, M Gardner, B Smith, BL Lee, NC Lawson, HW Winchester, DP AF Cady, B Steele, GD Morrow, M Gardner, B Smith, BL Lee, NC Lawson, HW Winchester, DP TI Evaluation of common breast problems: Guidance for primary care providers SO CA-A CANCER JOURNAL FOR CLINICIANS LA English DT Article ID FINE-NEEDLE ASPIRATION; SELF-EXAMINATION; CANCER; MAMMOGRAPHY; EPIDEMIOLOGY; GUIDELINES; CYTOLOGY; LESIONS; WOMEN AB The evaluation of common breast problems requires an assessment of the patient's risks and symptoms and a thorough physical examination. When indicated, appropriate imaging studies should be done, the patient should be referred to a surgeon or a breast specialist, and operative interventions should be used. C1 Brown Univ, Providence, RI 02912 USA. Women & Infants Hosp, Breast Hlth Ctr, Providence, RI USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Med, Boston, MA USA. Univ Chicago, Pritzker Sch Med, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Univ Chicago, Div Biol Sci, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Lynn Sage Comprehens Breast Program, Chicago, IL USA. Northwestern Univ, Sch Med, Chicago, IL USA. Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, New Jersey Med Sch, Div Surg Educ, Newark, NJ 07103 USA. Dana Farber Partners CancerCare, Womens Canc Program, Boston, MA USA. Massachusetts Gen Hosp, Comprehens Breast Hlth Ctr, Boston, MA 02114 USA. Ctr Dis Control, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Canc Prevent & Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Med, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Amer Coll Surg, Canc Dept, Chicago, IL USA. Evanston NW Healthcare, Dept Surg, Evanston, IL USA. Northwestern Univ, Sch Med, Chicago, IL USA. Hlth Care Financing Adm Reg 10, Div Clin Stand & Qual, Seattle, WA USA. RP Cady, B (reprint author), Brown Univ, Providence, RI 02912 USA. NR 22 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CANCER SOC, INC PI ATLANTA PA 1599 CLIFTON RD, NE, ATLANTA, GA 30329 USA SN 0007-9235 J9 CA-CANCER J CLIN JI CA-Cancer J. Clin. PD JAN-FEB PY 1998 VL 48 IS 1 BP 49 EP + DI 10.3322/canjclin.48.1.49 PG 16 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA YR587 UT WOS:000071510200005 PM 9449933 ER PT J AU Zhu, KM Levine, RS Gu, Y Brann, EA Hall, I Caplan, LS Baum, MK AF Zhu, KM Levine, RS Gu, Y Brann, EA Hall, I Caplan, LS Baum, MK TI Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and family history of malignant tumors in a case-control study (United States) SO CANCER CAUSES & CONTROL LA English DT Article DE family history; hemotologic cancer; lymphoma; men; Non-Hodgkin's; United States ID RELATIVES; DISEASE; CANCERS; BIAS AB Using data from a case-control study in the United States (the Selected Cancers Study), we examined the relationship between non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and family history of different cancers. Cases were 1,511 men aged 31 to 59 years and diagnosed pathologically with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma during 1984-88. Controls were men, frequency-matched to cases by age range and cancer registry (n = 1,910). All study subjects with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome were excluded from analyses. Our results showed that the risk of NHL is associated with a history of lymphoma (odds ratio [OR] = 3.0, 95 percent confidence interval [CI] = 1.7-5.2) and hematologic cancer (OR = 2.0, CI = 1.2-3.4) in first-degree relatives after adjustment for age, ethnic background, and educational level. Further analyses were performed for the subgroups defined by age at diagnosis (younger than 45 years of 45 years or older). The association of NHL with a family history of lymphoma and hematologic cancer was found primarily among men aged 45 and older (OR = 4.1, CI = 1.9-8.8 for lymphoma and OR = 2.3, CI = 1.3-4.0 for hematologic cancer). The association among men aged 45 and older did not vary by whether or not there were any familial patients diagnosed at the age of 45 or older. No significant associations could be found for a family history of lung cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, colon cancer, skin cancer, liver cancer, stomach cancer, brain cancer, thyroid cancer, or myeloma. This study suggests that the familial risk of NHL is influenced primarily by hematolymphoproliferative malignancies rather than other cancers. The familial effects of hematolymphoproliferative malignancies may be stronger for men aged 45 to 59, compared with those aged 31 to 44. C1 Meharry Med Coll, Sch Med, Dept Family & Prevent Med, Nashville, TN 37208 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Miami, Sch Med, Miami, FL USA. RP Zhu, KM (reprint author), Meharry Med Coll, Sch Med, Dept Family & Prevent Med, 1005 DB Todd Jr Blvd, Nashville, TN 37208 USA. NR 25 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0957-5243 J9 CANCER CAUSE CONTROL JI Cancer Causes Control PD JAN PY 1998 VL 9 IS 1 BP 77 EP 82 DI 10.1023/A:1008853421083 PG 6 WC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA YV685 UT WOS:000071852500010 PM 9486466 ER PT J AU Dorgan, JF Sowell, A Swanson, CA Potischman, N Miller, R Schussler, N Stephenson, HE AF Dorgan, JF Sowell, A Swanson, CA Potischman, N Miller, R Schussler, N Stephenson, HE TI Relationships of serum carotenoids, retinol, alpha-tocopherol, and selenium with breast cancer risk: results from a prospective study in Columbia, Missouri (United States) SO CANCER CAUSES & CONTROL LA English DT Article DE alpha-tocopherol; breast neoplasms; carotenoids; nutrition; retinol; selenium; women; United States ID VITAMIN-E LEVELS; BETA-CAROTENE; CIGARETTE-SMOKING; SUBSEQUENT RISK; DIETARY FACTORS; NEW-YORK; ALCOHOL-CONSUMPTION; SOUTHERN FRANCE; PLASMA RETINOL; FINNISH MEN AB To evaluate relationships of serum carotenoids, alpha-tocopherol, selenium, and retinol with breast cancer prospectively, we conducted a case-control study nested in a cohort from the Breast Cancer Serum Bank in Columbia, Missouri (United States), Women free of cancer donated blood to this bank in 1977-87, During up to 9.5 years of follow-up (median = 2.7 years), 105 cases of histologically confirmed breast cancer were diagnosed, For each case, two women alive and free of cancer at the age of the case's diagnosis and matched on age and date of blood collection were selected as controls. A nonsignificant gradient of decreasing risk of breast cancer with increasing serum beta-cryptoxanthin was apparent for all women, Serum lycopene also was associated inversely with risk, and among women who donated blood at least two years before diagnosis, a significant gradient of decreasing breast cancer risk with increasing lycopene concentration was evident, A marginally significant gradient of decreasing risk with increasing serum lutein/zeaxanthin also was apparent among these women. We did not observe any evidence for protective effects of alpha- and beta-carotene, alpha-tocopherol, retinol, or selenium for breast cancer. Results of this study suggest that the carotenoids beta-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, and lutein/zeaxanthin may protect against breast cancer. C1 NCI, Div Canc Epidemiol & Genet, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Environm Hlth Lab Sci, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. Ellis Fischel Canc Ctr, Columbia, MO USA. Informat Management Serv Inc, Silver Spring, MD USA. Univ Missouri, Hlth Sci Ctr, Columbia, MO USA. RP Dorgan, JF (reprint author), NCI, Div Epidemiol & Genet, Execut Plaza N,Room 443,6130 Execut Blvd, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NR 67 TC 127 Z9 132 U1 1 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0957-5243 J9 CANCER CAUSE CONTROL JI Cancer Causes Control PD JAN PY 1998 VL 9 IS 1 BP 89 EP 97 DI 10.1023/A:1008857521992 PG 9 WC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Oncology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA YV685 UT WOS:000071852500012 PM 9486468 ER PT J AU Vogler, WR Liu, JG Volpert, O Ades, EW Bouck, N AF Vogler, WR Liu, JG Volpert, O Ades, EW Bouck, N TI The anticancer drug edelfosine is a potent inhibitor of neovascularization in vivo SO CANCER INVESTIGATION LA English DT Article ID ENDOTHELIAL-CELL LINE; ACTIVATING-FACTOR PAF; LUNG-CARCINOMA; ANGIOGENESIS; PHOSPHORYLATION; METASTASIS; GROWTH; TUMOR AB Edelfosine is an alkyl-lysophospholipid that acts as an anticancer agent in vivo. To test the hypothesis that part of its antineoplastic activity may, be due to its ability to inhibit the neovascularization on which the progressive growth of all tumors depends, we evaluated edelfosine in vitro and in vivo for antiangiogenic activity. Edelfosine acted directly on cultured capillary endothelial cells, inhibiting their migration toward the angiogenic factor, basic fibroblastic growth factor (bFGF), at doses of 8-200 nM. When given systemically to rats (20 mg/kg IP twice daily), edelfosine was well tolerated and antiangiogenic. The majority of treated animals became unable to mount a corneal neovascular response to a pellet releasing bFGF, whereas vigorous vessel ingrowth was seen in untreated controls. C1 Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Div Hematol Oncol, Atlanta, GA USA. Northwestern Univ, Sch Med, Dept Microbiol Immunol, Chicago, IL 60611 USA. Northwestern Univ, Sch Med, RH Lurie Canc Ctr, Chicago, IL USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Vogler, WR (reprint author), Atlanta Canc Care Suite 500,1100 Lake Hearn Dr, Atlanta, GA 30342 USA. RI Ades, Edwin/A-9931-2009 FU NCI NIH HHS [CA52750, CA 64329] NR 23 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0735-7907 J9 CANCER INVEST JI Cancer Invest. PY 1998 VL 16 IS 8 BP 549 EP 553 DI 10.3109/07357909809032884 PG 5 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA 142HP UT WOS:000077195000001 PM 9844614 ER PT J AU Koopmans, MPG Bijen, MHL Monroe, SS Vinje, J AF Koopmans, MPG Bijen, MHL Monroe, SS Vinje, J TI Age-stratified seroprevalence of neutralizing antibodies to astrovirus types 1 to 7 in humans in the Netherlands SO CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID VIRUS NEUTRALIZATION; SEROTYPES; CHILDREN AB Astroviruses are a new family of positive-stranded RNA viruses that cause gastroenteritis in a wide range of animals and in humans. Seven types of astrovirus, tentatively considered serotypes, have been distinguished by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) or immunoelectron microscopy, but it is unclear whether the serotype designation is used properly. To test human sera for the presence of neutralizing antibodies and to type field strains, neutralization tests (NT) using CaCo2 tissue-culture-adapted astrovirus strains 1 to 7 and the corresponding rabbit reference sera were developed. In rabbits, neutralizing antibodies were predominantly serotype specific, with the exception of low-level cross-reactivity in astrovirus serotype 4 reference serum with astrovirus serotype 1 virus. Similarly, in humans, no evidence of cross-reactivity was found for the serotype combinations tested (all except the combination 1 and 7 and the combination 6 add 7). Typing by NT was concordant with typing by ELISA and genotyping, with one exception. The seroprevalence rates of neutralizing antibodies in an age-stratified sample of the population in Utrecht Province (n = 242) were 91% for astrovirus serotype 1, 69% for astrovirus serotype 3, 56% for astrovirus serotype 4, 36% for astrovirus serotype 5, 31% for astrovirus serotype 2, 16% for astrovirus serotype 6, and 10% for astrovirus serotype 7. Acquisition of antibodies was slower among persons seropositive for astrovirus serotype 5 than among those seropositive for astrovirus serotypes 1 to 4, suggesting that the epidemiology of serotype 5 astrovirus is different from that of astrovirus serotypes 1 to 4. C1 Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm, RIVM, Res Lab Infect Dis, NL-3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral Gastroenteritis Sect, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Koopmans, MPG (reprint author), Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm, RIVM, Res Lab Infect Dis, Mailbox 17,Antoni van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, NL-3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands. EM marion.koopmans@rivm.nl OI Monroe, Stephan/0000-0002-5424-716X NR 19 TC 54 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 1071-412X J9 CLIN DIAGN LAB IMMUN JI Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 5 IS 1 BP 33 EP 37 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA YW073 UT WOS:000071893400007 PM 9455876 ER PT J AU Segurado, AAC Domingues, RB Muniz, MR Fink, MCD Marchiori, PE Scaff, M Lal, RB AF Segurado, AAC Domingues, RB Muniz, MR Fink, MCD Marchiori, PE Scaff, M Lal, RB TI Molecular detection and isolation of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) from patients with HAM/TSP in Sao Paulo, Brazil SO CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC VIROLOGY LA English DT Article DE HAM/TSP; HTLV-I; diagnosis; PCR; cell culture ID TROPICAL SPASTIC PARAPARESIS; INFECTION; MYELOPATHY; I/II AB Background: Infection with HTLV-I is etiologically linked with HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). However some patients with chronic progressive paraparesis resembling HAM/TSP have been shown to be infected with HTLV-II. Objective: To clarify the role of each of these human retroviruses in the etiology of HAM/TSP in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Study design: A detailed serological and molecular analysis of HTLV-I/II infection was performed in a cohort of 19 patients with HAM/TSP attending a neurological clinic. Results: Plasma samples analyzed for anti-HTLV-I/II antibodies using a Western blot assay, comprising HTLV-I (rgp46(I))-and HTLV-II (rgp46(II))-specific recombinant env epitopes, demonstrated reactivity to rgp46(I) and hence were typed as seropositive for HTLV-I. Presence of HTLV genomic sequences in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was sought after by PCR using consensus primers SK 110 and SK 111 for the pol region of HTLV proviral DNA followed by hybridization with type-specific probes-SK 112 (HTLV-I) and SK 188 (HTLV-II). Southern blots from all individuals hybridized with SK 112 but not with SK 188, further confirming HTLV-I infection. Cocultivation of PBMC from eight of these patients with activated lymphocytes from normal individuals resulted in active viral production, detected as presence of soluble p24(gag) antigen in culture supernatants. Investigation of risk factors for HTLV-I infection in these individuals revealed that five out of 19 patients studied (26.3%) had received blood transfusions previous to disease onset. Conclusions: We demonstrate HTLV-I as the only viral type involved in the etiology of HAM/TSP in a cohort from Sao Paulo, Brazil, and emphasize that prevention measures, including widespread routine screening of blood donations for HTLV should be conducted in Brazil. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Sao Paulo, Sch Med, Dept Infect Dis, BR-05403000 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil. Univ Sao Paulo, Sch Med, Dept Neurol, BR-05403000 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Retrovirus Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Segurado, AAC (reprint author), Univ Sao Paulo, Sch Med, Dept Infect Dis, 1st Floor,Room 33,Av Dr Eneas Carvalho Aguiar 470, BR-05403000 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil. RI Segurado, Aluisio/K-2229-2012; Fink, Maria Cristina/M-8718-2015; OI Segurado, Aluisio/0000-0002-6311-8036; Domingues, Renan/0000-0002-6058-7937 NR 23 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0928-0197 J9 CLIN DIAGN VIROL JI Clin. Diagn. Virol. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 9 IS 1 BP 17 EP 23 DI 10.1016/S0928-0197(97)10015-0 PG 7 WC Virology SC Virology GA ZB466 UT WOS:000072474800003 PM 9562854 ER PT J AU Lipman, HB Astles, JR AF Lipman, HB Astles, JR TI Quantifying the bias associated with use of discrepant analysis SO CLINICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID LIGASE CHAIN-REACTION; CHLAMYDIA-TRACHOMATIS INFECTION; DIAGNOSTIC-TESTS; SAMPLES; URINE; WOMEN; PCR AB Discrepant analysis is a widely used technique for estimating the performance parameters of a laboratory test. In discrepant analysis, each specimen is initially tested with the candidate test and a comparison method, and when the results of the two tests disagree, a confirmatory test is used to resolve the discrepancy. Discrepant analysis usually produces biased estimates. This report quantifies this bias and shows that it is usually positive, leading to overestimation of the performance parameters of a laboratory test. The direction and magnitude of the bias are predictably influenced by the analytical sensitivity and specificity of the candidate test, comparison method, and confirmatory test. The proportion of abnormal specimens tested also affects the magnitude of the bias, particularly the estimates of analytical sensitivity and positive predictive value when this proportion is low. Alternative approaches are suggested. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div lab Syst, Publ Hlth Practice Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Lipman, HB (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div lab Syst, Publ Hlth Practice Program Off, 4770 Buford Highway NE,Mailstop G25, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 12 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC CLINICAL CHEMISTRY PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 L STREET NW, SUITE 202, WASHINGTON, DC 20037-1526 USA SN 0009-9147 J9 CLIN CHEM JI Clin. Chem. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 44 IS 1 BP 108 EP 115 PG 8 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA YQ903 UT WOS:000071436000017 PM 9550567 ER PT J AU Kramer, MH Sorhage, FE Goldstein, ST Dalley, E Wahlquist, SP Herwaldt, BL AF Kramer, MH Sorhage, FE Goldstein, ST Dalley, E Wahlquist, SP Herwaldt, BL TI First reported outbreak in the united states of cryptosporidiosis associated with a recreational lake SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID SWIMMING POOL; HEALTHY-VOLUNTEERS; WATER; INFECTION; GIARDIA; PARVUM AB In the summer of 1994, an outbreak of cryptosporidiosis occurred among visitors to a state park in New Jersey. We enrolled 185 persons in a cohort study, 38 (20.5%) of whom had laboratory-confirmed cryptosporidiosis or gastrointestinal illness that met our clinical case definition. Having any exposure to lake water (e.g., swimming) was strongly associated with illness (P < .001), The outbreak lasted 4 weeks and affected an estimated 2,070 persons, The most likely sources of the outbreak were contaminated runoff of rainwater and infected bathers, This outbreak of cryptosporidiosis is the first reported to be associated with recreational exposure to lake water. Our investigation shows that even a large and ongoing outbreak may not be detected for several weeks, Health professionals and persons at high risk for severe cryptosporidiosis should be aware that recreational water can be a source of cryptosporidium infection. C1 CDC, DPD, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol Program Off, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. New Jersey Dept Hlth, Div Epidemiol Environm & Occupat Hlth Serv, Trenton, NJ USA. New Jersey Dept Hlth, Div Publ Hlth, Trenton, NJ USA. New Jersey Dept Hlth, Environm Labs, Trenton, NJ USA. RP Herwaldt, BL (reprint author), CDC, DPD, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Mailstop F-22,4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 36 TC 40 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 6 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5801 S ELLIS AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 26 IS 1 BP 27 EP 33 DI 10.1086/516271 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA YR235 UT WOS:000071474500005 PM 9455506 ER PT J AU Dworkin, MS Anderson, DE Schwan, TG Shoemaker, PC Banerjee, SN Kassen, BO Burgdorfer, W AF Dworkin, MS Anderson, DE Schwan, TG Shoemaker, PC Banerjee, SN Kassen, BO Burgdorfer, W TI Tick-borne relapsing fever in the northwestern United States and southwestern Canada SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID BORRELIA-HERMSII; LYME-DISEASE; SEROLOGICAL DISCRIMINATION; ANTIGENIC VARIATION; PROTEINS; IDENTIFICATION; CULTIVATION AB Records from 182 cases of tick-borne relapsing fever (TBRF) were reviewed. In confirmed cases, there was febrile illness, and spirochetes were identified on peripheral blood preparations, In probable cases, there were clinical features of TBRF and either the same exposure as a confirmed case or serological (indirect fluorescent antibody test and western blotting [WB]) evidence of infection with Borrelia hermsii. Sera also were tested for antibody to Borrelia burgdorferi. We identified 133 confirmed and 49 probable cases of TBRF. A jarisch-Herxheimer reaction was reported in 33 (54.1%) of 61 cases for which this information was available. Most patients who had antibodies to B. hermsii were serologically positive for B. burgdorferi, and WE demonstrated false positivity of testing for B. burgdorferi Thirty-five(21%) of 166 cases were unreported to public health authorities. In 52 cases, there were more than two relapses before the diagnosis. This study demonstrates that TBRF is underrecognized and underreported and map be falsely identified as Lyme disease. C1 Sacred Heart Med Ctr, Dept Lab Med, Spokane, WA 99220 USA. Washington State Dept Hlth, Sect Communicable Dis Epidemiol, Seattle, WA USA. Washington State Dept Hlth, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Seattle, WA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA USA. NIAID, Rocky Mt Labs, Microbial Struct & Funct Lab, Hamilton, MT 59840 USA. British Columbia Ctr Dis Control, Vector Borne Dis Lab, Vancouver, BC, Canada. Univ British Columbia, British Columbia Ctr Dis Control, Vector Borne Dis Lab, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada. Univ British Columbia, Vancouver Hosp & Hlth Sci Ctr, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1M9, Canada. RP Anderson, DE (reprint author), Sacred Heart Med Ctr, Dept Lab Med, W 101 8th Ave,TAF-C9, Spokane, WA 99220 USA. NR 45 TC 69 Z9 72 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5801 S ELLIS AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 26 IS 1 BP 122 EP 131 DI 10.1086/516273 PG 10 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA YR235 UT WOS:000071474500020 PM 9455520 ER PT J AU Scaglia, M Gatti, S Sacchi, L Corona, S Chichino, G Bernuzzi, AM Barbarini, G Croppo, GP Da Silva, AJ Pieniazek, NJ Visvesvara, GS AF Scaglia, M Gatti, S Sacchi, L Corona, S Chichino, G Bernuzzi, AM Barbarini, G Croppo, GP Da Silva, AJ Pieniazek, NJ Visvesvara, GS TI Asymptomatic respiratory tract microsporidiosis due to Encephalitozoon hellem in three patients with AIDS SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID ACQUIRED-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-SYNDROME; PATHOLOGY; INFECTION; CUNICULI; CULTURE; VIRUS AB Microsporidia of the genera Enterocytozoon and Encephalitozoon have been identified as frequent causes of intestinal and disseminated infections, respectively, in patients with AIDS, Even though most subjects infected with these protozoa develop overt disease, simple colonization without illness may occur, as we observed in three severely immunosuppressed patients with AIDS, The parasites, recognized in and isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage sediment specimens, were characterized as Encephalitozoon hellem. Colonization of the bronchial tree was temporary, and treatment with albendazole was not needed to clear the infection. C1 Univ Pavia, IRCCS San Matteo, Inst Infect Dis, Lab Clin Parasitol,Infect Dis Res Labs, I-27100 Pavia, Italy. Univ Pavia, IRCCS San Matteo, Virol Serv, Parasitol Lab, I-27100 Pavia, Italy. Univ Pavia, Dept Anim Biol, I-27100 Pavia, Italy. IRCCS San Matteo, Div Infect & Trop Dis, Pavia, Italy. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Scaglia, M (reprint author), Univ Pavia, IRCCS San Matteo, Inst Infect Dis, Lab Clin Parasitol,Infect Dis Res Labs, Viale Taramelli 5, I-27100 Pavia, Italy. NR 16 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5801 S ELLIS AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 26 IS 1 BP 174 EP 176 DI 10.1086/516264 PG 3 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA YR235 UT WOS:000071474500027 PM 9455527 ER PT J AU Bonomo, RA AF Bonomo, RA TI Mycobacterium celatum infection in a patient with AIDS SO CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Letter ID AVIUM COMPLEX C1 Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Med, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Pathol, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. W Haven Vet Affairs Med Ctr, Dept Lab Serv, Vet Affairs Reference Lab TB & Other Mycobacteria, W Haven, CT USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Bonomo, RA (reprint author), Fairhill Ctr Aging, 12200 Fairhill Rd, Cleveland, OH 44120 USA. NR 10 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5801 S ELLIS AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA SN 1058-4838 J9 CLIN INFECT DIS JI Clin. Infect. Dis. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 26 IS 1 BP 243 EP 245 DI 10.1086/517040 PG 3 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA YR235 UT WOS:000071474500077 PM 9455576 ER PT J AU Black, CM AF Black, CM TI Serological tests for Chlamydia trachomatis infections - Reply SO CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REVIEWS LA English DT Letter ID PREGNANCY C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Black, CM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0893-8512 J9 CLIN MICROBIOL REV JI Clin. Microbiol. Rev. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 11 IS 1 BP 228 EP 229 PG 2 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA YT830 UT WOS:000071649300010 ER PT B AU Craven, RB AF Craven, RB BE Geissler, E Gazso, L Buder, E TI Redirecting biological warfare capacity to international health biotechnology SO CONVERSION OF FORMER BTW FACILITIES SE NATO ADVANCED SCIENCE INSTITUTE SERIES, SUB-SERIES 1: DISARMAMENT TECHNOLOGIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Conversion of Former BTW Facilities - Development and Production of Prophylactic, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Measures for Countering Di CY NOV 05-09, 1997 CL FREDERIC JOLIOT CURIE INST RADIOBIOL & RADIOHYG, BUDAPEST, HUNGARY SP NATO, Sci Affairs Div, NATO, Environm Affairs Div HO FREDERIC JOLIOT CURIE INST RADIOBIOL & RADIOHYG C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, PHS,US Dept HHS, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. RP Craven, RB (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, PHS,US Dept HHS, POB 2087, Ft Collins, CO 80522 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 0-7923-5249-1 J9 NATO SCI S 1 DISARM PY 1998 VL 21 BP 45 EP 51 PG 3 WC Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA BM13B UT WOS:000077728600004 ER PT J AU Narayan, KMV Hoskin, M Kozak, D Kriska, AM Hanson, RL Pettitt, DJ Nagi, DK Bennett, PH Knowler, WC AF Narayan, KMV Hoskin, M Kozak, D Kriska, AM Hanson, RL Pettitt, DJ Nagi, DK Bennett, PH Knowler, WC TI Randomized clinical trial of lifestyle interventions in Pima Indians: A pilot study SO DIABETIC MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE NIDDM; obesity; prevention; diet; exercise; clinical trial ID WEIGHT-LOSS; PREFERENCES; PROGRAM; NIDDM AB A pilot trial was conducted to test adherence to specific lifestyle interventions among Pima Indians of Arizona, and to compare them for changes in risk factors for diabetes mellitus, Ninety-five obese, normoglycaemic men and women, aged 25-54 years, were randomized to treatments named 'Pima Action' (Action) and 'Pima Pride' (Pride), which were tested Sea; 12 months. Action involved structured activity and nutrition interventions, and Pride included unstructured activities emphasizing Pima history and culture, Adherence to interventions, changes in self-reported activity and diet, and changes in weight, glucose concentrations, and other risk factors were assessed regularly. Thirty-five eligible subjects who had declined randomization were also followed as an 'observational' group and 22 members of this group were examined once at a median of 25 months for changes in weight and glucose concentration. After 12 months of intervention, members of both intervention groups reported increased levels of physical activity (median: Action 7.3 h month(-1), Pride 6.3 h month(-1), p < 0.001 for each), and Pride members reported decreased starch intake (28 g, p = 0.008). Body mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, weight, 2-h glucose and 2-h insulin had all increased in Action members (p < 0.003 for each), and waist circumference had decreased in Pride members (p = 0.05). Action members gained more weight than Pride members (2.5 kg vs 0.8 kg, p = 0.06), and had a greater increase in 2-h glucose than Pride members (1.33 mM vs 0.03 mM, p = 0.007). Members of the observational group gained an average of 1.9 kg year(-1) in weight and had an increase of 0.36 mM year(-1) in 2-h glucose. Sustaining adherence in behavioural interventions over a long term was challenging. Pimas may find a less direct, less structured, and more participative intervention more acceptable than a direct and highly structured approach, (C) 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 NIDDKD, Diabet & Arthrit Epidemiol Sect, Phoenix Epidemiol & Clin Res Branch, Phoenix, AZ USA. RP Narayan, KMV (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, DDT, NCCDPHP, 4770 Buford Highway NE,Mailstop K-10, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RI Narayan, K.M. Venkat /J-9819-2012; Hanson, Robert/O-3238-2015 OI Narayan, K.M. Venkat /0000-0001-8621-5405; Hanson, Robert/0000-0002-4252-7068 NR 27 TC 58 Z9 58 U1 2 U2 7 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0742-3071 J9 DIABETIC MED JI Diabetic Med. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 15 IS 1 BP 66 EP 72 PG 7 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA YT689 UT WOS:000071632700010 PM 9472866 ER PT J AU Bellini, WJ Rota, PA AF Bellini, WJ Rota, PA TI Genetic diversity of wild-type measles viruses: Implications for global measles elimination programs SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY; IDENTIFICATION; STRAINS AB Wild-type measles viruses have been divided into distinct genetic groups according to the nucleotide sequences of their hemagglutinin and nucleoprotein genes. Most genetic groups have worldwide distribution; however, at least two of the groups appear to have a more limited circulation. To monitor the transmission pathways of measles virus, we observed the geographic distribution of genetic groups, as well as changes in them in a particular region over time. We found evidence of interruption of indigenous transmission of measles in the United States after 1993 and identified the sources of imported virus associated with cases and outbreaks after 1993. The pattern of measles genetic groups provided a means to describe measles outbreaks and assess the extent of virus circulation in a given area. We expect that molecular epidemiologic studies will become a powerful tool for evaluating strategies to control, eliminate, and eventually eradicate measles. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Bellini, WJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, MS C-22,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM wjb2@cdc.gov NR 26 TC 80 Z9 86 U1 0 U2 3 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD JAN-MAR PY 1998 VL 4 IS 1 BP 29 EP 35 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA YX165 UT WOS:000072012900005 PM 9452396 ER PT J AU Pini, NC Resa, A Laime, GD Lecot, G Ksiazek, TG Levis, S Enria, DA AF Pini, NC Resa, A Laime, GD Lecot, G Ksiazek, TG Levis, S Enria, DA TI Hantavirus infection in children in Argentina SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID PULMONARY SYNDROME AB Clinical hantavirus infection was diagnosed in five Argentine children ages 5 to 11 years by immunoglobulin M (IgM)-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using Sin Nombre virus (SNV) antigens. Death in three of the children was associated with absence of detectable IgG to SNV antigens. An additional two cases in healthy children were studied: one, a breast-fed 15-month-old whose mother died of suspected hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) 8 months previously, had hantavirus IgG (greater than or equal to 1:6400); a second, whose mother survived HPS during month three of pregnancy, apparently had maternal antibodies no longer detectable 1 year after birth. C1 Inst Nacl Enfermedades Virales Humanas Dr Julio I, Pergamino, Argentina. Hosp El Bolson, Rio Negro, Argentina. Hosp Oran, Salta, Argentina. Hosp Olavarria, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Pini, NC (reprint author), Inst Nacl Enfermedades Virales Humanas Dr Julio I, Pergamino, Argentina. NR 11 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD JAN-MAR PY 1998 VL 4 IS 1 BP 85 EP 87 PG 3 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA YX165 UT WOS:000072012900010 PM 9454562 ER PT J AU Espinoza, R Vial, P Noriega, LM Johnson, A Nichol, ST Rollin, PE Wells, R Zaki, S Reynolds, E Ksiazek, TG AF Espinoza, R Vial, P Noriega, LM Johnson, A Nichol, ST Rollin, PE Wells, R Zaki, S Reynolds, E Ksiazek, TG TI Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in a Chilean patient with recent travel in Bolivia SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID GENETIC IDENTIFICATION; DISEASE AB A case of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) was serologically confirmed in a critically ill patient in Santiago, Chile. The patient's clinical course had many similarities to that of other HPS patients in North and South America but was complicated by acute severe renal failure. The patient's history included self-reported urban and probable rural rodent exposure during travel in Bolivia. Comparison of a viral sequence from an acute-phase serum sample with other known hantaviruses showed that the hantavirus nucleic acid sequence from the patient was very similar to a virus recently isolated from rodents associated with HPS cases in Paraguay. C1 Clin Alemana Santiago, Santiago, Chile. Catholic Univ Chile, Santiago, Chile. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Espinoza, R (reprint author), Clin Alemana Santiago, Santiago, Chile. OI Wells, Rachel/0000-0002-6847-0143 NR 10 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD JAN-MAR PY 1998 VL 4 IS 1 BP 93 EP 95 PG 3 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA YX165 UT WOS:000072012900012 PM 9452401 ER PT J AU Ostrowski, SR Leslie, MJ Parrott, T Abelt, S Piercy, PE AF Ostrowski, SR Leslie, MJ Parrott, T Abelt, S Piercy, PE TI B-virus from pet macaque monkeys: An emerging threat in the United States? SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID HERPESVIRUS-SIMIAE; INFECTION; BITES AB Of primary concern when evaluating macaque bites are bacterial and B-virus infections. B-virus infection is highly prevalent (80% to 90%) in adult macaques and may cause a potentially fatal meningoencephalitis in humans. We examined seven nonoccupational exposure incidents involving 24 persons and eight macaques. Six macaques were tested for herpes B; four (67%) were seropositive. A common observation was that children were more than three times as likely to be bitten than adults. The virus must be assumed to be a potential health hazard in macaque bite wounds; this risk makes macaques unsuitable as pets. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Arizona Dept Hlth Serv, Phoenix, AZ 85007 USA. Pembroke Pk Anim Hosp, Pembroke Pk, FL USA. Lake Superior Zool Gardens, Duluth, MN USA. Illinois Dept Publ Hlth, Springfield, IL 62761 USA. RP Ostrowski, SR (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 26 TC 45 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 2 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD JAN-MAR PY 1998 VL 4 IS 1 BP 117 EP 121 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA YX165 UT WOS:000072012900017 PM 9452406 ER PT J AU Gambel, JM Shlim, DR Canas, LC Cox, NJ Regnery, HL Scott, RM Vaughn, DW Hoke, CH Kelley, PW AF Gambel, JM Shlim, DR Canas, LC Cox, NJ Regnery, HL Scott, RM Vaughn, DW Hoke, CH Kelley, PW TI Partnerships for detecting emerging infectious diseases: Nepal and global influenza surveillance SO EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Letter C1 Walter Reed Army Med Ctr, Walter Reed Army Inst Res, Washington, DC 20307 USA. CIWEC Clin, Kathmandu, Nepal. Armstrong Lab, Brooks AFB, TX 78235 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Armed Forces Res Inst Med Sci, Bangkok 10400, Thailand. RP Gambel, JM (reprint author), Walter Reed Army Med Ctr, Walter Reed Army Inst Res, Washington, DC 20307 USA. NR 8 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU CENTER DISEASE CONTROL PI ATLANTA PA ATLANTA, GA 30333 USA SN 1080-6040 J9 EMERG INFECT DIS JI Emerg. Infect. Dis PD JAN-MAR PY 1998 VL 4 IS 1 BP 128 EP 130 PG 3 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA YX165 UT WOS:000072012900022 PM 9452409 ER PT J AU Paschal, DC Ting, BG Morrow, JC Pirkle, JL Jackson, RJ Sampson, EJ Miller, DT Caldwell, KL AF Paschal, DC Ting, BG Morrow, JC Pirkle, JL Jackson, RJ Sampson, EJ Miller, DT Caldwell, KL TI Trace metals in urine of United States residents: Reference range concentrations SO ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE metals; urine; molybdenum; lead; thallium ID PLASMA-MASS-SPECTROMETRY; BLOOD AB We measured 13 metals in the urine of 496 United States residents to establish reference range concentrations using inductively coupled argon plasma mass spectrometry and Zeeman graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. We frequently found 8 of these analytes at detectable concentrations in urine specimens: molybdenum (in 99.8%); lead (98.8%); tin (89%); thallium (77%); antimony (73.5%); manganese (73%); cesium (71%); tungsten (70%); and platinum (69.7%). The 95th percentile concentration for molybdenum was 168 mu g/L; concentrations ranged up to 688 mu g/L. Lead concentrations ranged up to 67 mu g/L, and the 95th upper percentile was 6.4 mu g/L. Tin had 95th upper percentile of 20.1 mu g/L. Other analytes measured at detectable concentrations included barium (in 67% of the specimens); beryllium (67%); chromium (54%); thorium (44%); and cobalt (43%). In almost every case, the 95th upper percentiles of these analytes were less than 15 mu g/L. (C) 1998 Academic Press. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Environm Hlth Lab Sci, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Paschal, DC (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Environm Hlth Lab Sci, 4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RI Caldwell, Kathleen/B-1595-2009 NR 13 TC 99 Z9 101 U1 2 U2 16 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0013-9351 J9 ENVIRON RES JI Environ. Res. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 76 IS 1 BP 53 EP 59 DI 10.1006/enrs.1997.3793 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA YV941 UT WOS:000071879800006 PM 9466897 ER PT J AU Scanlon, KS Ferencz, C Loffredo, CA Wilson, PD Correa-Villasenor, A Khoury, MJ Willett, WC AF Scanlon, KS Ferencz, C Loffredo, CA Wilson, PD Correa-Villasenor, A Khoury, MJ Willett, WC CA Baltimore-Washington Infant Study Grp TI Preconceptional folate intake and malformations of the cardiac outflow tract SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE folate; folic acid; multivitamin supplements; conotruncal defects; cardiac outflow tract defects; cardiovascular malformations ID NEURAL-TUBE DEFECTS; FOLIC-ACID SUPPLEMENTATION; CONOTRUNCAL HEART-DEFECTS; PERICONCEPTIONAL USE; DIETARY-FOLATE; PREVENTION; RISK; MULTIVITAMINS AB We compared cases with outflow tract defects (N = 126) with controls representative of che same birth cohort (N = 679). Infants with clinically recognized syndromes were excluded. Daily total maternal folate intake of greater than or equal to 245 mu g was inversely related to risk of cardiac outflow tract defects among chose with transposition (odds ratio estimates: 0.65, 0.78, and 0.76 with increasing quartile of daily folate intake), but positively related among those with normally related vessels (corresponding odds ratio estimates: 1.18, 1.59, and 1.66). This difference disappeared when maternal intake of supplemental folic acid of greater than or equal to 400 mu g compared with <400 mu g was considered, excluding dietary intake [odds ratio (OR) = 1.04; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.5-2.2 for infants with transposition,and OR = 0.91; 95% CI = 0.5-1.8 for those without transposition of the great arteries]. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr & Phys Act, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Birth Defects & Dev Disabil, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Dept Epidemiol & Prevent Med, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Baltimore, MD USA. Harvard Univ, Brigham & Womens Hosp, Sch Med, Channing Lab, Boston, MA 02115 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Nutr, Boston, MA 02115 USA. RP Scanlon, KS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Nutr & Phys Act, K-25,4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. FU NHLBI NIH HHS [R-37 HL25629] NR 20 TC 74 Z9 76 U1 0 U2 4 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JAN PY 1998 VL 9 IS 1 BP 95 EP 98 DI 10.1097/00001648-199801000-00019 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA YM685 UT WOS:000071089500020 PM 9430276 ER PT J AU Shapiro, JA Weiss, NS Beresford, SAA Voigt, LF AF Shapiro, JA Weiss, NS Beresford, SAA Voigt, LF TI Menopausal hormone use and endometrial cancer, by tumor grade and invasion SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE case-control studies; estrogen replacement therapy; progestational hormones; endometrial neoplasms ID REPLACEMENT THERAPY; RISK-FACTORS; STAGE-I AB We analyzed data from a population based case-control study to investigate whether combined hormone replacement therapy influences the incidence of high-grade and -stage endometrial cancer. Subjects were women with epithelial endometrial cancer (N = 730) diagnosed during 1985-1991 and controls identified through random digit dialing (N = 1,002). Relative to hormone nonusers, women who took unopposed estrogens (mostly conjugated estrogens) for 3 or more years had a fivefold increase in the risk of tumors with myometrial invasion; the corresponding relative risk associated with combined therapy (estrogen and cyclic or continuous progestogen) for 3 or more years was only 1.3 (95% confidence interval = 0.8-2.2). We found a similar pattern of association for high-grade tumors. C1 Univ Washington, Fred Hutchinson Canc Res Ctr, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Publ Hlth & Community Med, Dept Epidemiol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Shapiro, JA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, NCCDPHP, DCPC, Mailstop K-55,4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [N01-CN-05230, R01 CA47749, R35 CA39779] NR 9 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JAN PY 1998 VL 9 IS 1 BP 99 EP 101 DI 10.1097/00001648-199801000-00020 PG 3 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA YM685 UT WOS:000071089500021 PM 9430277 ER PT J AU Caspersen, CJ Nixon, PA DuRant, RH AF Caspersen, CJ Nixon, PA DuRant, RH TI Physical activity epidemiology applied to children and adolescents SO EXERCISE AND SPORT SCIENCES REVIEWS, VOLUME 28, 1998 SE EXERCISE AND SPORT SCIENCES REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID DISEASE RISK-FACTORS; BONE-MINERAL DENSITY; WHITE MALE-ADOLESCENTS; SCHOOL-AGED CHILDREN; BLOOD-PRESSURE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; SERUM-LIPIDS; SPORTS INJURIES; YOUNG-ADULTS; CALCIUM INTAKE C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Nutr & Phys Activ, Phys Activ & Hlth Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Pediat, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA. Wake Forest Univ, Sch Med, Brenner Childrens Hosp, Dept Pediat, Winston Salem, NC 27109 USA. RP Caspersen, CJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Nutr & Phys Activ, Phys Activ & Hlth Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RI Caspersen, Carl/B-2494-2009 NR 204 TC 66 Z9 66 U1 3 U2 5 PU WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI BALTIMORE PA 351 WEST CAMDEN ST, BALTIMORE, MD 21201-2436 USA SN 0024-9890 J9 EXERCISE SPORT SCI R PY 1998 VL 26 BP 341 EP 403 PG 63 WC Physiology; Sport Sciences SC Physiology; Sport Sciences GA BL03Z UT WOS:000074109600013 PM 9696995 ER PT J AU Williamson, DF AF Williamson, DF TI Weight loss and mortality in persons with type-2 diabetes mellitus: a review of the epidemiological evidence SO EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & DIABETES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 31st Deidesheimer Gesprach Symposium on Obesity - the Threat Ahead CY APR 26, 1997 CL DEIDESHEIM, GERMANY SP Knoll DE diabetes mellitus; epidemiological studies; mortality; pre-existing illness; weight loss ID RISK FACTOR; WOMEN; OBESITY; POPULATION; DISEASE; SAMPLE; ADULTS; GAIN AB Six epidemiological studies of weight loss and mortality in persons with diabetes are reviewed in this paper. One study found no relationship between weight loss and mortality, one study (published as an abstract) found that weight loss was associated with reduced mortality, and in two studies the results were mixed: in some groups weight loss was associated with increased mortality and in other subgroups weight loss was associated with reduced mortality. The most appropriate interpretation from this group of studies is that the relationship between weight loss and mortality in persons with diabetes is equivocal. None of these studies were designed to experimentally test the hypothesis that intentional weight loss increases survival in persons with diabetes. Because weight loss was not randomly assigned to the study participants, and because the reasons that the participants lost weight are not made clear, we can only conjecture about the potential confounding role that underlying illness plays in accounting for these results. In addition, the epidemiological evidence suggests that persons with diabetes are more likely than non-diabetics to experience both intentional and unintentional weight loss. This fact makes it especially difficult to cleanly separate the potentially opposing effects of intentional and unintentional weight loss in observational studies. Because of the important limitations and inconsistencies in the results of the studies reviewed here, the clinical community is left with little guidance on the relative role that intentional weight loss should play in the care of persons with diabetes, compared with better established treatments. Although better designed observational epidemiological studies are needed the best test of the hypothesis that weight loss improves survival in persons with diabetes will come from randomised controlled trials. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Diabet Translat K10, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Williamson, DF (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Diabet Translat K10, 4770 Burford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 23 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU JOHANN AMBROSIUS BARTH VERLAG PI HEIDELBERG PA IM WEIHER 10, D-69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 0947-7349 J9 EXP CLIN ENDOCR DIAB JI Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabet. PY 1998 VL 106 SU 2 BP 14 EP 20 PG 7 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 124WG UT WOS:000076205300008 PM 9792476 ER PT J AU Ashley, K Hunter, M Tait, LH Dozier, J Seaman, JL Berry, PF AF Ashley, K Hunter, M Tait, LH Dozier, J Seaman, JL Berry, PF TI Field investigation of on-site techniques for the measurement of lead in paint films SO FIELD ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE lead; paint; spot test kit; x-ray fluorescence; ultrasonic extraction; anodic stripping voltammetry ID SPECTROSCOPY AB Representative technologies from each of three different field measurement techniques for lead in paint: chemical spot test kits; portable x-ray fluorescence (XRF), and anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) following ultrasonic extraction, were tested on site at buildings of a university in Florida. Nearly 200 paint films were tested for lead in situ with the use of a portable XRF instrument and a rhodizonate-based chemical spot test kit. Paint films were tested on four different substrate surfaces: plaster, brick, metal, and wood. Paint samples were then removed, ground, and tested for lead content (ex situ) by portable XRF and ASV following ultrasonic extraction in a diluted nitric acid solution. Lead measurement results from each of the three field techniques were compared to lead concentrations determined by atomic spectrometry in duplicate split samples of each paint film. The results suggest that the rhodizonate spot test kit and in situ portable XRF can be used for screening for the presence of lead-containing paint. The data further suggest that ex situ lead determination by on-site, ultrasonic extraction/portable ASV and ex situ portable XRF are feasible. The results demonstrate the performance of each portable method in a real-world field situation. (C) 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. C1 NIOSH, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, US DHHS, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. HybriVet Syst, Framingham, MA 01701 USA. Environm Resource Consultants, Tampa, FL 33623 USA. J&L Environm Serv, Elfers, FL 34680 USA. TN Technol, Round Rock, TX 78680 USA. RP Ashley, K (reprint author), NIOSH, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, US DHHS, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RI Ashley, Kevin/C-9005-2011 NR 29 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 12 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 1086-900X J9 FIELD ANAL CHEM TECH JI Field Anal. Chem. Technol. PY 1998 VL 2 IS 1 BP 39 EP 50 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6521(1998)2:1<39::AID-FACT5>3.0.CO;2-9 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Instruments & Instrumentation GA ZH438 UT WOS:000073109100005 ER PT J AU Steinberg, KK Pernarelli, JM Marcus, M Khoury, MJ Schildkraut, JM Marchbanks, PA AF Steinberg, KK Pernarelli, JM Marcus, M Khoury, MJ Schildkraut, JM Marchbanks, PA TI Increased risk for familial ovarian cancer among Jewish women: A population-based case-control study SO GENETIC EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ovarian cancer; Jewish women; familial; hereditary; incidence; risk ID BREAST-CANCER; ORAL-CONTRACEPTIVES; CARRIER FREQUENCY; BRCA1 MUTATIONS; INDIVIDUALS; AGE AB Jewish women have been reported to have a higher risk for familial breast cancer than non-Jewish women and to be more likely to carry mutations in breast cancer genes such as BRCA1. Because BRCA1 mutations also increase women's risk for ovarian cancer, we asked whether Jewish women are at higher risk for familial ovarian cancer than non-Jewish women. To determine the effects of 1) Jewish religion and 2) ovarian cancer in a first-degree relative on women's risk for epithelial ovarian cancer, we used data from a population-based, case-control study conducted in 8 geographic regions in the United States from 1980 through 1982. The study group included 471 cases and 4,025 controls. Jewish women were more likely to have familial ovarian cancer than non-Jewish women [odds ratio (OR) = 8.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.6-28]. The risk of having ovarian cancer appeared to be greater in Jewish women having a first-degree relative with ovarian cancer (OR = 8.81, 95% CI = 2.02-38.23) than in non Jewish women having a first-degree relative with ovarian cancer (OR = 3.01, 95% CI = 1.61-5.64), but differences between Jewish and non-Jewish women were not statistically significant. Jewish women with no first-degree relative with ovarian cancer had no increased risk for ovarian cancer (OR = 1.27, 95% CI = 0.74-2.91) compared to non-Jewish women. These results suggest that Jewish women may have a higher rate of familial ovarian cancer than non-Jewish women, but because the results are based on a small number of Jewish women with familial ovarian cancer. the results need to be confirmed in larger studies. (C) 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA USA. Emory Univ, Rollins Sch Publ Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Duke Univ, Med Ctr, Durham, NC USA. RP Steinberg, KK (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, MS-F24,4770 Buford Highway, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. FU NICHD NIH HHS [3-Y01-HD-8-1037] NR 25 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0741-0395 J9 GENET EPIDEMIOL JI Genet. Epidemiol. PY 1998 VL 15 IS 1 BP 51 EP 59 PG 9 WC Genetics & Heredity; Mathematical & Computational Biology SC Genetics & Heredity; Mathematical & Computational Biology GA YY648 UT WOS:000072169500004 PM 9523210 ER PT J AU Gerrish, PJ Lenski, RE AF Gerrish, PJ Lenski, RE TI The fate of competing beneficial mutations in an asexual population SO GENETICA LA English DT Article DE asexual population dynamics; beneficial mutations; fixation probability; clonal interference; substitution rate ID NATURAL-SELECTION; EVOLUTION; FIXATION; PROBABILITY; ENVIRONMENT; ADAPTATION; LOCI; SEX AB In sexual populations, beneficial mutations that occur in different lineages may be recombined into a single lineage. In asexual populations, however, clones that carry such alternative beneficial mutations compete with one another and, thereby, interfere with the expected progression of a given mutation to fixation. From theoretical exploration of such 'clonal interference', we have derived (1) a fixation probability for beneficial mutations, (2) an expected substitution rate, (3) an expected coefficient of selection for realized substitutions, (4) an expected rate of fitness increase, (5) the probability that a beneficial mutation transiently achieves polymorphic frequency (greater than or equal to 1%), and (6) the probability that a beneficial mutation transiently achieves majority status. Based on (2) and (3), we were able to estimate the beneficial mutation rate and the distribution of mutational effects from changes in mean fitness in an evolving E. coli population. C1 Michigan State Univ, Ctr Microbial Ecol, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP Gerrish, PJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM pegz@cdc.gov OI Gerrish, Philip/0000-0001-6393-0553; Lenski, Richard/0000-0002-1064-8375 NR 31 TC 458 Z9 461 U1 3 U2 57 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0016-6707 J9 GENETICA JI Genetica PY 1998 VL 102-3 SI SI BP 127 EP 144 DI 10.1023/A:1017067816551 PG 18 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 110WQ UT WOS:000075404900013 PM 9720276 ER PT J AU Evatt, BL AF Evatt, BL TI Public health and international health-care development for persons with haemophilia: Operation Improvement and Operation Access SO HAEMOPHILIA LA English DT Article ID HEMOPHILIA-CARE C1 Ctr Dis Control, Hematol Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Evatt, BL (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control, Hematol Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 8 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1351-8216 J9 HAEMOPHILIA JI Haemophilia PY 1998 VL 4 SU 2 BP 54 EP 58 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2516.1998.0040s2054.x PG 5 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA 118NA UT WOS:000075843500010 PM 9873897 ER PT J AU Levine, M Rickles, FR AF Levine, M Rickles, FR TI Treatment of venous thromboembolism in cancer patients SO HAEMOSTASIS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Symposium on the Mechanisms, Prophylaxis and Treatment of Thromboembolic Diseases CY JUN 12-13, 1998 CL CANNES, FRANCE DE low-molecular-weight heparin; venous thromboembolism; deep vein thrombosis; cancer ID MOLECULAR-WEIGHT HEPARIN; DEEP-VEIN THROMBOSIS; UNFRACTIONATED HEPARIN; THERAPY AB The occurrence of venous thromboembolism complicates the management of the patient with malignant disease because of the need for anticoagulant therapy. Cancer patients have an ongoing thrombotic stimulus due to the underlying cancer and its associated treatments, but are also considered to be at increased risk for anticoagulant-related bleeding. In recent years, the results of clinical trials have demonstrated the safety and efficacy of bodyweight-adjusted subcutaneous low-molecular-weight heparin administered at home for patients with acute deep vein thrombosis, This approach is particularly attractive in patients with cancer, in whom quality of life is an important consideration. There are no trials to date which specifically address the question of the duration of oral anticoagulant therapy in cancer patients. However, data can be extrapolated from trials evaluating the duration of oral anticoagulant therapy in other high-risk patients, Hence, cancer patients should continue oral anticoagulant therapy for as long the cancer remains active (usually at least 6 months). There remain a number of unanswered questions regarding the clinical management of thromboembolism in the cancer patient. C1 Canc Care Ontario, Hamilton Reg Canc Ctr, Dept Med, Hamilton, ON L8V 5C2, Canada. McMaster Univ, Dept Med, Hamilton, ON, Canada. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hematol Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Levine, M (reprint author), Canc Care Ontario, Hamilton Reg Canc Ctr, Dept Med, 699 Concession St, Hamilton, ON L8V 5C2, Canada. NR 17 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU KARGER PI BASEL PA ALLSCHWILERSTRASSE 10, CH-4009 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 0301-0147 J9 HAEMOSTASIS JI Haemostasis PY 1998 VL 28 SU 3 BP 66 EP 70 PG 5 WC Hematology SC Hematology GA 163GL UT WOS:000078396000010 PM 10069764 ER PT J AU Sondik, EJ Hunter, EL AF Sondik, EJ Hunter, EL TI National data experts on access measures SO HEALTH AFFAIRS LA English DT Article C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, CDC, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. RP Sondik, EJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, CDC, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU PROJECT HOPE PI BETHESDA PA 7500 OLD GEORGETOWN RD, STE 600, BETHESDA, MD 20814-6133 USA SN 0278-2715 J9 HEALTH AFFAIR JI Health Aff. PD JAN-FEB PY 1998 VL 17 IS 1 BP 189 EP 190 DI 10.1377/hlthaff.17.1.189 PG 2 WC Health Care Sciences & Services; Health Policy & Services SC Health Care Sciences & Services GA YY811 UT WOS:000072187800024 PM 9455031 ER PT J AU Hornung, RW Deddens, JA Roscoe, RJ AF Hornung, RW Deddens, JA Roscoe, RJ TI Modifiers of lung cancer risk in uranium miners from the Colorado Plateau SO HEALTH PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE radon; uranium; cancer; lungs, human ID UNITED-STATES; REGRESSION-MODELS; RADON DAUGHTERS; DOSE-RATE; MORTALITY; EXPOSURE; PROGENY; ERRORS AB Given the scientific consensus that exposure to radon decay products causes lung cancer, most recent studies have focused on the nature of the exposure-response relationship, Since residential radon exposure is now a primary public health issue, a better understanding of the effects of low levels of radon as well as factors modifying risk estimates has become very important, Several factors are shown to affect risk estimates in the latest update of the vital status follow-up (through 1990) and smoking history for the cohort of underground uranium miners in the Colorado Plateau, This analysis confirms earlier results indicating a strong dependence of relative risk estimates upon attained age, Quantitative estimates of relative risk as a function of cumulative exposure to radon decay products (WLM) are provided for three age strata. The non-linearity often reported in the Colorado Plateau data is shown to be at least partially due to an inverse exposure-rate effect, i.e., low exposure rates for long periods are more hazardous than equivalent cumulative exposure received at higher rates for shorter periods of time, However, this effect is shown to diminish at lower exposure rates and cumulative exposures, In addition, use of the new smoking data indicates that the radon/smoking interaction is sub-multiplicative and may depend upon attained age. C1 Univ Cincinnati, Inst Hlth Policy & Hlth Serv Res, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA. NIOSH, Div Surveillance Hazard Evaluat & Field Studies, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Dept Math Sci, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. RP Hornung, RW (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Inst Hlth Policy & Hlth Serv Res, POB 670840, Cincinnati, OH 45267 USA. NR 26 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 1 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0017-9078 EI 1538-5159 J9 HEALTH PHYS JI Health Phys. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 74 IS 1 BP 12 EP 21 DI 10.1097/00004032-199801000-00002 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA YM718 UT WOS:000071093900003 PM 9415577 ER PT J AU Vara, JAR Lu, JJ da Silva, AJ Montone, KT Pieniazek, NJ Lee, CH Perez, L Steficek, BA Dunstan, RW Craft, D Watson, GL AF Vara, JAR Lu, JJ da Silva, AJ Montone, KT Pieniazek, NJ Lee, CH Perez, L Steficek, BA Dunstan, RW Craft, D Watson, GL TI Characterization of natural occurring Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in pigs by histopathology, electron microscopy, in situ hybridization and PCR amplification SO HISTOLOGY AND HISTOPATHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Pneumocystis carinii; pneumonia; electron microscope; ISH; PCR ID RIBOSOMAL-RNA SEQUENCES; DNA AMPLIFICATION; INFECT HUMANS; STRAINS; FOALS; DOGS AB Macroscopic, histologic, ultrastructural, microbiologic, in situ hybridization (ISH) and PCR detection results in three 8-week-old pigs naturally infected with Pneumocystis carinii (PC) are described. All animals had a nonsuppurative interstitial pneumonia and intra-alveolar Pneumocystis organisms with foamy eosinophilic and PAS positive appearance. Ultrastructurally, PC trophozoites and cysts were observed in pigs No. 2 and No. 3, with the former being much more numerous. PC organisms were located on the alveolar surface or within the alveolar septa. Trophozoites had numerous-filopodia and were thin-walled. Cysts had no or few filopodia, were thick-walled and contained intracystic bodies. Using non-isotopic ISH on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded lung tissue sections, PC DNA from pigs No. 2 and No. 3 hybridized with a probe specific for PC ribosomal PNA (rRNA). Using primers specific for mitochondrial rRNA gene (pAZ102-E/pAZ102-H), and for the internal transcriber spacers of ribosomal gene of PC, PCR methods amplified a product in the lung of pigs No. 2 and No. 3 using either frozen or formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded lung tissue. DNA from Pig No. 1 samples did not amplify with any primer. This is the first time that molecular biology techniques (in situ hybridization and PCR) have been applied to the study of porcine pneumocystosis. C1 Michigan State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Anim Hlth Diagnost Lab, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Tri Serv Gen Hosp, Dept Pathol, Taipei, Taiwan. Indiana Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, Indianapolis, IN USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Univ Penn, Med Ctr, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Pathol, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP Vara, JAR (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Coll Vet Med, Anim Hlth Diagnost Lab, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. NR 31 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 1 PU F HERNANDEZ PI MURCIA PA PLAZA FUENSANTA 2-7 C, 30008 MURCIA, SPAIN SN 0213-3911 EI 1699-5848 J9 HISTOL HISTOPATHOL JI Histol. Histopath. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 13 IS 1 BP 129 EP 136 PG 8 WC Cell Biology; Pathology SC Cell Biology; Pathology GA YN926 UT WOS:000071222600016 ER PT J AU Jason, J Montana, E Donald, JF Seidman, M Inge, KL Campbell, R AF Jason, J Montana, E Donald, JF Seidman, M Inge, KL Campbell, R TI Kawasaki disease and the T-cell antigen receptor SO HUMAN IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INTRAVENOUS GAMMA-GLOBULIN; V-BETA REPERTOIRE; MONOZYGOTIC TWINS; VARIABLE REGIONS; CLONAL EXPANSION; LYMPHOCYTES; VIRUS; OLIGOCLONALITY; ANEURYSMS; V-BETA-2 AB We investigated the evidence for an infectious etiology of Kawasaki disease (KD), an acute vasculitis of unknown etiology, by assessing the effects of KD on the T cell antigen receptor variable beta region families (vp) Using 3-color flow cytometry, we studied KD patients pre-and post-intravenous gamma globulin (IVIG) therapy and at >40 days post therapy, additionally comparing them to marched pediatric control patients (PCC) and their own healthy parents (one parent/KD child). Of all the vp families examined, only V(beta)2 exhibited statistically significant differences, between the pre- and post-IVIG samples and preIVIG and parent samples. No associations were found between V(beta)2 findings and T cell memory, activation, or adhesion markers. For 2 KD patients, 4 parents, and 1 PCC participant, >15% of resting CD8+ lymphocytes and >15% of blastic CD8+ lymphocytes expressed a single VP family, which varied by individual, without similar expansions in the CD4+ cell populations. One of the participants with this abnormality was the only one with significant cardiac abnormalities. For all participants with the VP abnormality, other T-cell abnormalities were extensive and involved both CD4+ and CD8+ cells. We suggest that V(beta)2 changes do occur in KD, as previously reported. However, these may not be involved in disease pathogenesis. Other VP changes also occur. Those occurring in parents may reflect asymptomatic reinfection with an infectious agent causing KD. Further, some KD patients may have restricted cytotoxic T-cell responses to that as yet unidentified agent; this restricted response may be associated with more severe cardiac involvement. Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Immunol Branch,Publ Hlth Serv, Div HIV Sexually Transmitted Dis & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis,Dept Hlth & Human Serv, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Emory Univ, Egleston Childrens Hosp, Childrens Heart Ctr, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RP Jason, J (reprint author), CDC, Immunol Branch, DASTLR, NCID, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 44 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0198-8859 J9 HUM IMMUNOL JI Hum. Immunol. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 59 IS 1 BP 29 EP 38 DI 10.1016/S0198-8859(97)00233-4 PG 10 WC Immunology SC Immunology GA YZ393 UT WOS:000072249900004 PM 9544237 ER PT J AU Kesner, JS Knecht, EA Krieg, EF Wilcox, AJ O'Connor, JF AF Kesner, JS Knecht, EA Krieg, EF Wilcox, AJ O'Connor, JF TI Detecting pre-ovulatory luteinizing hormone surges in urine SO HUMAN REPRODUCTION LA English DT Article DE creatinine; epidemiology; menstrual cycle; two-site immunofluorometric assay; women ID FOLLICLE-STIMULATING-HORMONE; RESOLVED IMMUNOFLUOROMETRIC ASSAYS; HUMAN CHORIONIC-GONADOTROPIN; PROGESTERONE METABOLITES; REPRODUCTIVE HORMONES; ENZYME-IMMUNOASSAY; IMMUNOMETRIC ASSAY; SERUM ESTRADIOL; EARLY FETAL; WOMEN AB The study objectives were to determine (i) if pre-ovulatory luteinizing hormone (LH) surges, undetected in urine by two immunoradiometric assays (IRMA), were detectable by an ultrasensitive immunofluorometric assay (IFMA) and (ii) the influence of creatinine adjustment on the detection and timing of the urinary LH surges, Daily urine specimens were contributed by healthy 25-36 year old volunteers during 14 ovulatory menstrual cycles for an epidemiological study conducted in 1983-1985, Specimens were selected as having been previously assayed by two IRMA without consistently detecting LH surges, These urine specimens were remeasured using an IFMA and adjusted for creatinine concentration, IFMA measurements revealed unambiguous LH surges in all cycles, Adjusting IRMA urinary LH values for creatinine concentrations revealed previously undetected LH surges in four of eight cycles, Creatinine adjustment also altered the timing of IRMA and IFMA LH surges by 1-5 days, These results demonstrate an IFMA that detects pre-ovulatory LH surges in unpreserved, frozen urine from cycles where such surges were previously undetectable, Further, creatinine adjustment can markedly affect detection and timing of the onset and peak of the urinary LH surge, While our analysis suggests that this adjustment improves the validity of the LH measure, this requires further investigation. C1 NIOSH, Expt Toxicol Branch, Div Biomed & Behav Sci, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NIOSH, Stat Act, Div Biomed & Behav Sci, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NIEHS, Epidemiol Branch, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. Columbia Univ Coll Phys & Surg, Irving Ctr Clin Res, New York, NY 10032 USA. RP Kesner, JS (reprint author), NIOSH, Expt Toxicol Branch, Div Biomed & Behav Sci, 4676 Columbia Pkwy,MS-C23, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. OI Wilcox, Allen/0000-0002-3376-1311 NR 38 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 0 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0268-1161 J9 HUM REPROD JI Hum. Reprod. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 13 IS 1 BP 15 EP 21 DI 10.1093/humrep/13.1.15 PG 7 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology; Reproductive Biology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology; Reproductive Biology GA ZA740 UT WOS:000072396100005 PM 9512221 ER PT J AU Toraason, M Richards, DE Mathias, PI AF Toraason, M Richards, DE Mathias, PI TI Ca2+ mobilization in fetal-human cardiac myocytes is stimulated by isoproterenol and inhibited by ryanodine SO IN VITRO CELLULAR & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY-ANIMAL LA English DT Letter ID SARCOPLASMIC-RETICULUM FUNCTION; RAT VENTRICULAR MYOCYTES; HUMAN ATRIAL MYOCYTES; INDICATORS; DEPRESSION; TRANSIENT; CULTURE; MUSCLE; HEART; CELLS C1 NIOSH, Cellular Toxicol Sect, Expt Toxicol Branch, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. RP Toraason, M (reprint author), NIOSH, Cellular Toxicol Sect, Expt Toxicol Branch, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, 4676 Columbia Pkwy, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. NR 22 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC IN VITRO BIOLOGY PI LARGO PA 9315 LARGO DR WEST, STE 25, LARGO, MD 20774 USA SN 1071-2690 J9 IN VITRO CELL DEV-AN JI In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol.-Anim. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 34 IS 1 BP 19 EP 21 PG 3 WC Cell Biology; Developmental Biology SC Cell Biology; Developmental Biology GA YV971 UT WOS:000071882800006 PM 9542628 ER PT J AU Cookson, ST Ihrig, M O'Mara, EM Denny, M Volk, H Banerjee, SN Hartstein, AI Jarvis, WR AF Cookson, ST Ihrig, M O'Mara, EM Denny, M Volk, H Banerjee, SN Hartstein, AI Jarvis, WR TI Increased bloodstream infection rates in surgical patients associated with variation from recommended use and care following implementation of a needleless device SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article AB OBJECTIVE: To determine if an apparent increase in bloodstream infections (BSIs) in patients with central venous catheters (CVCs) was associated with the implementation of a needleless access device. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study using a derived CVC-days factor for estimating appropriate denominator data. SETTING: A 350-bed urban, acute, tertiary-care hospital. METHODS: BSI surveillance data were obtained, and high-risk areas for BSIs were determined. A random 5% sample of medical records was used to estimate CVC days, and a cohort study was conducted to compare BSI rates before and during needleless device use. A survey was conducted of nursing needleless-device practices. RESULTS: The surgical intensive-care unit (SICU), the medical intensive-care unit, and the solid organ transplant unit (OTU) were identified as high-risk units. Using existing surveillance BSI data and the estimated CVC days, the catheter-related BSI rates in the high-risk surgical patients were significantly higher during the needleless-device period compared with the preneedleless-device period (SICU, 9.4 vs 5.0/1,000 CVC days; OTU, 13.6 vs 2.2/1,000 CVC days). A survey of the nurses revealed that 60% to 70% were maintaining the needleless devices correctly. CONCLUSION: We observed a significant increase in the BSI rate in two surgical units, SICU and OTU, associated with introduction of a needleless device. This increase occurred shortly after the needleless device was implemented and was associated with nurses' unfamiliarity with the device, and needless-device use and care practices different from the manufacturer's recommendations. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Indiana Univ, Dept Med, Div Infect Dis, Indianapolis, IN USA. Indiana Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Infect Control Epidemiol, Indianapolis, IN USA. RP Jarvis, WR (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, Mailstop E69,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 8 TC 48 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 1 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 USA SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 19 IS 1 BP 23 EP 27 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA YU520 UT WOS:000071726100004 PM 9475345 ER PT J AU Cookson, ST Ihrig, M O'Mara, EM Hartstein, AI Jarvis, WR AF Cookson, ST Ihrig, M O'Mara, EM Hartstein, AI Jarvis, WR TI Use of an estimation method to derive an appropriate denominator to calculate central venous catheter-associated bloodstream infection rates SO INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article AB An outbreak investigation was conducted to determine if an increase in bloodstream infections (BSIs) in patients with central venous catheters (CVC) had occurred. Because other methods of obtaining CVC days were not feasible, we used an estimation method based on a random 5% sample of medical records to determine the proportion of days that a CVC was present for each of three patient units. This calculated ratio was used to estimate the total CVC days for each unit. A cohort study was conducted in which the BSI rates before and during needleless device use were compared. This article describes the methods used to calculate this estimated denominator and discusses the need for such a denominator to be used by infection control practitioners when prospective collection of CVC days is not possible. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Indiana Univ, Sch Med, Dept Med, Div Infect Dis, Indianapolis, IN USA. Indiana State Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Infect Control Epidemiol, Indianapolis, IN USA. RP Jarvis, WR (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, Mailstop E-69,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 5 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 USA SN 0899-823X J9 INFECT CONT HOSP EP JI Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 19 IS 1 BP 28 EP 31 PG 4 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases GA YU520 UT WOS:000071726100005 PM 9475346 ER PT J AU Schoenfeld, S Carney, JK Hansen, E Cameron, R Celotti, MJ AF Schoenfeld, S Carney, JK Hansen, E Cameron, R Celotti, MJ TI Pertussis outbreak - Vermont, 1996 (Reprinted from MMWR, vol 46, pg 822-826, 1997) SO INFECTIONS IN MEDICINE LA English DT Reprint DE pertussis; Chlamydia trachomatis C1 Vermont Dept Hlth, Montpelier, VT 05602 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Childhood Vaccine Preventable Dis Br, Epidemiol & Surveillance Div, Natl Immunizat Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Schoenfeld, S (reprint author), Vermont Dept Hlth, Montpelier, VT 05602 USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU SCP COMMUNICATIONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 134 W 29TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10001-5304 USA SN 0749-6524 J9 INFECT MED JI Infect. Med. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 15 IS 1 BP 60 EP 62 PG 3 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA YU215 UT WOS:000071693800011 ER PT J AU Davis, MK AF Davis, MK TI Review of the evidence for an association between infant feeding and childhood cancer SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Nutritional Morbidity in Children with Cancer: Mechanisms, Measures & Management CY NOV 13-15, 1997 CL PUEBLA, MEXICO SP Int Union Against Canc ID LEUKEMIA; LYMPHOMA; DEATHS; MILK; RISK AB To assess the association between infant feeding and childhood cancer, a qualitative review of 9 published case-control studies was undertaken. The results of this synthesis suggest that children who are never breast-fed or are breast-fed short-term have a higher risk than those breast-fed for greater than or equal to 6 months of developing Hodgkin's disease (HD), but not non-Hodgkin's lymphoma or acute lymphoblastic leukemia. HD has features of a complex cellular immune disorder and of chronic infection. Human milk contains an extensive array of anti-microbial activity and appears to stimulate early development of the infant immune system. Artificially fed infants negotiate exposure to infectious agents without the benefits of this immunologic armament and do not do as well as breast-fed infants in resisting infection. Thus, human milk may make the breast-fed infant better able to negotiate future carcinogenic insults by modulating the interaction between infectious agents and the developing infant immune system or by directly affecting the long-term development of the infant immune system. Further research should attempt to confirm the association between infant feeding and HD in large, population-based, case-control studies. Improved measurement of infant feeding must be addressed if future studies are to advance our understanding of this association. In addition, studies of specific measures of immunity, particularly of cellular immune responses, should be conducted in populations of breast-fed and non-breast-fed young children. Published 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Adolescent & Sch Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Davis, MK (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Adolescent & Sch Hlth, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, 4770 Buford Highway NE,Mailstop K-33, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM mkdl@cdc.gov NR 20 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0020-7136 J9 INT J CANCER JI Int. J. Cancer PY 1998 VL 78 SU 11 BP 29 EP 33 PG 5 WC Oncology SC Oncology GA 154MP UT WOS:000077893100009 ER PT J AU Flegal, KM Carroll, MD Kuczmarski, RJ Johnson, CL AF Flegal, KM Carroll, MD Kuczmarski, RJ Johnson, CL TI Overweight and obesity in the United States: prevalence and trends, 1960-1994 SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBESITY LA English DT Article DE body weight; body mass index; obesity; health surveys; nutrition surveys; United States; whites; blacks; Mexican Americans ID BODY-MASS INDEX; INCREASING PREVALENCE; PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY; WEIGHT; ADULTS; SMOKING; HEALTH; POPULATION; MORTALITY AB OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of, and trends in, overweight and obesity in the US population using standardized international definitions. DESIGN: Successive cross-sectional nationally representative surveys, including the National Health Examination Survey (NHES I; 1960-62) and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES I: 1971-1974; NHANES II: 1976-1980; NHANES III: 1988-94). Body mass index (BMI: kg/m(2)) was calculated from measured weight and height. Overweight and obesity were defined as follows: Overweight (BMI greater than or equal to 25.0); pre-obese (BMI 25.0-29.9), class I obesity (BMI 30.0-34.9), class II obesity (BMI 35.0-39.9), and class III obesity (BMI greater than or equal to 40.0). RESULTS: For men and women aged 20-74 y, the age-adjusted prevalence of BMI 25.0-29.9 showed little or no increase over time (NHES I: 30.5%, NHANES I: 32.0%, NHANES II: 31.5% and NHANES III: 32.0%) but the prevalence of obesity (BMI greater than or equal to 30.0) showed a large increase between NHANES II and NHANES III (NHES I: 12.8%; NHANES I, 14.1%; NHANES II, 14.5% and NHANES III, 22.5%). Trends were generally similar for all age, gender and race-ethnic groups. The crude prevalence of overweight and obesity (BMI much greater than 25.0) for age greater than or equal to 20 y was 59.4% for men, 50.7% for women and 54.9% overall. The prevalence of class III obesity (BMI greater than or equal to 40.0) exceeded 10% for non-Hispanic black women aged 40-59 y. CONCLUSIONS: Between 1976-80 and 1988-94, the prevalence of obesity (BMI greater than or equal to 30.0) increased markedly in the US. These findings are in agreement with trends seen elsewhere in the world. Use of standardized definitions facilitates international comparisons. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. RP Flegal, KM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, 6525 Belcrest Rd,Room 900, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. RI Flegal, Katherine/A-4608-2013; OI Flegal, Katherine/0000-0002-0838-469X NR 46 TC 1930 Z9 1959 U1 11 U2 83 PU STOCKTON PRESS PI BASINGSTOKE PA HOUNDMILLS, BASINGSTOKE RG21 6XS, HAMPSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 0307-0565 J9 INT J OBESITY JI Int. J. Obes. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 22 IS 1 BP 39 EP 47 DI 10.1038/sj.ijo.0800541 PG 9 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics SC Endocrinology & Metabolism; Nutrition & Dietetics GA YM731 UT WOS:000071095200006 PM 9481598 ER PT J AU Brydak, LB Rokicka-Milewska, R Klukowska, A Rudnicka, H Regnery, H Cox, N AF Brydak, LB Rokicka-Milewska, R Klukowska, A Rudnicka, H Regnery, H Cox, N TI Antibody kinetics in children with hemophilia immunized with influenza vaccine in 1993 in Poland SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC HEMATOLOGY/ONCOLOGY LA English DT Article DE influenza; hemophilia; HI antibody; NI antibody ID INHIBITION; PREVENTION; THERAPY; VIRUSES; INVIVO; PURITY AB Fifty-one children with hemophilia, 7 to 16 years of age, were vaccinated subcutaneously with a single dose of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in the Department of Hematology and Oncology, Medical Academy, in Warsaw at the end of 1993. Serum antibody levels in vaccinees and in a control unvaccinated group were monitored before vaccination and then 3 weeks and 6 months after vaccination by using the hemagglutinin inhibition (HI) and neuraminidase inhibition (NI) tests. Results were evaluated as geometric mean titer (GMT), mean fold antibody increase (MFI), percentage of subjects with an HI antibody titer of 1:40 or greater and seroconversion rates for HI antibody titers and as GMT and MFI for NI antibody titers. After vaccination, the proportion of vaccinees with HI antibody titers greater than or equal to 40 ranged between 71 and 94%. In the control group the GMTs for HI hemagglutinin (HA) were consistently low and for the H3 subtype and type B HA the GMT declined at the 6-month time point compared with the original value. Three weeks after vaccination the GMT for N1 neuraminidase (NA) was 12.7 times higher than before vaccination, while for N2 NA it was 15.9 times higher and for type B NA it was 9.8 times higher than before vaccination. In the control group GMT values were low for all NA antigens. Subcutaneous vaccination, necessary to prevent bleeding, did not prevent an immunologic response. Vaccine was well tolerated. The results demonstrate high rates of seroconversion for both the HA and NA components of influenza vaccine after vaccination when compared with the control unvaccinated group. C1 Natl Inst Hyg, Dept Virol, WHO, Natl Influenza Ctr, PL-00791 Warsaw, Poland. Med Acad, Dept Pediat Hematol & Oncol, Warsaw, Poland. Natl Inst Hyg, Dept Epidemiol, PL-00791 Warsaw, Poland. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Influenza Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Brydak, LB (reprint author), Natl Inst Hyg, Dept Virol, WHO, Natl Influenza Ctr, Chocimska 24, PL-00791 Warsaw, Poland. NR 30 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 1 PU HARWOOD ACAD PUBL GMBH PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG1 8JL SN 1070-2903 J9 INT J PEDIAT HEM ONC JI Int. J. Pediatr. Hematol-Oncol. PY 1998 VL 5 IS 1 BP 13 EP 19 PG 7 WC Oncology; Hematology; Pediatrics SC Oncology; Hematology; Pediatrics GA ZR137 UT WOS:000073941100003 ER PT J AU Brenner, DJ Muller, HE Steigerwalt, AG Whitney, AM O'Hara, CM Kampfer, P AF Brenner, DJ Muller, HE Steigerwalt, AG Whitney, AM O'Hara, CM Kampfer, P TI Two new Rahnella genomospecies that cannot be phenotypically differentiated from Rahnella aquatilis SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Rahnella aquatilis; Rahnella aquatilis-like strains; Rahnella genomospecies; taxonomy; DNA relatedness ID GRAM-NEGATIVE ROD; RIBOSOMAL-RNA; CLINICAL SPECIMENS; SP-NOV; BACTEREMIA; SEQUENCE; IDENTIFICATION; ENDOCARDITIS; RHIZOSPHERE; MOLLUSKS AB Fifty-one Rahnella aquatilis and R. aquatilis-like strains from water, snails and human sources were characterized by routine biochemical tests, carbon source utilization tests, DNA relatedness (hydroxyapatite method) and 16S rRNA sequencing. The results of the genetic methods indicated that the strains comprised three closely related species within the genus Rahnella, It was not possible to differentiate R. aquatilis from the two newly recognized species, The new species were therefore given the vernacular names Rahnella genomospecies 2 and Rahnella genomospecies 3. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Meningitis & Special Pathogens Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Nosocomial Pathogens Lab Branch, Hosp Infect Program, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Staatliches Med Aluntersuchungsamt, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany. Univ Giessen, Inst Angew Mikrobiol, D-35390 Giessen, Germany. RP Brenner, DJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Meningitis & Special Pathogens Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 41 TC 34 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 2 PU SOC GENERAL MICROBIOLOGY PI READING PA MARLBOROUGH HOUSE, BASINGSTOKE RD, SPENCERS WOODS, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG7 1AE SN 0020-7713 J9 INT J SYST BACTERIOL JI Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 48 BP 141 EP 149 PN 1 PG 9 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA ZD676 UT WOS:000072711200016 PM 9542084 ER PT J AU Cohn, DL O'Brien, RJ AF Cohn, DL O'Brien, RJ TI The use of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis for epidemiological studies of tuberculosis in developing countries SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TUBERCULOSIS AND LUNG DISEASE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT WHO Workshop CY DEC, 1994 CL GENEVA, SWITZERLAND SP World Hlth Org DE RFLP; DNA fingerprinting; tuberculosis; molecular epidemiology; transmission ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; RESISTANT MYCOBACTERIUM-TUBERCULOSIS; POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; NEW-YORK-CITY; HIV-SERONEGATIVE PATIENTS; SHORT-COURSE CHEMOTHERAPY; HEALTH-CARE WORKERS; PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS; INSERTION-SEQUENCE; STRAIN IDENTIFICATION AB DNA fingerprinting, of which restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) typing is the most common method used, has permitted novel investigations of the epidemiology and pathogenesis of tuberculosis. The use of IS6110, an insertion sequence which is present in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is generally considered to be the standard RFLP method, but other molecular typing techniques may be used as adjuncts in selected circumstances. A number of epidemiologic studies using RFLP typing have been done in both industrialized and developing countries. The major findings include the confirmation or identification of chains of transmission (of both drug-sensitive and drug-resistant strains of tuberculosis), distribution of strain clusters within populations, differentiation of relapse from exogenous reinfection, better understanding of the pathogenesis of tuberculosis, identification of laboratory cross-contamination, and insight into the molecular evolution of the species. For developing countries, where the burden of tuberculosis is greatest, three major areas of investigation for the use of RFLP analysis in epidemiologic studies of tuberculosis have been identified: 1) community transmission, 2) nosocomial transmission, and 3) human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related tuberculosis. Elements of protocols are suggested which can be used by investigators to perform well-designed epidemiologic studies which will be relevant to developing countries and which are likely to have an impact on control programmes in these settings. C1 Denver Publ Hlth, Denver Dis Control Serv, Denver, CO 80204 USA. WHO, Global TB Programme, Res & Surveillance Unit, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland. Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Med, Div Infect Dis, Denver, CO 80262 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div TB Eliminat, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Cohn, DL (reprint author), Denver Publ Hlth, Denver Dis Control Serv, 605 Bannock St, Denver, CO 80204 USA. NR 76 TC 39 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 2 PU INT UNION AGAINST TUBERCULOSIS LUNG DISEASE (I U A T L D) PI PARIS PA 68 BOULEVARD SAINT-MICHEL,, 75006 PARIS, FRANCE SN 1027-3719 J9 INT J TUBERC LUNG D JI Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 2 IS 1 BP 16 EP 26 PG 11 WC Infectious Diseases; Respiratory System SC Infectious Diseases; Respiratory System GA ZF693 UT WOS:000072922600004 PM 9562107 ER PT J AU Tao, GY Remafedi, G AF Tao, GY Remafedi, G TI Economic evaluation of an HIV prevention intervention for gay and bisexual male adolescents SO JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES AND HUMAN RETROVIROLOGY LA English DT Article DE HIV transmission model; cost-effectiveness; intervention; gay and bisexual adolescents; quality-adjusted life years ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; FRANCISCO MENS HEALTH; SAN-FRANCISCO; COST-EFFECTIVENESS; MATHEMATICAL-MODELS; HOMOSEXUAL MEN; UNITED-STATES; RISK-FACTORS; INFECTION; AIDS AB The objective of this study was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of an HIV prevention intervention for gay and bisexual male adolescents. The intervention included individualized risk assessment and counseling, peer education, optional HN testing, and referrals to needed services. From 1989 to 1994, 501 male volunteers, 13 to 21 years of age, who self-identified as gay/bisexual or as having had sex with men, completed preintervention and postintervention surveys to assess changes in HIV risk behavior. An HIV transmission model was constructed to project the HIV seroprevalence in the target population over a 10-year period from the self-reported number of partners for unprotected anal intercourse. Cost-effectiveness was analyzed from a societal perspective. Total costs of the intervention, including medical treatment costs saved, were projected to be $1.1 million U.S. for the 10-year period. The number of HIV infections averted and the quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) saved were projected to be 13 and 180, respectively. An incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was projected to be $6180 U.S. per QALY saved. The intervention was found to be cost-effective from the societal perspective. In addition, HIV prevalence in the tar et population was projected to be 6.1% without and 5.6% with intervention by the end of the 10-year period. This study highlights that an HIV prevention program can be cost-effective even if the effects on behavior are partial and short term. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div STD Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Pediat, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. RP Tao, GY (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div STD Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS-E44, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. FU PHS HHS [P05053] NR 46 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 3 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1077-9450 J9 J ACQ IMMUN DEF SYND JI J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol. PD JAN 1 PY 1998 VL 17 IS 1 BP 83 EP 90 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA YR043 UT WOS:000071451900013 PM 9436764 ER PT J AU Smith, D AF Smith, D TI The HIV Epidemiology Research Study, HIV Out-Patient Study, and the spectrum of disease studies SO JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES AND HUMAN RETROVIROLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Maximizing the Utility of HIV Patient Observational Databases CY AUG 24, 1996 CL AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS DE AIDS; HIV; women; database; HOPS; HERS; outpatients; epidemiology ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; UNITED-STATES; INFECTION; CHILDREN; TRENDS AB The Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention at the United States Centers for Disease Control (CDC) has several observational databases through which it collects individual level data that can be used to evaluate the spectrum of HIV-related diseases and the utilization of HIV-related health care services. The HIV Epidemiology Research Study (HERS) is a multisite, prospective cohort study of HIV-infected women and uninfected women reporting HIV risk behavior. By interview, clinical examination, specimen collection and storage, laboratory testing, and medical record abstraction, HERS is examining the manifestations, correlates and predictors of HIV disease in women. In addition to the basic visits, a variety of nested studies are under way and several more are planned. Three additional observational databases collect individual level data primarily through systematic medical record abstraction. The Adult Spectrum of Disease (ASD) Study and the Pediatric Spectrum of Disease (PSD) Study collect data from a national sample of hospital and clinic medical records. The ASD also has a supplementary interview administered to consenting patients with new AIDS diagnoses in a subset of their study sites. The HIV Out-Patient Study (HOPS) collects data from an electronic charting system on outpatient findings and clinical care for patients attending a national sample of infectious disease clinics. C1 Ctr Dis Control, Atlanta, GA 30330 USA. RP Smith, D (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS-E45, Atlanta, GA 30330 USA. NR 7 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1077-9450 J9 J ACQ IMMUN DEF SYND JI J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol. PY 1998 VL 17 SU 1 BP S17 EP S19 PG 3 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases GA ZM635 UT WOS:000073559900006 PM 9586646 ER PT J AU Ford, ES AF Ford, ES TI Characteristics of survey participants with and without a telephone: Findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bias; health status; health surveys; interviews; nutrition; risk factors; socioeconomic factors; telephone AB This study examines the potential coverage bias in telephone surveys. Data were analyzed from the first phase of the third National Health and Nutrition and Examination Survey conducted from 1988 to 1991. In that survey, 10,120 persons 17 years and older were interviewed and 9034 were examined. About 2.7% of respondents reported not having a telephone. Differences in demographic and lifestyle variables, but not physiological or anthropometric variables, existed between persons with a telephone and those without one. Respondents without a telephone were more Likely to report that an impairment or health problems limited their work or activities. Compared with respondents with a telephone, those without one were more likely to be current smokers, to be less physically active, to never have had their brood pressure checked or have had it checked more than 5 years ago, and to never have had their cholesterol checked. Based on data from a 24-hour dietary recall, persons without a telephone consumed less vitamin A, Vitamin C, vitamin E, and carotene than did respondents with a telephone. However, prevalence estimates of health characteristics obtained from telephone surveys in populations with high telephone coverage are unlikely to be seriously affected by coverage bias nor are conclusions of comparisons involving populations with low telephone coverage. Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Nutr, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Ford, ES (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Div Nutr, 4770 Buford Highway,MS K26, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 5 TC 78 Z9 80 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0895-4356 J9 J CLIN EPIDEMIOL JI J. Clin. Epidemiol. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 51 IS 1 BP 55 EP 60 DI 10.1016/S0895-4356(97)00225-4 PG 6 WC Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Health Care Sciences & Services; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA YP005 UT WOS:000071231700006 PM 9467634 ER PT J AU Daugharty, H Skelton, SK Messmer, T AF Daugharty, H Skelton, SK Messmer, T TI Chlamydia DNA extraction for use in PCR: Stability and sensitivity in detection SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL LABORATORY ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE need key words ID CHAIN-REACTION; PNEUMONIAE; HYBRIDIZATION; TRACHOMATIS; CULTURE AB We evaluated multiple procedures for extracting chlamydial DNA from specimens for detection in PCR tests. Commercial kits and an in-house method were tested for their sensitivity and utility. Quantifiable chlamydial elementary bodies (EB) were used for spiking buffy coats from EDTA-collected blood. EBs of Chlamydia pneumoniae at 2,500 and 25 EB/ml were used as specimens for DNA extraction using seven different procedures. These included either columns (3 procedures), centrifugation (1), glass (1), or patented extraction matrices (2), coupled with either alcohol precipitation (6) or heat-detergent treatment (1). Five procedures required 10-40 minutes manipulation; two required 2-5 hours. PCR results for DNA extracts using chlamydial 16S genus primers were generally more intensely positive with denser bands on electrophoresis gels for the higher concentrations of EB (up to 4+ for stained product on gels) than was PCR with lower EB concentrations (up to 2+). Further, the incidence of procedures with positive results was: 5 of 7 for chlamydial genus primers with 5 EB vs. 6 of 7 with 500 EB. Maximal sensitivity for one of the extractions was in the range of 2.5-5.0 EB/ml of test specimen with 4 of 5 replicates being positive with EB controls or extracts. Extracts were stable up to 2+ weeks at 4 degrees C and were effective in multiplexing with fluorescent-tagged primers. Taking into consideration the time factor and sensitivities, the two procedures with extraction matrices are favored for routine laboratory use. (C) 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Ctr Dis Control, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, CRDB,RDL, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Daugharty, H (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, CRDB,RDL, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS G05, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM had1@cdc.gov NR 20 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0887-8013 J9 J CLIN LAB ANAL JI J. Clin. Lab. Anal. PY 1998 VL 12 IS 1 BP 47 EP 53 PG 7 WC Medical Laboratory Technology SC Medical Laboratory Technology GA YU961 UT WOS:000071774000008 PM 9484669 ER PT J AU Nkengasong, JN Maurice, C Koblavi, S Kalou, M Bile, C Yavo, D Boateng, E Wiktor, SZ Greenberg, AE AF Nkengasong, JN Maurice, C Koblavi, S Kalou, M Bile, C Yavo, D Boateng, E Wiktor, SZ Greenberg, AE TI Field evaluation of a combination of monospecific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for type-specific diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and HIV-2 infections in HIV-seropositive persons in Abidjan, Ivory Coast SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CROSS-REACTIVITY; DUAL INFECTION; WESTERN BLOTS; COTE-DIVOIRE; STRATEGIES AB Serologic distinction between human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-I) and HIV-2 infection is made difficult because of the cross-reactivity and high cost of existing differentiation assays. An evaluation of a strategy based on a combination of monospecific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) (CME), was carried out in Abidjan, Ivory Coast, where both HIV-1 and HIV-2 are present, to determine its accuracy and cost-effectiveness. A total of 1,608 (428 HN-l-positive, 361 HIV-2-positive, 371 dually HIV-1 and HIV-2 [HN-D] reactive, and 448 HIV-negative) sera that had been serotyped by a line immunoassay (Peptilav) were tested retrospectively by an HIV-1-monospecific (Wellcozyme HIV Recombinant ELISA) and an HIV-2-monospecific (ICE*-HIV-2) assay. The CME strategy gave concordant results for all of the 428 sera scored as HIV-1 by Peptilav. Of the 361 sera scored as HIV-2 by Peptilav, 316 (87.5%) were scored as HIV-2 by CME; the remaining 45 sera were positive by both monospecific ELISAs (mean optical density ratios, 1.36 for Wellcozyme and 11.30 for ICE*-HIV-2) and were classified as HIV-D by CME. Of the 371 sera classified as HIV-D by Peptilav, 344 (92.7%), 21, and 6 were scored as HIV-D, HIV-I, and HIV-2, respectively, by CME. Additional testing of the discrepant samples by two HIV differentiation assays (RIBA and INNO-LIA) gave results that agreed with those by CME for most of the sera. In addition, 267 other sera were tested prospectively by both CME and Peptilav. In the prospective evaluation, CME results agreed with those by Peptilav for all 106 HIV-1 sera and 40 of the 41 HIV-2 sera. However, of the 120 sera scored as HIV-D by Peptilav, 69 (57.5%), 47 (39.2%), and 4 (3.3%) were scored as HN-D, HIV-1 only, and HIV-2 only, respectively, by CME. All 47 samples scored as HIV 1 by CME and two of four HIV-2 sera gave concordant results by RIBA, whereas 29 of 47 sera scored as HIV-1 by CME and all four HIV-2 sera gave concordant results by INNO-LIA. The reagent cost for the CME strategy was 59% lower than the cost of the Peptilav strategy. These results suggest that a combination of highly sensitive and specific commercially available monospecific ELISAs is a reliable and cost-effective strategy for type-specific serodiagnosis of HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections in HIV-seropositive persons and therefore represents a recommended strategy in areas where both HIV-1 and HIV-2 are endemic. C1 CHU Treichville, Projet RETRO CI, Virol Lab, Abidjan 01, Cote Ivoire. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div HIV AIDS Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Nkengasong, JN (reprint author), CHU Treichville, Projet RETRO CI, Virol Lab, BP 1712, Abidjan 01, Cote Ivoire. NR 21 TC 34 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 36 IS 1 BP 123 EP 127 PG 5 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA YM068 UT WOS:000071024700026 PM 9431934 ER PT J AU Reinhardt, DJ Lee, A Popovic, T AF Reinhardt, DJ Lee, A Popovic, T TI Antitoxin-in-membrane and antitoxin-in-well assays for detection of toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RUSSIA AB The Elek culture plate precipitin test is routinely used for the detection of exotoxin from toxigenic strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Recently, the World Health Organization standardized this test to ensure accuracy, reliability, and reproducibility. In this study, we further modified the standard Elek test by using the antitoxin-in-membrane (AIM) and antitoxin-in-well (AIW) approaches. In the AIM tests, each strain was stabbed and streaked backwards and away from a point approximately 7 mm from the edge of a sterile cellulese acetate-cellulose nitrate filter membrane disk (pore size, 0.45 mu m; diameter, 25 mm) containing 25 IU of diphtheria antitoxin. For AIW tests, a central well (diameter, 5 mm) containing 9 mu l of antitoxin (4.5 IU) was surrounded by eight equidistant stab-streaks of each strain placed 10 mm from the well. In both methods, precipitin bands of identity typically, were noted after 24- and 48-h incubations at 37 degrees C. Both toxigenic and weak toxigenic strains gave clear and reproducible results. Compared with the standard Elek test, the AIM and AIW tests each use 50% less medium and 75 and 87% less antitoxin, respectively. AIM has the potential to test up to 14 isolates and AIW has the potential to test up to 24 isolates on the same plate, Furthermore, clearer positives were noted with weak toxigenic strains. In a blinded test of 209 verified C. diphtheriae isolates, a 99.5% agreement with the standard Elek test was obtained overall. Both modifications conserve reagents and medium, permit the simultaneous testing of a larger number of strains, and may be particularly suitable for reference laboratories or hospitals involved in diphtheria epidemic settings. C1 Georgia State Univ, Dept Biol, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. Ctr Dis Control, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Reinhardt, DJ (reprint author), Georgia State Univ, Dept Biol, POB 4010, Atlanta, GA 30303 USA. NR 12 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 36 IS 1 BP 207 EP 210 PG 4 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA YM068 UT WOS:000071024700040 PM 9431948 ER PT J AU O'Hara, CM Steigerwalt, AG Hill, BC Miller, JM Brenner, DJ AF O'Hara, CM Steigerwalt, AG Hill, BC Miller, JM Brenner, DJ TI First report of a human isolate of Erwinia persicinus SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ENTEROBACTERIACEAE AB Erwinia persicinus was first described in 1990 after being isolated from a variety of fruits and vegetables, including bananas, cucumbers, and tomatoes, In 1994, it was shown to be the causative agent of necrosis of bean pods, We now report the first human isolate of E. persicinus, The strain was isolated from the urine of an 88-year-old woman who presented with a urinary tract infection, By the hydroxyapatite method, DNA from this strain was shown to be 94.5% related at 60 degrees C and 86% related at 75 degrees C to the type strain of E. persicinus, The biochemical profile of E. persicinus is most similar to those of Erwinia rhapontici, Pantoea agglomerans, and Enterobacter species, It is negative in tests for lysine, arginine, ornithine, dulcitol, and urea, It is motile and positive in tests for D-sorbitol and sucrose, It is susceptible to the expanded-spectrum cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, and fluoroquinolones, but it is resistant to ampicillin, ticarcillin, and cefazolin. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Meningitis & Special Pathogens Branch, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hosp Infect Program, Nosocomial Pathogens Lab Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP O'Hara, CM (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control, Mailstop C16, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 9 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 USA SN 0095-1137 J9 J CLIN MICROBIOL JI J. Clin. Microbiol. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 36 IS 1 BP 248 EP 250 PG 3 WC Microbiology SC Microbiology GA YM068 UT WOS:000071024700049 PM 9431957 ER PT J AU Griffin, SO Gooch, BF Lockwood, S AF Griffin, SO Gooch, BF Lockwood, S TI Quantifying the halo effect of water fluoridation SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 1998 VL 77 SI B MA 540 BP 699 EP 699 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA ZK546 UT WOS:000073335400540 ER PT J AU Buford, L Beltran, E AF Buford, L Beltran, E TI Trends in the incidence and mortality of oral and pharyngeal cancer in the United States, 1973-1992 SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 1998 VL 77 SI B MA 1564 BP 827 EP 827 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA ZK546 UT WOS:000073335401559 ER PT J AU O'Hara, P Parris, D Fichtner, RR Oster, R AF O'Hara, P Parris, D Fichtner, RR Oster, R TI Influence of alcohol and drug use on AIDS risk behavior among youth in dropout prevention SO JOURNAL OF DRUG EDUCATION LA English DT Article ID HIGH-SCHOOL-STUDENTS AB Youth enrolled in dropout prevention and alternative school programs engage in a number of high risk behaviors in greater numbers than those in traditional school settings [1, 2]. However, data on alcohol and drug use influences and risky sexual behavior are often not collected or reported among these youth due to small enrollments and rapid turnover. In this study alcohol and drug use and sexual behaviors were surveyed among 212 youth in dropout prevention. A risk profile score for HIV/AIDS was developed and the contribution of alcohol and drug use to HIV/AIDS risk was determined. Results showed that use of alcohol and drugs and age of sexual initiation were significantly associated with a high risk profile score. Of sexually active youth, 28 percent reported using alcohol or drugs prior to having sexual intercourse and more than half reported not using condoms during their last sexual experience. Males were more likely than females to use alcohol and drugs before having sex, and were more likely to have had sex with two or more partners. Findings from this study suggest that among youth in dropout prevention, the association of alcohol and drug use to HIV/AIDS risk is significant and that prevention programs need to target alcohol and drug use as important influences on risky sexual behavior. C1 Univ Miami, Sch Med, Dept Epidemiol & Publ Hlth R669, Miami, FL 33136 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Morehouse Univ, Atlanta, GA USA. RP O'Hara, P (reprint author), Univ Miami, Sch Med, Dept Epidemiol & Publ Hlth R669, 1801 NW 9th Ave, Miami, FL 33136 USA. NR 21 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 1 PU BAYWOOD PUBL CO INC PI AMITYVILLE PA 26 AUSTIN AVE, AMITYVILLE, NY 11701 USA SN 0047-2379 J9 J DRUG EDUC JI J. Drug Educ. PY 1998 VL 28 IS 2 BP 159 EP 168 DI 10.2190/CXEL-WGAA-DHUK-4F02 PG 10 WC Substance Abuse; Education, Scientific Disciplines SC Substance Abuse; Education & Educational Research GA ZY269 UT WOS:000074603200006 PM 9673075 ER PT J AU Gist, GL AF Gist, GL TI National Environmental Health Association position on endocrine disrupters - Adopted July 2, 1997 SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID ESTROGENS; DIOXINS C1 Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Gist, GL (reprint author), Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 18 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL ENVIRON HEALTH ASSN PI DENVER PA 720 S COLORADO BLVD SUITE 970, SOUTH TOWER, DENVER, CO 80222 USA SN 0022-0892 J9 J ENVIRON HEALTH JI J. Environ. Health PD JAN-FEB PY 1998 VL 60 IS 6 BP 21 EP 23 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA YQ937 UT WOS:000071439600007 ER PT J AU Johnson, BL Hicks, HE Jones, DE Cibulas, W Wargo, A De Rosa, CT AF Johnson, BL Hicks, HE Jones, DE Cibulas, W Wargo, A De Rosa, CT TI Public health implications of persistent toxic substances in the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence basins SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Review DE public health; Great Lakes; St. Lawrence River; persistent toxic substances; health effects; Great Lakes fish; at-risk populations ID IN-UTERO EXPOSURE; MATERNAL FISH DIET; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL LEVELS; FETAL METHYLMERCURY EXPOSURE; SEYCHELLES CHILD-DEVELOPMENT; CONTAMINATED SPORT FISH; PRENATAL EXPOSURE; MACACA-MULATTA; DICHLORODIPHENYL DICHLOROETHENE; NEURODEVELOPMENTAL OUTCOMES AB This paper summarizes the primary literature and reviews research findings of the health implications associated with exposure to persistent toxic substances (PTSs) in the Great Lakes and Sr. Lawrence River basins. Most of these studies focus on fish consumption because this route has been shown to be the major route of exposure to PTSs; however other exposure routes including air diet, mid water are also important. Recent studies complement and build upon the epidemiologic, wildlife, and laboratory data gather-ed over the last three decades documenting health consequences associated with PTSs. For example, findings in the United Stares (U.S.) indicate that at-risk populations, e.g., certain ethnic groups, spelt anglers, the elderly, pregnant women, children, fetuses, and nursing infants, continue to be exposed to PTSs including PCBs, dioxins, chlorinated pesticides, and mercury. Designating these particular populations as "at-risk" is not meant to suggest that other populations with lower exposures, body burdens, or susceptibilities are not without risk. The human health data for these groups indicate that: (I) reproductive function may be disrupted by exposure to PCBs and other PTSs; (2) neurobehavioral and developmental deficits occur in newborns and continue through school-age children from in utero exposure to PCBs and other PTSs; and (3) other systemic effects, e.g., self-reported liver disease and diabetes, may be associated with elevated serum levels of PCBs. Further research is needed to extend the information available to assess and understand the etiology of these health findings. Other conclusions include: (I) the benefits from fish consumption should be considered when evaluating health implications of fish consumption; (2) health education is especially valuable in mitigating potential effects and informing individuals about certain,windows of vulnerability, e.g., pregnancy; and (3) pollution, prevention strategies remain a key to reducing toxic chemical loading. C1 US Dept HHS, Publ Hlth Serv, Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP De Rosa, CT (reprint author), US Dept HHS, Publ Hlth Serv, Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM cyd0@cdc.gov NR 141 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 1998 VL 24 IS 3 BP 698 EP 722 PG 25 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 134HT UT WOS:000076738000017 ER PT J AU Tendolkar, UM Kerkar, P Jerajani, H Gogate, A Padhye, AA AF Tendolkar, UM Kerkar, P Jerajani, H Gogate, A Padhye, AA TI Phaeohyphomycotic ulcer caused by Phialophora verrucosa: Successful treatment with itraconazole SO JOURNAL OF INFECTION LA English DT Article ID EXOPHIALA-SPINIFERA; CHROMOBLASTOMYCOSIS; PHEOHYPHOMYCOSIS AB We report the first well documented case of subcutaneous phaeohyphomycotic infection caused by Phialophora verrucosa in India. Examination of the biopsied tissue from an ulcerating lesion on the shin of the left leg of a 45-year-old woman from Bombay, India, showed numerous dematiaceous, septate, branching hyphal elements and thick-walled cells characteristic of phaeohyphomycosis. Cultures of the scrapings from the lesion and of the biopsied tissue yielded a pigmented fungus that was identified as P. verrucosa. Initial treatment with fluconazole followed by oral itraconazole for 30 days and local application of a copper sulphate solution resulted in complete resolution of the lesion. Treatment with itraconazole was continued for an additional 3 months after complete healing. No new lesions developed and the patient did not show jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly or any other signs of toxicity. C1 LTM Med Coll & Hosp, Dept Microbiol, Bombay 400022, Maharashtra, India. LTM Med Coll & Hosp, Dept Dermatol Venereol & Leprol, Bombay 400022, Maharashtra, India. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Publ Hlth Serv,US Dept HHS, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis,Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Emerging Bacterial & Mycot Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Padhye, AA (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Fungus Reference Lab, Mail Stop G-11, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 20 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 1 PU W B SAUNDERS CO LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0163-4453 J9 J INFECTION JI J. Infect. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 36 IS 1 BP 122 EP 125 DI 10.1016/S0163-4453(98)93666-0 PG 4 WC Infectious Diseases SC Infectious Diseases GA YY047 UT WOS:000072106900025 PM 9515684 ER PT J AU Parashar, UD Holman, RC Clarke, MJ Bresee, JS Glass, RI AF Parashar, UD Holman, RC Clarke, MJ Bresee, JS Glass, RI TI Hospitalizations associated with rotavirus diarrhea in the United States, 1993 through 1995: Surveillance based on the new ICD-9-CM rotavirus-specific diagnostic code SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 37th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy CY SEP 28-OCT 03, 1997 CL TORONTO, CANADA ID GASTROENTERITIS; INFECTION; MORBIDITY; VACCINES; CHILDREN AB The introduction of a specific International Classification of Diseases code for rotavirus diarrhea in 1992 prompted examination of the National Hospital Discharge Survey (NHDS) for trends in rotavirus-associated hospitalizations among US children aged 1 month through 4 years, During 1993-1995, 13.5% of hospitalizations were associated with diarrhea (n = 162,478/year), Rotavirus was the most common pathogen identified, coded in 16.5% of diarrhea cases (n = 26,798/year), and increased from 13.3% in 1993 to 18.9% in 1995. The age distribution and seasonality of hospitalizations of presumed noninfectious and viral etiology resembled those associated with rotavirus. Rotavirus was reported as a cause of diarrhea more frequently by hospitals that were large (greater than or equal to 100 beds), proprietary-owned, or in the West/Midwest. Although these findings suggest incomplete detection of rotavirus diarrhea cases, the large number of rotavirus-associated hospitalizations underscores the need for vaccines and indicates that NHDS data could be used to monitor the impact of a US rotavirus immunization program. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral Gastroenteritis Unit, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidem Intelligence Serv, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Parashar, UD (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Viral Gastroenteritis Unit, Mailstop G-04,1600 Clifton Rd NE, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 14 TC 157 Z9 167 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5801 S ELLIS AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 177 IS 1 BP 13 EP 17 DI 10.1086/513808 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA YM597 UT WOS:000071080700004 PM 9419164 ER PT J AU Switzer, WM Wiktor, S Soriano, V Silva-Graca, A Mansinho, K Coulibaly, IM Ekpini, E Greenberg, AE Folks, TM Heneine, W AF Switzer, WM Wiktor, S Soriano, V Silva-Graca, A Mansinho, K Coulibaly, IM Ekpini, E Greenberg, AE Folks, TM Heneine, W TI Evidence of Nef truncation in human immunodeficiency virus type 2 infection SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID LONG-TERM SURVIVORS; IN-VIVO; SEQUENCES; GENE; AIDS; DELETION; ABSENCE; PROTEIN; HIV-2 AB Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-2 differs from HIV-1 in its relative lower transmissibility and pathogenicity, To understand the virologic basis of these differences, the nef gene from HIV-2-seropositive persons was analyzed because of its importance for disease progression in the genetically related simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVMAC). Proviral nef sequences from 60 HIV-2-infected persons were amplified from peripheral blood lymphocytes, and nef open-reading frames were screened by a transcription and translation assay for the presence of full-length (32- to 36-kDa) or truncated (<32 kDa) Nef proteins, Overall, 6 (10%) of 60 persons had truncated Nef proteins; of these, 5 were among the 36 asymptomatic subjects (13.9%) and only 1 was among the 24 symptomatic subjects (4.2%) (P = .23), The results of this study document the presence of defective nef genes in HIV-2 infections with a prevalence higher than that previously seen in HIV-l-infected cohorts of long-term nonprogressors or patients with AIDS. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, HIV Retrovirus Dis Branch, Div AIDS Sexually Transmitted Dis & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis & Int AIDS Act, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Project RETROCI, Abidjan, Cote Ivoire. Ctr Antituberculeux, Abidjan, Cote Ivoire. Inst Salud Carlos III, Ctr Invest Clin, Infect Dis Serv, Madrid, Spain. Hosp Belem, Lisbon, Portugal. Hosp Egas Mouiz, Lisbon, Portugal. RP Heneine, W (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, HIV Retrovirus Dis Branch, Div AIDS Sexually Transmitted Dis & TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis & Int AIDS Act, 1600 Clifton Rd,MS G19, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 22 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5801 S ELLIS AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 177 IS 1 BP 65 EP 71 DI 10.1086/513819 PG 7 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA YM597 UT WOS:000071080700011 PM 9419171 ER PT J AU Klausner, JD Passaro, D Rosenberg, J Thacker, WL Talkington, DF Werner, SB Vugia, DJ AF Klausner, JD Passaro, D Rosenberg, J Thacker, WL Talkington, DF Werner, SB Vugia, DJ TI Enhanced control of an outbreak of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia with azithromycin prophylaxis SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID EPIDEMIOLOGY; INFECTIONS AB There are currently no recommended epidemic-control measures for Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia outbreaks in closed communities. Previous studies have suggested the usefulness of chemoprophylaxis administered to close contacts of case-patients, To evaluate the effectiveness of various epidemic-control measures during an institutional outbreak, an observational study was undertaken during a very large outbreak of M. pneumoniae pneumonia at a facility for developmentally disabled residents (n = 142 cases). Control measures evaluated included no control, standard epidemic-control measures, and targeted azithromycin prophylaxis (500 mg on day 1, 250 mg/day on days 2-5) plus standard epidemic-control measures, The combined use of azithromycin prophylaxis and standard epidemic-control measures was associated with a significant reduction in the secondary attack rate. This study suggests that the addition of antibiotic prophylaxis to standard epidemic-control measures can be useful during institutional outbreaks of M. pneumoniae pneumonia. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Epidem Intelligence Serv, State Branch, Epidemiol Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Calif Dept Hlth Serv, Berkeley, CA 94704 USA. RP Klausner, JD (reprint author), Ctr AIDS & STD, 1001 Broadway,Suite 215, Seattle, WA 98122 USA. NR 25 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5801 S ELLIS AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 177 IS 1 BP 161 EP 166 DI 10.1086/513818 PG 6 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA YM597 UT WOS:000071080700023 PM 9419183 ER PT J AU Levine, WC Pope, V Bhoomkar, A Tambe, P Lewis, JS Zaidi, AA Farshy, CE Mitchell, S Talkington, DF AF Levine, WC Pope, V Bhoomkar, A Tambe, P Lewis, JS Zaidi, AA Farshy, CE Mitchell, S Talkington, DF TI Increase in endocervical CD4 lymphocytes among women with nonulcerative sexually transmitted diseases SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Conference on AIDS / International Conference on STD CY AUG 07-12, 1994 CL YOKOHAMA, JAPAN SP WHO, Minist Hlth & Welf Japan ID HUMAN-IMMUNODEFICIENCY-VIRUS; LANGERHANS CELLS; TRANSMISSION; INFECTION; HIV; CULTIVATION; SECRETIONS; URETHRITIS; SUBSETS; HEALTH AB To assess associations of nonulcerative sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-susceptible leukocytes on female genital mucosa, cervicovaginal specimens from 32 HIV-negative STD clinic patients with gonorrhea, chlamydial infection, or trichomoniasis were compared with specimens from 32 clinic patients without these infections. Twenty-eight patients had single infections (15 gonorrhea, 10 chlamydial infection, 3 trichomoniasis), and 4 had dual infections, A saline vaginal wash and saline suspensions of vaginal wall scrapings, ectocervical scrapings, and endocervical brushings were analyzed by flow cytometry, Specimens from the endocervix had the highest proportions of lymphocytes, monocytes, and Langerhans' cells, The median number of endocervical CD4 lymphocytes/10,000 cells was greater among patients with STDs than among those without (476 vs, 245; P <.001), These data suggest that the endocervix may have a particularly important role in heterosexual HIV transmission and that nonulcerative STDs may facilitate HIV transmission by increasing the presence of CD4 lymphocytes at this site. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Data Management Branch, Natl Ctr HIV STD & TB Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Aids, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, TB Lab Res, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. Fulton Cty Hlth Dept, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Levine, WC (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div STD Prevent, Epidemiol & Surveillance Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd NE,Mailstop E02, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 30 TC 132 Z9 133 U1 1 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5801 S ELLIS AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 177 IS 1 BP 167 EP 174 DI 10.1086/513820 PG 8 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA YM597 UT WOS:000071080700024 PM 9419184 ER PT J AU Rota, JS Rota, PA Redd, SB Redd, SC Pattamadilok, S Bellini, WJ AF Rota, JS Rota, PA Redd, SB Redd, SC Pattamadilok, S Bellini, WJ TI Genetic analysis of measles viruses isolated in the United States, 1995-1996 SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article ID MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY; IDENTIFICATION; ELIMINATION AB Genetic analysis was conducted on 28 wild type measles viruses isolated from outbreaks or cases in the United States during 1995-1996. These viruses were members of at least 6 distinct genetic groups, However, none of these viruses was related to the group 2 viruses that were associated with the resurgence of measles in the United States between 1989 and 1992 except for a single importation from the Philippines, The sequence data support and extend previous findings showing that transmission of group 2 viruses within the United States was interrupted after 1993, The data also suggest that all measles cases that occurred in the United States in 1995-1996 were the result of importation of virus, even in instances when the source was unknown, Molecular epidemiologic studies can provide a means to measure the success of measles control programs by helping to identify the transmission pathways of the virus. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Div Epidemiol & Surveillance, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Respiratory & Enter Viruses Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. Bamrasnaradura Hosp, Dept Med Sci, Inst Virus Res, Nonthaburi, Thailand. RP Rota, JS (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Immunizat Program, Div Epidemiol & Surveillance, MS C-22,REVB,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 15 TC 66 Z9 70 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5801 S ELLIS AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 177 IS 1 BP 204 EP 208 DI 10.1086/513825 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA YM597 UT WOS:000071080700029 PM 9419189 ER PT J AU Tsai, TF Yu, YX Li, JL Putvatana, R Zhang, R Wang, SQ Halstead, SB AF Tsai, TF Yu, YX Li, JL Putvatana, R Zhang, R Wang, SQ Halstead, SB TI Immunogenicity of live attenuated SA14-14-2 Japanese encephalitis vaccine - A comparison of 1- and 3-month immunization schedules SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article AB Live attenuated SA14-14-2 Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccine has been safe and effective in > 100 million immunized children, but its current administration schedule of two doses given a year apart does not lend itself to inclusion in established Expanded Program of Immunization (EPI) schedules of childhood immunization. Immune responses to immunization at shorter intervals were compared in middle-school-aged children immunized with two doses separated by 1 month (n = 116) or 2.5 months (n = 115), Two vaccine lots were compared, Seroconversion to the vaccine was observed in 100% of vaccinees immunized in the 1-month schedule and in 94% (lot 2) and 100% (lot 1) of vaccinees immunized in the 2.5-month schedule, Geometric mean titers were almost 2-fold higher with the longer schedule, The routine administration of JE SA14-14-2 vaccine to infants in an EPI schedule should be possible using either interval. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Ft Collins, CO USA. Inst Control Pharmaceut & Biol Prod, Temple Heaven, Beijing, Peoples R China. Chengdu Inst Biol Prod, Chengdu, Peoples R China. USN, Med Res & Dev Command, Bethesda, MD USA. RP Tsai, TF (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Vector Borne Infect Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Foothills Campus,POB 2087, Ft Collins, CO USA. NR 14 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5801 S ELLIS AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 177 IS 1 BP 221 EP 223 DI 10.1086/517358 PG 3 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA YM597 UT WOS:000071080700033 PM 9419193 ER PT J AU Janini, LM Tanuri, A Schechter, M Peralta, JM Vicente, ACP Dela Torre, N Pieniazek, NJ Luo, CC Ramos, A Soriano, V Schochetman, G Rayfield, MA Pieniazek, D AF Janini, LM Tanuri, A Schechter, M Peralta, JM Vicente, ACP Dela Torre, N Pieniazek, NJ Luo, CC Ramos, A Soriano, V Schochetman, G Rayfield, MA Pieniazek, D TI Horizontal and vertical transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 dual infections caused by viruses of subtypes B and C SO JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections CY JAN 22-31, 1997 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. ID MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY; HIV-1; IDENTIFICATION; GENES AB This article describes a case of horizontal (heterosexual) and subsequent vertical (mother to infant) transmission of 2 human immunodeficiency viruses type 1 (HIV-1) subtypes. Dual infection in a husband, his wife, and their child was initially detected by use of a restriction fragment length polymorphism assay of the proviral protease in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The simultaneous presence of highly similar sets of HIV-1 subtypes B and C infecting the 3 family members was confirmed by DNA sequence analysis of pol, gag, and env genes. These data, together with available epidemiologic information, may indicate that the husband's high-risk sexual behavior was the source of dual infections. Because his wife did not report such activities, it was likely that he passed HIV-1 strains to his spouse, who subsequently transmitted them to their child. C1 Ctr Dis Control, Div AIDS STD TB, Res Lab, HIV Retrovirus Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Ctr Dis Control, Div Parasit Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro, Hosp Clementino Fraga Filho, Inst Microbiol & Biol, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro, Hosp Clementino Fraga Filho, Programa SIDA AIDS, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. Inst Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. RP Pieniazek, D (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control, Div AIDS STD TB, Res Lab, HIV Retrovirus Dis Branch, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mail Stop G19, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 15 TC 54 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5801 S ELLIS AVENUE, CHICAGO, IL 60637 USA SN 0022-1899 J9 J INFECT DIS JI J. Infect. Dis. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 177 IS 1 BP 227 EP 231 DI 10.1086/517360 PG 5 WC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology SC Immunology; Infectious Diseases; Microbiology GA YM597 UT WOS:000071080700035 PM 9419195 ER PT J AU Somani, J Workowski, KA Bhullar, VB Farshy, CE Black, CM AF Somani, J Workowski, KA Bhullar, VB Farshy, CE Black, CM TI Multiple recurrent episodes of urethritis in a man infected with heterotypic resistant Chlamydia trachomatis. SO JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Emory Univ, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 USA SN 1081-5589 J9 J INVEST MED JI J. Invest. Med. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 46 IS 1 BP 39A EP 39A PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC General & Internal Medicine; Research & Experimental Medicine GA YU124 UT WOS:000071684700202 ER PT J AU McDonald, A Segler, S McNeil, M Koehler, J Voetsch, D Angulo, F Ray, S AF McDonald, A Segler, S McNeil, M Koehler, J Voetsch, D Angulo, F Ray, S TI Population-based surveillance for Yersinia enterocolitica infection in metropolitan Atlanta. SO JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Georgia DHR, Div Publ Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SLACK INC PI THOROFARE PA 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 USA SN 1081-5589 J9 J INVEST MED JI J. Invest. Med. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 46 IS 1 BP 62A EP 62A PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC General & Internal Medicine; Research & Experimental Medicine GA YU124 UT WOS:000071684700325 ER PT J AU Nakao, H Popovic, T AF Nakao, H Popovic, T TI Development of a rapid ribotyping method for Corynebacterium diphtheriae by using PCR single-strand conformation polymorphism: comparison with standard ribotyping SO JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGICAL METHODS LA English DT Article DE Corynebacterium diphtheriae; PCR-SSCP; rRNA 16S-23S spacer region; ribotyping ID 16S RIBOSOMAL-RNA; MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY; SPACER REGION; GENUS CORYNEBACTERIUM; GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; DNA; IDENTIFICATION; SEQUENCES; AMPLIFICATION; BACTERIA AB A rapid and simple ribotyping method for Corynebacterium diphtheriae was developed, based on 16S-23S rRNA spacer region analysis, by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP). All 123 strains tested were PCR positive with primer set rG1 and rL1, and each reaction resulted in only one amplicon of approximately 440 bp in size. When 19 ribotyping type strains and 26 previously ribotyped strains were analyzed by this method, 29 distinct SSCP patterns were identified. Seventeen of 19 established ribotypes could easily be differentiated, and in some cases SSCP ribotyping provided even better resolution than traditional ribotyping. This method provides a rapid, reliable, and reproducible alternative for the traditional ribotyping, which can significantly aid in epidemiological studies, especially where large numbers of strains need to be rapidly analyzed. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis,US Dept HHS,Publ Hlth Serv, Diphtheria Lab,Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Meningitis & Special Pathogens Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Popovic, T (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis,US Dept HHS,Publ Hlth Serv, Diphtheria Lab,Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Meningitis & Special Pathogens Branch, MS CO2,1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 34 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-7012 J9 J MICROBIOL METH JI J. Microbiol. Methods PD JAN PY 1998 VL 31 IS 3 BP 127 EP 134 DI 10.1016/S0167-7012(97)00104-8 PG 8 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Microbiology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Microbiology GA ZA544 UT WOS:000072375200003 ER PT J AU Hawkes, AP McCammon, JB Hoffman, RE AF Hawkes, AP McCammon, JB Hoffman, RE TI Indoor use of concrete saws and other gas-powered equipment - Analysis of reported carbon monoxide poisoning cases in Colorado SO JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID WAREHOUSE WORKERS HEADACHE; EMERGENCY AB Poisoning due to "non-automobile", gas-powered engines accounts for the largest proportion of occupational carbon monoxide (CO) poisonings in Colorado workers. The present analysis was undertaken to characterize the problem and develop prevention strategies. Cases of occupational CO poisoning were identified from Colorado's population-based surveillance system for unintentional CO poisonings. For cases Poisoned by "non-automobile" gas-powered engines, medical records were obtained, Results showed that almost all of the poisonings from these engines occurred indoors or in an enclosed space, Concrete saws were the most frequent source of poisoning. When compared with operators of other equipment, concrete saw operators had shorter durations of exposure to CO but generally experienced more severe symptoms and signs of poisoning. These results underscore the hazard associated with the indoor use of any gas-powered equipment; however, operators of concrete saws may receive a higher dose of CO. C1 Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Dept Prevent Med & Biometr, Denver, CO 80262 USA. NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH 45226 USA. Colorado Dept Publ Hlth & Environm, Div Dis Control & Environm Epidemiol, Denver, CO USA. RP McCammon, JB (reprint author), NIOSH, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver Field Off, POB 25226, Denver, CO 80225 USA. FU BHP HRSA HHS [AH18002-06] NR 15 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1076-2752 J9 J OCCUP ENVIRON MED JI J. Occup. Environ. Med. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 40 IS 1 BP 49 EP 54 DI 10.1097/00043764-199801000-00010 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA YR847 UT WOS:000071536900010 PM 9467120 ER PT J AU Duffy, RE Chen, DW Sampson, NH AF Duffy, RE Chen, DW Sampson, NH TI History of federal legislation in health professions educational assistance in dental public health, 1956-97 SO JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH DENTISTRY LA English DT Article DE dental public health; project grants; traineeships; legislative history AB Health professions education assistance in dental public health has been congressionally authorized in one form or another during the last four decades. The US Department of Health and Human Services (and its predecessor, the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare) has been a focal point for managing these federal programs. This report tracks the history of relevant national legislation, beginning in the 1950s with the Health Amendment Acts of 1956 and continuing most recently with the Health Professions Education Extension Amendments of 1992. The number of dental public health professionals trained and available to provide expertise and leadership to improve community oral health status has been tied to the presence and intensity of federal programming in this area. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Hosp Infect Program, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Bur Hlth Profess, US Hlth Resources & Serv Adm, Div Associated Dent & Publ Hlth Profess, Washington, DC USA. RP Duffy, RE (reprint author), Room 8-101,Parklawn Bldg,5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20857 USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AAPHD NATIONAL OFFICE PI PORTLAND PA 3760 SW LYLE COURT, PORTLAND, OR 97221 USA SN 0022-4006 J9 J PUBLIC HEALTH DENT JI J. Public Health Dent. PY 1998 VL 58 SU 1 BP 84 EP 89 DI 10.1111/j.1752-7325.1998.tb02533.x PG 6 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA ZY533 UT WOS:000074631500003 PM 9661107 ER PT J AU Leontos, C Wong, F Gallivan, J Lising, M AF Leontos, C Wong, F Gallivan, J Lising, M CA Natl Diabet Educ Program Strategic Planning Co TI National Diabetes Education Program: Opportunities and challenges SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN DIETETIC ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID MICROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS; MELLITUS AB The National Diabetes Education Program is a joint initiative of the National Institutes of Health and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. This article outlines the program, points out implications for dietetics professionals, and offers suggestions as to how they may become involved. C1 NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Diabet Translat, NDEP, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Leontos, C (reprint author), Univ Nevada, Cooperat Extens, 2345 Red Rock St, Las Vegas, NV 89102 USA. NR 19 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER DIETETIC ASSOC PI CHICAGO PA 216 W JACKSON BLVD #800, CHICAGO, IL 60606-6995 USA SN 0002-8223 J9 J AM DIET ASSOC JI J. Am. Diet. Assoc. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 98 IS 1 BP 73 EP 75 DI 10.1016/S0002-8223(98)00019-4 PG 3 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA YP592 UT WOS:000071293500016 PM 9434654 ER PT J AU O'Carroll, PW Yasnoff, WA Wilhoite, W AF O'Carroll, PW Yasnoff, WA Wilhoite, W TI Public health informatics: A CDC course for public health program managers SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL INFORMATICS ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article AB Information science and technology are critical to the modern practice of public health. Yet today's public health professionals generally have no formal training in public health informatics-the application of information science and technology to public health practice and research. Responding to this need, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recently developed, tested, and delivered a new training course in public health informatics. The course it was designed for experienced public health program managers and included sessions on general informatics principles and concepts; key information systems issues and information technologies; and management issues as they relate to information technology projects. This course has been enthusiastically received both at the state and federal levels. We plan to develop an abbreviated version for health officers, administrators, and other public health executives. C1 US Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Publ Hlth Practice Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP O'Carroll, PW (reprint author), US Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Publ Hlth Practice Program Off, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU HANLEY & BELFUS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 210 S 13TH ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19107 USA SN 1067-5027 J9 J AM MED INFORM ASSN JI J. Am. Med. Inf. Assoc. PY 1998 SU S BP 472 EP 476 PG 5 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Information Science & Library Science; Medical Informatics SC Computer Science; Information Science & Library Science; Medical Informatics GA V3156 UT WOS:000171768600091 ER PT J AU Hendon, HH Liebmann, B Glick, JD AF Hendon, HH Liebmann, B Glick, JD TI Oceanic Kelvin waves and the Madden-Julian oscillation SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID OUTGOING LONGWAVE RADIATION; EASTERN EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; EL-NINO; INTRASEASONAL VARIATIONS; TROPICAL PACIFIC; SEA-LEVEL; MODEL; CIRCULATION; WINTER; CYCLE AB The relationship between the Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO), the dominant mode of intraseasonal variability in the tropical troposphere, and the Kelvin waves that dominate the variability of the equatorial thermocline in the central and eastern Pacific Oceans is explored. The Kelvin waves have period near 70 days, which is distinctly longer than the dominant period of the MJO (40-50 days). Their zonal wavelength is roughly the width of the Pacific basin, which is about twice the zonal scale of the zonal stress anomalies produced by the MJO across the western Pacific. Their eastward phase speed is about 2.3 m s(-1). which is indistinguishable from the gravest baroclinic mode using the observed stratification in the Pacific. The stress anomalies that force the Kelvin waves are shown to be associated with the lower-frequency components of the MJO (i.e., periods greater than about 60 days). These stress anomalies move eastward at less than 5 m s(-1) from the Indian Ocean to the date line, where their local wavelength is about 15 000 km. East of the date line, where the convective component of the MJO weakens, the phase speed of the stress anomalies increases to greater than 10 m s(-1). The similarity of the phase speeds of the MJO west of the date line and of the gravest baroclinic Kelvin wave is shown to result in near-resonant forcing by the relatively weak. but zonally broad, stress anomalies induced by the MJO. Despite the large increase in phase speed east of the date line, the MJO-induced stress anomalies are shown to continue to positively project onto the Kelvin waves to about 130 degrees W, which is where the observed thermocline perturbations are the largest. East of this longitude, the MJO-induced stress anomalies detract from the amplitude of the Kelvin waves. The large spatial scale of the zonal stress anomalies produced by the MJO and the near-resonant forcing west of the date line helps explain the observed spectral peak near 70 days for the Kelvin waves despite the higher central frequency of the MJO. C1 Univ Colorado, CIRES, CDC, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Hendon, HH (reprint author), Univ Colorado, CIRES, CDC, Campus Box 449, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 36 TC 103 Z9 104 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD JAN 1 PY 1998 VL 55 IS 1 BP 88 EP 101 DI 10.1175/1520-0469(1998)055<0088:OKWATM>2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YQ943 UT WOS:000071440400005 ER PT J AU Thompson, TJ Smith, PJ Boyle, JP AF Thompson, TJ Smith, PJ Boyle, JP TI Finite mixture models with concomitant information: assessing diagnostic criteria for diabetes SO JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL STATISTICAL SOCIETY SERIES C-APPLIED STATISTICS LA English DT Article DE diabetes mellitus; EM algorithm; finite mixture; generalized linear model; sensitivity; specificity ID GLUCOSE-TOLERANCE DISTRIBUTIONS; EM ALGORITHM; MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD; BIMODALITY; PREVALENCE; MELLITUS; INDIANS; ADULTS; NIDDM; SIZE AB The World Health Organization (WHO) diagnostic criteria for diabetes mellitus were determined in part by evidence that in some populations the plasma glucose level 2 h after an oral glucose load is a mixture of two distinct distributions. We present a finite mixture model that allows the two component densities to be generalized linear models and the mixture probability to be a logistic regression model. The model allows us to estimate the prevalence of diabetes and sensitivity and specificity of the diagnostic criteria as a function of covariates and to estimate them in the absence of an external standard. Sensitivity is the probability that a test indicates disease conditionally on disease being present. Specificity is the probability that a test indicates no disease conditionally on no disease being present. We obtained maximum likelihood estimates via the EM algorithm and derived the standard errors from the information matrix and by the bootstrap. In the application to data from the diabetes in Egypt project a two-component mixture model fits well and the two components are interpreted as normal and diabetes. The means and variances are similar to results found in other populations. The minimum misclassification cutpoints decrease with age, are lower in urban areas and are higher in rural areas than the 200 mg dl(-1) cutpoint recommended by the WHO. These differences are modest and our results generally support the WHO criterion. Our methods allow the direct inclusion of concomitant data whereas past analyses were based on partitioning the data. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Diabet Translat, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Thompson, TJ (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Diabet Translat, Mailstop K-10,4770 Buford Highway NE, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM tat5@cdc.gov NR 29 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 2 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL PUBL LTD PI OXFORD PA 108 COWLEY RD, OXFORD OX4 1JF, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0035-9254 J9 J ROY STAT SOC C-APP JI J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. C-Appl. Stat. PY 1998 VL 47 BP 393 EP 404 PN 3 PG 12 WC Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics GA 124WR UT WOS:000076206200006 ER PT J AU Hadgu, A Qu, Y AF Hadgu, A Qu, Y TI A biomedical application of latent class models with random effects SO JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL STATISTICAL SOCIETY SERIES C-APPLIED STATISTICS LA English DT Article DE Chlamydia trachomatis; conditional independence; latent class models; random effects; sensitivity; specificity ID CHLAMYDIA-TRACHOMATIS; DIAGNOSTIC-TESTS; SENSITIVITY; SPECIFICITY; RISK AB Traditional latent class modelling has been used in many biomedical settings. Unfortunately, many of these applications assume that the diagnostic tests are independent given the true disease status, an assumption that is often violated in practice. Qu, Tan and Kutner developed general latent class models with random effects to model the conditional dependence among multiple diagnostic tests. In this paper latent class modelling with random effects is used to estimate the sensitivity and specificity of six screening tests for detecting Chlamydia trachomatis in endo-cervical specimens from women attending family planning clinics. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Sexually Transmitted Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Cleveland Clin Fdn, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA. RP Hadgu, A (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Sexually Transmitted Dis, 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM axh1@cdc.gov NR 25 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 7 PU BLACKWELL PUBL LTD PI OXFORD PA 108 COWLEY RD, OXFORD OX4 1JF, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0035-9254 J9 J ROY STAT SOC C-APP JI J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. C-Appl. Stat. PY 1998 VL 47 BP 603 EP 616 DI 10.1111/1467-9876.00131 PN 4 PG 14 WC Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics GA 131JE UT WOS:000076571800010 ER PT J AU DeRosa, C Richter, P Pohl, H Jones, DE AF DeRosa, C Richter, P Pohl, H Jones, DE TI Environmental exposures that affect the endocrine system: Public health implications SO JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-PART B-CRITICAL REVIEWS LA English DT Review ID POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS PCBS; PORT PIRIE COHORT; 2,3,7,8-TETRACHLORODIBENZO-PARA-DIOXIN TCDD; THYROID-HORMONES; HYDROCARBON RECEPTOR; DIBENZOFURANS PCDFS; GESTATIONAL-AGE; YOUNG-CHILDREN; BIRTH-WEIGHT; GREAT-LAKES AB In recent years much attention has been focused on the potential for a wide range of xenobiotic chemicals to interact with and disrupt the endocrine systems of animal and human populations. An overview of the chemicals that have been implicated as endocrine disrupters is presented. The ubiquity in the environment and associated body burdens of these chemicals in human populations are described. Potential mechanisms of action are reviewed, including the role of specific intracellular receptors and their interactions with endogenous and exogenous materials. The subsequent upregulation or downregulation of physiological processes at critical stages of development is discussed. The potential for joint toxic action and interaction of chemical mixtures is also discussed. The acknowledged role of wildlife populations as sentinels of potential human health effects is reviewed, and the weight of evidence for the role and impact of endocrine disrupters is presented. The implications of exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals for human health are reviewed, with special emphasis on the potential for transgenerational effects in at-risk populations. Recommendations for future research include the development of (1) structural activity and in vivo and in vitro functional toxicology methods to screen chemicals for their endocrine-disrupting ability, (2) biomarkers of exposure and effect, and (3) in situ sentinel systems. C1 Publ Hlth Serv, Div Toxicol, Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, US Dept HHS, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP DeRosa, C (reprint author), Publ Hlth Serv, Div Toxicol, Agcy Tox Subst & Dis Registry, US Dept HHS, 1600 Clifton Rd,Mailstop E-29, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM CYDO@CDC.GOV NR 113 TC 145 Z9 153 U1 5 U2 22 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1093-7404 J9 J TOXICOL ENV HEAL B JI J. Toxicol. Env. Health-Pt b-Crit. Rev. PD JAN-MAR PY 1998 VL 1 IS 1 BP 3 EP 26 PG 24 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA ZB418 UT WOS:000072470500001 PM 9487091 ER PT J AU Morzunov, SP Rowe, JE Ksiazek, TG Peters, CJ StJeor, SC Nichol, ST AF Morzunov, SP Rowe, JE Ksiazek, TG Peters, CJ StJeor, SC Nichol, ST TI Genetic analysis of the diversity and origin of hantaviruses in Peromyscus leucopus mice in North America SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE ANALYSIS; 4 CORNERS HANTAVIRUS; CREEK-CANAL-VIRUS; PULMONARY-SYNDROME; M-GENOME; UNITED-STATES; PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSES; MITOCHONDRIAL GENOME; SIGMODON-HISPIDUS; S-GENOME AB Nucleotide sequences were determined for the complete M genome segments of two distinct hantavirus genetic lineages which were detected in hantavirus antibody-and PCR-positive white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) from Indiana and Oklahoma. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that although divergent from each other, the virus lineages in Indiana and Oklahoma were monophyletic and formed a newly identified unique ancestral branch within the clade of Sin Nombre-like viruses found in Peromyscus mice. Interestingly, P. leucopus-borne New York virus was found to be most closely related to the P. maniculatus-borne viruses, Sin Nombre and Monongahela, and monophyletic with Monongahela virus. In parallel, intraspecific phylogenetic relationships of P. leucopus were also determined, based on the amplification, sequencing, and analysis of the DNA fragment representing the replication control region of the rodent mitochondrial genome. P. leucopus mitochondrial DNA haplotypes were found to form four separate genetic clades, referred to here as Eastern, Central, North Western, and Southwestern groups. The distinct Indiana and Oklahoma virus lineages mere detected in P. leucopus of the Eastern and Southwestern mitochondrial DNA haplotypes, respectively. Taken together, our current data suggests that both cospeciation of Peromyscus-borne hantaviruses with their specific rodent hosts and biogeographic factors (such as allopatric migrations, geographic separation, and isolation) have played important roles in establishment of the current genetic diversity and geographic distribution of Sin Nombre-like hantaviruses. In particular, the unusual position of New York virus on the virus phylogenetic tree is most consistent with an historically recent host-switching event. C1 CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,DIV VIRAL & RICKETTSIAL DIS,SPECIAL PATHOGENS BRANCH,ATLANTA,GA 30333. RP Morzunov, SP (reprint author), UNIV NEVADA,DEPT MICROBIOL,FLEISCHMANN AGR BLDG,MAIL STOP 200,RENO,NV 89557, USA. FU NIAID NIH HHS [1PO1AI39808-01, 5RO1AI36418-04] NR 62 TC 105 Z9 112 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 72 IS 1 BP 57 EP 64 PG 8 WC Virology SC Virology GA YL010 UT WOS:A1998YL01000007 PM 9420200 ER PT J AU Kuno, G Chang, GJJ Tsuchiya, KR Karabatsos, N Cropp, CB AF Kuno, G Chang, GJJ Tsuchiya, KR Karabatsos, N Cropp, CB TI Phylogeny of the genus Flavivirus SO JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY LA English DT Article ID TICK-BORNE ENCEPHALITIS; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCES; ANTIGENIC RELATIONSHIPS; VIRUS; CLASSIFICATION; IDENTIFICATION; MEMBER; ENCEPHALOMYELITIS; SEROCOMPLEX; DISTINCT AB We undertook a comprehensive phylogenetic study to establish the genetic relationship among the viruses of the genus Flavivirus and to compare the classification based on molecular phylogeny,vith the existing serologic method. By using a combination of quantitative definitions (bootstrap support level and the pairwise nucleotide sequence identity), the viruses could be classified into clusters, clades, and species. Our phylogenetic study revealed for the first time that from the putative ancestor two branches, non-vector and vector-borne virus clusters, evolved and from the latter cluster emerged tick-borne and mosquito-borne virus clusters. Provided that the theory of arthropod association being an acquired trait was correct, pairwise nucleotide sequence identity among these three clusters provided supporting data for a possibility that the non-vector cluster evolved first, followed by the separation of tick-borne and mosquito-borne virus clusters in that order. Clades established in our study correlated significantly with existing antigenic complexes. We also resolved many of the past taxonomic problems by establishing phylogenetic relationships of the antigenically unclassified viruses,vith the well-established viruses and by identifying synonymous viruses. RP Kuno, G (reprint author), CTR DIS CONTROL & PREVENT,ARBOVIRUS DIS BRANCH,DIV VECTOR BORNE INFECT DIS,NATL CTR INFECT DIS,FT COLLINS,CO 80522, USA. NR 52 TC 489 Z9 520 U1 5 U2 35 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1325 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005-4171 SN 0022-538X J9 J VIROL JI J. Virol. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 72 IS 1 BP 73 EP 83 PG 11 WC Virology SC Virology GA YL010 UT WOS:A1998YL01000009 PM 9420202 ER PT J AU Parmenter, CA Yates, TL Parmenter, RR Mills, JN Childs, JE Campbell, ML Dunnum, JL Milner, J AF Parmenter, CA Yates, TL Parmenter, RR Mills, JN Childs, JE Campbell, ML Dunnum, JL Milner, J TI Small mammal survival and trapability in mark-recapture monitoring programs for hantavirus SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE hantavirus; mark-recapture; Methoxyflurane; Peromyscus spp.; rodent populations; Sin Nombre Virus; zoonosis ID ARGENTINE HEMORRHAGIC-FEVER; SOUTHWESTERN UNITED-STATES; ESTIMATING POPULATION-SIZE; TRAPPING WEB; BODY-MASS; GENETIC IDENTIFICATION; PEROMYSCUS-MANICULATUS; DENSITY-ESTIMATION; RODENT RESERVOIR; JUNIN VIRUS AB Following the 1993 hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) epidemic in the southwestern United States, mammalogists and epidemiologists instituted long-term studies to monitor population density and prevalence of infection in rodents which constitute the reservoir for Sin Nombre virus (SNV). In this study, field techniques used in sampling small mammals for SNV infection were evaluated to determine if trapping and handling protocols were having significant effects on future trapability or mortality of animals. We compared rodent mark-recapture control plots, on which all rodents were simply measured, marked, and released on site, with experimental plots on which all animals were anesthetized with methoxyflurane, sampled for blood and saliva, measured, marked, and released. Blood samples were obtained from anesthetized animals on the experimental plots via a retro-orbital sinus puncture using a heparinized capillary tube. Dacron tipped oral swabs were used to collect buccal cells and saliva from the rodent's oral cavity. Field data were collected monthly from August 1994 to August 1996 at two sites in New Mexico (USA). Analyses were based on 3,661 captures of 1,513 individuals representing 21 species from three rodent families (Rodentia: Muridae, Heteromyidae, Sciuridae) and two species of rabbits (Lagomorpha: Leporidae). Overall, for most murid rodents (including five Peromyscus spp., Neotoma albigula, and Onychomys leucogaster) and one rabbit species (Sylvilagus floridanus), the handling/bleeding procedures had no significant effects on recapture rates or mortality. In contrast, several species of heteromyids (Dipodomys ordii and Perognathus flavus), one murid (Reithrodontomys megalotis) and one leporid (S. auduboni) suffered higher mortality rates, and heteromyid kan garoo rats (D. ordii and D. merriami) exhibited lower trapability as a result of the anesthesia and sampling procedures. In view of the overall non-significant influence of the sampling procedures on murid rodents, the anesthesia and blood/saliva sampling protocols described herein appear to be appropriate for hantavirus research, and may serve as a model for environmental monitoring of other zoonotic agents and their reservoirs. C1 Univ New Mexico, Museum SW Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. Univ New Mexico, Dept Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. Fed Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Parmenter, CA (reprint author), Univ New Mexico, Museum SW Biol, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. RI Childs, James/B-4002-2012 NR 32 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 15 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSOC, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 EI 1943-3700 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 34 IS 1 BP 1 EP 12 PG 12 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA YU630 UT WOS:000071737800001 PM 9476220 ER PT J AU Bunnell, JE Dumler, JS Childs, JE Glass, GE AF Bunnell, JE Dumler, JS Childs, JE Glass, GE TI Retrospective serosurvey for human granulocytic ehrlichiosis agent in urban white-footed mice from Maryland SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Ehrlichia equi; human granulocytic ehrlichiosis; indirect immunofluorescence assay; Peromyscus leucopus; reservoir; white-footed mouse ID SMALL MAMMAL COMMUNITIES; BALTIMORE AB Archived serum samples from 111 Peromyscus leucopus, collected 1984-88 in Baltimore City (Maryland, USA), were analyzed by indirect immunofluorescence assay. Sera from two (2%) individuals contained antibodies reactive to Ehrlichia equi and the human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE) agent. This suggests that the HGE agent or an antigenically related organism has been present in rodent populations in this locality for more than a decade, and was present in the region at least 12 yr before a case of human disease was recognized. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Mol Microbiol & Immunol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Johns Hopkins Med Inst, Dept Pathol, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Viral & Rickettsial Zoonoses Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Bunnell, JE (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Hyg & Publ Hlth, Dept Mol Microbiol & Immunol, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. RI Childs, James/B-4002-2012 FU NIAID NIH HHS [R01 AI41213-01] NR 12 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 34 IS 1 BP 179 EP 181 PG 3 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA YU630 UT WOS:000071737800025 PM 9476244 ER PT J AU Quarleri, JF Robertson, BH Mathet, V Sinha, SD Badia, I Frider, B Ferro, A Galoppo, C Sookoian, S Castano, G Oubina, JR AF Quarleri, JF Robertson, BH Mathet, V Sinha, SD Badia, I Frider, B Ferro, A Galoppo, C Sookoian, S Castano, G Oubina, JR TI Genomic and phylogenetic analysis of hepatitis C virus strains from Argentina SO MEDICINA-BUENOS AIRES LA English DT Article DE hepatitis C virus; HCV genotyping; HCV nucleotide sequence ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; 5' NONCODING REGION; INTERFERON THERAPY; MAJOR GENOTYPES; PRIMERS; INFECTION; CIRRHOSIS; SUBTYPES; SEQUENCE; DISEASE AB HCV genomic characterization was performed by nucleotide sequence analysis (n=50) combined with restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of the 5' UTR region in 82 isolates corresponding to different Argentine groups. Genotype 1 was detected in 70.7 % of the samples (58 out of 82), genotype 2 in 21.9% (18 of 82) and genotype 3 in the remaining 6 sera (7.3%). HCV 1b subtype contributed with 35.3 % to the whole population studied (29 of 82) and was detected in 6 out of 21 sporadic cases. Besides their epidemiological significance, these results should be taken into account when future vaccines are considered on the basis of geographical HCV genotypic prevalence. C1 Univ Buenos Aires, Fac Med, Dept Microbiol Parasitol & Inmunol, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. Hosp Ninos Dr Ricardo Gutierrez, Unidad Hepatol 4, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. Hosp Cosme Argerich, Unidad Hepatol, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Hepatitis Branch, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Oubina, JR (reprint author), Univ Buenos Aires, Fac Med, Dept Microbiol, Paraguay 2155, RA-1121 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. NR 34 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU MEDICINA (BUENOS AIRES) PI BUENOS AIRES PA DONATO ALVAREZ 3150, 1427 BUENOS AIRES, ARGENTINA SN 0025-7680 J9 MEDICINA-BUENOS AIRE JI Med.-Buenos Aires PY 1998 VL 58 IS 2 BP 153 EP 159 PG 7 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA ZP314 UT WOS:000073739900005 PM 9706248 ER PT J AU Silveira, AMS Fraga, LAD Prata, A Correa-Oliveira, R Addiss, DA Viana, IRC Colley, DG Gazzinelli, G AF Silveira, AMS Fraga, LAD Prata, A Correa-Oliveira, R Addiss, DA Viana, IRC Colley, DG Gazzinelli, G TI Resistance to infection/reinfection by Schistosoma mansoni is not augmented by three treatments with 45 days intervals SO MEMORIAS DO INSTITUTO OSWALDO CRUZ LA English DT Article DE Schistosoma mansoni; treatment; resistance C1 FIOCRUZ, Ctr Pesquisas Rene Rachou, BR-30190002 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. Escola Med Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil. Ctr Dis Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Gazzinelli, G (reprint author), FIOCRUZ, Ctr Pesquisas Rene Rachou, Av Augusto Lima 1715, BR-30190002 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU FUNDACO OSWALDO CRUZ PI RIO DE JANEIRO, RJ PA AV BRASIL 4365, 21045-900 RIO DE JANEIRO, RJ, BRAZIL SN 0074-0276 J9 MEM I OSWALDO CRUZ JI Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz PD JAN-FEB PY 1998 VL 93 IS 1 BP 113 EP 114 DI 10.1590/S0074-02761998000100021 PG 2 WC Parasitology; Tropical Medicine SC Parasitology; Tropical Medicine GA YT211 UT WOS:000071577000021 PM 9698853 ER PT J AU Montenegro, SML Miranda, P Abath, FGC Teixeira, KM Coutinho, EM Domingues, ALC Domingues, L Brinkman, J Goncalves, I Mahanty, S Sher, A Wynn, TA AF Montenegro, SML Miranda, P Abath, FGC Teixeira, KM Coutinho, EM Domingues, ALC Domingues, L Brinkman, J Goncalves, I Mahanty, S Sher, A Wynn, TA TI Preliminary results on the regulatory role of IFN-gamma and IL-10 human Schistosomiasis mansoni SO MEMORIAS DO INSTITUTO OSWALDO CRUZ LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Symposium on Schistosomiasis / 6th National Meeting on Schistosomiasis CY OCT 19-24, 1997 CL BELO HORIZONT, BRAZIL SP Fiocruz, Natl Res Council (CNPq), Fapemig, Prefeitura Municipal de Sabara, Prefeitura Municipal de Contagem, Lablaser, Copasa, Centro de Pesquisas Rene Rachou-Fiocruz DE Schistosoma mansoni; spleen cells; IL-10; IFN-gamma C1 FIOCRUZ, Ctr Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhaes, Dept Imunol, BR-50670420 Recife, PE, Brazil. UFPE, LIKA, Recife, PE, Brazil. Ctr Dis Control, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. RP Montenegro, SML (reprint author), FIOCRUZ, Ctr Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhaes, Dept Imunol, Av Moraes Rego S-N, BR-50670420 Recife, PE, Brazil. RI Wynn, Thomas/C-2797-2011 NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU FUNDACO OSWALDO CRUZ PI RIO DE JANEIRO, RJ PA AV BRASIL 4365, 21045-900 RIO DE JANEIRO, RJ, BRAZIL SN 0074-0276 J9 MEM I OSWALDO CRUZ JI Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz PY 1998 VL 93 SU 1 BP 173 EP 173 DI 10.1590/S0074-02761998000700027 PG 1 WC Parasitology; Tropical Medicine SC Parasitology; Tropical Medicine GA 135HD UT WOS:000076795000027 PM 9921343 ER PT J AU Murphy, CC Boyle, C Schendel, D Decoufle, P Yeargin-Allsopp, M AF Murphy, CC Boyle, C Schendel, D Decoufle, P Yeargin-Allsopp, M TI Epidemiology of mental retardation in children SO MENTAL RETARDATION AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES RESEARCH REVIEWS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 19th Annual Spectrum of Developmental Disabilities Course CY MAR 18-20, 1996 CL JOHNS HOPKINS MED INST, BALTIMORE, MARYLAND HO JOHNS HOPKINS MED INST DE epidemiology; mental retardation; socioeconomic; genetics; children ID LOW-BIRTH-WEIGHT; FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME; PRADER-WILLI SYNDROME; HERPES-SIMPLEX VIRUS; METROPOLITAN ATLANTA; PRETERM INFANTS; CEREBRAL-PALSY; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; ECONOMIC DEPRIVATION; LEAD-EXPOSURE AB Mental retardation (MR) in children is a heterogeneous group of disorders with varied causes. This article describes well-known causes of MR and epidemiologically established risk factors. Approximately 43-70% of children with severe MR (i.e., intelligence quotient [IQ] of <50) have a known cause of MR, compared with 20-24% of those with mild MR (IQ of 50-70). Investigators will need to continue refining research methods to define homogeneous groups for the further identification of causes of MR in children. Discovery of additional genetic factors and their causal link to MR will continue to diminish the proportion of MR with unknown causes. areas of NIR research that will be particularly challenging are (1) the relationship between socioeconomic factors and other risk factors or causes of MR and (2) how much of the variation in prevalence of MR associated with prenatal or perinatal biologic insults is due to differences in the quality of intervening care and the postnatal environment. (C) 1998 Wiley-iiss, Inc. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Birth Defects & Dev Disabil, Chamblee, GA 30341 USA. RP Murphy, CC (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Div Birth Defects & Dev Disabil, 4770 Buford Highway,MS-F15, Chamblee, GA 30341 USA. EM ccm0@cdc.gov NR 95 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 1080-4013 J9 MENT RETARD DEV D R JI Ment. Retard. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev. PY 1998 VL 4 IS 1 BP 6 EP 13 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2779(1998)4:1<6::AID-MRDD3>3.0.CO;2-P PG 8 WC Clinical Neurology; Neurosciences; Pediatrics; Psychiatry SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pediatrics; Psychiatry GA YZ340 UT WOS:000072244600003 ER PT J AU Olney, R Mulinare, J AF Olney, R Mulinare, J TI Epidemiology of neural tube defects SO MENTAL RETARDATION AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES RESEARCH REVIEWS LA English DT Review DE neural tube defects; anencephaly; meningomyelocele; epidemiology; risk factors; population surveillance ID UNITED-STATES; PREVALENCE AB Epidemiologic studies have established clear variations in the occurrence of neural tube defects (NTDs) associated with demographic and other factors. Methods of counting NTD-affected pregnancies and other birth defects rely on multiple sources of information such as hospital records and birth certificates. Widespread prenatal diagnosis of NTDs presents special challenges for birth defects monitoring programs. Even before prenatal diagnosis was possible, epidemiologists noted geographic variation in NTD rates; distinctive recurrence patterns within families; variations in NTD rates by race/ethnicity, socioeconomic strata, and sex of the infant or fetus; and changing rates over time. We review highlights of studies of these factors and some conclusions that can be drawn from NTD epidemiologic data. These conclusions include the importance of maternal diet, a finding that has led to preventive interventions, and the suggestion of multiple causes of NTDs, indicating that no single prevention program may prevent the occurrence of all NTDs. We also discuss the relevance of epidemiologic data to NTD screening and counseling policies and the importance of prenatal diagnosis data. Future epidemiologic studies will need to incorporate prenatal records, particularly to study trends. Other emerging themes in epidemiologic research include collaboration between different birth defects monitoring programs, new information from unique geographic areas, new techniques to study gene-environment interactions, and a multidisciplinary emphasis on measuring the effectiveness of prevention programs. Published 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.dagger. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Birth Defects & Genet Dis Branch, Div Birth Defects & Dev Disabil, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Mulinare, J (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Birth Defects & Genet Dis Branch, Div Birth Defects & Dev Disabil, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, 4770 Buford Highway,Mailstop F-45, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. NR 31 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 4 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 1080-4013 J9 MENT RETARD DEV D R JI Ment. Retard. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev. PY 1998 VL 4 IS 4 BP 241 EP 246 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2779(1998)4:4<241::AID-MRDD2>3.0.CO;2-Y PG 6 WC Clinical Neurology; Neurosciences; Pediatrics; Psychiatry SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pediatrics; Psychiatry GA 143LD UT WOS:000077256400002 ER PT J AU Watkins, ML AF Watkins, ML TI Efficacy of folic acid prophylaxis for the prevention of neural tube defects SO MENTAL RETARDATION AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES RESEARCH REVIEWS LA English DT Review DE folic acid; neural tube defects; spina bifida; meningomyelocele; anencephaly; prevention; vitamins; efficacy ID RED-CELL FOLATE; PERICONCEPTIONAL VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION; DIETARY-FOLATE; SPINA-BIFIDA; RISK FACTOR; OROFACIAL CLEFTS; MULTIVITAMIN USE; URINARY-TRACT; BIRTH-DEFECTS; OBESE WOMEN AB Thirty years ago, researchers suggested that maternal intake of certain vitamins during pregnancy affected the incidence of serious birth defects. Since then, two randomized controlled trials and several observational studies have proven that if women take folic acid during the periconceptional period, they can lower their risk of having children with neural tube defects (NTDs), serious birth defects of the spine and brain. In 1992, the U.S. Public Health Service recommended that all women capable of becoming pregnant take 0.4 mg of folic acid daily. Translating this recommendation into practice, however, presents a major public health challenge. In 1996, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ruled that "enriched" cereal grain products must be fortified with folic acid, the first time food has been fortified for the prevention of birth defects. However, because the level chosen for folic acid fortification will not provide all women the optimal protection against the occurrence of NTDs, efforts to increase reproductive-age women's consumption of folic acid-containing vitamins and folate-rich foods are underway The mechanism underlying folic acid's efficacy in preventing NTDs is unknown. It may work by correcting a deficiency or by overcoming an inherited disorder of folate metabolism. The role of genetics and agents such as vitamin B-12, methionine, and homocysteine in NTD prevention, and the relationship of these factors with folic acid, are under investigation. Although the mechanism for folic acid's protective effect is unknown, it is clear that a significant proportion of NTDs can be prevented and that prevention efforts should not await the elucidation of specific mechanisms, (C) 1998 Wiley-Liss. Inc. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Birth Defects & Genet Dis Branch, Div Birth Defects & Dev Disabil, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Watkins, ML (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Birth Defects & Genet Dis Branch, Div Birth Defects & Dev Disabil, Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, 4770 Buford Highway,Mailstop F-45, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. EM maw8@cdc.gov NR 79 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 4 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 1080-4013 J9 MENT RETARD DEV D R JI Ment. Retard. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev. PY 1998 VL 4 IS 4 BP 282 EP 290 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2779(1998)4:4<282::AID-MRDD7>3.0.CO;2-6 PG 9 WC Clinical Neurology; Neurosciences; Pediatrics; Psychiatry SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Pediatrics; Psychiatry GA 143LD UT WOS:000077256400007 ER PT J AU Igietseme, JU Ananaba, GA Candal, DH Lyn, D Black, CM AF Igietseme, JU Ananaba, GA Candal, DH Lyn, D Black, CM TI Immune control of chlamydial growth in the human epithelial cell line RT4 involves multiple mechanisms that include nitric oxide induction, tryptophan catabolism and iron deprivation SO MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE epithelial T cell interaction; cytokines; Chlamydia ID MOUSE GENITAL-TRACT; GAMMA-INTERFERON; TRACHOMATIS INFECTION; IN-VIVO; MEDIATED INHIBITION; MACROPHAGE FUNCTION; DEFICIENT MICE; UP-REGULATION; EXPRESSION; SYNTHASE AB The antimicrobial activity of T cell-derived cytokines, especially interferon (IFN)-gamma, against intracellular pathogens, such as Chlamydia trachomatis, involves the induction of 3 major biochemical processes: tryptophan catabolism, nitric oxide (NO) induction and intracellular iron (Fe) deprivation, Since the epithelial cell is the natural target of chlamydial infection, the presence of these antimicrobial systems in the cell would suggest that they may be involved in T cell control of intracellular multiplication of Chlamydia, However, the controversy over whether these 3 antimicrobial processes are present in both mice and humans has precluded the assessment of the relative contribution of each of the 3 mechanisms to chlamydial inhibition in the same epithelial cell from either mice or humans. In the present study, we identified a Chlamydia-susceptible human epithelial cell line, RT4, that possesses the 3 antimicrobial systems, and we examined the role of nitric oxide (NO) induction, and deprivation of tryptophan of Fe in cytokine-induced inhibition of chlamydiae, It was found that the 3 antimicrobial systems contributed to cytokine-mediated inhibition of the intracellular growth of Chlamydia. NO induction accounted for similar to 20% of the growth inhibition; tryptophan catabolism contributed approximately 30%; iron deprivation Was least effective; but the combination of the 3 systems accounted for greater than 60% of the inhibition observed, These results indicate that immune control of chlamydial growth in human epithelial cells may involve multiple mechanisms that include NO induction, tryptophan catabolism and Fe deprivation. C1 Morehouse Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Atlanta, GA 30310 USA. Spelman Coll, Dept Biol, Atlanta, GA 30310 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Igietseme, JU (reprint author), Morehouse Sch Med, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, 720 Westview Dr SW, Atlanta, GA 30310 USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [RR03034, RR115598]; NIAID NIH HHS [AI41231] NR 53 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 1 PU CENTER ACADEMIC PUBL JAPAN PI TOKYO PA 4-16 YAYOI 2-CHOME, BUNKYO-KU, TOKYO, 113, JAPAN SN 0385-5600 J9 MICROBIOL IMMUNOL JI Microbiol. Immunol. PY 1998 VL 42 IS 9 BP 617 EP 625 PG 9 WC Immunology; Microbiology SC Immunology; Microbiology GA 117JR UT WOS:000075778600005 PM 9802562 ER PT J AU Guarner, J Greer, PW Smith, CS Bartlet, J Zaki, SR AF Guarner, J Greer, PW Smith, CS Bartlet, J Zaki, SR TI Immunohistochemical detection of Fancisella tularensis in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue. SO MODERN PATHOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RI Guarner, Jeannette/B-8273-2013 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0893-3952 J9 MODERN PATHOL JI Mod. Pathol. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 11 IS 1 BP 145A EP 145A PG 1 WC Pathology SC Pathology GA YV140 UT WOS:000071793400863 ER PT J AU Shieh, WJ Demby, A Merdel, S Conteh, A Ferebee, T Goldsmith, CS Bausch, D Farrar, B Lloyd, E Ksiazek, T Rollin, P Peters, CJ Zaki, SR AF Shieh, WJ Demby, A Merdel, S Conteh, A Ferebee, T Goldsmith, CS Bausch, D Farrar, B Lloyd, E Ksiazek, T Rollin, P Peters, CJ Zaki, SR TI High risk autopsy of fatal Lassa fever cases in Sierra Leone. SO MODERN PATHOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. Lassa Fever Emergency Response Team, Kenema, Sierra Leone. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 227 EAST WASHINGTON SQ, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0893-3952 J9 MODERN PATHOL JI Mod. Pathol. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 11 IS 1 BP 147A EP 147A PG 1 WC Pathology SC Pathology GA YV140 UT WOS:000071793400875 ER PT J AU Kaufman, L AF Kaufman, L TI Penicilliosis marneffei and pythiosis: Emerging tropical diseases SO MYCOPATHOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE emerging mycoses; penicilliosis marneffei; Penicillium marneffei; pythiosis; Pythium insidiosum ID PATHOGEN PYTHIUM-INSIDIOSUM; IMMUNODIFFUSION TEST; SERODIAGNOSIS; INFECTION AB Penicilliosis marneffei and pythiosis insidiosi are emerging infections in subtropical, tropical, and temperate areas of the world. Penicilliosis marneffei is endemic in several Southeast Asian countries and may be carried to other areas of the world by residents of these countries or visitors. Pythiosis occurs in humans and animals who frequent the aquatic habitats that harbor Pythium insidiosum. Although early diagnosis is important because of the high morbidity or mortality associated with these two diseases, the diagnosis of these infections can be difficult because their clinical and histologic features are not pathognomonic. Prompt diagnosis is a prerequisite to their appropriate treatment. Laboratory testing, involving cultural, histologic and immunologic methods, is necessary to establish an unequivocal diagnosis, The clinical presentation, epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of these diseases are discussed. C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Kaufman, L (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, G-11, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 28 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0301-486X J9 MYCOPATHOLOGIA JI Mycopathologia PY 1998 VL 143 IS 1 BP 3 EP 7 DI 10.1023/A:1006958027581 PG 5 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 179KT UT WOS:000079327000002 PM 10205881 ER PT J AU Ishizaki, H Kawasaki, M Aoki, M Matsumoto, T Padhye, AA Mendoza, M Negroni, R AF Ishizaki, H Kawasaki, M Aoki, M Matsumoto, T Padhye, AA Mendoza, M Negroni, R TI Mitochondrial DNA analysis of Sporothrix schenckii in North and South America SO MYCOPATHOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE epidemiology; mitochondrial DNA; phylogeny; restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP); Sporothrix schenckii ID SPOROTRICHOSIS; EPIDEMIC AB Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) types based on restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns with HaeIII were investigated in clinical isolates of Sporothrix schenckii in North and South America. In addition to 14 mtDNA types (Types 1-14) so far reported, six new mtDNA types, Types 15-20 were found in this study. Type 3 was divided into two subtypes, Subtype 3A and Subtype 3B based on RFLP with Msp I. Type 14 was also divided into three subtypes, Subtype 14A, Subtype 14B anti Subtype 14C based on RFLP with Hha 1. Nineteen isolates in the United States consisted of 1 isolate of Type 1, 12 of Type 2, 2 of Type 4, 3 of Type 14 (1 of Subtype 14B and 2 of Subtype 14C) and 1 of Type 15. Twenty nine isolates in Venezuela consisted of 13 of Type 3 (Subtype 3B), 6 of Type 4, 1 of Type 18, 3 of Type 19 and 6 of Type 20. Thirteen isolates in Argentina consisted of 2 of Type 3 (Subtype 3A), 4 of Type 4, 4 of Type 16 and 3 of Type 17. One isolate in Brazil was Type 3 (Subtype 3A). Based on the phylogeny of 20 mtDNA types (Types 1-20) constructed by estimating sequence divergences of mtDNA, mtDNA types were clustered into two groups: Group A (Types 1-3,Type Il and Types 14-19) and Group B (Types 4-10, Types 12-13 and Type 20). These results suggest that S. schenckii isolates in North and South America mainly belong to Group A. C1 Kanazawa Med Univ, Dept Dermatol, Uchinada, Ishikawa 9200293, Japan. Kanazawa Med Univ, Fac Med, Sch Hlth Sci, Uchinada, Ishikawa 9200934, Japan. Toshiba Hosp, Dept Dermatol, Shinagawa Ku, Tokyo 140, Japan. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Fungus Reference Lab, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Inst Biomed, Secc Micol, Caracas 1010A, Venezuela. Buenos Aires Sch Med, Mycol Ctr, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. RP Ishizaki, H (reprint author), Kanazawa Med Univ, Dept Dermatol, Uchinada, Ishikawa 9200293, Japan. NR 7 TC 28 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0301-486X J9 MYCOPATHOLOGIA JI Mycopathologia PY 1998 VL 142 IS 3 BP 115 EP 118 DI 10.1023/A:1006952702947 PG 4 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA 168VA UT WOS:000078712800001 PM 10052160 ER PT J AU Kimura, M Kaufman, L Maekura, S Teramura, K Satou, T Hashimoto, S AF Kimura, M Kaufman, L Maekura, S Teramura, K Satou, T Hashimoto, S TI Pulmonary cryptococcosis due to a capsule-deficient strain confused with metastatic lung cancer SO MYCOPATHOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE capsule-deficient; Cryptococcus neoformans; immunofluorescence study; lung; metastatic cancer ID INFECTION; STAIN AB A patient with hepatocellular cancer developed pulmonary cryptococcosis due to infection with a capsule-deficient Cryptococcus neoformans. Pulmonary lesions initially diagnosed as metastatic cancer by chest x-ray film and CT scan were subsequently found to be fungal granulomas by autopsy. Although morphologic studies of the fungi were insufficient to render a specific mycologic diagnosis because of the absence of encapsulated yeasts, fluorescent antibody studies confirmed the diagnosis of cryptococcosis. The use of various stains and electron microscopy for the pathological differential diagnosis of cryptococcosis caused by capsule-deficient yeasts is discussed. C1 Kinki Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol 2, Osaka 589, Japan. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Bacterial & Mycot Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Kimura, M (reprint author), Kinki Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pathol 2, 377-2 Ohno Higashi, Osaka 589, Japan. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0301-486X J9 MYCOPATHOLOGIA JI Mycopathologia PY 1998 VL 140 IS 2 BP 65 EP 68 PG 4 WC Mycology SC Mycology GA ZU482 UT WOS:000074202500001 ER PT J AU Folks, T AF Folks, T TI Ebola takes a punch SO NATURE MEDICINE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Ctr Dis Control, Retrovirus Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Folks, T (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control, Retrovirus Dis Branch, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. EM tmf2@cdc.gov NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATURE AMERICA INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA SN 1078-8956 J9 NAT MED JI Nat. Med. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 4 IS 1 BP 16 EP 17 DI 10.1038/nm0198-016 PG 2 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA YZ391 UT WOS:000072249700024 PM 9427596 ER PT J AU Xu, L Sanchez, A Yang, ZY Zaki, SR Nabel, EG Nichol, ST Nabel, GJ AF Xu, L Sanchez, A Yang, ZY Zaki, SR Nabel, EG Nichol, ST Nabel, GJ TI Immunization for Ebola virus infection SO NATURE MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID PLASMID DNA; GENE; VACCINATION; PROTECTION; INJECTION; IMMUNITY; PROTEIN; EXPRESSION; INHIBITION; INDUCTION AB Infection by Ebola virus causes rapidly progressive, often fatal, symptoms of fever, hemorrhage and hypotension. Previous attempts to elicit protective immunity for this disease have not met with success. We report here that protection against the lethal effects of Ebola virus can be achieved in an animal model by immunizing with plasmids encoding viral proteins. We analyzed immune responses to the viral nucleoprotein (NP) and the secreted or transmembrane forms of the glycoprotein (sGP or GP) and their ability to protect against infection in a guinea pig infection model analogous to the human disease. Protection was achieved and correlated with antibody titer and antigen-specific T-cell responses to sGP or GP. Immunity to Ebola virus can therefore be developed through genetic vaccination and may facilitate efforts to limit the spread of this disease. C1 Univ Michigan, Med Ctr, Dept Biol Chem, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Michigan, Med Ctr, Dept Internal Med, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Michigan, Med Ctr, Howard Hughes Med Inst, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Special Pathogens Branch, Div Viral & Rickettsial Dis, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Nabel, GJ (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Med Ctr, Dept Biol Chem, 1150 W Med Ctr Dr,4520 MSRB 1, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. NR 37 TC 164 Z9 170 U1 2 U2 40 PU NATURE AMERICA INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1707 USA SN 1078-8956 J9 NAT MED JI Nat. Med. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 4 IS 1 BP 37 EP 42 DI 10.1038/nm0198-037 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology; Research & Experimental Medicine GA YZ391 UT WOS:000072249700032 PM 9427604 ER PT S AU O'Callaghan, JP Martin, PM Mass, MJ AF O'Callaghan, JP Martin, PM Mass, MJ BE Ali, SF TI The MAP kinase cascade is activated prior to the induction of gliosis in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) model of dopaminergic neurotoxicity SO NEUROCHEMISTRY OF DRUGS OF ABUSE: COCAINE, IBOGAINE, AND SUBSTITUTED AMPHETAMINES SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Drugs of Abuse - Cocaine, Ibogaine, and Substituted Amphetamines CY JUL 16-18, 1997 CL HAMILTON, BERMUDA SP Int Soc Neurochem, Amer Soc Neurochem, Res Biochem Int, Servier Amerique, Warner Lambert Co, Parke Davis, Neurosci Res Div, US FDA, Natl Ctr Toxicol Res ID FIBRILLARY ACIDIC PROTEIN; PHOSPHORYLATION; EXPRESSION AB Injury to the central nervous system (CNS) provokes microglial activation and astrocytic hypertrophy at the site of damage, The signaling events that underlie these cellular responses remain unknown. Recent evidence has implicated tyrosine phosphorylation systems, in general, and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) cascade, in particular, in the mediation of growth-associated events linked to neural degeneration, such as glial activation.(1) Moreover, an increase in the mRNA coding for the 14.3.3 protein, a known regulator of the MAP kinase pathway,(2) appears to be involved in methamphetamine neurotoxicity.3 To examine the potential role of these protein kinase pathways in drug-induced damage to the CNS, we used the dopaminergic neurotoxicant, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), to damage nerve terminals in the mouse neostriatum and elicit a glial reaction, The onset of reactive gnosis then was verified by Northern blot analysis of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) mRNA and qualified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of GFAP (protein). A single administration of MPTP (12.5 mg/kg, subcutaneously (s.c.)) to the C57B1/6J mouse resulted in a 10-fold increase in GFAP mRNA by 1 day and a 4-fold increase in GFAP (protein) by 2 days, To determine the potential role of protein tyrosine phosphorylation and MAP kinase activation in these events, blots of striatal homogenates were probed with antibodies directed against phospho-tyr 204 and phospho-thr 202, residues corresponding to the active sites of p42/44 MAP kinase. After mice were sacrificed by focused microwave irradiation to preserve steady-state phosphorylation, proteins from striatal homogenates were resolved by sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), Immunoblots of these samples showed a number of phosphotyrosine-labeled bands, but there were no apparent differences between control and MPTP groups, In contrast, phospho-MAP kinase was elevated over 1.5-fold, 3-6 hours post MPTP. These findings are suggestive of a role of the MAP kinase cascade in the early phase of injury-induced glial activation. C1 NIOSH, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, HELD, TMBB, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. Family Hlth Int, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. US EPA, NHEERL, Div Environm Carcinogenesis, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP O'Callaghan, JP (reprint author), NIOSH, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, HELD, TMBB, 1095 Willowdale Rd, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. EM jdo5@cdc.gov RI O'Callaghan, James/O-2958-2013 NR 20 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-145-6 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 1998 VL 844 BP 40 EP 49 PG 10 WC Substance Abuse; Multidisciplinary Sciences; Neurosciences SC Substance Abuse; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Neurosciences & Neurology GA BL26D UT WOS:000074929000005 PM 9668663 ER PT J AU Yokel, RA O'Callaghan, JP AF Yokel, RA O'Callaghan, JP TI An aluminum-induced increase in GFAP is attenuated by some chelators SO NEUROTOXICOLOGY AND TERATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE aluminum; desferrioxamine; glial fibrillary acidic protein; 3-hydroxypyridin-4-ones; myelin basic protein; neurofilament 68; rabbit; synaptophysin ID FIBRILLARY ACIDIC PROTEIN; CENTRAL-NERVOUS-SYSTEM; ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE; IMMUNOCYTOCHEMICAL LOCALIZATION; QUANTITATIVE ASPECTS; ASTROCYTE CULTURES; REACTIVE GLIOSIS; RAT-BRAIN; DESFERRIOXAMINE; NEUROTOXICITY AB Enhanced expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) has been shown to be associated with gliosis, a generic response of the CNS to neural injury. The effects of aluminum (Al) on regional GFAP concentrations were evaluated to determine potential sites of Al-induced neural injury. Rabbits received 20 Al (100 mu mol/kg) or sodium lactate injections over 1 month. Frontal cortical GFAP increased (approximate to twofold above control) in Al-loaded rabbits, whereas hippocampal and cerebellar GFAP concentrations were not affected. Frontal cortical synaptophysin, neurofilament 68, and myelin basic protein concentrations were then examined in an attempt to determine cell-specific targets of Al neurotoxicity. These proteins were not affected by Al. The ability of chelators to influence brain Al concentrations and the Al effect on GFAP were assessed. Desferrioxamine (DFO) and six 3-hydroxypyridin-4-ones (CPs) were given 12 times, over 1 month, to Al-loaded rabbits. CP24 significantly reduced brain Al. CP93, CP52 and CP24 significantly reduced frontal cortical GFAP. The data suggest an Al-induced gliosis consequent to subtle damage in the frontal cortex and a protective role of some chelators against this CNS injury. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Inc. C1 Univ Kentucky, Med Ctr, Coll Pharm, Lexington, KY 40536 USA. Univ Kentucky, Med Ctr, Grad Ctr Toxicol, Lexington, KY 40536 USA. NIOSH, Hlth Effects Lab Div, Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. RP Yokel, RA (reprint author), Univ Kentucky, Med Ctr, Coll Pharm, Pharm Bldg,Rose St, Lexington, KY 40536 USA. RI O'Callaghan, James/O-2958-2013 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [ES4640] NR 41 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0892-0362 J9 NEUROTOXICOL TERATOL JI Neurotoxicol. Teratol. PD JAN-FEB PY 1998 VL 20 IS 1 BP 55 EP 60 DI 10.1016/S0892-0362(97)00069-X PG 6 WC Neurosciences; Toxicology SC Neurosciences & Neurology; Toxicology GA YZ146 UT WOS:000072224900007 PM 9511169 ER PT J AU Stevens, J Cai, JW Pamuk, ER Williamson, DF Thun, MJ Wood, JL AF Stevens, J Cai, JW Pamuk, ER Williamson, DF Thun, MJ Wood, JL TI The effect of age on the association between body-mass index and mortality SO NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID WEIGHT; WOMEN; MEN AB Background The effect of age on optimal body weight is controversial, and few studies have had adequate numbers of subjects to analyze mortality as a function of body-mass index across age groups. Methods We studied mortality over 12 years among white men and women who participated in the American Cancer Society's Cancer Prevention Study I (from 1960 through 1972). The 62,116 men and 262,019 women included in this analysis had never smoked cigarettes, had no history of heart disease, stroke, or cancer (other than skin cancer) at base line in 1959-1960, and had no history of recent unintentional weight loss. The date and cause of death for subjects who died were determined from death certificates. The associations between body-mass index (defined as the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters) and mortality were examined for six age groups in analyses in which we adjusted for age, educational level, physical activity, and alcohol consumption. Results Greater body-mass index was associated with higher mortality from all causes and from cardiovascular disease in men and women up to 75 years of age. However, the relative risk associated with greater body-mass index declined with age. For example, for mortality from cardiovascular disease, the relative risk associated with an increment of 1 in the body-mass index was 1.10 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.04 to 1.16) for 30-to-44-year-old men and 1.03 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.02 to 1.05) for 65-to-74-year-old men. For women, the corresponding relative risk estimates were 1.08 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.05 to 1.11) and 1.02 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.02 to 1.03). Conclusions Excess body weight increases the risk of death from any cause and from cardiovascular disease in adults between 30 and 74 years of age. The relative risk associated with greater body weight is higher among younger subjects. (C) 1998, Massachusetts Medical Society. C1 Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Nutr, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Biostat, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Epidemiol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Natl Ctr Hlth Stat, Hyattsville, MD 20782 USA. Ctr Dis Control, Natl Ctr Chron Dis Prevent & Hlth Promot, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. Amer Canc Soc, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA. RP Stevens, J (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Nutr, CB 7400, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. FU NIDDK NIH HHS [R01 DK50776] NR 25 TC 958 Z9 992 U1 1 U2 15 PU MASS MEDICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 10 SHATTUCK, BOSTON, MA 02115 USA SN 0028-4793 J9 NEW ENGL J MED JI N. Engl. J. Med. PD JAN 1 PY 1998 VL 338 IS 1 BP 1 EP 7 DI 10.1056/NEJM199801013380101 PG 7 WC Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA YN801 UT WOS:000071209200001 PM 9414324 ER PT B AU Wasserheit, JN MacKay, HT AF Wasserheit, JN MacKay, HT BE Ottesen, B Tabor, A TI Reproductive impact of sexually transmitted infections SO NEW INSIGHTS IN GYNECOLOGY & OBSTETRICS: RESEARCH AND PRACTICE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT XV FIGO World Congress of Gynaecology and Obstetrics CY AUG 03-08, 1997 CL COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SP Jenapharm GmbH Co KG C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div STD Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD TB Prevent, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. RP Wasserheit, JN (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div STD Prevent, Natl Ctr HIV STD TB Prevent, 1600 Clifton Rd Mailstop E02, Atlanta, GA 30333 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PARTHENON PUBLISHING GROUP LTD PI LANCASTER PA CASTERTON HALL, CARNFORTH, LANCASTER LA6 2LA, ENGLAND BN 1-85070-966-1 PY 1998 BP 46 EP 57 PG 12 WC Obstetrics & Gynecology SC Obstetrics & Gynecology GA BL45R UT WOS:000075567700006 ER PT B AU Rollin, PE Ksiazek, TG Sanchez, A Zaki, SR AF Rollin, PE Ksiazek, TG Sanchez, A Zaki, SR BE Greenwood, B DeCock, K TI Ebola haemorrhagic fever: emerging or not? SO NEW & RESURGENT INFECTIONS: PREDICTION, DETECTION AND MANAGEMENT OF TOMORROW'S EPIDEMICS SE LONDON SCHOOL OF HYGIENE & TROPICAL MEDICINE - ANNUAL PUBLIC HEALTH FORM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT London-School-of-Hygiene-and-Tropical-Medicine 7th Annual Public Health Forum CY 1997 CL LONDON, ENGLAND SP London Sch Hyg & Trop Med ID HEMORRHAGIC-FEVER; VIRUS; GABON; STRAIN; MONKEYS; ZAIRE C1 Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Special Pathogens Branch, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Rollin, PE (reprint author), Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Special Pathogens Branch, Natl Ctr Infect Dis, Atlanta, GA USA. NR 30 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, WEST SUSSEX, ENGLAND BN 0-471-98174-5 J9 LSHTM PUBL HEAL FOR PY 1998 BP 101 EP 115 PG 15 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases; Tropical Medicine SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Infectious Diseases; Tropical Medicine GA BN33V UT WOS:000081660800009 ER EF