FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT S AU Kopanski, JJ Marchiando, JF Albers, J Rennex, BG AF Kopanski, JJ Marchiando, JF Albers, J Rennex, BG BE Seiler, DG Diebold, AC Bullis, WM Shaffner, TJ McDonald, R Walters, EJ TI Comparison of measured and modeled scanning capacitance microscopy images across p-n junctions SO CHARACTERIZATION AND METROLOGY FOR ULSI TECHNOLOGY SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Characterization and Metrology for ULSI Technology CY MAR, 1998 CL GAITHERSBURG, MD SP Natl Inst Stan & Technol, Semicond Electron Div, SEMATECH, Semicond Res Corp, Amer Vacuum Soc, Mfg Sci & Technol Div, Semicond Equipment & Mat Int AB Scanning capacitance microscope (SCM) image contrast measured on ion implanted P+/P and P+/N junction structures with identical dopant profiles, as a function of SCM operating conditions, is compared to a theoretical model of the SCM based on a two-dimensional finite-element solution of Poisson's equation. Measured Delta C/Delta V versus bias voltage curves were found to agree with the theoretical model. For the P+/P structure, the lateral dopant profile is extracted using the model and compared to a Monte-Carlo simulation of the implanted profile. The image contrast of the P+/N junction structure and the dependence of the apparent junction location on SCM bias voltage is compared to model predictions calculated using the known dopant profile. The SCM quiescent operating point where the apparent junction location in an SCM image and the actual metallurgical p-n junction coincide is defined. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kopanski, JJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-867-3 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1998 VL 449 BP 725 EP 729 PG 5 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BM14B UT WOS:000077770000099 ER PT S AU Wollman, DA Hilton, GC Irwin, KD Dulcie, LL Bergren, NF Newbury, DE Woo, KS Liu, BYH Diebold, AC Martinis, JM AF Wollman, DA Hilton, GC Irwin, KD Dulcie, LL Bergren, NF Newbury, DE Woo, KS Liu, BYH Diebold, AC Martinis, JM BE Seiler, DG Diebold, AC Bullis, WM Shaffner, TJ McDonald, R Walters, EJ TI High-resolution microcalorimeter energy-dispersive spectrometer for x-ray microanalysis and particle analysis SO CHARACTERIZATION AND METROLOGY FOR ULSI TECHNOLOGY SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Characterization and Metrology for ULSI Technology CY MAR, 1998 CL GAITHERSBURG, MD SP Natl Inst Stan & Technol, Semicond Electron Div, SEMATECH, Semicond Res Corp, Amer Vacuum Soc, Mfg Sci & Technol Div, Semicond Equipment & Mat Int AB We have developed a high-resolution microcalorimeter energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS) at NIST that provides improved x-ray microanalysis of contaminant particles and defects important to the semiconductor industry. Using our microcalorimeter EDS mounted on a scanning electron microscope (SEM), we have analyzed a variety of specific sized particles on Si wafers, including 0.3 mu m diameter W particles and 0.1 mu m diameter Al2O3 particles. To compare the particle analysis capabilities of microcalorimeter EDS to that of semiconductor EDS and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), we report measurements of the Al-K alpha/Si-K alpha x-ray peak intensity ratio for 0.3 mu m diameter Al2O3 particles on Si as a function of electron beam energy. We also demonstrate the capability of microcalorimeter EDS for chemical shift measurements. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Wollman, DA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 0 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-867-3 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1998 VL 449 BP 799 EP 804 PG 6 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BM14B UT WOS:000077770000112 ER PT S AU Germer, TA AF Germer, TA BE Seiler, DG Diebold, AC Bullis, WM Shaffner, TJ McDonald, R Walters, EJ TI Polarized light scattering and its application to microroughness, particle, and defect detection SO CHARACTERIZATION AND METROLOGY FOR ULSI TECHNOLOGY SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Characterization and Metrology for ULSI Technology CY MAR, 1998 CL GAITHERSBURG, MD SP Natl Inst Stan & Technol, Semicond Electron Div, SEMATECH, Semicond Res Corp, Amer Vacuum Soc, Mfg Sci & Technol Div, Semicond Equipment & Mat Int AB In this paper, I will discuss the theory and application of polarized light scatter. Recent measurements have shown that some sources of scatter, including microroughness and subsurface defects, have well-defined polarizations for any specific pair of incident-scatter directions. By exploiting this knowledge, polarization techniques offer the possibility for large improvements in the sensitivity to defects and the discrimination of those defects from competing sources of scatter. The theoretical performance of a specific polarized light scattering instrument configuration will be analyzed to illustrate that a factor of 1.4 improvement in the minimum detectable particle or defect size can be readily attained. C1 NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Germer, TA (reprint author), NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-867-3 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1998 VL 449 BP 815 EP 818 PG 4 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BM14B UT WOS:000077770000115 ER PT S AU Mulholland, GW Fernandez, M AF Mulholland, GW Fernandez, M BE Seiler, DG Diebold, AC Bullis, WM Shaffner, TJ McDonald, R Walters, EJ TI Accurate size measurement of monosize calibration spheres by differential mobility analysis SO CHARACTERIZATION AND METROLOGY FOR ULSI TECHNOLOGY SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Characterization and Metrology for ULSI Technology CY MAR, 1998 CL GAITHERSBURG, MD SP Natl Inst Stan & Technol, Semicond Electron Div, SEMATECH, Semicond Res Corp, Amer Vacuum Soc, Mfg Sci & Technol Div, Semicond Equipment & Mat Int AB A differential mobility analyzer was used to measure the mean particle size of three monosize suspensions of polystyrene spheres in water. Key features of the experiment to minimize the uncertainty in the results include developing a recirculating flow to ensure equal flows into and out of the classifier, an accurate divider circuit for calibrating the electrode voltage, and use of the 100.7 nm NIST SRMTM for calibrating the flow of the classifier. The measured average sizes and expanded uncertainties with a coverage factor of 2 are 92.4 nm +/- 1.1 nm, 126.9 nn +/- 1.4 nn, and 217.7 nm +/- 3.4 nm. These calibration sizes were characterized by NIST to improve the calibration of scanning surface inspection systems. C1 NIST, Fire Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Mulholland, GW (reprint author), NIST, Fire Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-867-3 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1998 VL 449 BP 819 EP 823 PG 5 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BM14B UT WOS:000077770000116 ER PT S AU Read, DT AF Read, DT BE Seiler, DG Diebold, AC Bullis, WM Shaffner, TJ McDonald, R Walters, EJ TI Mechanical characterization of thin films SO CHARACTERIZATION AND METROLOGY FOR ULSI TECHNOLOGY SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Characterization and Metrology for ULSI Technology CY MAR, 1998 CL GAITHERSBURG, MD SP Natl Inst Stan & Technol, Semicond Electron Div, SEMATECH, Semicond Res Corp, Amer Vacuum Soc, Mfg Sci & Technol Div, Semicond Equipment & Mat Int AB This paper describes a tensile testing technique that is applicable to the study of the mechanical properties of thin films. The approach has two main components: fabrication of silicon-framed tensile specimens; and testing these specimens in the microtensile testing apparatus. Speckle interferometry is used to obtain accurate displacements needed for measurement of Young's modulus. Typical results for electron-beam-evaporated films of copper and aluminum are compared to bulk values and to indentation results for thin films. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Read, DT (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-867-3 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1998 VL 449 BP 829 EP 833 PG 5 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BM14B UT WOS:000077770000118 ER PT S AU Snyder, CR Mopsik, FI AF Snyder, CR Mopsik, FI BE Seiler, DG Diebold, AC Bullis, WM Shaffner, TJ McDonald, R Walters, EJ TI High sensitivity technique for measurement of thin film out-of-plane expansion SO CHARACTERIZATION AND METROLOGY FOR ULSI TECHNOLOGY SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Characterization and Metrology for ULSI Technology CY MAR, 1998 CL GAITHERSBURG, MD SP Natl Inst Stan & Technol, Semicond Electron Div, SEMATECH, Semicond Res Corp, Amer Vacuum Soc, Mfg Sci & Technol Div, Semicond Equipment & Mat Int AB An absolute, high sensitivity technique for the measurement of the out-of-plane expansion of thin films is presented To demonstrate the ability of the technique to produce correct results for the thermal expansion of materials, measurements were performed on < 0001 > single crystal sapphire. A thin polymeric film designed for use as an interlayer dielectric (ILD) was measured to show the utility of the technique to resolve the measurement of displacement in thin films. Additionally, the ability of the technique to measure swelling (or hygrothermal expansion) was demonstrated on a typical epoxy molding compound. C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Snyder, CR (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Snyder, Chad/B-4957-2008 OI Snyder, Chad/0000-0002-2916-9809 NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-867-3 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1998 VL 449 BP 835 EP 838 PG 4 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BM14B UT WOS:000077770000119 ER PT S AU Dongmo, S Villarrubia, JS Jones, SN Renegar, TB Postek, MT Song, JF AF Dongmo, S Villarrubia, JS Jones, SN Renegar, TB Postek, MT Song, JF BE Seiler, DG Diebold, AC Bullis, WM Shaffner, TJ McDonald, R Walters, EJ TI Tip characterization for scanning probe microscope width metrology SO CHARACTERIZATION AND METROLOGY FOR ULSI TECHNOLOGY SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Characterization and Metrology for ULSI Technology CY MAR, 1998 CL GAITHERSBURG, MD SP Natl Inst Stan & Technol, Semicond Electron Div, SEMATECH, Semicond Res Corp, Amer Vacuum Soc, Mfg Sci & Technol Div, Semicond Equipment & Mat Int AB Determination of the tip shape is an important prerequisite for converting the various scanning probe microscopies from imaging tools into dimensional metrology tools with sufficient accuracy to meet the critical dimension measurement requirements of the semiconductor industry. Determination of the tip shape generally requires that the tip be used to image a "tip characterizer." Characterizing the characterizer has itself been an obstacle to progress, since most methods require the geometry of the characterizer to be known with uncertainty small compared to the size of the tip. we have recently developed a "blind" reconstruction method that allows the 3-dimensional tip shape to be estimated from an image of an unknown characterizer This method has heretofore been tested only in simulations. We report here initial results of an experimental test of the technique. We compare the reconstructed profile of a tip to an independently measured profile from a scanning electron microscope (SEM). A relatively large (500 nm radius) diamond stylus profiler tip was used in order to test the principle of blind reconstruction in a size regime where SEM instrumental uncertainties are small compared to the tip size. The blind reconstruction and SEM profiles agree well, differing only by an amount comparable to the repeatability of the stylus profiler images (better than 2% of the sample corrugation in this instance). C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Dongmo, S (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-867-3 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1998 VL 449 BP 843 EP 848 PG 6 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BM14B UT WOS:000077770000121 ER PT S AU Kalnas, CE Keller, RR Field, DP AF Kalnas, CE Keller, RR Field, DP BE Seiler, DG Diebold, AC Bullis, WM Shaffner, TJ McDonald, R Walters, EJ TI Crystallographic characterization of interconnects by orientation mapping in the SEM SO CHARACTERIZATION AND METROLOGY FOR ULSI TECHNOLOGY SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Characterization and Metrology for ULSI Technology CY MAR, 1998 CL GAITHERSBURG, MD SP Natl Inst Stan & Technol, Semicond Electron Div, SEMATECH, Semicond Res Corp, Amer Vacuum Soc, Mfg Sci & Technol Div, Semicond Equipment & Mat Int AB We show in this paper how electron backscatter diffraction and orientation mapping within a scanning electron microscope can be used to measure local variations in crystallographic texture and grain boundary structure in interconnects. The reliability-limiting phenomena of stress voiding and electromigration are two examples of interconnect failure modes that depend strongly on local crystallographic structure. Several analysis examples are presented to show the utility of this technique for characterization of local microstructures in both copper- and aluminum-based lines. The advantages of a local measurement technique over a global texture method for orientation determination became immediately apparent in these investigations. This local approach to characterizing crystallography is expected to play an even larger role in technologies such as damascene or lift-off processing, where lines are deposited directly into precisely-defined geometries. Particularly in these more advanced processing technologies, one cannot extrapolate measurements of blanket film structure and properties to the case of narrow lines. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Kalnas, CE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Keller, Robert/I-9014-2012 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-867-3 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1998 VL 449 BP 849 EP 853 PG 5 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BM14B UT WOS:000077770000122 ER PT S AU Myers, AF Steel, EB Struck, LM Liu, HI Burns, JA AF Myers, AF Steel, EB Struck, LM Liu, HI Burns, JA BE Seiler, DG Diebold, AC Bullis, WM Shaffner, TJ McDonald, R Walters, EJ TI Transmission electron microscopy investigation of titanium silicide thin films SO CHARACTERIZATION AND METROLOGY FOR ULSI TECHNOLOGY SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Characterization and Metrology for ULSI Technology CY MAR, 1998 CL GAITHERSBURG, MD SP Natl Inst Stan & Technol, Semicond Electron Div, SEMATECH, Semicond Res Corp, Amer Vacuum Soc, Mfg Sci & Technol Div, Semicond Equipment & Mat Int AB Titanium silicide films grown on silicon were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electron diffraction, scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, and electron energy loss spectroscopy. The films were prepared by sequential rapid thermal annealing (RTA) at 675 degrees C and 850 degrees C of 16-nm-thick sputtered Ti on Si (001) wafers. In some cases, a 20-nm-thick TiN capping layer was deposited on the Ti film before the RTA procedure and was removed after annealing. HRTEM and STEM analysis showed that the silicide films were less than 0.1 mu m thick. The capped film was more uniform, ranging in thickness from similar to 25 - 45 nm, while the uncapped film ranged in thickness from similar to 15 - 75 nm. Electron diffraction was used to investigate the titanium silicide phases present in the films; more than one phase was found to exist. C1 NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Myers, AF (reprint author), NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-867-3 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1998 VL 449 BP 857 EP 861 PG 5 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BM14B UT WOS:000077770000124 ER PT S AU Lin, EK Pochan, DJ Kolb, R Wu, WL Satija, SK AF Lin, EK Pochan, DJ Kolb, R Wu, WL Satija, SK BE Seiler, DG Diebold, AC Bullis, WM Shaffner, TJ McDonald, R Walters, EJ TI Neutron reflectometry for interfacial materials characterization SO CHARACTERIZATION AND METROLOGY FOR ULSI TECHNOLOGY SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Characterization and Metrology for ULSI Technology CY MAR, 1998 CL GAITHERSBURG, MD SP Natl Inst Stan & Technol, Semicond Electron Div, SEMATECH, Semicond Res Corp, Amer Vacuum Soc, Mfg Sci & Technol Div, Semicond Equipment & Mat Int AB Neutron reflectometry provides a powerful non-destructive analytic technique to measure physical properties of interfacial materials. The sample reflectivity provides information about composition, thickness, and roughness of films with 0.1 nm resolution. The use of neutrons has the additional advantage of being able to label selected atomic species by using different isotopes. Two examples are presented to demonstrate the use of neutron reflectometry in measuring the thermal expansion of a buried thin polymer film and measuring the change in polymer mobility near a solid substrate. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lin, EK (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-867-3 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1998 VL 449 BP 879 EP 882 PG 4 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BM14B UT WOS:000077770000128 ER PT S AU Lamaze, GP Chen-Mayer, HH Langland, JK AF Lamaze, GP Chen-Mayer, HH Langland, JK BE Seiler, DG Diebold, AC Bullis, WM Shaffner, TJ McDonald, R Walters, EJ TI Recent developments in neutron depth profiling at NIST SO CHARACTERIZATION AND METROLOGY FOR ULSI TECHNOLOGY SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Characterization and Metrology for ULSI Technology CY MAR, 1998 CL GAITHERSBURG, MD SP Natl Inst Stan & Technol, Semicond Electron Div, SEMATECH, Semicond Res Corp, Amer Vacuum Soc, Mfg Sci & Technol Div, Semicond Equipment & Mat Int AB Neutron Depth Profiling [NDP] is a method of determining the concentration and location of certain isotopes in the near surface region of solids. While only a few isotopes are measurable by this technique, they happen to be isotopes of elements that are currently important to the semiconductor industry, namely baron, nitrogen, and lithium. NDP analysis is both quantitative and non-destructive; this makes it the reference method of choice for these elements. This paper discusses recent measurements at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) for each of these elements as well as recent improvements in the NDP facility. A brief explanation of the technique, including its advantages and limitations, is presented. C1 NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lamaze, GP (reprint author), NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-867-3 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1998 VL 449 BP 883 EP 886 PG 4 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BM14B UT WOS:000077770000129 ER PT S AU Powell, CJ Rumble, JR Blakeslee, DM Dal-Favero, ME Jablonski, A Tougaard, S AF Powell, CJ Rumble, JR Blakeslee, DM Dal-Favero, ME Jablonski, A Tougaard, S BE Seiler, DG Diebold, AC Bullis, WM Shaffner, TJ McDonald, R Walters, EJ TI The NIST surface analysis data center SO CHARACTERIZATION AND METROLOGY FOR ULSI TECHNOLOGY SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Characterization and Metrology for ULSI Technology CY MAR, 1998 CL GAITHERSBURG, MD SP Natl Inst Stan & Technol, Semicond Electron Div, SEMATECH, Semicond Res Corp, Amer Vacuum Soc, Mfg Sci & Technol Div, Semicond Equipment & Mat Int AB NIST has recently established a Surface Analysis Data Center to give greater visibility to its databases developed for applications in surface analysis. Two databases are currently available for this purpose, and a third will be released soon. These three databases are described briefly here. Version 2.0 of the popular X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Database (SRD 20) was released in 1997. This database has long been a valuable resource of binding-energy and related data for the surface analysis of a wide range of materials by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Version 2.0 contains about 16,000 line positions, chemical shifts, and splittings. Pull-down menus are now available to initiate searches for the identification of unknown lines, to retrieve data on core-level binding energies, to retrieve data on chemical shifts, to initiate searches for compounds containing selected elements or for specified material classes, to perform searches based on compound names and other fields, and to display Wagner plots. Version 1 of the Elastic-Electron-Scattering Cross-Section Database (SRD 64) was released in 1996. This database provides differential and total elastic-electron-scattering cross sections for simulations of signal-electron transport in XPS and Auger-electron spectroscopy (AES). Such simulations are important in the development of improved methods for correcting for elastic-electron-scattering effects in quantitative surface analyses by AES and XPS and for separating chemical information from effects due to the complex morphologies of semiconductor structures. Cross sections are given for all elements and for electron energies between 50 and 9,999 eV. The Electron Inelastic-Mean-Free-Path Database (SRD 71) will be released in 1998. This database contains calculated and measured inelastic mean free paths (IMFPs) that are needed for quantitative surface analyses by AES and XPS. The IMFPs are available for elements, inorganic compounds, and organic compounds as a function of electron energy. IMFPs can also be obtained conveniently from various predictive formulae. Once a data source is selected, the user can choose to display the information graphically (that is, a plot of IMFP versus electron energy) or as values for one or more specified electron energies. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Powell, CJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-867-3 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1998 VL 449 BP 887 EP 891 PG 5 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BM14B UT WOS:000077770000130 ER PT S AU Davis, RW Moore, EF Burgess, DR Zachariah, MR AF Davis, RW Moore, EF Burgess, DR Zachariah, MR BE Seiler, DG Diebold, AC Bullis, WM Shaffner, TJ McDonald, R Walters, EJ TI A microcontamination model for rotating disk chemical vapor deposition reactors SO CHARACTERIZATION AND METROLOGY FOR ULSI TECHNOLOGY SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Characterization and Metrology for ULSI Technology CY MAR, 1998 CL GAITHERSBURG, MD SP Natl Inst Stan & Technol, Semicond Electron Div, SEMATECH, Semicond Res Corp, Amer Vacuum Soc, Mfg Sci & Technol Div, Semicond Equipment & Mat Int AB This paper presents preliminary results from a model currently under development for gas-phase generated submicron-size contaminant particles (i.e., microcontaminants) in rotating disk chemical vapor deposition reactors. These particles present a problem during semiconductor processing, and this model is intended as a useful tool for gaining a better understanding of this problem. A one-dimensional formulation is employed to model the central section of the reactor, a technique which allows the use of detailed chemical reaction sets. The existing Sandia SPM code, which contains a solver for the reacting flow, is modified by the addition of an aerosol model for the particles. This model utilizes a moment transport formulation which accounts for convection, diffusion, gravity, thermophoresis, chemical production, coagulation and condensation. Results are presented primarily in terms of reactor performance maps which indicate film growth and contamination rates as functions of substrate temperature. The effects of variations in reactor operating parameters on these maps are discussed. C1 NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Davis, RW (reprint author), NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-867-3 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1998 VL 449 BP 918 EP 922 PG 5 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BM14B UT WOS:000077770000136 ER PT S AU Hurly, JJ AF Hurly, JJ BE Seiler, DG Diebold, AC Bullis, WM Shaffner, TJ McDonald, R Walters, EJ TI Properties of process gases determined accurately with acoustic techniques SO CHARACTERIZATION AND METROLOGY FOR ULSI TECHNOLOGY SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Characterization and Metrology for ULSI Technology CY MAR, 1998 CL GAITHERSBURG, MD SP Natl Inst Stan & Technol, Semicond Electron Div, SEMATECH, Semicond Res Corp, Amer Vacuum Soc, Mfg Sci & Technol Div, Semicond Equipment & Mat Int AB Our laboratory has developed a highly-precise, automated apparatus for measuring sound speeds, viscosity, and thermal conductivity in hazardous and/or corrosive process gases throughout the temperature and pressure ranges of interest to the semiconductor processing community. The sound speeds are determined from resonances within a cylindrical cavity (or resonator) filled with the sample gas. The resonator is thermostated to within a few millikelvin between 200 K less than or equal to T less than or equal to 480 K. The pressure range is 0.05 MPa less than or equal to P less than or equal to 1.5 MPa, or 80% of the samples' vapor pressure, whichever is lower. The analysis of sound speeds provides the perfect gas heat-capacities, C-p(0)(T), and the non-idealities of these gases. The viscosity and thermal conductivity are determined in similar resonators with geometries optimized for measuring energy losses. These thermophysical properties are required by the semiconductor processing industry to model processes and to calibrate mass flow controllers (MFCs). The actual calibration of the MFCs is performed with nonhazardous surrogate gases, which we are also characterizing. We have obtained extensive sound speed data for the surrogate gases SF6, CF4, C2F6 and the semiconductor gas BCl3. These results and their analysis are presented. C1 NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hurly, JJ (reprint author), NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-867-3 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1998 VL 449 BP 923 EP 927 PG 5 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BM14B UT WOS:000077770000137 ER PT S AU Tison, SA Calabrese, AM AF Tison, SA Calabrese, AM BE Seiler, DG Diebold, AC Bullis, WM Shaffner, TJ McDonald, R Walters, EJ TI Flow measurements in semiconductor processing; new advances in measurement technology SO CHARACTERIZATION AND METROLOGY FOR ULSI TECHNOLOGY SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Characterization and Metrology for ULSI Technology CY MAR, 1998 CL GAITHERSBURG, MD SP Natl Inst Stan & Technol, Semicond Electron Div, SEMATECH, Semicond Res Corp, Amer Vacuum Soc, Mfg Sci & Technol Div, Semicond Equipment & Mat Int AB Gas flow measurement, control, and distribution are an integral part in meeting present and future semiconductor processing requirements (I). Changes in processing and environmental concerns have put additional pressure not only an accurate measurement of the gas flow, but also in reducing flows. To address the need for more accurate metering of gas flows, MST has developed primary flow standards which have uncertainties of 0.1% of reading or better over the flow range of 10(-9) mol/s to 10(-3) mol/s (0.001 seem to 1000 seem). These standards have been used to test MST-designed high repeatability flow transfer standards (2) which can be used to document and improve flow measurements in the semiconductor industry (3). In particular two flowmeters have been developed at NIST; the first is a pressure-based flow sensor and the second a Doppler-shift flowmeter, both of which can be used for in-situ calibration of thermal mass flow controllers or for direct metering of process gases. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Tison, SA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg 220 Rm A55, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-867-3 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1998 VL 449 BP 933 EP 936 PG 4 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BM14B UT WOS:000077770000139 ER PT J AU FitzGerald, SA Neumann, DA Rush, JJ Bentz, DP Livingston, RA AF FitzGerald, SA Neumann, DA Rush, JJ Bentz, DP Livingston, RA TI In situ quasi-elastic neutron scattering study of the hydration of tricalcium silicate SO CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID MODEL; SPECTROSCOPY AB We report on the novel application of quasi-elastic neutron spectroscopy to study the reaction mechanism between tricalcium silicate and water. The in situ data taken at a series of fixed temperatures varying from 10 to 40 degrees C show that the amount of free water in the system remains relatively constant for an initial period, ranging from 1 h at 40 degrees C to 16 This is followed by an exponential decrease in the amount of free water that to a diffusion-limited behavior for later times. Fits to an Avrami type behavior allow us to determine an activation energy for the hydration process on the order of 30 kJ/mol. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg Mat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Fed Highway Adm, Exploratory Res Team, Mclean, VA 22101 USA. RP FitzGerald, SA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 25 TC 80 Z9 82 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0897-4756 J9 CHEM MATER JI Chem. Mat. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 10 IS 1 BP 397 EP 402 DI 10.1021/cm970564a PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA YT611 UT WOS:000071624400056 ER PT B AU Davies, MA Dutterer, B Pratt, JR Schaut, AJ AF Davies, MA Dutterer, B Pratt, JR Schaut, AJ GP CIRP CIRP TI On the dynamics of high-speed milling with long, slender endmills SO CIRP ANNALS 1998 - MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY, VOL 47, NO 1 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 48th General Assembly of CIRP on Manufacturing Technology CY AUG 23-29, 1998 CL ATHENS, GREECE SP CIRP, Int Inst Prod Engn Res DE milling; vibration; modelling AB Tool deflections of high length-to-diameter ratio endmills are measured with capacitance probes during high-speed milling and compared with the predictions of regenerative chatter theory. Poincare sectioning (once per revolution sampling) techniques are introduced as a new means of characterizing and identifying chatter. The regenerative chatter theory seems to accurately predict the stability of high-immersion slotting cuts; however, undesirable vibrations observed in partial immersion cuts seem inconsistent with existing theory. The practical utility of in-depth knowledge of the stability behaviour of long endmills is demonstrated by the high-speed machining of an example component using a dynamically tuned tool. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Davies, MA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU HALLWAG PUBLISHERS PI 3001 BERN PA NORDRING 4, 3001 BERN, SWITZERLAND BN 3-905-27729-8 PY 1998 VL 47 BP 55 EP 60 PG 6 WC Engineering, Industrial; Engineering, Manufacturing SC Engineering GA BL46L UT WOS:000075582400013 ER PT B AU Evans, CJ Parks, RE Roderick, DJ McGlauflin, ML AF Evans, CJ Parks, RE Roderick, DJ McGlauflin, ML GP CIRP CIRP TI Rapidly Renewable Lap: Theory and practice SO CIRP ANNALS 1998 - MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY, VOL 47, NO 1 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 48th General Assembly of CIRP on Manufacturing Technology CY AUG 23-29, 1998 CL ATHENS, GREECE SP CIRP, Int Inst Prod Engn Res DE lapping; polishing; abrasion AB The Rapidly Renewable Lap (RRL) uses a textured substrate over which thin films are slumped. The substrate provides the geometry of the lap and a localized texture, depending on the film thickness, properties, and means by which it is deformed over and adhered to the substrate. Abrasives, added to the film, lap or polish without touching or changing the substrate geometry. Depending an process parameters, the RRL gives brittle or ductile (two-body) lapping. This paper has two major themes: it describes the RRL and some applications; and it shows that some relatively simple lapping models predict of process characteristics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Evans, CJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU HALLWAG PUBLISHERS PI 3001 BERN PA NORDRING 4, 3001 BERN, SWITZERLAND BN 3-905-27729-8 PY 1998 VL 47 BP 239 EP 244 PG 6 WC Engineering, Industrial; Engineering, Manufacturing SC Engineering GA BL46L UT WOS:000075582400056 ER PT B AU Phillips, PJ AF Phillips, PJ BE Arabnia, HR TI Issues in evaluating face recognition algorithms SO CISST'98: PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON IMAGING SCIENCE, SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Imaging Science, Systems, and Technology CY JUL 06-09, 1998 CL LAS VEGAS, NV SP Comp Sci Res, Educ, & Applicat Tech, Comp Vis Res & Applicat Tech, US DOE, Natl Supercomp Ctr Energy & Environm DE face recognition; algorithm evaluation; FERET AB Face recognition is a rapidly developing field, where new results and performance claims are constantly appearing. With these results and performance claims it is hard to make an;assessment of the state of the art in face recognition., With the help of the FERET tests, we present an assessment of the state of the art aa face recognition. To avoid focusing on individual algorithms, we present results that summarize performance of the algorithms tested. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Visual Image Proc Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Phillips, PJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Visual Image Proc Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 28 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU C S R E A PRESS PI ATHENS PA 115 AVALON DR, ATHENS, GA 30606 USA BN 1-892512-03-3 PY 1998 BP 234 EP 241 PG 4 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BR83Y UT WOS:000167740700037 ER PT J AU Noto, T Babushok, V Hamins, A Tsang, W AF Noto, T Babushok, V Hamins, A Tsang, W TI Inhibition effectiveness of halogenated compounds SO COMBUSTION AND FLAME LA English DT Article ID FIRE SUPPRESSANTS; COMBUSTION; METHANE; FLAMES; CF3BR AB A numerical study of the inhibition efficiency of halogenated compounds was carried out for C-1-C-2 hydrocarbon-air laminar premixed flames. The inhibition efficiency of CF3Br, CF3I, CF3H, C2HF5, C2F6, and CF, additives was interpreted using an additive group method. In agreement with measurements, the calculated burning velocity decreased exponentially with increasing additive concentration over a wide concentration range. The inhibition parameter Phi proposed by Fristrom and Sawyer indicating inhibition efficiency was modified to take into account the exponential dependence of burning velocity on inhibitor concentration. The inhibition indices for halogen atoms and groups important in the inhibition process were determined for stoichiometric conditions. The physical and chemical effects of the additives were studied. With increasing additive concentration, the chemical influence of an inhibitor saturates and the physical influence increases. Therefore, use of a composite inhibitor composed of a mixture of an effective chemical inhibitor with a high heat capacity diluent may be beneficial. The contribution of physical and chemical components on inhibitor influence are estimated near extinction. A procedure for determination of a regeneration coefficient, which indicates an effective number of catalytic cycles involving inhibitor during the combustion process, is suggested. The regeneration coefficient of HBr in stoichiometric methane-air flame with 1% CF3Br added is approximately 7. (C) 1998 by The Combustion Institute. C1 NIST,GAITHERSBURG,MD 20899. NR 44 TC 66 Z9 69 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0010-2180 J9 COMBUST FLAME JI Combust. Flame PD JAN PY 1998 VL 112 IS 1-2 BP 147 EP 160 DI 10.1016/S0010-2180(97)81763-4 PG 14 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA YH962 UT WOS:A1998YH96200011 ER PT J AU Hamins, A Borthwick, P AF Hamins, A Borthwick, P TI Suppression of ignition over a heated metal surface SO COMBUSTION AND FLAME LA English DT Article ID BOUNDARY-LAYER FLOWS; CATALYTIC ACTIVITY; AIR MIXTURES; FLAME; COMBUSTION; METHANE; EXTINCTION; HOT AB The effectiveness of various agents including N-2, C2HF5, C3HF7, CF3Br, and CF3I was compared in suppressing the ignition of stoichiometric mixtures of methane/air, propane/air, and ethene/air. Measurements were made of the critical ignition temperature of the reactants as they flowed over a heated nickel surface. The results showed that CF3Br and CF3I were both highly effective suppressants of ignition for all fuels studied. This was not the case for N-2, C2HF5, and C3HF7, which tended to have little effect on ignition unless very high agent concentrations were present, when ignition was not achieved. The effect of the average reactant velocity and the angle of approach of the reactants (relative to the heated metal surface) on the critical ignition temperature for stoichiometric ethene/air mixtures flowing over the heated nickel foil were also measured. (C) 1998 by The Combustion Institute. RP Hamins, A (reprint author), NIST,BLDG & FIRE RES LAB,GAITHERSBURG,MD 20899, USA. NR 36 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0010-2180 J9 COMBUST FLAME JI Combust. Flame PD JAN PY 1998 VL 112 IS 1-2 BP 161 EP 170 DI 10.1016/S0010-2180(97)81764-6 PG 10 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA YH962 UT WOS:A1998YH96200012 ER PT J AU Tsang, W Burgess, DR Babushok, V AF Tsang, W Burgess, DR Babushok, V TI On the incinerability of highly fluorinated organic compounds SO COMBUSTION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE combustion; incineration; fluorinated compounds; chemical kinetics; computer simulations ID COMBUSTION; METHANE AB The special problems associated with the destruction of highly fluorinated one and two carbon organics under combustion conditions are discussed in terms of their fundamental chemical kinetic properties. II is shown that the fluorinated compounds are in general more thermally stable than chlorinated organics and hydrocarbon fuels. Nevertheless, the conditions that are achievable in an incinerator are capable of effecting destruction to high levels. Special characteristics of the decomposition of highly fluorinated compounds are identified with the high strength of the C-F and H-F bonds and the weak HO-F and O-F bonds. We present results on the computer simulations of the combustion of methane and ethane in the presence of fluorinated compounds and suggest that this may be a means of making predictions regarding incinerability of such compounds. Perfluorinated methane, CF4, is particularly stable and its destruction almost certainly guarantees destruction of other organic compounds in the same input stream. The problem of the formation of fluorinated combustion by-products is also discussed. The great stability and other properties of the fluorinated compounds make them particularly suitable as surrogates during hazardous waste incineration. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Tsang, W (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 18 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 8 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING RG1 8JL, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0010-2202 J9 COMBUST SCI TECHNOL JI Combust. Sci. Technol. PY 1998 VL 139 IS 1-6 BP 385 EP 402 DI 10.1080/00102209808952095 PG 18 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 176NE UT WOS:000079157100018 ER PT J AU Biswas, P Yang, G Zachariah, MR AF Biswas, P Yang, G Zachariah, MR TI In situ processing of ferroelectric materials from lead waste streams by injection of gas phase titanium precursors: Laser induced fluorescence and X-ray diffraction measurements SO COMBUSTION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Congress on Combustion by-Products: Management of Risk from Combustion Sources CY JUN 25-27, 1997 CL UNIV DAYTON, RES INST, DAYTON, OHIO SP NIEHS, US EPA, Off Res & Dev, USAF, Wright Lab, Sandia Natl Lab, Coalit Responsible Waster Incinerat, Cement Kiln Recycling Coalit, Univ Dayton HO UNIV DAYTON, RES INST DE air toxics; sorbents; ferroelectric; aerosol; lead; titania ID TOXIC METAL EMISSIONS; SORBENT PRECURSORS; PARTICLE FORMATION; LIGHT-SCATTERING; INCINERATION; COMBUSTORS; DYNAMICS; SMELTER; REMOVAL; SYSTEM AB Several industrial process exhaust gas streams contain enriched toxic metal species such as lead and cadmium. Gas phase sorbent precursor techniques have been developed to effectively capture these toxic metal species. This methodology is further extended to not only capture the toxic metal species, hut produce useful materials. Injection of gas phase titanium precursors to reactively capture the lead species is proposed for the processing of ferroelectric lead titanate materials in enriched lead exhaust streams. Conditions to produce lead titanate in high temperature systems are established. Diagnostic techniques such as X-ray diffraction and laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy are used to determine optimal conditions to not only capture the lead species but also produce perovskite structured lead titanate. Such approaches can be extended to real combustor exhaust streams with high toxic metal concentrations such as lead smelters for effective environmental control and production of novel materials. C1 Univ Cincinnati, Aerosol & Air Qual Res Lab, Environm Engn & Sci Div, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Proc Measurement Div, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Biswas, P (reprint author), Univ Cincinnati, Aerosol & Air Qual Res Lab, Environm Engn & Sci Div, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. RI McKinney, Erin/E-2168-2012 NR 41 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 4 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING RG1 8JL, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0010-2202 J9 COMBUST SCI TECHNOL JI Combust. Sci. Technol. PY 1998 VL 134 IS 1-6 BP 183 EP 200 DI 10.1080/00102209808924132 PG 18 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 262XH UT WOS:000084093200011 ER PT J AU Della Torre, E AF Della Torre, E TI Hysteresis modeling SO COMPEL-THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR COMPUTATION AND MATHEMATICS IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE hysteresis; modelling; transducers; viscosity ID PREISACH ACCOMMODATION MODEL; REVERSIBLE MAGNETIZATION; RECORDING MEDIA AB In the modeling of transducers, especially magnetic transducers, hysteresis may affect performance. Hysteresis models have been improved greatly and are capable of modeling a large variety of rate-independent phenomena, and are capable of describing minor loops. Of these, the most useful are: the Preisach model, the play model, and the stop model. Coupling these purely magnetic models with other phenomena, such as magnetostriction, enhances the model's usefulness for transducer applications. This paper will discuss the conditions under which these models may be inverted, and for the invertible media, a technique fur inverting them. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Della Torre, E (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 18 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU MCB UNIV PRESS LTD PI BRADFORD PA 60/62 TOLLER LANE, BRADFORD BD8 9BY, W YORKSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 0332-1649 J9 COMPEL JI Compel-Int. J. Comp. Math. Electr. Electron. Eng. PY 1998 VL 17 IS 5-6 BP 682 EP + DI 10.1108/03321649810221152 PG 9 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Mathematics, Applied SC Computer Science; Engineering; Mathematics GA 172NC UT WOS:000078929800017 ER PT J AU Spaid, MAA Phelan, FR AF Spaid, MAA Phelan, FR TI Modeling void formation dynamics in fibrous porous media with the lattice Boltzmann method SO COMPOSITES PART A-APPLIED SCIENCE AND MANUFACTURING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Conference on Automated Composites CY SEP 04-05, 1997 CL GLASGOW, SCOTLAND SP Inst Mat, European Off Aerosp Res & Dev, USA, Res Dev & Standardizat Grp, Shorts Brothers Plc, Flemings Ind Fabr, Inst Mech Engineers, Nottingham Univ, Composites Club, SAMPE UK DE lattice Boltzmann methods; void formation; multicomponent fluid mechanics; heterogeneous porous media ID EQUATION AB A novel technique for simulating multicomponent fluid flow in the microstructure of a fiber preform is developed. which has the capability of capturing the dynamics of void formation. The model is based on the lattice Boltzmann (LB) method-a relatively new numerical technique which has rapidly emerged as a powerful tool for simulating multicomponent fluid mechanics. The primary benefit of the lattice Boltzmann method is the ability to robustly model the interface between two immiscible fluids without the need for a complex interface tracking algorithm. In a previous paper (Spaid, M. A. A. and Phelan F. R.. Jr, Lattice Boltzmann methods for modeling microscale flow in fibrous porous media, Physics of Fluids, 1997, 9(9), 2468(5)), it was demonstrated that the lattice Boltzmann method may be modified to solve the Stokes/Brinkman formulation for how in heterogeneous porous media. Multicomponent infiltration of the fiber microstructure is modeled by combining the Stokes/Brinkman LB method, with the multicomponent LB algorithm described by X. Shan and H. Chen (Lattice Boltzmann model for simulating flows with multiple phases and components, Physics Review E, 1993, 47, 1815(6)). Numerical results are presented which compare void formation dynamics as a function of the nominal porosity for a model fiber microstructure. In addition, unsaturated permeabilities obtained from the numerical simulations are compared with saturated results for flow in the model porous microstructure. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Phelan, FR (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 16 TC 39 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1359-835X J9 COMPOS PART A-APPL S JI Compos. Pt. A-Appl. Sci. Manuf. PY 1998 VL 29 IS 7 BP 749 EP 755 DI 10.1016/S1359-835X(98)00031-1 PG 7 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Materials Science, Composites SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 107WL UT WOS:000075233900006 ER PT S AU Tewary, VK AF Tewary, VK BE Bullard, JW Chen, LQ Kalia, RK Stoneham, AM TI Lattice statics Green's function for modeling of dislocations in crystals SO COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL MODELS OF MICROSTRUCTURAL EVOLUTION SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Computational and Mathematical Models of Microstructural Evolution at the 1998 MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 13-17, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc (MRS) AB A lattice statics Green's function method is described for modeling an edge dislocation in a crystal lattice. The edge dislocation is created by introducing a half plane of vacancies as in Volterra's construction. The defect space is decomposed into a part that has translation symmetry and a localized end space. The Dyson's equation for the defect Green's function is solved by using a defect space Fourier transform method for the translational part and matrix partitioning for the localized part. Preliminary results for a simple cubic model are presented. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Tewary, VK (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-435-1 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 529 BP 15 EP 20 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Mathematics, Applied SC Materials Science; Mathematics GA BM12W UT WOS:000077725600003 ER PT S AU Garboczi, EJ Bentz, DP AF Garboczi, EJ Bentz, DP BE Bullard, JW Chen, LQ Kalia, RK Stoneham, AM TI The microstructure of portland cement-based materials: Computer simulation and percolation theory SO COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL MODELS OF MICROSTRUCTURAL EVOLUTION SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Computational and Mathematical Models of Microstructural Evolution at the 1998 MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 13-17, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc (MRS) AB Portland cement-based materials are usually composites, where the matrix consists of portland cement paste. Cement paste is a material formed from the hydration reaction of portland cement, usually a calcium silicate material, with water. The microstructure of cement paste changes drastically over a time period of about one week, with slower changes occurring over subsequent weeks to months. The effect of this hydration process on the changing microstructure can be represented using computer simulation techniques applied to three dimensional digital image-based models. Percolation theory can be used to understand the evolving microstructure in terms of the three percolation thresholds that are of importance in the cement paste microstructure: the set point, capillary porosity percolation, and the percolation of the C-S-H phase. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Garboczi, EJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 226-B350, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-435-1 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 529 BP 89 EP 100 PG 12 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Mathematics, Applied SC Materials Science; Mathematics GA BM12W UT WOS:000077725600014 ER PT S AU Napolitano, RE Sanders, TH AF Napolitano, RE Sanders, TH BE Bullard, JW Chen, LQ Kalia, RK Stoneham, AM TI Cellular automaton modeling of alloy solidification using local anisotropy rules SO COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL MODELS OF MICROSTRUCTURAL EVOLUTION SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Computational and Mathematical Models of Microstructural Evolution at the 1998 MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 13-17, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc (MRS) AB The evolution of dendritic morphology is simulated for a binary alloy using a two-dimensional cellular automaton growth algorithm. Solute diffusion is modeled with an alternate-direction implicit finite difference technique. Interface curvature and kinetic anisotropy are implemented through configurational terms which are incorporated into the growth potential used by the automaton. The weighting of the anisotropy term is explored and shown to be essential for overcoming grid-induced anisotropy, permitting more realistic development of dendritic morphologies. Dendritic structures are generated for both uniform and directional cooling conditions. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Napolitano, RE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-435-1 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 529 BP 101 EP 106 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Mathematics, Applied SC Materials Science; Mathematics GA BM12W UT WOS:000077725600015 ER PT J AU Cheng, HP Gillaspy, JD AF Cheng, HP Gillaspy, JD TI Surface Coulomb explosions: The influence of initial charge distributions SO COMPUTATIONAL MATERIALS SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID HOLLOW ATOMS; IONS; SLOW; EMISSION; ENERGY AB Using molecular dynamics simulations, we have studied the Coulomb explosion processes on silicon surfaces. Three different initial shapes of ion distributions are used to model the possible localized charge distributions generated in highly charged ion (HCI)-surface impact. The three distinct distributions include a hemispherical, a flat disk, and a long and thin cylindrical geometrical. At t = 0, 100 singly-charged Si ions are embedded in the Si(111) surfaces. In about 100 fs, the strong repulsive electrostatic forces in these three systems cause Coulomb explosions and thus create three different shapes of craters on the surfaces, All simulations are carried to 1.6 ps, at which point the size and shape of the craters are nearly stabilized. The detailed analysis of the ejected ions, atoms, and the substrates reveals the dynamical consequences of the different initial conditions. For these 100 ions, the differences in the total number of the ejected particles, ranging from 245 to 317 particles, appear to be determined by the initial shape of the ionized region and not by the initial repulsive energy restored in the charged region. Contrary to intuition, a long and thin cylindrical distribution is the most efficient pattern for ejecting particles. The underlying mechanism is that ions with this initial configuration transfer more energy to the surrounding atoms. In all three cases, the number of ejected neutral particles are much greater then the number of ions (6-10 times as many atoms as ions). Among the ejected particles, a small percent of particles are found to return the surface at a later time. The angular distribution of ejected particles are also analyzed. While the differences in the distributions of polar angle of the Si atoms of the three configurations is small, the differences in distributions of the ions portray a strong shape dependence in the polar angle. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Phys & QTP, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Cheng, HP (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Phys & QTP, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. EM cheng@qtp.ufl.edu NR 34 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0927-0256 J9 COMP MATER SCI JI Comput. Mater. Sci. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 9 IS 3-4 BP 285 EP 294 DI 10.1016/S0927-0256(97)00048-7 PG 10 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA ZA086 UT WOS:000072327500001 ER PT S AU Nederbragt, WW Ravani, B AF Nederbragt, WW Ravani, B BE Angeles, J Zakhariev, E TI Computational issues in the kinematic design of tactile sensing fixtures SO COMPUTATIONAL METHODS IN MECHANICAL SYSTEMS: MECHANISM ANALYSIS, SYNTHESIS, AND OPTIMIZATION SE NATO ADVANCED SCIENCE INSTITUTES SERIES, SERIES F, COMPUTER AND SYSTEMS SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Computational Methods in Mechanisms CY JUN 16-28, 1997 CL VARNA, BULGARIA SP NATO Sci & Environm Affairs Div, Minist Def Bulgaria, Minist Foreign Affairs Bulgaria, Natl Sci Fund MM 526/95, Minist Educ Sci & Technol Bulgaria, US Natl Sci Fdn, Bulgarian Acad Sci, Inst Mech, McGill Univ, Dept Mech Engn, McGill Univ, Ctr Intelligent Machines DE fixture; tactile sensing; robotics; calibration; part-referencing AB This paper discusses computational issues in kinematic design of tactile sensing fixtures used in robotics applications. It deals with mechanical fixtures built or modeled by feature surfaces consisting of planes, spheres, and cylinders. It develops the governing equations for locating each of these geometric objects using tactile sensing probes. It shows that although four points are needed to locate a sphere, in many applications sensing three points is sufficient for referencing. In the case of a cylinder it is shown that in general six points are necessary and that in many applications five points are sufficient for locating the cylinder. The paper reduces the governing equations for a cylinder to a set of polynomial equations consisting of a second-degree and a third-degree equation. The solutions of this set are found using symbolic computations. The results are applied to the kinematic design and analysis of a mechanical fixture consisting of a sphere and a cylinder as its feature surfaces. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg 220,Room A127, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM wwneder@cme.nist.gov; bravani@ucdavis.edu NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0258-1248 BN 3-540-63939-X J9 NATO ADV SCI I F-COM PY 1998 VL 161 BP 130 EP 143 PG 14 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics SC Engineering; Mechanics GA BM39W UT WOS:000078629500006 ER PT J AU Kearsley, AJ Tapia, RA Trosset, MW AF Kearsley, AJ Tapia, RA Trosset, MW TI The solution of the metric STRESS and SSTRESS problems in multidimensional scaling using Newton's method SO COMPUTATIONAL STATISTICS LA English DT Article ID DISTANCE MATRIX; OPTIMIZATION; ALGORITHMS AB This paper considers numerical algorithms for finding local minimizers of metric multidimensional scaling problems. Two popular optimality criteria (STRESS and SSTRESS) are considered, the leading algorithms for each are carefully explicated, and a new algorithm is proposed. The new algorithm is based on Newton's method and relies on a parametrization that has not previously been used in multidimensional scaling algorithms. In contrast to previous algorithms, a very pleasant feature of the new algorithm is that it can be used with either the STRESS or the SSTRESS criterion. Numerical results are presented for the metric STRESS problem. These results are quite satisfying and, among other things, suggest that the well-known SMACOF-I algorithm tends to stop prematurely. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Appl & Computat Math Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Rice Univ, Dept Appl & Computat Math, Houston, TX 77251 USA. RP Kearsley, AJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Appl & Computat Math Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 42 TC 30 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 0 PU PHYSICA VERLAG GMBH PI HEIDELBERG PA TIERGARTENSTRASSE 17, 69121 HEIDELBERG, GERMANY SN 0943-4062 J9 COMPUTATION STAT JI Comput. Stat. PY 1998 VL 13 IS 3 BP 369 EP 396 PG 28 WC Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics GA 123NT UT WOS:000076131800005 ER PT B AU Feingold, G Yang, SW Cotton, WR Hardesty, RM AF Feingold, G Yang, SW Cotton, WR Hardesty, RM GP AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC TI Feasibility of retrieving cloud condensation nucleus properties from lidar, Doppler cloud radar, and microwave radiometer SO CONFERENCE ON CLOUD PHYSICS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 14th Conference on Planned and Inadvertent Weather Modification CY AUG 17-21, 1998 CL EVERETT, WA SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, ETL, CIRA, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Feingold, G (reprint author), NOAA, ETL, CIRA, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Feingold, Graham/B-6152-2009 NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 101 EP 104 PG 4 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BM52Y UT WOS:000079027100030 ER PT B AU Black, RA Hallett, J AF Black, RA Hallett, J GP AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC TI Importance of the relative role of coalescence and ice induced precipitation in tropical and mid-latitude convection. SO CONFERENCE ON CLOUD PHYSICS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 14th Conference on Planned and Inadvertent Weather Modification CY AUG 17-21, 1998 CL EVERETT, WA SP Amer Meteorol Soc ID LIQUID WATER; THUNDERSTORM C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, HRD, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Black, RA (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, HRD, 4301 Rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 209 EP 212 PG 4 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BM52Y UT WOS:000079027100063 ER PT B AU Hane, CE Xue, M AF Hane, CE Xue, M GP AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC TI Sensitivities to initial distributions of cloudwater, rainwater, and water vapor fields in numerical prediction of thunderstorms SO CONFERENCE ON CLOUD PHYSICS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 14th Conference on Planned and Inadvertent Weather Modification CY AUG 17-21, 1998 CL EVERETT, WA SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Hane, CE (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Cir, Norman, OK 73069 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 213 EP 216 PG 4 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BM52Y UT WOS:000079027100064 ER PT B AU Reinking, RF Matrosov, SY Kropfli, RA Martner, BE Bartram, BW AF Reinking, RF Matrosov, SY Kropfli, RA Martner, BE Bartram, BW GP AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC TI Identification of freezing drizzle and ice crystal types with dual-polarization K-a-band radar SO CONFERENCE ON CLOUD PHYSICS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 14th Conference on Planned and Inadvertent Weather Modification CY AUG 17-21, 1998 CL EVERETT, WA SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, ERL, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Reinking, RF (reprint author), NOAA, ERL, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 249 EP 252 PG 4 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BM52Y UT WOS:000079027100074 ER PT B AU Feingold, G Cotton, WR Kreidenweis, SM AF Feingold, G Cotton, WR Kreidenweis, SM GP AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC TI Impact of giant cloud condensation nuclei on stratocumulus microphysics, optical properties, and boundary layer dynamics SO CONFERENCE ON CLOUD PHYSICS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 14th Conference on Planned and Inadvertent Weather Modification CY AUG 17-21, 1998 CL EVERETT, WA SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, CIRA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Feingold, G (reprint author), NOAA, CIRA, Environm Technol Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Feingold, Graham/B-6152-2009 NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 279 EP 282 PG 4 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BM52Y UT WOS:000079027100082 ER PT B AU Klein, SA Jakob, C AF Klein, SA Jakob, C GP AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC TI Comparison of ECMWF frontal clouds to satellite observations SO CONFERENCE ON CLOUD PHYSICS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 14th Conference on Planned and Inadvertent Weather Modification CY AUG 17-21, 1998 CL EVERETT, WA SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 Princeton Univ, NOAA, GFDL, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Klein, SA (reprint author), Princeton Univ, NOAA, GFDL, POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RI Jakob, Christian/A-1082-2010 OI Jakob, Christian/0000-0002-5012-3207 NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 360 EP 361 PG 2 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BM52Y UT WOS:000079027100106 ER PT B AU Willis, PT AF Willis, PT GP AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC TI Rain drop size distributions and radar rain measurement in south Florida SO CONFERENCE ON CLOUD PHYSICS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 14th Conference on Planned and Inadvertent Weather Modification CY AUG 17-21, 1998 CL EVERETT, WA SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, HRD, CIMAS, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Willis, PT (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, HRD, CIMAS, 4301 Rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 387 EP 390 PG 4 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BM52Y UT WOS:000079027100115 ER PT B AU Intrieri, JM Eberhard, WL Alvarez, RJ Healy, KR AF Intrieri, JM Eberhard, WL Alvarez, RJ Healy, KR GP AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC TI Arctic cloud measurements obtained with the ETL unattended lidar system SO CONFERENCE ON CLOUD PHYSICS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 14th Conference on Planned and Inadvertent Weather Modification CY AUG 17-21, 1998 CL EVERETT, WA SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, ETL, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Intrieri, JM (reprint author), NOAA, ETL, 325 Broadway,R-E-ET2, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Eberhard, Wynn/B-5402-2015; Alvarez, Raul/I-4879-2013; Intrieri, Janet/D-5608-2015 NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 413 EP 414 PG 2 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BM52Y UT WOS:000079027100122 ER PT B AU McCann, DW AF McCann, DW GP AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC TI Aircraft icing diagnostics from simple cloud physics equations SO CONFERENCE ON CLOUD PHYSICS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 14th Conference on Planned and Inadvertent Weather Modification CY AUG 17-21, 1998 CL EVERETT, WA SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 Aviat Weather Ctr, Kansas City, MO 64106 USA. RP McCann, DW (reprint author), Aviat Weather Ctr, Room 1728,601 E 12th St, Kansas City, MO 64106 USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 462 EP 465 PG 4 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BM52Y UT WOS:000079027100137 ER PT B AU Reinking, RF AF Reinking, RF GP AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC TI The seedability of storm-embedded precipitating orographic gravity-wave clouds SO CONFERENCE ON CLOUD PHYSICS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 14th Conference on Planned and Inadvertent Weather Modification CY AUG 17-21, 1998 CL EVERETT, WA SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, ERL, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Reinking, RF (reprint author), NOAA, ERL, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 573 EP 576 PG 4 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BM52Y UT WOS:000079027100166 ER PT B AU Hobbie, EK Migler, KB AF Hobbie, EK Migler, KB GP SOC PLAST ENGINEERS TI In-situ visualization of novel polymer droplet morphologies during extrusion SO CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS AT ANTEC '98: PLASTICS ON MY MIND, VOLS I-3: VOL I; PROCESSING, VOL II; SPECIAL AREAS, VOL III; MATERIALS SE SOCIETY OF PLASTICS ENGINEERS TECHNICAL PAPERS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 56th Annual Technical Conference of the Society-of-Plastics-Engineers - Plastics on My Mind (ANTEC 98) CY APR 26-30, 1998 CL ATLANTA, GA SP Soc Plast Engineers AB We report the observation,of novel droplet morphologies in the high stress layers near the walls of a specially instrumented slit die. We utilize in-situ optical microscopy to study a dilute blend of polystyrene (PS) in ,polyethylene (PE) matrix. At low shear rates the PS droplets become elliptical with the long axis of shear, in agreement with a great body of experimental work. At high shear rates we observe a transition in which the droplets develop cusps in, the directions parallel and perpendicular to flow. Rheological measurements indicate the importance of normal forces at these high shear rates. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hobbie, EK (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC PLASTICS ENGINEERS PI BROOKFIELD CENTER PA 14 FAIRFIELD DR, BROOKFIELD CENTER, CT 06805 USA BN 1-56676-669-9 J9 SOC PLAST E PY 1998 VL 44 BP 183 EP 188 PG 6 WC Engineering, Chemical; Polymer Science SC Engineering; Polymer Science GA BL06B UT WOS:000074141800035 ER PT B AU Ivester, R Danai, K Kazmer, D AF Ivester, R Danai, K Kazmer, D GP SOC PLAST ENGINEERS TI Automatic tuning of injection molding by the virtual search method SO CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS AT ANTEC '98: PLASTICS ON MY MIND, VOLS I-3: VOL I; PROCESSING, VOL II; SPECIAL AREAS, VOL III; MATERIALS SE SOCIETY OF PLASTICS ENGINEERS TECHNICAL PAPERS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 56th Annual Technical Conference of the Society-of-Plastics-Engineers - Plastics on My Mind (ANTEC 98) CY APR 26-30, 1998 CL ATLANTA, GA SP Soc Plast Engineers AB Methodical tuning of the injection molding process is not always possible due to the absence of accurate and reliable models for all the diverse quality characteristics encountered. An iterative method for automatic tuning of the molding process is introduced, referred to the Virtual Search Method. The VSM develops and optimizes a 'virtual' model of the process, resorting to the physical process only when it has exhausted the virtual search. As simulation and experimental investigations indicate, this approach has been shown to lead to shorter tuning methods than those required by Design of Experiments. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ivester, R (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC PLASTICS ENGINEERS PI BROOKFIELD CENTER PA 14 FAIRFIELD DR, BROOKFIELD CENTER, CT 06805 USA BN 1-56676-669-9 J9 SOC PLAST E PY 1998 VL 44 BP 362 EP 366 PG 5 WC Engineering, Chemical; Polymer Science SC Engineering; Polymer Science GA BL06B UT WOS:000074141800066 ER PT B AU Delin, M McKenna, GB AF Delin, M McKenna, GB GP SOC PLAST ENGINEERS TI Craze growth in stress relaxation conditions: Effects of physical aging SO CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS AT ANTEC '98: PLASTICS ON MY MIND, VOLS I-3: VOL I; PROCESSING, VOL II; SPECIAL AREAS, VOL III; MATERIALS SE SOCIETY OF PLASTICS ENGINEERS TECHNICAL PAPERS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 56th Annual Technical Conference of the Society-of-Plastics-Engineers - Plastics on My Mind (ANTEC 98) CY APR 26-30, 1998 CL ATLANTA, GA SP Soc Plast Engineers AB Craze growth in a styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer under stress relaxation conditions has been examined as a function of time after a quench, i.e., physical aging time, at four temperatures from ambient to 60 degrees C. It was found that the craze length varies linearly in the logarithm of loading time. A transition from a high logarithmic growth rate to a rate some 4-6 times slower was found to occur with respect to aging time. The transition seems to move to shorter aging times as temperature increases. The slow growth rate is relatively insensitive to temperature for all four temperatures investigated and the rapid growth rate was also approximately the same for both temperatures for which it was observable in the aging time range accessible in these experiments. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Delin, M (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI McKenna, Gregory/O-1134-2013 OI McKenna, Gregory/0000-0002-5676-9930 NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC PLASTICS ENGINEERS PI BROOKFIELD CENTER PA 14 FAIRFIELD DR, BROOKFIELD CENTER, CT 06805 USA BN 1-56676-669-9 J9 SOC PLAST E PY 1998 VL 44 BP 1668 EP 1671 PG 4 WC Engineering, Chemical; Polymer Science SC Engineering; Polymer Science GA BL06B UT WOS:000074141800321 ER PT B AU Barnes, JD AF Barnes, JD GP SOC PLAST ENGINEERS TI Small-angle scattering for the industrial plastics laboratory - An overview SO CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS AT ANTEC '98: PLASTICS ON MY MIND, VOLS I-3: VOL I; PROCESSING, VOL II; SPECIAL AREAS, VOL III; MATERIALS SE SOCIETY OF PLASTICS ENGINEERS TECHNICAL PAPERS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 56th Annual Technical Conference of the Society-of-Plastics-Engineers - Plastics on My Mind (ANTEC 98) CY APR 26-30, 1998 CL ATLANTA, GA SP Soc Plast Engineers DE small angle scattering; polymer microstructure AB Small-Angle Scattering (SAS) has been an important fundamental research tool for characterizing the microstructure of polymeric materials since the 1940s. Advances in radiation sources, instrumentation, and computing power over the last 20 years have made these methods much more accessible to industrial laboratories involved in materials development, processing, and quality control, especially for polymers. This presentation provides a condensed guide to recent literature on the application of SAS methods to a variety of polymer materials ranging from molecules in solution, to block copolymers, to fibers and films made from semicrystalline materials, and a variety of other applications. Guidelines for designing SAS experiments to extract the maximum structural information from experiments on these materials are presented. C1 NIST, Polymer Struct & Mech Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Barnes, JD (reprint author), NIST, Polymer Struct & Mech Grp, Bldg 224,Rm A209, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC PLASTICS ENGINEERS PI BROOKFIELD CENTER PA 14 FAIRFIELD DR, BROOKFIELD CENTER, CT 06805 USA BN 1-56676-669-9 J9 SOC PLAST E PY 1998 VL 44 BP 2048 EP 2051 PG 4 WC Engineering, Chemical; Polymer Science SC Engineering; Polymer Science GA BL06B UT WOS:000074141800392 ER PT B AU Bauer, BJ Topp, A Prosa, TJ Liu, DW Jackson, CL Amis, EJ AF Bauer, BJ Topp, A Prosa, TJ Liu, DW Jackson, CL Amis, EJ GP SOC PLAST ENGINEERS TI Small angle scattering studies of dendrimer blends and interpenetrating polymer networks SO CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS AT ANTEC '98: PLASTICS ON MY MIND, VOLS I-3: VOL I; PROCESSING, VOL II; SPECIAL AREAS, VOL III; MATERIALS SE SOCIETY OF PLASTICS ENGINEERS TECHNICAL PAPERS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 56th Annual Technical Conference of the Society-of-Plastics-Engineers - Plastics on My Mind (ANTEC 98) CY APR 26-30, 1998 CL ATLANTA, GA SP Soc Plast Engineers AB This report gives an overview about the first results of an investigation of mixtures that consist of dendrimers and conventional polymers. Poly(amido amine) (PAMAM) or poly(propylene amine) (PPI) dendrimers were blended with linear polymers that contain small amounts of strongly interacting comonomers to enhance the miscibility. Hydrophobically modified dendrimers were incorporated into the miscible polymer blend PS/PVME. Interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) were prepared by dispersing the dendrimers in hydroxyethylmethacrylate and polymerizing the vinyl monomer using free radical methods. Small angle neutron (SANS) scattering and small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) experimets were performed, and images from IPNs were taken with a transmission electron microscope (TEM). C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bauer, BJ (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC PLASTICS ENGINEERS PI BROOKFIELD CENTER PA 14 FAIRFIELD DR, BROOKFIELD CENTER, CT 06805 USA BN 1-56676-669-9 J9 SOC PLAST E PY 1998 VL 44 BP 2065 EP 2069 PG 5 WC Engineering, Chemical; Polymer Science SC Engineering; Polymer Science GA BL06B UT WOS:000074141800396 ER PT B AU Bur, AJ Roth, SC AF Bur, AJ Roth, SC GP SOC PLAST ENGINEERS TI An optical sensor for measuring fluorescence anisotropy of oriented polymers SO CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS AT ANTEC '98: PLASTICS ON MY MIND, VOLS I-3: VOL I; PROCESSING, VOL II; SPECIAL AREAS, VOL III; MATERIALS SE SOCIETY OF PLASTICS ENGINEERS TECHNICAL PAPERS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 56th Annual Technical Conference of the Society-of-Plastics-Engineers - Plastics on My Mind (ANTEC 98) CY APR 26-30, 1998 CL ATLANTA, GA SP Soc Plast Engineers DE fluorescence anisotropy; optical sensor; molecular orientation; polymer extrusion; shear stress; extension stress; polyethylene; polybutadiene; slit die rheometer AB An optical sensor containing polarizing optical components has been constructed for the purpose of measuring fluorescence anisotropy of fluorescent dyes. The primary application of this sensor is the measurement of molecular orientation during polymer processing. To do this, a fluorescent dye is mixed with a polymer resin at approximately 10 ppm by weight concentration. Dyes which have geometrical asymmetry in their molecular structure or are covalently bonded to the polymer molecule are used. The anisotropy measurement yields an orientation factor for the dye molecule in the resin medium. C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bur, AJ (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC PLASTICS ENGINEERS PI BROOKFIELD CENTER PA 14 FAIRFIELD DR, BROOKFIELD CENTER, CT 06805 USA BN 1-56676-669-9 J9 SOC PLAST E PY 1998 VL 44 BP 2090 EP 2094 PG 5 WC Engineering, Chemical; Polymer Science SC Engineering; Polymer Science GA BL06B UT WOS:000074141800401 ER PT B AU Guttman, CM Blair, WR Danis, PO AF Guttman, CM Blair, WR Danis, PO GP SOC PLAST ENGINEERS TI Comparison of molecular weight moments from MALDI-TOF-MS with other absolute methods on a standard reference polymer SO CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS AT ANTEC '98: PLASTICS ON MY MIND, VOLS I-3: VOL I; PROCESSING, VOL II; SPECIAL AREAS, VOL III; MATERIALS SE SOCIETY OF PLASTICS ENGINEERS TECHNICAL PAPERS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 56th Annual Technical Conference of the Society-of-Plastics-Engineers - Plastics on My Mind (ANTEC 98) CY APR 26-30, 1998 CL ATLANTA, GA SP Soc Plast Engineers AB Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization (MALDI) Time of Flight (TOF) Mass Spectrometry was used to study the molecular weight distribution (MWD) of SRM 1487, a narrow MWD poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) standard reference material of about 6300 g/mol which was initiated with alpha-MeSty. The MWD and the weight average molecular weight (M-w) from MALDI TOF MS compare well with those obtained from more traditional methods such as ultracentrifugation and Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC). C1 NIST, NIST Polymers Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Guttman, CM (reprint author), NIST, NIST Polymers Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC PLASTICS ENGINEERS PI BROOKFIELD CENTER PA 14 FAIRFIELD DR, BROOKFIELD CENTER, CT 06805 USA BN 1-56676-669-9 J9 SOC PLAST E PY 1998 VL 44 BP 2109 EP 2113 PG 5 WC Engineering, Chemical; Polymer Science SC Engineering; Polymer Science GA BL06B UT WOS:000074141800405 ER PT B AU Rouiller, V McKenna, GB AF Rouiller, V McKenna, GB GP SOC PLAST ENGINEERS TI A hybrid nonlinear constitutive model: Comparisons with multiple step data for a polyurethane rudder SO CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS AT ANTEC '98: PLASTICS ON MY MIND, VOLS I-3: VOL I; PROCESSING, VOL II; SPECIAL AREAS, VOL III; MATERIALS SE SOCIETY OF PLASTICS ENGINEERS TECHNICAL PAPERS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 56th Annual Technical Conference of the Society-of-Plastics-Engineers - Plastics on My Mind (ANTEC 98) CY APR 26-30, 1998 CL ATLANTA, GA SP Soc Plast Engineers AB A nonlinear constitutive equation based on the model of Bernstein, Kearsley and Zapas (BKZ) is developed by noting that the BKZ model has a structure that looks like a time-dependent finite elasticity. By postulating, as did Valanis and Landel (VL) for rubber, that the strain potential function can be represented by a separable function in the stretches we develop a hybrid VL-BKZ viscoelastic model. Results of model predictions for multiple step deformation and stress histories are compared with experiments using a polyurethane elastomer. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Rouiller, V (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI McKenna, Gregory/O-1134-2013 OI McKenna, Gregory/0000-0002-5676-9930 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC PLASTICS ENGINEERS PI BROOKFIELD CENTER PA 14 FAIRFIELD DR, BROOKFIELD CENTER, CT 06805 USA BN 1-56676-669-9 J9 SOC PLAST E PY 1998 VL 44 BP 2138 EP 2143 PG 6 WC Engineering, Chemical; Polymer Science SC Engineering; Polymer Science GA BL06B UT WOS:000074141800411 ER PT B AU O'Connell, PA McKenna, GB AF O'Connell, PA McKenna, GB GP SOC PLAST ENGINEERS TI Temperature shift factors for the segmental relaxation of polycarbonate below the glass transition SO CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS AT ANTEC '98: PLASTICS ON MY MIND, VOLS I-3: VOL I; PROCESSING, VOL II; SPECIAL AREAS, VOL III; MATERIALS SE SOCIETY OF PLASTICS ENGINEERS TECHNICAL PAPERS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 56th Annual Technical Conference of the Society-of-Plastics-Engineers - Plastics on My Mind (ANTEC 98) CY APR 26-30, 1998 CL ATLANTA, GA SP Soc Plast Engineers AB Data are presented on the stress relaxatian response of a polycarbonate under torsional load. Tests were performed for limes long enough to attain the equilibrium viscoelastic response at temperatures from approximately T-g-17 degrees C to T-g+3 degrees C where T,is the nominal glass transition temperature. The equilibration times ranged from less than 30 minutes near to T-g to twelve days at the lowest temperature. Time-temperature superposition was found to be applicable over the entire temperature range investigated. The temperature dependence of the logarithm of the temperature shift factors a,was found to deviate significantly from that expected from either 'universal' WLF behavior or from extrapolation of literature data obtained above T-g for polycarbonate. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP O'Connell, PA (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI McKenna, Gregory/O-1134-2013 OI McKenna, Gregory/0000-0002-5676-9930 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOC PLASTICS ENGINEERS PI BROOKFIELD CENTER PA 14 FAIRFIELD DR, BROOKFIELD CENTER, CT 06805 USA BN 1-56676-669-9 J9 SOC PLAST E PY 1998 VL 44 BP 2152 EP 2157 PG 6 WC Engineering, Chemical; Polymer Science SC Engineering; Polymer Science GA BL06B UT WOS:000074141800414 ER PT B AU Schultheisz, CR McKenna, GB AF Schultheisz, CR McKenna, GB GP SOC PLAST ENGINEERS TI A nonlinear fluid Standard Reference Material: Progress report SO CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS AT ANTEC '98: PLASTICS ON MY MIND, VOLS I-3: VOL I; PROCESSING, VOL II; SPECIAL AREAS, VOL III; MATERIALS SE SOCIETY OF PLASTICS ENGINEERS TECHNICAL PAPERS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 56th Annual Technical Conference of the Society-of-Plastics-Engineers - Plastics on My Mind (ANTEC 98) CY APR 26-30, 1998 CL ATLANTA, GA SP Soc Plast Engineers AB NIST is in the process of developing a new Standard Reference Material (SRM 2490 Nonlinear Fluid for Rheological Measurements) that replaces the previous SRM 1490 Nonlinear Fluid Standard. The purpose of the material and its development is two-fold: first, to help equipment manufacturers and researchers in different laboratories to better understand the inherent lab-to-lab variability in their measurements and consequently help reduce these; and second, to provide a standard fluid that is useful to researchers and analytical laboratories alike as a research material and as a secondary standard because it is homogeneous and has well known material properties. The material property ranges of interest will be decided through consultation with the Rheology community; this process is already underway and has led to a preliminary selection of a solution of polyisobutylene dissolved in 2,2;4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane. NIST is performing the initial measurements on this material and is organizing a round robin to ensure that the chosen material properties are acceptable to those participating in the round robin and tb bring a consensus concerning the lab-to-lab variability in the measurements. Based on these results, the fluid will be certified for the shear rate dependence of viscosity and first normal stress difference over a temperature range of approximately 50 degrees C. The linear viscoelastic responses will also be certified along with the temperature dependence of the shift factors and the zero-shear-rate viscosity. Here we present progress up to the current time. C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Schultheisz, CR (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI McKenna, Gregory/O-1134-2013 OI McKenna, Gregory/0000-0002-5676-9930 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC PLASTICS ENGINEERS PI BROOKFIELD CENTER PA 14 FAIRFIELD DR, BROOKFIELD CENTER, CT 06805 USA BN 1-56676-669-9 J9 SOC PLAST E PY 1998 VL 44 BP 2162 EP 2166 PG 5 WC Engineering, Chemical; Polymer Science SC Engineering; Polymer Science GA BL06B UT WOS:000074141800416 ER PT B AU Cerrada, ML McKenna, GB O'Reilly, JM Greener, J Gillmor, JR AF Cerrada, ML McKenna, GB O'Reilly, JM Greener, J Gillmor, JR GP SOC PLAST ENGINEERS TI Physical aging behavior in amorphous PEN film as measured by creep SO CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS AT ANTEC '98: PLASTICS ON MY MIND, VOLS I-3: VOL I; PROCESSING, VOL II; SPECIAL AREAS, VOL III; MATERIALS SE SOCIETY OF PLASTICS ENGINEERS TECHNICAL PAPERS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 56th Annual Technical Conference of the Society-of-Plastics-Engineers - Plastics on My Mind (ANTEC 98) CY APR 26-30, 1998 CL ATLANTA, GA SP Soc Plast Engineers AB Characterization of the viscoelastic and aging responses of poly(ethylene naphthalate) (PEN) is of increasing interest as this material begins to see greater use in commercial applications. In typical aging experiments, one quenches the sample from above the glass transition to the final aging temperature and performs sequential experiments at increasing aging times to 'probe' the changes in viscoelastic response due to the ongoing structural recovery. In the case of PEN, studies of the aging response are complicated by the presence of two viscoelastic mechanisms. Here we describe work in which creep measurements are used to probe the aging and temperature dependencies of the viscoelastic behavior of amorphous PEN, The results show that the large sub-glass beta* transition has a large influence on the viscoelastic response and complicates the possibility of using classical time-temperature or time-aging time superposition for its description. At low temperatures and short aging times, one observes an almost power law behavior. However, as the aging times get longer, a second mechanism becomes evident and lime-aging time superposition is not valid, In addition, as the temperature increases one also sees evidence for two mechanisms and lack of thermo-theological simplicity. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP McKenna, GB (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI McKenna, Gregory/O-1134-2013; CERRADA, MARIA/E-9810-2016 OI McKenna, Gregory/0000-0002-5676-9930; CERRADA, MARIA/0000-0003-4261-0627 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC PLASTICS ENGINEERS PI BROOKFIELD CENTER PA 14 FAIRFIELD DR, BROOKFIELD CENTER, CT 06805 USA BN 1-56676-669-9 J9 SOC PLAST E PY 1998 VL 44 BP 2198 EP 2203 PG 6 WC Engineering, Chemical; Polymer Science SC Engineering; Polymer Science GA BL06B UT WOS:000074141800421 ER PT B AU Liao, K Schultheisz, CR Hunston, DL Brinson, LC AF Liao, K Schultheisz, CR Hunston, DL Brinson, LC GP SOC PLAST ENGINEERS TI The effect of water on the fatigue behavior for a pultruded glass-reinforced composite SO CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS AT ANTEC '98: PLASTICS ON MY MIND, VOLS I-3: VOL I; PROCESSING, VOL II; SPECIAL AREAS, VOL III; MATERIALS SE SOCIETY OF PLASTICS ENGINEERS TECHNICAL PAPERS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 56th Annual Technical Conference of the Society-of-Plastics-Engineers - Plastics on My Mind (ANTEC 98) CY APR 26-30, 1998 CL ATLANTA, GA SP Soc Plast Engineers AB Pultruded composites are finding increasing use in infrastructure and marine applications where they see prolonged exposure to environmental factors such as moisture. This work examines the fatigue behavior (4 point bending) in air and water for pultruded materials. Some specimens were preconditioned in water for 6 months (room temperature) before testing in water. The results show that water significantly reduces the fatigue life at low loads but not high loads. Moreover, preconditioning had no effect on fatigue life in water. Consequently, using higher loads or preconditioning to accelerate fatigue tests in water is not a useful approach. C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Liao, K (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Brinson, L Catherine/B-1315-2013 OI Brinson, L Catherine/0000-0003-2551-1563 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC PLASTICS ENGINEERS PI BROOKFIELD CENTER PA 14 FAIRFIELD DR, BROOKFIELD CENTER, CT 06805 USA BN 1-56676-669-9 J9 SOC PLAST E PY 1998 VL 44 BP 2245 EP 2249 PG 5 WC Engineering, Chemical; Polymer Science SC Engineering; Polymer Science GA BL06B UT WOS:000074141800430 ER PT B AU Parnas, RS Dunkers, JP Neff, RA AF Parnas, RS Dunkers, JP Neff, RA GP SOC PLAST ENGINEERS TI Monitoring composites with optical fiber sensor systems SO CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS AT ANTEC '98: PLASTICS ON MY MIND, VOLS I-3: VOL I; PROCESSING, VOL II; SPECIAL AREAS, VOL III; MATERIALS SE SOCIETY OF PLASTICS ENGINEERS TECHNICAL PAPERS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 56th Annual Technical Conference of the Society-of-Plastics-Engineers - Plastics on My Mind (ANTEC 98) CY APR 26-30, 1998 CL ATLANTA, GA SP Soc Plast Engineers AB An inexpensive optical fiber has been interfaced with highspeed fluorescence and near infrared spectrometers to provide real-time monitoring of fast-reacting systems. Cure monitoring measurements were conducted in high volume fraction, glass reinforced composites with both an epoxy-amine system and a fast curing polyurethane-isocyanurate system. Optical theory was applied to understand the response of evanescent wave optical fiber sensors. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Parnas, RS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC PLASTICS ENGINEERS PI BROOKFIELD CENTER PA 14 FAIRFIELD DR, BROOKFIELD CENTER, CT 06805 USA BN 1-56676-669-9 J9 SOC PLAST E PY 1998 VL 44 BP 2351 EP 2355 PG 5 WC Engineering, Chemical; Polymer Science SC Engineering; Polymer Science GA BL06B UT WOS:000074141800449 ER PT B AU Amis, EJ Migler, K Hobbie, EK AF Amis, EJ Migler, K Hobbie, EK GP SOC PLAST ENGINEERS TI Optical microscopy, light scattering and fluorescence measurements during polymer processing SO CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS AT ANTEC '98: PLASTICS ON MY MIND, VOLS I-3: VOL I; PROCESSING, VOL II; SPECIAL AREAS, VOL III; MATERIALS SE SOCIETY OF PLASTICS ENGINEERS TECHNICAL PAPERS LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 56th Annual Technical Conference of the Society-of-Plastics-Engineers - Plastics on My Mind (ANTEC 98) CY APR 26-30, 1998 CL ATLANTA, GA SP Soc Plast Engineers C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Amis, EJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC PLASTICS ENGINEERS PI BROOKFIELD CENTER PA 14 FAIRFIELD DR, BROOKFIELD CENTER, CT 06805 USA BN 1-56676-669-9 J9 SOC PLAST E PY 1998 VL 44 BP 3623 EP 3623 PG 1 WC Engineering, Chemical; Polymer Science SC Engineering; Polymer Science GA BL06B UT WOS:000074141800714 ER PT B AU Wang, YC Han, XL Van Brunt, RJ Las, T Slowikowska, H Horwath, JC Schweickart, DL AF Wang, YC Han, XL Van Brunt, RJ Las, T Slowikowska, H Horwath, JC Schweickart, DL GP IEEE TI Digital recording and analysis of partial discharges in point-dielectric gaps SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE 1998 IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ELECTRICAL INSULATION, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Symposium on Electrical Insulation CY JUN 07-10, 1998 CL ARLINGTON, VA SP IEEE, Dielectr & Elect Insulat Soc AB Pulsating partial discharges (PD) occurring in point-dielectric gaps under an alternating voltage have been measured with a newly developed digital recording system. The dielectric is a cast epoxy resin with Al2O3 filler. In this paper, we analyze and report statistical characteristics of the PD including amplitude distribution, phase-of-occurrence distribution as well as the phase distributions of the individually selected PD pulses, e, g., the first-occurring or second-occurring pulse in each cycle. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wang, YC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-4927-X PY 1998 BP 440 EP 443 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BL23G UT WOS:000074775600101 ER PT B AU FitzPatrick, GJ Simmon, ED Lagnese, JE AF FitzPatrick, GJ Simmon, ED Lagnese, JE GP IEEE TI Evaluation of high-voltage impulse waveforms using model-based deconvolution SO CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE 1998 IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ELECTRICAL INSULATION, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Symposium on Electrical Insulation CY JUN 07-10, 1998 CL ARLINGTON, VA SP IEEE, Dielectr & Elect Insulat Soc AB Accurate measurement of high voltage (hv) impulse waveforms is of critical importance in the testing of hv apparatus and for fundamental insulation studies. Quantifying the measurement system errors can be performed by following procedures recommended by the international standards for high voltage testing. Application of deconvolution techniques to reduce measurement errors by calculating the input waveform using the measured step response have been explored, but they are particularly sensitive to noise in digitized data; small random errors in the measured waveforms can result in large oscillations in the deconvolved waveforms. This paper presents a technique for effectively performing a deconvolution of measured high voltage impulse waveforms using the step response of the measurement system and input waveform model based upon the impedance parameters of the test circuit. Data are presented that demonstrates a significant advantage of this approach to estimating the deconvolved input, its insensitivity to random noise in the measured data. Results for different analytic models for the input waveforms are also included. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP FitzPatrick, GJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-4927-X PY 1998 BP 490 EP 493 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BL23G UT WOS:000074775600113 ER PT J AU Reed, RK AF Reed, RK TI Confirmation of a convoluted flow over the southeastern Bering sea shelf SO CONTINENTAL SHELF RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID CIRCULATION AB Data from 16 CTD sections during spring 1979-1981 were used to derive mean geopotential topography and geostrophic flow (and its variability). Inshore of 100 m, there was a weak (similar to 1.5 cm s(-1)) but quite stable southeastward flow, with a horizontal extent of at least 60 km. Offshore of 100 m, an even wider northwestward flow of 4-6 cm s(-1) was present, with a suggestion of anticyclonic eddies in the region similar to 20% of the time. Inshore of 100 m, however, eddy activity was quite rare. The main features from the synoptic data are virtually identical to those in a recent study using spatially averaged climatological data. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Reed, RK (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way Ne, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RI Reed, Rolf /B-9422-2017 OI Reed, Rolf /0000-0002-2633-6595 NR 9 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0278-4343 J9 CONT SHELF RES JI Cont. Shelf Res. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 18 IS 1 BP 99 EP 103 DI 10.1016/S0278-4343(97)00069-1 PG 5 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA ZR727 UT WOS:000074007700004 ER PT S AU Myers, AF Steel, EB Ding, MQ Camphausen, SM Choi, WB Cuomo, JJ Hren, JJ AF Myers, AF Steel, EB Ding, MQ Camphausen, SM Choi, WB Cuomo, JJ Hren, JJ BE Siegal, MP Milne, WI Jaskie, JE TI TEM and EELS investigation of a-C and ta-C coated field emitters SO COVALENTLY BONDED DISORDERED THIN-FILM MATERIALS SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Covalently Bonded Disordered Thin-Film Materials, at the 1997 MRS Fall Meeting CY DEC 02-04, 1997 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc, Sandia Natl Labs, Motorola Inc, Cambridge Univ, Balzers Proc Syst AB The microstructure of highly sp(2) bonded amorphous carbon and partially tetrahedrally bonded amorphous carbon deposited on needle-shaped molybdenum field emitters by pulsed laser ablation :and cathodic are deposition techniques was studied using transmission electron microscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy. Undoped and nitrogen-doped films were included in this study. The undoped laser ablation films were approximately 50% sp(2) at the emitter rip and 65% sp(2) along the shank, while the N-doped laser ablation films were highly sp(2) bonded both at the tip and along the shank. These laser ablation films were continuous and relatively uniform, exhibiting an isotropic microstructure at the emitter tip and a columnar microstructure along the shank. The cathodic are deposited films were predominantly sp(2) bonded both at the tip and along the shank; these films were non-uniform, with an isotropic microstructure at the tip and regions of isotropic, columnar, and mixed microstructure appearing along the shank. C1 NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Myers, AF (reprint author), NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 3 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-403-3 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 498 BP 83 EP 88 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Materials Science GA BK96B UT WOS:000073945600011 ER PT J AU Sobolewski, MA AF Sobolewski, MA TI Experimental tests of models of radio-frequency plasma sheaths SO CZECHOSLOVAK JOURNAL OF PHYSICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Edge-Plasma Theory and Simulation Workshop CY JUL 06-08, 1998 CL UNIV INNSBRUCK, INNSBRUCK, AUSTRIA HO UNIV INNSBRUCK C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Sobolewski, MA (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU CZECHOSLOVAK JNL OF PHYSICS PI PRAGUE PA FYZIKALNI USTAV AV NA SLOVANCE 2, PRAGUE 180 40, CZECH REPUBLIC SN 0011-4626 J9 CZECH J PHYS JI Czech. J. Phys. PY 1998 VL 48 SU 2 BP 232 EP 232 DI 10.1007/s10582-998-0046-4 PG 1 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 165PE UT WOS:000078529500032 ER PT J AU Lindley, ST Barber, RT AF Lindley, ST Barber, RT TI Phytoplankton response to natural and experimental iron addition SO DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID EQUATORIAL PACIFIC-OCEAN; ENERGY-CONVERSION; QUANTUM YIELD; LIMITATION; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; GROWTH; FERTILIZATION; FLUORESCENCE; ABSORPTION; SEA AB Primary production, chlorophyll biomass, and the maximum quantum yield of photosynthesis were measured during a survey around the Galapagos Islands and during an open-ocean iron addition experiment. Dissolved iron concentrations exceeded 1 nmol kg(-1) over the Galapagos shelf, and a plume of chlorophyll was observed to the west of the islands. The quantum yield of photosynthesis was greater than 0.02 mol C mol photons(-1) at the surface in the base of the plume, and less than 0.01 mol C mol photons(-1) outside the plume. Primary production was two-fold higher at the base of the plume relative to surrounding waters. The distributions of quantum yield, primary production and chlorophyll are consistent with a direct effect of iron on phytoplankton growth rate. The experimental iron addition was performed 300 km south of the Galapagos and raised surface water dissolved iron concentrations from 0.05 to approximately 3 nmol kg(-1). Quantum yield increased from less than 0.008 to 0.015 mol C mol photons(-1) within 24 h of the addition, and remained elevated throughout the experiment. Chlorophyll concentrations were initially near 0.2 mg m(-3), and reached 0.8 mg m(-3) in the iron-enriched waters. Primary production increased from 2.0 to 3.1 mmol C m(-3) d(-1). These results show that iron directly regulates photosynthesis of the dominant phytoplankton in surface waters of the high-nutrient, low-chlorophyll eastern equatorial Pacific. It appears, however, that the dominant phytoplankton were unable to escape grazing control, limiting the impact of a transient increase in iron availability on surface water nutrient concentrations. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Duke Univ, Marine Lab, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Lindley, ST (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 3150 Paradise Dr, Tuburon, CA 94920 USA. EM Steve.Lindley@noaa.gov RI Lindley, Steven/G-3997-2014 OI Lindley, Steven/0000-0001-9556-0411 NR 36 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 10 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0967-0645 J9 DEEP-SEA RES PT II JI Deep-Sea Res. Part II-Top. Stud. Oceanogr. PY 1998 VL 45 IS 6 BP 1135 EP 1150 DI 10.1016/S0967-0645(98)00014-9 PG 16 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 137ZG UT WOS:000076946500012 ER PT J AU Croll, DA Tershy, BR Hewitt, RP Demer, DA Fiedler, PC Smith, SE Armstrong, W Popp, JM Kiekhefer, T Lopez, VR Urban, J Gendron, D AF Croll, DA Tershy, BR Hewitt, RP Demer, DA Fiedler, PC Smith, SE Armstrong, W Popp, JM Kiekhefer, T Lopez, VR Urban, J Gendron, D TI An integrated approach to the foraging ecology of marine birds and mammals SO DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID NORTHERN ELEPHANT SEALS; DIVING BEHAVIOR; OPTIMAL ALLOCATION; BALEEN WHALES; SEABIRD; CYCLE; KRILL; MAINE; PREY; TIME AB Birds and mammals are important components of pelagic marine ecosystems, but our knowledge of their foraging ecology is limited. We distinguish six distinct types of data that can be used in various combinations to understand their foraging behavior and ecology. We describe methods that combine concurrent dive recorder deployment, oceanographic sampling, and hydroacoustic surveys to generate hypotheses about interactions between the physical environment and the distribution, abundance, and behavior of pelagic predators and their prey. Our approach is to (1) map the distribution of whales in relation to the distribution of their prey and the physical features of the study area (bottom topography, temperature, and salinity); and (2) measure the foraging behavior and diet of instrumented whales in the context of the fine-scale distribution and composition of their prey and the physical environment. We use this approach to demonstrate a relationship between blue whale distribution, sea surface temperature, and concentrations of their euphausiid prey at different spatial scales offshore of the Channel Islands, California. Blue whale horizontal spatial distribution was correlated with regions of high acoustic backscatter. Blue whale dive depths closely tracked the depth distribution of krill. Net sampling and whale diet revealed that whales fed exclusively upon dense schools of Euphausia pacifica (between 100 and 200 m) and Thysanoessa spinifera (from the surface to 100 m). Whales concentrated foraging efforts upon those dense euphausiid schools that form downstream from an upwelling center in close proximity to regions of steep topographic relief We propose that (1) the distribution of Balaenoptera whales in the coastal California Current region is defined by their attraction to areas of predictably high prey density; (2) the preferred prey of these whales are several species of euphausiids (E. pacifica, T. spinifera, and N. simplex) that are abundant in the California Current region; (3) blue whales concentrate their foraging efforts on dense aggregations of euphausiids found at discrete depths in the water column; (4) these localized areas of high euphausiid densities are predictable and sustained by enhanced levels of primary productivity in regions which are located downstream from coastal upwelling centers (indicated by sea surface temperature); (5) topographic breaks in the continental shelf located downstream from these upwelling centers work in concert with euphausiid behavior to collect and maintain large concentrations of euphausiids swarms, and (6) despite seasonal and inter-annual variability, these processes are sufficiently consistent that the distribution of Balaenoptera whales can be predicted. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Pacific Cetacean Grp, Monterey, CA USA. Univ Autonoma Baja California, La Paz AP19B, BCS, Mexico. IPN, Ctr Interdisciplinario Ciencias Marinas, La Paz, BCS, Mexico. RP Croll, DA (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. EM dcroll@cats.ucsc.edu NR 43 TC 114 Z9 116 U1 5 U2 52 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0967-0645 J9 DEEP-SEA RES PT II JI Deep-Sea Res. Part II-Top. Stud. Oceanogr. PY 1998 VL 45 IS 7 BP 1353 EP + DI 10.1016/S0967-0645(98)00031-9 PG 16 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 145ZW UT WOS:000077403600011 ER PT J AU Steger, JM Collins, CA Schwing, FB Noble, M Garfield, N Steiner, MT AF Steger, JM Collins, CA Schwing, FB Noble, M Garfield, N Steiner, MT TI An empirical model of the tidal currents in the Gulf of the Farallones SO DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID DOPPLER CURRENT PROFILER; NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; OCEAN TIDES; FLOW AB Candela et al. (1990, 1992) showed that tides in an open ocean region can be resolved using velocity data from a ship-mounted ADC-P. We use their method to build a spatially varying model of the tidal currents in the Gulf of the Farallones, an area of complicated bathymetry where the tidal velocities in some parts of the region are weak compared to the mean currents. We describe the tidal fields for the M-2, S-2, K-1, and O-1 constituents and show that this method is sensitive to the model parameters and the quantity of input data. In areas with complex bathymetry and tidal structures, a large amount of spatial data is needed to resolve the tides. A method of estimating the associated errors inherent in the model is described. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 NOAA, NMFS, Pacific Fisheries Environm Lab, Pacific Grove, CA USA. USN, Postgrad Sch, Monterey, CA USA. USGS, Menlo Park, CA USA. RP Steger, JM (reprint author), NOAA, NMFS, Pacific Fisheries Environm Lab, Pacific Grove, CA USA. NR 44 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0967-0645 J9 DEEP-SEA RES PT II JI Deep-Sea Res. Part II-Top. Stud. Oceanogr. PY 1998 VL 45 IS 8-9 BP 1471 EP 1505 DI 10.1016/S0967-0645(98)80004-0 PG 35 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 149AB UT WOS:000077582700004 ER PT J AU Fiedler, PC Reilly, SB Hewitt, RP Demer, D Philbrick, VA Smith, S Armstrong, W Croll, DA Tershy, BR Mate, BR AF Fiedler, PC Reilly, SB Hewitt, RP Demer, D Philbrick, VA Smith, S Armstrong, W Croll, DA Tershy, BR Mate, BR TI Blue whale habitat and prey in the California Channel Islands SO DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID CURRENT SYSTEM AB Whale Habitat and Prey Studies were conducted off southern California during August 1995 (WHAPS95) and July 1996 (WHAPS96) to (1) study the distribution and activities of blue whales and other large whales, (2) survey the distribution of prey organisms (krill), and (3) measure physical and biological habitat variables that influence the distribution of whales and prey. A total of 1307 cetacean sightings included 460 blue whale, 78 fin whale and 101 humpback whale sightings. Most blue whales were found in cold, well-mixed and productive water that had upwelled along the coast north of Point Conception and then advected south. They were aggregated in this water near San Miguel and Santa Rosa Islands, where they fed on dense, subsurface layers of euphausiids both on the shelf and extending off the shelf edge. Two species of euphausiids were consumed by blue whales, Thysanoessa spinifera and Euphausia pacifica, with evidence of preference for the former, a larger and more coastal species. These krill patches on the Channel Island feeding grounds are a resource exploited during summer-fall by the world's largest stock of blue whales. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Fiedler, PC (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. NR 37 TC 79 Z9 84 U1 4 U2 29 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0967-0645 J9 DEEP-SEA RES PT II JI Deep-Sea Res. Part II-Top. Stud. Oceanogr. PY 1998 VL 45 IS 8-9 BP 1781 EP 1801 DI 10.1016/S0967-0645(98)80017-9 PG 21 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 149AB UT WOS:000077582700016 ER PT J AU Cowen, JP Baker, ET AF Cowen, JP Baker, ET TI The 1996 Gorda Ridge event detection and response activities: historical perspective and future implications SO DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID DE-FUCA RIDGE; MILITARY HYDROPHONE ARRAYS; FLOOR ERUPTION SITE; CLEFT SEGMENT; VOLCANIC-ERUPTION; COAXIAL SEGMENT; VENT FLUIDS; LAVA FLOWS; JUAN; MANGANESE AB Ridge axis magmatic events, including diking and eruptive phases, are episodic perturbations that trigger a sequence of interrelated and rapidly evolving geophysical, chemical and biological processes associated with the formation of ocean crust. Access to the US Navy's Sound SUrveillance System (SOSUS) in 1993 via PMEL-NOAA's T-Phase Monitoring system launched the scientific community from mere reliance on serendipitous encounters of magmatic events to their remote detection at the initiation of an event's distinctive seismic signature and subsequent 'directed' rapid and follow-up field responses. This capability offers exceptional opportunities to observe and quantify covariation among related seismic and hydrothermal processes and to provide basic new constraints on maturing models of submarine volcano-hydrothermal systems. The detection of a seismic swarm on the northern Gorda Ridge on 28 February 1996 prompted a multi-cruise response to investigate any new lava flows and event- and chronic-style hydrothermal discharge associated with suspected dike intrusion and eruptive activity. The results of these studies are described in the 12 papers composing this special issue on the detection of and response to mid-ocean ridge magmatic events. The successes and limitations of the Gorda Ridge event response series as well as previous event response efforts clearly demonstrate the need for greater pre-event coordination and preparation, (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Hawaii, Dept Oceanog, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Cowen, JP (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, Dept Oceanog, 1000 Pope Rd, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM jcowen@soest.hawaii.edu NR 45 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0967-0645 J9 DEEP-SEA RES PT II JI Deep-Sea Res. Part II-Top. Stud. Oceanogr. PY 1998 VL 45 IS 12 BP 2503 EP 2511 DI 10.1016/S0967-0645(98)00080-0 PG 9 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 181KX UT WOS:000079441500001 ER PT J AU Fox, CG Dziak, RP AF Fox, CG Dziak, RP TI Hydroacoustic detection of volcanic activity on the Gorda Ridge, February-March 1996 SO DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID JUAN-DE-FUCA; FLOOR ERUPTION SITE; COAXIAL SEGMENT; EVENT; MORPHOLOGY AB Beginning at 0700 GMT on 28 February 1996, intense seismicity was detected in the northeast Pacific Ocean using the T-phase Monitoring System developed by NOAA/PMEL to access the U.S. Navy's SOund SUrveillance System (SOSUS) in the North Pacific. The event was preliminarily located on the northernmost segment of the Gorda Ridge near 42.67 degrees N and 126.8 degrees W, in the vicinity of the ridge segment high ("narrowgate"). The nature of the seismicity was similar to that observed in June 1993 at the CoAxial segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge, which was later documented to be a lateral magma injection with subsequent eruption. Due to several gaps in the data, the detection information was not as comprehensive as during the CoAxial event, but an initial migration of epicenters from the narrowgate area down-rift is inferred based on arrival bearings from a single array; there is evidence for an additional diking event on the second and third day of activity. There is also indication of a concentration of epicenters located near 42.6 degrees N, as occurred during the CoAxial episode at what was later determined to be an eruption site. Examination of T-wave rise times generally supports this interpretation. Based on the nature and duration of the activity, a response effort was initiated, which later confirmed hot-water plumes and fresh lava flows at the site. Based on both hydroacoustic information and held observations, it is proposed that the episode began with a lateral dike injection, possibly with eruptive activity in the summit region, followed by multiple magma pulses and eventual focusing of the seismic activity and extrusion near 42.6 degrees N, (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Oregon State Univ, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Marine Resource Studies, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Fox, CG (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NR 21 TC 55 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0967-0645 J9 DEEP-SEA RES PT II JI Deep-Sea Res. Part II-Top. Stud. Oceanogr. PY 1998 VL 45 IS 12 BP 2513 EP 2530 DI 10.1016/S0967-0645(98)00081-2 PG 18 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 181KX UT WOS:000079441500002 ER PT J AU Walker, DA Hammond, SR AF Walker, DA Hammond, SR TI Historical Gorda Ridge t-phase swarms: relationships to ridge structure and the tectonic and volcanic state of the ridge during 1964-1966 SO DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID DE-FUCA RIDGE; MULTIPLE-EVENT RELOCATION; EARTHQUAKES; PLATE; RISE AB The U.S. Navy's Sound Surveillance System (SOSUS) hydrophone arrays are extemely efficient receptors of a high-frequency earthquake energy phase known as the t(ertiary)-wave, or t-phase (Fox et al., 1994), After a nearly 30-year hiatus in such studies, SOSUS arrays are again being utilized to detect t-phases and to locate seismic and volcanic events occurring along the Gorda seafloor spreading center (Fox et al., 1995; Fox and Dziak, 1998). Earlier, Northrop et al. (1968) also used other military arrays to infer tectonic structure along the Gorda Ridge. From October 1964 through December 1966, over 600 low-magnitude earthquakes occurred along the Gorda Ridge. Nearly all of these events had magnitudes below the detection thresholds of land-based seismic networks. Northrop et al. (1968) interpreted the geographic distribution of these events as evidence for a nascent fracture zone near the midpoint of the ridge. In the present study, the spatial distributions of these older data and, for the first time, their temporal distributions as well, were examined with respect to detailed bathymetry of the ridge that was acquired in the early 1980s. This analysis, of 570 on-axis and 74 off-axis events, led to the following observations: (1) nearly all of the Gorda Ridge t-phase events occurred in discreet swarms centered about the ridge axis, (2) most of the events within each of 8 (of 9) observed swarms occurred mainly along single ridge segments, and, (3) reconfirming the earlier Northrop et al. (1968) conclusion, most of the events originated in the region of a major change in the strike of the ridge axis. During the 27-month interval that the ridge was observed, relatively few t-phase events took place along the northernmost segment of the Gorda Ridge where the 1996 eruption occurred. However, a unique sequence of small events which visually resemble the events associated with a Juan de Fuca Ridge eruption in 1993 (Fox et al., 1995) and a Gorda Ridge eruption in 1996 (Fox and Dziak, 1998) may have been associated with an eruption on the ridge during 1965. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Univ Hawaii, Hawaii Inst Geophys & Planetol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Hammond, SR (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM hammond@pmel.noaa.gov NR 29 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0967-0645 J9 DEEP-SEA RES PT II JI Deep-Sea Res. Part II-Top. Stud. Oceanogr. PY 1998 VL 45 IS 12 BP 2531 EP 2545 DI 10.1016/S0967-0645(98)00082-4 PG 15 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 181KX UT WOS:000079441500003 ER PT J AU Chadwick, WW Embley, RW Shank, TM AF Chadwick, WW Embley, RW Shank, TM TI The 1996 Gorda Ridge eruption: geologic mapping, sidescan sonar, and SeaBeam comparison results SO DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID JUAN-DE-FUCA; MID-ATLANTIC RIDGE; SOUTHEAST INDIAN RIDGE; RECENT LAVA FLOWS; GRAVITY-ANOMALIES; CRUSTAL ACCRETION; COAXIAL SEGMENT; DIKE INJECTION; SPREADING RATE; CLEFT SEGMENT AB As part of a response effort following the February 1996 T-wave swarm on the North Gorda Ridge, camera tows were conducted at the site in April and discovered that a lava flow had erupted onto the seafloor during the earthquake swarm. The lava flow is located on axis between 42.665 degrees and 42.688 degrees N, just south of the axial high of the ridge segment, near the northern extent of T-wave epicenters, and under the site where a hydrothermal event plume was found 2 weeks after the swarm began. Temperature sensors on the camera sled recorded anomalies up to 0.5 degrees C over and near the new flow, showing that it was still actively cooling. Data from camera tows, remotely operated vehicle (ROV) dives, sidescan sonar imagery, and SeaBeam resurveys show that the new flow is 2.6 km long, 400 m wide, and up to 75 m thick, with a volume of 18 x 10(6) m(3). We interpret that this flow was erupted during the first half of the T-wave swarm. A combination of T-wave, plume, sidescan, and SeaBeam evidence also suggests that another lava flow (not imaged by camera or ROV) may have erupted similar to 8 km to the south between 42.605 degrees and 42.615 degrees N, where the second half of the T-wave swarm was concentrated. However, this possible second eruption site remains unconfirmed. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Cooperat Inst Marine Resources Studies, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. RP Chadwick, WW (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Cooperat Inst Marine Resources Studies, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NR 61 TC 49 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0967-0645 J9 DEEP-SEA RES PT II JI Deep-Sea Res. Part II-Top. Stud. Oceanogr. PY 1998 VL 45 IS 12 BP 2547 EP 2569 DI 10.1016/S0967-0645(98)00083-6 PG 23 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 181KX UT WOS:000079441500004 ER PT J AU Baker, ET AF Baker, ET TI Patterns of event and chronic hydrothermal venting following a magmatic intrusion: new perspectives from the 1996 Gorda Ridge eruption SO DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID DE-FUCA RIDGE; RECENT LAVA FLOWS; CLEFT SEGMENT; VOLCANIC-ERUPTION; COAXIAL SEGMENT; DIKE INJECTION; MIDOCEAN RIDGE; JUAN; PLUMES; MANGANESE AB The remote detection of a seismic swarm on the northern Gorda Ridge on 28 February 1996 prompted a three-cruise response effort to investigate event and chronic hydrothermal discharge associated with a dike intrusion. The GR1 cruise reached the northern Gorda only 10 days after seismicity began and discovered a 15 km-diameter event plume, EP96A, centered between depths 1800 and 2800m above the shallowest portion of the axial valley axis (similar to 3100 m). One month later, GR2 returned and found only a weak, near-bottom chronic plume at the EP96A site. A few kilometers to the south, however, GR2 mapped a distinctly different chronic plume (similar to 2500-2900 m depth) as well as the edge of a second event plume, EP96B (similar to 1800-2400-m depth), above the western wall of the axial valley. EP96B was seeded with a neutrally buoyant float, which traveled 10 net km to the northwest before surfacing on 10 June at the start of GR3. Mapping around the float location fully revealed EP96B, a 10 km diameter plume with a heat content similar to 25% that of BP96A. Extensive observations within the axial valley determined that chronic venting was effectively exhausted within three months. Models seeking to explain the perturbation of hydrothermal venting by a dike intrusion and eruption must satisfy several criteria generalized from this and previous events: (1) venting begins (or increases) with the intrusion/eruption and declines exponentially afterwards; (2) the time scale of the post-intrusion decline varies within and among sites; (3) the discharge of multiple event plumes is common; (4) an existing high-temperature vent field may not be necessary or even conducive to event plume formation; and (5) the ratio of total chronic to event discharge varies among intrusion events. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Baker, ET (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way Ne, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM baker@pmel.noaa.gov NR 43 TC 42 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0967-0645 J9 DEEP-SEA RES PT II JI Deep-Sea Res. Part II-Top. Stud. Oceanogr. PY 1998 VL 45 IS 12 BP 2599 EP 2618 DI 10.1016/S0967-0645(98)00085-X PG 20 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 181KX UT WOS:000079441500006 ER PT J AU Lavelle, JW Baker, ET Massoth, GJ AF Lavelle, JW Baker, ET Massoth, GJ TI On the calculation of total heat, salt and tracer fluxes from ocean hydrothermal events SO DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID EAST PACIFIC RISE; DE-FUCA RIDGE; PLUMES; 11-DEGREES-50'N; FLUIDS AB Total heat, salt, and other tracer masses released during a hydrothermal event are shown to be proportional to, but not necessarily equal to, volume integrals of resulting water column anomalies. Proportionality coefficients depend on anomaly definition, on background hydrographic and tracer profiles, on expansion coefficients of the equation of state at an appropriate pressure, and on tracer to heat anomaly ratios at the venting source. For Gorda Ridge event plumes, which are described in other papers of this issue, volume integrals of conventionally defined heat anomalies underestimate actual released heat by a factor of 2.4 if the discharge is not anomalously saline. Under certain combinations of hydrographic and source anomaly conditions, not unlike those found on the East Pacific Rise at 10 degrees N, the apparent total heat released during an event can be deceivingly zero. This analysis also establishes a linear relationship between the ratio of tracer anomaly to heat anomaly at any point in the plume to the same ratio at the source. One consequence is that the ratio of anomalous He-3 to heat in Gorda Ridge event plumes is approximately 2.4 larger in the water column than it is at the source. Results are independent of the entrainment process involved in event plume formation, and they are shown to hold true even for background hydrographic profiles that do not vary linearly with depth. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Lavelle, JW (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way Ne, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 19 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0967-0645 J9 DEEP-SEA RES PT II JI Deep-Sea Res. Part II-Top. Stud. Oceanogr. PY 1998 VL 45 IS 12 BP 2619 EP 2636 DI 10.1016/S0967-0645(98)00086-1 PG 18 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 181KX UT WOS:000079441500007 ER PT J AU Feely, RA Baker, ET Lebon, GT Gendron, JF Massoth, GJ Mordy, CW AF Feely, RA Baker, ET Lebon, GT Gendron, JF Massoth, GJ Mordy, CW TI Chemical variations of hydrothermal particles in the 1996 Gorda Ridge Event and chronic plumes SO DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID EAST PACIFIC RISE; DE-FUCA RIDGE; MID-ATLANTIC RIDGE; FLOOR ERUPTION SITE; NORTHEAST PACIFIC; PHOSPHORUS; 11-DEGREES-50'N; OCEAN; 8-DEGREES-40'; DISTRIBUTIONS AB In response to the 1996 magmatic intrusion on the Gorda Ridge near 42.68 degrees N, 126.78 degrees W in late February, we conducted three cruises to the region in March, April, and June. On all three cruises particulate samples were collected, along with CTD/nephelometer data and total dissolved Fe and Mn samples. During each cruise, we collected samples from large oblate spheroid-shaped event plumes. These event plumes had long axis diameters of about 10-15 km and ranged in depth from about 1800 to 2700 m. A strong linear correlation between nephelometer voltage and particulate Fe allowed us to estimate the total amount of particulate Fe in the event plumes at approximately 20x10(6) moles of Fe, or similar to 28% of the Fe in the 1986 megaplume on the Cleft Segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. We observed significant decreases in particulate Cu and Zn concentrations (>100% decrease in Cu/Fe and Zn/Fe ratios) between the Gorda Ridge event plumes. These results suggest that each of the two event plumes originated from a chemically distinct source fluid. Fe ferrihydrite particles maintained a constant ratio of coprecipitated oxyanion species in the two event plumes. Based upon the chemical inventories for particulate Fe, P, and V, we suggest that event plumes might play a small role in the geochemical budgets for these elements. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Feely, RA (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way Ne, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM feely@pmel.noaa.gov NR 54 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0967-0645 J9 DEEP-SEA RES PT II JI Deep-Sea Res. Part II-Top. Stud. Oceanogr. PY 1998 VL 45 IS 12 BP 2637 EP 2664 DI 10.1016/S0967-0645(98)00087-3 PG 28 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 181KX UT WOS:000079441500008 ER PT J AU Kelley, DS Lilley, MD Lupton, JE Olson, EJ AF Kelley, DS Lilley, MD Lupton, JE Olson, EJ TI Enriched H-2, CH4, and He-3 concentrations in hydrothermal plumes associated with the 1996 Gorda Ridge eruptive event SO DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID DE-FUCA RIDGE; HE-3/HEAT RATIOS; COAXIAL EVENT; LAVA FLOWS; METHANE; FLUIDS; MANGANESE; SEGMENT; OCEAN; SITE AB The rapid field response in March and April 1996 to diking-eruptive events on the Northern Gorda Ridge allowed the first detailed co-measurement of He-3, H-2, and CH4 in plumes associated with a submarine eruption, and examination of the chemical transformation of these volatile species during aging of the plumes. The diking-eruptive event generated extensive event plumes with a low He-3/heat ratio of similar to 0.4 x 10(-12) cm(3) STP gm(-1) degrees C-1, while chronic plumes had He-3/heat ratios of 2.1-6.2 x 10(-12) cm(3) STP gm(-1) degrees C-1. Hydrogen concentrations in the initial event plume (EP96A) reached a maximum value of 47 nM, 235 times that of ocean background concentration (0.2 nM). In contrast, roughly one month later H-2 concentrations, although still elevated, had drastically dropped to 40 times background values. Methane concentrations in both event and chronic plume fluids were also elevated and similar to stable hydrothermal systems in unsedimented ridge environments, reaching a maximum value of 7 nM. The intense rapid interaction at very high temperatures of hydrothermal fluids with the host rock during dike intrusion or with seawater during extrusion of the basalt likely generated high, localized concentrations of H-2. The data indicate, however, that maximum rates of H-2 production during event plume formation could have lasted a few days at most. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Kelley, DS (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 42 TC 45 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0967-0645 J9 DEEP-SEA RES PT II JI Deep-Sea Res. Part II-Top. Stud. Oceanogr. PY 1998 VL 45 IS 12 BP 2665 EP 2682 DI 10.1016/S0967-0645(98)00088-5 PG 18 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 181KX UT WOS:000079441500009 ER PT J AU Massoth, GJ Baker, ET Feely, RA Lupton, JE Collier, RW Gendron, JF Roe, KK Maenner, SM Resing, JA AF Massoth, GJ Baker, ET Feely, RA Lupton, JE Collier, RW Gendron, JF Roe, KK Maenner, SM Resing, JA TI Manganese and iron in hydrothermal plumes resulting from the 1996 Gorda Ridge Event SO DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID DE-FUCA RIDGE; FLOW-INJECTION-ANALYSIS; RECENT LAVA FLOWS; SEA-FLOOR; SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETECTION; NORTHEAST PACIFIC; VOLCANIC-ERUPTION; COAXIAL SEGMENT; DIKE INJECTION; CLEFT SEGMENT AB We sampled hydrothermal plumes over the N. Gorda Ridge four times between March and August 1996 to document Mn and Fe discharge resulting from a magmatic intrusion/seafloor eruption. Two separate event plumes, EP96A and B, and chronic hydrothermal emissions lasting similar to 6 months were characterized. Shipboard time-series measurements of an event plume sample were used to calibrate an Fe phase clock useful for estimating sample age up to similar to 6 days after fluid discharge. Samples collected from EP96A. and B had Mn/heat (< 0.15 nmol J(-1)) and Fe/Mn (> 2 mol mol(-1)) ratios similar to historical event plume observations. We suggest these "signature" ratio values are generally characteristic of event plumes and hypothesize that Mn and Fe may be supplied to event plumes by different processes: Mn by entrainment of fluids from an extant shallow subseafloor reservoir, and Fe by short-lived, high-temperature water-rock reaction coincident with dike emplacement. Calculations based on the Fe phase clock indicate that the two event plumes were released more than a month apart. The largest event plume, EP96A (similar to 2.3 x 10(6) M Mn and 13 x 10(6) M Fe), formed similar to 7 March soon after seismic activity began. The smaller EP96B (similar to 0.49 x 10(6) M Mn and 3.5 x 10(6) M Fe) was not discharged until similar to 11 April, 3 weeks after the cessation of seismic activity detectable by SOSUS T-phase monitoring. We hypothesize that the subseafloor disturbance that triggered EP96B also resulted in the episodic flushing of a reservoir of chronic-plume-like fluids. Total event plume inventories of Mn and Fe at N. Gorda Ridge are much smaller than those associated with the 1986 event at N. Cleft segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge, but comparable to event plume inventories at N. Cleft segment in 1987 and CoAxial segment in 1993, Mn/heat values for chronic plumes over the eruption site underlying EP96A evolved from moderate (similar to 0.25 oon-mol J(-1), reflecting probable admixture with event plume formation fluids) to high (similar to 0.7 nmol J(-1), typical of chronic plumes) to low (similar to 0.1 nmol J-(1,) similar to diffuse vent fluid values), marking a complete episode of intrusion/eruption-induced hydrothermal discharge. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, NOAA, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Oregon State Univ, Coll Oceanog, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Massoth, GJ (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way Ne, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 59 TC 47 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 14 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0967-0645 J9 DEEP-SEA RES PT II JI Deep-Sea Res. Part II-Top. Stud. Oceanogr. PY 1998 VL 45 IS 12 BP 2683 EP 2712 DI 10.1016/S0967-0645(98)00089-7 PG 30 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 181KX UT WOS:000079441500010 ER PT J AU Cowen, JP Bertram, MA Baker, ET Feely, RA Massoth, GJ Summit, M AF Cowen, JP Bertram, MA Baker, ET Feely, RA Massoth, GJ Summit, M TI Geomicrobial transformation of manganese in Gorda Ridge event plumes SO DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID DE-FUCA RIDGE; SEA HYDROTHERMAL PLUMES; COAXIAL SEGMENT; VOLCANIC-ERUPTION; PARTICLE PLUME; OCEAN; BACTERIA; ENTRAINMENT; OXIDATION; TRANSPORT AB Event plumes form as episodic discharges of large volumes of hydrothermal solutions in response to magmatic diking/eruptive events. In consequence, event plumes represent the sudden injection of exploitable reduced chemical substrates, as well as inhibitory constituents, and likely induce successional changes in the microbial community structure and activity within event plume waters. In response to a major seismic event detected beginning 28 February 1996 at the northern Gorda Ridge, a series of three rapid response and follow-up cruises (GREAT 1, 2 and 3) were mounted over a period of three months. This report focuses on time-series measurements of manganese geomicrobial parameters in the tyro event plumes found in association with this seismic event. Scanning transmission electron microscopy, elemental microanalysis, and radioisotope (Mn-54) uptake experiments were employed on samples collected from vertical and tow-yo casts from the three cruises. Numbers of bacteria and ratios of metal precipitating capsuled bacteria to total bacteria were greatest in the youngest (days old) plume, EP96A, found during GREAT 1; however, when normalized to the hydrothermal temperature anomaly, the greatest values were found in a second event plume, EP96B, discovered during GREAT 2 (up to 1 month old). Early capsule bacteria and particulate Mn distributions may have been influenced by entrainment of resuspended sediment, while those of the oldest (2-3 months) plume sample may have been subjected to preferential aggregation and particle settling. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Hawaii, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Dept Oceanog, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Cowen, JP (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Dept Oceanog, 1000 Pope Rd, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NR 46 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0967-0645 J9 DEEP-SEA RES PT II JI Deep-Sea Res. Part II-Top. Stud. Oceanogr. PY 1998 VL 45 IS 12 BP 2713 EP 2737 DI 10.1016/S0967-0645(98)00090-3 PG 25 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 181KX UT WOS:000079441500011 ER PT J AU Juniper, SK Bird, DF Summit, M Vong, MP Baker, ET AF Juniper, SK Bird, DF Summit, M Vong, MP Baker, ET TI Bacterial and viral abundances in hydrothermal event plumes over northern Gorda Ridge SO DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID DE-FUCA RIDGE; ENDEAVOR RIDGE; PARTICLE PLUME; MARINE; MORTALITY; VIRUSES; WATERS AB This study presents first-time observations of bacterial and viral abundances in hydrothermal event plumes, Two water-column event plumes were formed in conjunction with seismic events and seafloor volcanic eruptions on the northern Gorda Ridge in February-March 1996. Epifluorescence counts of bacteria and viruses were performed on water samples from 3 successive cruises staged in the 10-90 days that followed the onset of seismicity. Relative to background seawater at these 1800-3200 m depths, bacterial abundance was enhanced by 2-3 fold within both event plumes. In contrast, viral numbers were below background seawater values in the younger and more intense of the two event plumes (EP96A), and enhanced in the other (EP96B), Changes in viral abundance may be a secondary response to that of plume bacteria as well as being influenced by particle formation and precipitation within the plumes. Lower bacteria/heat, virus/heat and virus/bacteria ratios in EP96A versus EP96B confirm distinct differences in the microbial response to event plume formation, possibly related to observed differences in plume chemistry. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Quebec, Ctr Rech Geochim Isotop & Geochronol, Montreal, PQ H3C 3P8, Canada. Univ Quebec, Dept Sci Biol, Montreal, PQ H3C 3P8, Canada. Univ Quebec, Grp Rech Interuniv Limnol, Montreal, PQ H3C 3P8, Canada. Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Juniper, SK (reprint author), Univ Quebec, Ctr Rech Geochim Isotop & Geochronol, CP 8888,Succursale Ctr Ville, Montreal, PQ H3C 3P8, Canada. EM juniper.kum@uqam.ca NR 25 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0967-0645 J9 DEEP-SEA RES PT II JI Deep-Sea Res. Part II-Top. Stud. Oceanogr. PY 1998 VL 45 IS 12 BP 2739 EP 2749 DI 10.1016/S0967-0645(98)00091-5 PG 11 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 181KX UT WOS:000079441500012 ER PT J AU Xu, HHK Eichmiller, FC Giuseppetti, AA Johnson, CE AF Xu, HHK Eichmiller, FC Giuseppetti, AA Johnson, CE TI Cyclic contact fatigue of a silver alternative to amalgam SO DENTAL MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID DENTAL AMALGAMS; INDENTATION; CERAMICS; MICROSTRUCTURE; RESTORATIONS; ALUMINA; DAMAGE AB Objective. The purpose of this study was to compare the cyclic contact fatigue resistance of a novel mercury-free silver direct filling material to that of a dental amalgam (Dispersalloy). Methods. The silver specimens were made by pressing a precipitated powder at room temperature with a pressure of 150 MPa, which can be achieved in clinical hand-consolidation. To simulate clinical contact of restorations against enamel cusps, a cyclic contact fatigue methodology was employed. A spherical indenter was used to repeatedly indent the specimen, while the accumulation of deformation and damage was examined as a function of the number of cycles up to 5x10(5) Student's t test, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's multiple range test were used to compare the specimen groups for significant differences in flexural strength, indentation impression diameter, and hardness. A type I error of alpha = 0.05 was considered as significant. Subsurface damage was examined by using a bonded-interface technique. Results. As a result of cyclic indentation, microcracks were produced in the amalgam, but no cracks were found in the silver filling material. At fewer numbers of cycles. indentation produced larger impressions in silver (e.g., diameter = [450 +/- 31] mu m at 10(2) cycles) than in amalgam ([145 +/- 20] mu m) due to a lower hardness of the former. However, with increasing number of cycles, damage accumulated more rapidly in the amalgam, while the silver beneficially work-hardened in repeated indentations. At 5 x 10(5) cycles, the difference in impression diameter between silver and amalgam ([582 +/- 20] tcm vs. [568 +/- 42] mu m) became insignificant (p > 0.1, Student's t test). Significance. The mercury-free silver direct filling material is more resistant to microcracking and to cyclic contact fatigue than amalgam, and the indentation impression sizes in the consolidated silver and dental amalgam are not statistically different at large numbers of cycles. (C) Published by Elsevier Science ltd on behalf of the Academy of Dental Materials. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Bldg 224,Room A-153, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM hockin.xu@nist.gov FU NIDCR NIH HHS [P 50 DE09322, IA 1Y01 DE30045] NR 38 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0109-5641 EI 1879-0097 J9 DENT MATER JI Dent. Mater. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 14 IS 1 BP 11 EP 20 DI 10.1016/S0109-5641(98)00004-9 PG 10 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine; Materials Science GA 144JU UT WOS:000077311900003 PM 9972146 ER PT J AU Peterson, IM Wuttiphan, S Lawn, BR Chyung, K AF Peterson, IM Wuttiphan, S Lawn, BR Chyung, K TI Role of microstructure on contact damage and strength degradation of micaceous glass-ceramics SO DENTAL MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID HERTZIAN CONTACTS; INDENTATION; FRACTURE; FATIGUE; DEFORMATION; DUCTILE AB Objectives. This study examines the hypothesis that microstructure plays a critical role in the accumulation of strength-degrading damage in dental ceramics. A series of micaceous glass-ceramics crystallized from a common glass composition, using heat treatments to increase the diameter and aspect ratio of mica platelets, is used as a model ceramic system. Methods. Damage modes are investigated by Hertzian contact testing. Four-point bend tests on indented specimens quantify the influence of single-cycle and multi-cycle damage on strength. Results. Two competing damage modes are observed: fracture, by tensile-induced cone cracking at the macroscopic level; and quasi-plastic deformation, by shear-induced yield at the microscopic level. The quasi-plastic mode becomes more dominant as the microstructures become coarser and more elongate. Bend tests show severe strength losses in the finer grain structures where cone cracking dominates, but relatively small losses in the coarser grain structures where quasi-plasticity dominates. Whereas natural strengths decline with increasing crystallization temperature, the strengths after indentation damage attain a maximum at intermediate crystallization temperatures. Multiple-cycle contact loading reduces strengths even further, and at relatively tow indentation loads, indicating susceptibility to fatigue. Finite element modelling is carried out to evaluate the stress components that drive the damage modes. Significance. Microstructure is confirmed to be a controlling factor in determining the nature and degree of strength-impairing damage accumulation in dental ceramics. The Hertzian test provides a means of characterizing such damage in the context of clinical function. (C) 1998 Academy of Dental Materials. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Corning Inc, Glass & Glass Ceram Res, Corning, NY 14831 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM irene.peterson@nist.gov FU NIDCR NIH HHS [P01 DE10976] NR 39 TC 65 Z9 69 U1 0 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0109-5641 EI 1879-0097 J9 DENT MATER JI Dent. Mater. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 14 IS 1 BP 80 EP 89 DI 10.1016/S0109-5641(98)00013-X PG 10 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine; Materials Science GA 144JU UT WOS:000077311900012 PM 9972155 ER PT S AU Hendee, JC Humphrey, C Moore, T AF Hendee, JC Humphrey, C Moore, T BE Pepper, DW Brebbia, CA Zannetti, P TI A data-driven expert system for producing coral bleaching alerts SO DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF COMPUTER TECHNIQUES TO ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES SE ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Conference on Development and Application of Computer Techniques to Environmental Studies (ENVIROSOFT 1998) CY NOV 10-12, 1998 CL LAS VEGAS, NV SP Wessex Inst Tech, Univ Nevada ID REEF AB As a recent enhancement to the SEAKEYS (Sustained Ecological Research Related to Management of the Florida Keys Seascape) environmental monitoring network, an expert system shell was employed to provide daily interpretations of near real-time acquired combinations of meteorological and oceanographic parameters as they meet criteria generally thought to be conducive to coral bleaching. These interpretations were automatically posted to the World-Wide Web and emailed to FKNMS managers and scientists so they could witness and study bleaching events as they might happen, and so that a model could be developed with greater precision in identifying physical factors conducive to coral bleaching. The expert system, as a model, was successful in showing that certain assumptions by experts regarding coral bleaching apparently do not hold at Sombrero Reef. C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Hendee, JC (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NR 17 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU COMPUTATIONAL MECHANICS PUBLICATIONS LTD PI SOUTHAMPTON PA ASHURST LODGE, SOUTHAMPTON S04 2AA, HANTS, ENGLAND SN 1462-6098 BN 1-85312-606-3 J9 ENVIRON ST PY 1998 VL 2 BP 140 EP 147 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Environmental Sciences SC Computer Science; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BM68A UT WOS:000079448800014 ER PT S AU Karmonik, C Huang, Q Udovic, TJ Rush, JJ Andersson, Y Flanagan, TB AF Karmonik, C Huang, Q Udovic, TJ Rush, JJ Andersson, Y Flanagan, TB BE Mishin, Y Vogl, G Cowern, N Catlow, R Farkas, D TI Localized diffusional motion of hydrogen and deuterium in crystalline Pd9Si2 SO DIFFUSION MECHANISMS IN CRYSTALLINE MATERIALS SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Materials-Research-Society Symposium on Diffusion Mechanisms in Crystalline Materials at the MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 13-17, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc, Avant Corp, TCAD Business Unit, Virginia Polytech Inst AB Using quasielastic neutron scattering, we have studied the dynamics of hydrogen and deuterium in crystalline Pd9Si2. For both isotopes, a localized motion was found which takes place between two energetically different sites. For the hydrogenated sample, the spatial and temporal parameters characterizing this motion are derived. The results are in agreement with neutron powder diffraction and neutron vibrational spectroscopic measurements. C1 NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Karmonik, C (reprint author), NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-433-5 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 527 BP 75 EP 80 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Physics GA BL60E UT WOS:000075974200007 ER PT B AU Banks, DL AF Banks, DL BE Weisberg, S TI Maximum entropy methods for graph-valued random objects SO DIMENSION REDUCTION, COMPUTATIONAL COMPLEXITY AND INFORMATION SE COMPUTING SCIENCE AND STATISTICS (SERIES) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 30th Symposium on Interface Between Computing Science and Statistics CY MAY 13-16, 1998 CL MINNEAPOLIS, MN SP Nat Security Agcy, Univ Minnesota, Coll Liberal Arts, SAS Inst Inc ID TREES AB Many problems entail the analysis of data that are independent and identically distributed random objects, such as graphs, sequences, partitions, and permutations. Additionally, the analysis can be further complicated by the presence of equivalence classes among the objects induced by the operation of some group. Useful inference requires flexible probability models for such situations; these models should have interpretable location and scale parameters, and support the establishment of confidence regions, maximum likelihood estimates, goodness-of-fit tests, and an appropriate analogue of linear model theory. Banks and Carley (1994) and Banks and Constantine (1998) develop a simple probability model and sketch some analyses; this research extends that work so that analysts are able to choose models that reflect more application-specific metrics on the set of objects. The procedure is illustrated though the analysis of data that are cluster trees. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Banks, DL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 33 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU INTERFACE FOUNDATION NORTH AMERICA PI FAIRFAX PA PO BOX 7460, FAIRFAX, VA 22039-7460 USA BN 1-886658-05-6 J9 COMP SCI STAT PY 1998 VL 30 BP 67 EP 76 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Statistics & Probability SC Computer Science; Mathematics GA BN90B UT WOS:000083408300012 ER PT S AU Funk, DS Wagner, CJ Eden, JG Osinski, JS Lu, B AF Funk, DS Wagner, CJ Eden, JG Osinski, JS Lu, B BE Digonnet, MJF Ouellette, F TI Low-threshold, diode-pumped operation of the holmium upconversion fiber laser SO DOPED FIBER DEVICES II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Doped Fiber Devices II CY NOV 02-03, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE fiber lasers; holmium; diode laser; low threshold; visible ID GREEN AB Low threshold operation of the 550 nm holmium laser is reported in a Ho3+:ZBLAN fiber pumped near 650 nm. The 550 nm transition has been pumped by an InGaAlP diode laser producing similar to 30 mW at 643 nm. Over 1.2 mW of green laser output and an optical conversion efficiency of 12 % has been obtained. The threshold diode laser pump power was 3.5 mW launched. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Funk, DS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, MS 815-04,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3003-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3542 BP 8 EP 17 DI 10.1117/12.333769 PG 10 WC Optics SC Optics GA BM42X UT WOS:000078691400002 ER PT J AU Navon, IM Kalnay, E Stone, P AF Navon, IM Kalnay, E Stone, P TI Special issue: In honour of Professor Pfeffer SO DYNAMICS OF ATMOSPHERES AND OCEANS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Florida State Univ, Dept Math, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Washington, DC 20233 USA. MIT, Ctr Meteorol & Phys Oceanog, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Florida State Univ, Supercomp Computat Res Inst, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. RP Navon, IM (reprint author), Florida State Univ, Dept Math, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. RI Kalnay, Eugenia/F-4393-2010; Navon, Ionel/A-5173-2008 OI Navon, Ionel/0000-0001-7830-7094 NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0265 EI 1872-6879 J9 DYNAM ATMOS OCEANS JI Dyn. Atmos. Oceans PD JAN PY 1998 VL 27 IS 1-4 BP 1 EP 2 PG 2 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography GA YV598 UT WOS:000071842700001 ER PT J AU Mathur, MB AF Mathur, MB TI Development of an eye-wall like structure in a tropical cyclone model simulation SO DYNAMICS OF ATMOSPHERES AND OCEANS LA English DT Article ID RESOLVABLE SCALES; PREDICTION AB Structural changes during the intensification of a tropical storm into a hurricane in a numerical simulation are examined. A 10 layer primitive equation model that employs a horizontal grid spacing of 20 km over 4400 X 4400 km area is integrated. An elongated band in vertical motion over the storm area intensifies slowly during the first few hours. In the upper troposphere high pressures arise due to condensational heating. Between 8-12 h strong outflow winds develop in the upper troposphere due to the increased pressure gradients. Strong divergence occurs in the outflow wind region, and a large increase in the vertical motion, condensational heating and intensification rate of the storm ensues. Between 12-24 h the elongated band of the storm stage transforms into an eye-wall like structure, and the tropical storm intensifies into a hurricane. Regions with negative moist potential vorticity appear in the high troposphere. Widening of area of condensation and slanting of the convergence area occurs with height in the high level negative moist potential vorticity regions. Results suggest that the formation of anvil clouds in some cases may be due to the development of slantwise convection on the outer periphery of a hurricane's eye-wall. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Washington, DC USA. RP Mathur, MB (reprint author), Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Washington, DC USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0377-0265 J9 DYNAM ATMOS OCEANS JI Dyn. Atmos. Oceans PD JAN PY 1998 VL 27 IS 1-4 BP 527 EP 547 DI 10.1016/S0377-0265(97)00029-8 PG 21 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography GA YV598 UT WOS:000071842700030 ER PT J AU Campbell, WH Barton, CE Chamalaun, FH Welsh, W AF Campbell, WH Barton, CE Chamalaun, FH Welsh, W TI Quiet-day ionospheric currents and their application to upper mantle conductivity in Australia SO EARTH PLANETS AND SPACE LA English DT Article ID GEOMAGNETIC SQ FIELD; ELECTRICAL-CONDUCTIVITY; SOUTH-AUSTRALIA; REGION; RECORDS; ANOMALIES; EARTH AB This study concerns the use of selected geomagnetic field records to establish the 1990 quiet-day current system (Sq) for Australia and to use the ionospheric current source of Sq for a determination of the Earth's deep electrical conductivity. The primary data set came from a chain of eight, three-component magnetometer stations that was operated along a north-south line in central Australia, Additional records, necessary for boundary conditions, were added to the data set. A regional spherical harmonic analysis (SHA) allowed the separation of the internal and external field contributions to the Sq variations. Mapping of the equivalent ionospheric current from the external field showed that the Sq contour focus passed near the -30 degrees geomagnetic latitude of central Australia with a 5 degrees latitude variation between winter and summer and a corresponding change from about 80 to 200 kA in strength. A special transfer function allowed the computation of an equivalent conductivity-depth profile of central Australia from the paired external and internal coefficients of the SHA. A regression line through the conductivity estimates gives a profile that starts at 0.025 S/m for a depth of 130 km, rising gradually to about 0.045 S/m at 250 km, then steepens to 0.11 S/m at 360 km and rises moderately to 0.13 S/m at 470 km near the base of the upper mantle. No data were obtained through the mantle transition zone. Computations gave 0.18 S/m in the region of 800 km depth. Previous conductivity models for the upper mantle beneath central Australia, although less specific in values, are consistent with our profile. At depths greater than 500 km, the regression profile is in agreement with the conductivity distribution beneath the Tasman Sea determined from seafloor magnetotellurics, although both measurements lack high resolution at such depths. C1 NOAA, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, World Data Ctr A, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Australian Geol Survey Org, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. Flinders Univ S Australia, Sch Earth Sci, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia. RP Campbell, WH (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, World Data Ctr A, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM whc@ngdc.noaa.gov RI welsh, wendy/A-5163-2012 NR 50 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU TERRA SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PI TOKYO PA 2003 SANSEI JIYUGAOKA HAIMU, 5-27-19 OKUSAWA, SETAGAYA-KU, TOKYO, 158, JAPAN SN 1343-8832 J9 EARTH PLANETS SPACE JI Earth Planets Space PY 1998 VL 50 IS 4 BP 347 EP 360 PG 14 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA ZR406 UT WOS:000073972400005 ER PT J AU Nose, M Iyemori, T Takeda, M Kamei, T Milling, DK Orr, D Singer, HJ Worthington, EW Sumitomo, N AF Nose, M Iyemori, T Takeda, M Kamei, T Milling, DK Orr, D Singer, HJ Worthington, EW Sumitomo, N TI Automated detection of Pi 2 pulsations using wavelet analysis: 1. Method and an application for substorm monitoring SO EARTH PLANETS AND SPACE LA English DT Article ID CYCLE AB Wavelet analysis is suitable for investigating waves, such as Pi 2 pulsations, which are limited in both time and frequency. We have developed an algorithm to detect Pi 2 pulsations by wavelet analysis. We tested the algorithm and found that the results of Pi 2 detection are consistent with those obtained by visual inspection. The algorithm is applied in a project which aims at the nowcasting of substorm onsets. In this project we use real-rime geomagnetic field data. with a sampling rate of 1 second, obtained at mid- and low-latitude stations (Mineyama in Japan, the York SAMNET station in the U.K., and Boulder in the U.S.). These stations are each separated by about 120 degrees in longitude, so at least one station is on the nightside at all times. We plan to analyze the real-time data at each station using the Pi 2 detection algorithm, and to exchange the detection results among these stations via the Internet. Therefore we can obtain information about substorm onsets in real-time, even if we are on the dayside. We have constructed a system to detect Pi 2 pulsations automatically at Mineyama observatory. The detection results for the period of February to August 1996 showed that the rate of successful detection of Pi 2 pulsations was 83.4% for the nightside (18-06MLT) and 26.5% for the dayside (06-18MLT). The detection results near local midnight (20-02MLT) give the rate of successful detection of 93.2%. C1 Kyoto Univ, Fac Sci, Kyoto 6068502, Japan. Univ York, Dept Phys, York Y010 5DD, N Yorkshire, England. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. US Geol Survey, Coll Observ, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Kyoto Univ, Disaster Prevent Res Inst, Kyoto 6110011, Japan. RP Nose, M (reprint author), Kyoto Univ, Fac Sci, Kyoto 6068502, Japan. EM nose@kugi.kyoto-u.ac.jp RI Nose, Masahito/B-1900-2015 OI Nose, Masahito/0000-0002-2789-3588 NR 22 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 3 PU TERRA SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PI TOKYO PA 2003 SANSEI JIYUGAOKA HAIMU, 5-27-19 OKUSAWA, SETAGAYA-KU, TOKYO, 158-0083, JAPAN SN 1343-8832 J9 EARTH PLANETS SPACE JI Earth Planets Space PY 1998 VL 50 IS 9 BP 773 EP 783 PG 11 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 135CE UT WOS:000076781900006 ER PT B AU DeGroot, DC Williams, DF AF DeGroot, DC Williams, DF GP IEEE IEEE TI National Institute of Standards and Technology programs in electrical measurements for electronic interconnections SO ELECTRICAL PERFORMANCE OF ELECTRONIC PACKAGING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th Topical Meeting on Electrical Performance of Electronic Packaging CY OCT 26-28, 1998 CL W POINT, NY SP IEEE Microwave Theory & Tech Soc, IEEE Components Packaging & Mfg Technol Soc AB The National Institute of Standards and Technology operates a number of research projects to advance measurement science and technology for the microelectronic industries. We report here on one component of the NIST program, the fundamental electrical characterization of electronic interconnections through accurate measurement. We have developed and continue to develop measurement techniques for fully calibrated time-domain network analysis, lossy transmission lines on silicon, coupled transmission lines, fully calibrated multiport network analysis, low dielectric constant thin-film materials, and at-speed test. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Radio Frequency Technol Div, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP DeGroot, DC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Radio Frequency Technol Div, 325 Broadway,Mail Code 813-01, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM degroot@nist.gov NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-4965-2 PY 1998 BP 45 EP 49 DI 10.1109/EPEP.1998.733747 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BM27B UT WOS:000078238300011 ER PT B AU Williams, DF AF Williams, DF GP IEEE IEEE TI High frequency limitations of the JEDEC 123 Guideline SO ELECTRICAL PERFORMANCE OF ELECTRONIC PACKAGING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th Topical Meeting on Electrical Performance of Electronic Packaging CY OCT 26-28, 1998 CL W POINT, NY SP IEEE Microwave Theory & Tech Soc, IEEE Components Packaging & Mfg Technol Soc AB This paper assesses certain systematic high frequency measurement errors inherent in the procedures described in the JEDEC 123 Guideline for Measurement of Electronic Package Inductance and Capacitance Model Parameters. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Williams, DF (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-4965-2 PY 1998 BP 54 EP 57 DI 10.1109/EPEP.1998.733749 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BM27B UT WOS:000078238300013 ER PT S AU Garboczi, EJ AF Garboczi, EJ BE Gerhardt, RA Alim, MA Taylor, SR TI The use of computer simulations to interpret and understand electrical measurements SO ELECTRICALLY BASED MICROSTRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION II SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Electrically Based Microstructural Characterization II, at the 1997 MRS Fall Meeting CY DEC 01-04, 1997 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc, Hewlett Packard, Keithley Instruments, Solartron Instruments AB It is very rare to obtain complete 3-D information in the form of images of the microstructure of a material. Most often this information is incomplete because the resolution is inadequate, or is restricted to 2-D, via some kind of micrograph, or is not available at all. In the case of incomplete microstructural information, electrical measurements are then used to try to check a hypothesized microstructure, to see if it can account for the measured electrical response. But even when complete microstructural information is available, if the microstructure is random, then it is not possible to analytically calculate the electrical response of the microstructure. The use of computer simulations, both to generate material shape and topology and numerically solve the electrical equations, is then required. Computer simulations allow the use of more complex hypotheses for the microstructure of a material, as the electrical response can be accurately computed for a wide range of microstructural shapes and topologies. C1 NIST, Bldg Mat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Garboczi, EJ (reprint author), NIST, Bldg Mat Div, 226-B350, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-405-X J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 500 BP 291 EP 301 PG 11 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Composites SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BM01T UT WOS:000077429500040 ER PT B AU Gillen, G AF Gillen, G BE Benavides, HAC Yacaman, MJ TI Recent developments in imaging Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry SO ELECTRON MICROSCOPY 1998, VOL 1: GENERAL INTEREST AND INSTRUMENTATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 14th International Congress on Electron Microscopy CY AUG 31-SEP 04, 1998 CL CANCUN, MEXICO SP Mexican Soc Microscopy, Consejo Nacl Ciencia & Tecnol, Inst Nacl Invest Nucl, Univ Autonoma Estado Mexico, Univ Veracruzana, Ctr Invest & Estudios Avanzados, Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Ctr Invest Mat Avanzados, Inst Politecn Nacl, Univ Autonoma Nuevo Leon C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gillen, G (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND BN 0-7503-0564-9 PY 1998 BP 355 EP 356 PG 2 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Microscopy SC Materials Science; Microscopy GA BL87G UT WOS:000077017600165 ER PT B AU Bendersky, LA Bonevich, JE AF Bendersky, LA Bonevich, JE BE Benavides, HAC Yacaman, MJ TI Magnetic multilayers in a series of BaO : TiO2 : Fe2O3 compounds SO ELECTRON MICROSCOPY 1998, VOL 2: MATERIALS SCIENCE 1 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 14th International Congress on Electron Microscopy CY AUG 31-SEP 04, 1998 CL CANCUN, MEXICO SP Mexican Soc Microscopy, Consejo Nacl Ciencia & Tecnol, Inst Nacl Invest Nucl, Univ Autonoma Estado Mexico, Univ Veracruzana, Ctr Invest & Estudios Avanzados, Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Ctr Invest Mat Avanzados, Inst Politecn Nacl, Univ Autonoma Nuevo Leon C1 NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bendersky, LA (reprint author), NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND BN 0-7503-0565-7 PY 1998 BP 301 EP 302 PG 2 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Microscopy SC Materials Science; Microscopy GA BL87H UT WOS:000077019900148 ER PT B AU Levin, I Bendersky, LA Vanderah, TA Roth, RS AF Levin, I Bendersky, LA Vanderah, TA Roth, RS BE Benavides, HAC Yacaman, MJ TI TEM study of the incommensurately modulated structures in the SrTiO3-Sr2Nb2O7 system SO ELECTRON MICROSCOPY 1998, VOL 3: MATERIALS SCIENCE 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 14th International Congress on Electron Microscopy CY AUG 31-SEP 04, 1998 CL CANCUN, MEXICO SP Mexican Soc Microscopy, Consejo Nacl Ciencia & Tecnol, Inst Nacl Invest Nucl, Univ Autonoma Estado Mexico, Univ Veracruzana, Ctr Invest & Estudios Avanzados, Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Ctr Invest Mat Avanzados, Inst Politecn Nacl, Univ Autonoma Nuevo Leon C1 NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Levin, I (reprint author), NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Levin, Igor/F-8588-2010 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND BN 0-7503-0566-5 PY 1998 BP 45 EP 46 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Biomaterials; Microscopy SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Microscopy GA BL87J UT WOS:000077020300022 ER PT B AU Wollman, DA Irwin, KD Nilton, GC Dulcie, LL Bergren, NF Newbury, DE Martinis, JM AF Wollman, DA Irwin, KD Nilton, GC Dulcie, LL Bergren, NF Newbury, DE Martinis, JM BE Benavides, HAC Yacaman, MJ TI Microcalorimeter EDS with 3 eV energy resolution SO ELECTRON MICROSCOPY 1998, VOL 3: MATERIALS SCIENCE 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 14th International Congress on Electron Microscopy CY AUG 31-SEP 04, 1998 CL CANCUN, MEXICO SP Mexican Soc Microscopy, Consejo Nacl Ciencia & Tecnol, Inst Nacl Invest Nucl, Univ Autonoma Estado Mexico, Univ Veracruzana, Ctr Invest & Estudios Avanzados, Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Ctr Invest Mat Avanzados, Inst Politecn Nacl, Univ Autonoma Nuevo Leon C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Wollman, DA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND BN 0-7503-0566-5 PY 1998 BP 573 EP 574 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Biomaterials; Microscopy SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Microscopy GA BL87J UT WOS:000077020300276 ER PT S AU Myers, AF Steel, EB Struck, LM Liu, HI Burns, JA AF Myers, AF Steel, EB Struck, LM Liu, HI Burns, JA BE Hayzelden, C Hetherington, C Ross, F TI TEM investigation of titanium silicide thin films SO ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF SEMICONDUCTING MATERIALS AND ULSI DEVICES SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Electron Microscopy of Semiconducting Materials and ULSI Devices at the Spring Materials-Research-Society Meeting CY APR 15-16, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc AB Titanium silicide films grown on silicon were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electron diffraction, scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. The films were prepared by sequential rapid thermal annealing (RTA) at 675 degrees C and 850 degrees C of 16-nm-thick sputtered Ti on Si (001)wafers. In some cases, a 20-nm-thick TIN capping layer was deposited on the Ti film before the RTA procedure and was removed after annealing. TEM and STEM analyses showed that the silicide films were less than 0.1 mu m thick; the capped film was more uniform, ranging in thickness from similar to 25 - 45 nm, while the uncapped film ranged in thickness from similar to 15 - 75 nm. Electron diffraction was used to determine that the capped film contained C54-TiSi2, C49-TiSi2, Ti5Si3, and possibly TiSi, and that the uncapped film contained C49-TiSi2, TiSi, Ti5Si3, unreacted Ti, and possibly C54-TiSi2. C1 NIST, Div Surface & Microanal Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Myers, AF (reprint author), NIST, Div Surface & Microanal Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 5 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-429-7 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 523 BP 97 EP 102 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BL49C UT WOS:000075688300013 ER PT S AU Bloss, P De Reggi, AS Schafer, H AF Bloss, P De Reggi, AS Schafer, H BE Belton, DJ Gaynes, M Jacobs, EG Pearson, R Wu, T TI Effect of humidity on charge profiles and thermal properties of 1.7 mu m polyimide films on silicon substrates SO ELECTRONIC PACKAGING MATERIALS SCIENCE X SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th Symposium on Electronic Packaging Materials Science at MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 14-16, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc AB Using an improved version of the thermal pulse (TP) method for determining electric field profiles and thermal parameters, we have obtained for the first time field profiles in 1.7 mu m thick polyimide (PI) films spin-coated on Si wafers. As-coated films were found to have an internal field caused by negative charges within 200 nm of the free (pulsed) surface believed due to electrochemical reactions involving water. The change near the pulsed surface was stable up to 200 OC and would not be switched by applied fields of +/- V/mu m. The charge distribution and the thermal parameters were found to be sensitive to humidity. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bloss, P (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Bldg 224,Rm B320, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-421-1 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 515 BP 251 EP 257 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BL75A UT WOS:000076552800033 ER PT J AU Butler, JM Wilson, MR Reeder, DJ AF Butler, JM Wilson, MR Reeder, DJ TI Rapid mitochondrial DNA typing using restriction enzyme digestion of polymerase chain reaction amplicons followed by capillary electrophoresis separation with laser-induced fluorescence detection SO ELECTROPHORESIS LA English DT Article DE capillary electrophoresis; DNA; mitochondrial DNA; forensic DNA typing; polymerase chain reaction analysis ID FRAGMENT-LENGTH-POLYMORPHISM; MTDNA CONTROL REGION; SEQUENCE POLYMORPHISMS; GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; HUMAN REMAINS; IDENTIFICATION; AMPLIFICATION; GENE; PRODUCT AB The polymorphic control region of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is becoming more commonly used in forensic applications to differentiate among individuals in a population. Two hypervariable regions (HV1 and HV2) are often sequenced following amplification of the mtDNA via the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). More rapid screening assays would reduce both the effort and the expense of comparing two samples. A methodology has been developed that first uses restriction endonuclease digestion of the PCR-amplified mtDNA using RsaI and MnlI and then capillary electrophoresis (CE) to separate and size the PCR-RFLP fragments. This rapid procedure offers an alternative method for screening of polymorphisms in amplified mtDNA samples. In addition, the presence of a T-C transition at position 16189, which gives rise to the so-called "C-stretch" in HV1, may be predicted from the presence of nonspecific PCR products in the CE results. C1 NIST, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. FBI Lab, DNA Unit 2, Washington, DC USA. RP Butler, JM (reprint author), GeneTrace Syst, 333 Ravenswood Ave,PN071, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RI Butler, John/C-7812-2011 NR 33 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 4 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA MUHLENSTRASSE 33-34, D-13187 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0173-0835 J9 ELECTROPHORESIS JI Electrophoresis PD JAN PY 1998 VL 19 IS 1 BP 119 EP 124 DI 10.1002/elps.1150190120 PG 6 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA YZ041 UT WOS:000072214200019 PM 9511872 ER PT S AU Paulter, NG AF Paulter, NG BE DePersia, AT Pennella, JJ TI Specific NIST projects in support of the NIJ concealed weapon detection and imaging program SO ENFORCEMENT AND SECURITY TECHNOLOGIES SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Enforcement and Security Technologies CY NOV 03-05, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Pacific NW Natl Lab DE antenna-coupled microbolometer; concealed weapon imaging; Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Advisory Council; performance specifications; standards; terahertz-wave; video-rate imaging AB The Electricity Division of the National Institute of Standards and Technology is developing revised performance standards for hand-held (HH) and walk-through (WT) metal weapon detectors, test procedures and systems for these detectors, and a detection/imaging system for finding concealed weapons. The revised standards will replace the existing National Institute of Justice (NIJ) standards for HH and WT devices and will include detection performance specifications as well as system specifications (environmental conditions, mechanical strength and safety, response reproducibility and repeatability, quality assurance, test reporting, etc.). These system requirements were obtained from the Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Advisory Council, an advisory council for the NIJ. Reproducible and repeatable test procedures and appropriate measurement systems will be developed for evaluating HH and WT detection performance. A guide to the technology and application of non-eddy-current-based detection/imaging methods (such as acoustic, passive millimeter-wave and microwave, active millimeter-wave and terahertz-wave, x-ray, etc.) will be developed. The Electricity Division is also researching the development of a high-frequency/high-speed (300 GHz to I THz) pulse-illuminated, stand-off video-rate, concealed weapon/contraband imaging system. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Paulter, NG (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3041-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3575 BP 124 EP 131 DI 10.1117/12.334981 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BM46H UT WOS:000078814600015 ER PT B AU Hendee, JC AF Hendee, JC BE Brebbia, CA TI An expert system for marine environmental monitoring in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary and Florida Bay SO ENVIRONMENTAL COASTAL REGIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Environmental Problems in Coastal Regions CY SEP, 1998 CL CANCUN, MEXICO AB The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce) Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) works cooperatively with the Florida Institute of Oceanography (FIO) in the implementation of the SEAKEYS (Sustained Ecological Research Related to Management of the Florida Keys Seascape) network, which is situated along 220 miles of coral reef tract within the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary (FKNMS). This network is itself actually an enhanced framework of seven Coastal-Marine Automated Network (C-MAN) stations for long-term monitoring of meteorological parameters (wind speed, wind gusts, air temperature, barometric pressure, relative humidity). To the C-MAN network SEAKEYS adds oceanographic parameters (sea temperature, photosynthetically active radiation, salinity, fluorometry, optical density) to the stations. As a recent enhancement to the SEAKEYS network, an expert system shell is being employed to provide daily interpretations of near real-time acquired data for the benefit of scientists, fishermen and skin divers. These interpretations are designed to be automatically emailed to Sanctuary managers and to the FIO maintainers of the network. The first set of interpretations include those dealing with environmental conditions conducive to coral bleaching. Other marine environmental interpretations will be forthcoming C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Hendee, JC (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU COMPUTATIONAL MECHANICS PUBLICATIONS LTD PI SOUTHAMPTON PA ASHURST LODGE, SOUTHAMPTON S04 2AA, HANTS, ENGLAND BN 1-85312-527-X PY 1998 BP 57 EP 66 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Marine; Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Water Resources GA BM15T UT WOS:000077844400006 ER PT B AU Tsang, W Babushok, V Zachariah, MR AF Tsang, W Babushok, V Zachariah, MR BE Simpson, CR Mendicino, L Rajeshwar, K Fenton, JM TI Inhibiting silane pyrophoricity SO ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES IN THE ELECTRONICS/SEMICONDUCTOR INDUSTRIES AND ELECTROCHEMICAL/PHOTOCHEMICAL METHODS FOR POLLUTION ABATEMENT SE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Symp on Environmental Issues with Materials and Processes for the Electronics / Electrochemical and Photochemical Methods for Chemical Recycling CY MAY, 1998 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Electrochem Soc AB The combustion properties of silane (SiH4) with added iodine and hydrogen iodide have been determined on the basis of computer simulations. The work was derived from a previously updated chemical kinetic data base with the rate constants adjusted to give a reasonable description of experimental observations on silane combustion alone and with the addition of the rate constants for those iodine species that are expected to be present in such a reaction system The simulation results show that at concentrations above 200 ppm iodine (Iz) and ambient conditions silane is no longer pyrophoric. Hydrogen iodide appears to be a less effective inhibitor and concentrations of a factor of 10 higher than those for iodine are required. The implications of these results and the possibility of similar approaches to other pyrophoric substances are considered. The use of other fire inhibitors and possible operational problems are explored. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Tsang, W (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 S MAIN ST, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534-2839 USA BN 1-56677-199-4 J9 ELEC SOC S PY 1998 VL 98 IS 5 BP 63 EP 74 PG 12 WC Electrochemistry; Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Electrochemistry; Engineering GA BL84E UT WOS:000076910600008 ER PT J AU Matta, MB Cairncross, C Kocan, RM AF Matta, MB Cairncross, C Kocan, RM TI Possible effects of polychlorinated biphenyls on sex determination in rainbow trout SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE polychlorinated biphenyls; trout; sexual differentiation; endocrine disruption; tissue concentrations ID ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; COHO SALMON; DIFFERENTIATION; ESTROGEN; PCB; EGG AB Aqueous exposure of newly hatched rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) larvae to Aroclor 1260 resulted in altered sex ratios and severe gonadal abnormalities in juvenile females. The proportion of females decreased from 41.9% in combined controls to 31.6 to 36.1% in groups that accumulated 2.5 mu g/g Aroclor 1260 after 3-h immersions, although this decrease was not statistically significant (p = 0.057). A total of 18.2% of the females in the treatment group that accumulated 2.1 mu g/g Aroclor 1260 had abnormal gonads as compared to 2.7% in combined controls (p = 0.001). Abnormalities were characterized by inconsistent or extremely limited development of oocytes. Although further work is required to validate these results, this study suggests that environmentally realistic tissue concentrations of Aroclor 1260 may disrupt sexual development in female trout. C1 NOAA, Coastal Resources Coordinat Branch, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Fisheries, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Matta, MB (reprint author), NOAA, Coastal Resources Coordinat Branch, Bin C15700, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 29 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 7 PU SETAC PRESS PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3370 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 17 IS 1 BP 26 EP 29 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(1998)017<0026:PEOPBO>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA YM971 UT WOS:000071120200004 ER PT B AU Parker, BB AF Parker, BB BE Spaulding, ML Blumberg, AF TI Development of model-based regional nowcasting/forecasting systems SO ESTUARINE AND COASTAL MODELING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Conference on Estuarine and Coastal Modeling CY OCT 22-24, 1997 CL ALEXANDRIA, VA AB The National Ocean Service is developing nowcast/forecast systems for bays and harbors using numerical oceanographic models forced with real-time data and with forecast wind fields from atmospheric models. This effort presently involves regional high-resolution hydrodynamic numerical models of Chesapeake Bay, Galveston Bay, and the Port of New York and New Jersey, with forecast boundary conditions provided by either an East Coast ocean model, a Gulf of Mexico ocean model, or an individual shelf model, each driven by forecasts from the NWS ETA weather model. Nowcasts and 24-hour forecasts of water level and/or currents are presently produced twice daily and presented in graphical form on a WWW Home Page for evaluation purposes. Forecast water levels and currents from these systems will make navigation in these waterways safer and more efficient by moving the state of the art beyond astronomical tide and tidal current predictions (provided for decades in the NOAA Tide a,ld Tidal Current Tables) and beyond recently developed real-time oceanographic systems. Forecast currents will also improve oil spill clean-up operations by better predicting the movement of the spill. These model systems must not provide misinformation to the mariner, so emphasis is being placed on solving those scientific problems that will improve the accuracy of the nowcasts and forecasts. The majority of this paper deals with the special problems associated with developing and implementing a regional operational nowcast/forecast model system and the various approaches for solving such problems. C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Coast Survey Dev Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Parker, BB (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Coast Survey Dev Lab, N-CS1, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 3 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 14 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0350-3 PY 1998 BP 355 EP 373 PG 19 WC Engineering, Marine; Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Mathematics, Applied; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Mathematics; Water Resources GA BP58L UT WOS:000085572100025 ER PT B AU Bosley, KT Hess, KW AF Bosley, KT Hess, KW BE Spaulding, ML Blumberg, AF TI Development of an experimental nowcast/forecast system for Chesapeake Bay water levels SO ESTUARINE AND COASTAL MODELING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Conference on Estuarine and Coastal Modeling CY OCT 22-24, 1997 CL ALEXANDRIA, VA AB The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Ocean Service (NOAA/NOS) has undertaken the Chesapeake Area Forecasting Experiment (CAFE) with the goal of improving the accuracy of water levels predictions for Chesapeake Bay. Although tidal predictions based solely on astronomical forcing have been traditionally used by mariners, nontidal forcing is significant in the Bay and at times dominates. CAFE is designed to incorporate tidal and nontidal (wind stress and coastal water level) effects to produce numerical model-based nowcasts and forecasts of total water level in the Bay twice daily for the commercial and recreational maritime communities. C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Bosley, KT (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, N-CS13 1315 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0350-3 PY 1998 BP 413 EP 426 PG 14 WC Engineering, Marine; Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Mathematics, Applied; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Mathematics; Water Resources GA BP58L UT WOS:000085572100029 ER PT B AU Schmalz, RA AF Schmalz, RA BE Spaulding, ML Blumberg, AF TI Development of a nowcast/forecast system for Galveston Bay SO ESTUARINE AND COASTAL MODELING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Conference on Estuarine and Coastal Modeling CY OCT 22-24, 1997 CL ALEXANDRIA, VA ID MODELS AB The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration installed a Physical Oceanographic Real Time System (PORTS) in June 1996 in Galveston Bay. Water surface elevation, currents at prediction depth (4.6m) as well as near-surface and near-bottom temperature and salinity, and meteorological information are available at six-minute intervals. To complement the PORTS a nowcast/forecast system is being developed using the Blumberg-Mellor (1987) three-dimensional hydrodynamic model. The model has been applied to Galveston Bay in support of a Differential Global Positioning System hydrographic survey (Schmalz, 1996). Herein, the grid system, boundary and initial conditions and results of the astronomical tide calibration for May 1995 will be initially reviewed. To enable a robust nowcast/forecast capability the model has been extended to include drying/wetting, and a flux corrected transport scheme to treat the large horizontal salinity gradients. The numerical algorithms for both of these extensions will be presented along with results obtained with the extended model for three one month hindcasts. Simulated water level results for the October 1994 flood and January 1995 "Northers" will first be presented, followed by simulated water level and current results for the April 1996 PORTS test period. For April 1996, results will also be presented for a one-way coupled fine resolution Houston Ship Channel model. In concert with the hindcast results, an initial nowcast/forecast system has been designed and a preliminary evaluation of system forecast inputs conducted. In conclusion, the hindcast results, initial nowcast/forecast system design, and evaluation of system inputs are reviewed and plans for additional experiments are discussed. C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Coast Survey Dev Lab, Oceanog Programs, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Schmalz, RA (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Coast Survey Dev Lab, Oceanog Programs, 1315 East West Highway,Rm 7824, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0350-3 PY 1998 BP 441 EP 455 PG 15 WC Engineering, Marine; Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Mathematics, Applied; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Mathematics; Water Resources GA BP58L UT WOS:000085572100031 ER PT B AU O'Connor, WP Aikman, F Wei, EJ Richardson, PH AF O'Connor, WP Aikman, F Wei, EJ Richardson, PH BE Spaulding, ML Blumberg, AF TI Comparison of observed and forecasted sea levels along the west Florida coast SO ESTUARINE AND COASTAL MODELING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Conference on Estuarine and Coastal Modeling CY OCT 22-24, 1997 CL ALEXANDRIA, VA ID OCEAN AB A barotropic version of the Princeton Ocean Model has been configured for the Florida region as part of a NOAA National Ocean Service coastal ocean prediction system. The model domain extends from Cuba to the Florida Panhandle and includes both the Florida Gulf and Atlantic coasts. The orthogonal curvilinear grid spacing is 5' (approximately 9 km) in both longitude and latitude. The model is forced at the open boundaries by the tide consisting of four semi-diurnal and four diurnal tidal constituents. The model is also forced by wind stress and atmospheric pressure over the domain, which were obtained from the NOAA National Weather Service step-coordinate Eta Model output at 29 km resolution. The study covers a 14-month period from September 1995 through October 1996. For comparison purposes, the observed hourly water levels at Clearwater Beach, St. Petersburg, Naples, and Key West were obtained from water level gauge data. The observed and modeled hourly water levels were compared for each month and have root mean square differences of about 0.10 m. A 30-h low pass filter was applied to the 14-month time series of both the observed and modeled data in order to compare the subtidal components. This analysis yielded root mean square differences of about 0.08 m in subtidal water levels. C1 NOAA, NOS, Coast Survey Dev Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP O'Connor, WP (reprint author), NOAA, NOS, Coast Survey Dev Lab, N-CS13,1315 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 20 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0350-3 PY 1998 BP 601 EP 612 PG 12 WC Engineering, Marine; Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Mathematics, Applied; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Mathematics; Water Resources GA BP58L UT WOS:000085572100042 ER PT B AU Gross, TF Werner, FE AF Gross, TF Werner, FE BE Spaulding, ML Blumberg, AF TI Finite element model of Wassaw Sound with synthetic marsh flooding boundary conditions SO ESTUARINE AND COASTAL MODELING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Conference on Estuarine and Coastal Modeling CY OCT 22-24, 1997 CL ALEXANDRIA, VA ID CONTINENTAL-SHELF; UNITED-STATES; CIRCULATION; FLOW AB The circulation of Wassaw Sound, a Georgia estuary forced by three meter tidal range, was modeled to provide precise prediction of surface currents to aid the 1996 Olympic Yachting events. The tidal circulation was computed with the free-surfacer 3-D, nonlinear, finite element QUODDY model developed by Lynch and Werner (1991) and Lynch et al. (1996), Using the finite element model which includes tidal and wind forcing to generate the three dimensional structure of the circulation of Wassaw Sound, we demonstrate the special boundary conditions needed to correctly account for drainage from extensive marsh systems typical of the US South Atlantic Eight. Tidal forcing from outside the sound is used to specify the interior response of tidal creeks and channels. By synthesizing the back water areas of the marsh flats the Volume of the tidal prism can be correctly modeled without the artificial specification of interior tidal heights. Model results were distributed daily to all the Olympic competitors along with the daily meteorology reports. The daily predicted tides could he precomputed months in advance, however the wind forcing could not predicted. We attempted to calculate tidal and surface currents with wind forcing based on the previous day's winds and predictions of the sea-breeze made for the nest day. Moving the model. from a research tool to this nearly real time predictive mode proved to be much more difficult than anticipated. C1 NOAA, CSDL, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Gross, TF (reprint author), NOAA, CSDL, Rm 7881,1315 East West Hwy, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0350-3 PY 1998 BP 613 EP 626 PG 14 WC Engineering, Marine; Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Mathematics, Applied; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Mathematics; Water Resources GA BP58L UT WOS:000085572100043 ER PT B AU Pfost, RL AF Pfost, RL GP AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC TI Application of a neural network to quantitative precipitation forecasting (QPF) at a National Weather Service forecast office SO FIRST CONFERENCE ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st Conference on Artificial Intelligence at the 78th American-Meteorological-Society Annual Meeting CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NWS Forecast Off, Jackson, MS 39208 USA. RP Pfost, RL (reprint author), NWS Forecast Off, 234 Weather Serv Dr, Jackson, MS 39208 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 24 EP 27 PG 4 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Computer Science; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL80F UT WOS:000076779400006 ER PT B AU Kondragunta, CR Gruber, A AF Kondragunta, CR Gruber, A GP AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC TI Climatological precipitation estimation from the cloud and atmospheric parameters using artificial neural network techniques SO FIRST CONFERENCE ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st Conference on Artificial Intelligence at the 78th American-Meteorological-Society Annual Meeting CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Off Res & Applicat, Washington, DC 20233 USA. RP Kondragunta, CR (reprint author), E-RA2,4700 Silver Hill Rd,Stop 9910, Washington, DC 20233 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 33 EP 34 PG 2 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Computer Science; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL80F UT WOS:000076779400008 ER PT B AU Krasnopolsky, VM AF Krasnopolsky, VM GP AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC TI Neural networks as a generic tool for satellite retrieval algorithm development and for direct assimilation of satellite data into numerical models. SO FIRST CONFERENCE ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st Conference on Artificial Intelligence at the 78th American-Meteorological-Society Annual Meeting CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, Environm Modeling Ctr, NCEP, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Krasnopolsky, VM (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Modeling Ctr, NCEP, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 45 EP 50 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Computer Science; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL80F UT WOS:000076779400012 ER PT B AU Carter, RG Keislar, RE AF Carter, RG Keislar, RE GP AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC TI An automated historical wind field matching algorithm for emergency response operations SO FIRST CONFERENCE ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st Conference on Artificial Intelligence at the 78th American-Meteorological-Society Annual Meeting CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Field Res Div, Idaho Falls, ID 83402 USA. RP Carter, RG (reprint author), NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Field Res Div, 1750 Foote Dr, Idaho Falls, ID 83402 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 51 EP 58 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Computer Science; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL80F UT WOS:000076779400013 ER PT B AU Roberts, S Kelleher, KE Lakshmivarahan, S AF Roberts, S Kelleher, KE Lakshmivarahan, S GP AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC TI Mesocyclone detection using 2D image processing SO FIRST CONFERENCE ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st Conference on Artificial Intelligence at the 78th American-Meteorological-Society Annual Meeting CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Kelleher, KE (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RI Kelleher, Kevin/L-6520-2015 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 102 EP 109 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Computer Science; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL80F UT WOS:000076779400026 ER PT B AU McCann, DW AF McCann, DW GP AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC TI Meteorological neural networks with personalities SO FIRST CONFERENCE ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st Conference on Artificial Intelligence at the 78th American-Meteorological-Society Annual Meeting CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 Aviat Weather Ctr, Expt Forecast Facil, Kansas City, MO 64106 USA. RP McCann, DW (reprint author), Room 1728,601 E 12th, Kansas City, MO 64106 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 131 EP 135 PG 5 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Computer Science; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL80F UT WOS:000076779400030 ER PT B AU Christopherson, D AF Christopherson, D GP AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC TI Artificial intelligence in the weather forecast office - One forecaster's view SO FIRST CONFERENCE ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st Conference on Artificial Intelligence at the 78th American-Meteorological-Society Annual Meeting CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 Natl Weather Serv Forecast Off, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. RP Christopherson, D (reprint author), Natl Weather Serv Forecast Off, 101 12th Ave,21, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 136 EP 143 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Computer Science; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL80F UT WOS:000076779400031 ER PT B AU Curtis, JC AF Curtis, JC GP AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC TI The forecast process - One forecaster's perspective SO FIRST CONFERENCE ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st Conference on Artificial Intelligence at the 78th American-Meteorological-Society Annual Meeting CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc AB The steps taken in arriving at a weather forecast are examined in the context of two data input streams: observations and guidance. The forecast process depicted in this paper differentiates between data organization and decision steps necessary to issue forecast products. Important considerations affecting the process are described such as the perspective of data examination by scale. Two types of forecasting methodology are characterized: dynamical and analog. Methods to reduce the "data overload" are also explored, and conflicts that disrupt the forecast process are described. Finally, recommendations are given for the application of automation and "expert systems" to enhance the forecast process by increasing the time available to the forecaster for diagnosis, reasoning, and decision making. C1 Natl Weather Serv Forecast Off, Anchorage, AK 99513 USA. RP Curtis, JC (reprint author), Natl Weather Serv Forecast Off, 6930 Sand Lake Rd, Anchorage, AK 99513 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 151 EP 156 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Computer Science; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL80F UT WOS:000076779400034 ER PT B AU Marzban, C AF Marzban, C GP AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC TI Bayesian inference in neural networks SO FIRST CONFERENCE ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st Conference on Artificial Intelligence at the 78th American-Meteorological-Society Annual Meeting CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Marzban, C (reprint author), Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP J25 EP J30 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Computer Science; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL80F UT WOS:000076779400043 ER PT S AU Burton, BP McCormack, RP Ceder, G Selinger, RLB Kresse, G Hafner, J AF Burton, BP McCormack, RP Ceder, G Selinger, RLB Kresse, G Hafner, J BE Cohen, RE TI Modeling cation ordering in A(B ' B-1/3 ''(2/3))O-3 perovskites SO FIRST-PRINCIPLES CALCULATIONS FOR FERROELECTRICS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th Williamsburg Workshop on 1st-Principles Calculations for Ferroelectrics CY FEB 01-04, 1998 CL WILLIAMSBURG, VA SP USN, Off Naval Res, Carnegie Inst Washington AB Ionic model (SSCAD) calculations were performed for 36 different cation ordered supercell configurations in the pseudobinary perovskite related system BaTaO3 - BaZnO3. Ba(Zn1/3Ta2/3)O-3 (BZT) in a P (3) over bar m1 ordered structure is the only single phase compound that is observed experimentally, and the one that SSCAD calculations predict as having lowest formation energy. It is therefore the presumed ground state at the BZT composition. The SSCAD results are supported by first principles VASP pseudopotential calculations which were performed for BaTaO3, BaZnO3, Ba(Zn1/3Ta2/3)O-3, and Ba(Zn1/2Ta1/2)O-3 with NaCl type ordering of Zn and Ta. Finite temperature calculations that are based on the SSCAD results, predict a strongly first-order P (3) over bar m1 --> Pm (3) over bar m transition, but the predicted T-C appears to be about an order of magnitude too high. C1 NIST, Div Ceram, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Burton, BP (reprint author), NIST, Div Ceram, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 3 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-730-8 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1998 IS 436 BP 20 EP 31 PG 12 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA BL30B UT WOS:000075034000003 ER PT S AU Baird, RC AF Baird, RC BE Benaka, LR TI Essential fish habitat perspectives - Introduction SO FISH HABITAT: ESSENTIAL FISH HABITAT AND REHABILITATION SE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Sea Grant Symposium on Fish Habitat - Essential Fish Habitat and Rehabilitation at the 1998 Annual Meeting of the American-Fisheries-Society CY AUG 26-27, 1998 CL HARTFORD, CT SP Amer Fisheries Soc C1 NOAA, Natl Sea Grant Coll Program, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Baird, RC (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Sea Grant Coll Program, 1315 East West Highway,SSMC-3,11th Floor, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, STE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0892-2284 BN 1-888569-12-3 J9 AM FISH S S PY 1998 VL 22 BP 1 EP 2 PG 2 WC Ecology; Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA BN55F UT WOS:000082192300001 ER PT S AU Schmitten, RA AF Schmitten, RA BE Benaka, LR TI Essential fish habitat: Opportunities and challenges for the next millennium SO FISH HABITAT: ESSENTIAL FISH HABITAT AND REHABILITATION SE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Sea Grant Symposium on Fish Habitat - Essential Fish Habitat and Rehabilitation at the 1998 Annual Meeting of the American-Fisheries-Society CY AUG 26-27, 1998 CL HARTFORD, CT SP Amer Fisheries Soc ID FISHERIES MANAGEMENT; MARINE; BIODIVERSITY AB With the passage of the Sustainable Fisheries Act in the fall of 1996, significant new opportunities and challenges exist in the United States to protect and conserve the habitat of marine, estuarine, and anadromous finfish as well as key populations of mollusks and crustaceans. As of October 1998, all federal fishery management councils (the Councils) were required to amend their fishery management plans (covering over 700 stocks) to identify, for each species, the essential fish habitat, which is "those waters and substrate necessary to fish for spawning, feeding or growth to maturity." Threats to habitat and steps necessary to ameliorate those threats also had to be identified. Information from fisheries scientists and managers throughout the country will be needed to accurately identify essential fish habitat and habitat threats and to monitor the effectiveness of protective measures that come into force once habitat has been identified as essential. My vision, which is also that of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, is no further loss of habitat quantity and quality as well as the preservation and restoration of habitat biodiversity by the year 2004. The essential fish habitat provisions of the Magnuson-Stevens Act provide an outstanding opportunity for the National Marine Fisheries Service, the Councils, and our numerous partners from every sector of society to develop new ecosystem approaches to fishery management addressing cumulative impacts to habitats in a comprehensive, effective, and efficient manner. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Schmitten, RA (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 1315 East West Highway,14555 SSMC3, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 40 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, STE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0892-2284 BN 1-888569-12-3 J9 AM FISH S S PY 1998 VL 22 BP 3 EP 10 PG 8 WC Ecology; Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA BN55F UT WOS:000082192300002 ER PT S AU Minello, TJ AF Minello, TJ BE Benaka, LR TI Nekton densities in shallow estuarine habitats of Texas and Louisiana and the identification of essential fish habitat SO FISH HABITAT: ESSENTIAL FISH HABITAT AND REHABILITATION SE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Review CT Sea Grant Symposium on Fish Habitat - Essential Fish Habitat and Rehabilitation at the 1998 Annual Meeting of the American-Fisheries-Society CY AUG 26-27, 1998 CL HARTFORD, CT SP Amer Fisheries Soc ID PENAEUS-ESCULENTUS HASWELL; CRABS CALLINECTES-SAPIDUS; LOBSTERS PANULIRUS-ARGUS; DRUM SCIAENOPS-OCELLATUS; CARIBBEAN SPINY LOBSTER; JUVENILE BLUE CRABS; GULF-OF-MEXICO; BROWN SHRIMP; SALT-MARSH; DECAPOD CRUSTACEANS AB The Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (Magnuson-Stevens Act) of 1996 requires the identification of essential fish habitat (EFH) for fishery species under federal fishery management plans (FMPs). As defined in the Magnuson-Stevens Act, EFH includes waters and substrate necessary for spawning, breeding, feeding, or growth to maturity. Without EFH, fishery species will be unable to maintain the productivity needed to support a sustainable fishery or contribute ecologically to aquatic ecosystems. The highly productive estuaries in the northern Gulf of Mexico contain many habitat types that are potentially essential for species under FMPs such as brown shrimp Penaeus aztecus, white shrimp P. setiferus, pink shrimp P. duorarum, gulf stone crab Menippe adina, red drum Sciaenops ocellatus, gray snapper Lutjanus griseus, and bluefish Pomatomus saliatrix; these species spend their juvenile life stages in estuarine nurseries. Estuarine habitats also may be important for prey required as forage by managed species and for other fishery species not under FMPs. My objective in this paper was to summarize information on densities of juvenile fishery species and other animals (all generally <100 mm total length) in shallow-water estuarine areas of Texas and Louisiana. I attempted to identify where these species live (delineate their habitat) and to analyze density patterns within habitats that would be useful in distinguishing EFH. My analysis was restricted to data collected with enclosure sampling techniques because these techniques have been shown to provide comparable density estimates among highly diverse shallow-water areas. Habitat types evaluated included Spartina alterniflora marsh edge (SAME), mixed-vegetation marsh edge, inner marsh (>5 m from open water), submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV), oyster reefs, and shallow nonvegetated bottom (SNB). Data also were categorized by season, salinity regime, estuarine system, and year of collection. Mean densities among habitat types frequently varied in relation to salinity regime, but overall, SAME was used most by brown shrimp, white shrimp, blue crab Callinectes sapidus, spotted seatrout Cynoscion nebulosus, and southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma. Highest densities of pink shrimp, red drum, and sand seatrout Cynoscion arenarius were found in SAV. Stone crabs had highest mean densities on oyster reefs and gulf menhaden Brevoortia patronus on SNB. Each of the six habitat types examined ranked first or second in use by at least one of these fishery species. Thus, all of these habitat types are likely essential for some fishery species. The analysis highlighted many of the challenges confronted in determining habitat-use patterns and emphasized the need for additional systematic sampling to examine geographic variability in habitat use and to examine distribution patterns within habitats. However, in addition to analyses of intrahabitat densities, the identification of EFH requires information on functional relationships between fishery species and habitat characteristics. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Galveston SE Fisheries Sci Ctr Lab, Galveston, TX 77551 USA. RP Minello, TJ (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Galveston SE Fisheries Sci Ctr Lab, 4700 Ave U, Galveston, TX 77551 USA. NR 122 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, STE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0892-2284 BN 1-888569-12-3 J9 AM FISH S S PY 1998 VL 22 BP 43 EP 75 PG 33 WC Ecology; Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA BN55F UT WOS:000082192300007 ER PT S AU Packer, DB Hoff, T AF Packer, DB Hoff, T BE Benaka, LR TI Life history, habitat parameters, and essential habitat of mid-Atlantic summer flounder SO FISH HABITAT: ESSENTIAL FISH HABITAT AND REHABILITATION SE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Sea Grant Symposium on Fish Habitat - Essential Fish Habitat and Rehabilitation at the 1998 Annual Meeting of the American-Fisheries-Society CY AUG 26-27, 1998 CL HARTFORD, CT SP Amer Fisheries Soc ID LOWER CHESAPEAKE BAY; SOUTHERN NEW-JERSEY; NORTH-CAROLINA ESTUARIES; SHALLOW MARSH HABITATS; CAPE FEAR RIVER; PARALICHTHYS-DENTATUS; LARVAL FISHES; BEAUFORT INLET; GROWTH; PATTERNS AB To satisfy the essential fish habitat (EFH) mandate of the reauthorized Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, the Mid-Atlantic Fishery Management Council (MAFMC) and the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) are developing objective, generic criteria to describe and identify the essential habitats for their managed species. Summer flounder or fluke Paralichthys dentatus is an important commercial and recreational species that occurs from shallow estuaries to the outer continental shelf from Nova Scotia to Florida. It is most abundant within the Middle Atlantic Eight from New England to Cape Hatteras, and this region is the focus of this paper. Summer flounder make seasonal inshore-offshore migrations; adults and juveniles normally inhabit shallow coastal and estuarine waters during the warmer months of the year and mostly move offshore with declining water temperature and day length during autumn. Adults spawn during the fall and winter migrations. The best habitat information available on summer flounder is for the estuarine-dependent transforming larvae and juveniles. They use several different estuarine habitats as nursery areas, including salt-marsh creeks, sea grass beds, mudflats, and open bay areas. In these habitats, water temperature affects the seasonal occurrence of summer flounder, drives the inshore-offshore migration, and, particularly during winter and spring, affects first-year growth and survival and thus subsequent year-class strength. The distribution of transforming larvae and juveniles within the estuaries is significantly influenced by salinity gradients and substrate. Transforming larvae and juveniles show a preference for sandy substrates in the laboratory but also have been captured on mud or mixed substrates. Juveniles are attracted to eelgrass and macroalgae habitats because of the presence of prey but remain in nearby sand to avoid predators as well as conceal themselves from the prey. The MAFMC used the life history and habitat parameter information developed by the NMFS Northeast Fisheries Science Center (NEFSC) to precisely describe the EFH of summer flounder by life stage. Because summer flounder are overexploited, the MAFMC wanted to be conservative in its EFH identification. Therefore, 90% of the areas where each life history stage has been collected from offshore surveys were identified as EFH. The MAFMC proposed that 100% of the estuaries where larvae and juveniles were identified as being present be identified as EFH because these life stages are estuarine dependent. Nursery habitats within the estuaries are essential because they provide the best conditions for growth and survival of the transforming larvae and juveniles. Submerged aquatic vegetation beds are especially vulnerable and were identified as habitat areas of particular concern. As more habitat-related density data become available from various local, state, and federal fishery-independent surveys, updated maps of distribution and abundance will be produced. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, James J Howard Marine Sci Lab, Highlands, NJ 07732 USA. RP Packer, DB (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, James J Howard Marine Sci Lab, Highlands, NJ 07732 USA. NR 93 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, STE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0892-2284 BN 1-888569-12-3 J9 AM FISH S S PY 1998 VL 22 BP 76 EP 92 PG 17 WC Ecology; Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA BN55F UT WOS:000082192300008 ER PT S AU Roni, P Weitkamp, LA Scordino, J AF Roni, P Weitkamp, LA Scordino, J BE Benaka, LR TI Identification of essential fish habitat for salmon in the Pacific northwest: Initial efforts, information needs, and future direction SO FISH HABITAT: ESSENTIAL FISH HABITAT AND REHABILITATION SE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Sea Grant Symposium on Fish Habitat - Essential Fish Habitat and Rehabilitation at the 1998 Annual Meeting of the American-Fisheries-Society CY AUG 26-27, 1998 CL HARTFORD, CT SP Amer Fisheries Soc ID JUVENILE CHINOOK SALMON; ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; STEELHEAD TROUT; MIGRATION; STREAMS; OREGON AB Freshwater and marine essential fish habitat (EFH) for chinook Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, coho O. kisutch, pink O. gorbuscha, and sockeye O. nerka salmon within Washington, Oregon, California, and Idaho was described and identified using the available literature and databases on salmon distribution and Life history. The diversity of freshwater habitats utilized by individual species of salmon coupled with the limitations of existing distribution maps precluded identification of specific stream reaches, wetlands, and other water bodies as EFH for Pacific salmon. A more holistic watershed approach consistent with the ecosystem method recommended by the revised Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act was necessary. Therefore, Pacific salmon freshwater EFH was delineated and described as all existing water bodies currently and historically utilized by Pacific salmon within selected watersheds defined by U.S. Geological Survey hydrologic units. Areas above some long-standing artificial barriers to juvenile and adult salmon migration were excluded from designation as Pacific salmon EFH. Delineation of marine EFH was also problematic because of the paucity of scientific studies on offshore Pacific salmon habitat use and distribution. However, available scientific data augmented by information from commercial fisheries indicate that juvenile salmon are found in high concentrations in the nearshore areas of the continental shelf off the Washington, Oregon, and California coasts from late spring through fall. Therefore, Pacific salmon marine EFH was identified as all waters within 60 km of the Washington, Oregon, and California coasts north of Point Conception, California. This initial effort to identify Pacific salmon EFH emphasized the need for accurate, fine-scale geographic information systems data on freshwater and marine salmon distribution and habitat quality and the need for compilation of uniform data sets. Future efforts should focus on developing accurate seasonal salmon distribution data at a 1:24,000 scale to aid in more precise and accurate delineation of Pacific salmon EFH. Furthermore, detailed information on winter distribution of Pacific salmon would be useful in delineating marine EFH. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Roni, P (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. NR 61 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, STE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0892-2284 BN 1-888569-12-3 J9 AM FISH S S PY 1998 VL 22 BP 93 EP 107 PG 15 WC Ecology; Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA BN55F UT WOS:000082192300009 ER PT B AU Williams, JG AF Williams, JG BE Jungwirth, M Schmutz, S Weiss, S TI Fish passage in the Columbia River, USA and its tributaries: Problems and solutions SO FISH MIGRATION AND FISH BYPASSES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Fish Migration and Fish Bypasses CY SEP 24-27, 1996 CL VIENNA, AUSTRIA SP Univ Agr Sci, Dept Hydrobiol Fisheries & Aquaculture DE Salmon; fish passage and behaviour; bypass systems; dams; irrigation withdrawals ID JUVENILE AB The Columbia River and its tributaries had, historically, annual returns of 10 to 16 million anadromous adult salmon and rainbow trout Oncoryhnchus sp., but present adult runs consist of approximately 2.5 million fish. The decline resulted largely from over harvest and direct and indirect losses due to environmental modifications. particularly dam construction. Pool-and-weir fish ladders, with submerged orifices, now successfully pass a large percentage of adult fish at each mainstem dam. Some adult passage delays still exist due to an inability of fish to find entrances to fishways, poor site locations of Ladder entrances, inadequate or confusing water velocities that fish reject, and/or poor velocity transitions between fishways or channels into the actual ladders. At all facilities, some fish reject the fishways so that cumulative losses also affect overall stock spawning success. Passage facilities to divert downstream juvenile migrants away from irrigation canals and turbines have been less successful even though US$100s of millions have been spent in the past 20 years on constructing and maintaining louvres, drum screens, bar screens, travelling screens and surface collection devices. Lack of detailed understanding of juvenile fish behaviour related to flow appears to be one of the largest impediments to the development of effective fishways. Further, a lack of periodic maintenance of fishways and screens may decrease their effectiveness. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Williams, JG (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. NR 11 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 2 U2 10 PU FISHING NEWS BOOKS LTD PI FARNHAM PA FARNHAM, SURREY, ENGLAND BN 0-85238-253-7 PY 1998 BP 180 EP 191 PG 12 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA BQ63M UT WOS:000089018500013 ER PT J AU Munroe, TA AF Munroe, TA TI Systematics and ecology of tonguefishes of the genus Symphurus (Cynoglossidae : Pleuronectiformes) from the western Atlantic Ocean SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Review ID MARSH-EDGE FISHES; EASTERN PACIFIC; NORTH-CAROLINA; LOUISIANA ESTUARY; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; JUVENILE FLATFISH; WATER TONGUEFISH; MARINE FISHES; BY-CATCH; ABUNDANCE AB The 24 species of the cynoglossid genus Symphurus Rafinesque, 1810 occurring in the western Atlantic Ocean are revised. Symphurus species are found from the southern Scotian Shelf (ca. 45 degrees N) southward to central Argentina (ca. 45 degrees S). These small to medium-size, left-sided flatfishes inhabit diverse substrates ranging from shallow estuarine habitats to deepwater substrates on the outer continental shelf and upper continental slope. Thirty-four nominal species of symphurine tonguefishes have been described previously from this area. Twenty-four, including two new species, are considered valid: S. arawak Robins and Randall, 1965, in shallow sandy habitats adjacent to coral reefs from Alligator Reef, Florida, through the Caribbean Sea to Colombia; S. billykrietei, new species, on mud bottoms of the outer continental shelf from the southern Scotian Shelf (ca. 45 degrees N) to the central Gulf of Mexico, differing from other species in meristic and morphometric characters, black peritoneum, relatively small eye without pupillary operculum, dark brown stripe covering fin rays and connecting membranes on basal one-third of dorsal and anal fins, and small, darkly pigmented spot on scaly portion of caudal fin. S. caribbeanus Munroe, 1991, on sandy and silty substrates in estuarine and neritic waters in the Caribbean, including the Greater Antilles and coastal waters off Central America to Colombia; S. civitatium Ginsburg, 1951, on sand substrates in nearshore and neritic waters from Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, to the Yucatan Peninsula, and rarely at Bermuda; S. diomedeanus (Goode and Bean, 1885), widespread on continental shelf calcareous muds and sands from Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, through the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea, south to Uruguay; S. ginsburgi Menezes and Benvegnu, 1976, on outer continental shelf mud bottoms from about Cabo Frio, Brazil (ca. 23 degrees S), to Maldonado, Uruguay (ca. 35 degrees S); S. jenynsi Evermann and Kendall, 1907, on mud bottoms in neritic waters from near Cabo Frio, Brazil (ca. 22 degrees S), to northern Argentina; S. kyaropterygium Menezes and Benvegnu, 1976, on the inner continental shelf from Baia da Ilha Grande (ca. 23 degrees S) to Rio Grande do Sul (ca. 31 degrees S); S. marginatus (Goode and Bean, 1886), on outer continental shelf and upper continental slope mud bottoms from southern New Jersey (ca. 40 degrees N) to central Brazil (21 degrees 34'S); S. minor Ginsburg, 1951, primarily on live-bottom habitats off the southeastern United States and eastern Gulf of Mexico westward to about DeSoto Submarine Canyon (ca. 29 degrees 87'W), rarely off southern Scotian Shelf to ca. 44 degrees N. S. nebulosus (Goode and Bean, 1883), on the outer continental shelf and upper continental slope from near Long Island, New York (ca. 40 degrees 48'N), to the Blake Plateau off Fort Lauderdale, Florida (ca. 26 degrees 28'N); S. oculellus Munroe, 1991, on the inner continental shelf on mud bottoms from Guyana (57 degrees W) to northeastern Brazil(2 degrees S, 40 degrees W); S. ommaspilus Bohlke, 1961, on shallow-water sandy substrates in the Caribbean Sea from the Bahamas, Lesser Antilles, and Belize; S. parvus Ginsburg, 1951, on inner continental shelf mud bottoms from off Cape Lookout, North Carolina (ca. 34 degrees 23'N), through the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea to Venezuela; S. pelicanus Ginsburg, 1951, on continental shelf soft mud bottoms from the western and central Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea to Trinidad; S. piger (Goode and Bean, 1886), on the outer continental shelf and upper continental slope from southern Florida (ca. 30 degrees N), the Gulf of Mexico, and throughout the Caribbean Sea to Suriname (ca. 7 degrees N, 53 degrees W); S. plagiusa (Linnaeus, 1766), on soft mud and silt substrates in estuarine and neritic habitats from Long Island Sound to the Campeche Peninsula, also the Bahamas and Cuba; S. plagusia (Schneider, in Bloch and Schneider, 1801), on sand and silt substrates in estuarine and neritic habitats from the Greater Antilles and Central America to about Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; S. pusillus (Goode and Bean, 1885), on the outer continental shelf from off Long Island, New York (ca. 40 degrees N), to DeSoto Submarine Canyon in the eastern Gulf of Mexico (ca. 29 degrees 87'W); S. rhytisma Bohlke, 1961, from the Bahamas, Belize, Curacao, and perhaps Brazil; S. stigmosus, new species, in deepwater areas of the Straits of Florida and Gulf Stream off southern Florida and in the Caribbean off Yucatan, Serrana Bank, and Dominica, differing from other species in its combination of meristic and morphometric features, black peritoneum, relatively large rounded contiguous eyes without pupillary operculum, and dorsal and anal fins with combination of 1) dark brown longitudinal stripe on basal one-third which covers fin rays and intervening membranes and 2) usually a series of distinct, darkly pigmented blotches alternating with unpigmented areas of somewhat larger size on posterior two-thirds of fins; S. tessellatus (Quoy and Gaimard, 1824), on sandy and silty substrates in estuarine and neritic habitats from the Greater Antilles and Central America to northern Argentina; S. trewavasae Chabanaud, 1948, on continental shelf mud bottoms from about Cabo Frio, Brazil (ca. 22 degrees 53'S), to central Argentina (ca. 45 degrees S); and S. urospilus Ginsburg, 1951, on live-bottom habitats on the inner continental tal shelf from about Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, to Yucatan Peninsula, and Cuba. Seven species are synonymized. Achirus ornata Lacepede, 1802, and Plagusia brasiliensis Agassiz, in Spix and Agassiz, 1831, are synonyms of Symphurus tessellatus (Quoy and Gaimard, 1824); Plagusia fasciata DeKay, 1842, is a synonym of Symphurus plagiusa (Linnaeus, 1766); Symphurus bergi Thompson, 1916, is a synonym of S. jenynsi Evermann and Kendall; Symphurus sumptuosus Chabanaud, 1948, and S. pterospilotus Ginsburg, 1951, are synonyms of S. diomedeanus (Goode and Bean, 1885); and Symphurus meridionalis Lema and Oliveira, 1977, is a synonym of S. jenynsi Evermann and Kendall. Descriptions, differential diagnoses, an artificial key, and summaries of ecological information are provided for 24 species of western Atlantic symphurine tonguefishes. C1 Natl Museum Nat Hist, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Systemat Lab, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Natl Museum Nat Hist, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Systemat Lab, MRC-153, Washington, DC 20560 USA. EM munroet@nmnh.si.edu NR 296 TC 39 Z9 44 U1 4 U2 11 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 EI 1937-4518 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 96 IS 1 BP 1 EP 182 PG 182 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA YT373 UT WOS:000071595800001 ER PT B AU Vaughan, DS Zhao, BX Collins, MR McGovern, JC Meister, HS AF Vaughan, DS Zhao, BX Collins, MR McGovern, JC Meister, HS BE Funk, F Quinn, TJ Heifetz, J Ianelli, JN Powers, JE Schweigert, JF Sullivan, PJ Zhang, CI TI Evaluation of multiple survey indices in assessment of black sea bass from the US south Atlantic coast SO FISHERY STOCK ASSESSMENT MODELS SE LOWELL WAKEFIELD FISHERIES SYMPOSIA SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Fishery Stock Assessment Models for the 21st-Century CY OCT 08-11, 1997 CL ANCHORAGE, AK ID SOUTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; CENTROPRISTIS-STRIATA; LIFE-HISTORY; RED PORGY AB The age structure and status of the U.S. southern Atlantic stock of black sea bass were examined using recorded and estimated landings and size frequencies of fish taken from commercial, recreational, and headboat fisheries during 1979-1995. Fishery-independent data were obtained from the Marine Resources Monitoring, Assessment, and Prediction (MARMAP) program for calibrating virtual population analysis (VPA). MARMAP collected black sea bass with four gear types: hook-and-line (1979-1995), blackfish trap (1979-1989), Florida snapper trap (1980-1989), and chevron trap (1988-1995). Reduced effort with the hook-and-line gear in 1988 coincided with reduced catch per effort (CPE). The size fraction of fish captured with chevron trap was similar to the Florida snapper trap, but dissimilar to the blackfish trap. Hence, an extended time series of CPE was developed combining the Florida snapper and chevron traps. We examined the effect of different combinations of CPE indices (individually and in combination) on estimates of fully recruited fishing mortality, spawning stock biomass, and spawning potential ratio using the FADAPT VPA approach. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Beaufort Lab, NOAA, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Vaughan, DS (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Beaufort Lab, NOAA, 101 Rivers Isl Rd, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. NR 19 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 5 PU ALASKA SEA GRANT COLL PROGRAM PI FAIRBANKS PA UNIV ALASKA FAIRBANKS PO BOX 755040, FAIRBANKS, AK 99775-5040 USA BN 1-56612-057-8 J9 LOW WAKE FI PY 1998 VL 15 BP 121 EP 136 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Fisheries SC Computer Science; Fisheries GA BN15M UT WOS:000080877100006 ER PT B AU Heifetz, J Quinn, TJ AF Heifetz, J Quinn, TJ BE Funk, F Quinn, TJ Heifetz, J Ianelli, JN Powers, JE Schweigert, JF Sullivan, PJ Zhang, CI TI Dynamics of a migratory fish population with applications to the management of sablefish SO FISHERY STOCK ASSESSMENT MODELS SE LOWELL WAKEFIELD FISHERIES SYMPOSIA SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Fishery Stock Assessment Models for the 21st-Century CY OCT 08-11, 1997 CL ANCHORAGE, AK ID CATCH-AGE ANALYSIS; PACIFIC; MODELS; COD AB The reproduction, mortality, and migration of an age-structured fish population can be incorporated into a matrix model. The population projection matrix for such a model describes the dynamics of age classes within regions and the migration among regions. Such a model provides a flexible framework to examine the dynamics of a migratory fish population. The model can be parameterized to include regional specificity in the stock-recruitment relationship as well as larval dispersal that is decoupled from local reproduction. The subject of oriented movement, where young fish tend to migrate in the opposite direction of older fish is examined within the context of the sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria) fishery in the northeast Pacific Ocean. We show that fishing at a common rate among regions may be appropriate for the pooled population but may be detrimental to the population in a given region. As an alternative, region-specific fishing strategies can be devised to meet fishery management objectives such as maintenance of regional spawning potential. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Auke Bay Lab, NOAA, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Heifetz, J (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Auke Bay Lab, NOAA, 11305 Glacier Highway, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. NR 38 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ALASKA SEA GRANT COLL PROGRAM PI FAIRBANKS PA UNIV ALASKA FAIRBANKS PO BOX 755040, FAIRBANKS, AK 99775-5040 USA BN 1-56612-057-8 J9 LOW WAKE FI PY 1998 VL 15 BP 219 EP 244 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Fisheries SC Computer Science; Fisheries GA BN15M UT WOS:000080877100012 ER PT B AU Pella, JJ Masuda, MM Chen, DG AF Pella, JJ Masuda, MM Chen, DG BE Funk, F Quinn, TJ Heifetz, J Ianelli, JN Powers, JE Schweigert, JF Sullivan, PJ Zhang, CI TI Forecast methods for inseason management of the Southeast Alaska chinook salmon troll fishery SO FISHERY STOCK ASSESSMENT MODELS SE LOWELL WAKEFIELD FISHERIES SYMPOSIA SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Fishery Stock Assessment Models for the 21st-Century CY OCT 08-11, 1997 CL ANCHORAGE, AK AB Under an agreement among U.S, commissioners of the Pacific Salmon Commission (Allen 1996), the allowable catch of chinook salmon in Southeast Alaska for 1997 depended on abundance in the fishery. Historically, abundance has been forecast prior to the summer fishery and evaluated later, from numerous information sources, by the Chinook Technical Committee of the Pacific Salmon Commission. Here, early catch rates during the summer fishery are shown to reflect abundance and are used to update the preseason forecast for use by the commissioners in assessing the allowable catch. The Bayesian calibrative distribution for the updated abundance provides the inseason statistical description of its uncertainty arising from unknown parameter values and random variables of underlying models. Cross validation shows that the mode of the Bayesian calibrative distribution would have produced more accurate forecasts than either the preseason forecast or a maximum likelihood forecast from the early catch rates alone. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auke Bay Lab, NOAA, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Pella, JJ (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auke Bay Lab, NOAA, 11305 Glacier Highway, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. NR 19 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ALASKA SEA GRANT COLL PROGRAM PI FAIRBANKS PA UNIV ALASKA FAIRBANKS PO BOX 755040, FAIRBANKS, AK 99775-5040 USA BN 1-56612-057-8 J9 LOW WAKE FI PY 1998 VL 15 BP 287 EP 314 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Fisheries SC Computer Science; Fisheries GA BN15M UT WOS:000080877100014 ER PT B AU Crone, PR Sampson, DB AF Crone, PR Sampson, DB BE Funk, F Quinn, TJ Heifetz, J Ianelli, JN Powers, JE Schweigert, JF Sullivan, PJ Zhang, CI TI Evaluation of assumed error structure in stock assessment models that use sample estimates of age composition SO FISHERY STOCK ASSESSMENT MODELS SE LOWELL WAKEFIELD FISHERIES SYMPOSIA SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Fishery Stock Assessment Models for the 21st-Century CY OCT 08-11, 1997 CL ANCHORAGE, AK ID STATISTICAL CONSIDERATIONS; CATCH; ROCKFISH AB The sampling error associated with estimates of age composition for five groundfish species commercially landed at Oregon ports is used to examine the ability of age-structured stock assessment models to adequately describe the stochastic properties of actual catch-at-age data. Specifically, estimated coefficients of variation associated with samples of catch-at-age are presented graphically to evaluate a theoretical consideration involved in stock assessment models widely used in marine fishery management. Results presented here indicate that a multinomial probability error structure, included in models that are based on maximum likelihood estimation, more closely follows the variability associated with the sampled landing data than does a lognormal error structure used in models based on least squares estimation. Weighted nonlinear regression analysis is used to determine the specific multinomial distribution (sample size n) that provides the most accurate description of the actual variability associated with the sample estimates of age composition. Implications for stock assessment modeling are discussed. Finally, a linear regression model is derived that describes the relationship between multinomial sample size and the number of boat trips sampled, in efforts to provide an adequate error structure for the models without having to rely on the relatively complex and tedious sampling estimators and subsequent analytical techniques. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, NOAA, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Crone, PR (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, NOAA, 2030 SE Marine Sci Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NR 35 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU ALASKA SEA GRANT COLL PROGRAM PI FAIRBANKS PA UNIV ALASKA FAIRBANKS PO BOX 755040, FAIRBANKS, AK 99775-5040 USA BN 1-56612-057-8 J9 LOW WAKE FI PY 1998 VL 15 BP 355 EP 370 PG 4 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Fisheries SC Computer Science; Fisheries GA BN15M UT WOS:000080877100017 ER PT B AU Porch, CE AF Porch, CE BE Funk, F Quinn, TJ Heifetz, J Ianelli, JN Powers, JE Schweigert, JF Sullivan, PJ Zhang, CI TI Some intrinsic limitations of sample variances in stock assessment models SO FISHERY STOCK ASSESSMENT MODELS SE LOWELL WAKEFIELD FISHERIES SYMPOSIA SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Fishery Stock Assessment Models for the 21st-Century CY OCT 08-11, 1997 CL ANCHORAGE, AK ID BEHAVIOR; DYNAMICS AB Most modern stock assessment algorithms incorporate multiple catch and abundance estimates, with differing levels of precision. Often these estimates are weighted by their corresponding variances, but estimates of variance are even less precise than estimates of expectation. For this reason, transformations and weighting schemes based on a presumed variance to expectation relationship have often been suggested. Since the true variance to expectation relationship is seldom known, it is usually inferred from regressions of sample variance on sample mean. Unfortunately, the sample variances of non-negative variates like catch per unit effort lie within bounds that are functions of the sample size, sample mean, and maximum possible catch (density). Furthermore, the sample mean and sample variance are self-correlated because the sample mean appears in the expression for sample variance. This paper demonstrates that these, and other mathematical artifices, can force a strong spurious correlation between the sample variance and sample mean regardless of the statistical distribution of the data. Therefore, plots of sample variance against sample mean are unlikely to reveal the true variance to mean relationship for any given population. Moreover, stock assessments that use sample variance to weight the input observations will tend to be biased. Underestimates will tend to receive too much weight and overestimates too little, particularly if the resource in question is uncommon and the sample sizes are small. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, NOAA, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Porch, CE (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, NOAA, 75 Virginia Beach Dr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NR 32 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ALASKA SEA GRANT COLL PROGRAM PI FAIRBANKS PA UNIV ALASKA FAIRBANKS PO BOX 755040, FAIRBANKS, AK 99775-5040 USA BN 1-56612-057-8 J9 LOW WAKE FI PY 1998 VL 15 BP 385 EP 398 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Fisheries SC Computer Science; Fisheries GA BN15M UT WOS:000080877100019 ER PT B AU Ralston, S Ianelli, JN AF Ralston, S Ianelli, JN BE Funk, F Quinn, TJ Heifetz, J Ianelli, JN Powers, JE Schweigert, JF Sullivan, PJ Zhang, CI TI When lengths are better than ages: The complex case of bocaccio SO FISHERY STOCK ASSESSMENT MODELS SE Lowell Wakefield Fisheries Symposia Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Fishery Stock Assessment Models for the 21st-Century CY OCT 08-11, 1997 CL ANCHORAGE, AK ID CATCH; INFORMATION; RELIABILITY; CALIFORNIA; ROCKFISH AB Bocaccio (Sebastes paucispinis) has historically been the most important rockfish harvested in the California groundfish fishery. A stock assessment of bocaccio in the Eureka-Monterey-Conception area indicated that in 1996 spawning biomass was 5-10% of that present in 1970. This finding was based on the application of the Stock Synthesis model to a split-sex population, assuming length-dependent gear selectivities for four distinct fisheries. A variety of fishery-dependent and fishery-independent data sources were used to model population biomass, including (1) landings from the trawl, setnet, hook-and-line, and recreational fisheries, (2) trawl catch-at-age data for the period 1980-1985 using surface otolith ages, (3) trawl catch-at-age data for 1988, 1991, and 1994 using break-and-burn otolith ages, (4) a probability transition matrix for conversion of age types, (5) length composition data from each fishery over the period 1980-1994, (6) an effort index in the recreational fishery, (7) triennial shelf trawl survey CPUE and length-frequency data, (8) a spawning biomass index derived from larval abundance in CalCOFI surveys, and (9) an index of year-class strength from a midwater trawl survey of young-of-the-year pelagic juvenile abundance. An evaluation of these diverse sets of information indicated that the age composition data were in fundamental disagreement with all other data sources. This discrepancy was apparently due to bias and imprecision in bocaccio ages, which resulted in uninformative age composition data that were incapable of resolving a highly variable pattern of recruitment to the fishery. For this purpose, length composition data were much more useful, especially including those from the trawl and recreational fisheries. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Tiburon, CA 94920 USA. RP Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Tiburon, CA 94920 USA. EM jim.ianelli@noaa.gov NR 20 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU ALASKA SEA GRANT COLL PROGRAM PI FAIRBANKS PA UNIV ALASKA FAIRBANKS PO BOX 755040, FAIRBANKS, AK 99775-5040 USA BN 1-56612-057-8 J9 LOW WAKE FI PY 1998 VL 15 BP 451 EP 468 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Fisheries SC Computer Science; Fisheries GA BN15M UT WOS:000080877100023 ER PT B AU Livingston, PA Methot, RD AF Livingston, PA Methot, RD BE Funk, F Quinn, TJ Heifetz, J Ianelli, JN Powers, JE Schweigert, JF Sullivan, PJ Zhang, CI TI Incorporation of predation into a population assessment model of eastern Bering Sea walleye pollock SO FISHERY STOCK ASSESSMENT MODELS SE LOWELL WAKEFIELD FISHERIES SYMPOSIA SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Fishery Stock Assessment Models for the 21st-Century CY OCT 08-11, 1997 CL ANCHORAGE, AK ID NORTHERN FUR SEALS; THERAGRA-CHALCOGRAMMA; CALLORHINUS-URSINUS AB The effect of predation by adult walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma), Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus), and northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus) was incorporated into a stock assessment model of walleye pollock in the eastern Bering Sea. Previous studies showed these three species are the primary predators of young walleye pollock. The stock synthesis model was used to incorporate the three predators as sources of mortality in a single-species catch-at-age analysis. Predators were entered into the model by defining (1) a time series of predator abundance (i.e., effort) over the entire modeled period, (2) a series of pollock consumption data (i.e., catch per unit effort) for each predator for each year when food habits data were available, and (3) the age composition of pollock consumed for each year where food habits data were available. The instantaneous annual predation mortality rates estimated from cod and fur seal predation were small, ranging from about 0.02 to 0.04. However, mortality rates of age-1 pollock due to cannibalism were high. Adding cannibalism on age-1 fish increased model estimates of the number of age-1 pollock in recent years, which changed the apparent stock-recruitment relationship at age 1 from one with declining recruitment at high spawning stock sizes to one where recruitment is more asymptotic at high spawning stock sizes. Our analysis suggests that mortality due to cannibalism on pollock may be an important factor in determining recruitment into the fishery at age 3. Adding predation, and particularly cannibalism, to the model improved the fit of the stock recruitment relationship at age 1. The largest outliers from the estimated relationship were years with generally warmer temperatures and higher inshore transport of surface waters. Oceanographic conditions and predation both appear to play an important role in pollock year-class success. Simultaneously accounting for both these factors in future models of pollock population dynamics may improve our understanding of the relative importance of those factors in determining pollock recruitment. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Livingston, PA (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE,Bldg 4, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 30 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 0 PU ALASKA SEA GRANT COLL PROGRAM PI FAIRBANKS PA UNIV ALASKA FAIRBANKS PO BOX 755040, FAIRBANKS, AK 99775-5040 USA BN 1-56612-057-8 J9 LOW WAKE FI PY 1998 VL 15 BP 663 EP 678 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Fisheries SC Computer Science; Fisheries GA BN15M UT WOS:000080877100035 ER PT B AU Brodziak, J Rago, P Conser, R AF Brodziak, J Rago, P Conser, R BE Funk, F Quinn, TJ Heifetz, J Ianelli, JN Powers, JE Schweigert, JF Sullivan, PJ Zhang, CI TI A general approach for making short-term stochastic projections from an age-structured fisheries assessment model SO FISHERY STOCK ASSESSMENT MODELS SE LOWELL WAKEFIELD FISHERIES SYMPOSIA SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Fishery Stock Assessment Models for the 21st-Century CY OCT 08-11, 1997 CL ANCHORAGE, AK ID ASSESSMENT ADVICE; CATCH; STOCK; UNCERTAINTY AB Catch-age analysis is a powerful tool for assessing the status of fisheries resources and catch-age analyses are routinely conducted for many commercially exploited fish stocks around the world. In this paper, we illustrate a general approach for making short-term stochastic projections from the ADAPT age-structured assessment model. Our approach uses the standard statistical. techniques of bootstrapping and Monte Carlo simulation to project performance measures such as landings, discards, spawning biomass, and recruitment under alternative management policies. The key idea is to propagate variability in estimates of initial stock size forward in stochastic projections of future possibilities. We use bootstrap replicates of current population size from an age-structured ADAPT model combined with a stochastic stock-recruitment relationship to simulate population trajectories through the projection horizon. The approach is illustrated for a commercially important New England groundfish, Georges Bank yellowtail flounder, Pleuronectes ferrugineus. Although hypothetical, this illustration provides some general insight for the rebuilding of the Georges Bank yellowtail flounder stock. C1 NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Brodziak, J (reprint author), NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NR 41 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ALASKA SEA GRANT COLL PROGRAM PI FAIRBANKS PA UNIV ALASKA FAIRBANKS PO BOX 755040, FAIRBANKS, AK 99775-5040 USA BN 1-56612-057-8 J9 LOW WAKE FI PY 1998 VL 15 BP 933 EP 954 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Fisheries SC Computer Science; Fisheries GA BN15M UT WOS:000080877100052 ER PT S AU Marx, E Malik, IJ Strausser, YE Bristow, T Poduje, N Stover, JC AF Marx, E Malik, IJ Strausser, YE Bristow, T Poduje, N Stover, JC BE Stover, JC TI Round robin determination of power spectral densities of different Si wafer surfaces SO FLATNESS, ROUGHNESS, AND DISCRETE DEFECTS CHARACTERIZATION FOR COMPUTER DISKS, WAFERS, AND FLAT PANEL DISPLAYS II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Flatness, Roughness, and Discrete Defects Characterization for Computer Disks, Wafers, and Flat Panel Displays II CY JAN 29-30, 1998 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE power spectral density; Si wafers; surface roughness; surface imaging AB Power spectral densities (PSDs) were used to characterize a set of surfaces over a wide range of lateral as well as perpendicular dimensions. Twelve 200-mm-diameter Si wafers were prepared and the surface finishes ranged from as-ground wafers to epitaxial wafers. The wafer surfaces were then measured with different methods: atomic force microscopy, angle-resolved light scatter, interferometric and stylus profilometries, and capacitance-based wafer thickness gages. The data were converted into one-dimensional PSDs and the curves were plotted as functions of spatial frequencies. The useful frequency range for each method is indicated and the differences in the calculated PSD values in the overlapping region of two or more methods are discussed. The method used to convert two-dimensional PSDs to one-dimensional ones is presented. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Marx, E (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2714-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3275 BP 26 EP 36 DI 10.1117/12.304409 PG 11 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Optics SC Engineering; Materials Science; Optics GA BK88T UT WOS:000073806800005 ER PT S AU Germer, TA AF Germer, TA BE Stover, JC TI Application of bidirectional ellipsometry to the characterization of roughness and defects in dielectric layers SO FLATNESS, ROUGHNESS, AND DISCRETE DEFECTS CHARACTERIZATION FOR COMPUTER DISKS, WAFERS, AND FLAT PANEL DISPLAYS II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Flatness, Roughness, and Discrete Defects Characterization for Computer Disks, Wafers, and Flat Panel Displays II CY JAN 29-30, 1998 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE bidirectional ellipsometry; dielectric films; microroughness; polarimetry; scatter; defects; surfaces AB The polarization of light scattered into directions out of the plane of incidence is calculated for microroughness, defects, or particles in or near a dielectric film on a substrate. The theories for microroughness and Rayleigh scatter in the presence of dielectric films are reviewed, and a method for calculating the Mueller matrix for scatter from multiple sources is described. The situation of a 1 mu m thick layer of SiO2 on a silicon substrate illuminated by p-polarized 633 nm light at a 60 degrees angle of incidence is used to demonstrate the model calculations. The polarization of scattered light is calculated for scatter from roughness at each of the interfaces separately and roughness of both interfaces when those roughnesses are correlated and uncorrelated. The scatter from a single Rayleigh defect is considered as a function of the position of that defect within the dielectric film, and the scatter from a random distribution of Rayleigh defects in the layer is calculated. The capability of distinguishing amongst different scattering sources is discussed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Germer, TA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2714-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3275 BP 121 EP 131 DI 10.1117/12.304397 PG 11 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Optics SC Engineering; Materials Science; Optics GA BK88T UT WOS:000073806800015 ER PT J AU Wineland, DJ Monroe, C Itano, WM King, BE Leibfried, D Meekhof, DM Myatt, C Wood, C AF Wineland, DJ Monroe, C Itano, WM King, BE Leibfried, D Meekhof, DM Myatt, C Wood, C TI Experimental primer on the trapped ion quantum computer SO FORTSCHRITTE DER PHYSIK-PROGRESS OF PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ZERO-POINT ENERGY; LOGIC GATE; PAUL TRAP; ERROR-CORRECTION; LASER; ATOM; SPECTROSCOPY; COMPUTATION; UNIVERSAL; NOISE AB The development of a quantum computer based on a system of trapped atomic ions is described, following the proposal of Cirac and Zoller. Initial results on a two-bit quantum logic gate are presented, and select experimental issues in scaling the system to larger numbers of ions and gates are treated. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Wineland, DJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Monroe, Christopher/G-8105-2011 NR 86 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 2 U2 10 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA MUHLENSTRASSE 33-34, D-13187 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0015-8208 J9 FORTSCHR PHYS JI Fortschritte Phys.-Prog. Phys. PY 1998 VL 46 IS 4-5 BP 363 EP 390 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1521-3978(199806)46:4/5<363::AID-PROP363>3.0.CO;2-4 PG 28 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA ZV450 UT WOS:000074305800003 ER PT J AU Raithel, G Phillips, WD Rolston, SL AF Raithel, G Phillips, WD Rolston, SL TI Decay of atomic wave-packet motion in optical lattices SO FORTSCHRITTE DER PHYSIK-PROGRESS OF PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Fundamental Problems in Quantum Theory Workshop CY AUG 04-07, 1997 CL UNIV MARYLAND BALTIMORE CTY, BALTIMORE, MARYLAND HO UNIV MARYLAND BALTIMORE CTY ID TEMPORAL BEHAVIOR; LOCALIZATION; COMPRESSION; MOLASSES; COLLAPSE; REVIVAL AB We study, experimentally and with quantum Monte-Carlo wave-function simulations, the effects of dispersion and dissipation on two types of spatial wave-packets of atoms in 1D and 3D optical lattices. Breathing-mode oscillations are excited by suddenly changing the potential depth after equilibration of the atoms at the lattice sites. The subsequent breathing-mode oscillations are measured using Bragg scattering. The second type of oscillations is prepared by suddenly shifting the lattice, thus exciting coherent-state-like wave-packets. These sloshing-type oscillations manifest themselves in a periodic photon redistribution between the lattice beams. We measure the resultant intensity exchange, which is a sensitive probe for the wave-packet evolution. For both types of wave-packets we observe an initial collapse within about three to six oscillation periods, a fact which we attribute to dephasing of the components of the wave-packets caused by the anharmonicity of the lattice potential. The initial collapse is followed by revivals of the wave-packets. Dissipation not only reduces the amplitude of these revivals but also modifies their shape and time of occurrence. In shallow lattices we observe that tunneling of the atoms between neighboring potential wells influences the wave-packet oscillations. C1 Univ Michigan, Randall Lab 2071, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Raithel, G (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Randall Lab 2071, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RI rolston, steven/L-5175-2013 OI rolston, steven/0000-0003-1671-4190 NR 19 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 4 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA MUHLENSTRASSE 33-34, D-13187 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0015-8208 J9 FORTSCHR PHYS JI Fortschritte Phys.-Prog. Phys. PY 1998 VL 46 IS 6-8 BP 791 EP 799 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1521-3978(199811)46:6/8<791::AID-PROP791>3.0.CO;2-U PG 9 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 140YW UT WOS:000077116700020 ER PT S AU Dunmore, FJ Hanssen, LM AF Dunmore, FJ Hanssen, LM BE deHaseth, JA TI Miniature Fourier transform instrument for radiation thermometry SO FOURIER TRANSFORM SPECTROSCOPY SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 11th International Conference on Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (ICOFTS 11) CY AUG 10-15, 1997 CL ATHENS, GA AB A miniature Fourier transform (FT) spectrometer has been tested as a device for remotely measuring the temperature of a high stability/emissivity blackbody. The commercially manufactured device is based on the novel design of a polarizing Wollaston prism spatial domain interferometer, with a Si diode array detector, and without any moving parts. The measurement of temperature using Planck's law showed a consistent nonlinear effect.This results in an error of the order of 1% for measurement of temperatures 500 K and above. Planned calibration measurements should reduce the nonlinearity related error and improve the FT temperature measurement. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Dunmore, FJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-746-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1998 IS 430 BP 415 EP 418 DI 10.1063/1.55769 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Chemistry, Physical; Instruments & Instrumentation; Polymer Science; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Instruments & Instrumentation; Polymer Science; Spectroscopy GA BL29A UT WOS:000075012400072 ER PT S AU Zhu, CJ Hanssen, LM AF Zhu, CJ Hanssen, LM BE deHaseth, JA TI Studies of a polystyrene wavenumber standard for infrared spectrophotometry SO FOURIER TRANSFORM SPECTROSCOPY SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 11th International Conference on Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (ICOFTS 11) CY AUG 10-15, 1997 CL ATHENS, GA AB Standard Reference Material (SRM) 1921 is a matte finish polystyrene film available from NIST for use in calibrating the wavenumber scale of spectrometers in the infrared spectral region from 515 cm(-1) to 3082 cm(-1). New results of the dependence of the calibrated peak values on measurement resolution and peak determination method are presented. Appropriate zero filling of the interferogram was found to significantly decrease peak value dependence on resolution. For any resolution less than or equal to 4 cm(-1), as determined by the center of gravity method, the peak values differ by amounts less than 0.01 cm(-1), the least significant digit of the calibration values specified in Ref. [2]. A method of extrapolating the peak minimum for an absorption band in the transmission spectrum was carried out through a chi square fit on a series of peak values obtained at different peak fractions of the same band. The extrapolated minimum peak values are presented for the first three bands of polystyrene. C1 NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Zhu, CJ (reprint author), NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-746-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1998 IS 430 BP 491 EP 494 DI 10.1063/1.55714 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Chemistry, Physical; Instruments & Instrumentation; Polymer Science; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Instruments & Instrumentation; Polymer Science; Spectroscopy GA BL29A UT WOS:000075012400091 ER PT J AU Rodriguez, H Akman, SA AF Rodriguez, H Akman, SA TI Enhancing the sensitivity of LMPCR for: Mapping oxidative genomic DNA damage SO FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Wake Forest Canc Ctr, Winston Salem, NC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0891-5849 J9 FREE RADICAL BIO MED JI Free Radic. Biol. Med. PY 1998 VL 25 SU 1 MA 303 BP S106 EP S106 DI 10.1016/S0891-5849(98)90328-8 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 139VP UT WOS:000077051400324 ER PT J AU Rodriguez, H Akman, SA AF Rodriguez, H Akman, SA TI Development of ligation-mediated PCR for mapping oxidative genomic DNA damage SO FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Wake Forest Univ, Ctr Canc, Winston Salem, NC 27109 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0891-5849 J9 FREE RADICAL BIO MED JI Free Radic. Biol. Med. PY 1998 VL 25 SU 1 MA 225 BP S78 EP S78 DI 10.1016/S0891-5849(98)90250-7 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 139VP UT WOS:000077051400245 ER PT J AU Senturker, S Bausch, C Laval, J Dizdaroglu, M AF Senturker, S Bausch, C Laval, J Dizdaroglu, M TI Excision of modified purines from oxidatively damaged DNA by Deinococcus radiodurans FPG protein SO FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Inst Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0891-5849 J9 FREE RADICAL BIO MED JI Free Radic. Biol. Med. PY 1998 VL 25 SU 1 MA 90 BP S39 EP S39 DI 10.1016/S0891-5849(98)90115-0 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 139VP UT WOS:000077051400110 ER PT J AU Rodriguez, H Akman, SA AF Rodriguez, H Akman, SA TI Mapping oxidative DNA damage at nucleotide level SO FREE RADICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE DNA damage; hydrogen peroxide; oxyradicals; cancer; aging ID COPPER; IRON; GENE; RESOLUTION; MUTATIONS; SPECTRUM; PLASMID; REPAIR AB DNA damage induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) is considered an important intermediate in the pathogenesis of human conditions such as cancer and aging. By developing an oxidative-induced DNA damage mapping version of the Ligation-mediated polymerase chain reaction (LMPCR) technique, we investigated the in vivo and in vitro frequencies of DNA base modifications caused by ROS in the human p53 and PGK1 gene. Intact human male fibroblasts were exposed to 50 mM H2O2, or purified genomic DNA was treated with 5 mM H2O2, 100 mu M Ascorbate, and 50 mu M, 100 mu M, or 100 mu M of Cu(II), Fe(III), or Cr(VI) respectively. The damage pattern generated in vivo was nearly identical to the in vitro Cu(II) or Fe(III) damage patterns; damage was non-random with guanine bases heavily damaged. Cr(VI) generated an in vitro damage pattern similar to the other metal ions, although several unique thymine positions were damaged. Also, extra nuclear sites are a major contributor of metal ions (or metal-like ligands). These data show that the local probability of H2O2-mediated DNA damage is determined by the primary DNA sequence, with chromatin structure having a limited effect. The data suggest a model in which DNA-metal ion binding domains can accommodate different metal-ions. LMPCR's unique aspect is a blunt-end ligation of an asymmetric double-stranded linker, permitting exponential PCR amplification. An important factor limiting the sensitivity of LMPCR is the representation of target gene DNA relative to non-targeted genes; therefore, we recently developed a method to eliminate excess non-targeted genomic DNA. Restriction enzyme-digested genomic DNA is size fractionated by Continuous Elution Electrophoresis (CEE), capturing the target sequence of interest. The amount of target DNA in the starting material for LMPCR is enriched, resulting in a stronger amplification signal. CEE provided a 24-fold increase in the signal strength attributable to strand breaks plus modified bases created by ROS in the human p53 and PGK1 genes, detected by LMPCR. We are currently taking advantage of the enhanced sensitivity of target gene-enriched LMPCR to map DNA damage induced in human breast epithelial cells exposed to non-cytotoxic concentrations of H2O2. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, DNA Technol Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Wake Forest Univ, Ctr Comprehens Canc, Dept Canc Biol, Winston Salem, NC 27157 USA. RP Rodriguez, H (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, DNA Technol Grp, Bldg 222,Room A353, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM henry.rodriguez@nist.gov NR 17 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU HARWOOD ACAD PUBL GMBH PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG1 8JL SN 1071-5762 J9 FREE RADICAL RES JI Free Radic. Res. PY 1998 VL 29 IS 6 BP 499 EP 510 DI 10.1080/10715769800300551 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 174TE UT WOS:000079050500005 PM 10098455 ER PT J AU Dizdaroglu, M AF Dizdaroglu, M TI Facts about the artifacts in the measurement of oxidative DNA base damage by gas chromatography mass spectrometry SO FREE RADICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE derivatization; DNA repair; formamidopyrimidines; gas chromatography mass spectrometry; 5-hydroxycytosine; 8-hydroxyguanine ID CULTURED-MAMMALIAN-CELLS; GENERATED FREE-RADICALS; COLI FPG PROTEIN; ELECTROCHEMICAL DETECTION; HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE; QUANTITATIVE-DETERMINATION; CHEMICAL DETERMINATION; SUBSTRATE-SPECIFICITY; IONIZING-RADIATION; HEPATIC CHROMATIN AB Recently, several papers reported an artifactual formation of a number of modified bases from intact DNA bases during derivatization of DNA hydrolysates to be analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS). These reports dealt with 8-hydroxyguanine (8-OH-Gua), 5-hydroxycytosine (5-OH-Cyt), 8-hydroxyadenine (8-OH-Ade), 5-hydroxymethyluracil (5-OHMeUra) and 5-formyluracil that represent only a small percentage of the 20 or so modified DNA bases that can be analyzed by GC/MS. Removal of intact DNA bases by prepurification of calf thymus DNA hydrolysates using HPLC was shown to prevent artifactual formation of these modified bases during derivatization. It needs to be emphasized that the procedures for hydrolysis of DNA and derivatization of DNA hydrolysates used in these papers substantially differed from the established procedures previously described. Furthermore, a large number of relevant papers reporting the levels of these modified bases in DNA of various sources have been ignored. Interestingly, the levels of modified bases reported in the literature were not as high as those reported prior to prepurification. Most values for the level of 5-OH-Cyt were even lower than the level measured after prepurification. Levels of 8-OH-Ade were quite close to, or even the same as, or smaller than the level reported after prepurification. The same holds true for 5-OHMeUra and 8-OH-Gua. All these facts raise the question of the validity of the claims about the measurement of these modified DNA bases by GC/MS. A recent paper reported a complete destruction of 2,6-diamino-4-hydroxy-5-formamidopyrimidin (FapyGua) and 4,6-diamino-5-formamidopyrimidine (FapyAde) by formic acid under the conditions of DNA hydrolysis prior to GC/MS. The complete destruction of FapyGua and FapyAde by formic acid is in disagreement with the data on these compounds in the literature. These two compounds were measured by GC/MS following formic acid hydrolysis for many years in our laboratory and by other researchers with no difficulties. These facts clearly raise the question of the validity of the claims made about the previous measurements of these compounds by GC/MS. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Dizdaroglu, M (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Bell, Tiffany/F-4403-2010 NR 62 TC 63 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 6 PU HARWOOD ACAD PUBL GMBH PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG1 8JL SN 1071-5762 J9 FREE RADICAL RES JI Free Radic. Res. PY 1998 VL 29 IS 6 BP 551 EP 563 DI 10.1080/10715769800300591 PG 13 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 174TE UT WOS:000079050500009 PM 10098459 ER PT J AU Mottl, MJ Wheat, G Baker, E Becker, N Davis, E Feely, R Grehan, A Kadko, D Lilley, M Massoth, G Moyer, C Sansone, F AF Mottl, MJ Wheat, G Baker, E Becker, N Davis, E Feely, R Grehan, A Kadko, D Lilley, M Massoth, G Moyer, C Sansone, F TI Warm springs discovered on 3.5 Ma oceanic crust, eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge SO GEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HYDROTHERMAL CIRCULATION; HEAT-FLOW; FLUXES AB We have located warm springs on an isolated basement outcrop on 3.5 Ma crust on the eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge in the northeast Pacific Ocean, These are the first ridge-flank hydrothermal springs discovered on crust older than 1 Ma, The springs are venting altered seawater at 25.0 degrees C along a fault near the summit of Baby Bare outcrop, a high point along a ridge-axis-parallel basement ridge that is otherwise buried by turbidite sediment. Baby Bare is a small volcano that probably erupted off-axis ca, 1.7 Ma; it is thermally extinct, but acts as a high-permeability conduit for venting of basement fluids, The springs have been sampled from the manned submersible Alvin. Compared with the ambient ocean bottom water they are heavily depleted in Mg, alkalinity, CO2, sulfate, K, Li, U, O-2, nitrate, and phosphate, and enriched in Ca, chlorinity, ammonia, Fe, Mn, H2S, H-2, CH4, Rn-222, and Ra-226. The springs appear to support a community of thysirid clams, Although we saw no obvious bacterial mats, the surficial sediments contain the highest biomass concentrations ever measured in the deep sea, based on their phospholipid phosphate content. Areal integration of Alvin heat-flow and pore-water velocity data yields flux estimates of 4-13 L/s and 2-3 MW for the total (diffuse and focused) hydrothermal output from Baby Bare, comparable to that from a black smoker vent on the ridge axis. Warm springs such as those on Baby Bare mag be important for global geochemical fluxes. C1 Univ Hawaii, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Alaska, Inst Ocean Sci, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Geol Survey Canada, Pacific Geosci Ctr, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada. Natl Univ Ireland Univ Coll Galway, Marine Resources Inst, Galway, Ireland. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Western Washington Univ, Dept Biol, Bellingham, WA 98225 USA. RP Mottl, MJ (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RI Sansone, Francis/B-9915-2013; Wright, Dawn/A-4518-2011 OI Wright, Dawn/0000-0002-2997-7611 NR 18 TC 101 Z9 103 U1 1 U2 17 PU ASSOC ENGINEERING GEOLOGISTS GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY AMER PI COLLEGE STN PA TEXAS A & M UNIV, DEPT GEOLOGY & GEOPHYSICS, COLLEGE STN, TX 77843-3115 USA SN 0091-7613 J9 GEOLOGY JI Geology PD JAN PY 1998 VL 26 IS 1 BP 51 EP 54 DI 10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026<0051:WSDOMO>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Geology SC Geology GA YR155 UT WOS:000071465600013 ER PT J AU Kozelova, TV Lazutin, LL Kozelov, BV Rasinkangas, R Kort, A Zinger, G AF Kozelova, TV Lazutin, LL Kozelov, BV Rasinkangas, R Kort, A Zinger, G TI Dynamics of proton flow growth during a substorm observed by CRRES SO GEOMAGNETIZM I AERONOMIYA LA Russian DT Article ID PLASMA; INJECTION; ORBIT; SHEET C1 Russian Acad Sci, Polar Geophys Inst, Apatity, Russia. Univ Oulu, Oulu, Finland. Max Planck Inst Aeron, Katlenburg Landau, Germany. NOAA, Space Atmosphere Lab, Boulder, CO USA. RP Kozelova, TV (reprint author), Russian Acad Sci, Polar Geophys Inst, Apatity, Russia. RI Kozelova, Tamara/N-2760-2013; Kozelov, Boris/N-2731-2013 OI Kozelova, Tamara/0000-0002-9942-7041; Kozelov, Boris/0000-0003-2738-2443 NR 19 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 4 PU MEZHDUNARODNAYA KNIGA PI MOSCOW PA 39 DIMITROVA UL., 113095 MOSCOW, RUSSIA SN 0016-7940 J9 GEOMAGN AERON+ JI Geomagn. Aeron. PD JAN-FEB PY 1998 VL 38 IS 1 BP 74 EP 86 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA ZB725 UT WOS:000072501300008 ER PT J AU Scheirer, DS Baker, ET Johnson, KTM AF Scheirer, DS Baker, ET Johnson, KTM TI Detection of hydrothermal plumes along the Southeast Indian Ridge near the Amsterdam-St Paul plateau SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID REYKJANES RIDGE; TRIPLE JUNCTION; RODRIGUEZ AB A new self-contained profiling instrument, attached to 91 lowerings of waxcores and dredges along a 1600 km stretch of the Southeast Indian Ridge, found six sites having optical back-scatter anomalies indicative of hydrothermal plumes from high-temperature seafloor venting. At five other sites, back-scatter anomalies were less distinct, and at the remaining sites, anomalies were absent. These are the first documented hydrothermal sites along this intermediate-rate spreading center and are among the very few yet discovered in the Indian Ocean basin. Some profiles complex back-scatter anomalies suggestive of sources of seafloor discharge. At one site, near bottom temperature anomalies of similar to 0.1 degrees C and the recovery of a vent-specific barnacle provide the first precise seafloor location of active venting in the deep Indian Ocean. Although this study is only reconnaissance in nature, venting along this portion of the SEIR appears to be significantly less than predicted by global correlations of plume incidence as a function of spreading rate. Nevertheless, these sites may be important as biological connections between distinct faunal assemblages of Atlantic and Pacific vent fields. C1 Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Providence, RI 02912 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, HI 96817 USA. RP Scheirer, DS (reprint author), Brown Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Box 1846, Providence, RI 02912 USA. NR 17 TC 33 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JAN 1 PY 1998 VL 25 IS 1 BP 97 EP 100 DI 10.1029/97GL03443 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA YQ302 UT WOS:000071371700027 ER PT B AU Andrus, RD Chung, RM Stokoe, KH Bay, JA AF Andrus, RD Chung, RM Stokoe, KH Bay, JA BE Robertson, PK Mayne, PW TI Delineation of densified sand at Treasure Island by SASW testing SO GEOTECHNICAL SITE CHARACTERIZATION, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on Site Characterization (ISC 98) CY APR 19-22, 1998 CL ATLANTA, GA AB Areas of improved and unimproved soil near berthing Pier 1 at Treasure Island, California, were investigated by the Spectral-Analysis-of-Surface-Waves (SASW) test. The upper 12 m of sand fill beneath the approach to the pier had been densified by a vibrating probe technique in 1985. The area of improved soil performed well during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, while sinkholes, sand boils and cracks formed in the adjacent unimproved areas. The SASW tests were conducted on a 240 m-long alignment that extended across the area of improved soil. Average shear wave velocities determined for the densified and undensified sand fill below the water table were 192 m/s and 167 m/s, respectively. Two simplified liquefaction assessment procedures based on shear wave velocity correctly predicted no liquefaction for the densified sand, and marginal liquefaction for the undensified sand. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Andrus, RD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5410-939-4 PY 1998 BP 459 EP 464 PG 6 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Geological SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering GA BK94N UT WOS:000073920600062 ER PT B AU Feng, SC Zhang, Y AF Feng, SC Zhang, Y BE Jacucci, G Olling, GJ Preiss, K Wozny, MJ TI A manufacturing planning and execution software integration architecture SO GLOBALIZATION OF MANUFACTURING IN THE DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS ERA OF THE 21ST CENTURY: INNOVATION, AGILITY, AND THE VIRTUAL ENTERPRISE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th International PROLAMAT Conference (PROLAMAT 98) CY SEP 09-12, 1998 CL TRENT, ITALY SP Int Federat Informat Proc WG5 2 WG5 3, Univ Trento Sch Engn Dept Comp & Management Sci, Inst Trentino Cultura DE interoperability; manufacturing execution; manufacturing software; process planning; integration architectures; systems integration AB Process planning and manufacturing execution are two major functions in a product development cycle. Industries require these functions to be able to plug and play with other related manufacturing applications, such as design, resource planning, production scheduling, and equipment control. There are information barriers to interoperability among commercial systems in these areas. Based on the activity models for process planning and manufacturing execution, a set of foundation interfaces has been developed to cope with the problem. The interfaces are expected to evolve as the new technology and industrial practices emerge. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Syst Integrat Div, Mfg Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Feng, SC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Syst Integrat Div, Mfg Engn Lab, Metrol Bldg A-127, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS PI NORWELL PA 101 PHILIP DRIVE, ASSINIPPI PARK, NORWELL, MA 02061 USA BN 0-412-83540-1 PY 1998 BP 363 EP 373 PG 11 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Engineering, Industrial; Engineering, Manufacturing; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Engineering; Telecommunications GA BM24N UT WOS:000078164800029 ER PT B AU Choi, JS Lee, HH AF Choi, JS Lee, HH GP IEEE IEEE TI A dynamic wavelength allocation scheme with status information for fixed- and variable-length messages SO GLOBECOM 98: IEEE GLOBECOM 1998 - CONFERENCE RECORD, VOLS 1-6: THE BRIDGE TO GLOBAL INTEGRATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM 98) CY NOV 08-12, 1998 CL SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA SP IEEE Network World, IEEE Commun Soc, ICC Globecom, Telstra, Ericsson, Siemens, Lucent Technol, ALC-TEL, Cisco Syst, World Com, Csiro, NORTEL, Fujitsu, Hewlett Packard, IBM, Motorola ID PASSIVE STAR TOPOLOGY; NETWORKS; PROTOCOLS AB In this paper, we propose a new multiple access protocol to support both fixed- and variable-length messages, in a wavelength division multiple access (WDM) based local network using a passive star coupler. The proposed protocol is the dynamic wavelength allocation scheme based on contention-based reservation protocol. In the proposed protocol, a whole message can be transmitted after the first reservation of the control channel is successfully completed. To reserve the subsequent slots, the status information is used, instead of the control channel. Moreover, the data channels are dynamically allocated to the nodes that win the reservation. Thus, the proposed protocol can reduce the probability of the control and data channel conflicts, and uses the same data channel while transmitting a whole message. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Washington, DC 20418 USA. RP Choi, JS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Washington, DC 20418 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-4985-7 PY 1998 BP 2358 EP 2362 PG 5 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Engineering; Telecommunications GA BN33U UT WOS:000081660200392 ER PT S AU Coriell, SR Murray, BT Chernov, AA McFadden, GB AF Coriell, SR Murray, BT Chernov, AA McFadden, GB BE Andrews, JB Alexander, JID TI The effect of a shear flow on the morphological stability of a vicinal face: Growth from a supersaturated solution SO GRAVITATIONAL EFFECTS IN FLUID AND MATERIALS SCIENCE SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT G0 1 Symposium of COSPAR Scientific-Commission-G on Gravitational Effects in Fluid and Materials Science at the 31st COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY JUL 14-21, 1996 CL BIRMINGHAM, ENGLAND SP Int Council Sci Unions, Comm Space Res, UN, Off Outer Space Affairs ID KINETIC SELF-STABILIZATION; STEPPED INTERFACE; BINARY ALLOY; SOLIDIFICATION; MELT AB The effect of a parallel shear flow and anisotropic interface kinetics on the onset of instability during growth from a supersaturated solution is analyzed. The model used for anisotropy is based on the microscopic picture of step motion. A shear flow (linear Couette flow or asymptotic suction profile) parallel to the crystal-solution interface in the same direction as the step motion decreases interface stability. A shear how counter to the step motion enhances stability and for sufficiently large shear rates the interface is absolutely morphologically stable. For large wave numbers, the perturbed flow field can be neglected and a simple analytic approximation for the stability-instability demarcation is found. (C) 1998 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Space Res Assoc, Huntsville, AL 35806 USA. NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35806 USA. RP Coriell, SR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI McFadden, Geoffrey/A-7920-2008 OI McFadden, Geoffrey/0000-0001-6723-2103 NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON PRESS LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD LANGFORD LANE KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 BN 0-08-043472-X J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 1998 VL 22 IS 8 BP 1153 EP 1158 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(98)00158-6 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Mechanics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Mechanics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL84P UT WOS:000076921000001 ER PT S AU Andrews, JB Hayes, LJ Arikawa, Y Coriell, SR AF Andrews, JB Hayes, LJ Arikawa, Y Coriell, SR BE Andrews, JB Alexander, JID TI Microgravity processing of immiscible aluminum-indium alloys SO GRAVITATIONAL EFFECTS IN FLUID AND MATERIALS SCIENCE SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT G0 1 Symposium of COSPAR Scientific-Commission-G on Gravitational Effects in Fluid and Materials Science at the 31st COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY JUL 14-21, 1996 CL BIRMINGHAM, ENGLAND SP Int Council Sci Unions, Comm Space Res, UN, Off Outer Space Affairs ID LIQUID AB This paper addresses the Coupled Growth in Hypermonotectics experiment carried out aboard NASA's Life and Microgravity Spacelab Mission which took place from June 10 to July 7, 1996. The experiment involved the directional solidification of hypermonotectic (immiscible) alloys in an attempt to obtain steady-state, coupled growth conditions by processing under microgravity conditions. Processing was carried out utilizing the Advanced Gradient Heating Facility directional solidification furnace in order to obtain the high thermal gradients and controlled growth rates required for stability. Solidification under the proper growth conditions was expected to lead to interface stability and the production of a desired aligned fibrous microstructure even for hypermonotectic alloys. The paper covers the objectives of the experiment and a discussion of the anticipated results. While microstructural information is not yet available at the time of writing, results will be presented on the thermal gradients and growth rates obtained and how these compared with predictions. (C) 1998 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Univ Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Andrews, JB (reprint author), Univ Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON PRESS LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD LANGFORD LANE KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 BN 0-08-043472-X J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 1998 VL 22 IS 8 BP 1241 EP 1244 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(98)00154-9 PG 4 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Mechanics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Mechanics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL84P UT WOS:000076921000014 ER PT B AU Hackley, VA Paik, U AF Hackley, VA Paik, U BE Hackley, VA Texter, J TI Electroacoustic analysis in processing of advanced ceramics SO HANDBOOK ON ULTRASONIC AND DIELECTRIC CHARACTERIZATION TECHNIQUES FOR SUSPENDED PARTICULATES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Ultrasonic and Dielectric Characterization Techniques for Suspended Particulates CY AUG 04-06, 1997 CL NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL, GAITHERSBURG, MD SP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Amer Ceram Soc, Amer Chem Soc, Div Colloid & Surface Chem, Petr Res Fund, Eastman Kodak Co, Dispersion Technol Inc, Malvern Instruments Inc HO NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL AB The application of single-frequency electrokinetic sonic amplitude (ESA) measurements in the characterization and processing of advanced ceramic materials is reviewed. Examples from a variety of systems are used to illustrate advantages and limitations of this method. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hackley, VA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-8720 USA BN 1-57498-034-3 PY 1998 BP 191 EP 204 PG 14 WC Chemistry, Applied; Chemistry, Physical; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Chemistry; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science GA BM05Q UT WOS:000077530600011 ER PT J AU Beaver, B Rawlings, D Neta, P Alfassi, ZB Das, TN AF Beaver, B Rawlings, D Neta, P Alfassi, ZB Das, TN TI Structural effects on the reactivity of substituted arylphosphines as potential oxygen-scavenging additives for future jet fuels SO HETEROATOM CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID RATE CONSTANTS; RADICALS AB Efforts to develop oxygen-scavenging additives for future let fuels (JP-900) are presented. Results from radiolytic experiments are used to develop structure-reactivity relationships for electron-transfer-initiated oxygenation (ETIO) of variously substituted arylphosphines. (C) 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. C1 Duquesne Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Pittsburgh, PA 15282 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Beaver, B (reprint author), Duquesne Univ, Dept Chem & Biochem, Pittsburgh, PA 15282 USA. NR 14 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 7 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 1042-7163 J9 HETEROATOM CHEM JI Heteroatom Chem. PY 1998 VL 9 IS 2 SI SI BP 133 EP 138 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1071(1998)9:2<133::AID-HC6>3.0.CO;2-D PG 6 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA ZE891 UT WOS:000072842000006 ER PT S AU Egelhoff, WF Chen, PJ Powell, CJ Parks, D McMichael, R Judy, JH Martien, D Berkowitz, AE Daughton, JM AF Egelhoff, WF Chen, PJ Powell, CJ Parks, D McMichael, R Judy, JH Martien, D Berkowitz, AE Daughton, JM BE Bain, J Levy, M Lorenzo, J Nolan, T Okamura, Y Rubin, K Stadler, B Wolfe, R TI Surface effects in the growth of giant magnetoresistance spin valves SO HIGH-DENSITY MAGNETIC RECORDING AND INTEGRATED MAGNETO-OPTICS: MATERIALS AND DEVICES SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium L on Materials for High-Density Magnetic Recording / Symposium M on Integrated Magneto-Optics at the MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 12-16, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc, Commonwealth Sci Corp, Headway Technol, IBM Corp, Intevac, Komag Inc, Seagate Corp, Stor Media C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Egelhoff, WF (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI McMichael, Robert/J-8688-2012; OI McMichael, Robert/0000-0002-1372-664X NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-423-8 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 517 BP 9 EP 12 PG 4 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Materials Science; Physics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BL83P UT WOS:000076893400002 ER PT S AU Della Torre, E Bennett, LH Swartzendruber, LJ AF Della Torre, E Bennett, LH Swartzendruber, LJ BE Bain, J Levy, M Lorenzo, J Nolan, T Okamura, Y Rubin, K Stadler, B Wolfe, R TI Modeling complex aftereffect behavior in recording materials using a Preisach-Arrhenius approach SO HIGH-DENSITY MAGNETIC RECORDING AND INTEGRATED MAGNETO-OPTICS: MATERIALS AND DEVICES SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium L on Materials for High-Density Magnetic Recording / Symposium M on Integrated Magneto-Optics at the MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 12-16, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc, Commonwealth Sci Corp, Headway Technol, IBM Corp, Intevac, Komag Inc, Seagate Corp, Stor Media AB A Preisach-Arrhenius aftereffect model, that accurately calculates the entire relaxation process, including the linear log-time region, is used to describe some other characteristics of the time decay. The location of the peak of the decay coefficient is shown to be less than the peak of the irreversible coercivity by an amount that is a function of the standard deviation of the critical field, the fluctuating field, and the moving parameter. The model computes a magnetization decay that includes nonmonotonic behavior under certain circumstances, depending upon the applied field history. A conclusion of this paper is that procedures for accelerated testing of magnetic media are suspect. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Della Torre, E (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-423-8 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 517 BP 291 EP 296 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Materials Science; Physics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BL83P UT WOS:000076893400043 ER PT S AU Swartzendruber, LJ Bennett, LH Della Torre, E Brown, HJ Judy, JH AF Swartzendruber, LJ Bennett, LH Della Torre, E Brown, HJ Judy, JH BE Bain, J Levy, M Lorenzo, J Nolan, T Okamura, Y Rubin, K Stadler, B Wolfe, R TI Behavior of magnetic aftereffect along a magnetization reversal curve in a metal particle recording material SO HIGH-DENSITY MAGNETIC RECORDING AND INTEGRATED MAGNETO-OPTICS: MATERIALS AND DEVICES SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium L on Materials for High-Density Magnetic Recording / Symposium M on Integrated Magneto-Optics at the MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 12-16, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc, Commonwealth Sci Corp, Headway Technol, IBM Corp, Intevac, Komag Inc, Seagate Corp, Stor Media AB Experimental measurements of the aftereffect along a magnetization reversal curve are compared with the predictions of a Preisach-Arrhenius model for a high density particulate recording medium. The Preisach parameters are determined from the measurement of the major hysteresis loop and the remanence loop. The Arrhenius parameters were determined from a single aftereffect curve. It was then found that the model gives good qualitative agreement with both the initial slope and, for the case in which the aftereffect is not monotonic, the peak value of the aftereffect. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Swartzendruber, LJ (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-423-8 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 517 BP 355 EP 360 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Materials Science; Physics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BL83P UT WOS:000076893400052 ER PT J AU McClure, JL Miiller, AP AF McClure, JL Miiller, AP TI Professor Ared Cezairliyan (1934-1997) - In memoriam SO HIGH TEMPERATURES-HIGH PRESSURES LA English DT Biographical-Item C1 Prince Georges Community Coll, Largo, MD 20772 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD USA. RP McClure, JL (reprint author), Prince Georges Community Coll, Largo, MD 20772 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PION LTD PI LONDON PA 207 BRONDESBURY PARK, LONDON NW2 5JN, ENGLAND SN 0018-1544 J9 HIGH TEMP-HIGH PRESS JI High Temp.-High Press. PY 1998 VL 30 IS 4 BP 383 EP 385 DI 10.1068/htob3 PG 3 WC Thermodynamics; Mechanics; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Thermodynamics; Mechanics; Materials Science GA 150WH UT WOS:000077688500002 ER PT J AU Link, J AF Link, J TI Dynamics of lake herring (Coregonus artedi) reactive volume for different crustacean zooplankton SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE planktivory; reactive volume; size-selectivity; predator-prey interactions; Great Lakes; fish feeding ecology ID BLUEGILL LEPOMIS-MACROCHIRUS; PLANKTIVOROUS FISH; PREY VULNERABILITY; PREDATION; MODEL; SIZE; SELECTIVITY; ALEWIFE; FIELD; PROBABILITIES AB Lake herring (Coregonus artedi) can drastically alter the zooplankton community of a lake through size-selective predation. I studied the first step in the predation sequence, reaction to prey, for different zooplankton taxa by lake herring. Reactive distance was significantly shorter for smaller zooplankton taxa (p < 0.0001). Reactive volume was calculated from measured distances and angles of elevation and bearing. This volume augments the reactive distance data and showed a three dimensional geometry, roughly analogous to a deflated basketball, that is amenable to a cruising style of planktivory. Reactive volume is dynamic with respect to variations in prey size (p < 0.001). Reactive volume is a refined measure of a 'reaction' by fish to a prey item than are simple, linear distances or other, assumed shapes. Thus, for a cruising planktivore, three dimensions need to be considered. C1 Michigan Technol Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. RP Link, J (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 166 Water St, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 40 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 6 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PY 1998 VL 368 BP 101 EP 110 DI 10.1023/A:1003273410214 PG 10 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 125WH UT WOS:000076259700011 ER PT S AU Karmonik, C Udovic, TJ Rush, JJ AF Karmonik, C Udovic, TJ Rush, JJ BE Nickel, NH Jackson, WB Bowman, RC Leisure, RG TI Hydrogen motion in lanthanum hydrides by means of quasielastic neutron scattering SO HYDROGEN IN SEMICONDUCTORS AND METALS SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Hydrogen in Semiconductors and Metals at the Materials-Research-Society Spring Meeting CY APR 13-17, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc AB The hydrogen dynamics in LaHx was studied for different concentrations x greater than or equal to 2.5 at different temperatures by quasielastic neutron scattering. The neutron spectra show the existence of both long-range translational diffusion and localized motion. The prefactor of the jump rate for the first process exhibits a maximum around x = 2.75. The radius for the second motion is in agreement with neutron powder diffraction measurements which support a localized motion of H confined in an octahedral site. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Karmonik, C (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-419-X J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 513 BP 149 EP 154 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Physics GA BL49B UT WOS:000075688000018 ER PT S AU Paul, RL Lindstrom, RM AF Paul, RL Lindstrom, RM BE Nickel, NH Jackson, WB Bowman, RC Leisure, RG TI Determination of hydrogen in metals, semiconductors, and other materials by cold neutron prompt gamma-ray activation analysis SO HYDROGEN IN SEMICONDUCTORS AND METALS SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Hydrogen in Semiconductors and Metals at the Materials-Research-Society Spring Meeting CY APR 13-17, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc AB Cold neutron prompt gamma-ray activation analysis has proven useful for nondestructive measurement of trace hydrogen. The sample is irradiated in a beam of neutrons; the presence of hydrogen is confirmed by the emission of a 2223 keV gamma-ray. Detection limits for hydrogen are 3 mg/kg in quartz and 8 mg/kg in titanium. We have used the technique to measure hydrogen in titanium alloys, germanium, quartz, fullerenes and their derivatives, and other materials. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Paul, RL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-419-X J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 513 BP 185 EP 190 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Physics GA BL49B UT WOS:000075688000024 ER PT S AU Chen-Mayer, HH Mildner, DFR Lamaze, GP Lindstrom, RM Paul, RL Kvardakov, VV Richards, WJ AF Chen-Mayer, HH Mildner, DFR Lamaze, GP Lindstrom, RM Paul, RL Kvardakov, VV Richards, WJ BE Nickel, NH Jackson, WB Bowman, RC Leisure, RG TI Concentration of hydrogen in titanium measured by neutron incoherent scattering SO HYDROGEN IN SEMICONDUCTORS AND METALS SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Hydrogen in Semiconductors and Metals at the Materials-Research-Society Spring Meeting CY APR 13-17, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc AB Mass fractions of hydrogen in titanium matrices have been measured using neutron incoherent scattering (NIS) and compared with results from prompt gamma activation analysis (PGAA). Qualitatively, NIS is a more efficient technique than PGAA which involves neutron absorption, and the former may be suitable for on-line analysis. However, for NIS the scattering contribution comes from both the hydrogen and the matrix, whereas prompt gamma emission has minimal matrix effect. To isolate the signal due to hydrogen scattering, a set of polypropylene films is used to simulate the increasing amount of hydrogen, and the scattered intensity is monitored. From this response, an unknown amount of the hydrogen can be deduced empirically. We have further attempted a first principle calculation of the intensity of the scattered signal from the experimental systems, and have obtained good agreement between calculation and the measurements. The study can be used as a reference for future applications of the scattering method to other hydrogen-in-metal systems. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Chen-Mayer, HH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 2 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-419-X J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 513 BP 191 EP 196 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Physics GA BL49B UT WOS:000075688000025 ER PT S AU Udovic, TJ Huang, Q Rush, JJ AF Udovic, TJ Huang, Q Rush, JJ BE Nickel, NH Jackson, WB Bowman, RC Leisure, RG TI Neutron scattering studies of the structures and vibrational dynamics of the HCP rare-earth trihydrides SO HYDROGEN IN SEMICONDUCTORS AND METALS SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Hydrogen in Semiconductors and Metals at the Materials-Research-Society Spring Meeting CY APR 13-17, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc AB Both neutron-powder-diffraction and neutron-vibrational-spectroscopy studies have been undertaken to characterize the structures and vibrational dynamics of a variety of bulk hcp rare-earth trihydrides RH3 (where R=Y, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, and Lu). The results are consistent with P (3) over bar c1 as the prevalent structural symmetry for all trihydrides investigated except LuH3. Corresponding results for LuH3 are suggestive of an atypical arrangement of H atoms. Preliminary analyses of LuD3 diffraction patterns indicate that the main peaks can be satisfactorily modeled using P6(3)/mmc symmetry with a reduced unit cell, although numerous minor diffraction features and a relatively unusual vibrational spectrum hint at either a more complex structure or an unknown secondary phase. The deviations from P (3) over bar c1 symmetry are likely a consequence of the relatively smaller metal-hydrogen bond distances for LuH3. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Udovic, TJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-419-X J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 513 BP 197 EP 201 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Physics GA BL49B UT WOS:000075688000026 ER PT S AU Lindstrom, RM Paul, RL AF Lindstrom, RM Paul, RL BE Nickel, NH Jackson, WB Bowman, RC Leisure, RG TI Standards for hydrogen in titanium alloy SO HYDROGEN IN SEMICONDUCTORS AND METALS SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Hydrogen in Semiconductors and Metals at the Materials-Research-Society Spring Meeting CY APR 13-17, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc AB Mass-fraction standards of dilute hydrogen in titanium alloy are prepared by direct reaction of the elements, and verified by cold-neutron prompt-gamma activation analysis. The procedure is applied to the production and characterization of Standard Reference Materials. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lindstrom, RM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, B125 Bldg 235, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-419-X J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 513 BP 283 EP 286 PG 4 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Physics GA BL49B UT WOS:000075688000038 ER PT J AU Huang, XP Bollinger, JJ Itano, WM Tan, JN Jelenkovic, B Mitchell, TB Wineland, DJ AF Huang, XP Bollinger, JJ Itano, WM Tan, JN Jelenkovic, B Mitchell, TB Wineland, DJ TI Structure and control of Coulomb crystals in a Penning trap SO HYPERFINE INTERACTIONS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Euroconference on Atomic Physics with Stored Highly Charged Ions CY SEP 22-26, 1997 CL FERRARA, ITALY DE Penning trap; Coulomb crystals; Bragg diffraction ID ONE-COMPONENT PLASMA; MONTE-CARLO CALCULATIONS; EQUATION; ENERGY; STATE AB We apply rotating electric fields to ion plasmas in a Penning trap to obtain phase-locked rotation about the magnetic field axis. These plasmas, containing up to 10(6) (9)Be(+) ions, are laser-cooled to millikelvin temperatures so that they freeze into solids. Single body-centered cubic (bcc) crystals have been observed by Bragg scattering in nearly spherical plasmas with greater than or similar to 2 x 10(5) ions. The detection of the Bragg patterns is synchronized with the plasma rotation, so individual peaks are observed. With phase-locked rotation, the crystal lattice and its orientation can be stable for longer than 30 min or similar to 10(8) rotations. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Huang, XP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, MS 847, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 21 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3843 J9 HYPERFINE INTERACT JI Hyperfine Interact. PY 1998 VL 115 IS 1-4 BP 41 EP 45 DI 10.1023/A:1012628101250 PG 5 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Condensed Matter; Physics, Nuclear SC Physics GA 144KA UT WOS:000077312700007 ER PT J AU Indelicato, P Mohr, PJ AF Indelicato, P Mohr, PJ TI 6s and 8d state self-energy for hydrogen-like ions and new results on the self-energy screening SO HYPERFINE INTERACTIONS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Euroconference on Atomic Physics with Stored Highly Charged Ions CY SEP 22-26, 1997 CL FERRARA, ITALY DE all-order self-energy; self-energy screening ID LAMB-SHIFT CALCULATIONS; STRONG COULOMB FIELD; ATOMIC-HYDROGEN AB We use a recently published method for the renormalization of the self-energy to calculate the self-energy of 6s and 8d levels to all orders in Z alpha. We demonstrate the accuracy of the method and its potential for high-n, low-Z applications. We also show that this method is perfectly suited for the evaluation of the two-electron self-energy (self-energy screening). For the first time, evaluation of the screening of the 1s electron by a second one in either the 1s, 2s, 2p(1/2) Or 2p(3/2) shells has been performed, for 30 less than or equal to Z less than or equal to 92. C1 Ecole Normale Super, Lab Kastler Brossel, CNRS, UA 18, F-75252 Paris 05, France. Univ Paris 06, F-75252 Paris, France. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Indelicato, P (reprint author), Ecole Normale Super, Lab Kastler Brossel, CNRS, UA 18, F-75252 Paris 05, France. EM paul@lpan.jussieu.fr; mohr@nist.gov RI Indelicato, Paul/D-7636-2011 OI Indelicato, Paul/0000-0003-4668-8958 NR 17 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU BALTZER SCI PUBL BV PI BUSSUM PA PO BOX 221, 1400 AE BUSSUM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3843 J9 HYPERFINE INTERACT JI Hyperfine Interact. PY 1998 VL 114 IS 1-4 BP 147 EP 153 DI 10.1023/A:1012622505367 PG 7 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Condensed Matter; Physics, Nuclear SC Physics GA 144JY UT WOS:000077312400015 ER PT B AU Connelly, BA Pomerleau, RT AF Connelly, BA Pomerleau, RT BE Shen, HT TI A river ice monitoring network in the north central United States SO ICE IN SURFACE WATERS, VOL 1 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 14th International Symposium on Ice CY JUL 27-31, 1998 CL POTSDAM, NY SP Int Assoc Hydraul Res, Natl Sci Fdn, USA, Res Off, New York Power Author AB River ice jams cause over $100 million in damages annually in the United States. Efforts to forecast ice jams or to mitigate the problems caused by ice jams have often suffered from a lack of data. In response to this problem, a group of federal and state agencies are building a cooperative river ice monitoring network for rivers in the North Central United States. Observers collect river ice data and submit it to a central database which is accessible via the Internet. The Internet website supplies other information including river ice glossaries and photographs, descriptions of ice jam mitigation techniques, archived ice jam data, and plots of accumulated freezing degree days (AFDD) over time. Future activities will include the expansion of the network and the development of ice jam prediction models. C1 N Cent River Forecast Ctr, Natl Weather Serv, Chanhassen, MN 55317 USA. RP Connelly, BA (reprint author), N Cent River Forecast Ctr, Natl Weather Serv, Chanhassen, MN 55317 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5410-972-6 PY 1998 BP 31 EP 34 PG 4 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA BL78G UT WOS:000076720100005 ER PT B AU Assel, RA Herche, LR AF Assel, RA Herche, LR BE Shen, HT TI Ice-on, ice-off, and ice duration for lakes and rivers with long-term records SO ICE IN SURFACE WATERS, VOL 1 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 14th International Symposium on Ice CY JUL 27-31, 1998 CL POTSDAM, NY SP Int Assoc Hydraul Res, Natl Sci Fdn, USA, Res Off, New York Power Author AB Decadal to century trends in ice event dates and ice duration are summarized from previous studies. The climatology of ice-on dates, ice-off dates, and ice duration are analyzed for several selected lakes and rivers in the northern hemisphere having long-term records. Long-term averages and standard deviations are summarized for each site and comparisons are made among sites to identify climate influence on ice event dates over the northern hemisphere. C1 NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Assel, RA (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. NR 0 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5410-972-6 PY 1998 BP 147 EP 151 PG 5 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA BL78G UT WOS:000076720100022 ER PT B AU Li, J Ferre-Pikal, E Nelson, C Walls, FL AF Li, J Ferre-Pikal, E Nelson, C Walls, FL BE Liao, FJ TI Review of PM and AM noise measurement systems SO ICMMT'98: 1998 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MICROWAVE AND MILLIMETER WAVE TECHNOLOGY PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Microwave and Millimeter Wave Technology Proceedings CY AUG 18-20, 1998 CL BEIJING, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Chinese Inst Electr, IEEE Electr Devices Soc, IEEE Microwave Theory & Techn Soc, IEEE Antennas & Propagat Soc, IEEE Beijing Sect, IEE Beijing Ctr, Korea Inst Telemat & Electr AB This paper reviews the measurement technologies of phase noise and amplitude noise. Definitions and the appropriate units of phase noise and amplitude noise are reviewed. Single channel, cross-correlation and carrier suppression techniques are compared and discussed. The use of the NIST PM/AM Noise Standard is also discussed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Li, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 5 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 7-5053-5005-6 PY 1998 BP 197 EP 200 DI 10.1109/ICMMT.1998.768259 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BN17L UT WOS:000080931600045 ER PT B AU Cresswell, MW Guillaume, NMP Allen, RA Guthrie, WF Ghoshtagore, RN Owen, JC Osborne, Z Sullivan, N Linholm, LW AF Cresswell, MW Guillaume, NMP Allen, RA Guthrie, WF Ghoshtagore, RN Owen, JC Osborne, Z Sullivan, N Linholm, LW GP IEEE IEEE TI Extraction of sheet resistance from four-terminal sheet resistors replicated in monocrystalline films with non-planar geometries SO ICMTS 1998: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 1998 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MICROELECTRONIC TEST STRUCTURES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1998 International Conference on Microelectronic Test Structures (ICMTS 1998) CY MAR 23-26, 1998 CL KANAZAWA, JAPAN SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc AB This paper describes methods for the extraction of sheet resistance from V/I measurements made on four-terminal sheet resistors incorporated into electrical linewidth test structures patterned with non-planar geometries in monocrystalline silicon-on-insulator films. The end application is using the uniquely high repeatability and low cost of electrical CD (Critical Dimension) metrology to serve as a secondary reference in establishing a traceability path for CD-reference artifacts. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Cresswell, MW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-4348-4 PY 1998 BP 29 EP 38 DI 10.1109/ICMTS.1998.688030 PG 10 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA BL39K UT WOS:000075361900006 ER PT B AU Allen, R Oyebanjo, O Cresswell, MW Linholm, LW AF Allen, R Oyebanjo, O Cresswell, MW Linholm, LW GP IEEE IEEE TI Temperature dependence of the modulation of electrical linewidth of single-crystal critical dimension artifacts SO ICMTS 1998: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 1998 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MICROELECTRONIC TEST STRUCTURES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1998 International Conference on Microelectronic Test Structures (ICMTS 1998) CY MAR 23-26, 1998 CL KANAZAWA, JAPAN SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc AB Single-crystal critical dimension (CD) test structures for reference material applications, with features defined using lattice-plane selective etching, are under development at NIST. The materials are intended to eliminate methods divergence between various types of metrology tools. Initial electrical measurements suggest that there are surface depletion effects that cause the electrical CD (ECD) measurements to underestimate what we think is the actual physical linewidth. In this paper, electrical measurements of these test structures are performed at several temperatures to determine whether such surface depletion effects cause the underestimation of the CD. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Allen, R (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-4348-4 PY 1998 BP 57 EP 60 DI 10.1109/ICMTS.1998.688037 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA BL39K UT WOS:000075361900010 ER PT B AU Repjar, AG Wittmann, RC AF Repjar, AG Wittmann, RC GP IEEE TI New directions in near-field antenna metrology SO IEEE ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION SOCIETY INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM - ANTENNAS: GATEWAYS TO THE GLOBAL NETWORK, VOLS 1-4 SE IEEE AP-S INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM DIGEST LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Antennas-and-Propagation-Society International Symposium on Antennas - Gateways to the Global Network CY JUN 21-26, 1998 CL ATLANTA, GA SP IEEE, Antennas & Propagat Soc, Int Union Radio Sci, USNC, BMW Mfg Corp, Georgia Inst Technol, Georgia Tech Res Inst, Clemson Univ, Electromagnet Sci, Sci Atlanta, Spartech Associates, Millimeter Wave Technol, Wang Electro Opto Corp C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Electromagnet Fields, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Repjar, AG (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Electromagnet Fields, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-4478-2 J9 IEEE AP-S PY 1998 BP 1310 EP 1310 PG 1 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BL38W UT WOS:000075349900321 ER PT B AU Marx, E AF Marx, E GP IEEE TI Extinction coefficients for dielectric and conducting doublets of spheres SO IEEE ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION SOCIETY INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM - ANTENNAS: GATEWAYS TO THE GLOBAL NETWORK, VOLS 1-4 SE IEEE AP-S INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM DIGEST LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Antennas-and-Propagation-Society International Symposium on Antennas - Gateways to the Global Network CY JUN 21-26, 1998 CL ATLANTA, GA SP IEEE, Antennas & Propagat Soc, Int Union Radio Sci, USNC, BMW Mfg Corp, Georgia Inst Technol, Georgia Tech Res Inst, Clemson Univ, Electromagnet Sci, Sci Atlanta, Spartech Associates, Millimeter Wave Technol, Wang Electro Opto Corp C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Marx, E (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-4478-2 J9 IEEE AP-S PY 1998 BP 2198 EP 2201 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BL38W UT WOS:000075349900534 ER PT S AU Corner, MD Golmie, N Liebeherr, J Su, DH AF Corner, MD Golmie, N Liebeherr, J Su, DH GP IEEE IEEE TI A priority scheme for the IEEE 802.14 MAC protocol for hybrid fiber-coax networks SO IEEE INFOCOM '98 - THE CONFERENCE ON COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS, VOLS. 1-3: GATEWAY TO THE 21ST CENTURY SE IEEE INFOCOM SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 17th Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE-Computer-Society/IEEE-Communications-Society (INFOCOM 98) CY MAR 29-APR 02, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP IEEE Comp Soc, IEEE Commun Soc AB In order to provide Quality of Service (QoS) to users with real-time data such as voice, video and interactive services, the evolving IEEE 802.14 standard for Hybrid Fiber Coaxial (HFC) networks must include an effective priority scheme. In this paper we investigate the ability of the current IEEE 802.14 specification to provide priority service and show that a preemptive scheduler is not a sufficient solution. We propose to augment the scheduler with a novel scheme for implementing priority access in an HFC random access environment. The proposed mechanism integrates a multilevel priority collision resolution system into the proposed IEEE 802.14 MAC. The scheme separates and resolves collisions between stations in a priority order. A set of simulation scenarios is presented that shows the robustness and efficiency of the protocol, such as its ability to isolate higher priorities from lower ones and provide quick access to high priority requests. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Corner, MD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0743-166X BN 0-7803-4384-0 J9 IEEE INFOCOM SER PY 1998 BP 1400 EP 1407 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Telecommunications GA BK72G UT WOS:000073211700164 ER PT J AU Tatarskii, VI Charnotskii, MI AF Tatarskii, VI Charnotskii, MI TI On the universal behavior of scattering from a rough surface for small grazing angles SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION LA English DT Article DE electromagnetic scattering; rough surfaces AB It is shown that for scattering from a plane in average rough surface, the scattering cross section of the range of small grazing angles of the scattered wave demonstrates a universal behavior. If the angle of incidence is fixed (in general, it should not be small), the diffuse component of the scattering cross section for the Dirichlet problem is proportional to theta(2) where theta is the (small) angle of elevation and for the Neumann problem it does not depend on theta. For the backscattering case, these dependencies correspondingly become theta(4) and theta(0). The result is obtained from the structure of the equations that determine the scattering problem rather than the use of an approximation. C1 NOAA, ERL, ETL, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Tatarskii, VI (reprint author), NOAA, ERL, ETL, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Charnotskii, Mikhail/A-7193-2013 OI Charnotskii, Mikhail/0000-0002-8315-8254 NR 10 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0018-926X J9 IEEE T ANTENN PROPAG JI IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 46 IS 1 BP 67 EP 72 DI 10.1109/8.655452 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA YR399 UT WOS:000071491300008 ER PT J AU Zavorotny, VU Voronovich, AG AF Zavorotny, VU Voronovich, AG TI Two-scale model and ocean radar Doppler spectra at moderate- and low-grazing angles SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION LA English DT Article DE sea surface electromagnetic scattering ID SEA SCATTER; WIND-WAVES; SURFACE; BACKSCATTER AB Results of numerical calculations of polarized radar Doppler spectra from the ocean surface at low-grazing angles and at various wind speeds are presented. Calculations are based on the modified two-scale model, which includes Bragg scattering from both free and bound capillary waves. Here, we derive an analytical expression for the Doppler spectrum in the form of a two-dimensional (2-D) integral over large-scale slopes, For the surface description, the model of a directional wave spectrum is used, which takes into account the wave age (a limited fetch). A comparison of computed curves with experimentally measured Doppler spectra shows that the inclusion of "fast" bound capillary waves significantly improves results, Using the reasonable parameter values for the model of bound waves we obtained widths of Doppler spectra which are in good agreement with experiments for low-grazing angles theta(g) = 10 degrees and for winds up to U-10 similar to 10 m/s. However, remaining discrepancies show that using Bragg scattering from bound waves is not enough to close the problem, Despite of limitations the approach can be used for a more thorough analysis of measured Doppler spectra in order to determine the contributions of various scattering mechanisms. C1 Univ Colorado, NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Zavorotny, VU (reprint author), Univ Colorado, NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 24 TC 38 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 5 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0018-926X J9 IEEE T ANTENN PROPAG JI IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 46 IS 1 BP 84 EP 92 DI 10.1109/8.655454 PG 9 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA YR399 UT WOS:000071491300010 ER PT J AU Trokhimovski, YG Westwater, ER Han, Y Leuski, VY AF Trokhimovski, YG Westwater, ER Han, Y Leuski, VY TI Air and sea surface temperature measurements using a 60-GHz microwave rotating radiometer SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID THERMAL-BOUNDARY LAYER; WIND-SPEED; HEAT-FLUX; SATELLITE; OCEAN; BULK; SKIN; DIFFERENCE; PROFILES; MODEL AB Data obtained from a single-channel scanning 5-mm radiometer on a research vessel were used for the study of sea surface temperature and lower-atmospheric temperature profiles under neutral, weakly stable, and unstable conditions, Comparisons with in situ air and water temperature measurements, dropsonde temperature data, radiosonde data, and VV Ku-band side-looking radar images are presented, The technique based on 5-mm measurements determines the air-skin water (skin depth of 0.3 mm) temperature difference with an accuracy of the order of 0.1 K, Analysis of the experimental data suggests that the air-skin water temperature difference depends weakly on solar heating and wind speed V for 2.5 < V < 9 m/s. C1 NOAA, ERL, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Trokhimovski, YG (reprint author), NOAA, ERL, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Han, Yong/F-5590-2010 OI Han, Yong/0000-0002-0183-7270 NR 35 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD JAN PY 1998 VL 36 IS 1 BP 3 EP 15 DI 10.1109/36.655313 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA YT522 UT WOS:000071615500001 ER PT J AU Georges, TM Harlan, JA Leben, RR Lematta, RA AF Georges, TM Harlan, JA Leben, RR Lematta, RA TI A test of ocean surface-current mapping with over-the-horizon radar SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE currents; ionosphere; oceanography; remote sensing ID FLORIDA CURRENT AB A two-day test with a decametric over-the-horizon (OTH or ionospheric) radar in Virginia attempted to map the radial component of ocean surface currents over a 210000-km(2) area that includes the Florida Straits and parts of the Gulf of Mexico as distant as 1500 km, Ionospheric motions distort and bias individual measurements, but their effects are mitigated by a combination of strategies that take advantage of the different space and time scales of oceanic and ionospheric motions, In addition, nearby land echoes are used as zero-Doppler references to correct for ionospheric shifts. The result is a composite picture of the Florida Current and ancillary surface flows with 10-15-km resolution, The picture agrees quantitatively with known currents in the region, but reveals dynamical features with new detail. Concurrent sea-surface topography in the Gulf of Mexico, derived using tandem altimetric observations from the TOPEX/Poseidon and ERS-1 satellites, confirms that a region where the OTH radar measures a southwestward current greater than 1 m/s(-1) coincides with the confluence of the Tortugas Gyre and the Gulf of Mexico Loop Current, These results suggest that consistent surface current maps can be constructed by using OTH radar to repeatedly interrogate a region of interest, perhaps over several days. C1 NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Colorado Ctr Astrodynam Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Control & Ocean Surveillance Ctr, Res Dev Test & Evaluat Div, Naval Command, San Diego, CA 92152 USA. RP Georges, TM (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM tgeorges@etl.noaa.gov RI Leben, Robert/F-3792-2010 OI Leben, Robert/0000-0003-1067-9515 NR 25 TC 5 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD JAN PY 1998 VL 36 IS 1 BP 101 EP 110 DI 10.1109/36.655321 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA YT522 UT WOS:000071615500009 ER PT B AU Crison, M Berry, D DeLuccia, F AF Crison, M Berry, D DeLuccia, F BE Stein, TI TI Convergence of the civilian and the military polar-orbiting environmental satellite systems: VIIRS (The Visible/Infrared Imager/Radiometer Suite) for NPOESS (National Polar-Orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System) SO IGARSS '98 - 1998 INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1-5: SENSING AND MANAGING THE ENVIRONMENT SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1998 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 98) on Sensing and Managing the Environment CY JUL 06-10, 1998 CL SEATTLE, WA SP IEEE, Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Univ Washington, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Naval Res, Natl Space Dev Agcy Japan, Int Union Radio Sci C1 NOAA, NPOESS Integrated Program Off, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Crison, M (reprint author), NOAA, NPOESS Integrated Program Off, Ctr Bldg,Suite 1450,8455 Centerville Rd, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-4403-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 1998 BP 271 EP 273 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.1998.702875 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BL34S UT WOS:000075217100090 ER PT B AU Bates, JJ Wick, GA Gottschall, CC AF Bates, JJ Wick, GA Gottschall, CC BE Stein, TI TI Passive microwave remote sensing of wind direction using SSM/I data SO IGARSS '98 - 1998 INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1-5: SENSING AND MANAGING THE ENVIRONMENT SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1998 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 98) on Sensing and Managing the Environment CY JUL 06-10, 1998 CL SEATTLE, WA SP IEEE, Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Univ Washington, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Naval Res, Natl Space Dev Agcy Japan, Int Union Radio Sci AB Extensive matchups constructed between SSM/I brightness temperatures and wind direction measurements from moored buoys and retrievals from the ERS-1 and -2 scatterometers clearly demonstrate that a wind direction signal is evident in the SSM/I data. The comparisons with the moorings show that the signal is similar for the SSM/I sensors on different satellites. The large number of matchups with the scatterometer measurements provide a detailed description of how the directional signal varies with environmental conditions. The amplitude of the directional signal is seen to increase with wind speed and be largely independent of the water vapor content and sea surface temperature. C1 NOAA, Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Bates, JJ (reprint author), NOAA, Climate Diagnost Ctr, 325 Broadway,Code R E CD, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-4403-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 1998 BP 363 EP 365 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.1998.702906 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BL34S UT WOS:000075217100121 ER PT B AU Ryzhkov, A Zrnic, D AF Ryzhkov, A Zrnic, D BE Stein, TI TI Polarimetric signatures of ice crystals in clouds SO IGARSS '98 - 1998 INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1-5: SENSING AND MANAGING THE ENVIRONMENT SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1998 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 98) on Sensing and Managing the Environment CY JUL 06-10, 1998 CL SEATTLE, WA SP IEEE, Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Univ Washington, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Naval Res, Natl Space Dev Agcy Japan, Int Union Radio Sci C1 Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, NSSL, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Ryzhkov, A (reprint author), Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, NSSL, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-4403-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 1998 BP 429 EP 431 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.1998.702929 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BL34S UT WOS:000075217100142 ER PT B AU Shaw, JA AF Shaw, JA BE Stein, TI TI The impact of polarization on infrared sea-surface temperature sensing SO IGARSS '98 - 1998 INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1-5: SENSING AND MANAGING THE ENVIRONMENT SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1998 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 98) on Sensing and Managing the Environment CY JUL 06-10, 1998 CL SEATTLE, WA SP IEEE, Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Univ Washington, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Naval Res, Natl Space Dev Agcy Japan, Int Union Radio Sci AB One of the most strongly polarized natural infrared sources is the sea surface, yet polarization is rarely considered in infrared radiometric sea-surface temperature sensing. For an off-nadir incidence angle, sea-surface emission is vertically polarized, and reflected atmospheric radiance is horizontally polarized. The net degree of polarization is determined by the relative magnitudes of reflected and surface-emitted radiances, which actually tend to offset one another because of their orthogonal orientations. The significance of partially polarized radiances on radiometric sea-surface temperature measurements is determined primarily by the viewing angle and the inherent polarization sensitivity of the radiometer. This paper discusses several ways that polarization can affect infrared radiometric measurements of sea-surface temperature. A specific example is shown, wherein the polarization sensitivity of a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer results in small errors that are significant for high-accuracy radiometry. C1 NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, REETI, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Shaw, JA (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, REETI, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-4403-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 1998 BP 496 EP 498 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.1998.702951 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BL34S UT WOS:000075217100163 ER PT B AU Klein, M Gasiewski, AJ AF Klein, M Gasiewski, AJ BE Stein, TI TI The sensitivity of millimeter and sub-millimeter frequencies to atmospheric temperature and water vapor variations SO IGARSS '98 - 1998 INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1-5: SENSING AND MANAGING THE ENVIRONMENT SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1998 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 98) on Sensing and Managing the Environment CY JUL 06-10, 1998 CL SEATTLE, WA SP IEEE, Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Univ Washington, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Naval Res, Natl Space Dev Agcy Japan, Int Union Radio Sci AB In order to determine optimal sounding strategies for future high resolution passive microwave instruments from space a study of the potential sounding capabilities of all significant microwave oxygen and water vapor absorption lines in the frequency range from approximately 10 to 1000 GHz has been undertaken. The study uses a second-order statistical climatological model covering four seasons and three latitudinal zones: low (30 degrees S to 30 degrees N), middle (30 degrees to 60 degrees) and high (60 degrees to 90 degrees) latitudes, and a wide range of altitudes (up to similar to 70 km), The climatological model was developed using data from three sources: the UARS HALOE instrument, the TOVS Initial Guess Retrieval (TIGR) radiosonde set and the NOAA AMSU radiosonde set. Variations in the vertical sensitivities of brightness temperature due to statistical variations of water vapor and temperature with latitude and season around each line are considered and useful channel sets for geostationary microwave vertical sounding are suggested. C1 NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Klein, M (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, R-E-ET1,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-4403-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 1998 BP 568 EP 571 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.1998.699513 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BL34S UT WOS:000075217100185 ER PT B AU Csiszar, I Gutman, G AF Csiszar, I Gutman, G BE Stein, TI TI Global high-resolution land surface albedo monthly maps from NOAA/AVHRR for use in climate models SO IGARSS '98 - 1998 INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1-5: SENSING AND MANAGING THE ENVIRONMENT SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1998 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 98) on Sensing and Managing the Environment CY JUL 06-10, 1998 CL SEATTLE, WA SP IEEE, Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Univ Washington, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Naval Res, Natl Space Dev Agcy Japan, Int Union Radio Sci AB A set of algorithms was combined for a simple derivation of land surface albedo from measurements of the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) on board NOAA polar orbiting satellites. The system consists of a narrow-to-broadband conversion and bi-directional correction at the top of the atmosphere, and an atmospheric correction. We demonstrate the results with one month worth of data from the NOAA/NESDIS Global Vegetation Index (GVI) weekly dataset and the NOAA/NASA Pathfinder Atmosphere (PATMOS) project daily data with the original Global Area Coverage (GAC) resolution. Error analysis of the methodology indicates that the surface albedo can be retrieved with 15-20% relative accuracy. Monthly albedos derived from September 1989 GVI and PATMOS data agree well except for small discrepancies attributed mainly to different cloud screening techniques. 5-year mean September albedos derived from the GVI multi-annual time series is consistent with those derived from low-resolution Earth Radiation Budget Experiment data as well as with a September map compiled from ground observations and used in many numerical weather and climate models. Instantaneous GVI-derived albedos were validated against surface measurements. The discrepancies were found to be within the expected 15% relative error, and a 1-2% absolute bias can be attributed to differences in areal coverage and representativeness of the satellite and ground data. The presented pilot study is a prototype for a real-time production of global surface albedo maps from the original GAC resolution data within the NOAA/NESDIS Modernized AVHRR Processing System (MAPS). C1 NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Washington, DC 20233 USA. RP Csiszar, I (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, WWB 712, Washington, DC 20233 USA. RI Csiszar, Ivan/D-2396-2010 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-4403-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 1998 BP 710 EP 712 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.1998.699558 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BL34S UT WOS:000075217100230 ER PT B AU Li, XF Pichel, WG Friedman, KS Clemente-Colon, P AF Li, XF Pichel, WG Friedman, KS Clemente-Colon, P BE Stein, TI TI The sea surface imprint of island lee waves as observed by RADARSAT synthetic aperture radar SO IGARSS '98 - 1998 INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1-5: SENSING AND MANAGING THE ENVIRONMENT SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1998 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 98) on Sensing and Managing the Environment CY JUL 06-10, 1998 CL SEATTLE, WA SP IEEE, Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Univ Washington, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Naval Res, Natl Space Dev Agcy Japan, Int Union Radio Sci AB As stratified air flows over a mountain or an island, it often sets up large standing atmospheric gravity waves called atmospheric lee waves. This type of wave can carry aircraft upward or downward, sometimes causing serious safety problems. There are two types of lee wave patterns: (1) the transverse wave type where the wave crests are nearly perpendicular to the wind direction; and (2) the diverging wave type where the wave crests are orientated outwards from the center of the wake. The atmospheric lee waves are often associated with cloud patterns, which can tie imaged with various visible remote sensors. Since the atmospheric lee waves modulate the sea surface wind field, and thus modulate the sea surface roughness, these waves can also be observed over the open ocean in SAR images. In this study, we analyze the diverging atmospheric lee wave pattern found in two RADARSAT SAR images. The first one is near Kodiak Island in the Gulf of Alaska taken on June 27, 1997. The second one is near St. Lawrence Island in the Bering Sea taken on August 4, 1997. There are tyro groups of atmospheric lee waves behind two islands south of Kodiak Island and four groups of diverging wave patterns imaged by the RADARSAT SAR on the lee side of the four major mountains of St. Lawrence Island. We consider the island mountains as point sources that generate atmospheric lee waves. C1 NOAA, Ctr Sci, Res & Data Syst Corp, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Li, XF (reprint author), NOAA, Ctr Sci, Res & Data Syst Corp, Room 102,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RI Clemente-Colon, Pablo/F-5581-2010; Pichel, William/F-5619-2010; Li, Xiaofeng/B-6524-2008 OI Pichel, William/0000-0001-6332-0149; Li, Xiaofeng/0000-0001-7038-5119 NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-4403-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 1998 BP 763 EP 766 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.1998.699576 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BL34S UT WOS:000075217100248 ER PT B AU Grody, N Rosenfeld, S Basist, A AF Grody, N Rosenfeld, S Basist, A BE Stein, TI TI Relationship between SSM/I measurements and snow conditions SO IGARSS '98 - 1998 INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1-5: SENSING AND MANAGING THE ENVIRONMENT SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1998 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 98) on Sensing and Managing the Environment CY JUL 06-10, 1998 CL SEATTLE, WA SP IEEE, Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Univ Washington, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Naval Res, Natl Space Dev Agcy Japan, Int Union Radio Sci AB The Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I has been flown aboard DMSP satellites since 1987. Over land the SSM/I measurements at 19, 37 and 85 GHz are used to routinely identify precipitation, snow cover and the surface wetness resulting from rainfall and snow melt. In the case of snow, the measurements vary as function of snow water equivalent, grain size and snow density. Ice crusts at the surface and within the snow can also affect the measurements. As such, the SSM/I measurements depend on the internal properties of snow as well as the snow extent. Studies based on radiative transfer simulations are used to examine the effects of the various snow parameters on the microwave measurements. Temporal variations of the SSM/I measurements are compared with snow data over the former Soviet Union. It is evident that both temporal and spectral information iii needed to identify changes in the physical characteristics of snow. C1 NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Off Res & Applicat, Washington, DC 20233 USA. RP Grody, N (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Off Res & Applicat, E-RA2, Washington, DC 20233 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-4403-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 1998 BP 1261 EP 1264 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.1998.691370 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BL34S UT WOS:000075217100409 ER PT B AU Clemente-Colon, P AF Clemente-Colon, P BE Stein, TI TI East coast upwelling signatures in synthetic aperture radar imagery SO IGARSS '98 - 1998 INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1-5: SENSING AND MANAGING THE ENVIRONMENT SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1998 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 98) on Sensing and Managing the Environment CY JUL 06-10, 1998 CL SEATTLE, WA SP IEEE, Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Univ Washington, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Naval Res, Natl Space Dev Agcy Japan, Int Union Radio Sci AB Seasonal coastal upwelling in the U.S. Mid-Atlantic region occurs normally during the summer months because of generally northward alongshore wind episodes. These winds force an Ekman offshore surface flow over the inner continental shelf. Colder and nutrient-rich waters from below move toward the surface replacing the offshore flowing surface waters. ERS-2 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) observations before and after upwelling favorable winds along the coast of New Jersey in early summer 1996 are presented here. Upwelling conditions are confirmed from both in-situ and sea surface temperature satellite data. The appearance of a low backscatter region on the SAR imagery suggests the influence of the upwelling regime on the sea surface roughness. In particular, the abundance of surface slicks observed by SAR along the coast is consistent with enhanced biological activity resulting from enhanced nutrient availability in the upwelled waters. C1 NOAA, Ctr Sci, NESDIS,ORA, Ocean Res & Applicat Div,WWB, Washington, DC 20233 USA. RP Clemente-Colon, P (reprint author), NOAA, Ctr Sci, NESDIS,ORA, Ocean Res & Applicat Div,WWB, Rm 102, Washington, DC 20233 USA. RI Clemente-Colon, Pablo/F-5581-2010 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-4403-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 1998 BP 1391 EP 1393 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.1998.691441 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BL34S UT WOS:000075217100451 ER PT B AU Leshkevich, GA Nghiem, SV Kwok, R AF Leshkevich, GA Nghiem, SV Kwok, R BE Stein, TI TI Algorithm development for satellite synthetic aperture radar (SAR) classification and mapping of Great Lakes ice cover SO IGARSS '98 - 1998 INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1-5: SENSING AND MANAGING THE ENVIRONMENT SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1998 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 98) on Sensing and Managing the Environment CY JUL 06-10, 1998 CL SEATTLE, WA SP IEEE, Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Univ Washington, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Naval Res, Natl Space Dev Agcy Japan, Int Union Radio Sci AB Computer analysis of ERS-1 and RADARSAT ScanSAR narrow images of Great Lakes ice cover using a supervised (level slicing) classification technique indicates that different ice types in the ice cover can be identified and mapped and that wind speed and direction can have a strong influence on the backscatter from open water. During the 1997 winter season, shipborne polarimetric backscatter data using the Set Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) C-band scatterometer, together with surface-based ice physical characterization measurements and environmental parameters were acquired concurrently with RADARSAT and ERS-2 overpass. This data set was processed to radar cross-section and will establish a library of signatures (look-ui? table) for different ice types to be used in the machine classification of calibrated satellite SAR data. C1 NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Leshkevich, GA (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-4403-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 1998 BP 1397 EP 1399 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.1998.691447 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BL34S UT WOS:000075217100453 ER PT B AU Overland, JE McNutt, SL AF Overland, JE McNutt, SL BE Stein, TI TI Arctic sea ice as a granular material SO IGARSS '98 - 1998 INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1-5: SENSING AND MANAGING THE ENVIRONMENT SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1998 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 98) on Sensing and Managing the Environment CY JUL 06-10, 1998 CL SEATTLE, WA SP IEEE, Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Univ Washington, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Naval Res, Natl Space Dev Agcy Japan, Int Union Radio Sci C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Overland, JE (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way Ne, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-4403-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 1998 BP 1961 EP 1963 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.1998.703708 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BL34S UT WOS:000075217100633 ER PT B AU Clifford, SF Tatarskii, VI Voronovich, AG Zavorotny, VU AF Clifford, SF Tatarskii, VI Voronovich, AG Zavorotny, VU BE Stein, TI TI GPS sounding of ocean surface waves: Theoretical assessment SO IGARSS '98 - 1998 INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1-5: SENSING AND MANAGING THE ENVIRONMENT SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1998 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 98) on Sensing and Managing the Environment CY JUL 06-10, 1998 CL SEATTLE, WA SP IEEE, Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Univ Washington, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Naval Res, Natl Space Dev Agcy Japan, Int Union Radio Sci AB The theoretical analysis of a GPS signal scattering from an ocean surface is presented. The power level of the scattered signal as a function of the time delay, an elevation angle of the GPS satellite, the height of the receiver and surface wind conditions are studied. Conditions are found at which calculated curves show a sensitivity of their parameters to the statistics of slopes, and therefore, to the wind velocity. The developed approach allows us to analyze various statistical characteristics of the scattered GPS signals that can potentially be used for prospective remote sensing techniques of land and ocean surface characteristics. C1 NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Clifford, SF (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-4403-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 1998 BP 2005 EP 2007 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.1998.703722 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BL34S UT WOS:000075217100647 ER PT B AU Palmer, AJ AF Palmer, AJ BE Stein, TI TI Toward a new turbulence culture SO IGARSS '98 - 1998 INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1-5: SENSING AND MANAGING THE ENVIRONMENT SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1998 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 98) on Sensing and Managing the Environment CY JUL 06-10, 1998 CL SEATTLE, WA SP IEEE, Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Univ Washington, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Naval Res, Natl Space Dev Agcy Japan, Int Union Radio Sci C1 NOAA, ERL, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Palmer, AJ (reprint author), NOAA, ERL, Environm Technol Lab, R-E-ET6,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-4403-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 1998 BP 2074 EP 2076 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.1998.703745 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BL34S UT WOS:000075217100670 ER PT B AU Westwater, ER Han, Y Gutman, SI Wolfe, DE AF Westwater, ER Han, Y Gutman, SI Wolfe, DE BE Stein, TI TI Remote sensing of total precipitable water vapor by microwave radiometers and GPS during the 1997 Water Vapor Intensive Operating Period SO IGARSS '98 - 1998 INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1-5: SENSING AND MANAGING THE ENVIRONMENT SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1998 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 98) on Sensing and Managing the Environment CY JUL 06-10, 1998 CL SEATTLE, WA SP IEEE, Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Univ Washington, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Naval Res, Natl Space Dev Agcy Japan, Int Union Radio Sci AB During September 15 to October 5, 1997, an intensive experiment to measure atmospheric water vapor was conducted at the Department of Energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program's Cloud and Radiation Testbed (CART) site in North Central Oklahoma. This experiment was called the 1997 Water Vapor Intensive Operating Period (WVIOP'97). Among the goals of WVIOP'97 was the comparison of different methods of measuring precipitable water vapor(PWV). This paper focuses on the inter-comparison of PWV measurements by ground-based microwave radiometers (MWR), Global Positioning System - PWV instruments (GPS-PWV), and by radiosondes. For this experiment 3-hourly radiosondes for in situ measurements were deployed. Microwave radiometric measurements of water vapor in the zenith direction were made by two independent radiometers that produce PWV and cloud liquid path from brightness temperature T-b measurements. These radiometers were operated by the Environmental Technology Laboratory (ETL) and operate at the frequency pairs of (20.6, 31.65 GHz) and (23.87, 31.65 GHz). The calibration of the instruments was achieved by the so-called "tip cal" method and their data, in terms of derived PWV are compared. Two independent GPS-PWV instruments were also operated 9 km apart and, in addition, two different processing algorithms were applied to the data from each of these instruments. The PWV varied over a substantial range during this experiment (about 1 to 5 cm) and a range of clear, cloudy, and rainy conditions were encountered. The rms difference in PWV between the GPS and MWR measurements was 0.123 cm while the rms differences of the MWR and the GPS from the radiosonde in situ measurements were slightly larger (0.145 and 1.60 cm, respectively). C1 Univ Colorado, NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Westwater, ER (reprint author), Univ Colorado, NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, 325 Broadway,R-E-ET1, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Han, Yong/F-5590-2010 OI Han, Yong/0000-0002-0183-7270 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-4403-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 1998 BP 2158 EP 2162 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.1998.703772 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BL34S UT WOS:000075217100697 ER PT B AU Fuks, IM Tatarskii, VI AF Fuks, IM Tatarskii, VI BE Stein, TI TI Scattering cross section from a rough surface for small grazing angles SO IGARSS '98 - 1998 INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1-5: SENSING AND MANAGING THE ENVIRONMENT SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1998 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 98) on Sensing and Managing the Environment CY JUL 06-10, 1998 CL SEATTLE, WA SP IEEE, Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Univ Washington, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Naval Res, Natl Space Dev Agcy Japan, Int Union Radio Sci C1 Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Fuks, IM (reprint author), Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Environm Technol Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-4403-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 1998 BP 2279 EP 2283 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.1998.703812 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BL34S UT WOS:000075217100737 ER PT B AU Fuks, IM Voronovich, AG AF Fuks, IM Voronovich, AG BE Stein, TI TI Multiple radio wave scattering by sea surface at low grazing angles SO IGARSS '98 - 1998 INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1-5: SENSING AND MANAGING THE ENVIRONMENT SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1998 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 98) on Sensing and Managing the Environment CY JUL 06-10, 1998 CL SEATTLE, WA SP IEEE, Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Univ Washington, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Naval Res, Natl Space Dev Agcy Japan, Int Union Radio Sci C1 Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Fuks, IM (reprint author), Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Environm Technol Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-4403-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 1998 BP 2284 EP 2288 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.1998.703813 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BL34S UT WOS:000075217100738 ER PT B AU Tatarskii, VV AF Tatarskii, VV BE Stein, TI TI Direct Monte Carlo simulation of the ocean surface SO IGARSS '98 - 1998 INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1-5: SENSING AND MANAGING THE ENVIRONMENT SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1998 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 98) on Sensing and Managing the Environment CY JUL 06-10, 1998 CL SEATTLE, WA SP IEEE, Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Univ Washington, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Naval Res, Natl Space Dev Agcy Japan, Int Union Radio Sci C1 Univ Colorado, CIRES, NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Tatarskii, VV (reprint author), Univ Colorado, CIRES, NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-4403-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 1998 BP 2298 EP 2300 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.1998.703817 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BL34S UT WOS:000075217100742 ER PT B AU Chang, PS Wilkerson, JC Donnelly, WJ Carswell, JR McIntosh, RE AF Chang, PS Wilkerson, JC Donnelly, WJ Carswell, JR McIntosh, RE BE Stein, TI TI Investigation of the ocean backscatter during nigh wind events: Part I - Experiment description and results SO IGARSS '98 - 1998 INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1-5: SENSING AND MANAGING THE ENVIRONMENT SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1998 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 98) on Sensing and Managing the Environment CY JUL 06-10, 1998 CL SEATTLE, WA SP IEEE, Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Univ Washington, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Naval Res, Natl Space Dev Agcy Japan, Int Union Radio Sci AB Several aircraft-based experiments have been conducted over the last few years to measure the ocean surface characteristics at microwave frequencies. Measurements were made using a C- and Ku-band scatterometer system under a variety of environmental conditions. These frequencies are similar to those of current and planned satellite-based scatterometer missions. The goal of these flight experiments was to collect data to improve upon the wind retrieval algorithms currently being used at C- and Ku-band. In particular, these experiments targeted high ocean surface wind speed events. C1 NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Off Res & Applicat, Ctr Sci, Washington, DC 20233 USA. RP Chang, PS (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Off Res & Applicat, Ctr Sci, Room 102,E-RA3, Washington, DC 20233 USA. RI Chang, Paul/F-5580-2010 OI Chang, Paul/0000-0001-5113-0938 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-4403-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 1998 BP 2311 EP 2313 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.1998.702198 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BL34S UT WOS:000075217100746 ER PT B AU Irisov, V AF Irisov, V BE Stein, TI TI Microwave radiation from a weakly non-Gaussian sea surface SO IGARSS '98 - 1998 INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1-5: SENSING AND MANAGING THE ENVIRONMENT SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1998 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 98) on Sensing and Managing the Environment CY JUL 06-10, 1998 CL SEATTLE, WA SP IEEE, Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Univ Washington, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Naval Res, Natl Space Dev Agcy Japan, Int Union Radio Sci AB The small deviation from Gaussian statistics of the sea surface is introduced to describe the up and downwind difference in microwave brightness temperature. The effect of long wave asymmetry is estimated using small-slope expansion and model slope distribution. Numerical analysis shows that the long-wave asymmetry cannot explain the observed values of the first harmonic in azimuthal dependencies of microwave radiation. The distribution of ripples over the long waves is considered using small-slope approximation and hydrodynamic modulation transfer function. The comparison with experimental radiometric observations allows us to derive the imaginary part of the modulation transfer function, which is in reasonably good agreement with independent radar measurements. C1 Univ Colorado, CIRES, NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Irisov, V (reprint author), Univ Colorado, CIRES, NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-4403-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 1998 BP 2329 EP 2332 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.1998.702203 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BL34S UT WOS:000075217100751 ER PT B AU Feingold, G Hardesty, RM AF Feingold, G Hardesty, RM BE Stein, TI TI Feasibility of retrieving cloud condensation nucleus properties from lidar, Doppler cloud radar, and microwave radiometer SO IGARSS '98 - 1998 INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1-5: SENSING AND MANAGING THE ENVIRONMENT SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1998 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 98) on Sensing and Managing the Environment CY JUL 06-10, 1998 CL SEATTLE, WA SP IEEE, Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Univ Washington, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Naval Res, Natl Space Dev Agcy Japan, Int Union Radio Sci C1 NOAA, CIRA, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Feingold, G (reprint author), NOAA, CIRA, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Hardesty, Robert/H-9844-2013; Feingold, Graham/B-6152-2009 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-4403-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 1998 BP 2427 EP 2429 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.1998.702235 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BL34S UT WOS:000075217100783 ER PT B AU Churnside, JH AF Churnside, JH BE Stein, TI TI Lidar detection of fish schools SO IGARSS '98 - 1998 INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1-5: SENSING AND MANAGING THE ENVIRONMENT SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1998 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 98) on Sensing and Managing the Environment CY JUL 06-10, 1998 CL SEATTLE, WA SP IEEE, Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Univ Washington, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Naval Res, Natl Space Dev Agcy Japan, Int Union Radio Sci AB Direct measurement of fish populations in the open ocean is difficult at best. Ship-based technologies, such as trolling and acoustic sounding, are limited in coverage by the speed of the surface ship. Current airborne techniques, such as photography and direct visual observation, are not very quantitative and are limited in depth coverage to the top few meters, depending on conditions. We are developing lidar to provide an air-borne technology that will provide quantitative information about fish schools to depths of a few tens of meters. A Q-switched, frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser provides 15-nsec pulses of 532-nm light. The backscattered return is collected by a telescope, detected, and digitized. The digitized signal is processed to separate fish-school returns from returns from other scatters in the water. We have made lidar observations of fish schools from a ship and from aircraft. We have measured fish reflectivity in a sea-water tank in order to convert lidar return into quantitative biomass statistics. We are currently working on algorithms for automatic detection and classification of schools. C1 NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, REETI, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Churnside, JH (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, REETI, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-4403-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 1998 BP 2430 EP 2432 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.1998.702236 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BL34S UT WOS:000075217100784 ER PT B AU Raizer, VY AF Raizer, VY BE Stein, TI TI Microwave radiometric scenes and images of oceanic surface phenomena SO IGARSS '98 - 1998 INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1-5: SENSING AND MANAGING THE ENVIRONMENT SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1998 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 98) on Sensing and Managing the Environment CY JUL 06-10, 1998 CL SEATTLE, WA SP IEEE, Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Univ Washington, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Naval Res, Natl Space Dev Agcy Japan, Int Union Radio Sci AB The concept of 2D computer simulation of microwave radiometric images (MIs) of the ocean surface is developed. Oceanic scene is modeled by a statistical ensemble of the microwave contributions from different hydrophysical factors (HF). In particular, the physically-based electromagnetic models of surface roughness and foam/whitecap are used. As a result, simulated MIs represent multi-gradational compositional images, containing a set of local and/or extended bright objects and fields. So-called "flat" and "thin" structures occur on the images. The features may be associated with wind wave-generated processes. Some examples of the image modeling are presented. The computer tool can be applied for analysis of high-resolution microwave aircraft imagery. C1 Sci & Technol Corp, NOAA, Fairfax, VA 22031 USA. RP Raizer, VY (reprint author), Sci & Technol Corp, NOAA, Fairfax, VA 22031 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-4403-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 1998 BP 2474 EP 2476 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.1998.702250 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BL34S UT WOS:000075217100798 ER PT B AU Gutman, G AF Gutman, G BE Stein, TI TI Monitoring global vegetation using AVHRR SO IGARSS '98 - 1998 INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1-5: SENSING AND MANAGING THE ENVIRONMENT SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1998 International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS 98) on Sensing and Managing the Environment CY JUL 06-10, 1998 CL SEATTLE, WA SP IEEE, Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Univ Washington, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Naval Res, Natl Space Dev Agcy Japan, Int Union Radio Sci AB The availability of AVHRR time series for the past two decades has attracted many scientists to investigate interannual variability and trends in land surface conditions. To study inter-annual variability of land surface processes using these data, the change in radiances due to two varying factors -sensor sensitivity and illumination conditions- must be accounted for. This study analyzes the behavior of global AVHRR shortwave data over land, processed using updated post-launch calibration, for a 12-year period from April 1985-October 1997, and investigates their usefulness for the monitoring of global land surface processes. We focus on verifying the stability of post-launch calibrations for NOAA-11 and -14 by assuming correct calibration of NOAA-9 and by excluding the illumination effects, modeled with NOAA-9 data. The residual trends in data averaged over global, stable aggregates, such as deserts and rainforests, are then attributed to errors in calibration. These trends should be removed from the rest of the data to alleviate their misidentification as the real trends in the Earth's climate system and to make statistical studies of anomalies more reliable. This study illustrates the potential of improving the available global AVHRR time series to infer more reliable conclusions from inter-annual variability studies. Spectral dependence of residual trends was examined. Preliminary assessments suggest that a desert calibration that has been widely used may not be sufficiently accurate for applications to vegetated areas. This paper is a synopsis of a larger paper submitted to Journal of Geophysical Research. C1 NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Off Res & Applicat, Washington, DC 20233 USA. RP Gutman, G (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Off Res & Applicat, ERA 12,WWB 712, Washington, DC 20233 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-4403-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 1998 BP 2509 EP 2511 DI 10.1109/IGARSS.1998.702261 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing SC Geology; Remote Sensing GA BL34S UT WOS:000075217100809 ER PT S AU Pratt, J Nayfeh, AH AF Pratt, J Nayfeh, AH GP SOC EXPT MECH INC SOC EXPT MECH INC TI Boring bar chatter control SO IMAC - PROCEEDINGS OF THE 16TH INTERNATIONAL MODAL ANALYSIS CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 16th International Modal Analysis Conference (IMAC) - Model Updating and Correlation CY FEB 02-05, 1998 CL SANTA BARBARA, CA SP Soc Exptl Mech DE chatter; control; self-excited oscillations; machining AB Boring bars for single-point turning on a lathe are particularly susceptible to chatter and have been the subject of numerous studies. Chatter is, in general, caused by instability. Clearly, the cutting process can be limited to regions of known stable operation. However, this severely constrains the machine-tool operation and causes a decrease in productivity. The more aggressive approach is to attack the stability problem directly through application of vibration control. Here, we demonstrate a new biaxial vibration control system for boring bars. We present the experimentally determined modal properties of the VPI Smart Tool and demonstrate how these properties may be used to develop models suitable for chatter stability analysis, simulation, and development of feedback compensation. A phenomenological chatter model that captures much of the rich dynamic character observed during experiments is presented. We introduce the notion that the mean cutting force changes direction as the width of cut increases due to the finite nose radius of the tool. This phenomenon is used to explain the progression from chatter that is dominated by motions normal to the machined surface cat small widths of cut to chatter that is dominated by motions tangential to the machined surface at large widths of cut. We show experimental evidence to support our assertion that a biaxial actuation scheme is necessary to combat the tendency of the tool to chatter in both directions. C1 NIST, Mfg Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Pratt, J (reprint author), NIST, Mfg Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC EXPERIMENTAL MECHANICS INC PI BETHEL PA 7 SCHOOL ST, BETHEL, CT 06801 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-912053-59-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3243 BP 215 EP 225 PG 11 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics; Optics SC Engineering; Mechanics; Optics GA BK40H UT WOS:000072063100032 ER PT S AU Cook, LP Wong-Ng, W AF Cook, LP Wong-Ng, W BE WongNg, W Balachandran, U Bhalla, AS TI Primary crystallization volume of BSCCO 2212: Applications to crystal growth and melt processing. SO IMPACT OF RECENT ADVANCES IN PROCESSING OF CERAMIC SUPERCONDUCTORS SE CERAMIC TRANSACTIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Impact of Recent Advances in Processing of Ceramic Superconductors, at the 99th Annual Meeting of the American-Ceramic-Society CY MAY 05-07, 1997 CL CINCINNATI, OH SP Amer Ceram Soc AB Two crystallization paths have been studied in the Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O (BSCCO) system, based on the experimentally determined Bi2Sr2CaCu2Ox (2212) primary phase field. The crystallization experiments were completed in air, and the products were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray analysis (EDS). Prior to crystallization, samples were melted at 1100 degrees C. The first crystallization path was chosen for a bulk composition lying just inside the high temperature part of the of the 2212 primary phase field. Slow cooling (0.5 degrees C/min) from 900 degrees C to 800 degrees C resulted in a microstructure characterized by long (>200 mu m) laths of 2212, and lesser Bi11Sr9CaxCu5Ox (119x5) and CuO. The interstices between the laths were filled with a eutectic-like microstructure containing 2212, 119x5, CuO and Bi2Sr1Ca1Ox (2110). These features can be readily interpreted in tenus of the 2212 primary crystallization field. The second crystallization path was chosen using a composition lying just outside the 22.2 primary crystallization field in the (Ca,Sr)(2)CuO3 (0x21) primary field. Similar slow cooling resulted in a much different microstructure dominated by scattered large crystals of 0x21, as would be predicted from the primary crystallization field data. This particular bulk composition required partial resorption of the 0x21 during cooling in order to maintain equilibrium. However, the predicted path was not followed due to crystal flotation, which resulted in local equilibrium and produced sample inhomogeneities. By contrast, the first bulk composition produced a homogeneous distribution of large 2212 crystals relatively free of large second phase particles. These experiments emphasize the importance of primary phase field data in BSCCO superconductor melt processing. C1 NIST, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Cook, LP (reprint author), NIST, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-8720 USA SN 1042-1122 BN 1-57498-031-9 J9 CERAM TRANS PY 1998 VL 84 BP 41 EP 54 PG 14 WC Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Materials Science GA BL05V UT WOS:000074134800005 ER PT S AU Cook, LP Wong-Ng, W AF Cook, LP Wong-Ng, W BE WongNg, W Balachandran, U Bhalla, AS TI Pb-distribution in a five-phase (Bi,Pb)-Sr-Ca-Cu-O assemblage SO IMPACT OF RECENT ADVANCES IN PROCESSING OF CERAMIC SUPERCONDUCTORS SE CERAMIC TRANSACTIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Impact of Recent Advances in Processing of Ceramic Superconductors, at the 99th Annual Meeting of the American-Ceramic-Society CY MAY 05-07, 1997 CL CINCINNATI, OH SP Amer Ceram Soc AB The partitioning of lead between phases in the nominal five-phase assemblage: (Pb,Bi)(3)Sr2Ca2CuOx + (Ca,Sr)(2)PbO4 + (Bi,Pb)(2)Sr2CaCu2Ox + (Ca,Sr)O + liquid at 830 degrees C in an atmosphere of 7.5 volume % O-2/92.5 volume % Ar has been investigated. Samples were studied using a combination of high temperature quenching, simultaneous differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive x-ray analysis. For the (Pb,Bi)(3)Sr2Ca2CuOx and (Ca,Sr)(2)PbO4 phases, the average Pb/(Pb + Bi) molar ratios were determined to be 0.73 and 0.85, respectively. In the (Bi,Pb)(2)Sr2CaCu2Ox and liquid phases, the average Pb/(Pb+Bi) molar ratios were 0.14 and 0.24, respectively. This indicates an apparent saturation of Ph in the (Bi,Pb)(2)Sr2CaCu2Ox superconductor at a relatively low level. Data on Sr/(Sr+Ca) molar ratios for coexisting phases are also presented, along with a thermodynamically-derived projection of the five-component data for the coexisting phases. C1 NIST, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Cook, LP (reprint author), NIST, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-8720 USA SN 1042-1122 BN 1-57498-031-9 J9 CERAM TRANS PY 1998 VL 84 BP 55 EP 69 PG 15 WC Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Materials Science GA BL05V UT WOS:000074134800006 ER PT S AU Wong-Ng, W Cook, LP Greenwood, W Balachrandran, U Lanagan, M AF Wong-Ng, W Cook, LP Greenwood, W Balachrandran, U Lanagan, M BE WongNg, W Balachandran, U Bhalla, AS TI Preliminary melting data on Pb-2223 ([Bi : Pb]-Sr-Ca-Cu) phase under 7.5% O-2 SO IMPACT OF RECENT ADVANCES IN PROCESSING OF CERAMIC SUPERCONDUCTORS SE CERAMIC TRANSACTIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Impact of Recent Advances in Processing of Ceramic Superconductors, at the 99th Annual Meeting of the American-Ceramic-Society CY MAY 05-07, 1997 CL CINCINNATI, OH SP Amer Ceram Soc AB Selected subsolidus and melting equilibria of the Bi-Pb-Sr-Ca-Cu-O system have been investigated, with the ultimate goal of constructing the primary phase field of the 110 K Pb-2223 ([Bi,Pb]-Sr-Ca-Cu) high-T-c superconductor. At present, data have been collected on subsolidus compatibilities as follows: 16 five-phase volumes that contained 2223 + 2212; nine five-phase volumes that contained 2223 + CuO; and four five-phase volumes that contained 2223 + (Ca,Sr)(2)CuO3 Melt compositions have been obtained for the initial melts of the 16 five phase volumes that contained the 2223 + 2212 pair. Projections that show the approximate location of the partial crystallization field involving the 2223 + 2212 pa:ir are presented. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wong-Ng, W (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-8720 USA SN 1042-1122 BN 1-57498-031-9 J9 CERAM TRANS PY 1998 VL 84 BP 71 EP 80 PG 10 WC Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Materials Science GA BL05V UT WOS:000074134800007 ER PT S AU Houston, JM Gentile, TR AF Houston, JM Gentile, TR BE Andresen, BF Strojnik, M TI Results of a pyroelectric detector calibration by a cryogenic radiometer at 10.6 mm SO INFRARED TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS XXIV, PTS 1-2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT SPIE Conference on Infrared Technology and Applications XXIV CY JUL, 1998 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE bolometer; CO2 laser; cryogenic radiometer; infrared; optical detector; pyroelectric detector; radiometric standards AB A pyroelectric detector was calibrated against the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) High Accuracy Cryogenic Radiometer (HACR) at 10.6 mm using a CO2 laser as a source. The purpose of this calibration was to link the NIST infrared(IR) radiometric detector scales to the HACR. Issues addressed in this calibration included the spatial non-uniformity of the pyroelectric detector, the transport and alignment of the IR laser beam, and the measurement of ac signals. The final combined relative standard uncertainty of the calibration is 0.48%, with the largest uncertainty component arising from the spatial non-uniformity of the the pyroelectric detector. The apparatus, measurement procedures, and results of the calibration will be discussed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Houston, JM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2891-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3436 BP 916 EP 923 DI 10.1117/12.327991 PN 1-2 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Engineering; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BM07M UT WOS:000077548500096 ER PT J AU Rotter, LD Kaiser, DL AF Rotter, LD Kaiser, DL TI Detection of internal electric fields in BaTiO3 thin films by optical second harmonic generation SO INTEGRATED FERROELECTRICS LA English DT Article DE second harmonic generation; BaTiO3; ferroelectric thin films; internal electric fields ID CHEMICAL-VAPOR-DEPOSITION; 2ND-HARMONIC GENERATION; FERROELECTRIC CAPACITORS; DOMAIN STABILIZATION; VOLTAGE OFFSETS; DOPED BATIO3; IMPRINT; CERAMICS; DEPENDENCE; INTERFACES AB We have studied optical second harmonic generation (SHG) in some BaTiO3 thin films where, in each film, the SHG is unrelated to the crystallographic texturing of the film. We compared the mean value of the SHG coefficient averaged through the depth of the film to the values in similar to 15 nm thick regions at the film-air and film-substrate interfaces, and we studied the temperature dependence of the SHG. The SHG coefficients were strong functions of depth in the film. We suggest that the observed SHG is due to internal electric fields from asymmetric distributions of oxygen vacancies in the films, such as those observed in numerous recent studies of imprinting in ferroelectric oxide thin film capacitors. As such, SHG provides a new means of studying imprinting. The technique provides depth resolution and does not require electrodes. C1 NIST, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Rotter, LD (reprint author), NIST, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 43 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 6 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING RG1 8JL, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 1058-4587 J9 INTEGR FERROELECTR JI Integr. Ferroelectr. PY 1998 VL 22 IS 1-4 BP 673 EP 690 PG 18 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Physics GA 130WX UT WOS:000076544300016 ER PT J AU Schultheisz, CR Pfaff, RD Knauss, WG AF Schultheisz, CR Pfaff, RD Knauss, WG TI An experimental/analytical comparison of three-dimensional deformations at the tip of a crack in a plastically deforming plate - I: Optical interferometry and experimental preliminaries SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FRACTURE LA English DT Article DE fracture; plasticity; interferometry; moire; finite elements; steel ID LINNIK MICROSCOPE INTERFEROMETERS; 3-POINT BEND SPECIMEN; MOIRE INTERFEROMETRY; CALIBRATION REQUIREMENTS; GOVERNING EQUATIONS; FRACTURE; FAILURE; MIRAU AB A critical examination of measured and computed three-dimensional deformations in the vicinity of a crack in an elastic/plastic plate subjected to three-point-bending are presented in a series of three papers. The aim is to apply interferometric measurement methods to the large plastic deformation at the tip of a crack in a ductile steel, and to assess the current ability to model that deformation numerically Comparison between the precise interferometric measurements and the finite element model, which has been closely matched to the physical specimen, including internal tunneling of the crack, indicates good agreement up to 75 percent of the ultimate failure load; above that level, discrepancies increase to levels on the order of 25 percent. It also develops that out-of-plane measurements are less than optimal for deducing in-plane stress and deformation states. This finding implies consequences for working with caustics and similar methods when applied to cracks in plastically deforming solids. This first paper presents a description and assessment of the experimental methods and outlines the fracture experiment itself. The second paper describes the material characterization to closely match the finite element model to the physical fracture specimen, as well as a description of the finite element model itself. The third paper presents the results of the comparison between experiment and model, as well as some additional results from the numerical model alone. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Ariadne Engn, Poughkeepsie, NY 12601 USA. CALTECH, Grad Aeronaut Labs, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Schultheisz, CR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 31 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0376-9429 J9 INT J FRACTURE JI Int. J. Fract. PY 1998 VL 90 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 25 DI 10.1023/A:1007499604086 PG 25 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Mechanics SC Materials Science; Mechanics GA 183WV UT WOS:000079577900003 ER PT J AU Schultheisz, CR Pfaff, RD Knauss, WG AF Schultheisz, CR Pfaff, RD Knauss, WG TI An experimental/analytical comparison of three-dimensional deformations at the tip of a crack in a plastically deforming plate - II: Material characterization and finite element analysis SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FRACTURE LA English DT Article DE fracture; plasticity; interferometer; moire; finite elements; steel ID DUCTILE; SPECIMEN; MEDIA AB This paper is the second of three devoted to a detailed study of the three-dimensional deformation at the tip of a notch in a ductile steel plate loaded in three-point bending. A finite element model has been constructed preparatory for a comparison with the experimental data in the subsequent paper; the geometry and material properties have been carefully matched to the experiment described in a preceding paper. The experiments to provide the complete description of the relevant material behavior are presented, followed by the details of the numerical model and some sample results. Young's modulus and the yield behavior are evaluated. Because any error in Poisson's ratio induces an error of the same order of magnitude in the three-dimensional elastic displacement field, this quantity is also measured with moire interferometry to within +/-1 percent. Also, besides matching the material properties and geometry of the numerical model to the three-point-bend experiment, the development of (tunneling) fracture within the interior of the specimen is determined; these measurements are incorporated into the numerical model by releasing appropriate nodes.* C1 CALTECH, Grad Aeronaut Labs, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Schultheisz, CR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 34 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0376-9429 J9 INT J FRACTURE JI Int. J. Fract. PY 1998 VL 90 IS 1-2 BP 27 EP 46 DI 10.1023/A:1007403820924 PG 20 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Mechanics SC Materials Science; Mechanics GA 183WV UT WOS:000079577900004 ER PT J AU Schultheisz, CR Pfaff, RD Knauss, WG AF Schultheisz, CR Pfaff, RD Knauss, WG TI An experimental/analytical comparison of three-dimensional deformations at the tip of a crack in a plastically deforming plate - III: Comparison of numerical and experimental results SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FRACTURE LA English DT Article DE fracture; plasticity; interferometry; moire; finite elements; steel ID FRACTURE AB A comparison between the three-dimensional experimental and numerical displacement fields surrounding a notch/crack in a ductile 4340 steel tested in three-point bending is presented. Excellent agreement between computed and measured deformations exists at load levels below 50 to 75 percent of ultimate loads. Experimentally determined crack tunnel profiles are included in the finite element model through nodal release; the evidence of the crack tunnel appears in the displacements at the surface. It is shown that surface measurements of unloading reveal specimen-internal failure initiation in the form of tunneling. Out-of-plane deformations deviate from analytical values earlier than in-plane values; this observation compromises the accuracy with which predictions of in-plane crack tip variables can be made when they are based on measured out-of-plane deformations (caustics, gradient sensing) once significant plasticity arises. Comparison is made between J-integral values calculated from the external boundary conditions and from a domain integral. The tunneling tests provide a method of estimating a critical value of J. The stress intensity factor governs the deformation in the elastic regime, but, because of the finite notch-tip radius underlying the experimental configuration, the HRR field does not describe the deformation well under plastic conditions. Comparison of numerical simulations with and without tunneling provide insight into criteria that could be used to implement an implicit crack propagation scheme into the numerical model.(1) C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. CALTECH, Grad Aeronaut Labs, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Schultheisz, CR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 25 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0376-9429 J9 INT J FRACTURE JI Int. J. Fract. PY 1998 VL 90 IS 1-2 BP 47 EP 81 DI 10.1023/A:1007455804995 PG 35 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Mechanics SC Materials Science; Mechanics GA 183WV UT WOS:000079577900005 ER PT J AU Kiselev, SB Huber, ML AF Kiselev, SB Huber, ML TI Thermodynamic properties R32+R134a and R125+R32 mixtures in and beyond the critical region SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REFRIGERATION-REVUE INTERNATIONALE DU FROID LA English DT Article DE binary mixtures; equation of state; R32; R125; R134a; thermodynamic properties ID SATURATED LIQUID DENSITIES; VAPOR-PRESSURES; 1,1,1,2-TETRAFLUOROETHANE R-134A; 1,1-DIFLUOROETHANE R-152A; PENTAFLUOROETHANE R125; CRITICAL PARAMETERS; COEXISTENCE CURVE; R134A; DIFLUOROMETHANE; REFRIGERANTS AB A parametric crossover equation of slate for pure fluids is adapted to binary mixtures. This equation incorporates scaling laws asymptotically close to the critical Feint and is transformed into a regular classical expansion far away front the critical point. An isomorphic generalization of the law of corresponding states is applied to the prediction of thermodynamic properties and the phase behavior of binary mixtures over a wide region around the locus of vapor-liquid critical points. A comparison is made with experimental data for pure R32, R125 and R134a, and for R32 + R134a and R125 + R32, binary mixtures. The equation of state yields a good representation of thermodynamic property data in the ranee of temperatures 0.8T(c)(x) less than or equal to T less than or equal to 1.5T(c)(x) and densities 0.35 rho(c)(x) less than or equal to rho less than or equal to 1.65 rho(c)(x). Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Kiselev, SB (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 46 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0140-7007 J9 INT J REFRIG JI Int. J. Refrig.-Rev. Int. Froid PD JAN PY 1998 VL 21 IS 1 BP 64 EP 76 DI 10.1016/S0140-7007(97)00069-8 PG 13 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA ZH768 UT WOS:000073145700007 ER PT J AU Magee, JW Luddecke, TOD AF Magee, JW Luddecke, TOD TI Molar heat capacity at constant volume of n-butane at temperatures from 141 to 342 K and at pressures to 33 MPa SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE butane; compressed liquid; density; heat capacity; isochoric; saturated liquid ID 35 MPA; LIQUID; 300-K AB Molar heat capacities at constant volume (C-v) for normal butane are presented. Temperatures ranged from 141 to 342 K for pressures up to 33 MPa. Measurements were conducted on liquid in equilibrium with its vapor and on compressed liquid samples. The high purity of the samples was verified by chemical analysis. For the samples, calorimetric results were obtained for two-phase [C-v((2))], saturated liquid (C-sigma or C-x'), and single-phase (C-v) molar heat capacities. The principal sources of uncertainty are the temperature rise measurement and the change-of-volume work adjustment. The expanded uncertainty (i.e., a coverage factor k = 2 and thus a two-standard deviation estimate) for values of C-v is estimated to be 0.7%, for C-v((2)) it is 0.5%, and for C-sigma it is 0.7%. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Magee, JW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Magee, Joseph/A-8496-2009 OI Magee, Joseph/0000-0002-9312-8593 NR 20 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 1 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0195-928X J9 INT J THERMOPHYS JI Int. J. Thermophys. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 19 IS 1 BP 129 EP 144 DI 10.1023/A:1021451102819 PG 16 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Mechanics; Physics, Applied SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Mechanics; Physics GA ZN249 UT WOS:000073627000008 ER PT J AU Heller, SR AF Heller, SR TI Databases - The journals of the 21(st) century SO INTERNET JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE electronic publishing; copyright; databases; publishing economics; libraries; archiving AB This manuscript will describe what is now,happening in electronic publishing in chemistry and predict what much of scientific publishing in chemistry is likely to look like in 20-30 years from now. As chemists become more interested in and need factual data (chemical and physical properties, chemical structures, and reactions, and so on), the ability to easily submit, retrieve, use, and correct data in a database will prove much more attractive and valuable than the current model of publishing a scholarly manuscript as a separate and independent entity. C1 NIST, SRD, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Heller, SR (reprint author), NIST, SRD, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 52 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU INTERNET JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY PI DE KALB PA C/O STEVEN M BACHRACH, NORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIV, DEPT CHEMISTRY, DE KALB, IL 60115 USA SN 1099-8292 J9 INTERNET J CHEM JI Internet J. Chem. PY 1998 VL 1 IS 32 PG 27 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA V3288 UT WOS:000173180700001 ER PT S AU Carson, M Zink, M AF Carson, M Zink, M BE Onvural, RO Civanlar, S Doolan, PJ Luciani, JV TI NIST switch: A platform for research on quality of service routing SO INTERNET ROUTING AND QUALITY OF SERVICE SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Internet Routing and Quality of Service CY NOV 02-04, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE label switching; quality of service routing; MPLS; RSVP; CBQ AB We have designed and are implementing a research platform, NIST Switch, for experimenting with novel approaches to routing with quality of service (QoS) guarantees in an IP environment. NIST Switch is based on commodity PC hardware running freely-available operating systems (FreeBSD and Linux). It implements quality of service through label switching over Ethernet (10Mb and 100Mb), using proposed extensions to RSVP and differentiated services to signal QoS requests and distribute labels. In NIST Switch, the labels applied to packets have two fundamental uses in QoS traffic management: Locally, labels select the characteristics of the queueing and traffic shaping measures applied to packets. In the network, labels identify the path segments ("sticks" or "brushes") over which traffic will flow. A label-switched route (for either unicast or multicast traffic) then consists of a "bundle" (path-connected subset) of these sticks and brushes, chosen so as to achieve the appropriate aggregate behavior. NIST Switch routing algorithms attempt to optimize the set of path segments used, so as to maximize the number of service requests which can be met while bounding the number of labels allocated. As an experimental platform, NIST Switch is designed to be easily altered. Each of its key components (queueing algorithms, label databases and distribution, routing algorithms, device support routines, QoS policies) are independently configurable modules which are readily replaceable. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, College Pk, MD USA. RP Carson, M (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, College Pk, MD USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2990-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3529 BP 44 EP 52 DI 10.1117/12.333732 PG 3 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Optics SC Computer Science; Optics GA BM42T UT WOS:000078690900005 ER PT S AU Fuller-Rowell, TJ Codrescu, MV Araujo-Pradere, E Kutiev, I AF Fuller-Rowell, TJ Codrescu, MV Araujo-Pradere, E Kutiev, I BE Rawer, K Bradley, PA TI Progress in developing a storm-time ionospheric correction model SO IRI 1997 SYMPOSIUM: NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN IONOSPHERIC MODELLING AN D PREDICTION SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT IRI Symposium on New Developments in Ionospheric Modelling and Prediction CY MAY 27-30, 1997 CL KUHLUNGSBORN, GERMANY SP Comm Space Res ID GEOMAGNETIC STORMS; THERMOSPHERE; F2-LAYER AB One important ionospheric tool currently missing is a successful storm-time prediction model. The most obvious, long-lived, coherent features of the ionospheric response to a geomagnetic storm are the deep ion depletions ("negative phase"), that typically develop in the summer hemisphere during the driven phase of a storm, and persist well into the recovery. An empirical model is presented that is designed to capture the long-lived ion depletions in the midlatitude summer hemisphere. The algorithm is based on a new index: the integral of the hemispheric auroral power as specified by the TIROS/NOAA measurements of precipitating particles. The integral sums the auroral power over the previous 30 hours with a weighting function. The index is designed to be a measure of the change in neutral composition induced by the magnetospheric sources. Recent advances in physically-based modeling of the upper atmosphere have improved understanding of the processes controlling the ionospheric response to geomagnetic storms, and confirm the theory that the "negative phase" is mainly caused by changes in neutral composition. This understanding from physically-based modeling has guided us in the choice of a relatively simple empirical expression to capture the ionospheric response to storms. The algorithm assumes a non-linear relationship between the F-region ionospheric response and the index. The algorithm improves on climatological predictions by reducing storm-time ionospheric variance to values close to pre-storm levels, (C) 1998 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Mexico, Inst Geofis, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. Bulgarian Acad Sci, Inst Geophys, Sofia 113, Bulgaria. RP Fuller-Rowell, TJ (reprint author), Space Environm Ctr, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Kutiev, Ivan/J-9753-2014 NR 13 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON PRESS LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD LANGFORD LANE KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 BN 0-08-043470-3 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 1998 VL 22 IS 6 BP 821 EP 827 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(98)00105-7 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL85H UT WOS:000076930000016 ER PT S AU Wright, JW Conkright, RO AF Wright, JW Conkright, RO BE Rawer, K Bradley, PA TI A prospective ionospheric index of neutral thermospheric composition SO IRI 1997 SYMPOSIUM: NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN IONOSPHERIC MODELLING AN D PREDICTION SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT IRI Symposium on New Developments in Ionospheric Modelling and Prediction CY MAY 27-30, 1997 CL KUHLUNGSBORN, GERMANY SP Comm Space Res ID IONOGRAMS AB The ratio [O]/[N2] is known to vary with season and latitude, creating some of the main climatological features of the F-region; storm-time responses are likewise linked to large-scale, slowly-varying, moving perturbations of the ratio. We develop an index based on the rate of change of foF2(2) during sunrise (Wright, 1963) which may have promise as an indicator of [O]/[N2]. The index is easily defined from foF2(2) (cos chi) using a few hours' ionosonde observations near sunrise each day, extrapolated to the value of foF2 implied for an overhead sun (chi = 0). Election content (TEC) data could be used in the same way. Only the first part of our study is reported here. It devises the index in a form suitable to modern digital ionosondes. A second part will derive the index for some 50 years of ionogram data which are now available in digital form. In a last part, we intend to test the historical index against available satellite measurements of [O]/[N2]. (C) 1998 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 WDCA Solar Terr Phys, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, Boulder, CO USA. RP Wright, JW (reprint author), Svavelgatan 6, S-59338 Vastervik, Sweden. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON PRESS LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD LANGFORD LANE KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 BN 0-08-043470-3 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 1998 VL 22 IS 6 BP 899 EP 902 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(98)00120-3 PG 4 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL85H UT WOS:000076930000031 ER PT B AU Meystel, A Moscovitz, Y Messina, E AF Meystel, A Moscovitz, Y Messina, E GP IEEE TI Mission structure for an unmanned vehicle SO JOINT CONFERENCE ON THE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Conference on the Science and Technology of Intelligent Systems ISIC/CIRA/ISAS CY SEP 14-17, 1998 CL NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL, GAITHERSBURG, MD SP IEEE, Control Syst Soc, Natl Sci Fdn, USA, Army Res Off HO NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL AB The 4-D/Real-Time Control Systems Architecture (4-D/RCS) defines a hierarchical decomposition for intelligent systems, with corresponding command and control pathways. In order to design the vehicle's behavior generation functions, we developed a set of task commands, goals, and actions that are organized hierarchically to form the basic vocabulary for planning and control of the vehicle. This paper documents the basic tasks and vocabulary for a scout platoon implemented according to 4-D/RCS. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Meystel, A (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. OI Messina, Elena/0000-0002-1727-9357 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-4423-5 PY 1998 BP 36 EP 43 DI 10.1109/ISIC.1998.713632 PG 8 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science GA BL60A UT WOS:000075973800008 ER PT B AU Moscovitz, Y DeClaris, N AF Moscovitz, Y DeClaris, N GP IEEE TI Basic concepts and methods for keeping autonomous ground vehicle formations SO JOINT CONFERENCE ON THE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Conference on the Science and Technology of Intelligent Systems ISIC/CIRA/ISAS CY SEP 14-17, 1998 CL NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL, GAITHERSBURG, MD SP IEEE, Control Syst Soc, Natl Sci Fdn, USA, Army Res Off HO NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL AB A desirable basic behavior of a group of autonomous vehicles while in motion is to keep a predefined formation. Normally units are trained to move in formation according to an operational status. Past experience determines the formation for given situations. In this paper, we discuss concepts pertinent to the theory and design of autonomous vehicles moving in formation. Specifically: 1) we present the basic idea of controlling the behavior of autonomous vehicles to keep them in prespecified formation, 2) we examine difficulties in keeping the formation caused by path shapes and obstacles in the path of the vehicles and due to the kinematics and dynamics of the individual vehicle, and 3) we discuss concepts relevant to reformation transitions following temporary changes in the formation caused by the terrain properties and the presence of obstacles. C1 NIST, Intelligent Syst Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Moscovitz, Y (reprint author), NIST, Intelligent Syst Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-4423-5 PY 1998 BP 44 EP 49 DI 10.1109/ISIC.1998.713633 PG 6 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science GA BL60A UT WOS:000075973800009 ER PT B AU Meystel, A Mironov, A AF Meystel, A Mironov, A GP IEEE TI Quasi-commutative diagrams of multiresolutional systems for representation and control SO JOINT CONFERENCE ON THE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Conference on the Science and Technology of Intelligent Systems ISIC/CIRA/ISAS CY SEP 14-17, 1998 CL NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL, GAITHERSBURG, MD SP IEEE, Control Syst Soc, Natl Sci Fdn, USA, Army Res Off HO NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Meystel, A (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-4423-5 PY 1998 BP 72 EP 77 DI 10.1109/ISIC.1998.713638 PG 6 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science GA BL60A UT WOS:000075973800014 ER PT B AU Albus, JS AF Albus, JS GP IEEE TI 4-D/RCS: A reference model architecture for Demo III SO JOINT CONFERENCE ON THE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Conference on the Science and Technology of Intelligent Systems ISIC/CIRA/ISAS CY SEP 14-17, 1998 CL NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL, GAITHERSBURG, MD SP IEEE, Control Syst Soc, Natl Sci Fdn, USA, Army Res Off HO NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL AB 4-D/RCS is a reference model architecture that integrates the MST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) RCS Real-time Control System [Albus & Meystel],with the German (Universitat der Bundeswehr Munchen) VaMoRs 4-D approach to dynamic machine vision [Dickmanns]. 4-D/RCS will provide the DOD Demo III project with an open system operational architecture that will facilitate the integration of a wide variety of subsystems. These include: (1) a foveal/peripheral CCD color camera pair, (2) a Laser Range Imager, (3) a MAPS inertial guidance package, (4) a GPS satellite navigation system, (5) stereo image processing algorithms developed at the NASA Jet Propulsion Lab, and (6) a HMMWV telerobotic driving system with interfaces for a wide variety of mission packages. C1 NIST, Mech Engn Lab, Intelligent Syst Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Albus, JS (reprint author), NIST, Mech Engn Lab, Intelligent Syst Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-4423-5 PY 1998 BP 634 EP 639 DI 10.1109/ISIC.1998.713782 PG 6 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science GA BL60A UT WOS:000075973800113 ER PT B AU Matthies, L Litwin, T Owens, K Rankin, A Murphy, K Coombs, D Gilsinn, J Hong, T AF Matthies, L Litwin, T Owens, K Rankin, A Murphy, K Coombs, D Gilsinn, J Hong, T GP IEEE TI Performance evaluation of UGV obstacle detection with CCD/FLIR stereo vision and LADAR SO JOINT CONFERENCE ON THE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint Conference on the Science and Technology of Intelligent Systems ISIC/CIRA/ISAS CY SEP 14-17, 1998 CL NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL, GAITHERSBURG, MD SP IEEE, Control Syst Soc, Natl Sci Fdn, USA, Army Res Off HO NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL AB The next phase of unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) development sponsored by OSD (the Experimental Unmanned Vehicle, or "Demo III" Program) aims to enable round-the-clock operation with autonomous, cross-country navigation at speeds up to 40 mph on roads, 20 mph by day off road, and 10 mph by night off road. This paper reviews the obstacle sizes that must be detected and lookahead distances that are required to support such driving speeds, then describes data collection and performance evaluation efforts with three different range imaging systems: (1) stereo vision with CCD cameras, (2) stereo vision with InSb FLIR cameras operating in the 3-5 mu m band, and (3) the Dornier EBK LADAR,. The LADAR and the FLIR stereo are applicable to day and night operation; the CCD stereo to day operation only. An extensive data set for this performance evaluation was collected at Aberdeen Proving Ground in November and December 1997. This paper describes the data set and preliminary obstacle detection results obtained with it. Ongoing performance evaluation with this data set will guide obstacle detection sensor selection and development for the Demo III Program. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Matthies, L (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-4423-5 PY 1998 BP 658 EP 670 DI 10.1109/ISIC.1998.713790 PG 13 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science GA BL60A UT WOS:000075973800117 ER PT J AU Dobson, JEF McClure, FD Rainosek, AP AF Dobson, JEF McClure, FD Rainosek, AP TI A precollaborative study of weight determination methods for quick frozen shrimp SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article AB A precollaborative study compared the accuracy and precision of official AOAC methods with other selected methods for determining net weight of IQF-glazed shrimp and block-glazed shrimp, assessed the ruggedness of the methods with respect to changes in the levels of the factors under study, and selected candidate methods for use in a collaborative study. Methods tested for determining deglazed (frozen) net weight of IQF-glazed shrimp were (1) AOAC Method 963.18 and (2) the Water Bath Dip Method. Methods tested for determining thawed net weight of IQF-glazed shrimp were (1) AOAC Method 967.13, (2) Modified AOAC Method(mnb) 967.13, (3) Modified AOAC Method(pb) 967.13, (4) the Coder Method, (5) the Air Thaw Method, and (6) Modified AOAC Method 963.18. The same methods except Modified AOAC Method 963.18 were tested for determining thawed net weight of block-glazed shrimp. A total of 864 0.45 kg (1 lb), 0.90 kg (2 lb), and 1.35 kg (3 lb) IQF-glazed shrimp test samples and 234 2.25 kg (5 Ib) block-glazed shrimp test samples were collected. During sample preparation, test samples were subjected to either water with or without sodium tripolyphosphate (STP). During deglazing (IQF-glazed shrimp only) and/or thawing, test samples were allocated in a factorial design to assess the effects of STP presence (no STP and STP), sieve mesh sizes (2.83 and 2.38 mm; 0.11 and 0.09 in.), and sieve diameters (20 and 30 cm; 8 and 12 in.). During weighing, test samples were further allocated to a sequence of weighing procedures designed to assess the effects of using sieve weights (dry and wet) in combination with paper towel use (no and yes) and tared pan weights when calculating determined net weights. Cn the basis of the results of this precollaborative study, Modified AOAC Method(pb) 967.13 and the Air Thaw Method seem to be the best methods to determine net weight of IQF-glazed and block-glazed shrimp. Therefore, to validate method choices in the collaborative study, the authors recommend analysis of laf-glazed shrimp and block-glazed shrimp test samples, each prepared with or without STP, by Modified AOAC Method(pb) 967.13 and the Air Thaw Method. To fulfill AOAC requirements, IQF-glazed shrimp and block-glazed shrimp test samples, each prepared with or without STP, must be analyzed by official methods: AOAC: Method 963.18 (IQF-glazed shrimp only) and AOAC Method 967.13. During testing, sieve mesh size will be either 2.83 or 2.38 mm (0.11 or 0.09 in.), sieve diameter will be limited to 30 cm (12 in.), and weighing procedure will be limited to tared pan. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, US Dept Commerce, NOAA, Tech Serv Branch,Natl Stand & Specificat Sect, Gloucester, MA 01930 USA. US FDA, US Dept HHS, Ctr Food Safety & Appl Nutr, Off Sci Anal & Support,Div Math, Washington, DC 20204 USA. Univ S Alabama, Dept Math & Stat, Mobile, AL 36688 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, US Dept Commerce, NOAA, Natl Seafood Inspect Lab, Pascagoula, MS 39568 USA. RP Dobson, JEF (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, US Dept Commerce, NOAA, Tech Serv Branch,Natl Stand & Specificat Sect, 11-15 Parker St, Gloucester, MA 01930 USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 USA SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD JAN-FEB PY 1998 VL 81 IS 1 BP 69 EP 87 PG 19 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA YW489 UT WOS:000071940800012 PM 9477564 ER PT J AU Tennyson, JM AF Tennyson, JM TI Seafoods SO JOURNAL OF AOAC INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 111th AOAC INTERNATIONAL Annual Meeting CY SEP 07-11, 1997 CL SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA SP AOAC Int C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Seafood Inspect Lab, Pascagoula, MS 39568 USA. RP Tennyson, JM (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Seafood Inspect Lab, 3209 Frederic St,PO Drawer 1207, Pascagoula, MS 39568 USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AOAC INTERNATIONAL PI GAITHERSBURG PA 481 NORTH FREDRICK AVE, STE 500, GAITHERSBURG, MD 20877-2504 USA SN 1060-3271 J9 J AOAC INT JI J. AOAC Int. PD JAN-FEB PY 1998 VL 81 IS 1 BP 172 EP 176 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA YW489 UT WOS:000071940800044 ER PT J AU Marzban, C AF Marzban, C TI Bayesian probability and scalar performance measures in Gaussian models SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID DIAGNOSTIC VERIFICATION; FORECAST VERIFICATION; SKILL; EVENT AB The transformation of a real, continuous variable into an event probability is reviewed from the Bayesian point of view, after which a Gaussian model is employed to derive an explicit expression for the probability. In turn, several scalar (one-dimensional) measures of performance quality and reliability diagrams are computed. It is shown that if the optimization of scalar measures is of concern, then prior probabilities must be treated carefully, whereas no special care is required for reliability diagrams. Specifically, since a scalar measure gauges only one component of performance quality-a multidimensional entity-it is possible to find the critical value of prior probability that optimizes that scalar measure; this value of "prior probability" is often not equal to the "true" value as estimated from group sample sizes. Optimum reliability, however, is obtained when prior probability is equal to the estimate based on group sample sizes. Exact results are presented for the critical value of "prior probability" that optimize the fraction correct, the true skill statistic, and the reliability diagram, but the critical success index and the Heidke skill statistic are treated only graphically. Finally, an example based on surface air pressure data is employed to illustrate the results in regard to precipitation forecasting. C1 Natl Severe Storms Lab, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale & Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Dept Phys, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Marzban, C (reprint author), Natl Severe Storms Lab, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale & Meteorol Studies, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. NR 15 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8763 J9 J APPL METEOROL JI J. Appl. Meteorol. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 37 IS 1 BP 72 EP 82 DI 10.1175/1520-0450(1998)037<0072:BPASPM>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YQ932 UT WOS:000071439100006 ER PT J AU Roytburd, AL AF Roytburd, AL TI Thermodynamics of polydomain heterostructures. I. Effect of macrostresses SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID FERROELECTRIC THIN-FILMS; MISFIT RELAXATION MECHANISMS; DOMAIN CONFIGURATIONS; PHASE-TRANSFORMATION; FERROELASTIC FILMS; EQUILIBRIUM; MICROSTRUCTURE; SUBSTRATE; SOLIDS; STRAIN AB The thermodynamic principles of the formation of a new class of materials, polydomain heterostructures, are formulated. The polydomain heterostructures can be formed as a result of phase transformations in constrained layers, composed of epitaxial couples or multilayers. Due to the elastic interaction between the layers of a heterostructure, these layers transform into sets of periodically alternating lamellae, or elastic domains. A polydomain layer can consist of either differently oriented domains of the same phase (twins) or domains of different phases. The goal of this article is to determine the parameters of the polydomain heterostructures and the conditions for their formation, i.e., their dependence on the characteristics of phase transformations, lattice misfits, and the film thickness, as well as external fields. Heterostructures containing ferroelectric and superconductor oxide layers will be considered as examples. In part I the necessary conditions for the formation of polydomain heterostructures have been established on the basis of the analysis of thermodynamic effects of internal and external macrostresses on phase transformations. The thermodynamic criteria are formulated in terms of a few energy parameters: the misfit energies of the phases that form the heterostructure and the energies of interaction between domains. Together with the free energies of the unconstrained phases, these parameters give a quantitative thermodynamic description of polydomain heterostructures provided that the interface effects are negligible. It is shown that polytwin structures are always more stable than single domain structures and therefore, their formation is always possible at some external stresses and temperatures. The stability of heterophase polydomain structures depends on the parameter of incompatibility between the domains, i.e., the ratio of the energy of direct interactions between the domains through their interface to the energy of indirect interaction between domains through the elastic surrounding matrix. If the interdomain interfaces are mobile, their movement may result in superelastic deformation and essential softening of the effective elastic modulus. C1 NIST, Div Ceram, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Roytburd, AL (reprint author), NIST, Div Ceram, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 40 TC 132 Z9 133 U1 5 U2 45 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD JAN 1 PY 1998 VL 83 IS 1 BP 228 EP 238 DI 10.1063/1.366677 PG 11 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA YP836 UT WOS:000071320400033 ER PT J AU Roytburd, AL AF Roytburd, AL TI Thermodynamics of polydomain heterostructures. II. Effect of microstresses SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MISFIT RELAXATION MECHANISMS; FERROELECTRIC THIN-FILMS; DOMAIN CONFIGURATIONS; FERROELASTIC FILMS; SOLIDS AB The thermodynamic effects of microstresses on the formation of polydomain heterostructures are considered. The microstresses arise due to the periodic deviation of the actual misfit from the average misfit on the interfaces between a polydomain layer and neighboring layers. The thermodynamic analysis is restricted to heterostructures with D/h<1, where D is the period of the polydomain structure, and h is the thickness of the thinner layer of the heterostructure, either active or passive. In this case the long-range interactions between interfaces through their microstresses can be neglected. A simple and effective approximation for the microstress energy in polydomain heterostructures is proposed. Using this approximation, the effect of thickness on the polydomain structure can be included in the thermodynamic theory through the adjustment of the parameter of incompatibility between the domains. If the domain interfaces are mobile, the critical behavior of compliance and susceptibility should be observed at the critical thicknesses of the polydomain layer. These critical thicknesses correspond to loss of stability of the polydomain structure or change of polydomain symmetry. C1 NIST, Div Ceram, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Roytburd, AL (reprint author), NIST, Div Ceram, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 21 TC 103 Z9 103 U1 1 U2 19 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD JAN 1 PY 1998 VL 83 IS 1 BP 239 EP 245 DI 10.1063/1.366678 PG 7 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA YP836 UT WOS:000071320400034 ER PT J AU Laesecke, A Hafer, RF AF Laesecke, A Hafer, RF TI Viscosity of fluorinated propane isomers. 2. Measurements of three compounds and model comparisons SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING DATA LA English DT Article ID FLUID TRANSPORT-COEFFICIENTS; HARD-SPHERE THEORY; TEMPERATURE-RANGE; PREDICTION; LIQUID; HYDROCARBONS; REFRIGERANTS; MIXTURES; CHF2-CF2-CH2F; DIFFUSION AB Viscosity data are reported for three fluorinated propane isomers in the saturated-liquid state over a combined temperature range from 248 to 348 K. The compounds are 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane (R245fa), 1,1,2,2,3-pentafluoropropane (R245ca), and 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane (R227ea). The measurements were carried out in sealed gravitational capillary viscometers. The estimated uncertainty of the measurements is +/-3.4%. Including earlier viscosity measurements on 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane (R236fa) and 1,1,1,2,3,3-hexafluoropropane (R236ea), the viscosity data of all five fluids were correlated within their experimental uncertainty in terms of the rough hard-sphere model. The experimental data were also compared with predictions of the extended corresponding-states method in NIST Standard Reference Database 23 (REFPROP). Deviations range between -20 and 15%. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Laesecke, A (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 38 TC 20 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-9568 J9 J CHEM ENG DATA JI J. Chem. Eng. Data PD JAN-FEB PY 1998 VL 43 IS 1 BP 84 EP 92 DI 10.1021/je970186q PG 9 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Engineering GA YR876 UT WOS:000071540200022 ER PT J AU Fair, JR Votava, O Nesbitt, DJ AF Fair, JR Votava, O Nesbitt, DJ TI OH stretch overtone spectroscopy and transition dipole alignment of HOD SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID INTRAMOLECULAR VIBRATIONAL-RELAXATION; HYDROGEN-ATOMS; BOND FISSION; CD OVERTONES; PHOTODISSOCIATION; MOLECULES; MODE; INTENSITIES; DYNAMICS; BENZENE AB Photoacoustic spectroscopy in room-temperature H2O/HOD/D2O cells has been used to probe the 3 nu(OH) and 4 nu(OH) overtone bands in HOD via excitation with a single-mode (160 MHz) injection-seeded optical parametric oscillator (OPO) and pulsed dye laser, respectively. Transitions corresponding to HOD are isolated by comparison between H2O/HOD/D2O and pure H2O overtone spectra and analyzed with a Watson asymmetric top Hamiltonian. Least-squares fits yield the vibrational dependence of A(nu), B-nu, and C-nu rotational constants as well as a Birge-Sponer analysis of the vibrational overtone series for up to nu(OH) = 4. Relative intensities of a-type and b-type bands are reported for 3 nu(OH) and 4 nu(OH) which indicate that the transition dipole moment vector tilts away from the OH bond with increasing nu(OH) excitation. This observation is qualitatively inconsistent with simple local-mode, bond-dipole model predictions of the vibrational transition moments. However, the data are in excellent agreement with full 3D quantum variational calculations based on the H2O potential of Polyansky er al. [J. Chem. Phys. 105, 6490 (1996)] and dipole moment surface of Gabriel et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 99, 897 (1993)]. These results highlight the relative importance of electrical versus mechanical anharmonicity effects in preparing highly excited vibrational states of HOD via laser overtone pumping. (C) 1998 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Fair, JR (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 37 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 1305 WALT WHITMAN RD, STE 300, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 EI 1089-7690 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD JAN 1 PY 1998 VL 108 IS 1 BP 72 EP 80 DI 10.1063/1.475386 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA YP021 UT WOS:000071233300012 ER PT J AU Banks, D Constantine, GM AF Banks, D Constantine, GM TI Metric models for random graphs SO JOURNAL OF CLASSIFICATION LA English DT Article DE Bernoulli graphs; clustering; Gibbs distributions; Holland-Leinhardt models; phylogeny; trees ID SOCIOMETRIC RELATIONS; SOCIAL NETWORKS; DIRECTED-GRAPHS; CONSENSUS; CLASSIFICATIONS; TREES AB Many problems entail the analysis of data that are independent and identically distributed random graphs. Useful inference requires flexible probability models for such random graphs; these models should have interpretable location and scale parameters, and support the establishment of confidence regions, maximum likelihood estimates, goodness-of-fit tests, Bayesian inference, and an appropriate analogue of linear model theory. Banks and Carley (1994) develop a simple probability model and sketch some analyses; this paper extends that work so that analysts are able to choose models that reflect application-specific metrics on the see of graphs. The strategy applies to graphs, directed graphs, hypergraphs, and trees, and often extends to objects in countable metric spaces. C1 NIST, Stat Engn Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Math, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA. Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Stat, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA. RP Banks, D (reprint author), NIST, Stat Engn Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 42 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0176-4268 J9 J CLASSIF JI J. Classif. PY 1998 VL 15 IS 2 BP 199 EP 223 DI 10.1007/s003579900031 PG 25 WC Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Psychology, Mathematical SC Mathematics; Psychology GA 134HZ UT WOS:000076738600003 ER PT J AU Spoerre, J Zhang, C Wang, B Parnas, R AF Spoerre, J Zhang, C Wang, B Parnas, R TI Integrated product and process design for resin transfer molded parts SO JOURNAL OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID PROCESS PARAMETERS AB Resin transfer molding (RTM) is an attractive composite processing method due to its potential for providing consistently superior parts at low costs. The RTM process involves a large number of variables related to the product and process performance. In this study, an integrated product and process design (IPPD) approach is developed and implemented to optimize RTM product and process design variables for good part quality and process performance. Genetic algorithms (GA), in conjunction with the cascade correlation neural network architecture (CCA-NN)I are utilized to establish a model that predicts and optimizes performance and quality of RTM parts. The integrated product and process design approach is implemented and illustrated with experimental data. C1 FAMU FSU, Coll Engn, Dept Ind Engn, Tallahassee, FL 32310 USA. So Illinois Univ, Coll Engn, Dept Technol, Carbondale, IL 62901 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymer, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Zhang, C (reprint author), FAMU FSU, Coll Engn, Dept Ind Engn, 2525 Pottsdamer St, Tallahassee, FL 32310 USA. EM chzhang@eng.fsu.edu NR 24 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 5 PU TECHNOMIC PUBL CO INC PI LANCASTER PA 851 NEW HOLLAND AVE, BOX 3535, LANCASTER, PA 17604 USA SN 0021-9983 J9 J COMPOS MATER JI J. Compos Mater. PY 1998 VL 32 IS 13 BP 1244 EP 1272 PG 29 WC Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science GA 102JH UT WOS:000074920700001 ER PT J AU Tung, M Skrtic, D AF Tung, M Skrtic, D TI Precipitation and conversion of calcium phosphate from carbonate-coating calcium phosphate solutions SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 1998 VL 77 SI A MA 40 BP 110 EP 110 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA YU125 UT WOS:000071684800041 ER PT J AU Mueller, HJ Hirthe, RW AF Mueller, HJ Hirthe, RW TI Sulfidation, corrosion, electrochemical characterization and modeling of consolidated silver material. SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Marquette Univ, Ctr Mat Sci & Technol, Milwaukee, WI 53233 USA. NIST, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 1998 VL 77 SI A MA 108 BP 119 EP 119 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA YU125 UT WOS:000071684800111 ER PT J AU Xu, HHK Giuseppetti, AA Eichmiller, FC AF Xu, HHK Giuseppetti, AA Eichmiller, FC TI Two-body sliding wear resistance of a silver alternative to amalgam. SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 1998 VL 77 SI A MA 109 BP 119 EP 119 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA YU125 UT WOS:000071684800108 ER PT J AU Eichmiller, FC Xu, H AF Eichmiller, FC Xu, H TI Symposium: Alternatives to dental amalgam. SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 1998 VL 77 SI A MA 361 BP 151 EP 151 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA YU125 UT WOS:000071684800361 ER PT J AU Stansbury, JW Choi, KM Khatri, CA Reed, BB Dickens, SH AF Stansbury, JW Choi, KM Khatri, CA Reed, BB Dickens, SH TI Photopolymerization kinetics of methacrylate dental resins. SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 1998 VL 77 SI A MA 393 BP 155 EP 155 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA YU125 UT WOS:000071684800393 ER PT J AU Dickens, SH Liao, S AF Dickens, SH Liao, S TI Surface energies and wettability on conditioned root dentin surfaces. SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 1998 VL 77 SI A MA 504 BP 168 EP 168 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA YU125 UT WOS:000071684800504 ER PT J AU Chow, LC Takagi, S Markovic, M AF Chow, LC Takagi, S Markovic, M TI A mechanistic model for "active" fluoride delivery systems SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, PRC, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 1998 VL 77 SI A MA 653 BP 187 EP 187 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA YU125 UT WOS:000071684800650 ER PT J AU Farahani, M AF Farahani, M TI The radiation-induced reduction and removal of heavy metal ions from waste solutions. SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 1998 VL 77 SI A MA 686 BP 191 EP 191 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA YU125 UT WOS:000071684800686 ER PT J AU Bapna, MS Mueller, HJ AF Bapna, MS Mueller, HJ TI Relative solubilities of hybrid ionomers and compomer by acid impingement. SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, ADAHF Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD USA. Univ Illinois, Sch Dent, Chicago, IL USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 1998 VL 77 SI A MA 776 BP 202 EP 202 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA YU125 UT WOS:000071684800775 ER PT J AU Dickens, SH Flaim, GM Takagi, S Liao, H AF Dickens, SH Flaim, GM Takagi, S Liao, H TI Remineralization of dentin and enamel lesions with calcium phosphate cements. SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, PRC, ADAHF, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC PI THOUSAND OAKS PA 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 USA SN 0022-0345 EI 1544-0591 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 1998 VL 77 SI A MA 769 BP 202 EP 202 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA YU125 UT WOS:000071684800768 ER PT J AU Khatri, CA Antonucci, JM AF Khatri, CA Antonucci, JM TI New self-etching, polymerization-initiating primers for dental adhesion. SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, Dent & Med Mat Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 1998 VL 77 SI A MA 957 BP 225 EP 225 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA YU125 UT WOS:000071684800951 ER PT J AU McDonough, WG Antonucci, JM Schumacher, GE Dunkers, JP AF McDonough, WG Antonucci, JM Schumacher, GE Dunkers, JP TI Shear strengths of dentin-polymer interfaces by the microbond test. SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. ADAHF, PRC, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 1998 VL 77 SI A MA 1228 BP 259 EP 259 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA YU125 UT WOS:000071684801224 ER PT J AU Antonucci, JM Fowler, BO Stansbury, JW AF Antonucci, JM Fowler, BO Stansbury, JW TI Facile synthesis of silanated derivatives of Bis-GMA. SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIDR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 1998 VL 77 SI A MA 1233 BP 260 EP 260 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA YU125 UT WOS:000071684801235 ER PT J AU Wang, FW Sauder, DG AF Wang, FW Sauder, DG TI Cure monitoring of bone cement by fluorescence spectroscopy. SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Hood Coll, Frederick, MD 21701 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 1998 VL 77 SI B MA 64 BP 639 EP 639 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA ZK546 UT WOS:000073335400064 ER PT J AU Bowen, RL AF Bowen, RL TI A repeatable group model for collagen molecules in dentin. SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 1998 VL 77 SI B MA 65 BP 640 EP 640 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA ZK546 UT WOS:000073335400065 ER PT J AU Scherrer, SS Kelly, JR Quinn, GD Xu, K AF Scherrer, SS Kelly, JR Quinn, GD Xu, K TI Fracture toughness (K-Ic) of a dental porcelain determined by fractographic analysis. SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. USN, Sch Dent, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 1998 VL 77 SI B MA 193 BP 656 EP 656 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA ZK546 UT WOS:000073335400191 ER PT J AU Dickens, SH Liao, NS Reed, BB AF Dickens, SH Liao, NS Reed, BB TI Comparison of a micro tensile and two shear dentin bond tests. SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 1998 VL 77 SI B MA 202 BP 657 EP 657 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA ZK546 UT WOS:000073335400203 ER PT J AU Shimada, Y Kondou, Y Inokoshi, S Tagami, J Antonucci, JM AF Shimada, Y Kondou, Y Inokoshi, S Tagami, J Antonucci, JM TI Demineralizing effect of dental cements on human dentin SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Tokyo Med & Dent Univ, Tokyo 113, Japan. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 1998 VL 77 SI B MA 386 BP 680 EP 680 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA ZK546 UT WOS:000073335400387 ER PT J AU Peterson, IM Jung, YG Lawn, BR Pajares, A AF Peterson, IM Jung, YG Lawn, BR Pajares, A TI Strength degradation from contact damage in dental ceramics. SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. UEX, Fac Ciencias, Dept Fis, Badajoz, Spain. RI Pajares, Antonia/I-3881-2015 OI Pajares, Antonia/0000-0002-1086-7586 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 1998 VL 77 SI B MA 398 BP 681 EP 681 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA ZK546 UT WOS:000073335400397 ER PT J AU Kelly, JR Hunter, BV Brenyo, MR Peterson, IM AF Kelly, JR Hunter, BV Brenyo, MR Peterson, IM TI Simulating clinical failure during in vitro testing of all-ceramic crowns. SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USN, Sch Dent, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 1998 VL 77 SI B MA 1175 BP 778 EP 778 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA ZK546 UT WOS:000073335401166 ER PT J AU Carey, CM Shore, NA AF Carey, CM Shore, NA TI Effects of membrane components on phosphate ion-selective electrode function. SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 1998 VL 77 SI B MA 1190 BP 780 EP 780 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA ZK546 UT WOS:000073335401184 ER PT J AU Markovic, M Takagi, S Chow, LC AF Markovic, M Takagi, S Chow, LC TI Calcium phosphate cement with incorporated mannitol crystals. SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, ADAHF, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 1998 VL 77 SI B MA 1261 BP 789 EP 789 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA ZK546 UT WOS:000073335401252 ER PT J AU Komatsu, K Wang, F AF Komatsu, K Wang, F TI Fluorescent probe for cure monitoring of bonding agent on surface. SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Nihon Univ, Chiba, Japan. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 1998 VL 77 SI B MA 1410 BP 808 EP 808 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA ZK546 UT WOS:000073335401406 ER PT J AU Matsuya, Y Matsuya, S Antonucci, JM Takagi, S Chow, LC Akamine, A AF Matsuya, Y Matsuya, S Antonucci, JM Takagi, S Chow, LC Akamine, A TI A hydroxyapatite-forming polymeric calcium phosphate cement SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Kyushu Univ, Fac Dent, Fukuoka 812, Japan. NIST, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, PRC, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 1998 VL 77 SI B MA 1445 BP 812 EP 812 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA ZK546 UT WOS:000073335401436 ER PT J AU Stansbury, JW Dickens, SH Khatri, CA AF Stansbury, JW Dickens, SH Khatri, CA TI Compositional drift during the copolymerization of dental resins. SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 1998 VL 77 SI B MA 1495 BP 818 EP 818 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA ZK546 UT WOS:000073335401485 ER PT J AU Xu, HHK Eichmiller, FC Antonucci, JM Schumacher, GE AF Xu, HHK Eichmiller, FC Antonucci, JM Schumacher, GE TI Ceramic whisker reinforcement of dental composite resins. SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. ADAHF Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 1998 VL 77 SI B MA 1499 BP 819 EP 819 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA ZK546 UT WOS:000073335401491 ER PT J AU Takagi, S Markovic, M Chow, LC AF Takagi, S Markovic, M Chow, LC TI Effect of tetracalcium phosphate particle size distribution on cement hardening. SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 1998 VL 77 SI B MA 1736 BP 848 EP 848 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA ZK546 UT WOS:000073335401729 ER PT J AU Chohayeb, AA Henley, GL Fields, R Fraker, AC Sintes, J Volpe, T AF Chohayeb, AA Henley, GL Fields, R Fraker, AC Sintes, J Volpe, T TI Conservative restoration of endodontically treated teeth: Strength of different materials. SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Howard Univ, Washington, DC 20059 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Colgate Palmolive Co, New York, NY 10022 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 1998 VL 77 SI B MA 2550 BP 950 EP 950 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA ZK546 UT WOS:000073335402541 ER PT J AU Geiger, SB Gurbatov, D Ratzker, M Dariel, MP Eichmiller, FC Liberman, R AF Geiger, SB Gurbatov, D Ratzker, M Dariel, MP Eichmiller, FC Liberman, R TI Surface treatment of mercury free alloys. SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Tel Aviv Univ, Sch Dent Med, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. Ben Gurion Univ Negev, IL-84105 Beer Sheva, Israel. NIST, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, PRC, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 1998 VL 77 SI B MA 2559 BP 951 EP 951 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA ZK546 UT WOS:000073335402546 ER PT J AU Rose, K Takagi, S Markovic, M Sieck, B Chow, LC AF Rose, K Takagi, S Markovic, M Sieck, B Chow, LC TI Fluoride deposition on interproximal tooth surfaces by a wedge treatment SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, ADAHF Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 1998 VL 77 SI B MA 2726 BP 972 EP 972 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA ZK546 UT WOS:000073335402717 ER PT J AU Chow, LC Takagi, S Liao, H AF Chow, LC Takagi, S Liao, H TI Tooth-bound fluoride effect on enamel demineralization in vitro. SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 1998 VL 77 SI B MA 3086 BP 1017 EP 1017 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA ZK546 UT WOS:000073335403075 ER PT J AU Nikaido, T Antonucci, JM Code, JE Schumacher, GE Tagami, J AF Nikaido, T Antonucci, JM Code, JE Schumacher, GE Tagami, J TI Efficacy of acid or sodium salt forms of N-arylglycines on dentin bonding. SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Tokyo Med & Dent Univ, Tokyo 113, Japan. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. ADAHF PRC, Gaithersburg, MD USA. USMMA, Kings Point, NY USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 1998 VL 77 SI B MA 3102 BP 1019 EP 1019 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA ZK546 UT WOS:000073335403091 ER PT J AU Newbury, DE AF Newbury, DE TI Trace element detection at nanometer scale spatial resolution SO JOURNAL OF ELECTRON MICROSCOPY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Atomic Level Characterizations for New Materials and Devices CY NOV 23-28, 1997 CL MAUI, HI SP Japanese Soc Promot Sci, 141st Comm Microbeam Anal DE trace element detection; nanometer scale AB Trace elemental constituents present in materials at concentration levels below 0.01 mass fraction (10 boolean AND 000 parts per million, or p.p.m.) can exert significant control on important electronic, optical, chemical, and mechanical properties. Detecting and measuring trace constituents while simultaneously achieving high spatial resolution is a major challenge confronting modern materials science. For lateral spatial resolutions above 1 mu m, secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) has often proven satisfactory at concentration levels down to 10(-6) mass fraction (1 p.p.m.) and lower. As the size of features of interest has entered the nanometer scale, the destructive nature of SIMS has proven to be a limitation. Two electron beam techniques offer particular promise. Analytical electron microscopy (AEM) with energy dispersive Xray spectrometry (EDS) and electron energy loss spectrometry (EELS) performed on thin specimens can achieve lateral resolution approaching 1 nm with fractional detection levels near 10(-3) (1000 p.p.m.). Advances in EELS have recently extended the fractional sensitivity to 10(-5) (10 p.p.m.) with single atom sensitivity possible even for highly diluted samples. For thick bulk specimens, scanning electron microscopy/EDS performed with the new high spectral resolution microcalorimeter X-ray spectrometer offers the possibility of achieving lateral and depth resolution approaching 10 nm with fractional detection limits below 10(-3) (1000 p.p.m.). These electron beam techniques can also provide a variety of advanced morphological and structural imaging modes to complement the compositional information. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Newbury, DE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM dale.newbury@nist.gov NR 16 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 4 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0022-0744 J9 J ELECTRON MICROSC JI J. Electron Microsc. PY 1998 VL 47 IS 5 BP 407 EP 418 PG 12 WC Microscopy SC Microscopy GA 142RJ UT WOS:000077213900007 ER PT J AU Moles, A Heifetz, J AF Moles, A Heifetz, J TI Effects of the brain parasite Myxobolus arcticus on sockeye salmon SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Myxobolus; swimming; osmocompetence ID ONCORHYNCHUS-NERKA; SWIMMING PERFORMANCE; MYXOSPOREAN PARASITE; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; SEAWATER; SURVIVAL; KISUTCH; RIVER; WILD AB Parasitism with Myxobolus arcticus did not affect smolt size of sockeye salmon or their osmocompetence, but had a deleterious effect (P<0.001) on the swimming speed of naturally infected smolts. Parasitized fish had a mean swimming speed of 2.89 fork length s(-1) (L-F s(-1)) compared with 4.37 L-F s(-1) for unparasitized fish. The parasite probably impairs swimming ability by affecting the central nervous system, but this effect does not appear severe enough to limit the parasite's usefulness in stock separation. (C) 1998 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auke Bay Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Moles, A (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auke Bay Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, 11305 Glacier Highway, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. EM adam.moles@noaa.gov NR 20 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 52 IS 1 BP 146 EP 151 DI 10.1006/jfbi.1997.0571 PG 6 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA YR647 UT WOS:000071516200013 ER PT J AU MacCrehan, WA Smith, KD Rowe, WF AF MacCrehan, WA Smith, KD Rowe, WF TI Sampling protocols for the detection of smokeless powder residues using capillary electrophoresis SO JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE forensic science; criminalistics; gunshot residue; sample preparation; capillary electrophoresis; supercritical fluid extraction ID SUPERCRITICAL-FLUID EXTRACTION; DISPERSIVE-X-RAY; GUNSHOT RESIDUE; CHROMATOGRAPHY; IDENTIFICATION; AMMUNITION; EXPLOSIVES AB Present techniques for the detection of gunshot residue rely primarily metallic primer components such as lead, barium and antimony. With the advent of reformulated primers that reduce or eliminate these elements, new methods for the detection of organic residue compounds will be needed. Micellar electrokinetic capillary electrophoresis (MECE) is one technique that has been successfully applied to the analysis of these smokeless powder residue compounds. Protocols for the recovery of the organic residue components under a variety of sampling conditions were evaluated and improved for MECE analysis. The collection of residue samples where external contaminants such as grease or blood were present on the residue substrate were investigated using both tape lifts and solvent swab protocols. In addition, residue component recovery using supercritical fluid extraction techniques was preliminarily evaluated for samples contaminated with blood. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. George Washington Univ, Dept Forens Sci, Washington, DC 20052 USA. RP MacCrehan, WA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, A213-222, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 17 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER SOC TESTING MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DR, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 0022-1198 J9 J FORENSIC SCI JI J. Forensic Sci. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 43 IS 1 BP 119 EP 124 PG 6 WC Medicine, Legal SC Legal Medicine GA YT598 UT WOS:000071623100018 PM 9456532 ER PT J AU Kline, MC Jenkins, B AF Kline, MC Jenkins, B TI Non-amplification of a vWA allele SO JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES LA English DT Letter C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, DNA Technol Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Dept Criminal Justice Serv, Virginia Div Forens Sci, Richmond, VA 23219 USA. RP Kline, MC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, DNA Technol Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 29 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC TESTING MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DR, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 0022-1198 J9 J FORENSIC SCI JI J. Forensic Sci. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 43 IS 1 BP 250 EP 250 PG 1 WC Medicine, Legal SC Legal Medicine GA YT598 UT WOS:000071623100049 ER PT J AU Qiu, SG AF Qiu, SG TI Discrete Gabor transforms: The Gabor-Gram matrix approach SO JOURNAL OF FOURIER ANALYSIS AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE discrete Gabor transform (DGT); Gabor-Gram matrix; unitarily equivalent Gabor-Gram matrix (UEGM); Gabor window; dual Gabor window ID COMPRESSION; EXPANSION; SIGNALS AB The fundamental problem of discrete Gabor transforms is to compute a set of Gabor coefficients in efficient ways. Recent study on the subject is an indirect approach: in order to compute the Gabor coefficients, one needs to find an auxiliary bi-orthogonal window function gamma. We are seeking a direct approach in this paper We introduce concepts of Gabor-Gram matrices and investigate their structural properties. We propose iterative methods to compute the Gabor coefficients. Simple solutions for critical sampling, certain oversampling, and undersampling cases are developed. C1 NCDC, Cirrus Log, Raleigh, NC 27615 USA. Univ Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. RP Qiu, SG (reprint author), NCDC, Cirrus Log, Raleigh, NC 27615 USA. EM sigang@ncdc.cirruc.com NR 24 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 1 PU BIRKHAUSER BOSTON INC PI CAMBRIDGE PA 675 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA SN 1069-5869 J9 J FOURIER ANAL APPL JI J. Fourier Anal. Appl. PY 1998 VL 4 IS 1 BP 1 EP 17 DI 10.1007/BF02475925 PG 17 WC Mathematics, Applied SC Mathematics GA 133KB UT WOS:000076684800002 ER PT J AU Pulkkinen, TI Baker, DN Frank, LA Sigwarth, JB Opgenoorth, HJ Greenwald, R Friis-Christensen, E Mukai, T Nakamura, R Singer, H Reeves, GD Lester, M AF Pulkkinen, TI Baker, DN Frank, LA Sigwarth, JB Opgenoorth, HJ Greenwald, R Friis-Christensen, E Mukai, T Nakamura, R Singer, H Reeves, GD Lester, M TI Two substorm intensifications compared: Onset, expansion, and global consequences SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID THIN CURRENT SHEETS; SOLAR-WIND; MAGNETOSPHERIC SUBSTORMS; RECOVERY PHASE; PLASMA SHEET; GROWTH-PHASE; MAGNETOTAIL; CONVECTION; MODEL; SPACECRAFT AB We present observations of two sequential substorm onsets on May 15, 1996. The first event occurred during persistently negative IMF B-Z, whereas the second expansion followed a northward turning of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). While the first onset remained localized, the second event led to a major reconfiguration of the magnetotail, The two very different events are contrasted, and it is suggested that the IMF direction controls the evolution of the expansion phase after the initial onset. Magnetic field modeling and field-aligned mappings are used to find the high-altitude source region of the auroral features and currents giving rise to ground magnetic disturbances: It is shown that the auroral brightening is related to processes near the inner edge of the plasma sheet but that the initial field-aligned currents couple to the midtail region. Ground magnetograms show an abrupt, large-scale weakening of the electrojet during the recovery phase. This event is followed by eastward drifting omega bands in a double-oval configuration, During that period, the Geotail plasma data show oscillations at <100 km/s amplitude. We argue that both these features are connected with the global tail evolution as the neutral line ceases to be active and reforms in the distant tail. C1 Finnish Meteorol Inst, FIN-00101 Helsinki, Finland. Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Iowa, Dept Phys & Astron, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. Danish Meteorol Inst, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. Univ Leicester, Dept Phys, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England. Nagoya Univ, Solar Terr Environm Lab, Aichi 442, Japan. Swedish Inst Space Phys, Uppsala Div, S-75590 Uppsala, Sweden. Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Inst Space & Astronaut Sci, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 229, Japan. RP Pulkkinen, TI (reprint author), Finnish Meteorol Inst, POB 503, FIN-00101 Helsinki, Finland. RI Nakamura, Rumi/I-7712-2013; Reeves, Geoffrey/E-8101-2011; Pulkkinen, Tuija/D-8403-2012; OI Nakamura, Rumi/0000-0002-2620-9211; Reeves, Geoffrey/0000-0002-7985-8098; Pulkkinen, Tuija/0000-0002-6317-381X; Greenwald, Raymond/0000-0002-7421-5536 NR 48 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD JAN 1 PY 1998 VL 103 IS A1 BP 15 EP 27 DI 10.1029/97JA01985 PG 13 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA YQ714 UT WOS:000071415900003 ER PT J AU Fairfield, DH Mukai, T Lui, ATY Cattell, CA Reeves, GD Nagai, T Rostoker, G Singer, HJ Kaiser, ML Kokubun, S Lazarus, AJ Lepping, RP Nakamura, M Steinberg, JT Tsuruda, K Williams, DJ Yamamoto, T AF Fairfield, DH Mukai, T Lui, ATY Cattell, CA Reeves, GD Nagai, T Rostoker, G Singer, HJ Kaiser, ML Kokubun, S Lazarus, AJ Lepping, RP Nakamura, M Steinberg, JT Tsuruda, K Williams, DJ Yamamoto, T TI Geotail observations of substorm onset in the inner magnetotail SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID NEAR-EARTH MAGNETOTAIL; PLASMA SHEET; CURRENT DISRUPTION; MAGNETIC-FIELD; MAGNETOSPHERIC SUBSTORMS; ION COMPOSITION; ELECTRIC-FIELD; GROWTH-PHASE; PARTICLE; SIGNATURES AB On April 26, 1995, while Geotail was in the near-equatorial magnetotail at 13 R-E and 2300 LT, a substorm onset occurred that was documented by ground magnetograms, auroral kilometric radiation, and magnetic field and particle data from four spacecraft at and near geosynchronous orbit. Although Geotail was initially outside a greatly thinned current sheet, plasma sheet thickening associated with the substorm dipolarization quickly caused Geotail to move into the plasma sheet where it observed field-aligned earthward moving ions with velocities of 400 km/s. During the subsequent few minutes as the magnetic field became more northward, the velocities increased with particles moving increasingly into the energy range of the energetic particle experiment. These flows culminated with 1-min worth of earthward flow of 2000 km/s that was perpendicular to the northward B field. Such how, probably the largest ever detected at 13 R-E, was confirmed by the observation of an intense de electric field of 50 m V/m (0.3 megavolts/R-E). This large field is probably inductive, caused by reconnection that occurred tailward of the spacecraft, and related to the acceleration processes associated with particle injection at geosynchronous orbit. Energy and magnetic flux conservation arguments suggest that this rapid flow has a small cross-tail dimension of the order of 1 R-E. The data appear to support a simulation of Birn and Hesse [1996] which showed rapid earthward flows from a reconnection line at 23 R-E that caused a tailward expansion of a region of dipolarized flux. Subsequent to the onset, Geotail observed plasma vortices with typical velocities of 50-100 km/s that occurred in a high-beta plasma sheet with a 15-nT northward magnetic field. The vortices were punctuated by occasional flow bursts with velocities up to 400 km/s, one of which was accompanied by a violently varying magnetic field where north/south field components were as large as 30 nT and as small as -8 nT. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Extraterr Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Minnesota, Sch Phys & Astron, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Nagoya Univ, STELAB, Toyokawa 442, Japan. MIT, Ctr Space Res, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. Inst Space & Astronaut Sci, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 229, Japan. Tokyo Inst Technol, Tokyo 152, Japan. Univ Tokyo, Dept Earth & Planetary Phys, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 113, Japan. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Univ Alberta, Canadian Network Space Res, Edmonton, AB T6G 2J1, Canada. Univ Alberta, Dept Phys, Edmonton, AB T6G 2J1, Canada. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Fairfield, DH (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Extraterr Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Reeves, Geoffrey/E-8101-2011; OI Reeves, Geoffrey/0000-0002-7985-8098; Cattell, Cynthia/0000-0002-3805-320X NR 60 TC 73 Z9 75 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD JAN 1 PY 1998 VL 103 IS A1 BP 103 EP 117 DI 10.1029/97JA02043 PG 15 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA YQ714 UT WOS:000071415900010 ER PT J AU Leigh, P AF Leigh, P TI Benefits and costs of the Ruffe control program for the Great Lakes fishery SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Eurasian Ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernuus) Biology, Impacts, and Control CY 1995 CL THUNDER BAY, MICHIGAN DE Ruffe; discount rate; costs; control AB Although data on Great Lake fish stocks and values are uncertain estimates, reasonable approximations can be made concerning economic losses for the United States from various types of management practices. Based on biometric changes that are projected to occur, it appears that early control of a non-indigenous fish species, specifically ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernuus), can result in significant investment returns. By instituting a ruffe control program, benefits to the public will exceed costs by 44 to 1 over the next five decades. Under a moderate case projection of benefits this will yield an estimated net public savings of $513 million for the United States. Since sportfishing values are much greater than commercial fishing values, anglers will benefit the most from this program. C1 NOAA, Habitat Conservat Off, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Leigh, P (reprint author), NOAA, Habitat Conservat Off, Bldg 3,Room 12607,1315 E W Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 24 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 4 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2200 BONISTEEL BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109-2099 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 1998 VL 24 IS 2 BP 351 EP 360 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA ZY118 UT WOS:000074588400018 ER PT J AU Schelske, CL Fahnenstiel, GL AF Schelske, CL Fahnenstiel, GL TI Commemorating 50 years of Great Lakes research at the University of Michigan: A tribute to David C. Chandler SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Biographical-Item DE limnology; biota; nutrients; eutrophication; currents; toxic substances ID EUTROPHICATION C1 Univ Florida, Dept Fisheries & Aquat Sci, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. US Dept Commerce, GLERL, Lake Michigan Field Stn, Muskegon, MI 49441 USA. RP Schelske, CL (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Fisheries & Aquat Sci, 7922 NW 71st St, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2200 BONISTEEL BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109-2099 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 1998 VL 24 IS 3 BP 487 EP 494 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 134HT UT WOS:000076738000002 ER PT J AU Beeton, AM Schneider, RS AF Beeton, AM Schneider, RS TI A century of Great Lakes research at the University of Michigan SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Review DE Great Lakes; University of Michigan; history; Great Lakes Research Division; Michigan sea grant; CILER; limnology; Chandler; Welch; Reighard; Conferences on Great Lakes Research ID FATTY-ACID COMPOSITION; QUANTITATIVE MORPHOLOGY; CHLORINATED BENZENES; SILICA DEPLETION; MYSIS-RELICTA; RADIOTRACER MEASUREMENT; PHOSPHORUS ENRICHMENT; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; BIOGENIC SILICA; SEDIMENTS AB The University of Michigan has had a long and productive history of promoting, enhancing, and facilitating research on the Laurentian Great Lakes. This interest in Great Lakes research was evident before the turn of the century under the leadership of Prof: Jacob E. Reighard. Early research was primarily concerned with fish and fisheries. The emphasis on fisheries started to shift to basic limnological research after the 1920s when Prof. Paul S. Welch started a limnology course and wrote his book Limnology. His student, Prof: David C. Chandler, returned to the University in 1953 to chair the Council of the Great Lakes Research Institute, and subsequently became the Director of the Great Lakes Research Division in 1960. The emphasis was and has been on basic and applied research involving a broad spectrum of disciplines. The published contributions include biology, chemistry, geology, meteorology, paleolimnology, physical limnology, pollution, radiolimnology, and integrated studies. Among the University's many contributions to furthering Great Lakes research was the origination of the Conferences on Great Lakes Research, started in 1953. Publications of the Proceedings of these conferences provided a valuable reference to research in the 1950s and 1960s. These conferences led to the formation of the International Association for Great Lakes Research and subsequently the Journal of Great Lakes Research. The University acquired several research vessels. The earliest large vessel acquired was the Inland Seas (1960) which-was replaced by, the Laurentian in 1974. A research submersible was brought into Lake Michigan for evaluation by the Great Lakes Research Division in 1966 At about this time Michigan Sea Grant Program was started in 1969 and the Coastal Zone Laboratory in the 1970s. More recently the Cooperative Institute for Limnology and Ecosystem Research was created in 1989 as a partnership among the University, Michigan State University, and the Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Much of the Great Lakes research activity at the University was realigned into several colleges and schools in the late 1980s. Great Lakes research at the University has passed through a number of reorganizations, and now exists as the Aquatic Research Programs of the University of Michigan Biological Station. C1 US Dept Commerce, NOAA, Off Chief Scientist, Washington, DC 20230 USA. Univ Michigan, Ctr Great Lakes & Aquat Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Beeton, AM (reprint author), US Dept Commerce, NOAA, Off Chief Scientist, 14th & Constitut Ave NW, Washington, DC 20230 USA. EM alfred.beeton@mci2000.com NR 158 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 1998 VL 24 IS 3 BP 495 EP 517 PG 23 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 134HT UT WOS:000076738000003 ER PT J AU Fahnenstiel, GL Krause, AE McCormick, MJ Carrick, HJ Schelske, CL AF Fahnenstiel, GL Krause, AE McCormick, MJ Carrick, HJ Schelske, CL TI The structure of the planktonic food-web in the St. Lawrence Great Lakes SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE microorganisms; planktonic food-web; Great Lakes; autotrophic; heterotrophic; picoplankton ID MUSSEL DREISSENA-POLYMORPHA; SAGINAW BAY; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; SEASONAL ABUNDANCE; EPIFLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY; BYTHOTREPHES-CEDERSTROEMI; PHOTOTROPHIC PICOPLANKTON; ECOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS; CRUSTACEAN ZOOPLANKTON; MICHIGAN PHYTOPLANKTON AB The structure of the planktonic food-web was studied during the spring (April/May) and summer (August) periods in 1993 to 1995 at twelve stations located in-the offshore region of all five Great Lakes. All components of the planktonic food-web were collected from the same water sample (with the exception of crustaceans), counted microscopically, converted to carbon units, and averaged over the euphotic zone. Due to phosphorus load reductions and the impact of non-indigenous mussels in the lower lakes, physical/chemical characteristics of the lower lakes are becoming similar to those in the upper lakes. Spring total phosphorus and euphotic zone depth were relatively similar among all the stations (except western Lake Erie), ranging from 3 to 7 mu g/L and 21 to 26 m, respectively. During the summer total phosphorus concentrations were more variable, but ranged between 4 to 10 mu g/L at all stations except western Lake Erie. Planktonic biomass was correlated with total phosphorus concentration. Within a season, the structure of the planktonic food-web was remarkably similar among all stations across all the lakes. Of the seventeen food-web structure parameters examined, only two exhibited significant differences among stations during the spring isothermal period; only four parameters exhibited significant differences among stations during the summer. Small plankton were very abundant in all the lakes. Picoplankton (0.2 to 2.0 mu m) biomass was approximately equal to the combined biomass of nannoand microplankton (2 to 200 mu m). For microorganisms (all organisms except crustaceans) autotrophic: heterotrophic ratios averaged 1.3 (spring = 1.1, summer = 1.5). The heterotrophic microorganism community was comprised of bacteria (mean = 65%), protozoans (mean = 32%), and rotifers (3%). Even though zebra mussel veligers were found in all the lakes except Lake Superior, their contribution to microorganism biomass never exceeded 1%. Due to seasonal variation in crustacean abundance, the mean contribution of major functional groups varied by season; producers (autotrophs), decomposers (bacteria), micrograzers (protozoans and rotifers), and mesograzers (crustaceans) constituted 40%, 30%, 11%, and 19% of total planktonic carbon, respectively, during the spring, and 32%, 15%, 9%, and 43%, respectively, during the summer. The overall similarity in the structure of the planktonic food-web across all stations in the Great Lakes was attributed to the strong influence of abiotic factors. C1 NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Lake Michigan Field Stn, Muskegon, MI 49441 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. SUNY Coll Buffalo, Great Lakes Ctr, Dept Biol, Buffalo, NY 14228 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Fisheries & Aquat Sci, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. RP Fahnenstiel, GL (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Lake Michigan Field Stn, 1431 Beach St, Muskegon, MI 49441 USA. EM fahnenstiel@glerl.noaa.gov NR 98 TC 66 Z9 66 U1 1 U2 19 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2200 BONISTEEL BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109-2099 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 1998 VL 24 IS 3 BP 531 EP 554 PG 24 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 134HT UT WOS:000076738000005 ER PT J AU Evans, MS Eadie, BJ Glover, RM AF Evans, MS Eadie, BJ Glover, RM TI Sediment trap studies in southeastern Lake Michigan: Fecal pellet express or the more traveled route? SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE fecal pellets; sediment traps; organic aggregates; resuspension; recycling; Lake Michigan ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; PANAMA BASIN; PARTICULATE MATTER; SETTLING BEHAVIOR; ORGANIC-CARBON; ATLANTIC-OCEAN; VERTICAL FLUX; PARTICLES; BAY; RESUSPENSION AB This study investigated the composition of particulate matter in a series of sediment traps set in the offshore waters of southeastern Lake Michigan, April to October 1982. Of particular interest was the role of zooplankton fecal pellets in rapidly transporting matter from the euphotic zone to lake sediments. Particulate pur: was examined microscopically. Dry weight and settling velocities were then estimated based on literature conversion factors and predictive equations. There was an excellent correspondence between estimated flux and direct measurements of flux. Flux was dominated by biological particles of autochthonous origin: fecal matter, fecal pellets, organic aggregates, phytoplankton, and zooplankton exoskeletons. Particles were small with slow (generally < IO m/day) settling velocities. Flux varied seasonally, being highest in spring and autumn, during vertical mixing, and lowest in mid-summer during strong thermal stratification. High trapping rates during isothermal conditions previously have been associated with resuspension. However free minerals were a relatively small component of flux. This suggests that isothermal events are associated with the resuspension of previously-settled mineral particles with these particles and slowly-settling biological particles being kept in suspension until the onset of thermal stratification. Because zooplankton fecal pellets and fecal matter are subject to significant degradation and reingestion during the days to weeks that are required for them to reach the lake poor, these egestion products may play a greater role in the recycling of matter in the water column than in the direct transport of matter to the sediments. During summer, when the abundant zooplankton population is food-limited and cladocerans, which produce diffuse egestion products are numerous, relatively little of materials produced in the epilimnion settles immediately to the lake floor. C1 Natl Hydrol Res Inst, Saskatoon, SK S7N 3H5, Canada. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Mater Dei Coll, Ogdensburg, NY 13669 USA. RP Evans, MS (reprint author), Natl Hydrol Res Inst, 11 Innovat Blvd, Saskatoon, SK S7N 3H5, Canada. EM marlene.evans@ec.gc.ca NR 43 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 1998 VL 24 IS 3 BP 555 EP 568 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 134HT UT WOS:000076738000006 ER PT J AU Robertson, A Lauenstein, GG AF Robertson, A Lauenstein, GG TI Distribution of chlorinated organic contaminants in dreissenid mussels along the southern shores of the Great Lakes SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Great Lakes; zebra mussels; chlorinated contaminants; pesticides; DDT; status ID ST-LAWRENCE-RIVER; TRACE-METAL; POLYMORPHA; ZEBRA; WATER; DDT; ONTARIO; TRENDS; PCBS; ERIE AB Samples of dreissenid mussels were collected from 21 sites along the U.S. shores of the southern part of the Great Lakes and their connecting channels. These samples were analyzed for tissue levels of 16 chlorinated organic compounds, mostly pesticides, as well as for lipid levels. Aldrin, endrin, and lindane were found above detection levels at less than one-half of the sites, primarily at sites in Lake Michigan. Mirex was detected at nine sites mostly in Lake Ontario and the Niagara River, but also near Detroit and in Saginaw Bay. Heptachlor was detected at only two sires, both in Lake Erie. Cis-chlordane, dieldrin, hexachlorobenzene, heptachlor, trans-nonachlor, and total DDTs,were detected at all or almost all of the sites. Except for hexachlorobenzene, which was highest near Buffalo, these chemicals were found at higher concentrations in Lake Michigan, especially near Milwaukee, than in the other areas studied. A comparison of the concentrations of chlorinated organic compounds to the levels of lipids showed that differences in dreissenid lipid levels among sites were nor the major cause of the observed differences in concentrations in the chlorinated organic compounds. At most sampling locations, the category total DDTs was composed primarily of the DDT breakdown products DDD and especially DDE. However, a substantial percentage of the total DDTs detected at sites in eastern Lake Erie and western Lake Ontario was composed of the parent DDT compounds, suggesting the presence of a relatively recent input of this compound in this area. Comparison of the concentrations of chlorinated organic compounds measured ill Great Lakes dreissenids with concentrations of these compounds in marine mussels and oysters found generally similar levels for most of the compounds. Exceptions to this were hexachlorobenzene and mirex which had mean concentrations more than 5 times greater in mussels from the Great Lakes than from marine locations and lindane which had concentrations in mussels from the Great Lakes less than one-tenth of those front marine mussels. C1 NOAA, Coastal Monitoring & Bioeffects Assessment Div NO, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Robertson, A (reprint author), NOAA, Coastal Monitoring & Bioeffects Assessment Div NO, 1305 EW Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 37 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 3 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2200 BONISTEEL BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48109-2099 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 1998 VL 24 IS 3 BP 608 EP 619 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 134HT UT WOS:000076738000010 ER PT J AU Landrum, PF Nalepa, TF AF Landrum, PF Nalepa, TF TI A review of the factors affecting the ecotoxicology of Diporeia spp. SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Review DE Diporeia; amphipod; review; toxics; toxicokinetics ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; SOUTHEASTERN LAKE-MICHIGAN; AMPHIPOD PONTOPOREIA-HOYI; FRESH-WATER AMPHIPODS; ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS; LIPID-CONTENT; ONTARIO BIOTA; MYSIS-RELICTA; GREAT-LAKES; SEDIMENT AB Based on its biomass, Diporeia spp. represent the major benthic invertebrate in offshore waters of the Great Lakes. This work reviews the recent findings of factors influencing the organism with particular focus on interpreting the potential for contaminant stress, with an emphasis on organic contaminants, and the benthic pelagic link for contaminant food web transfer. The review includes examination of the environmental features that limit the distribution and population density. The physiology of Diporeia spp., including energy storage, respiration, and nutrient elimination, are discussed. The toxicokinetics from both aqueous and sediment exposures are reviewed, as well as both the environmental factors that influence the kinetics and the limitations to our knowledge. The interactions of the physiology and toxicokinetics are presented for interpretation of toxic responses and the sensitivity of the organism to selected contaminants. Finally, this review suggests areas where increased information is needed to improve our understanding of Diporeia toxicokinetics and toxicity In the Great Lakes environment. C1 NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Landrum, PF (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM landrum@glerl.noaa.gov NR 83 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 4 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 1998 VL 24 IS 4 BP 889 EP 904 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 168KL UT WOS:000078691900011 ER PT J AU Lee, DH Quinn, FH Clites, AH AF Lee, DH Quinn, FH Clites, AH TI Effect of the Niagara River Chippawa Grass Island Pool on water levels of Lakes Erie, St. Clair, and Michigan-Huron SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Niagara River; Lake Erie; Chippawa Grass Island Pool; water level regulation; backwater effect AB Because of renewed riparian interest stemming from the high Lake Erie water levels of the mid-1980s and mid-1990s, avid the need for a concise summary of previous studies, a review and a new assessment of the impact of the Niagara River's Chippawa Grass island Pool on Lake Erie water levels was undertaken. Numerous field and modeling studies dating from 1953 through 1988 provide different assessments of the impacts. The impacts reported by the studies range from "no measureable effect" to a 2 to 5 cm Lake Erie water level decrease. The different results art? due to different methods and data, and the fact that the impacts are not directly measureable. A new Great Lakes routing model that more accurately reflects the upper Niagara 2;liver hydraulics by explicitly considering the management directive of the Chippawa Grass Island Pool is used to estimate the impacts of deviating from the present directive. The long-term impact of a 0.30 m increase or decrease from the current directive's long-term mean pool level on Lakes Erie, St. Clair, and Michigan-Huron levels is 5 cm, 4 cm, and 2 cm and -4 cm, -3 cm, and -2 cm, respectively. The lakes are minimally responsive to short-term changes in pool levels, with 50% Of the Lake Erie impact achieved at about 6 months, and full impact achieved at about 2 years. The minimal lake response, the time lag to full impact, and the focal problems resulting from directive deviations, make this a less favorable emergency response measure during periods of extreme lake levels than other alternatives. C1 NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Lee, DH (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. NR 23 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2205 COMMONWEALTH BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 1998 VL 24 IS 4 BP 936 EP 948 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 168KL UT WOS:000078691900015 ER PT J AU Huang, HN Fergen, RE Proni, JR Tsai, JJ AF Huang, HN Fergen, RE Proni, JR Tsai, JJ TI Initial dilution equations for buoyancy-dominated jets in current SO JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article ID PLUME AB Initial dilution of submerged, single, round, buoyancy-dominated jets in a current is considered. Two simple semiempirical equations, one for centerline dilution and the other for minimum surface dilution, are presented. These equations are derived based on the continuity equation for the buoyant jet flow with a hypothesis that shear entrainment and forced entrainment can be added. Available laboratory and field data are used to determine the constants in the equations. Unlike asymptotic equations which apply for the limiting flow regimes, the proposed equations span all flow regimes, from the buoyancy-dominated near field (BDNF), to the transition, and to the buoyancy-dominated far field (BDFF), providing continuous predictions for dilutions. C1 Hazen & Sawyer PC, Raleigh, NC 27607 USA. NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Ocean Acoust Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Huang, HN (reprint author), Hazen & Sawyer PC, 4011 WestChase Blvd, Raleigh, NC 27607 USA. NR 21 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA SN 0733-9429 J9 J HYDRAUL ENG-ASCE JI J. Hydraul. Eng.-ASCE PD JAN PY 1998 VL 124 IS 1 BP 105 EP 108 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1998)124:1(105) PG 4 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA YL684 UT WOS:000070981300018 ER PT J AU Stabeno, PJ Schumacher, JD Davis, RF Napp, JM AF Stabeno, PJ Schumacher, JD Davis, RF Napp, JM TI Under-ice observations of water column temperature, salinity and spring phytoplankton dynamics: Eastern Bering Sea shelf SO JOURNAL OF MARINE RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID DISTRIBUTIONS; BLOOM AB The inundation of two moored platforms by sea ice in late winter and early spring of 1995 provided unique time series of water column temperature, salinity, estimated chlorophyll-a, and phytoplankton fluorescence under advancing and retreating sea ice. One platform was located at 72 m in the weakly advective middle shelf regime. Here, chlorophyll-a concentrations began increasing shortly after the arrival of the ice (March) during the period of weak stratification and continued to increase while wind actively mixed the water column to greater-than-60 m. Changes in water column structure and properties resulted from an event of strong advection rather than vertical fluxes. During winter, such advective events can replenish the nutrients required to support the rich blooms that occur over the middle shelf during spring. The advancing ice was associated with the coldest waters and a deep (greater-than-50 m) mixed layer. The ice melt enhanced the two-layer system previously established by advection. A second mooring was located at the 120 m isobath on the more advective outer shelf. The ice reached this site on April 6, and chlorophyll-a concentrations increased as the sea ice melted. At the third mooring, located on the shelf farther south beyond the range of ice, the spring bloom began on similar to May 9. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Dalhousie Univ, Dept Oceanog, Halifax, NS B3H 3J5, Canada. NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Stabeno, PJ (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way Ne, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 20 TC 50 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 6 PU KLINE GEOLOGY LABORATORY PI NEW HAVEN PA YALE UNIV, NEW HAVEN, CT 06520-8109 USA SN 0022-2402 J9 J MAR RES JI J. Mar. Res. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 56 IS 1 BP 239 EP 255 DI 10.1357/002224098321836172 PG 17 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA ZC186 UT WOS:000072549800009 ER PT J AU Nelson, BC Thomas, JB Wise, SA Dalluge, JJ AF Nelson, BC Thomas, JB Wise, SA Dalluge, JJ TI The separation of green tea catechins by micellar electrokinetic chromatography SO JOURNAL OF MICROCOLUMN SEPARATIONS LA English DT Article DE capillary electrophoresis; catechins; cyclodextrin modifier; green tea; micellar electrokinetic chromatography ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; (-)-EPIGALLOCATECHIN GALLATE; CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS; INDIVIDUAL CATECHINS; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; TUMOR INITIATION; SENCAR MICE; POLYPHENOLS; SKIN AB A micellar electrokinetic chromatographic (MEKC) separation system was developed for the efficient separation of biologically and clinically important green tea catechins. Six structurally isomeric tea catechins, e.g., (-)epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), (-)epicatechin gallate (ECG), (-)gallocatechin gallate (GCG), (-)epigallocatechin (EGC), (-)epicatechin (EC), and (+)catechin (C), were effectively separated using a tetraborate/sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)/beta-cyclodextrin micellar buffer system. The effects of several critical separation parameters (micelle charge type, surfactant type, organic solvent buffer modifier, micelle concentration, buffer pH, and cyclodextrin buffer modifier) were evaluated for enhanced isomer separation and resolution. The pH was shown to be a strong factor influencing the separation of the isomers, but baseline resolution of all six structural isomers was only effected when a micellar buffer system contained P-cyclodextrin buffer modifier. The proficiency of the developed method was tested by determining the analytical levels (mg/g) of crude catechins in aqueous extractions of three varieties of green tea (Camellia sinesis). (C) 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. C1 NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wise, SA (reprint author), NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 49 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 7 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 1040-7685 J9 J MICROCOLUMN SEP JI J. Microcolumn Sep. PY 1998 VL 10 IS 8 BP 671 EP 679 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1520-667X(1998)10:8<671::AID-MCS6>3.0.CO;2-A PG 9 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 141BL UT WOS:000077122700006 ER PT J AU Bright, DS Newbury, DE Steel, EB AF Bright, DS Newbury, DE Steel, EB TI Visibility of objects in computer simulations of noisy micrographs SO JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY-OXFORD LA English DT Article DE digital imaging; image processing; object visibility; Rose constant; signal-to-noise; threshold visibility ID IMAGE AB Thresholds of visibility for objects in images with random pixel noise are predicted in terms of the signal-to-noise ratio. From trials with volunteers marking test images, we determined visibility thresholds of objects obscured by random pixel noise. The test images had objects with a variety of simple shapes and relatively little internal structure. Aside from the noise, the background of the test images was smooth and featureless. We extend the threshold signal-to-noise ratio measurements of Rose and others to a variety of object sizes and shapes. For objects with areas less than a disc subtending 2 degrees at the eye, visibility depends on the averaged difference in intensity from background the noise level and the number of pixels in the object. Visibility does not seem to depend on object shape. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bright, DS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, A113, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 25 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0022-2720 J9 J MICROSC-OXFORD JI J. Microsc.-Oxf. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 189 BP 25 EP 42 PN 1 PG 18 WC Microscopy SC Microscopy GA YY304 UT WOS:000072133700005 PM 9503656 ER PT J AU Mekhtiev, MA Hougen, JT AF Mekhtiev, MA Hougen, JT TI Some properties and uses of torsional overlap integrals SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article ID MILLIMETER; SPECTRUM; METHANOL; STATES AB The first diagonalization step in a rho-axis-method treatment of methyl-top internal rotation problems involves finding eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a torsional Hamiltonian, which depends on the rotational projection quantum number K as a parameter. Traditionally the torsional quantum number v(t) = 0, 1, 2... is assigned to eigenfunctions of given K in order of increasing energy. In this paper we propose an alternative labeling scheme, using the torsional quantum number v(T), which is based on properties of the K-dependent torsional overlap integrals [v(T), K\v(T)', K']. In particular, the quantum number v(T) is assigned in such a way that torsional wavefunctions \v(T), K] vary as slowly as possible when K changes by unity. Roughly speaking, v(T) = v(t) for torsional levels below the barrier, whereas v(T) is more closely related to the free-rotor quantum number for levels above the barrier. Because of the latter fact, we believe v(T) will in general be a physically more meaningful torsional quantum number for levels above the barrier. The usefulness of (v(T), K\v(T)', K') overlap integrals for qualitative prediction of torsion-rotation band intensities and for rationalizing the magnitudes of perturbations involving some excitation of the small-amplitude vibrations in an internal rotor problem is also discussed. (C) 1998 Academic Press. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Tech Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Mekhtiev, MA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Tech Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 9 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2852 J9 J MOL SPECTROSC JI J. Mol. Spectrosc. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 187 IS 1 BP 49 EP 60 DI 10.1006/jmsp.1997.7482 PG 12 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Spectroscopy SC Physics; Spectroscopy GA YZ106 UT WOS:000072220900007 ER PT J AU Christophorou, LG Olthoff, JK AF Christophorou, LG Olthoff, JK TI Electron interactions with C2F6 SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL REFERENCE DATA LA English DT Article DE C2F6; cross sections; electron attachment; electron collisions; electron transport; hexafluoroethane; ionization; perfluoroethane; scattering ID LASER ABSORPTION-SPECTROSCOPY; CONTROLLED DIFFUSE DISCHARGE; LOW-ENERGY ELECTRONS; CROSS-SECTIONS; VIBRATIONAL-EXCITATION; IMPACT IONIZATION; GAS-MIXTURES; ATTACHMENT; CF4; PERFLUOROALKANES AB Perfluoroethane (C2F6, hexafluoroethane) is a man-made gas with many important applications (e.g., in the aluminum industry, the semiconductor industry, plasma chemistry and etching technologies, and pulsed power switching). In these and other uses, knowledge of the interactions of slow electrons (kinetic energies less than about 100 eV) is fundamental in optimizing performance parameters involved in the particular application. We, therefore, have critically evaluated and synthesized existing knowledge on electron interactions with C2F6. The following cross sections and their intercomparison are presented and discussed: total electron scattering, momentum transfer, integral elastic, differential elastic, differential vibrational, vibrational inelastic, total ionization, partial ionization, total dissociation, and electron attachment. Information is presented also on the coefficients for electron impact ionization, effective ionization, electron attachment, and electron transport (lateral diffusion coefficient and drift velocity), as well as on the rate constant for electron attachment as a function of the mean electron energy and gas temperature. While some information is available for these cross sections, additional measurements are needed for each of them, especially for inelastic electron scattering and momentum transfer. No published data are available for dissociation of C2F6 into neutral fragments. The coefficients are generally better known than the cross sections although further measurements on; electron diffusion coefficients and electron attachment at high E/N values are indicated. (C) 1998 American Institute of Physics and American Chemical Society. [S0047-2689(98)00201-3]. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Elect, Elect & Elect Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Christophorou, LG (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Elect, Elect & Elect Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 93 TC 72 Z9 72 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0047-2689 J9 J PHYS CHEM REF DATA JI J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data PD JAN-FEB PY 1998 VL 27 IS 1 BP 1 EP 29 PG 29 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Physics GA YV624 UT WOS:000071846000001 ER PT J AU Tillner-Roth, R Friend, DG AF Tillner-Roth, R Friend, DG TI Survey and assessment of available measurements on thermodynamic properties of the mixture {water+ammonia} SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL REFERENCE DATA LA English DT Article DE ammonia-water; data survey; mixture; thermodynamic properties ID VAPOR-LIQUID-EQUILIBRIUM; SYSTEM AMMONIA; WATER AB Mixtures of water and ammonia play an important role in absorption refrigeration cycles and have received attention as working fluids in modern power generation cycles. For design and simulations during the development of any application, the thermodynamic properties have to be known accurately. Measurements of available thermodynamic data are compiled and summarized. The data sets are compared, using a Helmholtz free energy formulation. Recommendations are given for which data sets are suited to serve as a basis for an equation of state formulation of the thermodynamic properties of {water+ammonia}. Gaps in the database are shown to give experimenters orientation for future research. (C) 1998 American Institute of Physics and American Chemical Society. [S0047-2689(98)00301-8]. C1 Univ Hannover, Inst Thermodynam, D-30167 Hannover, Germany. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Tillner-Roth, R (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 63 TC 36 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 16 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0047-2689 J9 J PHYS CHEM REF DATA JI J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data PD JAN-FEB PY 1998 VL 27 IS 1 BP 45 EP 61 PG 17 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Physics GA YV624 UT WOS:000071846000003 ER PT J AU Tillner-Roth, R Friend, DG AF Tillner-Roth, R Friend, DG TI Helmholtz free energy formulation of the thermodynamic properties of the mixture {water plus ammonia} SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL REFERENCE DATA LA English DT Article DE ammonia-water; equation of state; Helmholtz free energy; thermodynamic properties ID VAPOR-LIQUID-EQUILIBRIA; NH3-H2O SYSTEM; EQUATION; STATE AB A thermodynamic model incorporating a fundamental equation of state for the Helmholtz free energy of the mixture {water+ammonia} is presented which covers the thermodynamic space between the solid-liquid-vapor boundary and the critical locus. It is also valid in the vapor and liquid phases for pressures up to 40 MPa. It represents vapor-liquid equilibrium properties with an uncertainty of +/-0.01 in liquid and vapor mole fractions. Typical uncertainties in the single-phase regions are +/-0.3% for the density and +/-200 J mol(-1) for enthalpies. Details of the data selection and the optimization process are given. The behavior of the fundamental equation of state is discussed in all parts of the thermodynamic space. (C) 1998 American Institute of Physics and American Chemical Society. [S0047-2689(98)00401-2]. C1 Univ Hannover, Inst Thermodynam, D-30167 Hannover, Germany. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Tillner-Roth, R (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 45 TC 107 Z9 108 U1 4 U2 17 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0047-2689 J9 J PHYS CHEM REF DATA JI J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data PD JAN-FEB PY 1998 VL 27 IS 1 BP 63 EP 96 PG 34 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Physics GA YV624 UT WOS:000071846000004 ER PT J AU Das, TN Dhanasekaran, T Alfassi, ZB Neta, P AF Das, TN Dhanasekaran, T Alfassi, ZB Neta, P TI Reduction potential of the tert-butylperoxyl radical in aqueous solutions SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID ELECTRON-SPIN-RESONANCE; RATE CONSTANTS; PEROXYL RADICALS; ORGANIC REDUCTANTS; PHENOXYL RADICALS; IONS; NITROMETHANE; KINETICS AB Rate constants for oxidation of tert-butyl hydroperoxide anion (t-BuO2-) by several oxidants were determined by pulse radiolysis. Rapid oxidation was found with N-3 . (4.4 x 10(8) L mol(-1) s(-1)) and . O- (2.6 x 10(8) L mol(-1) s(-1)), but others (Br-2(.-), I-2(.-), ClO2., CO3.-, C6H5N(CH3)(2)(.+)) reacted much more slowly. Since the reduction potentials of these oxidants are much higher than that estimated for t-BuO2., the observed rate constants suggest that the self-exchange rate for t-BuO2./t-BuO2- is very slow and that it would be difficult to establish rapid equilibrium by pulse radiolysis with a suitable redox pair. Therefore, to determine the reduction potential for this peroxyl radical, the forward and reverse rate constants for reaction 6, t-BuO2. + Fe(CN)(6)(4-)reversible arrow t-BuO2- + Fe(CN)(6)(3-), were measured independently. The forward rate constant was measured by kinetic spectrophotometric pulse radiolysis in N2O-saturated solutions containing high concentrations of N-3(-) (1 mol L-1), t-BuO2- (0.4 mol L-1), and varying concentrations of Fe(CN)(6)(4-) (0.012-0.036 mol L-1) at pH 13.7. The rate constant k(6) was found to be 2.5 x 10(2) L mol(-1) s(-1). Such a low rate constant was possible to measure by pulse radiolysis only because the self-decay of t-BuO2. is very slow compared to those of other peroxyl radicals. The reverse reaction rate constant was measured by mixing the reactants and following the disappearance of Fe(CN)(6)(3-) in the presence of spin traps to remove the peroxyl radicals from the equilibrium. A rate constant of k(-6) = 1.4 x 10(-2) L mol(-1) s(-1) was derived. By taking the reduction potential of Fe(CN)(6)(3-)/Fe(CN)(6)(4-) as 0.459 V vs NHE for the conditions used in these experiments, we calculate E(t-BuO2./t-BuO2-) = 0.71 V and E(t-BuO2./t-BuO2H) = 1.05 V at pH 7 and 1.47 V at pH 0. The rate constants for oxidation of Fe(CN)(6)(4-) and other compounds by various peroxyl radicals were then utilized for the estimation of the reduction potentials of these peroxyl radicals. C1 NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Ben Gurion Univ Negev, IL-84105 Beer Sheva, Israel. RP Neta, P (reprint author), NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 34 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD JAN 1 PY 1998 VL 102 IS 1 BP 280 EP 284 DI 10.1021/jp972903t PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA YP850 UT WOS:000071322100036 ER PT J AU Stoner, AW Smith, NP AF Stoner, AW Smith, NP TI Across-shelf transport of gastropod larvae in the central Bahamas: rapid responses to local wind conditions SO JOURNAL OF PLANKTON RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID QUEEN CONCH; VERTICAL MIGRATION; CANCER-MAGISTER; STROMBUS-GIGAS; DUNGENESS CRAB; FLORIDA KEYS; BLUE CRABS; RECRUITMENT; ABUNDANCE; OFFSHORE AB Surveys for veliger larvae of the large gastropods Strombus gigas and Strombus costatus were carried out in duplicate transects running offshore (0.26-5 km) from Lee Stocking Island, Exuma Cays, Bahamas. The across-shelf distribution of the larvae during the 1991 spawning season was highly variable over periods of 3-6 days. Larvae of both species are known to inhabit the upper few meters of the water column, and analysis of wind stress patterns over the study period showed that across-shelf distribution of the larvae was affected by wind forcing. Seaward (recruitment-unfavorable) transport near Lee Stocking Island was most highly correlated with wind stress toward the north-northwest (335-357 degrees). The resultant wind stress during the study was toward 279 degrees, suggesting that recruitment of conch to nursery grounds on the Great Bahama Bank in the Exuma Cays occurs under anomalous summer wind conditions. The correlation between the across-shelf distribution of conch veligers and wind stress was highest with extinction coefficients of 0.17-0.23 in the exponentially filtered wind stress. This indicates that larval distribution over the 5-km-long transects responded rapidly to changes in wind stress. Over 75% of the effective wind stress occurred over just 6-8 h preceding collections; therefore, short-term changes in wind stress, such as afternoon strengthening of the trade winds, may have a significant influence on across-shelf larval transport. C1 Caribbean Marine Res Ctr, Vero Beach, FL 32963 USA. Harbor Branch Oceanog Inst Inc, Ft Pierce, FL 34946 USA. RP Stoner, AW (reprint author), NOAA, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 74 Magruder Rd, Highlands, NJ 07732 USA. NR 38 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 3 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0142-7873 J9 J PLANKTON RES JI J. Plankton Res. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 20 IS 1 BP 1 EP 16 DI 10.1093/plankt/20.1.1 PG 16 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA YZ282 UT WOS:000072238800001 ER PT J AU Bur, AJ Thomas, CL AF Bur, AJ Thomas, CL TI Optical monitoring of polypropylene injection molding SO JOURNAL OF REINFORCED PLASTICS AND COMPOSITES LA English DT Article DE injection molding; optical sensor; polypropylene; light transmission ID POLYMER AB We have developed a model to describe the behavior of an optical fiber sensor for monitoring injection molding. The sensor was used to detect light reflected from the mold cavity during the packing and cooling phases of injection molding of polypropylene. Light which reflected off the opposite wall of the mold and back to the optical fiber was analyzed for information regarding crystallization kinetics and the amount of crystallinity in the final product. The model illustrates how temperature, pressure and crystallinity affect the detected light intensity. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. RP Bur, AJ (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 11 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU TECHNOMIC PUBL CO INC PI LANCASTER PA 851 NEW HOLLAND AVE, BOX 3535, LANCASTER, PA 17604 USA SN 0731-6844 J9 J REINF PLAST COMP JI J. Reinf. Plast. Compos. PY 1998 VL 17 IS 15 BP 1382 EP 1390 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Composites; Polymer Science SC Materials Science; Polymer Science GA 118FY UT WOS:000075828800006 ER PT J AU Thompson, A Early, EA O'Brian, TR AF Thompson, A Early, EA O'Brian, TR TI Ultraviolet Spectral Irradiance Scale comparison: 210 nm to 300 nm SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE irradiance; spectral irradiance; synchrotron radiation; ultraviolet radiometry; ultraviolet standards ID STANDARD LAMPS; SURF; CALIBRATION; RADIOMETER; NIST AB Comparison of the irradiances from a number of ultraviolet spectral irradiance standards, based on different physical principles, showed agreement to within their combined standard uncertainties as assigned to them by NIST. The wavelength region of the spectral irradiance comparison was from 210 nm to 300 nm. The spectral irradiance sources were: an electron storage ring, 1000 W quartz-halogen lamps, deuterium are lamps, and a windowless argon miniarc. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Thompson, A (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 17 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD JAN-FEB PY 1998 VL 103 IS 1 BP 1 EP 13 DI 10.6028/jres.103.001 PG 13 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA ZD982 UT WOS:000072745200001 PM 28009378 ER PT J AU Early, E Thompson, A Johnson, C DeLuisi, J Disterhoft, P Wardle, D Wu, E Mou, WF Sun, YC Lucas, T Mestechkina, T Harrison, L Berndt, J Hayes, D AF Early, E Thompson, A Johnson, C DeLuisi, J Disterhoft, P Wardle, D Wu, E Mou, WF Sun, YC Lucas, T Mestechkina, T Harrison, L Berndt, J Hayes, D TI The 1995 North American Interagency Intercomparison of Ultraviolet Monitoring Spectroradiometers SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE environmental monitoring; intercomparison; solar ultraviolet; spectroradiometers ID MERCURY PENCIL LAMPS; SPECTRAL-LINES AB Concern over stratospheric ozone depletion has prompted several government agencies in North America to establish networks of spectroradiometers for monitoring solar ultraviolet irradiance at the surface of the Earth. To assess the ability of spectroradiometers to accurately measure solar ultraviolet irradiance, and to compare the results between instruments of different monitoring networks, the second North American Intercomparison of Ultraviolet Monitoring Spectroradiometers was held June 12 to 23, 1995 at Table Mountain outside Boulder, Colorado, USA. This Intercomparison was coordinated by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Participating agencies were the Environmental Protection Agency; the National Science Foundation; the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center; the Department of Agriculture; and the Atmospheric Environment Service, Canada. Instruments were characterized for wavelength uncertainty, bandwidth, stray-light rejection, and spectral irradiance responsivity, the latter with a NIST standard lamp operating in a specially designed field calibration unit. The spectral irradiance responsivity, determined once indoors and twice outdoors, demonstrated that while the responsivities changed upon moving the instruments, they were relatively stable when the instruments remained outdoors. Synchronized spectral scans of the solar irradiance were performed over several days. Using the spectral irradiance responsivities determined with the NIST standard lamp and three different convolution functions to account for the different bandwidths of the instruments, the measured solar irradiances generally agreed to within 3 %. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NOAA, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Environm Canada, Atomospher Environm Serv, Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada. Univ Georgia, Dept Phys & Astron, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Biospher Inc, San Diego, CA 92110 USA. SUNY Albany, Atmospher Sci Res Ctr, Albany, NY 12205 USA. Smithsonian Environm Res Ctr, Smithsonian Inst, Edgewater, MD 21037 USA. RP Early, E (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 10 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 1 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD JAN-FEB PY 1998 VL 103 IS 1 BP 15 EP 62 DI 10.6028/jres.103.002 PG 48 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA ZD982 UT WOS:000072745200002 PM 28009371 ER PT J AU Magee, JW Deal, RJ Blanco, JC AF Magee, JW Deal, RJ Blanco, JC TI High-temperature adiabatic calorimeter for constant-volume heat capacity measurements of compressed gases and liquids SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE adiabatic; calorimeter; gases; heat capacity; isochoric; liquids; measurements; water AB A high-temperature adiabatic calorimeter has been developed to measure the constant-volume specific heat capacities (c(v)) of both gases and liquids, especially fluids of interest to emerging energy technologies. The chief design feature is its nearly identical twin bomb arrangement, which allows accurate measurement of energy differences without large corrections for energy losses due to thermal radiation fluxes. Operating conditions for the calorimeter cover a range of temperatures from 250 K to 700 K and at pressures up to 20 MPa. Performance tests were made with a sample of twice-distilled water. Heat capacities for water were measured from 300 K to 420 K at pressures to 20 MPa. The measured heat capacities differed from those calculated with an independently developed standard reference formulation with a root-mean-square fractional deviation of 0.48 %. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Magee, JW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Magee, Joseph/A-8496-2009 OI Magee, Joseph/0000-0002-9312-8593 NR 9 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 9 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD JAN-FEB PY 1998 VL 103 IS 1 BP 63 EP 75 DI 10.6028/jres.103.003 PG 13 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA ZD982 UT WOS:000072745200003 PM 28009375 ER PT J AU Peskin, AP Hardin, GR AF Peskin, AP Hardin, GR TI Moving particles through a finite element mesh SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE finite element; moving boundary; packed beds; particles ID FLOWS; SIMULATION AB We present a new numerical technique for modeling the flow around multiple objects moving in a fluid. The method tracks the dynamic interaction between each particle and the fluid. The movements of the fluid and the object are directly coupled. A background mesh is designed to fit the geometry of the overall domain. The mesh is designed independently of the presence of the particles except in terms of how fine it must be to track particles of a given size. Each particle is represented by a geometric figure that describes its boundary. This figure overlies the mesh. Nodes are added to the mesh where the particle boundaries intersect the background mesh, increasing the number of nodes contained in each element whose boundary is intersected. These additional nodes are then used to describe and track the particle in the numerical scheme. Appropriate element shape functions are defined to approximate the solution on the elements with extra nodes. The particles are moved through the mesh by moving only the overlying nodes defining the particles. The regular finite element grid remains unchanged. In this method, the mesh does not distort as the particles move. Instead, only the placement of particle-defining nodes changes as the particles move. Element shape functions are updated as the nodes move through the elements. This method is especially suited for models of moderate numbers of moderate-size particles, where the details of the fluid-particle coupling are important. Both the complications of creating finite element meshes around appreciable numbers of particles, and extensive remeshing upon movement of the particles are simplified in this method. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Peskin, AP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 15 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 1 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD JAN-FEB PY 1998 VL 103 IS 1 BP 77 EP 91 DI 10.6028/jres.103.004 PG 15 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA ZD982 UT WOS:000072745200004 PM 28009377 ER PT J AU Ehrlich, CD Rasberry, SD AF Ehrlich, CD Rasberry, SD TI Metrological timelines in traceability SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE calibration; equivalence; measurement assurance; measurement comparisons; measurement uncertainty; metrology; timelines; traceability; traceability statements AB There is a growing requirement for an internationally accepted system of recognition of measurement capabilities and relationships within and among countries, to facilitate seamless global commerce and trade. As a result, metrologists worldwide have recently developed increased interest in the concept and definition of traceability. Classically, traceability provides a way of relating the results of a measurement (or value of a standard) to higher level standards. Such standards are usually national or international standards, and the comparisons used to provide the traceability must have well-understood uncertainties. An additional complexity arises because all instruments and standards are subject to change, however slight, over time. This paper develops approaches for dealing with the effects of such time-dependent changes as a part of traceability statements. The use of metrological timelines provides a means of effectively visualizing these relationships in a statement of traceability. When the rate of change in the measurement process is sufficiently small, the approach proposed here is less important. However, documented measurement assurance procedures are required at all levels so that appropriate uncertainties may be estimated with confidence. When laboratory or national boundaries are crossed in the traceability process, other factors come into play, and the original concept of traceability can become obscure. It is becoming common to hear the term "equivalence" used to describe these more complex measurement relationships. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ehrlich, CD (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 16 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD JAN-FEB PY 1998 VL 103 IS 1 BP 93 EP 105 DI 10.6028/jres.103.005 PG 13 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA ZD982 UT WOS:000072745200005 PM 28009372 ER PT J AU Feldman, A Balzaretti, NM AF Feldman, A Balzaretti, NM TI Workshop on Thin Film Thermal Conductivity Measurement at the Thirteenth Symposium on Thermophysical Properties - Boulder, CO - June 25-26, 1997 SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Feldman, A (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Balzaretti, Naira/L-3417-2014 OI Balzaretti, Naira/0000-0003-2797-8618 NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD JAN-FEB PY 1998 VL 103 IS 1 BP 107 EP 116 DI 10.6028/jres.103.006 PG 10 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA ZD982 UT WOS:000072745200006 PM 28009373 ER PT J AU Roy, RN Mrad, DR Lord, PA Carlsten, JA Good, WS Allsup, P Roy, LN Kuhler, KM Koch, WF Wu, YC AF Roy, RN Mrad, DR Lord, PA Carlsten, JA Good, WS Allsup, P Roy, LN Kuhler, KM Koch, WF Wu, YC TI Thermodynamics of the second dissociation constant and standards for pH of 3-(N-morpholino) propanesulfonic acid (MOPS) buffers from 5 to 55 degrees C SO JOURNAL OF SOLUTION CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE dissociation constant; buffers; NaMOPS; temperature dependence; emf; Gibbs energy; enthalpy; entropy; heat capacity; zwitterion; liquid junction ID VALUES AB The second dissociation constant pK(2) of 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid (MOPS) has been determined at eight temperatures from 5 to 55 degrees C by measurements of the emf of cells without liquid junction, utilizing hydrogen electrodes and silver-silver chloride electrodes. The pK(2) has a value of 7.18 +/- 0.001 at 25 degrees C and 7.044 +/- 0.002 at 37 degrees C. The thermodynamic quantities Delta G degrees, Delta H degrees, Delta S degrees, and Delta C-p(0) have been derived from the temperature coefficients of the pK(2). This buffer at ionic strength I = 0.16 mol-kg(-1) close to that of blood serum, has been recommended as a useful secondary pH standard for measurements of physiological fluids. Five buffer solutions with the following compositions were prepared: (a) equimolal mixture of MOPS (0.05 mol-kg(-1)) + NaMOPS, (0.05 mol-kg(-1)); (b) MOPS (0.05 mol-kg(-1)) + NaMOPS (0.05 mol-kg(-1)) + NaCl (0.05 mol-kg(-1)); (c) MOPS (0.05 mol-kg(-1)) + NaMOPS (0.05 mol-kg(-1)); + NaCl (0.11 mol-kg(-1)); (d) MOPS (0.08 mol-kg(-1)) + NaMOPS (0.08 mol-kg(-1)); and (e) MOPS (0.08 mol-kg(-1)) + NaMOPS (0.08 mol-kg(-1)) + NaCl (0.08 mol-kg(-1)). The pH values obtained by using the pH meter + glass electrode assembly are compared with those measured from a flow-junction calomel cell saturated with KCI (cell B), as well as those obtained from cell (A) without liquid junction at 25 and 37 degrees C. The conventional values of the liquid junction potentials E-j have been obtained at 25 and 37 degrees C for the physiological phosphate reference solution as well as for the MOPS buffers (d) and (e) mentioned above. C1 Drury Coll, Hoffman Dept Chem, Springfield, MO 65802 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Roy, RN (reprint author), Drury Coll, Hoffman Dept Chem, Springfield, MO 65802 USA. NR 29 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 7 PU PLENUM PUBL CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0095-9782 J9 J SOLUTION CHEM JI J. Solut. Chem. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 27 IS 1 BP 73 EP 87 DI 10.1023/A:1022692629289 PG 15 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA ZE051 UT WOS:000072752500005 ER PT J AU Binkley, DW Lyle, JR AF Binkley, DW Lyle, JR TI Application of the pointer state subgraph to static program slicing SO JOURNAL OF SYSTEMS AND SOFTWARE LA English DT Article AB A new technique for performing static analysis of programs that contain unconstrained pointers is presented. The technique is based on the pointer state subgraph: a reduced control flow graph that takes advantage of the fact that in any program there exists a smaller program that computes only the values of pointer variables. The pointer state subgraph is useful in building static analysis tools. As an example, the application of the pointer state subgraph to program slicing is considered. Finally, some experimental results, obtained using the ANSI-C slicer Unravel, are reported. These results show a clear reduction in the time taken to compute data-flow information from programs that contain pointers. They also show a substantial reduction in the space needed to store this information. Published by Elsevier Science Inc. C1 LOYOLA COLL,BALTIMORE,MD 21210. RP Binkley, DW (reprint author), NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL,TECHNOL ADM,COMP SYST LAB,GAITHERSBURG,MD 20899, USA. NR 30 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 SN 0164-1212 J9 J SYST SOFTWARE JI J. Syst. Softw. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 40 IS 1 BP 17 EP 27 DI 10.1016/S0164-1212(97)00016-2 PG 11 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA YB830 UT WOS:A1998YB83000004 ER PT J AU Cheng, YW Filla, BJ Tobler, RL AF Cheng, YW Filla, BJ Tobler, RL TI Design and performance of an automated test facility for hot-compression testing SO JOURNAL OF TESTING AND EVALUATION LA English DT Article DE computer-controlled mechanical tests; elevated temperature tests; hot deformation; mechanical properties of steels; plain carbon steels; thermomechanical process simulation; uniaxial compression tests ID AXISYMMETRICAL COMPRESSION; LOADING CONDITIONS; SOLID CYLINDERS; DEFORMATION; STEELS; BEHAVIOR AB The design of an apparatus for hot-deformation testing of materials is described, and experimental results demonstrating successful performance are presented. The apparatus is used to uniaxially compress small steel cylinders between two ceramic platens in an evacuated test chamber at high temperatures. Components of the system include a 100 kN servohydraulic test machine, a compact radiant furnace and programmable temperature controller, a microcomputer for executing mechanical strikes, and a digital storage oscilloscope for high-speed data acquisition. In the initial experiments described here, steel specimens 10 mm in diameter and 15 mm high are compressed at strain rates up to 50/s and maximum test temperatures up to 1200 degrees C. Attractive features of the apparatus include its relatively low cost, compact size, and capability for high strain rates. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Cheng, YW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC TESTING MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DR, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 0090-3973 J9 J TEST EVAL JI J. Test. Eval. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 26 IS 1 BP 38 EP 44 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA ZA066 UT WOS:000072325500006 ER PT J AU Johnson, BJ Huang, SC Pitchford, ML Ayoub, HC Naylor, MH AF Johnson, BJ Huang, SC Pitchford, ML Ayoub, HC Naylor, MH TI Preliminary on-road measurement of the effect of oxygenated fuel on CO emissions near Las Vegas, Nevada SO JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION LA English DT Article ID VEHICLE EMISSIONS AB A preliminary measurement of an oxygenated fuel effect for in-use vehicles travelling at freeway speed was conducted near Las Vegas, NV, in January 1991 and May 1992. The experimental design was based on two principal factors: (I) the large volume of traffic that visits Las Vegas from Southern California on three-day holiday weekends and (2) the fact that, at the time of the study, the Las Vegas area used oxygenated fuels in the winter and Southern California did not. Measurements were conducted at carefully selected sites 20 km southwest of Las Vegas near Sloan, NV, and were accomplished with the Fuel Efficiency Automoblie Test (FEAT) remote sensor developed at the University of Denver. The January 1991 measurements were made during the Las Vegas oxyfuel season, while the May 1992 control measurements were made outside the oxyfuel season. Over 24,500 individual CO concentrations were measured; registration data from over 5,500 of these vehicles were obtained from the license plate numbers. After corrections for differences in velocity and mean age, the Las Vegas outbound (oxyfuel) CO emissions on Monday morning of the January holiday weekend showed a difference of -18% +/- 11% compared to the inbound (non-oxyfuel) CO emissions on Friday evening preceding the holiday weekend. C1 Univ Nevada, Dept Chem, UNLV, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. NOAA, Desert Res Inst, Las Vegas, NV USA. Community Coll So Nevada, Automot Ind & Serv Technol, N Las Vegas, NV USA. Clark Cty Hlth Dist, Air Pollut Control Div, Las Vegas, NV USA. RP Johnson, BJ (reprint author), Univ Nevada, Dept Chem, UNLV, Box 454003, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. NR 13 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOC PI PITTSBURGH PA ONE GATEWAY CENTER, THIRD FL, PITTSBURGH, PA 15222 USA SN 1047-3289 J9 J AIR WASTE MANAGE JI J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 48 IS 1 BP 59 EP 64 PG 6 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YV257 UT WOS:000071805100007 PM 15655999 ER PT J AU Low, IM Lee, SK Lawn, BR Barsoum, MW AF Low, IM Lee, SK Lawn, BR Barsoum, MW TI Contact damage accumulation in Ti3SiC2 SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID HERTZIAN CONTACTS; CERAMICS; FATIGUE AB The evolution of deformation-microfracture damage below Hertzian contacts in a coarse-grain Ti3SiC2 is studied. The Hertzian indentation stress-strain response deviates strongly from linearity beyond a well-defined maximum, with pronounced strain-softening, indicating exceptional deformability in this otherwise (elastically) stiff ceramic. Surface and subsurface ceramographic observations reveal extensive quasi-plastic microdamage zones at the contact sites. These damage zones are made up of multiple intragrain slip and intergrain shear failures, with attendant microfracture at high strains. No ring cracks or other macroscopic cracks are observed on or below the indented surfaces, The results suggest that Ti3SiC2 may be ideally suited to contact applications where high strains and energy absorption prior to failure are required. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Drexel Univ, Dept Mat Engn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP Low, IM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Low, It Meng/A-1322-2008 OI Low, It Meng/0000-0002-4674-7826 NR 18 TC 139 Z9 141 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, PO BOX 6136, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-6136 USA SN 0002-7820 J9 J AM CERAM SOC JI J. Am. Ceram. Soc. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 81 IS 1 BP 225 EP 228 PG 4 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA YU345 UT WOS:000071707800031 ER PT J AU Johansson, A Barnston, A Saha, S van den Dool, H AF Johansson, A Barnston, A Saha, S van den Dool, H TI On the level and origin of seasonal forecast skill in northern Europe SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID ATLANTIC; TEMPERATURES; CIRCULATION; SURFACE; HEMISPHERE; ANOMALIES; PATTERNS; WINTER; CYCLE; OCEAN AB This study examines the level and origin of seasonal forecast skill of surface air temperature in northern Europe. The forecasts are based on an empirical methodology, canonical correlation analysis (CCA), which is a method designed to find correlated patterns between predictor and predictand fields. A modified form of CCA is used where a prefiltering step precedes the CCA as proposed by T.P. Barnett and R. Preisendorfer. The predictive potential of four fields is investigated, namely, (a) surface air temperature (i.e., the predictand field itself), (b) local sea surface temperature (SST) in the northern European area on a dense grid, (c) Northern Hemisphere 700-hPa geopotential height, and (d) quasi-global SST on a coarse grid, The design is such that four contiguous predictor periods (of 3 months each) are followed by a lead time and then a single predictand period (3 months long). The shortest lead time is 1 month and the longest is 15 months. The skill of the CCA based forecasts is estimated for the 39-yr time period 1955-93, using cross-validated hindcasting. Skill estimates are expressed as the temporal correlation between the forecasts and the respective verifying observations. The forecasts are most skillful in the winter seasons with a secondary weaker skill maximum during summer. During winter the geopotential height field produces the highest skill scores of the four predictor fields. The dominant predictor pattern of the geopotential height field is confined to the predictor period that is closest to a preceding core winter season and resembles the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAG) teleconnection pattern. The time series of the expansion coefficients of this dominant predictor pattern correlates well with a low-pass filtered rime series of an NAO index. The obtained skill is similar to what is found in the United States, both with regard to seasonal distribution and level of skill. The origin of skill is however different. In the United States it is the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) with its predominantly interannual character that is the main source of skill in winter. In northern Europe it is instead the NAO that contributes the most, and especially the lower frequency part of the NAO (periods between 4 and 10 yr). Spatially sparse station data of surface pressure extending back to the middle of the nineteenth century suggests a nonstationarity in the NAO behavior. The implications of this nonstationarity for the obtained results of this study is briefly discussed. Because finely resolved field data are not readily available for this earlier period, the level of skill realizable for that period using a pattern relationship technique such as CCA remains an open question. C1 NOAA, NWS, Natl Ctr Environm Protect, Climate Predict Ctr, Washington, DC USA. NOAA, NWS, Natl Ctr Environm Protect, Environm Modeling Ctr, Washington, DC USA. RP Johansson, A (reprint author), Swedish Meteorol & Hydrol Inst, S-60176 Norrkoping, Sweden. NR 42 TC 54 Z9 54 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD JAN 1 PY 1998 VL 55 IS 1 BP 103 EP 127 DI 10.1175/1520-0469(1998)055<0103:OTLAOO>2.0.CO;2 PG 25 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YQ943 UT WOS:000071440400006 ER PT J AU Lawn, BR Marshall, DB AF Lawn, BR Marshall, DB TI Nonlinear stress-strain curves for solids containing closed cracks with friction SO JOURNAL OF THE MECHANICS AND PHYSICS OF SOLIDS LA English DT Article DE fracture mechanisms; microcracking; microstructures; constitutive behavior; friction ID FRACTURE-RESISTANCE MECHANISM; HETEROGENEOUS GRAIN-STRUCTURE; HERTZIAN CONTACTS; POLYCRYSTALLINE CERAMICS; BRITTLE FAILURE; SILICON-CARBIDE; ALUMINA; FATIGUE; DAMAGE; COMPRESSION AB Solutions for the uniaxial stress-strain response of a body containing a distribution of non-interacting nonlinear cracks are derived. First, building on energy formalisms outlined by previous workers, general solutions are derived for the body containing cracks with dissipative tractions al their surfaces, in either tension or compression loading. The special case of a body in compression loading with sliding closed cracks governed by a general friction law is then considered as a case study. The friction law contains two shear resistance terms: a "friction coefficient" term proportional to the resolved normal compression stress across the crack plane; and a "cohesion" term representing the intrinsic shear resistance of the closed crack. Inclusion of the latter term is critical to the existence of a well-defined yield point in the stress-strain curve. It is assumed that the cracks do not extend at their ends during the loading-unloading-reloading cycle; they are, however, allowed to undergo reverse sliding during the unloading. Two crack distributions are considered: all cracks aligned, leading to linear expressions for both the elastic and quasi-plastic stress-strain regions; and cracks randomly oriented, with more complex (but nonetheless tractable) expressions for the quasi-plastic regions. The resultant nonlinear stress-strain curves exhibit cyclic hysteresis, to an extent dependent on friction and crack configuration parameters. Illustrative stress-strain curves are generated for selected ranges of these controlling parameters. An outcome of the analysis is the potential link to microstructural variables, via the crack configuration parameter, offering the prospect for predictions of damage accumulation in real microstructures. The model also offers the prospect of accounting for fatigue properties, via attrition of the frictional resistance at the sliding crack surfaces. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Rockwell Int Sci Ctr, Thousand Oaks, CA 91360 USA. RP NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 42 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 1 U2 11 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-5096 EI 1873-4782 J9 J MECH PHYS SOLIDS JI J. Mech. Phys. Solids PD JAN PY 1998 VL 46 IS 1 BP 85 EP 113 DI 10.1016/S0022-5096(97)00036-7 PG 29 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Mechanics; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Mechanics; Physics GA YN442 UT WOS:000071169000004 ER PT J AU Ye, J Ma, LS Hall, JL AF Ye, J Ma, LS Hall, JL TI Ultrasensitive detections in atomic and molecular physics: demonstration in molecular overtone spectroscopy SO JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA B-OPTICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID FREQUENCY-MODULATION SPECTROSCOPY; HETERODYNE SATURATION SPECTROSCOPY; SYMMETRIZATION POSTULATE; OPTICAL CAVITY; 532 NM; MU-M; LASER; ABSORPTION; FLUORESCENCE; SENSITIVITY AB We consider several highly sensitive techniques commonly used in detection of atomic and molecular absorptions. Their basic operating principles and corresponding performances are summarized and compared. We then present our latest results on the ultrasensitive detection of molecular overtone transitions to illustrate the principle and application of the cavity-enhanced frequency-modulation (FM) spectroscopy. An external cavity is used to-enhance the molecular response to the light field, and an FM technique is applied for shot-noise-limited signal recovery. A perfect match between the FM sideband frequency and the cavity free spectral range makes the detection process insensitive to the laser-frequency noise relative to the cavity, and, at the same time, overcomes the cavity bandwidth limit. Working with a 1.064-mu m Nd:YAG laser, we obtained sub-Doppler overtone resonances of C2HD, C2H2, and CO2 molecules. A detection sensitivity of 5 x 10(-13) of integrated absorption (1 x 10(-14)cm) over 1-s averaging time has been achieved. (C) 1998 Optical Society of America. C1 Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Ye, J (reprint author), CALTECH, Quantum Opt Grp, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RI Ye, Jun/C-3312-2011 NR 56 TC 266 Z9 269 U1 5 U2 46 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0740-3224 J9 J OPT SOC AM B JI J. Opt. Soc. Am. B-Opt. Phys. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 15 IS 1 BP 6 EP 15 DI 10.1364/JOSAB.15.000006 PG 10 WC Optics SC Optics GA YT825 UT WOS:000071648800002 ER PT J AU Zhang, ZM Rice, JP Datla, RU AF Zhang, ZM Rice, JP Datla, RU TI Thermal design of high-T-c superconductor radiometers SO JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS AND HEAT TRANSFER LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 31st National Heat Transfer Conference CY AUG 03-06, 1996 CL HOUSTON, TEXAS ID CRYOGENIC RADIOMETER; HIGH-ACCURACY; BOLOMETERS; SILICON; TEMPERATURE; DETECTOR; MICROBOLOMETERS; PERFORMANCE; FILMS AB This paper investigates the feasibility of constructing electrical substitution radiometers operating near liquid-nitrogen temperature using high-temperature (T-c) superconductors. Three design examples that utilize micromachining techniques and a YBa2Cu3O7-8 superconductor meander line are presented and evaluated. The key performance parameters of a radiometer, such as the power noise level, the maximum measurable power, the time constant, and the spatial uniformity, are predicted based on the design geometry and materials properties. A finite element method is employed to calculate the temperature distribution on the receiver The temperature responsivity is obtained for different heating methods. The spatial nonuniformity and the nonequivalence between radiative heating and electrical heating are determined. A time constant of about 1 s, a measurable power ranging from 150 nW to 150 mu W, and a nonequivalence (between radiative and electrical heating) of 0.36% are predicted for a design that uses a thin silicon substrate sustained by a yttria-stabilized zirconia membrane. A time constant of about 2 s, a measurable power ranging from 1.3 mu W to 1.3 mW and a nonequivalence of 0.18% are predicted for a design that uses a 25-mu m-thick sapphire plate. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Mech Engn, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Opt Mat & Infrared Technol Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Zhang, ZM (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Mech Engn, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 34 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 4 U2 8 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091 USA SN 0887-8722 J9 J THERMOPHYS HEAT TR JI J. Thermophys. Heat Transf. PD JAN-MAR PY 1998 VL 12 IS 1 BP 23 EP 29 DI 10.2514/2.6319 PG 7 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA YU137 UT WOS:000071686000003 ER PT J AU DiMeo, F Cavicchi, RE Semancik, S Suehle, JS Tea, NH Small, J Armstrong, JT Kelliher, JT AF DiMeo, F Cavicchi, RE Semancik, S Suehle, JS Tea, NH Small, J Armstrong, JT Kelliher, JT TI In situ conductivity characterization of oxide thin film growth phenomena on microhotplates SO JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY A-VACUUM SURFACES AND FILMS LA English DT Article ID SNO2 AB Through the use of silicon micromachining, we have developed a microhotplate structure capable of reaching temperatures in excess of 500 degrees C, onto which thin films have been selectively grown via metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. The microhotplate structure contains surface electrical contacts which permit conductance measurements to be made on films during and after deposition, and therefore presents some unique opportunities for the in situ characterization of growing films as well as for novel gas sensing approaches. We have investigated the deposition of conducting oxides such as SnO2 and ZnO on these microhotplate platforms for gas sensing applications. The conductance of the deposited films has been measured in situ as a function of time, and used in combination with postdeposition thickness measurements to provide insights into the growth rate of the oxide films. Results indicate that our conductance measurements are sensitive, in certain cases, to changes in the film thickness on the order of an angstrom. Conductance oscillations observed during the growth of ZnO thin films have been attributed to variations in the precursor concentration, and were detected as a gas sensor response by the growing films. (C) 1998 American Vacuum Society. C1 NIST, Proc Measurements Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Microelect Res Lab, Columbia, MD 21045 USA. RP DiMeo, F (reprint author), NIST, Proc Measurements Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 11 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 USA SN 0734-2101 J9 J VAC SCI TECHNOL A JI J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A-Vac. Surf. Films PD JAN-FEB PY 1998 VL 16 IS 1 BP 131 EP 138 DI 10.1116/1.580959 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA YT383 UT WOS:000071597100019 ER PT J AU Benck, EC Schwabedissen, A Gates, A Roberts, JR AF Benck, EC Schwabedissen, A Gates, A Roberts, JR TI Investigations in the sheath region of a radio frequency biased inductively coupled discharge SO JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY A-VACUUM SURFACES AND FILMS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Basic Aspects of Nonequilibrium Plasmas Interacting with Surfaces (BANPIS 97) CY JAN 26-27, 1997 CL SHIRAHAMA, JAPAN SP USAF, Off Sci Res, Asian Off Aerosp Res & Dev, Japan Soc Appl Phys ID RF REFERENCE CELL; ENERGY-DISTRIBUTIONS; ION-BOMBARDMENT; LANGMUIR PROBE; PLASMA SOURCE AB Temporally and spatially resolved optical emission, as well as Langmuir and electric probe measurements, were used to investigate the effects of radio frequency (rf) biasing near an electrode in an inductively coupled plasma cell. The plasma source is a modification of the Gaseous Electronics Conference rf Reference Cell. Emission from the atomic argon 750.387 nm transition was observed. With the lower electrode grounded, the optical emission did not exhibit any rf modulations. However, for a constant rf bias power of 9 W at frequencies from 1.695 to 33.9 MHz applied to the lower electrode, various waveforms were observed in the temporal evolution of the optical emission near the electrode as well as in the bulk plasma. Also, for pressures between 0.67 and 13.3 Pa of argon and a rf power of 9 W at a frequency of 2.712 MHz, the oscillations in the optical emission near the biased electrode showed the presheath/sheath region rapidly shrinking with increasing pressure. The de sheath voltage drop, determined from Langmuir and electric probe measurements, did not exhibit a dependence on the applied rf frequency, but varied nearly linearly with the ratio of the bias power to the power dissipated in the plasma. (C) 1998 American Vacuum Society. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Miami Univ, Oxford, OH 45056 USA. RP Benck, EC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM james.roberts@nist.gov NR 39 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 USA SN 0734-2101 J9 J VAC SCI TECHNOL A JI J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A-Vac. Surf. Films PD JAN-FEB PY 1998 VL 16 IS 1 BP 306 EP 315 DI 10.1116/1.580987 PG 10 WC Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA YT383 UT WOS:000071597100047 ER PT J AU Sobolewski, MA Langan, JG Felker, BS AF Sobolewski, MA Langan, JG Felker, BS TI Electrical optimization of plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition chamber cleaning plasmas SO JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY B LA English DT Article ID FREQUENCY GLOW-DISCHARGES; CAPACITIVE RF SHEATH; RADIOFREQUENCY DISCHARGES; ELECTRODE SHEATHS; REFERENCE CELL; IMPEDANCE; POWER; POLYSILICON; ARGON; MODEL AB Fluorinated gas discharges are widely used by the semiconductor industry in etching and chamber cleaning applications, but the performance of these discharges varies in unpredictable ways, for unknown reasons believed to be electrical in origin. To investigate possible mechanisms for this behavior, we have measured the electrical characteristics of NF3/AT, CF4/O-2/Ar, and C2F6/O-2/Ar chamber cleaning plasmas at 6.7-267 Pa in a 13.56 MHz, capacitively coupled, parallel-plate reactor, using radio-frequency current and voltage probes and optical emission spectroscopy. From the measurements, power losses in the external circuitry surrounding the discharge were determined. Furthermore, using the measurements and equivalent circuit models, the mechanisms by which power was absorbed within the discharge itself were investigated. Power was absorbed most efficiently at particular values of the discharge impedance. These optimal impedances occur in the middle of a transition from capacitive impedances at low pressures to resistive impedances at high pressures. These results illustrate that the plasma impedance is a useful parameter fur monitoring and optimizing plasma processes in highly electronegative gases. (C) 1998 American Vacuum Society. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Air Prod & Chem Inc, Allentown, PA USA. RP Sobolewski, MA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 32 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 3 U2 16 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 USA SN 1071-1023 J9 J VAC SCI TECHNOL B JI J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B PD JAN-FEB PY 1998 VL 16 IS 1 BP 173 EP 182 DI 10.1116/1.589774 PG 10 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Physics GA YX325 UT WOS:000072028900028 ER PT J AU Kopanski, JJ Marchiando, JF Berning, DW Alvis, R Smith, HE AF Kopanski, JJ Marchiando, JF Berning, DW Alvis, R Smith, HE TI Scanning capacitance microscopy measurement of two-dimensional dopant profiles across junctions SO JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY B LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th Meeting of the Ultra-Shallow Junctions Workshop on Measurement and Characterization of Ultra-Shallow Doping Profiles in Semiconductors CY APR 07-09, 1997 CL RES TRIANGLE PK, NORTH CAROLINA ID MODEL SEMICONDUCTOR PROBLEM; 3 DIMENSIONS; COLLOCATION; SCALE AB Cross-sectioned p(+)/p and p-n junction test structures were imaged with a scanning capacitance microscope (SCM). To maintain a constant difference capacitance, our SCM utilizes an electronic attenuator circuit with a dynamic range of 20 V to less than 1 mV. Dopant profiles are extracted from SCM images using a formalism, which rapidly determines the theoretical SCM response from a database of calculated C-V curves. A dopant profile from a p(+)/p junction determined via constant difference capacitance SCM is compared to a secondary ion mass spectroscopy profile from similar structures. C1 NIST, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Adv Micro Devices Inc, Sunnyvale, CA 94088 USA. Digital Equipment Corp, Hudson, MA 01749 USA. RP Kopanski, JJ (reprint author), NIST, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 12 TC 41 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 USA SN 1071-1023 J9 J VAC SCI TECHNOL B JI J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B PD JAN-FEB PY 1998 VL 16 IS 1 BP 339 EP 343 DI 10.1116/1.589807 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Physics GA YX325 UT WOS:000072028900058 ER PT J AU Marchiando, JF Kopanski, JJ Lowney, JR AF Marchiando, JF Kopanski, JJ Lowney, JR TI Model database for determining dopant profiles from scanning capacitance microscope measurements SO JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY B LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th Meeting of the Ultra-Shallow Junctions Workshop on Measurement and Characterization of Ultra-Shallow Doping Profiles in Semiconductors CY APR 07-09, 1997 CL RES TRIANGLE PK, NORTH CAROLINA AB To help correlate scanning capacitance microscope measurements of silicon with uniformly doped concentrations, model capacitance curves are calculated and stored in a database that depends on the probe-tip radius of curvature, the oxide thickness, and the dopant density. The oxide thicknesses range from 5 to 20 nm, the dopant concentrations range from 10(17) to 10(20) cm(-3), and the probe-tip radius of curvature is set to 10 nm. The cone-shaped probe is oriented normal to the sample surface, so that the finite-element method in two dimensions may be used to solve Poisson's equation in the semiconductor region and Laplace's equation in the oxide and ambient regions. The equations are solved within the semi-classical quasistatic approximation, where capacitance measurement depends only on the charge due to majority carriers, with inversion and charge trapping effects being ignored. Comparison with one-dimensional-related models differs as much as 200% over the given doping range. For shallow gradient profiles satisfying quasiuniformity conditions, the database is used directly to find the doping profile. Converting a 512x512 point image takes less than 2 min. C1 NIST, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Marchiando, JF (reprint author), NIST, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jay.marchiando@nist.gov NR 18 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 USA SN 1071-1023 J9 J VAC SCI TECHNOL B JI J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B PD JAN-FEB PY 1998 VL 16 IS 1 BP 463 EP 470 DI 10.1116/1.589831 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Physics GA YX325 UT WOS:000072028900081 ER PT J AU Aguirre, AA Spraker, TR Balazs, GH Zimmerman, B AF Aguirre, AA Spraker, TR Balazs, GH Zimmerman, B TI Spirorchidiasis and fibropapillomatosis in green turtles from the Hawaiian Islands SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE DISEASES LA English DT Article DE Carettacola hawaiiensis; Chelonia mydas; fibropapillomas; green turtle; Hapalotrema dorsopora; Learedius learedi; pathology; spirorchidiasis ID CHELONIA-MYDAS; CUTANEOUS FIBROPAPILLOMAS; SPIRORCHIIDAE; INFECTIONS; AUSTRALIA; DIGENEA AB Pathologic examination of green turtles (Chelonia mydas) from the Hawaiian Islands (USA) was performed to determine the primary cause of mortality. Lesions were associated with fibropapillomatosis (FP) and/or spirorchidiasis (SP) in 16 of 17 green turtles examined. Gross lesions included moderate to severe emaciation, lobulated fibropapillomas of different size classes, serous atrophy of fat, and edema of subcutaneous tissue and muscle. Anasarca, hydropericardium and pulmonary edema were common findings. The neoplastic lesions observed in the gastrointestinal tract, lungs, liver, and kidneys of 29% of turtles examined were histologically characterized as fibromas. A generalized thickening and hardening of major vessels and thrombosis with partial or complete lumen occlusion were observed in turtles with FP and SP. Histologically, lymphoplasmocytic endarteritis was observed in vessels of turtles with both conditions. Multifocal granulomas were associated with trematode ova in the parenchyma of most organs of all turtles with FP and SP. Spirorchidiasis and FP were considered the primary causes of mortality in the turtles examined. Further studies should focus on the pathogenic interaction of both conditions and their synergism as debilitating and fatal diseases in this threatened species. C1 Univ Hawaii, Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Colorado State Univ, Coll Vet Med & Biomed Sci, Colorado Vet Diagnost Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu Lab, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Wildlife Pharmaceut Inc, Ft Collins, CO 80524 USA. RP Aguirre, AA (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, 2570 Dole St, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NR 27 TC 50 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 7 PU WILDLIFE DISEASE ASSN, INC PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044-8897 USA SN 0090-3558 J9 J WILDLIFE DIS JI J. Wildl. Dis. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 34 IS 1 BP 91 EP 98 PG 8 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA YU630 UT WOS:000071737800011 PM 9476230 ER PT J AU Kramer, GW Grandsard, PJ AF Kramer, GW Grandsard, PJ TI An inexpensive video signal multiplexer for multicamera machine vision in automated analytical laboratory systems SO LABORATORY ROBOTICS AND AUTOMATION LA English DT Article AB A computer-controlled multiplexer that selects one of up to eight video signal sources is described. The unit is used in conjunction with inexpensive charge-coupled-device video cameras, a frame grabber and computer interface, and commercially available image analysis software to detect events in an automated laboratory setup. The image processing software and the event-driven multiplexer software run under the Windows 3.1 operating system. The configuration presented here is an inexpensive alternative to systems that require more than one frame grabber in combination with multiple cameras or that use commercially available multiplexing frame grabbers. (C) 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.(dagger) Lab Robotics and Automation 10: 131-141, 1998. C1 Technol Adm, US Dept Commerce, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab,Analyt Chem Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kramer, GW (reprint author), Technol Adm, US Dept Commerce, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab,Analyt Chem Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0895-7533 J9 LAB ROBOTICS AUTOMAT JI Lab. Robot. Autom. PY 1998 VL 10 IS 3 BP 131 EP 141 PG 11 WC Automation & Control Systems; Chemistry, Analytical; Robotics SC Automation & Control Systems; Chemistry; Robotics GA 103UX UT WOS:000074977200002 ER PT J AU Hebner, R AF Hebner, R TI Technology will keep us competitive SO LASER FOCUS WORLD LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hebner, R (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PENNWELL PUBL CO PI NASHUA PA 5TH FLOOR TEN TARA BOULEVARD, NASHUA, NH 03062-2801 USA SN 0740-2511 J9 LASER FOCUS WORLD JI Laser Focus World PD JAN PY 1998 VL 34 IS 1 BP 71 EP 73 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA YR916 UT WOS:000071544700024 ER PT S AU Feldman, A Balzaretti, NM Guenther, AH AF Feldman, A Balzaretti, NM Guenther, AH BE Exarhos, GJ Guenther, AH Kozlowski, MR Soileau, MJ TI Review of a Workshop on Thin Film Thermal Conductivity Measurements SO LASER-INDUCED DAMAGE IN OPTICAL MATERIALS: 1997, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 29th Annual Boulder Damage Symposium on Laser-Induced Damage in Optical Materials - 1997 CY OCT 06-08, 1997 CL BOULDER, CO SP Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Univ New Mexico, Ctr High Technol Mat, Univ Cent Florida, Ctr Res & Educ Opt & Lasers, Def Res Agcy, UK, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Pacific NW Natl Lab, Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE chemical vapor deposition; CVD; diamond; round robin; thermal conductivity; thermal diffusivity; thin films; workshop AB On a subject of considerable import to the laser-induced damage community, a two-day Workshop on the topic, Thin Film Thermal Conductivity Measurement was held as part of the Thirteenth Symposium on Thermophysical Properties at the University of Colorado in Boulder CO, June 25 and 26, 1997. The Workshop consisted of 4 sessions of 17 oral presentations and two discussion sessions. Two related subjects of interest were covered: 1) methods and problems associated with measuring thermal conductivity (kappa) of thin films, and 2) measuring kappa of chemical vapor deposited (CVD) diamond. On the subject of thin film kappa measurement, several recently developed imaginative techniques were reviewed. However, several authors disagreed on how much kappa in a film differs from kappa in a bulk material of the same nominal composition. A subject of controversy was the definition of an interface. In the first discussion session, several questions were addressed, a principal one being, how do we know that the values of kappa we obtain are correct and is there a role for standards in thin film kappa measurement? The second discussion session was devoted to a round-robin interlaboratory comparison of kappa measurements on a set: of CVD diamond specimens and several other specimens of lower thermal conductivity. Large interlaboratory differences obtained in an earlier pound robin had been attributed to specimen inhomogeneity. Unfortunately, large differences were also observed in the second round robin even though the specimens were more homogeneous. There was good consistency among the DC measurements, however, the AC measurements showed, much greater variability. There was positive feedback from most of the attenders regarding the Workshop with nearly all respondents recommending another Workshop in three or fewer years. There was general recognition that thin film thermal conductivity measurements are important for predicting the resistance of optical coating materials to laser damage. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Feldman, A (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Balzaretti, Naira/L-3417-2014 OI Balzaretti, Naira/0000-0003-2797-8618 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2683-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3244 BP 420 EP 433 DI 10.1117/12.307001 PG 14 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Materials Science; Optics GA BL09Y UT WOS:000074259100055 ER PT S AU Hils, D AF Hils, D BE Folkner, WM TI Confusion noise estimate for gravitational wave measurements in space SO LASER INTERFEROMETER SPACE ANTENNA SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International LISA Symposium on the Detection and Observation of Gravitational Waves in Space CY JUL, 1998 CL PASADENA, CA SP NASA Off Space Sci, Jet Propuls Lab, CA Inst Technol ID DOUBLE-DEGENERATE; WHITE-DWARFS; SUPERNOVAE; STARS; BINARIES; PERIOD AB LISA's sensitivity for studying gravitational waves is expected to be confusion noise limited from roughly 0.1 - 3 mHz due to unresolvable signals from very many close binaries throughout the Galaxy. The most important contributors to the confusion noise appear to be close white dwarf binaries. However, there are additional binary systems that we have not considered before. These include systems of helium-rich secondaries in semidetached binaries with CO white dwarf primaries. Observational astronomers refer to these systems as AM CVn binaries. The theory of close binary evolution suggests at least two different scenarios that lead to the AM CVn stage. We will discuss both scenarios and will show that their inclusion probably will lead to only a small increase in the confusion noise. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Hils, D (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 14 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-848-7 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1998 VL 456 BP 68 EP 78 PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BM24Q UT WOS:000078166200012 ER PT S AU Sanov, A Lineberger, WC AF Sanov, A Lineberger, WC BE Hepburn, JW Continetti, RE Johnson, MA TI Incoherent control of photodissociation pathways in I-2(-) cluster ions SO LASER TECHNIQUES FOR STATE-SELECTED AND STATE-TO-STATE CHEMISTRY IV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Laser Techniques for State-Selected and State-to-State Chemistry IV CY JAN 29-31, 1998 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE negative ions; clusters; pump-probe; control; solvent dynamics; photodissociation AB Detailed time-resolved photodissociation and caging dynamics are reported for an I-2(-)(OCS)(11) model system. The observed product channel-dependent nuclear coherence in the dissociated chromophore reflects complex dynamics of the solvent cage. The evolving pump-probe product distribution offers the possibility of incoherent control of two-photon dissociation pathways by appropriately delaying the probe laser pulse. As an example of such control, I-2(-)(OCS)(2) is produced most effectively by a limited set of pump-probe excitations. We emphasize generality of these results that relate to caging dynamics in any cluster ions. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Sanov, A (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2710-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3271 BP 188 EP 195 DI 10.1117/12.308407 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical; Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Optics; Physics GA BL12W UT WOS:000074380900020 ER PT S AU DeRose, P Hwang, JS Goldner, LS AF DeRose, P Hwang, JS Goldner, LS BE Dai, HL Freund, HJ TI Near-field scanning optical microscopy for imaging domains in biomembranes SO LASER TECHNIQUES FOR SURFACE SCIENCE III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Laser Techniques for Surface Science III CY JAN 29-31, 1998 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE near-field microscopy; scanning microscopy; lipid monolayers; cholesterol AB Near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) combines the frequency-specific detection associated with optical spectroscopy with the improved spatial resolution of a near-field probe. In NSOM, a tapered, metal-coated fiber optic with a sub-wavelength aperture at the end is used to illuminate a surface placed in the near-field of the aperture. This technique is capable of resolution down to 20 nm, and is particularly suited for imaging >20 nm to mu m sized domains that do not possess significant topography and. are not well imaged by other scanning probe techniques, such as atomic force microscopy (AFM). Biological and biomimetic membranes have been shown to possess domains that can be well characterized by NSOM.(1) In this study, the lateral distribution and shape of these domains in lipid monolayers were characterized at particular surface pressures and in the presence of other compounds, such as cholesterol, using NSOM. The species to be detected was labeled with an appropriate fluorophore and fluorescence emission was measured as the NSOM tip optically excited a local volume at each point of a raster scan across the sample surface. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP DeRose, P (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg 220 Rm A320, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2711-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3272 BP 93 EP 99 DI 10.1117/12.307141 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Optics; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Optics; Spectroscopy GA BL12X UT WOS:000074381100012 ER PT S AU O'Brien, K Friedberg, W Smart, DF Sauer, HH AF O'Brien, K Friedberg, W Smart, DF Sauer, HH BE Heynderickx, D Smart, DF TI The atmospheric cosmic- and solar energetic particle radiation environment at aircraft altitudes SO LIFE SCIENCES: RADIATION ENVIRONMENT AND MODELLING SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT F2 1 and F2 2 Symposia of COSPAR Scientific Commission F on Life Sciences - Radiation Environment and Modelling, at the 31st COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY JUL 14-21, 1996 CL BIRMINGHAM, ENGLAND SP Comm Space Res, Russian Space Agcy, European Space Agcy, Jet Propuls Lab ID ACCELERATION AB Galactic cosmic rays interact with the solar wind, the earth's magnetic field and its atmosphere to produce hadron, lepton and photon fields at aircraft altitudes. In addition to cosmic rays, energetic particles generated by solar activity bombard the earth from time to time. These particles, while less energetic than cosmic rays, also produce radiation fields at aircraft altitudes which have qualitatively the same properties as atmospheric cosmic rays. We have used a code based on transport theory to calculate atmospheric cosmic-ray quantities and compared them with experimental data. Agreement with these data is seen to be good. We have then used this code to calculate equivalent doses to aircraft crews. We have also used the code to calculate radiation doses from several large solar energetic particle events which took place in 1989, including the very large event that occurred on September 29(th) and 30(th) of that year. The spectra incident on the atmosphere were determined assuming diffusive shock theory. (C) 1998 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 No Arizona Univ, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. Fed Aviat Adm, Civil Aeromed Inst, Oklahoma City, OK 73125 USA. NOAA, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP O'Brien, K (reprint author), No Arizona Univ, POB 6010, Flagstaff, AZ 86011 USA. NR 16 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON PRESS LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD LANGFORD LANE KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 BN 0-08-043464-9 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 1998 VL 21 IS 12 BP 1739 EP 1748 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(98)00060-X PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL31Y UT WOS:000075095700018 PM 11542893 ER PT S AU White, CC Wu, WL AF White, CC Wu, WL BE Chiang, C Ho, PS Lu, TM Wetzel, JT TI A novel method to determine the mechanical properties of ultra-thin films. SO LOW-DIELECTRIC CONSTANT MATERIALS IV SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th Symposium on Low Dielectric Constant Materials for Microelectronics Applications CY APR 14-16, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA AB Recent experimental results based on x-lay reflectivity[1, 2], and ellipsometry[3] have demonstrated that physical properties of polymer films thinner than one micron may deviate significantly from bulk values[4]. The mechanical properties of the ultra-thin films (sub-micron) are experimentally difficult to determine with precision. The quartz crystal microbalance is an established technique for measuring properties of polymer thin films of a few microns thick.[5-7] Recently this quartz crystal microbalance technique has been modified for measuring the mechanical properties of sub-micron polymer films with high precision. The details and preliminary results from this recently modified quartz crystal microbalance technique will be presented. C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP White, CC (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-417-3 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 511 BP 177 EP 182 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BL87L UT WOS:000077020800025 ER PT J AU Jahanmir, S AF Jahanmir, S TI Tribology issues in machining SO MACHINING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Review ID SURFACE ENGINEERED COATINGS; METAL-MATRIX COMPOSITES; CUMULATIVE TOOL WEAR; STEEL CUTTING TOOLS; HIGH-SPEED STEELS; NEURAL-NETWORKS; CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES; GRINDING PERFORMANCE; CERAMIC TOOLS; CARBIDE TOOL AB Machining is the process of shaping materials into useful articles by removing the unwanted material. In traditional machining processes such as in cutting and grinding, the unwanted material is removed by mechanical means using a cutting tool. Since the tool makes contact with the workpiece and either the tool, the workpiece, or both are in motion, tribology (i.e., the study of rubbing or sliding) becomes an important issue. Tribology has a crucial and significant role as an enabling technology, since tool wear is a major problem in the production of reliable and cost-effective products. This paper reviews recently published articles related to the wear of cutting tools and grinding wheels. These papers are classified into such areas as the wear process, measurement of wear, reduction of wear through the use of different cutting tools and abrasive materials, strategies used to monitor wear during machining and grinding, and in-process control of machining to compensate for tool wear. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Jahanmir, S (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 120 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 14 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 1091-0344 J9 MACH SCI TECHNOL JI Mach. Sci. Technol. PY 1998 VL 2 IS 1 BP 137 EP 154 DI 10.1080/10940349808945663 PG 18 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 168QT UT WOS:000078704300009 ER PT J AU Gustafson, RG Turner, RD Lutz, RA Vrijenhoek, RC AF Gustafson, RG Turner, RD Lutz, RA Vrijenhoek, RC TI A new genus and five new species of mussels (Bivalvia, Mytilidae) from deep-sea sulfide/hydrocarbon seeps in the Gulf of Mexico SO MALACOLOGIA LA English DT Review DE Mytilidae; deep-sea; sulfide seeps; hydrocarbon seeps; Bathymodiolinae ID HYDROTHERMAL VENT COMMUNITIES; MID-ATLANTIC RIDGE; FLORIDA ESCARPMENT; METHANOTROPHIC ENDOSYMBIONTS; MARINE-INVERTEBRATES; BACTERIAL SYMBIONTS; REDOX COMMUNITIES; MICROBIAL HABITAT; SOUTHWESTERN WASHINGTON; BATHYMODIOLUS SP AB Five new species of modioliform mussels in the family Mytilidae are described from material collected at sulfide/hydrocarbon seeps in the Gulf of Mexico. New definitive taxa, placed in the subfamily Bathymodiolinae, include the genus Tamu and the species Tamu fisheri from hydrocarbon seeps on the Louisiana Continental Slope, Bathymodiolus heckerae from brine seeps at the base of the West Florida Escarpment in the eastern Gulf of Mexico, and Bathymodiolus brooksi from the West Florida Escarpment site and from hydrocarbon seeps at Alami (n) over tilde os Canyon in the western Gulf of Mexico. An additional two new mussel species, which exhibit combinations of morphological characters unlike any existing mytilid genus but for which molecular data are equivocal, are provisionally placed in the genera Bathymodiolus and Idas, respectively. These are: "Bathymodiolus" childressi from hydrocarbon seeps at Alami (n) over tilde os Canyon and the Louisiana Continental Slope, and "Idas" macdonaldi (in the subfamily Modiolinae) from hydrocarbon seeps on the Louisiana Continental Slope. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. Harvard Univ, Museum Comparat Zool, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RP Gustafson, RG (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Conservat Biol Div, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. NR 115 TC 89 Z9 95 U1 2 U2 12 PU INST MALACOL PI ANN ARBOR PA 2415 SOUTH CIRCLE DR, ANN ARBOR, MI 48103 USA SN 0076-2997 J9 MALACOLOGIA JI Malacologia PY 1998 VL 40 IS 1-2 BP 63 EP 112 PG 50 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 150GP UT WOS:000077656200003 ER PT J AU Begg, GA Sellin, MJ AF Begg, GA Sellin, MJ TI Age and growth of school mackerel (Scomberomorus queenslandicus) and spotted mackerel (S-munroi) in Queensland east-coast waters with implications for stock structure SO MARINE AND FRESHWATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE otolith; fisheries; management ID SOUTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; KING MACKEREL; SPANISH MACKEREL; ATLANTIC COAST; CAVALLA; SCOMBRIDAE; COMMERSON; MORTALITY; LARVAE; MEXICO AB Age and growth of school mackerel (Scomberomorus queenslandicus) and spotted mackerel (S. munroi) in east-coast waters, Queensland, Australia (16 degrees S to 28 degrees S), were determined to provide population parameters required for stock assessment and fisheries management. Female school mackerel (L-infinity = 651 mm, K = 0.59, t(0) = -1.41) were estimated to grow to a greater asymptotic length, but at a slower rate, than males (L-infinity = 628 mm, K = 0.71, t(0) = -1.26). Growth patterns of school mackerel differed between geographic regions and suggested the existence of separate stocks throughout the east-coast distribution. In contrast, female sported mackerel (L-infinity = 849 mm, K = 0.46, t(0) = -1.54) were estimated to reach a greater asymptotic length at a faster rate than males (L-infinity = 768 mm, K = 0.23, t(0) = -4.33). There was no difference in growth between spotted mackerel from different regions, suggesting that there is a single stock along the Queensland east coast. Identification of school and spotted mackerel populations in Queensland east-coast waters will enable the species to be managed on the basis of stock structure across this range. C1 Univ Queensland, Dept Zool, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia. Queensland Dept Primary Ind, So Fisheries Ctr, Deception Bay, Qld, Australia. RP Begg, GA (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 166 Water St, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 30 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU C S I R O PUBLICATIONS PI COLLINGWOOD PA 150 OXFORD ST, PO BOX 1139, COLLINGWOOD, VICTORIA 3066, AUSTRALIA SN 1323-1650 J9 MAR FRESHWATER RES JI Mar. Freshw. Res. PY 1998 VL 49 IS 2 BP 109 EP 120 DI 10.1071/MF97057 PG 12 WC Fisheries; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA ZN713 UT WOS:000073674200003 ER PT J AU Begg, GA AF Begg, GA TI Reproductive biology of school mackerel (Scomberomorus queenslandicus) and spotted mackerel (S-munroi) in Queensland east-coast waters SO MARINE AND FRESHWATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE spawning; first-maturity; fisheries; management ID SOUTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; KING MACKEREL; SPANISH MACKEREL; CAVALLA; GROWTH; AGE; MACULATUS; BLUEFISH; MEXICO; LARVAE AB Spatial and temporal spawning patterns of school mackerel (Scomberomorus queenslandicus) and spotted mackerel (S. munroi) in Queensland east-coast waters, Australia, (16 degrees S to 28 degrees S), were examined to provide reproductive parameters required for the management and protection of spawning stocks. School mackerel spawned along the Queensland coastline from October to January. Female school mackerel were sexually mature between 401 and 450 mm, and males between 351 and 400 mm LCF (length to caudal fork). In contrast, spotted mackerel spawned in northern Queensland waters from August to October. Females were between 451 and 500 mm, and males 401 and 450 mm LCF at first maturity. Both species were found to be dioecious. Differential spawning patterns of school and spotted mackerel may help the species coexist and maintain the integrities of the species and their respective stock structures. C1 Univ Queensland, Dept Zool, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia. RP Begg, GA (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 166 Water St, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 46 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU C S I R O PUBLICATIONS PI COLLINGWOOD PA 150 OXFORD ST, PO BOX 1139, COLLINGWOOD, VICTORIA 3066, AUSTRALIA SN 1323-1650 J9 MAR FRESHWATER RES JI Mar. Freshw. Res. PY 1998 VL 49 IS 3 BP 261 EP 270 DI 10.1071/MF97187 PG 10 WC Fisheries; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 104AN UT WOS:000074990200007 ER PT J AU Smith, SE Au, DW Show, C AF Smith, SE Au, DW Show, C TI Intrinsic rebound potentials of 26 species of Pacific sharks SO MARINE AND FRESHWATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID ATLANTIC SHARPNOSE SHARK; WESTERN NORTH-ATLANTIC; MUSTELUS-ANTARCTICUS GUNTHER; GULF-OF-MEXICO; RHIZOPRIONODON-TERRAENOVAE; CARCHARHINUS-PLUMBEUS; TRIAKIS-SEMIFASCIATA; LEOPARD-SHARK; SANDBAR SHARK; BLACKTIP SHARK AB A demographic technique is used to compare the intrinsic rates of population increase of 26 shark species hypothetically exposed to fishing mortality. These rates (r(2M)) are used as a measure of the relative ability of different sharks to recover from fishing pressure. The method incorporates concepts of density dependence from standard population modelling and uses female age at maturity, maximum reproductive age, and average fecundity. A compensatory response to population reduction is assumed in pre-adult survival to the extent possible given the constraints of the life-history parameters. 'Rebound' productivity was strongly affected by age at maturity and little affected by maximum age. Species with lowest values (r(2M) < 0.04) tended to be late-maturing medium- to large-sized coastal sharks, whereas those with the highest (> 0.08) were small coastal, early-maturing species. Sharks with mid-range values (r(2M) = 0.04-0.07) were mostly large (> 250 cm maximum size) pelagic species, relatively fast growing and early maturing. Possible selection pressures for these three shark groups, management implications, practical applications for the derived parameter r(2M), and recommended areas of research are discussed. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RP Smith, SE (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, POB 271, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. NR 87 TC 259 Z9 267 U1 4 U2 54 PU C S I R O PUBLISHING PI COLLINGWOOD PA 150 OXFORD ST, PO BOX 1139, COLLINGWOOD, VICTORIA 3066, AUSTRALIA SN 1323-1650 J9 MAR FRESHWATER RES JI Mar. Freshw. Res. PY 1998 VL 49 IS 7 BP 663 EP 678 DI 10.1071/MF97135 PG 16 WC Fisheries; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 157ZE UT WOS:000078090900013 ER PT J AU Kenworthy, WJ Schwarzschild, AC AF Kenworthy, WJ Schwarzschild, AC TI Vertical growth and short-shoot demography of Syringodium filiforme in outer Florida Bay, USA SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE seagrass; Syringodium filiforme; vertical growth; age; demography; competition; Florida Bay ID SEAGRASSES-THALASSIA-TESTUDINUM; HALODULE-WRIGHTII; CYMODOCEA-NODOSA; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; EXPERIMENTAL BURIAL; PRODUCTIVITY; LAGOON; CARBON; BED; COMPETITION AB The vertical growth, short-shoot age structure, and demography of a Syringodium filiforme population were examined at 3 sites in a large meadow in outer Florida Bay, USA. Based on in situ marking experiments, we determined that the first 3 or 4 leaves on a short-shoot are produced in less than or equal to 45 d; thereafter new leaves are formed about every 40 d. We were able to confirm this estimate of leaf plastochrone interval (leaf PI) by examining the alternating internodal sequences resulting from differential growth of the vertical stems. Analysis of short-shoot age in leaf PI versus frequency histograms also indicated that each short-shoot produces approximately 12 leaves during the first year of growth and 9 leaves each year thereafter. Short-shoot age is skewed toward younger ages, with a median short-shoot age of approximately 0.6 yr, maximum age of 3.5 yr, and very few short-shoots living beyond 2.5 yr. Short-shoot recruitment appeared nearly continuous during the 3 yr study period. The vertical stem internodes were very large, ranging in length from 0.1 to 7.5 cm and averaging 2.1 cm. Vertical stem growth was independent of the sediment surface, raising photosynthetic tissue 25 to 60 cm above the sediments and forming a multidimensional shoot canopy at an average rate of 17 cm yr(-1). We determined that during the first year of life short-shoots could produce upwards of 25 cm of vertical stem. The vertical stem growth rate of S. filiforme is, therefore, among the highest reported for any species of seagrass. The developing techniques of seagrass demography proved to be valuable tools for analyzing the growth dynamics and population structure of S. filiforme in outer Florida Bay. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Beaufort Lab, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Kenworthy, WJ (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Beaufort Lab, 101 Pivers Isl Rd, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. EM jkenworthy@hatteras.bea.nmfs.gov NR 42 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 1 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 1998 VL 173 BP 25 EP 37 DI 10.3354/meps173025 PG 13 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 140NH UT WOS:000077093600003 ER PT J AU Fonseca, MS Bell, SS AF Fonseca, MS Bell, SS TI Influence of physical setting on seagrass landscapes near Beaufort, North Carolina, USA SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE seagrass; landscape; pattern; waves; current; water depth; sediment; disturbance ID CYMODOCEA-NODOSA; CURRENT VELOCITY; WAVE EXPOSURE; AXE LAKE; SEDIMENT; ECOLOGY; GROWTH; ENERGY; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; COLONIZATION AB Field surveys were conducted in Core and Back Sounds, North Carolina, USA, to relate the physical setting of seagrass beds, as measured by a wave exposure index (REI), tidal current speed and water depth, to various measures of the sedimentary environment, spatial heterogeneity of seagrass distribution and measures of seagrass abundance. Seagrass beds in this area form patterns ranging from continuous to semi-continuous to widely dispersed, discrete patches across a gradient of increasing hydrodynamic activity. Tidal current speeds, exposure to waves and relative water depths revealed strong correlative evidence that physical processes influenced landscape-scale (50 x 50 m range with 1 m resolution) features of seagrass beds. Some habitat attributes, such as percent cover of seagrasses, seagrass bed perimeter to area ratio, sediment organic content and percent silt-clay, declined with increasing REI and current speed. Increased aggregation of these data was observed above and below the 50% seagrass cover value, and, supported by principle components analysis, signaled an abrupt transition of environmental setting correlated with this coverage level. The 50% cover value also occurred at current speeds of similar to 25 cm s(-1), which should be near the initiation of motion current speed for local sand sediments, and an REI of similar to 3 x 10(6). This coverage is also near to the 59.28% coverage value, previously determined to be where landscape elements join and below which they tend to exist as discrete patches. We hypothesize that a rapid loss of seagrass habitat structural integrity may occur as the habitat fragments, and seagrass landscape elements become isolated, contributing to the observed transition and accompanying data aggregation above and below the similar to 50% coverage level. We discuss the interaction of physical setting, disturbance, landscape contiguity and growth response by these modular plants in the production of the observed landscape patterns across these hydrodynamic gradients. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Beaufort Lab, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. Univ S Florida, Dept Biol, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. RP Fonseca, MS (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Beaufort Lab, 101 Pivers Isl Rd, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. EM mark.fonseca@noaa.gov NR 47 TC 206 Z9 210 U1 5 U2 38 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 EI 1616-1599 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 1998 VL 171 BP 109 EP 121 PG 13 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 131DZ UT WOS:000076561600009 ER PT J AU Dilling, L Wilson, J Steinberg, D Alldredge, A AF Dilling, L Wilson, J Steinberg, D Alldredge, A TI Feeding by the euphausiid Euphausia pacifica and the copepod Calanus pacificus on marine snow SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE marine snow; grazing; Euphausia pacifica; Calanus pacificus ID PARTICULATE ORGANIC-MATTER; GIANT LARVACEAN HOUSES; MONTEREY-BAY; ANTARCTIC KRILL; WATER COLUMN; FOOD SOURCE; CALIFORNIA; PARTICLES; DETRITUS; ZOOPLANKTON AB Consumption and assimilation rates of marine zooplankton feeding on large, abundant aggregates, known as marine snow, were measured for the first time. Two common zooplankton species, the euphausiid Euphausia pacifica and the copepod Calanus pacificus, consumed diverse types of field-collected marine snow, including diatom flocs, abandoned larvacean houses, and dinoflagellate aggregates, regardless of their composition, C:N ratio, age, or the availability of alternate dispersed food. Ingestion rates of aggregates by E, pacifica increased with increasing marine snow concentration, although in situ concentrations of aggregates were not sufficient to elicit a maximum ingestion rate. Ingestion rates of aggregates by E. pacifica at higher aggregate concentrations were from 9 to 15 mu g C euphausiid(-1) h(-1). Assimilation efficiencies of euphausiids grazing on marine snow were 83 % (dinoflagellate snow) and 64 to 75 % (diatom/larvacean house snow). These results indicate that marine snow can be an important food source for marine zooplankton and that consumption of large aggregates is likely to play a role in the cycling of carbon and the structure of food webs in the pelagic zone of the ocean. C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Biol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Bermuda Biol Stn Res Inc, Ferry Reach, Bermuda. RP Dilling, L (reprint author), NOAA, OGP, Suite 1210,1100 Wayne Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM dilling@ogp.noaa.gov RI Dilling, Lisa/I-2889-2012 NR 46 TC 83 Z9 87 U1 2 U2 11 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 1998 VL 170 BP 189 EP 201 DI 10.3354/meps170189 PG 13 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 127DP UT WOS:000076335500016 ER PT J AU Watters, G AF Watters, G TI Prevalences of parasitized and hyperparasitized crabs near South Georgia SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE lithodid crabs; rhizocephalan barnacles; cryptoniscid isopods; parasitism; hyperparasitism; prevalence; generalized additive models ID BRIAROSACCUS-CALLOSUS BOSCHMA; LITHODES-AEQUISPINA BENEDICT; PARALITHODES-PLATYPUS; KING CRABS; LIFE-CYCLE; RHIZOCEPHALAN; CIRRIPEDIA; ANOMURA; DECAPODA; HOST AB This study identifies sources of variation in the prevalences of parasitized and hyperparasitized Paralomis spinosissima, a lithodid found around South Georgia. The parasite is Briarosaccus callosus, a rhizocephalan; the hyperparasite is an undescribed liriopsinine. Generalized additive models were used to model data collected during 1992 and 1995. Parasites were less prevalent on female crabs and most prevalent in submarine canyons. The former effect may be due to sex-specific differences in gill cleaning behavior, and the latter effect may result from reduced gill cleaning efficiency in areas where the seafloor is covered with fine sediment. The size-prevalence curve was dome-shaped; this probably indicates that B, callosus reduces the growth rate and increases the mortality rate of P. spinosissima. Parasite prevalence decreased with increasing crab density but increased with increasing parasitized crab density. These results suggest that parasitized crabs do not aggregate with unparasitized males. Habitat was a significant source of variation in hyperparasite prevalence during 1992 but not 1995. Between-year comparisons of parasite and hyperparasite prevalences were equivocal and failed to provide convincing evidence against parameter stationarity and stability in the P. spinosissima-B, callosus-liriopsinine system. C1 NOAA Fisheries, US AMLR Program, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. RP Watters, G (reprint author), Interamer Trop Tuna Commiss, 8604 La Jolla Shores Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. EM gwatters@iattc.ucsd.edu NR 46 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 1998 VL 170 BP 215 EP 229 DI 10.3354/meps170215 PG 15 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 127DP UT WOS:000076335500018 ER PT J AU Townsend, EC Fonseca, MS AF Townsend, EC Fonseca, MS TI Bioturbation as a potential mechanism influencing spatial heterogeneity of North Carolina seagrass beds SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE seagrass; landscape pattern; bioturbation; disturbance ID ZOSTERA; GROWTH; COMMUNITIES; REWORKING; ABUNDANCE; SEDIMENTS; MEADOWS; URCHIN; MARINA; PLANTS AB The frequency and duration of bioturbation pits and their potential role in altering or maintaining the spatial heterogeneity of seagrass beds were evaluated within beds dominated by a mix of Zostera marina and Halodule wrightii near Beaufort, North Carolina, USA. Our evaluations were performed systematically over large (1/4 ha) sites in order to make generalizations as to the effect of bioturbation at the scale at which seagrass landscape patterns are discerned. Eighteen 50 x 50 m sites, representing a wide range of seagrass bottom cover, were surveyed seasonally for 2 yr at 1 m resolution to describe the spatial heterogeneity of seagrass cover on the sites. We measured a number of environmental factors, including exposure to waves, tidal current speed, percent seagrass cover, sediment organic content and silt-clay content, seagrass shoot density, above- and belowground seagrass biomass, and numbers of bioturbation pits in the bottom. Seagrass bed cover ranged from 13 to 100% of the site, with 0 to 1.3% of the seafloor within the site showing discernable bioturbation pits. Three sites were selected for detailed study where we marked both existing bioturbation pits and new ones as they formed over time. Pits were measured every 1 to 3 d for width, length and depth until the pit was obscured; pit duration averaged similar to 5 d with an observed maximum of 31 d. We found a bimodal frequency distribution of pits, with small pits (0.05 to 0.4 m(2)) occurring more frequently than large pits (>0.4 m(2)), although the fewer large pits could account for over a third of bed margin disruption on a site. Even with a small amount of the open sand areas showing disturbance at any one time (less than or equal to 1.3%), based on the rate of new pit formation, the return interval for disturbance of a given square meter of unvegetated bottom among seagrass patches was similar to 1.2 yr. Pits often occurred within 1 m of seagrass bed margins and were of sufficient depth to fully disturb the seagrass rhizosphere. Because of the frequency of pit formation, their depth and proximity ro patch edges, it appears that bioturbation may play an important role in the maintenance of seagrass landscape pattern in the Beaufort area through disruption of the bed margins and, potentially seedling recruitment. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Ctr, Beaufort Lab, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Fonseca, MS (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Ctr, Beaufort Lab, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. EM mark.fonseca@noaa.gov.us NR 43 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 3 U2 14 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 EI 1616-1599 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 1998 VL 169 BP 123 EP 132 DI 10.3354/meps169123 PG 10 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 114BJ UT WOS:000075589000011 ER PT J AU Stevens, BG Kittaka, J AF Stevens, BG Kittaka, J TI Postlarval settling behavior, substrate preference, and time to metamorphosis for red king crab Paralithodes camtschaticus SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE settling; metamorphosis; substrate; decapoda; postlarvae; glaucothoe ID FLOOD-TIDE TRANSPORT; CALLINECTES-SAPIDUS; DELAYED METAMORPHOSIS; MARINE-INVERTEBRATES; LARVAL DEVELOPMENT; CRUSTACEAN LARVAE; TILESIUS DECAPODA; SWIMMING RHYTHMS; ESTUARINE CUES; NEOPANOPE-SAYI AB Swimming behavior was observed and substrate preference determined for glaucothoe stage postlarvae of the red king crab Paralithodes camtschaticus in the laboratory. One hundred 1 d old glaucothoe were placed into each of 3 replicate 10 l aquaria, each containing a choice of 3 substrates: sand. gravel, or synthetic fiber mesh. Glaucothoe began settling on the first day, and <10% remained swimming after Day 6. Glaucothoe showed a significant preference for the structurally complex mesh substrate. Occupancy of mesh increased from 49% on Day 2 to 75% by metamorphosis to the first crab (C1) instar, with a mean of 62 +/- 11%. Glaucothoe rejected sand, and only 1% were observed on it. Settlement was also tested in aquaria with only sand, gravel or mesh substrates. Glaucothoe in gravel- or mesh-only aquaria settled rapidly, whereas 40% of glaucothoe in the sand-only aquarium continued swimming until metamorphosis to C1 instar. In addition, mean time-to-metamorphosis in the sand-only aquarium (17.6 d) was significantly greater than in other experimental aquaria (16.8 d). Glaucothoe in the sand-only aquarium exhibited marked diurnal swimming behavior; 66% were swimming at 14:00 h (vs a maximum of 12% in other aquaria), but only 5% (vs 1%) were swimming at 02:00 h. Daytime swimming probably allows glaucothoe to avoid nocturnal predators while searching for preferred substrates, i.e. those which are structurally complex, can be easily grasped, and provide a high degree of interstitial space. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Kodiak Lab, Kodiak, AK 99615 USA. Tokyo Univ Sci, Marine Biol Res Inst, Nemuro, Hokkaido 08701, Japan. RP Stevens, BG (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Kodiak Lab, POB 1638, Kodiak, AK 99615 USA. NR 63 TC 51 Z9 52 U1 3 U2 11 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 1998 VL 167 BP 197 EP 206 DI 10.3354/meps167197 PG 10 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA ZZ007 UT WOS:000074685500018 ER PT J AU Ryer, CH Olla, BL AF Ryer, CH Olla, BL TI Effect of light on juvenile walleye pollock shoaling and their interaction with predators SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE schooling; spatial distribution; twilight hypothesis; predator-prey; swimming speed; illumination ID EASTERN BERING SEA; THERAGRA-CHALCOGRAMMA; FOOD DISTRIBUTION; MARINE FISHES; BEHAVIOR; INTENSITY; TWILIGHT; RISK; AVOIDANCE; PATTERNS AB Research was undertaken to examine the influence of light intensity on the shoaling behavior, activity and anti-predator behavior of juvenile walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma. Under a 12 h light/12 h dark photoperiod, juveniles displayed a diurnal shoaling and activity pattern, characterized by fish swimming in cohesive groups during the day, with a cessation of shoaling and decreased swimming speeds at night. Prior studies of schooling fishes have demonstrated distinct light thresholds below which schooling abruptly ceases. To see if this threshold effect occurs in a predominantly shoaling species, Like juvenile walleye pollock, another experiment was undertaken in which illumination was lowered by orders of magnitude, giving fish 20 min to adapt to each light intensity. Juvenile walleye pollock were not characterized by a distinct light threshold for shoaling; groups gradually dispersed as light levels decreased and gradually recoalesced as light levels increased. At light levels below 2.8 x 10(-6) mu E s(-1) m(-2), juvenile walleye pollock were so dispersed as to no longer constitute a shoal. Exposure to simulated predation risk had differing effects upon fish behavior under light and dark conditions. Brief exposure to a model predator in the dark caused fish to swim faster, for 5 or 6 min, than fish which had been similarly startled in the Light. Chronic exposure to a living predator produced similar results: fish tended to swim slower when a predator was present in the light, but faster when a predator was present in the dark. In the Light, shoaling and/or schooling provide protection against predators. But in the dark, with fish unable to see one another, increased prey activity resulting from predator disturbance may lead to accelerated dispersal of prey shoals. Thus, perceived predation risk may have different effects upon the spatial distribution of juvenile walleye pollock under light and dark conditions. This has implications for survival, as fish which have become widely scattered during the darkness may take longer to reform shoals at dawn, resulting in greater predation risk. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr,Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fisheries Behav Ecol Grp, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Ryer, CH (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr,Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fisheries Behav Ecol Grp, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM cliff.ryer@hmsc.orst.edu NR 52 TC 54 Z9 54 U1 2 U2 18 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 1998 VL 167 BP 215 EP 226 DI 10.3354/meps167215 PG 12 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA ZZ007 UT WOS:000074685500020 ER PT J AU Stribling, JM Cornwell, JC Currin, C AF Stribling, JM Cornwell, JC Currin, C TI Variability of stable sulfur isotopic ratios in Spartina alterniflora SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE Spartina alterniflora; sulfur; stable isotopes; oligohaline marshes ID ORGANIC-MATTER FLOW; ENGLAND SALT-MARSH; FOOD-WEBS; SULFATE REDUCTION; CARBON ISOTOPES; NITROGEN; MARINE; DIAGENESIS; SEDIMENTS; OXIDATION AB The sulfur stable isotopic composition of Spartina alterniflora in a low salinity tidal creek system was related to differences in porewater sulfur chemistry determined by salinity, hydrodynamics, and season. The extent of porewater sulfide accumulation, the reoxidation of sulfide minerals, and sulfate limitation of sulfate reduction were important processes controlling the delta(34)S Of the sulfur available for plant uptake. The influence of sedimentary sulfate reduction rates on S. alterniflora delta(34)S was demonstrated in the comparison of 2 sites with similar sulfate supply but differing hydrology; plant delta(34)S values were heavier where sediments were more oxidized relative to plant delta(34)S values from a frequently flooded marsh with more reduced sediments The role of sulfate supply in determining S. alterniflora delta(34)S values was apparent in the comparison of 3 sites with similar hydrology but differing salinity; shoot delta(34)S decreased with increasing salinity. In low salinity marshes, oxidation of stored sulfide minerals in winter and spring led to Lighter shoot delta(34)S values, while sulfate depletion in late summer was associated with isotopically heavier shoot sulfur. Variability on spatial and temporal scales in sulfur stable isotopic composition of S, alterniflora has implications for the use of its delta(31)S values in studies of trophic dynamics in estuarine marshes. The sulfur chemistry of the marsh sediments and the sampling season may both influence the stable isotopic signature of this important primary producer. C1 Salisbury State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Salisbury, MD 21801 USA. Univ Maryland Syst, Ctr Environm Sci, Horn Point Lab, Cambridge, MA USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Stribling, JM (reprint author), Salisbury State Univ, Dept Biol Sci, 1101 Camden Ave, Salisbury, MD 21801 USA. EM jmstribling@ssu.edu RI Cornwell, Jeffrey/R-5506-2016 OI Cornwell, Jeffrey/0000-0001-7111-2489 NR 38 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 5 U2 12 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 1998 VL 166 BP 73 EP 81 DI 10.3354/meps166073 PG 9 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA ZW639 UT WOS:000074431800007 ER PT J AU Brock, JC Sathyendranath, S Platt, T AF Brock, JC Sathyendranath, S Platt, T TI Biohydro-optical classification of the northwestern Indian Ocean SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Review DE Indian Ocean; primary production; biogeochemistry; satellite remote-sensing; modeling; phytoplankton ecosystems ID CENTRAL NORTH PACIFIC; ARABIAN SEA; CHLOROPHYLL MAXIMA; SOUTHWEST MONSOON; ORGANIC-MATTER; ATLANTIC OCEAN; NATURAL-WATERS; DEEP OCEAN; PHYTOPLANKTON; PLANKTON AB An approach to a partial solution to the general problem of defining biogeochemical provinces for the accurate estimation of global-ocean primary production and realistic structuring of epipelagic plankton ecosystem models is presented for the northwestern Indian Ocean. This is accomplished through use of a new technique, biohydro-optical classification, that applies a rudimentary submarine light budget incorporating climatologies of incident light, mixed-layer thickness, and chlorophyll to recognize fundamental modes of tropical plankton ecosystems. The 3 types of biohydro-optical classes found in the Arabian Sea, Typical Tropical, Mixed-Layer Bloom, and Transitional, are shown to evolve through the spring intermonsoon (March through May), summer southwest monsoon (June through August), and fall. intermonsoon (September through November) under climatic forcing and in response to the resulting biological variability. Virtually all of the open Arabian Sea is within the Typical Tropical Class at the close of the spring intermonsoon. This class type is intended to identify the epipelagic plankton ecosystem mode associated with tropical regions containing a deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM) maintained by active algal growth, and a light-rich, oligotrophic shallow zone containing a phytoplankton association which depends largely upon regenerated nutrients. At the close of the southwest monsoon in August, a Mixed-Layer Bloom Province covers much of the northern Arabian Sea. This province class corresponds to the ecosystem mode represented by tropical regions undergoing marginal or mid-ocean upwelling and greatly simplifies regional extrapolation of the local primary production algorithm. At the onset of the fall intermonsoon, the Mixed-Layer Bloom Province in the northern and western Arabian Sea is superseded by a Transitional Province, which persists through the fall intermonsoon. We interpret the upper layer of the fall intermonsoon Transitional Province in the Arabian Sea as a special case of the shallow regenerative plankton ecosystem of oligotrophic ocean areas, where rates of zooplankton-driven nutrient regeneration and recycled production, key processes in the upper layer of the classic 2-layer euphotic zone of oligotrophic low-latitude oceans, reach extreme values. C1 NOAA, Coastal Serv Ctr, Charleston, SC 29405 USA. Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Bedford Inst Oceanog, Div Biol Oceanog, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada. RP Brock, JC (reprint author), NOAA, Coastal Serv Ctr, 2234 S Hobson Ave, Charleston, SC 29405 USA. EM jbrock@csc.noaa.gov NR 103 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 1998 VL 165 BP 1 EP 15 DI 10.3354/meps165001 PG 15 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA ZQ164 UT WOS:000073828700001 ER PT J AU Lavrentyev, PJ Bootsma, HA Johengen, TH Cavaletto, JF Gardner, WS AF Lavrentyev, PJ Bootsma, HA Johengen, TH Cavaletto, JF Gardner, WS TI Microbial plankton response to resource limitation: insights from the community structure and seston stoichiometry in Florida Bay, USA SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE subtropical lagoon; nutrient limitation; seston stoichiometry; phytoplankton; microbial food web ID ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS-COMPOUNDS; FRESH-WATER ECOSYSTEMS; INNER-SHELF LAGOON; GULF-OF-MEXICO; MARINE SYNECHOCOCCUS; TROPHIC INTERACTIONS; MESODINIUM-RUBRUM; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; NUTRIENT INPUTS; SURFACE WATERS AB Concentrations of dissolved and particulate nutrients, chlorophyll, and microorganisms (0.01 to 200 mu m) were simultaneously measured during a 1 d survey of 12 stations in Florida Bay, USA, to characterize the microbial plankton community with respect to resource limitation. Three distinct types of trophic conditions, reflected in seston elemental stoichiometry and community structure, were identified within the bay. The first type, characteristic of the isolated eastern region, had low nutrient concentrations, imbalanced stoichiometry, and small microbial biomass with a large proportion of bacteria. The microbial community in this region was characterized by weak relationships between microzooplankton and phytoplankton and the predominance of mixotrophic taxa and the autotrophic ciliate Mesodinium rubrum. The second type, found in the north-central region influenced by Taylor Slough inflow, had elevated nutrient concentrations, elemental stoichiometry skewed toward N, and high turbidity. Under these conditions, the picocyanobacterium Synechococcus formed a dense bloom and coincided with an abundant, multi-step microbial food web. Finally, at the boundary with the Gulf of Mexico, low concentrations of nutrients were balanced at approximately the Redfield ratio and supported nanophytoplankton that were tightly correlated with microzooplankton. These data are consistent with the notion of P Limitation in Florida Bay but also demonstrate that Si, Light, and N may be co-limiting to phytoplankton in the eastern, north-central, and western boundary regions, respectively. Our findings suggest that multiple resource gradients, in conjunction with microbial food web processes, are important factors determining the plankton community structure in Florida Bay and should be considered in studies on ecological disturbances. C1 Univ Michigan, Cooperat Inst Limnol & Ecosyst Res, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Lavrentyev, PJ (reprint author), Univ Texas, Inst Marine Sci, 750 Channelview Dr, Port Aransas, TX 78373 USA. EM peterl@utmsi.utmsi.utexas.edu NR 74 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 11 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 1998 VL 165 BP 45 EP 57 DI 10.3354/meps165045 PG 13 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA ZQ164 UT WOS:000073828700004 ER PT J AU Jansen, JK Boveng, PL Bengtson, JL AF Jansen, JK Boveng, PL Bengtson, JL TI Foraging modes of chinstrap penguins: contrasts between day and night SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE diel activity patterns; diet composition; foraging trip duration; myctophid fish; ecological monitoring; Pygoscelis antarctica; Euphausia superba ID KRILL EUPHAUSIA-SUPERBA; DIEL VERTICAL MIGRATION; SOUTH SHETLAND ISLANDS; PYGOSCELIS-ADELIAE; APTENODYTES-PATAGONICUS; SPHENISCUS-DEMERSUS; KING PENGUIN; INFORMATION-CENTERS; MACARONI PENGUINS; DIVING BEHAVIOR AB Penguins rely on vision to travel and hunt at sea. Vision in marine predators, particularly those hunting phototactic prey under a broad range of light intensities, must be better understood to realize how these species respond to changes in their environment. We studied the effects of daily cycles in light intensity on visual predators by examining the duration and timing of chinstrap penguins' Pygoscelis antarctica foraging trips and the size, composition, and timing of their meals. We used radio telemetry and stomach-contents sampling to study adult penguins that were provisioning chicks during the summers of 1993 and 1994 at Seal Island, Antarctica. The penguins rarely initiated or terminated foraging trips at night, but otherwise varied the timing and duration of trips to sea. Cluster analyses using departure and arrival times revealed 5 distinct modes of foraging: 3 were strictly diurnal (early, mid-, and late) and 2 were partly nocturnal (overnight and extended). Durations of diurnal trips (4 to 11 h) were shorter than overnight (13 to 14 h) and extended trips (18 to 22 h). Early and mid-diurnal trips and extended trips were significantly shorter in 1993 than in 1994; late diurnal and overnight trip durations did not differ between years. Diurnal foraging was most common in 1993, whereas overnight foraging predominated in 1994. Shortened diurnal foraging in 1993 appears to have increased the frequency of diurnal foraging by allowing more parent birds to alternate diurnal trips within a single day and by reducing the incidence of birds extending diurnal foraging through the night. That penguins foraged more frequently by day when permitted by shorter trip durations tin 1993) suggests that they opted to forage diurnally whenever possible. Returning diurnal and overnight foragers had greater than 99 and 74% Antarctic krill Euphausia superba by weight in their stomachs, respectively. However, overnight foragers also returned with significant amounts of highly digested remains of pelagic fish, suggesting birds were in offshore waters taking fish during the night. In contrast, only 1 out of 40 diurnal foragers from both years combined had evidence of fish. Thus, the daily light cycle affected both the timing and duration of chinstrap penguin foraging as well as the type of prey consumed during trips to sea. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Jansen, JK (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE,Bldg 4, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM john.jansen@noaa.gov NR 78 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 11 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 1998 VL 165 BP 161 EP 172 DI 10.3354/meps165161 PG 12 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA ZQ164 UT WOS:000073828700014 ER PT J AU Brodeur, RD AF Brodeur, RD TI In situ observations of the association between juvenile fishes and scyphomedusae in the Bering Sea SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE juvenile pollock; Theragra chalcogramma; Scyphomedusae; commensalism; underwater video ID POLLOCK THERAGRA-CHALCOGRAMMA; WALLEYE POLLOCK; VERTICAL-DISTRIBUTION; PRIBILOF ISLANDS; SUMMER DISTRIBUTION; SOUND-SCATTERING; ALASKA; CANNIBALISM; ECOSYSTEMS; PREDATION AB In September 1995, dense aggregations of large scyphomedusae (mainly Chrysaora melanaster) were observed in 27 midwater deployments of a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) near the Pribilof Islands in the Bering Sea. Age-0 walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma appeared to be frequently associated with these gelatinous zooplankton. During daytime, up to 30 pollock were observed swimming within the tentacles of these medusae, but when approached by the ROV, the pollock generally left the vicinity of the jellyfish. At night, few such associations were observed and juvenile pollock moved closer to the surface, apparently feeding in loose aggregations, while the medusae remained close to the thermocline (35-40 m). Prowfish Zaprora silenus were also observed near large medusae, but tended to be found closer to the bell rather than within the tentacles. The lack of any gelatinous material in the stomachs of the pollock suggests that juvenile pollock associate to gain shelter from predation or possibly as a thigmotactic response to biotic structure. The implications of this commensal behavior with gelatinous zooplankton are discussed relative to pollock recruitment in the Eastern Bering Sea. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Brodeur, RD (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way SE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM rbrodeur@afsc.noaa.gov NR 41 TC 56 Z9 59 U1 3 U2 12 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 1998 VL 163 BP 11 EP 20 DI 10.3354/meps163011 PG 10 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA ZG722 UT WOS:000073032800002 ER PT J AU Wagner, M Durbin, E Buckley, L AF Wagner, M Durbin, E Buckley, L TI RNA : DNA ratios as indicators of nutritional condition in the copepod Calanus finmarchicus SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE copepods; Calanus finmarchicus; RNA : DNA ratios; nutrition; growth ID GROWTH-RATE; BODY SIZE; PLANKTONIC COPEPOD; RNA CONCENTRATION; FOOD LIMITATION; MOLTING RATES; NUCLEIC-ACIDS; MARINE; ZOOPLANKTON; DNA AB As part of an investigation of ribonucleic acid (RNA) content as an index of growth and nutritional condition of zooplankton in the field, we describe here a method for measuring RNA and DNA in individuals. Stage N5 through adult, of the copepod Calanus finmarchicus. We used the technique to compare total RNA and DNA content and RNA:DNA ratios of C. finmarchicus copepodite stages cultured at different food densities. Copepods reared at growth-limiting phytoplankton concentrations (25 mu g carbon l(-1)) were smaller, had lower RNA:DNA ratios, and contained less total RNA and DNA than did copepods reared in excess food (500 mu g C l(-1)). This was true for each stage from C1 to C5. Stages C5 and C4 C. finmarchicus collected from Georges Bank and the Gulf of Maine were compared to those from the laboratory experiment. While RNA:DNA ratios of C5 and C4 individuals collected in May and June 1994 were intermediate between the 2 lab treatments, Stage C5 C. finmarchicus collected in November 1993 had the lowest RNA:DNA ratios of all copepods sampled. This seasonality of RNA:DNA ratios is most likely related to food availability and changing metabolic activity. Our data show that RNA is a useful index of physiological condition for C. finmarchicus. C1 Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, URI NOAA CMER Program, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Wagner, M (reprint author), Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. EM mwagner@gsosun1.gso.uri.edu NR 32 TC 94 Z9 103 U1 1 U2 14 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 1998 VL 162 BP 173 EP 181 DI 10.3354/meps162173 PG 9 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA ZC157 UT WOS:000072545600016 ER PT J AU Turner, JT Hopcroft, RR Lincoln, JA Huestis, CS Tester, PA Roff, JC AF Turner, JT Hopcroft, RR Lincoln, JA Huestis, CS Tester, PA Roff, JC TI Zooplankton feeding ecology: Grazing by marine copepods and cladocerans upon phytoplankton and cyanobacteria from Kingston Harbour, Jamaica SO MARINE ECOLOGY-PUBBLICAZIONI DELLA STAZIONE ZOOLOGICA DI NAPOLI I LA English DT Article DE copepods; Temora turbinata; Acartia lilljeborgii; cladocerans; Penilia avirostris; zooplankton; grazing; cyanobacteria; Jamaica ID TROPICAL NERITIC ECOSYSTEM; GROWTH-RATES; SOUTHEAST JAMAICA; HELLSHIRE COAST; COMMUNITY; SIZE; BIOMASS; WATERS; TRICHODESMIUM; CALANUS AB Grazing by the copepods Temora turbinata and Acartia lilljeborgii and the marine cladoceran Penilia avirostris on natural phytoplankton and cyanobacteria assemblages from Kingston Harbour, Jamaica, was examined in summer 1992. Food assemblages were often dominated by an unidentified filamentous cyanobacterium, with abundances of up to 1.16 x 10(4) filaments.ml(-1). Other abundant phytoplankters included microflagellates and diatoms of the genus Nitzschia. Mean clearance rates for the entire food assemblage ranged from 0.10 to 2.41 ml.animal(-1).h(-1), although most mean clearance rates were between 0.5 and 1.5 ml.animal(-1).h(-1). Patterns of selection of different food items by various grazers on different dates were variable and inconsistent. Microscopic measurements revealed that cyanobacterial filament lengths were shorter in grazed than initial aliquots during a cyanobacterium bloom in August. This suggests that grazers reduced lengths of many filaments by biting off portions, in addition to consuming entire filaments. Such 'filament clipping' of cyanobacteria filaments has been recorded previously in freshwater studies and suggests that grazers impact a larger portion of the phytoplankton assemblage than is accounted for by ingestion and clearance rates based only upon removal of filaments. Grazers exhibited no adverse effects from consuming cyanobacteria. Cyanobacteria are often considered to be toxic or of poor food quality for planktonic grazers, but due to the high abundance and dominance of filamentous cyanobacteria in Kingston Harbour, if these cyanobacteria were ungrazed, there would at times be little alternative phytoplankton food for copepods and cladocerans. Our results suggest that the trophic role of filamentous cyanobacteria in pelagic food webs of the tropical ocean should be further investigated and possibly reconsidered. C1 Univ Massachusetts, N Dartmouth, MA 02747 USA. Univ Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Turner, JT (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, N Dartmouth, MA 02747 USA. EM jturner@umassd.edu RI Hopcroft, Russell/I-6286-2012 NR 38 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 3 U2 10 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0173-9565 J9 MAR ECOL-P S Z N I JI Mar. Ecol.-Pubbl. Stn. Zool. Napoli PY 1998 VL 19 IS 3 BP 195 EP 208 DI 10.1111/j.1439-0485.1998.tb00462.x PG 14 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 156UR UT WOS:000078020900003 ER PT J AU Gischler, E Hudson, JH AF Gischler, E Hudson, JH TI Holocene development of three isolated carbonate platforms, Belize, central America SO MARINE GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Belize; reef; carbonate platform; C-14 ID BRITISH-HONDURAS; SOUTHERN LAGOON; CORAL REEFS; FACIES; MODEL AB Locally operating factors such as topography of the reef basement and exposure to waves and currents rather than regionally effective factors such as the post-glacial sea level rise in the western Atlantic explain the different Holocene developments of the three isolated carbonate platforms Glovers Reef, Lighthouse Reef, and Turneffe Islands offshore Belize. A series of NNE-striking tilted fault-blocks at the passive continental margin forms the deep basement of the Belize reefs. Glovers and Lighthouse Reefs are located on the same fault-block, while Turneffe Islands is situated west of Lighthouse Reef on an adjacent fault-block. The three platforms are surrounded by deep water and have surface-breaking reef rims. Significant differences exist between platform interiors. Glovers Reef has only 0.2% of land and an 18 m deep, well-circulated lagoon with over 800 patch reefs. Lighthouse Reef has 3% of land and a well-circulated lagoon area. Patch reefs are aligned along a NNE-striking trend that separates a shallow western (3 m) and a deeper eastern (8 m) lagoon. Turneffe Islands has 22% of land that is mainly red mangrove. Interior lagoons are up to 8 m deep and most have restricted circulation and no patch reefs. Surface sediments are rich in organic matter. In contrast, the northernmost part of Turneffe Islands has no extensive mangrove development and the well-circulated lagoon area has abundant patch reefs. Holocene reef development was investigated by means of 9 rotary core holes that all reached Pleistocene reef limestones, and by radiometric dating of corals. Maximal Holocene reef thickness reaches 11.7 m on Glovers Reef, 7.9 m on Lighthouse Reef, and 3.8 m on Turneffe Islands. Factors that controlled Holocene reef development include the following. (1) Holocene sea level. The margin of Glovers Reef was flooded by the rising Holocene sea ca. 7500 YBP, that of Lighthouse Reef ca. 6500 YBP, and that of Turneffe Islands between 5400 and 4750 YBP. All investigated Holocene reefs belong to the keep-up type, even though the three platforms were flooded successively and, hence, the reefs had to keep pace with different rates of sea level rise. (2) Pre-Holocene topography. Pleistocene elevation and relief are different on the three platforms. This is the consequence of both tectonics and karst. Different elevations caused successive reef initiation and they also resulted in differences in lagoon depths. Variations in Pleistocene topography also explain the different facies distribution patterns on the windward platforms that are located on the same fault-block. On Lighthouse Reef tectonic structures are clearly visible such as the linear patch reef trend that is aligned along a Pleistocene fault. On Glovers Reef only short linear trends of patch reefs can be detected because the Pleistocene tectonic structures are presumably masked by the higher Holocene thickness. The lower Pleistocene elevation on Glovers Reef is probably a consequence of both a southward tectonic tilt, and stronger karstification towards the south related to higher rainfall. (3) Exposure to waves and currents. Glovers Reef, Lighthouse Reef, and the northernmost part of Turneffe Islands receive the maximum wave force as they are open to the Caribbean Sea. Adjacent lagoons are well-circulated and have luxuriant patch reef growth and no extensive mangrove development. By contrast, most of Turneffe Islands is protected from the open Caribbean Sea by Lighthouse Reef to the east and is only exposed to reduced wave forces, allowing extensive mangrove growth in these protected areas. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Univ Tubingen, Inst Geol & Palaontol, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany. Florida Keys Natl Marine Sanctuary, Key Largo, FL 33037 USA. RP Gischler, E (reprint author), Univ Tubingen, Inst Geol & Palaontol, Sigwartstr 10, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany. EM eberhard.gischler@uni-tuebingen.de NR 39 TC 52 Z9 53 U1 1 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3227 EI 1872-6151 J9 MAR GEOL JI Mar. Geol. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 144 IS 4 BP 333 EP 347 DI 10.1016/S0025-3227(97)00102-3 PG 15 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Geology; Oceanography GA YY504 UT WOS:000072154100006 ER PT J AU Wetzler, MA Lavelle, JW Cannon, GA Baker, ET AF Wetzler, MA Lavelle, JW Cannon, GA Baker, ET TI Variability of temperature and currents measured near Pipe Organ hydrothermal vent site SO MARINE GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCHES LA English DT Article DE Pipe Organ; hydrothermal vents; temperature and current measurements; hydrothermal plumes ID DE-FUCA RIDGE; MID-ATLANTIC RIDGE; CLEFT SEGMENT; HEAT-FLUX; PLUME; TAG; DIFFUSE; FLOW; 26-DEGREES-N; ENDEAVOR AB Temperature and currents were measured similar to 100 m south of the Pipe Organ vent site on the Juan de Fuca Ridge during a 5-day interval in September 1997 to examine the temporal variability of hydrothermal heat signals close to a source. Temperatures were sampled at three depths every 15 s while current speed and direction were sampled at a single depth hourly. Results show that rapid potential temperature (theta) changes of as much as 0.02 degrees C occurred at all three depths, partly caused by changes in current speed and direction. Spectra of theta showed no prominent spectral peaks, however. An analytic model of heat transport under variable currents was used to help put observed theta temporal variability into context and to point out problems with estimating hydrothermal heat fluxes from mooring data. Model theta distributions, when contoured on a horizontal plane and animated, demonstrate the pooling of effluent over vents at various times, the streaming of effluent as a very narrow plume away from vents at times of large current speed, and the spawning of boluses of heated fluid and their transport away from venting regions when a pooling period is followed by a streaming period. Model results also show that estimated heat flux based on mooring data is strongly dependent on analysis assumptions and suggest that vents are capable of causing measurable theta anomalies as far as several kilometers downstream. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Wetzler, MA (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way Ne, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 32 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3235 J9 MAR GEOPHYS RES JI Mar. Geophys. Res. PY 1998 VL 20 IS 6 BP 505 EP 516 DI 10.1023/A:1004784405430 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Oceanography SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Oceanography GA 306ZM UT WOS:000086628600003 ER PT J AU Wade, PR AF Wade, PR TI Calculating limits to the allowable human-caused mortality of cetaceans and pinnipeds SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE bycatch; cetacean; conservation; incidental fisheries mortality; management; mortality limit; PER; population modeling; pinniped; US MMPA ID EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC; WHALES EUBALAENA-GLACIALIS; DENSITY-DEPENDENCE; TUNA FISHERY; POPULATION; CONSERVATION; ABUNDANCE; INCREASE; RATES; CALIFORNIA AB A simulation method was developed for identifying populations with levels of human-caused mortality that could lead to depletion, caking into account the uncertainty of available information. ii mortality limit (termed the Potential Biological Removal, PBR, under the U.S. Marine Mammal Protection Act) was calculated as the product of a minimum population estimate (N-MIN), one-half of the maximum net productivity rate (R-MAX), and a recovery factor (F-R). Mortality limits were evaluated based on whether at least 95% of the simulated populations met two criteria: (1) that populations starting at the maximum net productivity level (MNPL) stayed there or above after 20 yr, and (2) that populations starting at 30% of carrying-capacity (K) recovered to at least MNPL after 100 yr. Simulations of populations that experienced mortality equal to the PBR indicated that using approximately the 20th percentile (che lower 60% log-normal confidence limit) of the abundance estimate for N-MIN met the criteria for both cetaceans (assuming R-MAX = 0.04) and pinnipeds (assuming R-MAX = 0.12). Additional simulations that included plausible levels of bias in the available information indicated that using a value of 0.5 for F-R would meet both criteria during these "bias trials." It is concluded that any marine mammal population with an estimate of human-caused mortality that is greater than its PBR has a level of mortality that could lead to the depletion of the population. The simulation methods were also used to show how mortality limits could be calculated to meet conservation goals other than the U.S. goal elf maintaining populations above MNPL. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Off Protected Resources, Natl Marine Mammal Lab,Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Wade, PR (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Off Protected Resources, Natl Marine Mammal Lab,Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM paul.wade@noaa.gov NR 48 TC 243 Z9 265 U1 7 U2 55 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 14 IS 1 BP 1 EP 37 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.1998.tb00688.x PG 37 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA YR330 UT WOS:000071484600001 ER PT J AU Perryman, WL Westlake, RL AF Perryman, WL Westlake, RL TI A new geographic form of the spinner dolphin, Stenella longirostris, detected with aerial photogrammetry SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE spinner dolphin; Stenella longirostris; stocks; length; aerial photography; photogrammetry ID EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC; REPRODUCTION; DELPHINIDAE; MORPHOLOGY; GROWTH AB Analyses of skeletal and external morphology of spinner dolphins killed in the yellowfin tuna purse-seine fishery in the eastern tropical Pacific led to the description of two subspecies of spinners from this region, the eastern spinner dolphin and the Central American spinner dolphin (Perrin 1990). However, when we examined lengths of spinner dolphins taken from vertical aerial photographs from the same area, we found three unique morphotypes. Two of these forms correspond, at lease in average length and distribution, to the existing subspecies. The third form is intermediate in length between the two recognized subspecies and is found along the edge of the continental shelf north of Cabo Corrientes, Mexico. We provisionally call this form the "Tres Marias spinner dolphin." Our results demonstrate the value of a mix of fishery and fishery-independent data in studies of stock structure of impacted species. C1 SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Perryman, WL (reprint author), SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, POB 271, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. EM wperryman@caliban.ucsd.edu NR 30 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 14 IS 1 BP 38 EP 50 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.1998.tb00689.x PG 13 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA YR330 UT WOS:000071484600002 ER PT J AU Hobson, KA Sease, JL AF Hobson, KA Sease, JL TI Stable isotope analyses of tooth annuli reveal temporal dietary records: An example using steller sea lions SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE stable isotopes; hydroxyapatite; teeth; collagen; Steller sea lion; Eumetopias jubatus; northern fur seal; Callorhinus ursinus; northern elephant seal; Mirounga angustirostris ID NORTHERN ELEPHANT SEAL; BONE-COLLAGEN; NITROGEN; MARINE; CARBON; ENRICHMENT; TISSUES; GROWTH AB Stable isotope analysis of teeth of marine mammals can provide valuable information on trophic level and source of feeding. However, the isotopic analysis of whole teeth presents only an average dietary estimate for individuals across the period of growth of that tooth. While such analyses can be valuable, particularly in the case of fossil material, in contrast, isotopic analysis of individual annuli of teeth can provide dietary information for each year of tooth growth, in some cases representing the whole of the animal's life. We measured stable-carbon isotope ratios (C-13/C-12) in the inorganic (hydroxyapatite) and stable-nitrogen isotope ratios (N-15/N-14) in the organic (primarily collagenous) components of individual tooth annuli of 18 male Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) obtained from archived collections from the Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska and from single northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus) and northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) from the central Aleutian Islands and eastern Gulf of Alaska, respectively. In several individuals, we detected considerable variation in stable isotope values among annuli, up to 6.1 parts per thousand for delta(15)N and 5.1 parts per thousand for delta(13)C values. Enrichment in delta(15)N and depletion of delta(13)C values in the first annulus may correspond to dietary inputs from mother's milk during the period of suckling. Other variations among years may be caused by dietary changes or movements of individuals between regions differing in isotopic signatures of foodweb primary production. Our study indicates that the isotopic analysis of individual tooth annuli represents a fine-scale cool for dietary reconstructions involving marine mammals, and cautions against the use of whole-tooth material averaged over several annuli. C1 Prairie & No Wildlife Res Ctr, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X4, Canada. Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Hobson, KA (reprint author), Prairie & No Wildlife Res Ctr, 115 Perimeter Rd, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X4, Canada. EM keith.hobson@ec.gc.ca NR 31 TC 124 Z9 127 U1 2 U2 25 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 14 IS 1 BP 116 EP 129 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.1998.tb00694.x PG 14 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA YR330 UT WOS:000071484600007 ER PT J AU Eggert, LS Lux, CA O'Corry-Crowe, GM Dizon, AE AF Eggert, LS Lux, CA O'Corry-Crowe, GM Dizon, AE TI Dried dolphin blood on fishery observer records provides DNA for genetic analyses SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; MUSEUM SPECIMENS; TOUCHDOWN PCR; AMPLIFICATION; CONSERVATION; EVOLUTION; WHALES C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Biol, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. RP Eggert, LS (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Biol, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. NR 17 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 14 IS 1 BP 136 EP 143 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.1998.tb00696.x PG 8 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA YR330 UT WOS:000071484600009 ER PT J AU Mesnick, SL Rivas, MDG Le Boeuf, BJ AF Mesnick, SL Rivas, MDG Le Boeuf, BJ TI Northern elephant seals in the Gulf of California, Mexico SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 Univ Arizona, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Fac Ciencias, Lab Mamiferos Marinos, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Biol, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. RP Mesnick, SL (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, POB 271, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. NR 10 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 4 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 14 IS 1 BP 171 EP 178 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.1998.tb00703.x PG 8 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA YR330 UT WOS:000071484600016 ER PT J AU Florez-Gonzalez, L Capelia, J Haase, B Bravo, GA Felix, F Gerrodette, T AF Florez-Gonzalez, L Capelia, J Haase, B Bravo, GA Felix, F Gerrodette, T TI Changes in winter destinations and the northernmost record of Southeastern Pacific humpback whales SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID MEGAPTERA-NOVAEANGLIAE; POPULATION-STRUCTURE; MEXICAN PACIFIC; NORTH PACIFIC; COSTA-RICA; MOVEMENT; MIGRATION; WORLDWIDE C1 Fdn Yubarta, Cali, Colombia. Univ Valle, Dept Biol, Cali, Colombia. Colect Invest Acuat, Santiago, Chile. Fdn Ecuatoriana Estudio Mamiferos Marinos, FEMM, Guayaquil, Ecuador. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. RP Florez-Gonzalez, L (reprint author), Fdn Yubarta, AA 33141, Cali, Colombia. NR 26 TC 15 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 6 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 14 IS 1 BP 189 EP 196 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.1998.tb00707.x PG 8 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA YR330 UT WOS:000071484600020 ER PT J AU Lauenstein, GG Daskalakis, KD AF Lauenstein, GG Daskalakis, KD TI US long-term coastal contaminant temporal trends determined from mollusk monitoring programs, 1965-1993 SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE monitoring trends; bivalve mollusks; organic contaminants; trace elements ID POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; TRACE-METAL; MUSSEL; WATCH; CALIFORNIA; OYSTERS; WATERS; 1970S AB Data from four large-scale programs that monitored chemical concentrations in marine mollusks were assembled to determine long-term trends in U.S. coastal waters. The programs were the 1965-1972 national Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) monitoring project, the EPA 'Mussel Watch' Program of 1976-1978, the ongoing National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Mussel Watch Project that began in 1986, and the ongoing State of California's Mussel Watch Program that began in 1977. When concentrations from the four projects were evaluated together at common sites, decreasing national trends were found for PCBs, DDT and its metabolites, and dieldrin. When data from three of the four large-scale monitoring projects were evaluated for trace elements, decreasing trends were found for lead, cadmium, and silver. For copper, decreasing and increasing trends were approximately equal except for California where at five sites increasing trends were indicated. No trends were found for PAHs, nickel or zinc concentrations. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Natl Status & Trends Program, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP NOAA, Natl Status & Trends Program, N-ORCA21 1305 E West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 21 TC 30 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PY 1998 VL 37 IS 1-2 BP 6 EP 13 DI 10.1016/S0025-326X(98)00125-8 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 168UC UT WOS:000078710700003 ER PT J AU O'Connor, TP AF O'Connor, TP TI Mussel Watch results from 1986 to 1996 SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE trace elements; organochlorines; PAHs; mollusks; trends ID MYTILUS-EDULIS; TRACE-METALS; OYSTERS AB Mussel Watch results from coastal waters of the United States for 1986 through 1996 show decreasing trends in molluscan concentrations of chlorinated hydrocarbons, butyltins; and cadmium. Weaker cases for decreases exist for topper, zinc, and silver. Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, arsenic, mercury, nickel, lead, and selenium show no overall trend. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Natl Status & Trends Program, N ORCA21, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP NOAA, Natl Status & Trends Program, N ORCA21, 1305 E West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM tom.oconnor@noaa.gov NR 26 TC 86 Z9 89 U1 4 U2 12 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PY 1998 VL 37 IS 1-2 BP 14 EP 19 DI 10.1016/S0025-326X(98)00126-X PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 168UC UT WOS:000078710700004 ER PT J AU Meador, JP Robisch, PA Clark, RC Ernest, DW AF Meador, JP Robisch, PA Clark, RC Ernest, DW TI Elements in fish and sediment from the Pacific Coast of the United States: Results from the National Benthic Surveillance Project SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE metals; reference sites; sediments; fish ID HEAVY-METALS; CONTAMINATION; MARINE AB Element concentrations were determined in sediment and fish at 51 sites along the Pacific Coast of the United States as part of the National Benthic Surveillance Project (NBSP). For the period covering 1984 through 1988, several elements in sediment from urban sites were frequently found in excess over that expected in relatively pristine sediment. Some of the highest concentrations in liver and stomach contents occurred in fish from reference sites, which generally contained low TOC and low concentrations of elements. This pattern may have been due to enhanced bioavailability of elements at sites with low TOC, (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. NR 21 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PY 1998 VL 37 IS 1-2 BP 56 EP 66 DI 10.1016/S0025-326X(98)89001-2 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 168UC UT WOS:000078710700009 ER PT J AU Brown, DW McCain, BB Horness, BH Sloan, CA Tilbury, KL Pierce, SM Burrows, DG Chan, SL Landahl, JT Krahn, MM AF Brown, DW McCain, BB Horness, BH Sloan, CA Tilbury, KL Pierce, SM Burrows, DG Chan, SL Landahl, JT Krahn, MM TI Status, correlations and temporal trends of chemical contaminants in fish and sediment from selected sites on the Pacific coast of the USA SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; SAN-FRANCISCO BAY; TOXIC-CHEMICALS; UNITED-STATES; DISEASES; LESIONS; XENOBIOTICS; FLOUNDER AB The National Benthic Surveillance Project (NBSP), a component of NOAA's National Status and Trends Program, monitored sediment and bottomfish for chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides (CHs), PCBs and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at selected urban and nonurban sites along the west coast of the USA from 1984 to 1993. This project successfully generated an extensive data set to evaluate the recent status and trends of environmental quality in coastal waters. This article summarizes and interprets the status of selected PAHs, PCBs and CHs in surficial sediments and selected species of bottom-feeding fish for 50 sites in Alaska, Washington, Oregon and California for the first 7 years (1984-1990) of the NBSP. The highest concentrations of most sediment-associated organic contaminants were present in the most highly urbanized areas, and many of the organic contaminants were bioaccumulated by indigenous marine fish species. The concentrations of PAHs and CHs in sediments generally correlated with levels of these compounds or their derivatives in bottom-dwelling fish. Assessment of trends in the concentrations of chlordanes, dieldrin, DDTs, PAHs and PCBs for the 7 year period from 1984-1990 suggest that, since the mid-1980s, concentrations of the persistent CHs, such as PCBs and DDTs in sediment and fish, show no consistent temporal trends, whereas levels of PAHs, which are nonpoint source contaminants, showed consistent increases at both nonurban and urban near-coastal sites. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Environm Conservat Div, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Environm Conservat Div, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM donald.brown@noaa.gov NR 49 TC 43 Z9 45 U1 2 U2 11 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PY 1998 VL 37 IS 1-2 BP 67 EP 85 DI 10.1016/S0025-326X(98)00133-7 PG 19 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 168UC UT WOS:000078710700010 ER PT J AU Collier, TK Anulacion, BF Bill, BD AF Collier, TK Anulacion, BF Bill, BD TI Hepatic CYP1A in winter flounder (Pleuronectes americanus) along the northeast coast: Results from the National Benthic Surveillance Project SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE CYP1A; cytochrome; monitoring fish; PAH; PCB ID SOLE PAROPHRYS-VETULUS; PSEUDOPLEURONECTES-AMERICANUS; CONTAMINANT EXPOSURE; PUGET-SOUND; FISH; CYTOCHROME-P450; WASHINGTON; SEDIMENTS; ENZYMES AB As part of the, National Benthic Surveillance Project, cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) and associated enzyme activities were measured in more than 700 samples of liver tissue collected from adult non-spawning winter flounder (Pleuronectes americanus). Between 1988 and 1994, animals were sampled annually from 20 sites, ranging from Penobscot Bay in Maine to Great Bay, New Jersey. Analyses performed were assays of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) and ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activities, and immunoquantitation of CYP1A by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). From 1988 through 1990, CYP1A was measured by all three methods, to help determine an appropriate method for assessing temporal trends. and to allow for eventual comparisons to methods used in other monitoring efforts. From 1991 through 1994, assays were only done for hepatic AHH activity. Fish from virtually all sites showed induction of hepatic AHH activity, consistent with earlier reports, though fish sampled from sites in the coastal waters of Maine generally showed the lowest mean AHH activities. At sites where fish were sampled during three to six separate years (15 of the 20), individual data were analyzed for monotonic temporal trends. There were trends towards increasing AHH activities over time in fish from the Raritan Bay/Long Island Sound area, and generally increasing trends for sites near Massachusetts (especially Boston Harbor) and Rhode Island. A decreasing trend was noted in fish from Great Bay, New Jersey, and there appeared to be decreasing activities in fish from the nearshore waters of Maine, though these trends were not statistically significant at the alpha = 0.05 level. The induction of CYP1A is strongly associated with exposure to chemical contaminants, and while the consequences of widespread and increasing induction of CYP1A are not known, these results suggest that the measurement of this enzyme system in benthic fish can be a useful tool for monitoring our coastal ecosystems. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Ecotoxicol Branch, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Ecotoxicol Branch, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. NR 27 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 3 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PY 1998 VL 37 IS 1-2 BP 86 EP 91 DI 10.1016/S0025-326X(98)00134-9 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 168UC UT WOS:000078710700011 ER PT J AU Myers, MS Johnson, LL Olson, OP Stehr, CM Horness, BH Collier, TK McCain, BB AF Myers, MS Johnson, LL Olson, OP Stehr, CM Horness, BH Collier, TK McCain, BB TI Toxicopathic hepatic lesions as biomarkers of chemical contaminant exposure and effects in marine bottomfish species from the Northeast and Pacific Coasts, USA SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID SOLE PAROPHRYS-VETULUS; FLOUNDER PLEURONECTES-AMERICANUS; ENGLISH SOLE; PUGET-SOUND; WINTER FLOUNDER; LIVER NEOPLASMS; BOSTON HARBOR; HYDROPIC VACUOLATION; PLATICHTHYS-FLESUS; TOXIC-CHEMICALS AB Relationships between toxicopathic hepatic lesions and chemical contaminants in sediments, stomach contents, liver and bile were evaluated in English sole, starry flounder and white croaker from 27 sites on the Pacific Coast, and winter flounder from 22 sites on the Northeast Coast of the USA, as part of the NOAA's National Benthic Surveillance Program (NBSP). Prevalences of and relative risks for most toxicopathic lesions were significantly higher in fish from contaminated sites in Puget Sound, the Los Angeles area, and San Francisco and San Diego Bays on the Pacific Coast, and in Boston Harbor, Raritan Bay and certain urban sites in Long Island Sound on the Northeast Coast. Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), PCBs, DDTs, chlordanes and dieldrin were significant risk factors for all lesion types in Pacific Coast species. In winter flounder from the Northeast Coast, exposure to PAHs, DDTs or chlordanes were significant risk factors only for hydropic vacuolation, nonneoplastic proliferative and nonspecific necrotic lesions, and less commonly for neoplasms and foci of cellular alteration. Risk of hepatic disease generally increased with fish age, but sex was rarely a risk factor. Temporal trends analyses of hepatic lesion prevalences in starry flounder, white croaker and English sole from NBSP sites on the pacific Coast failed to detect any significant monotonic increases or decreases in lesion prevalence. Recent studies utilized a two-segment (hockey-stick) regression technique applied to NBSP data to determine threshold levels of sediment PAHs, which are clearly associated with toxicopathic hepatic lesions in English sole. Significant chemical threshold levels for these lesions are in the vicinity of 500-1000 ppb Sigma PABs in sediment, values considerably lower than those reported for other techniques. Application of this dose-response model to these subacute and chronic lesions involved in hepatocarcinogenesis, provides nonlethal sediment quality assessment endpoints for contaminant concentrations that may have long term health implications for chronically exposed native fish populations. Overall, these relationships provide strong evidence for environmental contaminants as etiologic agents for hepatic lesions in several marine bottomfish species, and clearly indicate their utility as biomarkers of contaminant-induced effects in wild fish, whether in national and regional biomonitoring programs or within the injury assessment phase of the legal process of assessing damage to fishery resources. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Environm Conservat Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Environm Conservat Div, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM mark.s.meyers@noaa.gov NR 54 TC 44 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 13 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PY 1998 VL 37 IS 1-2 BP 92 EP 113 DI 10.1016/S0025-326X(98)00135-0 PG 22 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 168UC UT WOS:000078710700012 ER PT S AU Karmonik, C Yildirim, T Udovic, TJ Rush, JJ Hempelmann, R AF Karmonik, C Yildirim, T Udovic, TJ Rush, JJ Hempelmann, R BE Ginley, DS Doughty, DH Scrosati, B Takamura, T Zhang, ZMJ TI Dynamics of the perovskite-based high-temperature proton-conducting oxides: Theory and experiment SO MATERIALS FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL ENERGY STORAGE AND CONVERSION II-BATTERIES, CAPACITORS AND FUEL CELLS SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Materials for Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion II-Batteries, Capacitors and Fuel Cells, at the 1997 MRS Fall Meeting CY DEC 01-05, 1997 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB The dynamics of the doped perovskite-based high-temperature protonic conductors (HTPC) were studied by means of neutron vibrational spectroscopy (NVS) and first-principles pseudopotential supercell calculations. Vibrational spectra from hydrogen-charged samples with different rare-earth dopants revealed three well-defined vibrational bands in the energy ranges 20-60, 60-90, and 100-140 meV. The two lowest-energy bands were insensitive to the dopants. First-principles phonon calculations indicate that they are mainly associated with oxygen modes. In contrast, the high-energy band was very sensitive to the dopant, and in this case, calculations indicate that it is associated with OH bending modes. C1 NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Karmonik, C (reprint author), NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 5 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-401-7 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 496 BP 199 EP 204 PG 6 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA BL33C UT WOS:000075187200026 ER PT J AU Hunt, KD O'Loughlin, VD Fitting, DW Adler, L AF Hunt, KD O'Loughlin, VD Fitting, DW Adler, L TI Ultrasonic determination of the elastic modulus of human cortical bone SO MEDICAL & BIOLOGICAL ENGINEERING & COMPUTING LA English DT Article DE sex; age; race; femur; tibia ID MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; WAVE-PROPAGATION; YOUNGS MODULUS; FEMUR; ALLOMETRY; BEHAVIOR; TIBIA AB The elastic modulus (C-ii) of the cortical bones of 19 individuals (14 femurs and 16 tibias, fixed in formalin) was determined ultrasonically. Elastic moduli were measured at four anatomical positions (anterior, posterior, medial and lateral) and in all three planes of orientation (transverse, longitudinal and radial). The mean tibial C-ii (34.11 GPa) was greater than that obtained for femurs (32.52 GPa). The tibial longitudinal plane C-ii (34.1 GPa) was significantly greater than the femoral longitudinal plane C-ii (32.5 GPa). C-ii was significantly higher in the tibia than the femur in both the medial and posterior anatomical positions. The anterior tibia had a significantly lower C-11 compared to other positions. C-ii was significantly higher in the longitudinal plane than the transverse or radial planes in both the femur and the tibia. There was no consistent difference in modulus between left and right sides. No age effects were observed. There were no significant differences between males and females, or between African Americans and European Americans. C1 Indiana Univ, Dept Anthropol, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. Indiana Univ, Dept Anat, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Welding Engn, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RP Hunt, KD (reprint author), Indiana Univ, Dept Anthropol, Bloomington, IN 47405 USA. NR 40 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 3 PU PETER PEREGRINUS LTD PI HERTS PA MICHAEL FARADAY HOUSE, SIX HILLS WAY, STEVANAGE, HERTS SG1 2AY, ENGLAND SN 0140-0118 J9 MED BIOL ENG COMPUT JI Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 36 IS 1 BP 51 EP 56 DI 10.1007/BF02522857 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Engineering, Biomedical; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Medical Informatics SC Computer Science; Engineering; Mathematical & Computational Biology; Medical Informatics GA ZT612 UT WOS:000074105300010 PM 9614748 ER PT J AU Caracena, F Barnes, SL Marroquin, A AF Caracena, F Barnes, SL Marroquin, A TI A study of gravity waves generated by convective systems in Eta model forecasts SO METEOROLOGY AND ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID STEP-MOUNTAIN COORDINATE; ADJUSTMENT SCHEME; CLOSURE MODELS; CYCLOGENESIS AB Spectral filtering and visualization reveal a multitude of gravity waves in the fine mesh (29 km) Eta model output, extending into the "large scale," masking the vertical motions associated with Rossby-modes. The 6h forecast of the Era model from 00 UTC 22 December 1994 initialization contains gravity waves recognizable over a broad spectrum of wavelengths as concentric circles radiating outward from centers of model convection. Contamination of the signal is therefore identifiable in any spectral range, as rings. Postprocessing techniques are presented to eliminate gravity wave contamination and to reveal the meteorologically significant signal. Low-pass filtering is found to be an effective means of extracting the Rossby signal, but with loss in Rossby signal that renders the results obtained with a high resolution model no better than what could have been obtained from a coarser resolution model. Time filtering, is suggested as a more effective method for eliminating the effects of fast modes while maintaining mesoscale details of the slow modes. C1 NOAA, Forecast Syst Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Colorado State Univ, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Caracena, F (reprint author), NOAA, Forecast Syst Lab, 325 Broadway,R-E-FSL, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG WIEN PI VIENNA PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0177-7971 J9 METEOROL ATMOS PHYS JI Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. PY 1998 VL 68 IS 1-2 BP 13 EP 21 DI 10.1007/BF01025380 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 149BU UT WOS:000077585900002 ER PT J AU Pulwarty, RS Barry, RG Hurst, CM Sellinger, K Mogollon, LF AF Pulwarty, RS Barry, RG Hurst, CM Sellinger, K Mogollon, LF TI Precipitation in the Venezuelan Andes in the context of regional climate SO METEOROLOGY AND ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; TROPICS AB Rainfall regimes are primarily unimodal in central and eastern Venezuela but bimodal (peaks in May-June and September-October-November with a minimum in July-August) in the northwest. There is a sharp transition across the Andes suggesting a topographic-circulation connection. However, a mid-summer minimum also occurs at other locations in Venezuela and Central America during individual years. This paper addresses the nature and control of the regimes including the role of large-scale circulation features and convection as indicated by outgoing longwave radiation data. Altitudinal characteristics of precipitation in the Andes and their spatial variability are also investigated. The development of the minimum within the rainy season annual cycle is shown to be related to the combined effects of the evolution of sea surface temperatures in the east Pacific warm pool and reinforced in the area of the Andes by enhanced easterlies during July and August. C1 Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Geog, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Uribante Capro Project, San Cristobal, Venezuela. RP Pulwarty, RS (reprint author), Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. OI Barry, Roger/0000-0001-9239-0859 NR 34 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG WIEN PI VIENNA PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0177-7971 J9 METEOROL ATMOS PHYS JI Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. PY 1998 VL 67 IS 1-4 BP 217 EP 237 DI 10.1007/BF01277512 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 145MD UT WOS:000077374300016 ER PT J AU Farrington, AJ Lubker, S Radok, U Woodruff, S AF Farrington, AJ Lubker, S Radok, U Woodruff, S TI South Atlantic winds and weather during and following the little ice age - A pilot study of English East India Company (EEIC) ship logs SO METEOROLOGY AND ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID CIRCULATION; SECTOR AB The times taken by ships of the English East India Company (EEIC) to sail from the Cape of Good Hope to St. Helena Island during the 17th, 18th, and early 19th centuries represent proxy measures of the strength and steadiness of the Southeast Trades which are compared with present-day data from the Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set (COADS). Both wind speed and steadiness appear to have reached maxima in the 1760s and increased again, from lower values in the following decade, to the 1820s. These changes need to be further substantiated with the available log entries concerning winds, weather, and rates of progress. A similar fleshing out of fragmentary pre-instrumental pre-standardized records with current climatic characteristics is suggested for the routes fanning out east of the Cape towards Arabia, India, China, Indonesia, and Australia. C1 Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. British Lib, London, England. NOAA, Climate Diagnost Ctr, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Farrington, AJ (reprint author), Univ Colorado, CIRES, CIRES Campus Box 449, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 7 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG WIEN PI VIENNA PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0177-7971 J9 METEOROL ATMOS PHYS JI Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. PY 1998 VL 67 IS 1-4 BP 253 EP 257 DI 10.1007/BF01277515 PG 5 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 145MD UT WOS:000077374300019 ER PT J AU Nicholls, N Landsea, C Gill, J AF Nicholls, N Landsea, C Gill, J TI Recent trends in Australian region tropical cyclone activity SO METEOROLOGY AND ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE-TEMPERATURE; SOUTHERN-OSCILLATION; PACIFIC REGION; FREQUENCY AB The number of tropical cyclones observed in the Australian region (south of equator; 105-160 degrees E) has apparently declined since the start of reliable (satellite) observations in the 1969/70 season. However, the number of more intense cyclones (with minimum pressures dropping to 970 hPa or lower) has increased slightly. The numbers of weak (minimum pressures not dropping below 990 hPa) and moderate systems (minimum pressures between 970 and 990 hPa) have declined. Possible reasons for these different trends are discussed. The decline in the number of weaker cyclones may at least partly reflect improved understanding of the nature of some weak systems. The decline in the number of cyclones more intense than 990 hPa primarily reflects the downward trend in the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI). Previous work has demonstrated that the number of tropical cyclones observed in the Australian region each cyclone season is related to the value of the SOI prior to the start of the cyclone season. This relationship is dearest with the number of moderate cyclones. The SOI is only weakly related to the number of intense or weak cyclones. The increase in the number of intense cyclones is not attributable to the trend in the SOI. Nor is there clear reason, at present, to suspect that it is artificial (i.e., due to changes in observing or analysis techniques). C1 Bur Meteorol, Res Ctr, Melbourne, Vic 3001, Australia. NOAA, Hurricane Res Div, AOML, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Nicholls, N (reprint author), Bur Meteorol, Res Ctr, POB 1289 K, Melbourne, Vic 3001, Australia. RI Nicholls, Neville/A-1240-2008 NR 16 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG WIEN PI VIENNA PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0177-7971 J9 METEOROL ATMOS PHYS JI Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. PY 1998 VL 65 IS 3-4 BP 197 EP 205 DI 10.1007/BF01030788 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA ZK442 UT WOS:000073321300006 ER PT S AU Hall, DS Ensher, JR Jin, DS Matthews, MR Wieman, CE Cornell, EA AF Hall, DS Ensher, JR Jin, DS Matthews, MR Wieman, CE Cornell, EA BE Fearey, BL TI Recent experiments with Bose-condensed gases at JILA SO METHODS FOR ULTRASENSITIVE DETECTION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Methods for Ultrasensitive Detection CY JAN 26-28, 1998 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE Bose-Einstein condensation; rubidium; rf and microwave spectroscopy; binary condensate mixtures; TOP magnetic trap AB We consider a binary mixture of two overlapping Bose-Einstein condensates in two different hyperfine states of Rb-87 With nearly identical magnetic moments. Such a system has been simply realized through application of radiofrequency and microwave radiation which drives a two-photon transition between the two states. The nearly identical magnetic moments afford a high degree of spatial overlap, permitting a variety of new experiments. We discuss some of the conditions under which the magnetic moments are identical, with particular emphasis placed on the requirements for a time-averaged orbiting potential (TOP) magnetic trap. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Hall, DS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 0 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2709-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3270 BP 98 EP 106 DI 10.1117/12.308367 PG 9 WC Optics SC Optics GA BL19U UT WOS:000074659200011 ER PT S AU Myatt, CJ King, BE Kielpinski, D Leibfried, D Turchette, QA Wood, CS Itano, WM Monroe, C Wineland, DJ AF Myatt, CJ King, BE Kielpinski, D Leibfried, D Turchette, QA Wood, CS Itano, WM Monroe, C Wineland, DJ BE Fearey, BL TI Trapped ions, entanglement, and quantum computing SO METHODS FOR ULTRASENSITIVE DETECTION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Methods for Ultrasensitive Detection CY JAN 26-28, 1998 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE quantum computing; quantum logic; ion traps; laser cooling and trapping AB A miniature, elliptical ring rf(Paul) ion trap has been used in recent experiments toward realizing a quantum computer in a trapped ion system. With the combination of small spatial dimensions and high rf drive potentials, around 500 V amplitude, we have achieved secular oscillation frequencies in the range of 5-20 MHz. The equilibrium positions of pairs of ions that are crystallized in this trap lie along the long axis of the ellipse. By adding a static potential to the trap, the micromotion of two crystallized ions may be reduced relative to the case of pure rf confinement. The presence of micromotion reduces the strength of internal transitions in the ion, an effect that is characterized by a Debye-Waller factor, in analogy with the reduction of Bragg scattering at finite temperature in a crystal lattice. We have demonstrated the dependence of the rates of internal transitions on the amplitude of micromotion, and we propose a scheme to use this effect to differentially address the ions. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Myatt, CJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. OI Kielpinski, David/0000-0002-2816-6892 NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2709-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3270 BP 131 EP 137 DI 10.1117/12.308371 PG 7 WC Optics SC Optics GA BL19U UT WOS:000074659200015 ER PT S AU Berkeland, DJ Miller, JD Young, BC Bergquist, JC Itano, WM Wineland, DJ AF Berkeland, DJ Miller, JD Young, BC Bergquist, JC Itano, WM Wineland, DJ BE Fearey, BL TI High-accuracy frequency standards using laser-cooled Hg+ ions SO METHODS FOR ULTRASENSITIVE DETECTION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Methods for Ultrasensitive Detection CY JAN 26-28, 1998 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE trapped atoms; ion trap; laser cooling; frequency standards; hyperfine structure; stabilized lasers AB We discuss frequency standards based on laser-cooled Hg-199(+) ions confined in cryogenic rf(Paul) traps. In one experiment, the frequency of a microwave source is servoed to the ions' ground-state hyperfine transition at 40.5 GHz. For seven ions and a Ramsey free precession time of 100 s, the fractional frequency stability is 3.3 (2) x 10(-13) tau(-1/2) for measurement times tau<2 h. The ground-state hyperfine interval is measured to be 40 507 347 996.841 59 (14) (41) Hz, where the first number in parentheses is the uncertainty due to statistics and systematic errors, and the second is the uncertainty in the frequency of the time scale to which the standard is compared. In a second experiment under development, a strong-binding cryogenic trap will confine a single ion used for an optical frequency standard based on a narrow electric quadrupole transition at 282 nn. The bandwidth of the laser used to drive this transition is less than 10 Hz at 563 nm. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Berkeland, DJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2709-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3270 BP 138 EP 146 DI 10.1117/12.308372 PG 9 WC Optics SC Optics GA BL19U UT WOS:000074659200016 ER PT J AU Wang, CM Hamilton, CA AF Wang, CM Hamilton, CA TI The fourth interlaboratory comparison of 10 V Josephson voltage standards in North America SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article AB An interlaboratory comparison of Josephson voltage standards has been made among fifteen national, industrial, and military standards laboratories in North America. The comparison was made at 10 V using a set of four travelling Zener reference standards. The uncertainty (2 sigma) of the comparison is estimated to be 17 parts in 10(9). The measurements of all participants fall within this uncertainty, indicating that no significant difference has been detected among them. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Electromagnet Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Wang, CM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Electromagnet Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 6 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 1998 VL 35 IS 1 BP 33 EP 40 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/35/1/6 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA ZL686 UT WOS:000073460300006 ER PT J AU Doiron, T AF Doiron, T TI Concerning the paper "Measurements of long gauge blocks using a fringe-counting interferometer and subgauge blocks with lines" SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Letter C1 NIST, Engn Metrol Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Doiron, T (reprint author), NIST, Engn Metrol Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 1998 VL 35 IS 1 BP 57 EP 57 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/35/1/9 PG 1 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA ZL686 UT WOS:000073460300009 ER PT J AU Jeffery, A Elmquist, RE Shields, JQ Lee, LH Cage, ME Shields, SH Dziuba, RF AF Jeffery, A Elmquist, RE Shields, JQ Lee, LH Cage, ME Shields, SH Dziuba, RF TI Determination of the vonKlitzing constant and the fine-structure constant through a comparison of the quantized Hall resistance and the ohm derived from the NIST calculable capacitor SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article ID FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICAL CONSTANTS; JOSEPHSON; BIPM AB This paper describes a recent determination of the von Klitzing constant and the fine-structure constant by comparisons of values of the ohm as defined in the International System of Units (SI), derived from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) calculable cross-capacitor, and values of the international practical unit of resistance derived from the integral quantum Hall effect. In this determination, the comparisons were made in a series of measurements lasting three years. A small difference is observed between this determination and an earlier comparison carried out in this laboratory and reported in 1988. The most recent value of the fine-structure constant based on the experimental value and theoretical expression for the magnetic moment anomaly of the electron, which has the smallest uncertainty of any value currently available, is consistent with both of these results. The new value exceeds the 1990 conventional value of the von Klitzing constant RK-90 by slightly more than twice the relative standard uncertainty of the present measurement, which is 2.4 x 10(-8). C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. US Dept Commerce, Div Elect, Elect & Elect Engn Lab, Washington, DC 20230 USA. RP Jeffery, A (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 40 TC 51 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 3 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 1998 VL 35 IS 2 BP 83 EP 96 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/35/2/3 PG 14 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA ZV593 UT WOS:000074320600003 ER PT J AU Perkin, M Kohler, R Riety, P Skrovanek, T Morris, EC Tilford, CR Ehrlich, CD Ooiwa, A Eichorn, G Jager, J Molinar, GF Bass, AH Gupta, AC AF Perkin, M Kohler, R Riety, P Skrovanek, T Morris, EC Tilford, CR Ehrlich, CD Ooiwa, A Eichorn, G Jager, J Molinar, GF Bass, AH Gupta, AC TI Comparison of pressure standards in the range 10 kPa to 140 kPa SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article AB This report summarizes the results obtained by twelve laboratories in a comparison of pressure measurement standards in the range 10 kPa to 140 kPa, carried out under the auspices of the Consultative Committee for Mass and Related Quantities. Measurements were taken in the absolute mode and, by some participants, in the gauge mode. Good repeatability and, until near the end, reproducibility were observed in the transfer standard. The results displayed significant differences between some of the participants beyond those expected from their claimed uncertainties. C1 Natl Phys Lab, Teddington TW11 0LW, Middx, England. Bur Int Poids & Mesures, F-92312 Sevres, France. Conservatoire Natl Arts & Metiers, Inst Natl Metrol, INM BNM, F-75141 Paris, France. Slovak Inst Metrol, Bratislava 84255, Slovakia. CSIRO, Lindfield, NSW 2070, Australia. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Res Lab Metrol, Ibaraki 305, Japan. Phys Tech Bundesanstalt, D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany. CNR, Ist Metrol G Colonnetti, I-10135 Turin, Italy. Natl Res Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada. Natl Phys Lab, New Delhi 110012, India. RP Perkin, M (reprint author), Natl Phys Lab, Teddington TW11 0LW, Middx, England. NR 21 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 1998 VL 35 IS 3 BP 161 EP 173 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/35/3/4 PG 13 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 135RV UT WOS:000076817200004 ER PT J AU Wright, JD Mattingly, GE Nakao, S Yokoi, Y Takamoto, M AF Wright, JD Mattingly, GE Nakao, S Yokoi, Y Takamoto, M TI International comparison of a NIST primary standard with an NRLM transfer standard for small mass flow rates of nitrogen gas SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article AB International comparisons of small gas flow measurements were carried out between the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in the United States of America and the National Research Laboratory of Metrology (NRLM) in Japan. An NRLM transfer standard package composed of sonic venturis, two pressure transducers, and two temperature sensors was calibrated using the NRLM primary standard for low gas flows (a gravimetric system) and was brought to the US in April 1996. The NRLM transfer standard was compared with the NIST Fluid Flow Group piston provers (a volumetric system) using mass flow rates of nitrogen between 0.4 g/min and 11.5 g/min. The mean differences between the NRLM transfer standard and the NIST Fluid Flow Group piston provers ranged from -0.09% to +0.13%. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Fluid Flow Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Res Lab Metrol, Fluid Measurement Sect, Ibaraki 305, Japan. RP Wright, JD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Fluid Flow Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 8 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 1998 VL 35 IS 3 BP 211 EP 221 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/35/3/10 PG 11 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 135RV UT WOS:000076817200010 ER PT J AU Rice, JP Lorentz, SR Datla, RU Vale, LR Rudman, DA Sing, MLC Robbes, D AF Rice, JP Lorentz, SR Datla, RU Vale, LR Rudman, DA Sing, MLC Robbes, D TI Active cavity absolute radiometer based on high-T-c superconductors SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Radiometry (NEWRAD 97) CY OCT 27-29, 1997 CL TUCSON, ARIZONA AB To implement the detector-based radiometric scale in the new Medium Background Infrared (MBIR) facility at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), we have developed an electrical-substitution cavity radiometer that can be operated just above liquid-nitrogen temperature. This MBIR active cavity radiometer (ACR) utilizes a temperature-controlled receiver cone and an independently temperature-controlled heat sink. Being a thermal-type detector, low noise and drift of the radiometer signal depends mainly on low-noise temperature control of the receiver and heat sink. Using high critical-temperature (T-c) superconducting thin-film temperature sensors in the active control loops, we have achieved closed-loop temperature controllability of better than 10 mu K at 89 K for a receiver having an open-loop thermal time constant of about 75 s. For a flux level of 1 mu W to 10 mu W, the rms noise floor over a measurement cycle time is below 20 nW. This is the lowest noise level yet reported for a liquid-nitrogen-cooled electrical-substitution radiometer, and it is the first demonstration of the use of high-T-c superconductors in such a radiometer. Potential uses for this ACR in the MBIR facility include absolute measurement of the broadband radiance of large-area 300 K cryogenic black-body sources, and absolute measurement of the spectral radiance of laser-illuminated integrating spheres for improved spectral responsivity measurements of infrared transfer standard radiometers. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Electromagnet Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Caen, Inst Sci Mat & Rayonnement, CNRS, GREYC,UPRESA 6072, F-14050 Caen, France. RP Rice, JP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 12 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 4 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 1998 VL 35 IS 4 BP 289 EP 293 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/35/4/13 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 168NL UT WOS:000078699100013 ER PT J AU Dauler, E Migdall, A Boeuf, N Datla, RU Muller, A Sergienko, A AF Dauler, E Migdall, A Boeuf, N Datla, RU Muller, A Sergienko, A TI Measuring absolute infrared spectral radiance with correlated photons: new arrangements for improved uncertainty and extended IR range SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Radiometry (NEWRAD 97) CY OCT 27-29, 1997 CL TUCSON, ARIZONA AB New experimental configurations of a system to measure absolute infrared (IR) spectral radiance using correlated photons are presented. The method has the remarkable feature that it allows spectral radiance to be measured in the IR in an intrinsically absolute manner, using only uncalibrated, visible detectors. Previous tests of this method have demonstrated its feasibility by making radiance measurements at wavelengths as long as 5 mu m with relative standard uncertainties of less than 2 %. A new configuration of the previously tested LiIO3 down-conversion crystal is proposed that allows measurements with better efficiencies and lower uncertainties. A second proposal to measure radiance at 8 mu m using a new IR crystal is also discussed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Boston Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Boston, MA 02215 USA. RP Dauler, E (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, 221-B208, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 11 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 1 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 1998 VL 35 IS 4 BP 295 EP 300 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/35/4/14 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 168NL UT WOS:000078699100014 ER PT J AU Shaw, PS Lykke, KR Gupta, R O'Brian, TR Arp, U White, HH Lucatorto, TB Dehmer, JL Parr, AC AF Shaw, PS Lykke, KR Gupta, R O'Brian, TR Arp, U White, HH Lucatorto, TB Dehmer, JL Parr, AC TI New ultraviolet radiometry beamline at the Synchrotron Ultraviolet Radiation Facility at NIST SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Radiometry (NEWRAD 97) CY OCT 27-29, 1997 CL TUCSON, ARIZONA ID NORMAL-INCIDENCE MONOCHROMATOR; ABSOLUTE SPECTRAL RESPONSE; SURF-II; DETECTOR CALIBRATION; CRYOGENIC RADIOMETER; STANDARDS; SCALE; NM AB We have constructed a new ultraviolet (UV) radiometry facility at the Synchrotron Ultraviolet Radiation Facility (SURF II) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The facility combines a high-throughput normal-incidence monochromator with an absolute cryogenic radiometer (ACR) optimized for UV measurements to provide absolute detector-based radiometric calibrations in the spectral range 125 nm to approximately 320 nm. The system can be configured for spectroradiometric calibration of photodetectors with completely automated mapping of detector spatial and angular responsivity. The facility can easily be adapted for other spectroradiometric measurements including transmittance and reflectance and the spectral range can be extended to about 50 nm. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Shaw, PS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Arp, Uwe/C-2854-2009; OI Arp, Uwe/0000-0002-6468-9455 NR 15 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 1998 VL 35 IS 4 BP 301 EP 306 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/35/4/15 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 168NL UT WOS:000078699100015 ER PT J AU Migdall, A Eppeldauer, G AF Migdall, A Eppeldauer, G TI Realization of an infrared spectral radiant power response scale on a cryogenic bolometer SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Radiometry (NEWRAD 97) CY OCT 27-29, 1997 CL TUCSON, ARIZONA ID NATIONAL-INSTITUTE; CALIBRATION; RADIOMETER; STANDARDS; DETECTOR; NIST AB The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has developed an infrared (IR) radiant power response scale for the spectral range from 2 mu m to 20 mu m. The scale has been realized on a cryogenic bolometer. The response of this bolometer has been determined by multiple ties to a primary standard, the NIST High Accuracy Cryogenic Radiometer (HACR). These transfers were made using three intermediate detectors over three different spectral regions. In addition, an independent method was used to determine the relative response of the bolometer over the entire spectral range. An IR spectral response scale over the entire 2 mu m to 20 mu m range was determined from these measurements, with the interlocking nature of the multiple independent measurements providing improved overall confidence and reduced uncertainties. The overall scale combined standard uncertainty for the entire spectral range of 2 mu m to 20 mu m is of the order of 0.25%, with the typical combined standard uncertainty of an individual measurement made with the bolometer being similar to 0.8%. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Migdall, A (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, 221-B208, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 13 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 1998 VL 35 IS 4 BP 307 EP 315 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/35/4/16 PG 9 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 168NL UT WOS:000078699100016 ER PT J AU Ohno, Y Navarro, M AF Ohno, Y Navarro, M TI New photometric calibration programmes at the National Institute of Standards and Technology SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Radiometry (NEWRAD 97) CY OCT 27-29, 1997 CL TUCSON, ARIZONA ID SCALE AB The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) candela is maintained via standard photometers which have shown long-term stability of better than 0.1% per year. The detector-based method has allowed us to reduce the uncertainties of calibrations and to expand the range of calibration capabilities. There have been several new developments in photometry at the NIST. A high-illuminance calibration facility has been developed. Four temperature-controlled standard photometers, tested for linearity and thermal effects at high illuminances, are used with a high-pressure xenon are source to provide the illuminance scale at levels up to 100 klx. A flashing-light photometric unit (lx . s) has been realized using four standard photometers equipped with current integrators, and using two independent methods. Calibration services for illuminance meters at high illuminance levels and flashing-light photometers are now available at the NIST. Ongoing new projects include the development of a detector-based luminous-flux calibration facility using a 2.5 m integrating sphere, realization of the total spectral radiant-flux scale, and the development of a reference spectroradiometer for colorimetry of displays. Calibration services are planned in these areas of photometry and colorimetry in the near future. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ohno, Y (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 1998 VL 35 IS 4 BP 317 EP 321 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/35/4/17 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 168NL UT WOS:000078699100017 ER PT J AU Fowler, JB Johnson, BC Rice, JP Lorentz, SR AF Fowler, JB Johnson, BC Rice, JP Lorentz, SR TI The new cryogenic vacuum chamber and black-body source for infrared calibrations at the NIST's FARCAL facility SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Radiometry (NEWRAD 97) CY OCT 27-29, 1997 CL TUCSON, ARIZONA AB The Facility for Advanced Radiometric Calibrations (FARCAL) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in Gaithersburg, MD, comprises the Medium Background Infrared (MBIR) facility and the Training for Calibration Expertise in Radiometry (TraCER), the latter being a classroom setting. The MBIR is a 120 cm by 180 cm vacuum chamber with an internal cold shroud and an integral roll-out table. The chamber will contain a black-body source and an absolute cryogenic radiometer (ACR). Both components are mounted on the roll-out table. Measurements will be performed in the MBIR facility that cannot be accomplished using existing facilities, including the NIST Low Background Infrared (LBIR) facility and the room-temperature non-vacuum radiometric facilities. Initially the MBIR facility will be used for 80 K medium background measurements and 300 K ambient background measurements. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Fowler, JB (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 6 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 3 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 1998 VL 35 IS 4 BP 323 EP 327 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/35/4/18 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 168NL UT WOS:000078699100018 ER PT J AU Canfield, LR Vest, RE Korde, R Schmidtke, H Desor, R AF Canfield, LR Vest, RE Korde, R Schmidtke, H Desor, R TI Absolute silicon photodiodes for 160 nm to 254 nm photons SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Radiometry (NEWRAD 97) CY OCT 27-29, 1997 CL TUCSON, ARIZONA ID QUANTUM EFFICIENCY; ULTRAVIOLET; STABILITY; DETECTORS AB Silicon n-on-p photodiodes with 100 % internal quantum efficiency have been studied in the 160 nm to 254 nm spectral range. Preliminary values have been determined for the quantum yield of silicon at these wavelengths. Using these values, a trap detector is presented for absolute flux measurement in this region. The stability under intense 193 nm irradiation, a property of importance in lithography and in photorefractive keratectomy, has been measured, and the diodes tested were found to be several orders of magnitude more stable than p-on-n diodes tested by other investigators at this wavelength. Spatial nonuniformities of the n-on-p diodes were found to be less than 1 % at wavelengths of 254 nm and 161 nm. C1 US Dept Commerce, Opt Phys Div, Phys Lab, Natl Inst Stand & Technol,Technol Adm, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Int Radiat Detectors, Torrance, CA 90505 USA. Lambda Phys Lasertech, D-37079 Gottingen, Germany. RP Canfield, LR (reprint author), US Dept Commerce, Opt Phys Div, Phys Lab, Natl Inst Stand & Technol,Technol Adm, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 14 TC 51 Z9 55 U1 0 U2 3 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 1998 VL 35 IS 4 BP 329 EP 334 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/35/4/19 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 168NL UT WOS:000078699100019 ER PT J AU Ohno, Y AF Ohno, Y TI Detector-based luminous-flux calibration using the Absolute Integrating-Sphere Method SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Radiometry (NEWRAD 97) CY OCT 27-29, 1997 CL TUCSON, ARIZONA ID SCALE; REALIZATION AB The Absolute Integrating-Sphere Method was developed and introduced by the NIST for the realization of the luminous-flux unit using an integrating sphere rather than a goniophotometer. The total luminous flux of a lamp inside the sphere is calibrated against the known amount of flux introduced into the sphere from the external source through a calibrated aperture. The key element of this method is the correction for the spatial nonuniformity of the integrating sphere, which has been made possible by a technique using a scanning-beam source. This method is to be applied directly to routine calibration measurements of luminous flux. A new luminous-flux calibration facility with a 2.5 m integrating sphere has been recently completed at the NIST and will, allow the calibration of test lamps with no need for luminous-flux standard lamps. Calibrations will be performed based on the illuminance measurement of the external source by standard photometers. This method makes the luminous-flux calibration a detector-based procedure, thereby eliminating the uncertainties associated with the use of standard lamps while achieving lower uncertainties by shortening the calibration chain. The characteristics of the new integrating sphere obtained by computer simulation and measurements are reported. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ohno, Y (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 6 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 7 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 1998 VL 35 IS 4 BP 473 EP 478 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/35/4/45 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 168NL UT WOS:000078699100045 ER PT J AU Lykke, KR Shaw, PS Hanssen, LM Eppeldauer, GP AF Lykke, KR Shaw, PS Hanssen, LM Eppeldauer, GP TI Development of a monochromatic, uniform source facility for calibration of radiance and irradiance detectors from 0.2 mu m to 12 mu m SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Radiometry (NEWRAD 97) CY OCT 27-29, 1997 CL TUCSON, ARIZONA AB A radiometric source facility is being constructed with narrowband, widely tuneable lasers covering the wavelength range approximate to 200 nm to 12 mu m. The laser beam will pass into an integrating sphere and the output will be large-area, highly uniform, and monochromatic. This facility will be used to make a wide variety of radiometric measurements, such as radiant power, radiance, irradiance, transmittance and reflectance. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lykke, KR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 1998 VL 35 IS 4 BP 479 EP 483 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/35/4/46 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 168NL UT WOS:000078699100046 ER PT J AU Eppeldauer, GP Migdall, AL Hanssen, LM AF Eppeldauer, GP Migdall, AL Hanssen, LM TI InSb working standard radiometers SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Radiometry (NEWRAD 97) CY OCT 27-29, 1997 CL TUCSON, ARIZONA ID CALIBRATION AB InSb radiometers have been developed and characterized for use as transfer standards at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The InSb radiometers will hold a portion of the recently realized infrared spectral response scale of the NIST and will serve as working standards for the calibration of test detectors. These radiometers will measure radiant power or irradiance from 2 mu m to 5.4 mu m. They have a 17 degrees field-of-view. The InSb detectors were selected for high shunt impedance to achieve high sensitivity. The transimpedance-gain, voltage-gain, and loop-gain of the current-to-voltage converters were optimized for optical radiation chopped at 40 Hz. At the peak response, the noise-equivalent-power is 0.6 pW in an electrical bandwidth of 0.3 Hz. The ratio of the de ambient-background current to the ac noise-equivalent current is 10(7). Spatial and angular responsivities, linearity, stability, and flashing were also characterized. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Eppeldauer, GP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 10 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 2 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 1998 VL 35 IS 4 BP 485 EP 490 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/35/4/47 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 168NL UT WOS:000078699100047 ER PT J AU Larason, TC Bruce, SS AF Larason, TC Bruce, SS TI Spatial uniformity of responsivity for silicon, gallium nitride, germanium, and indium gallium arsenide photodiodes SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Radiometry (NEWRAD 97) CY OCT 27-29, 1997 CL TUCSON, AZ AB For almost a decade, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has supplied to its customers calibrated photodiode standards and special tests of photodetectors for absolute spectral responsivity from 200 nm to 1800 nm. During this time spatial responsivity measurements have been made on several dozen Hamamatsu silicon S1337-1010BQ photodiodes. We have found that the spatial responsivity changes with wavelength, sometimes significantly as the wavelength approaches the bandgap. The most significant changes appear to be caused by defects in the photodiode material and are not apparent over most of the wavelength region where the photodiode operates. The change in spatial uniformity with wavelength can significantly contribute to measurement uncertainties. These measurements have been repeated and the spatial responsivities have remained constant over several years. Measurements have also been made on other types of Si, GaN, Ge, and InGaAs photodiodes. The measurement equipment, method, and results are presented. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Larason, TC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, 221-B208, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM thomas.larason@nist.gov NR 14 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 7 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0026-1394 EI 1681-7575 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 1998 VL 35 IS 4 BP 491 EP 496 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/35/4/48 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 168NL UT WOS:000078699100048 ER PT J AU Fowler, JB Durvasula, RS Parr, AC AF Fowler, JB Durvasula, RS Parr, AC TI High-accuracy aperture-area measurement facilities at the National Institute of Standards and Technology SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Radiometry (NEWRAD 97) CY OCT 27-29, 1997 CL TUCSON, ARIZONA AB The uncertainty in the measurement of aperture area can limit high-accuracy radiometric and photometric measurements. Relative total uncertainties in some measurements have now been determined at or below the 0.1% level, making substantially smaller aperture-area measurement uncertainties necessary. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has recently implemented an absolute aperture-area measurement facility and a relative aperture-area measurement facility; the two facilities together are designed to determine aperture areas with low uncertainty. The absolute instrument measures the aperture-area using optical edge detection, along with high-precision positioning of the optical edge relative to the sensor, resulting in an expected relative combined standard uncertainty of less than 10(-4). The relative instrument uses optical flux transfer to compare aperture areas and also has an expected relative combined standard uncertainty of less than 10(-4). The absolute instrument will be used to measure the area of standard apertures for use with the relative instrument. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Tufts Univ, Medford, MA 02155 USA. RP Fowler, JB (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 5 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 0 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 1998 VL 35 IS 4 BP 497 EP 500 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/35/4/49 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 168NL UT WOS:000078699100049 ER PT J AU Murthy, AV Tsai, BK Saunders, RD AF Murthy, AV Tsai, BK Saunders, RD TI High-heat-flux sensor calibration using black-body radiation SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Radiometry (NEWRAD 97) CY OCT 27-29, 1997 CL TUCSON, ARIZONA AB This paper deals with the radiative calibration aspects of high-heat-flux sensors using black-body radiation. In the last two years, several heat-flux sensors were calibrated up to 50 kW/m(2) using a 25 mm diameter aperture variable-temperature black body and a reference room-temperature electrical-substitution radiometer. Tests on a typical Schmidt-Boelter heat-flux sensor showed long-term repeatability of calibration is within +/-0.6%. Plans for extending the present calibration capability to 100 kW/m(2) are discussed. C1 AeroTech Inc, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Murthy, AV (reprint author), AeroTech Inc, Hampton, VA 23666 USA. NR 11 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 5 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 1998 VL 35 IS 4 BP 501 EP 504 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/35/4/50 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 168NL UT WOS:000078699100050 ER PT J AU Rice, JP Johnson, BC AF Rice, JP Johnson, BC TI The NIST EOS thermal-infrared transfer radiometer SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Radiometry (NEWRAD 97) CY OCT 27-29, 1997 CL TUCSON, ARIZONA ID ENERGY SYSTEM CERES; CALIBRATION FACILITY; PREFLIGHT; CLOUDS; PLAN AB A portable thermal-infrared transfer radiometer (TXR) has been developed for use in comparisons and scale verifications of sources used to calibrate thermal-infrared (TIR) channels of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA's) Earth Observing System (EOS) flight instruments. The TXR is designed to measure the radiance temperature of large-area black-body sources in cryogenic vacuum environments, either at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) or at the EOS instrument-calibration facilities. It can be operated in ambient conditions of room temperature and pressure, or in EOS instrument thermal/vacuum chambers at temperatures as low as 77 K. The TXR is a liquid-nitrogen-cooled filter radiometer with two channels: one centred at 5 mu m based on a photovoltaic InSb detector, and the other centred at 10 mu m based on a photovoltaic HgCdTe (MCT) detector. The spectral, spatial and temporal characterization of the TXR using state-of-the-art NIST ambient-infrared instrumentation is reported. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Rice, JP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 15 TC 31 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 3 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 1998 VL 35 IS 4 BP 505 EP 509 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/35/4/51 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 168NL UT WOS:000078699100051 ER PT J AU Zhang, ZM Lorentz, SR Rice, JP Datla, RU AF Zhang, ZM Lorentz, SR Rice, JP Datla, RU TI Measurement of thermophysical properties of polyimide and a black paint for future development of cryogenic radiometers SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Radiometry (NEWRAD 97) CY OCT 27-29, 1997 CL TUCSON, ARIZONA AB We have measured the thermal conductivity of polyimide rod at temperatures from 2.4 K to 8 K, and the specific heats of polyimide rod and a black paint at 2.4 K and 4.4 K. It is shown that the responsivity and time constant of cryogenic radiometers can be significantly improved by the use of a polyimide film as the heat link. This study will help future development of highly sensitive absolute cryogenic radiometers. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Mech Engn, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Zhang, ZM (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Mech Engn, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 9 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 8 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 1998 VL 35 IS 4 BP 511 EP 515 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/35/4/52 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 168NL UT WOS:000078699100052 ER PT J AU Andor, G Johnson, BC AF Andor, G Johnson, BC TI Short-term stability measurements of a germanium photodiode radiometer SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Radiometry (NEWRAD 97) CY OCT 27-29, 1997 CL TUCSON, ARIZONA ID ABSOLUTE SPECTRAL RESPONSE; TEMPERATURE; SCALE AB This paper describes a general, stability-measurement method for the short-term stability, or repeatability, of radiometers using fixed-point black bodies as radiation sources. A germanium photodiode was used as the detector in the radiometer. The radiance during the melts and freezes was measured five times for a total of 14 h to 18 h with the radiometer for each black body. The undercooling of the freeze was used as a reference signal to establish a common temporal scale for the five data sets. The average of the standard deviations of the five measurements at each time t determined the component of the standard uncertainty associated with the short-term stability. This uncertainty includes the instability of the radiometer and the black-body radiance as a function of time. Four black bodies were measured with the radiometer. The repeatability of the output signal was found to be 0.006 % to 0.002 % in the optical power range from about 2 nW to 2 mu W. The repeatability determined by using this method may be considered as an upper limit of the short-term repeatability of the germanium radiometer. C1 Natl Off Measures, OMH, H-1535 Budapest, Hungary. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Andor, G (reprint author), Natl Off Measures, OMH, Box 919, H-1535 Budapest, Hungary. NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 1998 VL 35 IS 4 BP 517 EP 521 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/35/4/53 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 168NL UT WOS:000078699100053 ER PT J AU Yoon, HW Johnson, BC Kelch, D Biggar, S Spyak, PR AF Yoon, HW Johnson, BC Kelch, D Biggar, S Spyak, PR TI A 400 nm to 2500 nm absolute spectral radiance comparison using filter radiometers SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Radiometry (NEWRAD 97) CY OCT 27-29, 1997 CL TUCSON, ARIZONA ID CALIBRATION AB An integrating-sphere source developed by MTL Systems, Inc. was calibrated for them by a commercial standards laboratory traceable to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), resulting in values of spectral radiance in the 400 nm to 2500 nm spectral region. The spectral radiance of the MTL sphere source was then measured using three filter radiometers, also NIST-traceable, that were developed for the Earth Observing System (EOS). In the visible and near-infrared, the values from two Si-photodiode filter radiometers and the supplied calibration values agree within their mutual uncertainties, but in the short-wave infrared, the agreement between the filter-radiometer results and the calibration values is less satisfactory. The reason for this discrepancy is not understood, and additional measurements should be performed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. MTL Syst Inc, Beavercreek, OH 45432 USA. Univ Arizona, Ctr Opt Sci, Remote Sensing Grp, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. RP Yoon, HW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 11 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 1 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 1998 VL 35 IS 4 BP 563 EP 568 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/35/4/60 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 168NL UT WOS:000078699100060 ER PT J AU Tsai, BK Johnson, BC AF Tsai, BK Johnson, BC TI Evaluation of uncertainties in fundamental radiometric measurements SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Radiometry (NEWRAD 97) CY OCT 27-29, 1997 CL TUCSON, ARIZONA ID SCALES AB The uncertainty of measurements is critical in furthering the development of radiometric science and acquiring an increased understanding of its principles. Proper analysis of measurement uncertainties provides an indication of how well the measurements have been made, and also helps assess the results of comparisons. Uncertainties are necessary to quantify statements concerning traceability to the International System of Units. Three examples in the field of radiometry are presented for evaluation. Employing statistical theorems, the combined standard uncertainty of the signal integral or the temperature is derived. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Tsai, BK (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 16 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 1998 VL 35 IS 4 BP 587 EP 593 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/35/4/63 PG 7 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 168NL UT WOS:000078699100063 ER PT J AU Johnson, BC Barnes, PY O'Brian, TR Butler, JJ Bruegge, CJ Biggar, S Spyak, PR Pavlov, MM AF Johnson, BC Barnes, PY O'Brian, TR Butler, JJ Bruegge, CJ Biggar, S Spyak, PR Pavlov, MM TI Initial results of the bidirectional reflectance characterization round-robin in support of EOS SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Radiometry (NEWRAD 97) CY OCT 27-29, 1997 CL TUCSON, ARIZONA AB Laboratory measurements of the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) of diffusely reflecting samples are required to support calibration in the Earth Observing System (EOS) programme of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). To assess the ability of the instrument calibration laboratories to perform accurate BRDF measurements, a round-robin comparison with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) as the central laboratory was initiated by the EOS Project Science Office. The comparison parameters, which include measurement wavelength, spectral bandwidth, illumination and viewing geometry, sample type and alignment, and data format, were selected in consultation with the participants. The participants were selected based on their roles as metrology laboratories with direct connections to EOS or other international Earth remote-sensing satellite programmes. This paper briefly describes the format of the comparison, the status of the first round, and some preliminary results. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Space Geodesy Networks & Sensor Calibrat Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, NASA, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Arizona, Ctr Opt Sci, Remote Sensing Grp, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Hughes Santa Barbara Remote Sensing, Goleta, CA 93117 USA. RP Johnson, BC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Butler, James/D-4188-2013 NR 16 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 1998 VL 35 IS 4 BP 609 EP 613 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/35/4/66 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 168NL UT WOS:000078699100066 ER PT J AU Early, E Thompson, A AF Early, E Thompson, A TI Lessons from comparisons of ultraviolet-monitoring spectroradiometers SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Radiometry (NEWRAD 97) CY OCT 27-29, 1997 CL TUCSON, ARIZONA AB A series of three interagency comparisons of solar-ultraviolet-monitoring spectroradiometers was conducted at Table Mountain outside Boulder, Colorado. The primary purpose of these comparisons was to compare the solar-ultraviolet irradiances measured by all the instruments during synchronized spectral scans. In addition, selected instrument parameters important for these measurements were characterized. Experimental techniques were developed to perform all these characterizations in the field. The comparisons demonstrated that the spectral responsivity of an instrument must be determined at its field location with standard lamps calibrated from a common scale of spectral irradiance. Using such a common scale and appropriate convolution techniques, the measured irradiances from synchronized scans agreed to within 2 %. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Early, E (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 1998 VL 35 IS 4 BP 615 EP 618 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/35/4/67 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 168NL UT WOS:000078699100067 ER PT J AU Burns, GW Ripple, DC Battuello, M AF Burns, GW Ripple, DC Battuello, M TI Platinum versus palladium thermocouples: an emf-temperature reference function for the range 0 degrees C to 1500 degrees C SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article ID ITS-90 AB We present an emf-temperature reference function for platinum versus palladium (Pt/Pd) thermocouples in air for the range 0 degrees C to 1500 degrees C. The reference function is based on the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) and has an expanded uncertainty (coverage factor of two) of less than the equivalent of 11 mK for temperatures up to 1050 degrees C and rising smoothly to approximately 0.3 K at 1500 degrees C. The reference function is based on a set of Pt/Pd thermocouples of exceptional stability and homogeneity constructed from Pt and Pd wire of very high purity (99.999% mass fraction and 99.997% mass fraction, respectively). Experimental results are presented on the thermoelectric stability of Pt/Pd thermocouples at high temperatures and on the calibration of Pt/Pd thermocouples based on this reference function. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. CNR, Ist Metrol G Colonnetti, I-10135 Turin, Italy. RP Burns, GW (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 28 TC 57 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 2 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 1998 VL 35 IS 5 BP 761 EP 780 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/35/5/6 PG 20 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 175CJ UT WOS:000079074400005 ER PT J AU Livigni, DJ Cromer, CL Scott, TR Johnson, BC Zhang, ZM AF Livigni, DJ Cromer, CL Scott, TR Johnson, BC Zhang, ZM TI Thermal characterization of a cryogenic radiometer and comparison with a laser calorimeter SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article ID STANDARDS AB We have developed a finite-element-analysis thermal model to study the temperature distribution in a laser-optimized cryogenic radiometer (LOCR). Our modelling showed that the worst-case inequivalence between electrical and optical power is 0.0004%. We used the thermal model, empirical testing, and research performed at other laboratories, to conduct a detailed uncertainty analysis for laser power calibrations based on the LOCR. Using photodiode trap detectors at laser wavelengths of 633.10 nm and 1550.4 nm as intermediate standards, we showed that the cryogenic radiometer and the NIST C4 laser calorimeter agree within 0.1%. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Optoelect, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Mech Engn, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Livigni, DJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Optoelect, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 13 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 5 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 1998 VL 35 IS 6 BP 819 EP 827 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/35/6/5 PG 9 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 175CM UT WOS:000079074700005 ER PT S AU Villarrubia, JS AF Villarrubia, JS BE Singh, B TI A strategy for faster blind reconstruction of tip geometry for scanned probe microscopy SO METROLOGY, INSPECTION, AND PROCESS CONTROL FOR MICROLITHOGRAPHY XII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Metrology, Inspection, and Process Control for Microlithography XII CY FEB 23-25, 1998 CL SANTA CLARA, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Semiconductor Equipment & Mat Int, SEMATECH DE atomic force microscopy; blind reconstruction; computation time; scanned probe microscopy; scanning tunneling microscopy; tip estimation AB In scanned probe microscopy, it is necessary to know the tip's geometry in order to correct image distortions due to its finite size. Heretofore, methods have focused upon determining the tip shape by erosion of a "tip characterizer" of known geometry from its image. Three dimensional knowledge of the characterizer with uncertainties small at the size scale of the tip is a prerequisite for this method. The necessary accuracy is often difficult to meet in practice, particularly for characterizers with relief on the order of a micrometer such as are required to measure tips for use with microlithographic specimens. A recently proposed alternative, blind reconstruction, permits estimation of the tip shape even with an unknown tip characterizer. The method relies upon the fact that tips which are too blunt are inconsistent with observed image features. For each pixel on a measured image, one may determine a corresponding outer bound on the tip shape. The actual tip must be consistent with the bounds determined for all image points. For well-chosen characterizers, blind reconstruction provides a good estimate of the tip geometry. Although this method eliminates the need for separate calibration of the tip characterizer, it is more computationally intensive than reconstruction by erosion. Blind reconstruction is reviewed, and a strategy for decreasing the computation time is discussed. A factor of three or more may be saved for typical images in an exact calculation, while an additional factor of ten or more may be saved by resorting to approximate methods. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Villarrubia, JS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2777-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3332 BP 10 EP 18 DI 10.1117/12.308727 PG 9 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Materials Science; Optics; Physics GA BL31M UT WOS:000075068300002 ER PT S AU Allen, RA Ghoshtagore, RN Cresswell, MW Linholm, LW Sniegowski, JJ AF Allen, RA Ghoshtagore, RN Cresswell, MW Linholm, LW Sniegowski, JJ BE Singh, B TI Comparison of properties of electrical test structures patterned in BESOI and SIMOX films for CD reference-material applications SO METROLOGY, INSPECTION, AND PROCESS CONTROL FOR MICROLITHOGRAPHY XII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Metrology, Inspection, and Process Control for Microlithography XII CY FEB 23-25, 1998 CL SANTA CLARA, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Semiconductor Equipment & Mat Int, SEMATECH AB The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is exploring the feasibility of using artifacts fabricated on silicon-on-insulator (SOI) materials to quantify methods divergence, for critical dimension (CD) metrology applications. Test structures, patterned on two types of (110) SOI materials, SIMOX (Separation by IMplantation of OXygen) and BESOI (Bonded-and-Etched-back Silicon-on-Insulator), have been compared. In this paper, we describe results of electrical critical dimension (ECD) measurements and the relative performance of the test structures fabricated on the two SOI materials. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Allen, RA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2777-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3332 BP 124 EP 131 DI 10.1117/12.308722 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Materials Science; Optics; Physics GA BL31M UT WOS:000075068300013 ER PT S AU Dixson, R Koning, R Vorburger, TV Fu, J Tsai, VW AF Dixson, R Koning, R Vorburger, TV Fu, J Tsai, VW BE Singh, B TI Measurement of pitch and width samples with the NIST calibrated atomic force microscope SO METROLOGY, INSPECTION, AND PROCESS CONTROL FOR MICROLITHOGRAPHY XII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Metrology, Inspection, and Process Control for Microlithography XII CY FEB 23-25, 1998 CL SANTA CLARA, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Semiconductor Equipment & Mat Int, SEMATECH DE SPM; AFM; standards; metrology; pitch; scale calibration; linewidth AB Because atomic force microscopes (AFMs) are capable of generating three dimensional images with nanometer level resolution, these instruments are being increasingly used in many industries as tools for dimensional metrology at sub-micrometer length scales. To achieve high accuracy, the scales of an AFM must be calibrated. Presently available standards for this purpose are commonly calibrated using stylus instruments and optical techniques. We have developed the calibrated AFM (C-AFM) in order to calibrate pitch and height standards using an AFM. Our instrument has metrology traceable to the wavelength of light for all three axes. This is accomplished through the integration of a flexure x-y translation stage, heterodyne laser interferometers, and a digital-signal-processor based closed-loop feedback system to control the x-y scan motion. The z-axis translation is accomplished using a piezoelectric actuator with an integrated capacitance sensor, which is calibrated using a heterodyne laser interferometer. When fully developed, this instrument will be a calibration tool for pitch and height standards for scanning probe microscopes. We have recently completed a reevaluation of the tilting motions of the C-AFM scanner. This has allowed a refinement in our estimate of the Abbe error contribution to our measurement uncertainty. Our most recent pitch measurements are consistent with this new estimate and thus support our refined uncertainty budget. We have recently completed measurements of pitch on several samples, including both grid type and linear scale patterns, for an industrial user. We are also working toward the development of linewidth standards through the comparison of C-AFM width measurements with values obtained from other methods, including an electrical resistance technique. in this paper, we will describe the current status of the C-AFM, discuss the use of the instrument for measurements of pitch and width, and describe our plans for future measurements. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Dixson, R (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2777-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3332 BP 420 EP 432 DI 10.1117/12.308751 PG 13 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Materials Science; Optics; Physics GA BL31M UT WOS:000075068300042 ER PT S AU Silver, RM Jensen, CP Tsai, V Fu, J Villarrubia, J Teague, EC AF Silver, RM Jensen, CP Tsai, V Fu, J Villarrubia, J Teague, EC BE Singh, B TI Developing a method to determine linewidth based on counting the atom-spacings across a line SO METROLOGY, INSPECTION, AND PROCESS CONTROL FOR MICROLITHOGRAPHY XII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Metrology, Inspection, and Process Control for Microlithography XII CY FEB 23-25, 1998 CL SANTA CLARA, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Semiconductor Equipment & Mat Int, SEMATECH AB We are developing the instrumentation and prototype samples at NIST to enable the counting of atom-spacings across linewidth features etched in silicon. This is an effort to allow the accurate counting of atom-spacings across a feature in a controlled environment and to subsequently transfer that dimensionally stabilized artifact to other measuring instruments. In this paper we will describe the sample preparation techniques, sample configurations and imaging instrumentation used in this project. We have constructed a multi-chamber ultra-high vacuum (UHV) system with silicon processing capabilities which include the high temperature removal of native oxides and the appropriate temperature control and vacuum environment for preparing long range atomically ordered silicon surfaces. We can also passivate the silicon surfaces by oxidation in a temperature and pressure controlled environment or simply allow a native oxide to grow in an air ambient. This facility has a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) with atomic lateral imaging capabilities and a 0.2 angstrom vertical noise floor. The loadlock chamber allows rapid transfer of multiple tips and samples into the UHV environment. The facility is additionally equipped with a field-ion/field-electron microscope (FIFEM) which can atomically image, measure, and prepare the STM tips. The FIFEM enables the use of STM tips of known dimensions and cleanliness on a regular basis. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Silver, RM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2777-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3332 BP 441 EP 460 DI 10.1117/12.308754 PG 20 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Materials Science; Optics; Physics GA BL31M UT WOS:000075068300044 ER PT S AU Potzick, J AF Potzick, J BE Singh, B TI Accuracy and traceability in dimensional measurements SO METROLOGY, INSPECTION, AND PROCESS CONTROL FOR MICROLITHOGRAPHY XII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Metrology, Inspection, and Process Control for Microlithography XII CY FEB 23-25, 1998 CL SANTA CLARA, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Semiconductor Equipment & Mat Int, SEMATECH DE measurement; accuracy; measurement uncertainty; measurement traceability AB While the importance of the concepts of measurement accuracy and measurement traceability has long been recognized, they have not always been applied in a consistent or rigorous manner. In 1993 the International Organization for Standards (ISO) published two documents which establish consistent definitions of these and other metrology terms and provide an unambiguous way to calculate measurement uncertainty. These documents are widely accepted in the international metrology community. Vendors and buyers of metrology tools and standards will benefit from the improved communication that results from using this standardized metrology vocabulary. Dimensional measurements of importance to microlithography include feature sizes and feature placement on photomasks and wafers, overlay eccentricities, defect and particle sizes on masks and wafers, step heights, and many others. A common element in these measurements is that the object sizes and required measurement uncertainties are often on the order of the wavelength of light or less. This can lead to interesting challenges for certain applications where measurement traceability is desirable. The necessary and sufficient conditions for traceability will be outlined, and some examples will be given. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Potzick, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2777-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3332 BP 471 EP 479 DI 10.1117/12.308758 PG 9 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Materials Science; Optics; Physics GA BL31M UT WOS:000075068300046 ER PT J AU Currin, CA Paerl, HW AF Currin, CA Paerl, HW TI Environmental and physiological controls on diel patterns of N-2 fixation in epiphytic cyanobacterial communities SO MICROBIAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MARINE MICROBIAL MAT; SP PCC 6909; NITROGEN-FIXATION; ACETYLENE-REDUCTION; OXYGENIC PHOTOSYNTHESIS; SPARTINA-ALTERNIFLORA; OSCILLATORIA SP; SALT-MARSH; ALGAE; LIGHT AB Epiphytic communities dominated by cyanobacteria on standing, dead Spartina alterniflora stems in a North Carolina salt marsh wore examined. Community composition changed over an annual cycle, with heterocystous cyanobacteria (Calothrix spp., Nostoc spp.) dominant in the spring, and nonheterocystous cyanobacteria (Lyngbya spp., Phormidium spp.) dominant in the fall. Diel patterns of N-2 fixation were investigated with acetylene reduction (AR) assays. Incubation conditions were varied in AR assays to determine physiological controls on N-2 fixation rates. AR assays conducted under aerial conditions exhibited significant daytime maxima only in the spring. In contrast, N-2 Fixation measured in submerged AR assays exhibited daytime maxima through October, although the diel pattern was more pronounced in the spring and summer. Anoxic (purged with N-2) incubations always exhibited daytime maxima in AR. Nighttime AR assays conducted under submerged or anoxic conditions exhibited lower rates of AR than nighttime aerial incubations. These data suggest that the N-2-fixing microorganisms in the epiphytic community rely on aerobic metabolism for nighttime N-2 fixation, presumably in order to provide energy and reductant to nitrogenase. In situ rates of nighttime N-2 fixation are, thus, partially controlled by tidal stage, as submergence promotes the development of anoxic conditions. AR rates were extremely low in epiphytic films held continuously in the dark, pointing to the dependence on photosynthate by N-2-fixing microorganisms. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Beaufort Lab, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. Univ N Carolina, Inst Marine Sci, Morehead City, NC 28577 USA. RP Currin, CA (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Beaufort Lab, 101 Pivers Isl Rd, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. NR 36 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0095-3628 J9 MICROBIAL ECOL JI Microb. Ecol. PD JAN-FEB PY 1998 VL 35 IS 1 BP 34 EP 45 DI 10.1007/s002489900058 PG 12 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Microbiology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Microbiology GA YM935 UT WOS:000071116600003 ER PT S AU Read, DT AF Read, DT BE Brown, S Gilbert, J Guckel, H Howe, R Johnson, G Krulevitch, P Muhlstein, C TI Silicon-framed tensile specimens: Techniques and results SO MICROELECTROMECHANICAL STRUCTURES FOR MATERIALS RESEARCH SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Microelectromechanical Structures for Materials Research CY APR 15-16, 1998 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc ID THIN-FILMS; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES AB The silicon-framed tensile specimen design has been used in tensile tests of thin films of a variety of metals and epitaxial silicon. A piezo-actuated microtensile test device holds the specimen while the silicon frame is cut just before testing, imposes the tensile displacement, and provides voltages proportional to force and displacement. This technique is appropriate for films that are hundreds of micrometers long, tens to a few hundred micrometers wide, and from 0.3 to 15 micrometers thick. The specimen film must be amenable to lithographic patterning must adhere well to the silicon substrate, and must resist a silicon etchant. The specimen fabrication is a bulk-micromachining process, because the silicon substrate is etched through underneath the specimen film. Uniaxial yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, and elongation to maximum load can be measured using the microtensile tester. The addition of laser illumination and digital photography allows implementation of electronic speckle pattern interferometry, for accurate measurement of local displacement. This addition allows evaluation of the tensile Young's modulus. Compared to bulk material, thin films of copper and aluminum have lower apparent Young's moduli, higher yield and ultimate tensile strengths because of their fine grain size, and lower elongation to failure. Correlation between properties measured by indentation and by tensile testing needs further study. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Read, DT (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 19 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-424-6 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1998 VL 518 BP 167 EP 172 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Engineering; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BM24W UT WOS:000078172100027 ER PT S AU Garcia, HA Farnik, F Kiplinger, AL AF Garcia, HA Farnik, F Kiplinger, AL BE Korendyke, CM TI Hard x-ray spectroscopy for proton flare prediction SO MISSIONS TO THE SUN II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on the Missions to the Sun II CY JUL 22-23, 1998 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE solar flares; interplanetary proton events; hard X-ray spectroscopy; energetic particles; space experiment AB High Energy interplanetary proton events can jeopardize vital military and civilian spacecraft by disrupting logical circuits and by actually damaging spacecraft electronic components. Studies of solar hard x-rays indicate that high-energy proton events observed near Earth are highly associated with an uncommon type of solar flare exhibiting temporal progressively hardening hard X-ray spectra. A hard X-ray spectrometer (HXRS) is being developed by the Czech Astronomical Institute to provide a test bed for evaluating this phenomenon as a possible proton-storm prediction method. The instrument is designed to measure hard X-ray spectra in a high fluence, high-energy particle background environment such as that found at geosynchronous altitude. This experiment has been selected for space flight by the DoD Space Test Program and will fly aboard the Department of Energy satellite, Multi-spectral Thermal Imager, scheduled for a three year mission, beginning in late 1999. The timing of this mission, fortuitously, coincides with the expected activity maximum of solar cycle 23, currently in progress. The main purposes of this experiment are: 1) to evaluate the efficacy of this type of solar instrument in predicting interplanetary proton storms; 2) to study the high-energy physics of solar flares in concert with the premier flight of the NOAA soft X-ray imaging telescope, SXI, on the GOES 12 weather satellite and other solar missions. If the first goal is demonstrated by this mission, continuous monitoring of the Sun for proton events could become operational from gee-synchronous orbit during solar cycle 24. C1 NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Garcia, HA (reprint author), NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Farnik, Frantisek/G-9010-2014 NR 0 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2897-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3442 BP 210 EP 216 DI 10.1117/12.330259 PG 7 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BM19X UT WOS:000078010300021 ER PT J AU Eisenstein, E Reddy, P Fisher, MT AF Eisenstein, E Reddy, P Fisher, MT TI Overexpression, purification, and properties of GroES from Escherichia coli SO MOLECULAR CHAPERONES SE METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY LA English DT Review ID DODECAMERIC GLUTAMINE-SYNTHETASE; HEAT-SHOCK PROTEINS; RIBULOSE BISPHOSPHATE CARBOXYLASE; MOLECULAR CHAPERONES GROEL; ATP HYDROLYSIS; DIHYDROFOLATE-REDUCTASE; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; CENTRAL CAVITY; BINDING; RELEASE C1 Univ Maryland, Maryland Biotechnol Inst, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, DNA Technol Grp, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Genet, New Haven, CT 06510 USA. RP Eisenstein, E (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Maryland Biotechnol Inst, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. FU NCRR NIH HHS [RR08937]; NIGMS NIH HHS [GM 49309, GM49316] NR 70 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B STREET, SUITE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0076-6879 J9 METHOD ENZYMOL JI Methods Enzymol. PY 1998 VL 290 BP 119 EP 135 DI 10.1016/S0076-6879(98)90011-8 PG 17 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA BK62A UT WOS:000072763100009 PM 9534155 ER PT J AU Okui, H Omura, Y Wada, N Kamitakahara, WA Fujiwara, A Suematsu, H Murakami, Y AF Okui, Hideaki Omura, Yasuyuki Wada, N. Kamitakahara, W. A. Fujiwara, Akihiko Suematsu, Hiroyoshi Murakami, Youichi TI Structural, Lattice-Dynamical and Magnetic Properties of Alkali-Metal Intercalated Vermiculite SO MOLECULAR CRYSTALS AND LIQUID CRYSTALS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SECTION A-MOLECULAR CRYSTALS AND LIQUID CRYSTALS LA English DT Article DE vermiculite; alkali-metal intercalation; x-ray diffraction; Raman scattering; neutron scattering; magnetic properties AB Vermiculite was intercalated with alkali metals by vapor transport. Synchrotron x-ray, Raman and neutron scattering experiments were conducted to study the structure and lattice dynamics of the new intercalation compounds. Also, magnetization measurements were carried out with use of a SQUID. A drastic increase in conductivity upon intercalation and its relationship to the structure and charge transfer are discussed. C1 [Okui, Hideaki; Omura, Yasuyuki; Wada, N.] Toyo Univ, Kawagoe, Saitama 350, Japan. [Kamitakahara, W. A.] Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. [Fujiwara, Akihiko; Suematsu, Hiroyoshi] Univ Tokyo, Tokyo 113, Japan. [Murakami, Youichi] High Energy Accelerator Res Org, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan. RP Okui, H (reprint author), Toyo Univ, Kawagoe, Saitama 350, Japan. RI Fujiwara, Akihiko/F-3031-2015 OI Fujiwara, Akihiko/0000-0002-1319-388X NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 4 PU GORDON BREACH PUBLISHING, TAYLOR & FRANCIS GROUP PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, 8TH FL, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1058-725X J9 MOL CRYST LIQ CRYS A JI Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. Sci. Technol. Sect. A-Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. PY 1998 VL 311 BP 339 EP 344 DI 10.1080/10587259808042408 PG 6 WC Crystallography SC Crystallography GA V04UD UT WOS:000207082400051 ER PT S AU Ratner, MA Davis, B Kemp, M Mujica, V Roitberg, A Yaliraki, S AF Ratner, MA Davis, B Kemp, M Mujica, V Roitberg, A Yaliraki, S BE Aviram, A Ratner, M TI Molecular wires: Charge transport, mechanisms, and control SO MOLECULAR ELECTRONICS: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SE Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Molecular Electronics - Science and Technology CY DEC 14-18, 1997 CL HUMACAO, PR SP United Engn Trustees, Engn Fdn, New York Acad Sci, Colegio Ingen Agrimensores Puerto Rico, Defense Adv Res Project Agcy, Natl Sci Fdn, USN, Off Naval Res ID CURRENT-VOLTAGE CHARACTERISTICS; SCANNING-TUNNELING-MICROSCOPY; ELECTRON-TRANSFER PATHWAYS; ENERGY-TRANSFER; TRANSFER RATES; CONDUCTANCE; SYSTEMS; SUPEREXCHANGE; TRANSPARENCY; DEPENDENCE AB By molecular wires, one generally means molecular structures that transmit a signal between two termini. We discuss some theoretical models and analysis for electronically conductive molecular wires in which a single molecule conducts charge between two electrodes. This situation resembles both intramolecular non-adiabatic electron transfer, in which electronic tunneling between donor and acceptor is seen, and mesoscopic quantum transport. We discuss formal methods for predicting conductance in molecular wire circuits. The critical component that differs from the usual conductivity is the interface between electrode continuum and the discrete levels of the molecule. This can be described in several ways. We present an analysis based on the Bardeen tunneling formula. Specific problems (electron polarization, disorder, nuclear scattering, charge distribution) are discussed. Finally, the differing mechanisms-expected for the conductance, ranging from ballistic tunneling to gated transfer, are outlined. C1 Northwestern Univ, Dept Chem, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. Cent Univ Venezuela, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ratner, MA (reprint author), Northwestern Univ, Dept Chem, 2145 Sheridan Rd, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. EM ratner@chem.nwu.edu RI Roitberg, Adrian/A-2378-2009 NR 68 TC 59 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 11 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-156-1 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 1998 VL 852 BP 22 EP 37 DI 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09862.x PG 16 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA BL66Q UT WOS:000076245100002 ER PT J AU Searles, DJ Evans, DJ Hanley, HJM Murad, S AF Searles, DJ Evans, DJ Hanley, HJM Murad, S TI Simulations of the thermal conductivity in the vicinity of the critical point SO MOLECULAR SIMULATION LA English DT Article DE nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulation; thermal conductivity; isothermal compressibility; critical point phenomena ID LENNARD-JONES FLUIDS AB Isothermal-isobaric nonequilibrium molecular dynamics and Green-Kubo simulations are developed and used to calculate the thermal conductivity of an 864 particle Lennard-Jones fluid, with one simulation for 6912 particles, in the vicinity of the critical point. A small enhancement of the conductivity is observed. The isothermal compressibility is also evaluated. Agreement between the simulated data and the isothermal compressibility of argon is excellent. C1 Australian Natl Univ, Res Sch Chem, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Chem Engn, Chicago, IL 60680 USA. RP Searles, DJ (reprint author), Univ Queensland, Dept Chem, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia. RI Bernhardt, Debra/A-8174-2008; Murad, Sohail /B-3311-2009 OI Bernhardt, Debra/0000-0003-1346-8318; NR 13 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 3 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING RG1 8JL, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0892-7022 J9 MOL SIMULAT JI Mol. Simul. PY 1998 VL 20 IS 6 BP 385 EP 395 DI 10.1080/08927029808022045 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA ZV548 UT WOS:000074316100004 ER PT J AU Schultz, DM Bracken, WE Bosart, LF AF Schultz, DM Bracken, WE Bosart, LF TI Planetary- and synoptic-scale signatures associated with central American cold surges SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID NINO-SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; AIR OUTBREAKS; EL-NINO; ROCKY-MOUNTAINS; NORTH-AMERICA; WINTER-MONEX; COSTA-RICA; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; GEOPOTENTIAL HEIGHT; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC AB Motivated by outstanding issues from a previous case study of a midlatitude cold surge that affected Mexico and Central America, the climatology of Central American cold surges is examined in this paper. An independently derived listing of 177 cold-surge events is employed for which the following properties are tabulated: onset date, duration, time between cold-surge events, latitude of maximum equatorward penetration (phi(min)), and 48-h maximum surface temperature change at Merida, Mexico (Delta T). These data show that 75% of the cold surges have durations of 2-6 days, the same timescale as mobile disturbances in the westerlies. Also, there does not appear to be any relationship between Delta T and the duration of the event, although cold surges that penetrate to low latitudes (phi(min) = 7 degrees-10 degrees N) have a weak tendency to persist longer than those that do not penetrate to low latitudes (phi(min) = 15 degrees-20 degrees N). In addition, the Reding data indicate that the cold surges tend to reach their most equatorward extent where topographic features impede the progress of equatorward-moving cold air; the temperature decrease in the postsurge air (as measured by Delta T) does not appear to be related to the most equatorward extent. To examine the planetary-and synoptic-scale patterns associated with different categories of cold surges, events with similar characteristics from this database were composited: COLD (phi(min) less than or equal to 10 degrees N and Delta T greater than or equal to 9 degrees C), COOL (phi(min) less than or equal to 10 degrees N and Delta T = 4 degrees-5 degrees C), and LONG (events lasting at least 8 days). COLD surges are characterized by a persistent upper-level ridge over the western United States, 200-hPa confluence over the Gulf of Mexico, and the migration of a Canadian lower-tropospheric anticyclone equatorward along the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Madre. In contrast, COOL surges are associated with a progressive, upper-level ridge over the western United States, weak 200-hPa confluence over the Gulf of Mexico, and the migration of a North Pacific anticyclone over the intermountain west and into the southeast United States. LONG surges are associated with a slower-moving planetary-scale pattern; 200-hPa confluence over the Gulf of Mexico; the occurrence of multiple cold surges, which reinforce the anticyclone over Mexico; and the absence of low-latitude, upper-tropospheric, mobile short-wave troughs to prematurely weaken the anticyclone. Cold surges (especially COLD) can be associated with an acceleration of the trade winds over the eastern North Pacific Ocean and play a role in El Nino-Southern Oscillation. The results in this paper are compared to the results of previous studies of North American, Central American, and east Asian cold surges. C1 SUNY Albany, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, Albany, NY 12222 USA. RP Schultz, DM (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Res Lab, Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RI Schultz, David M./A-3091-2010 OI Schultz, David M./0000-0003-1558-6975 NR 90 TC 80 Z9 80 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 126 IS 1 BP 5 EP 27 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(1998)126<0005:PASSSA>2.0.CO;2 PG 23 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YM955 UT WOS:000071118600001 ER PT J AU Matejka, T Bartels, DL AF Matejka, T Bartels, DL TI The accuracy of vertical air velocities from Doppler radar data SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID SINGLE-DOPPLER; HURRICANE AB Eight methods of calculating vertical air velocity in a column are compared. Each method requires some or all of the following data: horizontal divergence, vertical precipitation velocity, hydrometeor terminal fall speed, and vertical air velocity boundary conditions. Some or all of these quantities are commonly deduced or specified by a researcher during the analysis of Doppler radar data. The responses of the methods to different magnitudes and behaviors of errors in the input data are examined with a Monte Carlo method. The experiments are conducted with both random and systematic errors. Two idealized kinds of systematic errors are considered: bias error (a constant error through the column) and trend error (an error of constant magnitude that changes sign at the midpoint of the mass of the column). The performances of the methods are mapped over error space. A researcher, knowing approximately the characteristics of the errors of a particular set of Doppler radar data, can use the results of these experiments to select a method based on how well it performs in the presence of random errors and how well its performance holds up as bias and trend errors increase. C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Environm Res Labs, NCMRD, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Matejka, T (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Environm Res Labs, NCMRD, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 22 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 126 IS 1 BP 92 EP 117 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(1998)126<0092:TAOVAV>2.0.CO;2 PG 26 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YM955 UT WOS:000071118600005 ER PT J AU Blanchard, DO Cotton, WR Brown, JM AF Blanchard, DO Cotton, WR Brown, JM TI Mesoscale circulation growth under conditions of weak inertial instability SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID SIMULATED CONVECTIVE STORMS; CENTRAL UNITED-STATES; LIVED SQUALL LINES; SYMMETRIC INSTABILITY; CLOUD CLUSTERS; GRAVITY-WAVES; MID-LATITUDE; COMPLEXES; PRECIPITATION; SYSTEMS AB The hypothesis that inertial instability plays a role in the upscale development of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) is explored by sampling environments that supported the growth of MCSs in the Preliminary Regional Experiment for STORM (Stormscale Operational and Research Meteorology) (PRE-STORM) network with high quality special soundings. Secondary circulations that occurred in the presence of inertial instabilities were analyzed and documented using rawinsonde data with high spatial and temporal resolution from the PRE-STORM field program. Additional examples of MCS environments were examined using data from the Mesoscale Analysis and Prediction System. Results show strong divergence and cross-stream accelerations occurred at upper-tropospheric levels where inertial instabilities were present. These accelerations were not uniform over the domain but were focused in the regions of instability. Also, the analyses of these data showed that regions of inertial instability may be more commonplace than is typically assumed. The Regional Atmospheric Modeling System was used to increase the understanding of the basic processes and secondary circulations that enhance MCS growth in inertially unstable environments. Model results indicate that the strength of the divergent outflow was strongly linked to the degree of inertial stability in the local environment. The results also showed a strong dependence on the magnitude of the Coriolis parameter. Finally, experiments using varying degrees of vertical stability indicated that there was also significant sensitivity to this parameter. C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NOAA, Forecast Syst Lab, Boulder, CO USA. Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Brown, John/D-3361-2015 NR 60 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 EI 1520-0493 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD JAN PY 1998 VL 126 IS 1 BP 118 EP 140 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(1998)126<0118:MCGUCO>2.0.CO;2 PG 23 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA YM955 UT WOS:000071118600006 ER PT S AU Kia, OE Schaff, A Sauvola, JJ AF Kia, OE Schaff, A Sauvola, JJ BE Kuo, CCJ Chang, SF Panchanathan, S TI Data representation and handling for large image browsing SO MULTIMEDIA STORAGE AND ARCHIVING SYSTEMS III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Multimedia Storage and Archiving Systems III CY NOV 02-04, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP SPIE Int Soc Opt Engn DE image retrieval; compression; transmission; data handling AB In this paper we present results of work done on large image browsing. Advances in compression and transmission have allowed efficient usage of storage and transmission resources; however, much work needs to be done in order to integrate such concepts in the processing and handling of data. One such problem is image browsing. Large images, in order of hundreds of Megabytes to Gigabytes, exist that not only strain storage resources of some computers but make transmission almost impossible for dialup networks or even some digital networks. By exploiting the fact that receiving nodes need to only view limited regions of the image, a data organization and handling mechanism is devised to serve the appropriate data in a timely fashion. A wavelet-based approach is pursued with desirable compression and progressive characteristics along with scalar and spatial access to pixel data. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Informat Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kia, OE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Informat Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2988-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1998 VL 3527 BP 37 EP 46 DI 10.1117/12.325836 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BL92K UT WOS:000077158600004 ER PT S AU Payne, WV Domanski, PA Muller, J AF Payne, WV Domanski, PA Muller, J GP INT INST REFRIGERAT INT INST REFRIGERAT TI A study of a water-to-water heat pump using flammable refrigerants SO NATURAL WORKING FLUIDS'98: IIR - GUSTAV LORENTZEN CONFERENCE SE REFRIGERATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IIR Gustav Lorentzen Conference on Natural Working Fluids 98 CY JUN 02-05, 1998 CL OSLO, NORWAY SP Int Inst Refrigerat, Hydro, OLJE OG Energidepartementet, CARE Refrigerat, Danfoss, COSTAN Refrigerat, Sabroe Refrigerat A S, Kenmore Int, Glava A S, a s Finsam Int Inc, Techno Consult as, Sabroe Kulde A S, Gjettum a s, Gram Refrigerat, Dorin, Skarland Press a s AB This investigation compared the performance of R22 to the performance of R290 and that of flammable zeotropic mixtures, R32/290, and, R32/152a. The tests were conducted in a test apparatus specially designed to simulate a residential water-to-water heat pump. Brazed plate heat exchangers used as the evaporator and condenser allowed for counter-flow heat transfer between the refrigerant and indoor-loop and outdoor-loop heat-transfer fluids. The performance of the system was characterized by air-side capacity and Coefficient of Performance (COP) at different compressor speeds. Performance comparisons at a constant capacity were also provided. In the cooling mode at a constant-capacity, the R32/290 (50/50) mixture produced the highest COP; 8% higher than R22. In the heating mode, the COP of R290 was the highest; from 6% to 8% higher than that of the remaining fluids. The cooling COP of R32/290 was 13% lower and the heating COP of R290 was 1% higher than the respective COPs of R22 in the reference water-to-air system. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Payne, WV (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg 226,Room B114, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT INST REFRIGERATION PI PARIS PA 177 BLVD MALESHERBES, F-75017 PARIS, FRANCE SN 0151-1637 BN 2-903633-97-5 J9 REFR SCI T PY 1998 VL 1998 IS 4 BP 658 EP 667 PG 10 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA BM75Y UT WOS:000079703100064 ER PT J AU Hughen, KA Overpeck, JT Lehman, SJ Kashgarian, M Southon, J Peterson, LC Alley, R Sigman, DM AF Hughen, KA Overpeck, JT Lehman, SJ Kashgarian, M Southon, J Peterson, LC Alley, R Sigman, DM TI Deglacial changes in ocean circulation from an extended radiocarbon calibration SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID NORTH-ATLANTIC; LAST DEGLACIATION; YOUNGER DRYAS; SNOW ACCUMULATION; CLIMATE-CHANGE; C-14; CORALS; GREENLAND; CHRONOLOGY; SEDIMENTS AB Temporal variations in the atmospheric concentration of radiocarbon sometimes result in radiocarbon-based age-estimates of biogenic material that do not agree with true calendar age, This problem is particularly severe beyond the limit of the high-resolution radiocarbon calibration based on tree-ring data, which stretches back only to(1,2) about 11.8 kyr before present (BP), near the termination of the Younger Dryas cold period If a wide range of palaeoclimate records are to be exploited for better understanding the rates and patterns of environmental change during the last deglaciation, extending the well-calibrated radiocarbon timescale back further in time is crucial. Several studies attempting such an extension, using uranium/thorium-dated corals(3-5) and laminae counts in varved sediments(6-9), show conflicting results, Here we use radiocarbon data from varved sediments in the Cariaco basin, in the southern Caribbean Sea, to construct an accurate and continuous radiocarbon calibration for the period 9 to 14.5 kyr sp, nearly 3,000 years beyond the tree-ring-based calibration, A simple model compared to the calculated atmospheric radiocarbon concentration and palaeoclimate data from the same sediment core suggests that North Atlantic Deep Water formation shut down during the Younger Dryas period, but was gradually replaced by an alternative mode of convection, possibly via the formation of North Atlantic Intermediate Water. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Geol Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, Paleoclimatol Program, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Calif Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, CAMS, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Geosci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Penn State Univ, Ctr Earth Syst Sci, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Univ Colorado, INSTAAR, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Hughen, KA (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, 20 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RI Kashgarian, Michaele/E-1665-2011; Sigman, Daniel/A-2649-2008 OI Kashgarian, Michaele/0000-0001-7824-8418; Sigman, Daniel/0000-0002-7923-1973 NR 30 TC 259 Z9 266 U1 3 U2 31 PU MACMILLAN MAGAZINES LTD PI LONDON PA PORTERS SOUTH, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON, ENGLAND N1 9XW SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD JAN 1 PY 1998 VL 391 IS 6662 BP 65 EP 68 DI 10.1038/34150 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA YP888 UT WOS:000071326100048 ER PT S AU Goujon, DS Michel, M Peeters, J Devaney, JE AF Goujon, DS Michel, M Peeters, J Devaney, JE BE Panda, DK Stunkel, CB TI AutoMap and AutoLink - Tools for communicating complex and dynamic data-structures using MPI SO NETWORK-BASED PARALLEL COMPUTING: COMMUNICATION, ARCHITECTURE, AND APPLICATIONS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Workshop on Communication, Architecture, and Applications for Network-Based Parallel Computing (CANPC 98) CY JAN 31-FEB 01, 1998 CL LAS VEGAS, NEVADA SP IEEE, Comp Soc AB This article describes two software tools, AutoMap and Autolink, that facilitate the use of data-structures in MPI. AutoMap is a program that parses a file of user-defined data-structures and generates new MPI types out of basic and previously defined MPI data-types. Our software tool automatically handles specialized error checking related to memory mapping. AutoLink is an MPI library that allows the transfer of complex, dynamically linked, and possibly heterogeneous structures through MPI. AutoLink uses files generated by AutoMap to automatically define the needed MPI data-types. We describe each of these tools, and give an example of their use. Finally we discuss the internals of AutoLink design, and focus on the performance rationale behind them. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20877 USA. Univ Twente, Enschede, Netherlands. RP Goujon, DS (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20877 USA. NR 4 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-64140-8 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 1998 VL 1362 BP 98 EP 109 PG 12 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BM08Y UT WOS:000077602700008 ER PT B AU Coffey, HE Hanchett, CD AF Coffey, HE Hanchett, CD BE Webb, D Rust, D Schmieder, B TI Digital "Cartes synoptiques de la chromosphere solaire et catalogues des filaments et des centres d'Activite" SO NEW PERSPECTIVES ON SOLAR PROMINENCES SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IAU Colloquium 167 on New Perspectives on Solar Prominences CY APR 28-MAY 03, 1997 CL CTR PAUL LANGEVIN, AUSSOIS, FRANCE SP Intl Astron Union, Sci Comm Solar Terr Phys, European Off Aerosp Res & Dev, CNRS, Observ Paris, CEA, Ctr Natl Etud Spat HO CTR PAUL LANGEVIN AB Almost 70 years ago Lucien d'Azambuja published the first "Cartes Synoptiques de la Chromosphere Solaire et Catalogue des Filaments de la Couche Superieure" (d'Azambuja 1928), a compendium of reduced solar observations covering the time period March 1919-January 1920. The compiled database gives both visual and quantitative measures of solar activity beginning with Carrington rotation 876. Since then, data through 1989 have been published in succeeding Cartes Synoptiques issues. The World Data Center A (WDC-A) for Solar-Terrestrial Physics has digitized several long term solar publications, including the numerical text portion of the Cartes Synoptiques. We present an overview of this extraordinary historical solar database. WDC-A is using current technology to meet user requirements for data management, analysis and distribution, has compiled over 100 Megabytes of historical solar data and made it available over the Internet as part of a continuing data rescue effort. The data can be accessed via the World Wide Web at http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/stp. C1 NOAA, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, World Data Ctr Solar Terr Phys A, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Hanchett, CD (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, World Data Ctr Solar Terr Phys A, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 0 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 1-886733-70-8 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 1998 VL 150 BP 488 EP 492 PG 5 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BL75E UT WOS:000076565100095 ER PT B AU Landsea, CW Nicholls, N Gill, J AF Landsea, CW Nicholls, N Gill, J GP AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC TI Australian region tropical cyclones: Recent trend and interannual predictions SO NINTH CONFERENCE ON INTERACTION OF THE SEA AND ATMOSPHERE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th Conference on Interaction of the Sea and Atmosphere at the 78th American-Meteorogical-Society Annual Meeting CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Landsea, CW (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 1 EP 4 PG 4 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL80E UT WOS:000076779300001 ER PT B AU White, GH da Silva, A AF White, GH da Silva, A GP AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC TI An intercomparison of surface marine fluxes from GEOS-1/DAS, ECMWF/ERA and NCEP/NCAR reanalyses SO NINTH CONFERENCE ON INTERACTION OF THE SEA AND ATMOSPHERE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th Conference on Interaction of the Sea and Atmosphere at the 78th American-Meteorogical-Society Annual Meeting CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Environm Modeling Ctr, Washington, DC 20233 USA. RP White, GH (reprint author), Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Environm Modeling Ctr, W-NP23,WWB,Rm 207,5200 Auth Rd, Washington, DC 20233 USA. RI da Silva, Arlindo/D-6301-2012 OI da Silva, Arlindo/0000-0002-3381-4030 NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 20 EP 23 PG 4 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL80E UT WOS:000076779300005 ER PT B AU Yu, ZJ Kessler, WS Kelly, KA McPhaden, MJ AF Yu, ZJ Kessler, WS Kelly, KA McPhaden, MJ GP AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC TI Modeling the onset of the 1997 El Nino: NSCAT wind map validation and its application SO NINTH CONFERENCE ON INTERACTION OF THE SEA AND ATMOSPHERE LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 9th Conference on Interaction of the Sea and Atmosphere at the 78th American-Meteorogical-Society Annual Meeting CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Yu, ZJ (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, OCRD, 7600 Sand Point Way Ne, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RI McPhaden, Michael/D-9799-2016 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 44 EP 44 PG 1 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL80E UT WOS:000076779300011 ER PT B AU Kessler, WS Yu, ZJ AF Kessler, WS Yu, ZJ GP AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC TI Impact of NSCAT on the ocean response to mountain-gap winds off the west coast of Central America SO NINTH CONFERENCE ON INTERACTION OF THE SEA AND ATMOSPHERE LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 9th Conference on Interaction of the Sea and Atmosphere at the 78th American-Meteorogical-Society Annual Meeting CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, OCRD, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Kessler, WS (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, OCRD, 7600 Sand Point Way Ne, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 50 EP 50 PG 1 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL80E UT WOS:000076779300013 ER PT B AU Harrison, MJ Rosati, A AF Harrison, MJ Rosati, A GP AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC TI Ocean model sensitivity to surface forcing SO NINTH CONFERENCE ON INTERACTION OF THE SEA AND ATMOSPHERE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th Conference on Interaction of the Sea and Atmosphere at the 78th American-Meteorogical-Society Annual Meeting CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Harrison, MJ (reprint author), NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 91 EP 97 PG 7 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL80E UT WOS:000076779300024 ER PT B AU Stern, WF AF Stern, WF GP AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC TI Behavior of tropical intraseasonal oscillations in an atmosphere-ocean coupled GCM SO NINTH CONFERENCE ON INTERACTION OF THE SEA AND ATMOSPHERE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th Conference on Interaction of the Sea and Atmosphere at the 78th American-Meteorogical-Society Annual Meeting CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Stern, WF (reprint author), Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 123 EP 124 PG 2 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL80E UT WOS:000076779300032 ER PT B AU Gordon, CT Rosati, A Gudgel, R AF Gordon, CT Rosati, A Gudgel, R GP AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC TI Tropical sensitivity to low clouds in a coupled model SO NINTH CONFERENCE ON INTERACTION OF THE SEA AND ATMOSPHERE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th Conference on Interaction of the Sea and Atmosphere at the 78th American-Meteorogical-Society Annual Meeting CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 Princeton Univ, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, NOAA, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Gordon, CT (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, NOAA, POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 132 EP 136 PG 5 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL80E UT WOS:000076779300034 ER PT B AU Cronin, MF McPhaden, MJ AF Cronin, MF McPhaden, MJ GP AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC TI Comparison of the upper ocean heat and freshwater balances in the western Pacific warm-fresh pool SO NINTH CONFERENCE ON INTERACTION OF THE SEA AND ATMOSPHERE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th Conference on Interaction of the Sea and Atmosphere at the 78th American-Meteorogical-Society Annual Meeting CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Cronin, MF (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE,Bin C15700, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RI McPhaden, Michael/D-9799-2016 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 157 EP 158 PG 2 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL80E UT WOS:000076779300041 ER PT B AU Higgins, RW Chen, Y Douglas, AV Mo, KC AF Higgins, RW Chen, Y Douglas, AV Mo, KC GP AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC TI Interannual variations in the onset of the North American monsoon SO NINTH CONFERENCE ON INTERACTION OF THE SEA AND ATMOSPHERE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th Conference on Interaction of the Sea and Atmosphere at the 78th American-Meteorogical-Society Annual Meeting CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, NCEP, Climate Predict Ctr, Washington, DC 20002 USA. RP Higgins, RW (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, NCEP, Climate Predict Ctr, Washington, DC 20002 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 169 EP 172 PG 4 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL80E UT WOS:000076779300044 ER PT B AU Mo, KC Higgins, RW AF Mo, KC Higgins, RW GP AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC TI Precursory signals associated with Summer Rainfall Variability of the Southwest United States SO NINTH CONFERENCE ON INTERACTION OF THE SEA AND ATMOSPHERE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th Conference on Interaction of the Sea and Atmosphere at the 78th American-Meteorogical-Society Annual Meeting CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, NCEP, Climate Predict Ctr, Washington, DC 20233 USA. RP Mo, KC (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, NCEP, Climate Predict Ctr, Washington, DC 20233 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 173 EP 178 PG 6 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL80E UT WOS:000076779300045 ER PT B AU Gourley, JJ Howard, KW Douglas, MW AF Gourley, JJ Howard, KW Douglas, MW GP AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC TI An examination of the variability of deep convective cloudiness over Mexico during the warm season SO NINTH CONFERENCE ON INTERACTION OF THE SEA AND ATMOSPHERE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th Conference on Interaction of the Sea and Atmosphere at the 78th American-Meteorogical-Society Annual Meeting CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, Environm Res Labs, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Gourley, JJ (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Res Labs, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 179 EP 182 PG 4 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL80E UT WOS:000076779300046 ER PT B AU Ross, RJ Elliott, WP AF Ross, RJ Elliott, WP GP AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC TI Changes in water vapor extremes SO NINTH SYMPOSIUM ON GLOBAL CHANGE STUDIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th Symposium on Global Change Studies/Namias Symposium on Status and Prospects for Climate Prediction at the 78th American-Meteorological-Society CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, Air Resources Lab, R E AR, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Ross, RJ (reprint author), NOAA, Air Resources Lab, R E AR, 1315 E W Hwy, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 17 EP 19 PG 3 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL80D UT WOS:000076779200006 ER PT B AU Bates, JJ Jackson, DL AF Bates, JJ Jackson, DL GP AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC TI Water vapor feedback during an enhanced hydrological cycle SO NINTH SYMPOSIUM ON GLOBAL CHANGE STUDIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th Symposium on Global Change Studies/Namias Symposium on Status and Prospects for Climate Prediction at the 78th American-Meteorological-Society CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, ERL, Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Bates, JJ (reprint author), NOAA, ERL, Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 20 EP 22 PG 3 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL80D UT WOS:000076779200007 ER PT B AU Elliott, WP Ross, RJ AF Elliott, WP Ross, RJ GP AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC TI Northern Hemisphere water vapor trends SO NINTH SYMPOSIUM ON GLOBAL CHANGE STUDIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th Symposium on Global Change Studies/Namias Symposium on Status and Prospects for Climate Prediction at the 78th American-Meteorological-Society CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Elliott, WP (reprint author), NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 39 EP 41 PG 3 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL80D UT WOS:000076779200012 ER PT B AU Arkin, PA Xie, PP AF Arkin, PA Xie, PP GP AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC TI Annual and interannual variability in global precipitation from 1979-1996 SO NINTH SYMPOSIUM ON GLOBAL CHANGE STUDIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th Symposium on Global Change Studies/Namias Symposium on Status and Prospects for Climate Prediction at the 78th American-Meteorological-Society CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 Natl Ctr Environm Predict, W NP, Washington, DC 20233 USA. RP Arkin, PA (reprint author), Natl Ctr Environm Predict, W NP, 4700 Silver Hill Rd,Stop 9910, Washington, DC 20233 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 69 EP 72 PG 4 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL80D UT WOS:000076779200020 ER PT B AU Thiaw, WM Barnston, AG AF Thiaw, WM Barnston, AG GP AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC TI Circulation and long-lead predictability of the seasonal summer rainfall in Southern Africa SO NINTH SYMPOSIUM ON GLOBAL CHANGE STUDIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th Symposium on Global Change Studies/Namias Symposium on Status and Prospects for Climate Prediction at the 78th American-Meteorological-Society CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, NCEP, CPC, Washington, DC 20233 USA. RP Thiaw, WM (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, NCEP, CPC, Washington, DC 20233 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 80 EP 81 PG 2 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL80D UT WOS:000076779200023 ER PT B AU Wang, XL Leetmaa, A Ropelewski, CF AF Wang, XL Leetmaa, A Ropelewski, CF GP AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC TI Major factors to climate variations and predictions of US rainfall SO NINTH SYMPOSIUM ON GLOBAL CHANGE STUDIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th Symposium on Global Change Studies/Namias Symposium on Status and Prospects for Climate Prediction at the 78th American-Meteorological-Society CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 Climate Predict Ctr, WNP52, WWB, Camp Spring, MD 20746 USA. RP Wang, XL (reprint author), Climate Predict Ctr, WNP52, WWB, Rm 605A,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Spring, MD 20746 USA. RI Wang, Julian/C-3188-2016 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 82 EP 85 PG 2 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL80D UT WOS:000076779200024 ER PT B AU Barton, GS AF Barton, GS GP AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC TI Searching for historical climate data publications in the NOAA environmental services data directory SO NINTH SYMPOSIUM ON GLOBAL CHANGE STUDIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th Symposium on Global Change Studies/Namias Symposium on Status and Prospects for Climate Prediction at the 78th American-Meteorological-Society CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, NESDIS, EEI, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Barton, GS (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, EEI, SSMC-3,Room 15448, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 91 EP 94 PG 4 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL80D UT WOS:000076779200026 ER PT B AU Owen, TW Gallo, KP AF Owen, TW Gallo, KP GP AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC TI An assessment of measures of urbanization in the vicinity of US Historical Climatology Network Stations SO NINTH SYMPOSIUM ON GLOBAL CHANGE STUDIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th Symposium on Global Change Studies/Namias Symposium on Status and Prospects for Climate Prediction at the 78th American-Meteorological-Society CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, Natl Climat Data Ctr, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. RP Owen, TW (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Climat Data Ctr, 151 Patton Ave, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. RI Gallo, Kevin P./F-5588-2010 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 95 EP 96 PG 2 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL80D UT WOS:000076779200027 ER PT B AU Gallo, KP Owen, TW AF Gallo, KP Owen, TW GP AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC TI Evaluation of methodologies for assessment of the urban heat-island effect SO NINTH SYMPOSIUM ON GLOBAL CHANGE STUDIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th Symposium on Global Change Studies/Namias Symposium on Status and Prospects for Climate Prediction at the 78th American-Meteorological-Society CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, Off Res & Applicat, Washington, DC USA. RP Gallo, KP (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Climat Data Ctr, 151 Patton Ave, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. RI Gallo, Kevin P./F-5588-2010 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 97 EP 98 PG 2 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL80D UT WOS:000076779200028 ER PT B AU Soreide, N Nakazawa, T AF Soreide, N Nakazawa, T GP AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC TI Global Observation Information Network (GOIN): Overview of US-Japan atmosphere-ocean projects SO NINTH SYMPOSIUM ON GLOBAL CHANGE STUDIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th Symposium on Global Change Studies/Namias Symposium on Status and Prospects for Climate Prediction at the 78th American-Meteorological-Society CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Soreide, N (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 105 EP 107 PG 3 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL80D UT WOS:000076779200032 ER PT B AU Easterling, DR Diaz, HF Eischeid, J Douglas, AV Kunkel, KE AF Easterling, DR Diaz, HF Eischeid, J Douglas, AV Kunkel, KE GP AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC TI Development and analysis of a daily dataset of temperature and precipitation for Mexico and the United States. SO NINTH SYMPOSIUM ON GLOBAL CHANGE STUDIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th Symposium on Global Change Studies/Namias Symposium on Status and Prospects for Climate Prediction at the 78th American-Meteorological-Society CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, NCDC, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. RP Easterling, DR (reprint author), NOAA, NCDC, 151 Patton Ave, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 108 EP 108 PG 1 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL80D UT WOS:000076779200033 ER PT B AU Gaffen, DJ Ross, RJ AF Gaffen, DJ Ross, RJ GP AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC TI Trends in the frequency of extreme heat stress events in the United States during 1961-1990 SO NINTH SYMPOSIUM ON GLOBAL CHANGE STUDIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th Symposium on Global Change Studies/Namias Symposium on Status and Prospects for Climate Prediction at the 78th American-Meteorological-Society CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, R E AR, Air Resources Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Gaffen, DJ (reprint author), NOAA, R E AR, Air Resources Lab, 1315 East West Hwy, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 143 EP 146 PG 4 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL80D UT WOS:000076779200044 ER PT B AU Karl, TR AF Karl, TR GP AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC TI Climate extremes: Trends and attribution SO NINTH SYMPOSIUM ON GLOBAL CHANGE STUDIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th Symposium on Global Change Studies/Namias Symposium on Status and Prospects for Climate Prediction at the 78th American-Meteorological-Society CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 Natl Climat Data Ctr, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. RP Karl, TR (reprint author), Natl Climat Data Ctr, 151 Patton Ave, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 156 EP 161 PG 2 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL80D UT WOS:000076779200047 ER PT B AU Landsea, CW Pielke, RA AF Landsea, CW Pielke, RA GP AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC TI Trends in US hurricane losses, 1925-1995 SO NINTH SYMPOSIUM ON GLOBAL CHANGE STUDIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th Symposium on Global Change Studies/Namias Symposium on Status and Prospects for Climate Prediction at the 78th American-Meteorological-Society CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Landsea, CW (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 210 EP 212 PG 3 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL80D UT WOS:000076779200060 ER PT B AU Knutson, T Manabe, S AF Knutson, T Manabe, S GP AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC TI Model assessment of decadal variability and trends in the tropical Pacific Ocean SO NINTH SYMPOSIUM ON GLOBAL CHANGE STUDIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th Symposium on Global Change Studies/Namias Symposium on Status and Prospects for Climate Prediction at the 78th American-Meteorological-Society CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. RP Knutson, T (reprint author), NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, POB 308, Princeton, NJ USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 216 EP 219 PG 2 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL80D UT WOS:000076779200063 ER PT B AU Broccoli, AJ Lau, NC Nath, MJ AF Broccoli, AJ Lau, NC Nath, MJ GP AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC TI The cold ocean-warm land pattern: Model simulation and relevance to climate change detection SO NINTH SYMPOSIUM ON GLOBAL CHANGE STUDIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th Symposium on Global Change Studies/Namias Symposium on Status and Prospects for Climate Prediction at the 78th American-Meteorological-Society CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Broccoli, AJ (reprint author), NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 247 EP 249 PG 3 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL80D UT WOS:000076779200072 ER PT B AU Basist, A Grody, NC Peterson, TC Williams, CN AF Basist, A Grody, NC Peterson, TC Williams, CN GP AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC TI Using the special sensor microwave imager to monitor land surface temperatures SO NINTH SYMPOSIUM ON GLOBAL CHANGE STUDIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th Symposium on Global Change Studies/Namias Symposium on Status and Prospects for Climate Prediction at the 78th American-Meteorological-Society CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, Natl Climat Data Ctr, Global Climate Lab, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. RP Basist, A (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Climat Data Ctr, Global Climate Lab, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, 151 Patton Ave,Rm 120, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 282 EP 283 PG 2 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL80D UT WOS:000076779200082 ER PT B AU Ropelewski, CF Yarosh, ES AF Ropelewski, CF Yarosh, ES GP AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC TI Interannual variability of the observed water budget in the central United States SO NINTH SYMPOSIUM ON GLOBAL CHANGE STUDIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th Symposium on Global Change Studies/Namias Symposium on Status and Prospects for Climate Prediction at the 78th American-Meteorological-Society CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, Climate Predict Ctr, Washington, DC USA. RP Ropelewski, CF (reprint author), CPC-NCEP W-NP52,Room 605 WWB,4700 Silver Hill Rd, Washington, DC 20233 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP 312 EP 315 PG 4 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL80D UT WOS:000076779200090 ER PT B AU Groisman, PY Karl, TR Easterling, DR Knight, RW Jamason, PF Hennessy, KJ Suppiah, R Page, CM Wibig, J Fortuniak, K Razuvaev, VN Douglas, A Forland, E Zhai, PM AF Groisman, PY Karl, TR Easterling, DR Knight, RW Jamason, PF Hennessy, KJ Suppiah, R Page, CM Wibig, J Fortuniak, K Razuvaev, VN Douglas, A Forland, E Zhai, PM GP AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC TI Heavy rainfall in a changing climate SO NINTH SYMPOSIUM ON GLOBAL CHANGE STUDIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th Symposium on Global Change Studies/Namias Symposium on Status and Prospects for Climate Prediction at the 78th American-Meteorological-Society CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NCDC, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. RP Groisman, PY (reprint author), NCDC, 151 Patton Ave, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. RI Hennessy, Kevin/S-4123-2016 OI Hennessy, Kevin/0000-0003-2811-3296 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP J5 EP J10 PG 6 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL80D UT WOS:000076779200101 ER PT B AU Julian, LT Vogel, JL AF Julian, LT Vogel, JL GP AMER METEOROL SOC AMER METEOROL SOC TI L-moment statistics in extreme precipitation frequency analysis SO NINTH SYMPOSIUM ON GLOBAL CHANGE STUDIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th Symposium on Global Change Studies/Namias Symposium on Status and Prospects for Climate Prediction at the 78th American-Meteorological-Society CY JAN 11-16, 1998 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, W,OH2, Hydrometeorol Design Studies Ctr, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Julian, LT (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, W,OH2, Hydrometeorol Design Studies Ctr, 1325 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1998 BP J16 EP J18 PG 3 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BL80D UT WOS:000076779200103 ER PT B AU Johnson, W AF Johnson, W BE Green, RE TI Ultrasonic damping and velocity during recovery and recrystallization of aluminum SO NONDESTRUCTIVE CHARACTERIZATION OF MATERIALS VIII LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Symposium on Nondestructive Characterization of Materials CY JUN 15-20, 1997 CL BOULDER, CO SP Amer Soc Nondestructive Testing, Fed Aviat Adm, Fed Highway Adm, NASA Langley Res Ctr, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Natl Sci Fdn, USAF, Wright Labs, USN, Naval Surface Warfare Ctr C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Johnson, W (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-45900-0 PY 1998 BP 145 EP 150 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA BL94P UT WOS:000077254000023 ER PT B AU Alers, GA Purtscher, P Breedis, JF Mandigo, FN AF Alers, GA Purtscher, P Breedis, JF Mandigo, FN BE Green, RE TI Monitoring of texture development in copper-alloy sheet SO NONDESTRUCTIVE CHARACTERIZATION OF MATERIALS VIII LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Symposium on Nondestructive Characterization of Materials CY JUN 15-20, 1997 CL BOULDER, CO SP Amer Soc Nondestructive Testing, Fed Aviat Adm, Fed Highway Adm, NASA Langley Res Ctr, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Natl Sci Fdn, USAF, Wright Labs, USN, Naval Surface Warfare Ctr AB Recent advances in the theory of ultrasonic-wave propagation in polycrystalline media have developed mathematical relationships between the velocity of Lamb waves propagating in the plane of rolled sheet metal and the lowest-order coefficients in the grain orientation distribution function. This paper describes the use of Lamb wave velocity measurements in thin sheets of three commercial copper-zinc alloys to determine three of these coefficients and documents how they change as the sheet is rolled and annealed. The results indicate that by measuring only three Lamb wave velocities at particular times during the processing of the sheet, it should be possible to monitor and control the development of a desired texture. By using electromagnetic transducers, the Lamb wave velocity measurements could be performed under on-line conditions. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Alers, GA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-45900-0 PY 1998 BP 189 EP 195 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA BL94P UT WOS:000077254000030 ER PT B AU Igarashi, B Alers, GA Purtscher, PT AF Igarashi, B Alers, GA Purtscher, PT BE Green, RE TI Magnetostrictive emat efficiency as a nondestructive evaluation tool SO NONDESTRUCTIVE CHARACTERIZATION OF MATERIALS VIII LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Symposium on Nondestructive Characterization of Materials CY JUN 15-20, 1997 CL BOULDER, CO SP Amer Soc Nondestructive Testing, Fed Aviat Adm, Fed Highway Adm, NASA Langley Res Ctr, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Natl Sci Fdn, USAF, Wright Labs, USN, Naval Surface Warfare Ctr C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Igarashi, B (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI 苏, 日亮/D-4386-2009 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-45900-0 PY 1998 BP 197 EP 203 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA BL94P UT WOS:000077254000031 ER PT B AU Davies, MA Fick, SE Evans, CJ Blessing, GV AF Davies, MA Fick, SE Evans, CJ Blessing, GV BE Green, RE TI Ultrasonic detection of unstable plastic flow in metal cutting SO NONDESTRUCTIVE CHARACTERIZATION OF MATERIALS VIII LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Symposium on Nondestructive Characterization of Materials CY JUN 15-20, 1997 CL BOULDER, CO SP Amer Soc Nondestructive Testing, Fed Aviat Adm, Fed Highway Adm, NASA Langley Res Ctr, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Natl Sci Fdn, USAF, Wright Labs, USN, Naval Surface Warfare Ctr C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Davies, MA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-45900-0 PY 1998 BP 205 EP 209 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA BL94P UT WOS:000077254000032 ER PT B AU Fitting, DW Dube, WP Siewert, TA AF Fitting, DW Dube, WP Siewert, TA BE Green, RE TI High energy X-ray diffraction technique for monitoring solidification of single crystal castings SO NONDESTRUCTIVE CHARACTERIZATION OF MATERIALS VIII LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Symposium on Nondestructive Characterization of Materials CY JUN 15-20, 1997 CL BOULDER, CO SP Amer Soc Nondestructive Testing, Fed Aviat Adm, Fed Highway Adm, NASA Langley Res Ctr, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Natl Sci Fdn, USAF, Wright Labs, USN, Naval Surface Warfare Ctr C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Fitting, DW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-45900-0 PY 1998 BP 217 EP 221 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA BL94P UT WOS:000077254000034 ER PT B AU Hollman, KW Purtscher, PT Fortunko, CM AF Hollman, KW Purtscher, PT Fortunko, CM BE Green, RE TI Characterizing martensitic steel with measurements of ultrasonic velocity SO NONDESTRUCTIVE CHARACTERIZATION OF MATERIALS VIII LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Symposium on Nondestructive Characterization of Materials CY JUN 15-20, 1997 CL BOULDER, CO SP Amer Soc Nondestructive Testing, Fed Aviat Adm, Fed Highway Adm, NASA Langley Res Ctr, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Natl Sci Fdn, USAF, Wright Labs, USN, Naval Surface Warfare Ctr C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Hollman, KW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-45900-0 PY 1998 BP 223 EP 227 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA BL94P UT WOS:000077254000035 ER PT B AU Clark, AV Fuchs, PA Lozev, MG Gallagher, D Hehman, CS AF Clark, AV Fuchs, PA Lozev, MG Gallagher, D Hehman, CS BE Green, RE TI Ultrasonic measurement of stress in bridges SO NONDESTRUCTIVE CHARACTERIZATION OF MATERIALS VIII LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Symposium on Nondestructive Characterization of Materials CY JUN 15-20, 1997 CL BOULDER, CO SP Amer Soc Nondestructive Testing, Fed Aviat Adm, Fed Highway Adm, NASA Langley Res Ctr, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Natl Sci Fdn, USAF, Wright Labs, USN, Naval Surface Warfare Ctr C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Clark, AV (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-45900-0 PY 1998 BP 481 EP 486 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA BL94P UT WOS:000077254000075 ER PT B AU Fortunko, CM Schramm, RE Jackson, JL AF Fortunko, CM Schramm, RE Jackson, JL BE Green, RE TI Gas-coupled ultrasonics for high-pressure pipeline inspection SO NONDESTRUCTIVE CHARACTERIZATION OF MATERIALS VIII LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Symposium on Nondestructive Characterization of Materials CY JUN 15-20, 1997 CL BOULDER, CO SP Amer Soc Nondestructive Testing, Fed Aviat Adm, Fed Highway Adm, NASA Langley Res Ctr, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Natl Sci Fdn, USAF, Wright Labs, USN, Naval Surface Warfare Ctr C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO USA. RP Fortunko, CM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-45900-0 PY 1998 BP 575 EP 580 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA BL94P UT WOS:000077254000090 ER PT B AU Prask, HJ AF Prask, HJ BE Green, RE TI Nondestructive characterization of materials at the NIST Research Reactor SO NONDESTRUCTIVE CHARACTERIZATION OF MATERIALS VIII LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Symposium on Nondestructive Characterization of Materials CY JUN 15-20, 1997 CL BOULDER, CO SP Amer Soc Nondestructive Testing, Fed Aviat Adm, Fed Highway Adm, NASA Langley Res Ctr, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Natl Sci Fdn, USAF, Wright Labs, USN, Naval Surface Warfare Ctr C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Prask, HJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-45900-0 PY 1998 BP 689 EP 694 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA BL94P UT WOS:000077254000108 ER PT B AU Xiang, D Hsu, NN Blessing, GV AF Xiang, D Hsu, NN Blessing, GV BE Green, RE TI Ultrasonic leaky wave measurements for materials evaluation SO NONDESTRUCTIVE CHARACTERIZATION OF MATERIALS VIII LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Symposium on Nondestructive Characterization of Materials CY JUN 15-20, 1997 CL BOULDER, CO SP Amer Soc Nondestructive Testing, Fed Aviat Adm, Fed Highway Adm, NASA Langley Res Ctr, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Natl Sci Fdn, USAF, Wright Labs, USN, Naval Surface Warfare Ctr C1 NIST, Automated Prod Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Xiang, D (reprint author), NIST, Automated Prod Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-45900-0 PY 1998 BP 775 EP 780 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA BL94P UT WOS:000077254000122 ER PT B AU Hsu, NN Xiang, D Blessing, GV AF Hsu, NN Xiang, D Blessing, GV BE Green, RE TI Time domain waveforms of a line-focus transducer probing anisotropic solids SO NONDESTRUCTIVE CHARACTERIZATION OF MATERIALS VIII LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Symposium on Nondestructive Characterization of Materials CY JUN 15-20, 1997 CL BOULDER, CO SP Amer Soc Nondestructive Testing, Fed Aviat Adm, Fed Highway Adm, NASA Langley Res Ctr, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Natl Sci Fdn, USAF, Wright Labs, USN, Naval Surface Warfare Ctr C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Engn Lab, Automated Prod Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hsu, NN (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Engn Lab, Automated Prod Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-45900-0 PY 1998 BP 799 EP 804 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA BL94P UT WOS:000077254000126 ER PT B AU Hurley, DC Purtscher, PT Hollman, KW Fortunko, CM AF Hurley, DC Purtscher, PT Hollman, KW Fortunko, CM BE Green, RE TI Nonlinear ultrasonic properties of as-quenched steels SO NONDESTRUCTIVE CHARACTERIZATION OF MATERIALS VIII LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Symposium on Nondestructive Characterization of Materials CY JUN 15-20, 1997 CL BOULDER, CO SP Amer Soc Nondestructive Testing, Fed Aviat Adm, Fed Highway Adm, NASA Langley Res Ctr, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Natl Sci Fdn, USAF, Wright Labs, USN, Naval Surface Warfare Ctr C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Hurley, DC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-45900-0 PY 1998 BP 825 EP 829 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA BL94P UT WOS:000077254000130 ER PT J AU Reeder, PL Peurrung, AJ Richey, WC Chen-Mayer, HH Sharov, VA Fokin, V Mildner, DFR AF Reeder, PL Peurrung, AJ Richey, WC Chen-Mayer, HH Sharov, VA Fokin, V Mildner, DFR TI Imaging neutron beams with scintillating fiber faceplates SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT LA English DT Article DE neutron imaging; scintillating fibers AB An imaging system for neutron beams based on scintillating fiber faceplates is described. The scintillating fibers are made from lithium silicate glass doped with Ce3+ using isotopically enriched Li-6. Several faceplates ranging;in thickness from 1.3 to 3.2 mm have been tested using a position-sensitive photomultiplier or a Charge Injection Device camera as the photodetector. Advantages of scintillating fiber faceplates include high neutron capture efficiency, good position resolution, and the possibility of low-cost, large-area detectors. C1 Pacific NW Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Reeder, PL (reprint author), Pacific NW Lab, POB 999, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NR 8 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-9002 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH A JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip. PD JAN 1 PY 1998 VL 402 IS 1 BP 155 EP 163 DI 10.1016/S0168-9002(97)01074-7 PG 9 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA YR237 UT WOS:000071474700016 ER PT J AU Parks, DC Stockli, MP Bell, EW Ratliff, LP Schmieder, RW Serpa, FG Gillaspy, JD AF Parks, DC Stockli, MP Bell, EW Ratliff, LP Schmieder, RW Serpa, FG Gillaspy, JD TI Non-kinetic damage on insulating materials by highly charged ion bombardment SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION B-BEAM INTERACTIONS WITH MATERIALS AND ATOMS LA English DT Article DE highly charged ion; surface damage; AFM; Coulomb explosion; EBIT; EBIS ID METAL-SURFACE; ELECTRON-EMISSION; SOLID-SURFACES; STATE IONS; SLOW; NEUTRALIZATION; ENERGY; IMPACT; MICA AB We have measured the damage caused by the impact of low velocity, highly charged ions on insulating surfaces. Atomic force microscopy allows us to observe directly the surface topography with nanometer resolution. Using constant velocity (100 keV) Xe7+ ions (25 less than or equal to less than or equal to 50) impinging on mica, we observe damage caused by single ion impacts. Impact sites typically are circular hillocks. Within the range and accuracy of the data, the height and volume of the damaged regions are well approximated by a linear function of ion potential energy. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Kansas State Univ, Dept Phys, JR Macdonald Lab, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Diamond Semicond Grp, Gloucester, MA 01930 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. RP Parks, DC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 24 TC 42 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-583X J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH B JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B-Beam Interact. Mater. Atoms PD JAN PY 1998 VL 134 IS 1 BP 46 EP 52 DI 10.1016/S0168-583X(98)80032-3 PG 7 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Nuclear SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA YR238 UT WOS:000071474800006 ER PT J AU Bower, BT Turner, RK AF Bower, BT Turner, RK TI Characterising and analysing benefits from integrated coastal management (ICM) SO OCEAN & COASTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article AB This paper outlines a methodology for the assessment of the net social benefits to be gained from the implementation of integrated coastal management (ICM). The methodological approach that is recommended is based on economic efficiency principles, and involves cost benefit/cost-effectiveness analytical methods combined with scenario analysis. The economic efficiency rule is modified where necessary to account for other objectives by imposing constraints on the net benefit criterion. The basic approach has to be modified to fit the particular conditions, e.g. multiple resource outputs and competing resource demands, usually found in coastal zones. The approach can be illustrated by describing how it would be applied in the analysis of a prototype coastal system. Such a system has characteristics and modelled performance relationships based on real world contexts and data. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ E Anglia, Ctr Social & Econ Res Global Environm, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. NOAA, Off Ocean Resources Conservat & Assessment, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. UCL, London WC1E 6BT, England. RP Turner, RK (reprint author), Univ E Anglia, Ctr Social & Econ Res Global Environm, Norwich NR4 7TJ, Norfolk, England. NR 26 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0964-5691 J9 OCEAN COAST MANAGE JI Ocean Coastal Manage. PY 1998 VL 38 IS 1 BP 41 EP 66 DI 10.1016/S0964-5691(98)00003-9 PG 26 WC Oceanography; Water Resources SC Oceanography; Water Resources GA 103VV UT WOS:000074979300003 ER PT B AU Johnson, M AF Johnson, M GP MTS MTS TI Climate network contributions to the global ocean observing system SO OCEAN COMMUNITY CONFERENCE'98: CELEBRATING 1998 INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF THE OCEAN, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Marine-Technology-Society Annual Conference CY NOV 16-19, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP Marine Technol Soc AB In 1998, the International Year of the Ocean, NOAA committed to helping build the global ocean observing system needed to improve climate forecasting. The now-famous ENSO1 Observing System, centered in the equatorial Pacific, was "operationalized." A new research array was initiated in the eastern Pacific to expand the ENSO Observing System by adding more temperature, salinity, and current observations and extending north and south of the equatorial belt. Using the same automated sensing technologies developed for observing ENSO, and in cooperation with international partners, pilot arrays were extended into the Atlantic in search of modes of Atlantic climate variability that compete with, or are enhanced by, the Pacific El Nino. In the year 2000, again in dose cooperation with international partners, NOAA plans additional network expansions, building on the ENSO system and the Atlantic pilot arrays, that will target the North Pacific, the extra-tropical Atlantic, and the eastern Indian Ocean to observe the modes of climate variability beyond ENSO. C1 NOAA, Off Global Programs, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Johnson, M (reprint author), NOAA, Off Global Programs, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-21-1 PY 1998 BP 1 EP 5 PG 5 WC Engineering, Marine; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BP21L UT WOS:000084418300001 ER PT B AU Woodward, WE AF Woodward, WE GP MTS MTS TI NOAA's GOOS Center at AOML SO OCEAN COMMUNITY CONFERENCE'98: CELEBRATING 1998 INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF THE OCEAN, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Marine-Technology-Society Annual Conference CY NOV 16-19, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP Marine Technol Soc AB NOAA has established a Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) Center at its Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. The initial objectives of the NOAA GOOS Center focus on (I) coordinating NOAA's global and regional observing system activities in an effort to maximize the quality and quantity of data available to users, (2) evaluating new ocean and marine meteorological observing methods for possible integration into existing observing system networks, and (3) interfacing these efforts with other national and international groups to assist in coordinating GOOS activities. This paper provides an overview of the new GOOS Center, details the objectives and operating approach, and outlines the scientific and operational products that are now or will soon be routinely available from the Center. C1 Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Off Ocean & Atmospher Res, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Woodward, WE (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Off Ocean & Atmospher Res, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-21-1 PY 1998 BP 6 EP 9 PG 4 WC Engineering, Marine; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BP21L UT WOS:000084418300002 ER PT B AU Zegowitz, V Cook, S AF Zegowitz, V Cook, S GP MTS MTS TI The World Meteorological Organization's (WMO) Voluntary Observing Ship (VOS) Program SO OCEAN COMMUNITY CONFERENCE'98: CELEBRATING 1998 INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF THE OCEAN, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Marine-Technology-Society Annual Conference CY NOV 16-19, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP Marine Technol Soc C1 NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Zegowitz, V (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-21-1 PY 1998 BP 10 EP 15 PG 6 WC Engineering, Marine; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BP21L UT WOS:000084418300003 ER PT B AU Elvander, R Crum, T Racer, IR AF Elvander, R Crum, T Racer, IR GP MTS MTS TI The WSR-88D and its application to marine problems SO OCEAN COMMUNITY CONFERENCE'98: CELEBRATING 1998 INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF THE OCEAN, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Marine-Technology-Society Annual Conference CY NOV 16-19, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP Marine Technol Soc ID SUPPORT C1 NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Elvander, R (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-21-1 PY 1998 BP 21 EP 26 PG 6 WC Engineering, Marine; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BP21L UT WOS:000084418300005 ER PT B AU Saffle, RE AF Saffle, RE GP MTS MTS TI Overview of the NEXRAD open system plans SO OCEAN COMMUNITY CONFERENCE'98: CELEBRATING 1998 INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF THE OCEAN, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Marine-Technology-Society Annual Conference CY NOV 16-19, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP Marine Technol Soc C1 Natl Weather Serv, Off Syst Dev, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Saffle, RE (reprint author), Natl Weather Serv, Off Syst Dev, 1325 E W Highway,SSMC2 Room 12152, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-21-1 PY 1998 BP 27 EP 30 PG 4 WC Engineering, Marine; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BP21L UT WOS:000084418300006 ER PT B AU McAdie, CJ AF McAdie, CJ GP MTS MTS TI Use of the WSR-88D (Weather Surveillance Radar, 1988 Doppler) at the NOAA/NWS/Tropical Prediction Center SO OCEAN COMMUNITY CONFERENCE'98: CELEBRATING 1998 INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF THE OCEAN, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Marine-Technology-Society Annual Conference CY NOV 16-19, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP Marine Technol Soc C1 NOAA, NWS, Trop Predict Ctr, Miami, FL 33165 USA. RP McAdie, CJ (reprint author), NOAA, NWS, Trop Predict Ctr, 11691 SW 17th St, Miami, FL 33165 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-21-1 PY 1998 BP 35 EP 39 PG 5 WC Engineering, Marine; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BP21L UT WOS:000084418300008 ER PT B AU LaPlante, RE AF LaPlante, RE GP MTS MTS TI Real-time monitoring of lake effect snow using the WSR-88D and multispectral GOES-8 satellite imagery SO OCEAN COMMUNITY CONFERENCE'98: CELEBRATING 1998 INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF THE OCEAN, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Marine-Technology-Society Annual Conference CY NOV 16-19, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP Marine Technol Soc AB Lake effect snowstorms generated over the Great Lakes bring localized heavy snow and whiteout conditions to downwind shores during the late fall and winter when the waters of the Great Lakes are relatively ice free. Mesoscale snowbands(10 to 200 km in size) account for most of the snowfall which can accumulate as much as 100 to 200 cm in a single event. An overview is presented on how lake effect snow (LES) is monitored in red-time by a National Weather Service Forecast Office using the Weather Surveillance Radar-1988, Doppler, (WSR-88D) and multispectral satellite imagery from GOES-g. Satellite and radar data are combined to take advantage of the strengths of each remote sensing system to produce short term predictions of LES bands. Access to frequent, high resolution satellite imagery has greatly increased forecasters' ability to detect LES bands and predict their evolution at distances beyond the effective range of the WSR-88D. Experimental techniques are under development with the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation to create a snowfall accumulation algorithm (SAA) for the WSR-88D. An assessment of the SAA performance for an intense LES episode from November 1996 over northeast Ohio was conducted. Snowfall estimates were compared to 28 snowfall observations using a linear least squares fit. A correlation coefficient of 0.92 was obtained. C1 NOAA, NEXRAD, Weather Serv Forecast Off, Cleveland, OH USA. RP LaPlante, RE (reprint author), NOAA, NEXRAD, Weather Serv Forecast Off, Cleveland, OH USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-21-1 PY 1998 BP 40 EP 44 PG 5 WC Engineering, Marine; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BP21L UT WOS:000084418300009 ER PT B AU Manning, JA Kusnetz, JA Crandall, CR Topoly, PJ AF Manning, JA Kusnetz, JA Crandall, CR Topoly, PJ GP MTS MTS TI Environmental products bt the NOAA Satellite Active Archive SO OCEAN COMMUNITY CONFERENCE'98: CELEBRATING 1998 INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF THE OCEAN, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Marine-Technology-Society Annual Conference CY NOV 16-19, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP Marine Technol Soc C1 NOAA, Satellite Act Arch, NESDIS, Suitland, MD 20746 USA. RP Manning, JA (reprint author), NOAA, Satellite Act Arch, NESDIS, Princeton Execut Square,5627 Allentown Rd,Suite 1, Suitland, MD 20746 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-21-1 PY 1998 BP 59 EP 63 PG 5 WC Engineering, Marine; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BP21L UT WOS:000084418300013 ER PT B AU Soreide, NN Baker, B Gird, R Lockwood, M LePointe, T Ray, A Kleindinst, E AF Soreide, NN Baker, B Gird, R Lockwood, M LePointe, T Ray, A Kleindinst, E GP MTS MTS TI NOAA strategic goals presented as theme pages on the World Wide Web SO OCEAN COMMUNITY CONFERENCE'98: CELEBRATING 1998 INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF THE OCEAN, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Marine-Technology-Society Annual Conference CY NOV 16-19, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP Marine Technol Soc C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Soreide, NN (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way Ne, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-21-1 PY 1998 BP 64 EP 67 PG 4 WC Engineering, Marine; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BP21L UT WOS:000084418300014 ER PT B AU Miller, L Vossepoel, F Cheney, R AF Miller, L Vossepoel, F Cheney, R GP MTS MTS TI On the role of operational satellite altimetry in El Nino forecasting SO OCEAN COMMUNITY CONFERENCE'98: CELEBRATING 1998 INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF THE OCEAN, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Marine-Technology-Society Annual Conference CY NOV 16-19, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP Marine Technol Soc C1 NOAA, NODC, Lab Satellite Altimetry, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Miller, L (reprint author), NOAA, NODC, Lab Satellite Altimetry, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RI Miller, Laury/B-8305-2011 OI Miller, Laury/0000-0003-3095-5804 NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-21-1 PY 1998 BP 151 EP 154 PG 4 WC Engineering, Marine; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BP21L UT WOS:000084418300030 ER PT B AU Thomas, GG Benway, R Cook, S Daneshzadeh, YH Krug, WS AF Thomas, GG Benway, R Cook, S Daneshzadeh, YH Krug, WS GP MTS MTS TI Surface salinity and temperature from ships of opportunity SO OCEAN COMMUNITY CONFERENCE'98: CELEBRATING 1998 INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF THE OCEAN, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Marine-Technology-Society Annual Conference CY NOV 16-19, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP Marine Technol Soc AB Thermosalinograph (TSG) data, collected aboard both NOAA research vessels and ships participating in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Volunteer Observing Ship (VOS) program, plays an important role in the study of meridional circulation in the world's oceans. Sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface salinity (SSS) are valuable measurements in our attempt to understand the interaction between the world's oceans and global climate. The ability to collect and calibrate these data sets to insure a high standard of data quality is necessary to validate their use in NOAA's Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) Center data base at the Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML) located in Miami, Florida. C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Thomas, GG (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-21-1 PY 1998 BP 160 EP 165 PG 6 WC Engineering, Marine; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BP21L UT WOS:000084418300032 ER PT B AU Soreide, NN McClurg, DC Zhu, WH Denbo, DW McPhaden, MJ AF Soreide, NN McClurg, DC Zhu, WH Denbo, DW McPhaden, MJ GP MTS MTS TI Web access to real-time data from the TAO buoy network in the tropical Pacific Ocean SO OCEAN COMMUNITY CONFERENCE'98: CELEBRATING 1998 INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF THE OCEAN, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Marine-Technology-Society Annual Conference CY NOV 16-19, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP Marine Technol Soc C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Soreide, NN (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way Ne, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RI McPhaden, Michael/D-9799-2016 NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-21-1 PY 1998 BP 171 EP 174 PG 4 WC Engineering, Marine; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BP21L UT WOS:000084418300034 ER PT B AU Tester, PA Braun, J Chester, AJ Cross, FA Epperly, SP Merriner, JV Stumpf, RP AF Tester, PA Braun, J Chester, AJ Cross, FA Epperly, SP Merriner, JV Stumpf, RP GP MTS MTS TI Application of remote sensing to real-time management of marine resources: Today and tomorrow SO OCEAN COMMUNITY CONFERENCE'98: CELEBRATING 1998 INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF THE OCEAN, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Marine-Technology-Society Annual Conference CY NOV 16-19, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP Marine Technol Soc ID THEMATIC MAPPER; BLOOMS; CHLOROPHYLL; PHYTOPLANKTON; ESTUARIES; TRANSPORT; IMAGERY; SURFACE C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Ctr, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Tester, PA (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Ctr, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. NR 33 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-21-1 PY 1998 BP 175 EP 179 PG 5 WC Engineering, Marine; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BP21L UT WOS:000084418300035 ER PT B AU Stone, P Bourgerie, R AF Stone, P Bourgerie, R GP MTS MTS TI Towed acoustic Doppler current profiler measurements at Golden Gate in San Francisco Bay SO OCEAN COMMUNITY CONFERENCE'98: CELEBRATING 1998 INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF THE OCEAN, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Marine-Technology-Society Annual Conference CY NOV 16-19, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP Marine Technol Soc AB The National Ocean Service (NOS) has installed five Physical Oceanographic Real-Time Systems (PORTS) in bays and harbors throughout the United States. As part of the San Francisco Bay PORTS program, an acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) was towed on the surface for a complete tidal cycle, along a transect in the Golden Gate area of San Francisco Bay. initial installation (in April 1997) of a bottom-mounted current meter (deployed east of the bridge at the south end of the entrance) had produced data that did not seem representative of the general current regime at the mouth of the Bay. Since a main objective of all NOS PORTS is to provide accurate and representative, real-time information to the maritime community, conducting towed ADCP measurements was essential prior to the relocation of this important station. In early February 1998, a 300-kHz RDI Workhorse ADCP, collected data along a 2 kilometer north-south transect, over a 12.5 hour tidal cycle. The main area of interest was approximately 1.5 kilometers to the east of the Golden Gate Bridge, in the eastbound (inbound) traffic lane. Water depths ranged from 17 to 60 meters across the transect. Results of these measurements will be used to help determine the best position for the relocation of the Golden Gate eastbound current meter station. Previous measurements of the currents at the Golden Gate have indicated a highly dynamic flow structure passing through the mouth of San Francisco Bay; our towed ADCP measurements confirmed this. The most significant feature observed was the existence of a transient countercurrent along the southern shore (Presidio Shoal) during the ebb current. This feature began forming about the time of the predicted maximum ebb current. During the most dynamic conditions, the surface currents on the north side of the transect (westbound traffic lane) were ebbing at more than 1.5 m/s, while the surface currents on the south side of the transect (eastbound traffic lane) were flooding at more than one m/s. The spatial extent of the countercurrent varied over time; the measured width ranged from approximately 100 meters to more than 400 meters, depending on the strength of the current. This complex condition lasted for more than three hours and was readily observable on the surface by an abundance of flotsam lined up along a strong convergence zone. This phenomenon dissipated quickly once the ebb current in the:center of the mouth slowed to about one m/s. C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Operat Oceanog Prod & Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Stone, P (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Operat Oceanog Prod & Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-21-1 PY 1998 BP 180 EP 184 PG 5 WC Engineering, Marine; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BP21L UT WOS:000084418300036 ER PT B AU Soreide, N Daddio, E AF Soreide, N Daddio, E GP MTS MTS TI NOAAServer: Unified access to distributed NOAA environmental data SO OCEAN COMMUNITY CONFERENCE'98: CELEBRATING 1998 INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF THE OCEAN, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Marine-Technology-Society Annual Conference CY NOV 16-19, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP Marine Technol Soc C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Soreide, N (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way Ne, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-21-1 PY 1998 BP 190 EP 192 PG 3 WC Engineering, Marine; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BP21L UT WOS:000084418300038 ER PT B AU Mignogno, M Deem, LA AF Mignogno, M Deem, LA GP MTS MTS TI Status of the NOAA polar program and plans for continuous polar satellite coverage into the new millennium SO OCEAN COMMUNITY CONFERENCE'98: CELEBRATING 1998 INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF THE OCEAN, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Marine-Technology-Society Annual Conference CY NOV 16-19, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP Marine Technol Soc C1 US Dept Commerce, NOAA, NESDIS, Suitland, MD 20746 USA. RP Mignogno, M (reprint author), US Dept Commerce, NOAA, NESDIS, Suitland, MD 20746 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-21-1 PY 1998 BP 198 EP 202 PG 5 WC Engineering, Marine; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BP21L UT WOS:000084418300040 ER PT B AU Taylor, PM Banks, BA AF Taylor, PM Banks, BA GP MTS MTS TI An overview of the NOAA/NESDIS data processing systems and derived products for NOAA-KLM SO OCEAN COMMUNITY CONFERENCE'98: CELEBRATING 1998 INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF THE OCEAN, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Marine-Technology-Society Annual Conference CY NOV 16-19, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP Marine Technol Soc C1 NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Off Syst Dev, Polar Program, Washington, DC 20233 USA. RP Taylor, PM (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Off Syst Dev, Polar Program, Washington, DC 20233 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-21-1 PY 1998 BP 203 EP 208 PG 6 WC Engineering, Marine; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BP21L UT WOS:000084418300041 ER PT B AU Bunin, SL Passin, TB Taylor, PM AF Bunin, SL Passin, TB Taylor, PM GP MTS MTS TI The polar product information tool SO OCEAN COMMUNITY CONFERENCE'98: CELEBRATING 1998 INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF THE OCEAN, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Marine-Technology-Society Annual Conference CY NOV 16-19, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP Marine Technol Soc C1 NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Washington, DC 20233 USA. RP Bunin, SL (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Washington, DC 20233 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-21-1 PY 1998 BP 209 EP 213 PG 5 WC Engineering, Marine; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BP21L UT WOS:000084418300042 ER PT B AU Parker, BB AF Parker, BB GP MTS MTS TI Nowcast/forecast model systems for bays and harbors: the need and the technical challenges SO OCEAN COMMUNITY CONFERENCE'98: CELEBRATING 1998 INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF THE OCEAN, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Marine-Technology-Society Annual Conference CY NOV 16-19, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP Marine Technol Soc AB Coastal marine user communities who need information about water levels or currents have always relied on the NOAA Tide and Tidal Current Tables, or other products derived from these official Tables. These user groups include the commercial maritime community (including pilots and ship captains), the Coast Guard and Navy, recreational boaters, fishermen, the HAZMAT community, coastal zone managers, and environmental managers. The astronomical predictions provided by these Tables at selected locations were the best mailable information but could not take in account the important effects of wind and river discharge. The first step toward providing more accurate information,vas the implementation of real-time oceanographic data systems. However, the data from such systems are usable only at the time of measurement and perhaps apr hour or two into the future if conditions do not change too quickly. These data are only available at a few locations because of the cost of installing and maintaining the instruments. Coastal marine users very often need such information hours or even days into the future, and at many locations. For currents especially, eddies and current shears require information of high spatial density. Improvements in telecommunications, the Internet, computing power, oceanographic models, weather forecast models, and oceanograhic sensors (in situ and remote) have now made possible operational bay and harbor nowcast/forecast model systems. The technical challenges that remain relate to scientific, numerical, and data problems that are being solved so that model predictions will be accurate enough all the rime to be used with confidence in making day-to-day operational decisions. C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Coast Survey Dev Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Parker, BB (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Coast Survey Dev Lab, N-CS1, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-21-1 PY 1998 BP 224 EP 229 PG 6 WC Engineering, Marine; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BP21L UT WOS:000084418300045 ER PT B AU Kelley, JGW Thiebaux, HJ Balasubramaniyan, B Behringer, DW Chalikov, D AF Kelley, JGW Thiebaux, HJ Balasubramaniyan, B Behringer, DW Chalikov, D GP MTS MTS TI Implementation of a nowcast/data assimilation cycle in the Coastal Ocean Forecast System SO OCEAN COMMUNITY CONFERENCE'98: CELEBRATING 1998 INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF THE OCEAN, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Marine-Technology-Society Annual Conference CY NOV 16-19, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP Marine Technol Soc ID MODEL C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Coast Survey Dev Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Kelley, JGW (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Coast Survey Dev Lab, N-CS13,1315 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-21-1 PY 1998 BP 230 EP 234 PG 5 WC Engineering, Marine; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BP21L UT WOS:000084418300046 ER PT B AU Breaker, LC Roa, DB AF Breaker, LC Roa, DB GP MTS MTS TI Experience gained during the implementation of NOAA's Coastal Ocean Forecast System SO OCEAN COMMUNITY CONFERENCE'98: CELEBRATING 1998 INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF THE OCEAN, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Marine-Technology-Society Annual Conference CY NOV 16-19, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP Marine Technol Soc ID MODEL AB A Coastal Ocean Forecast System (COFS) is being developed at NCEP, in collaboration with NOS and Princeton University, to forecast the physical state of U.S. coastal waters. It is based on a state-of-the-art ocean circulation model which is forced at the surface by heat, momentum, and moisture fluxes provided by a high-resolution atmospheric forecast model. The present version of COFS has been running off the U.S. East Coast since 8/93 and has been providing 24-hour forecasts of surface elevation, and temperature, salinity, and currents for the entire water column. During the past four years, we have gained considerable experience in the development and implementation of COFS. We have encountered problems as well as successes during this period. Model predictability has been examined and is relatively high near the coast. With respect to the problems, some have been solved and some remain to be solved. These problems include the specification of appropriate surface fluxes from the atmosphere, how to specify realistic forcing along the open boundaries of the model domain, and the specification of realistic freshwater fluxes along the coastal boundary in order to generate representative salinities where the salinity gradients are strongest. Another problem that appears to be generic to ocean circulation models which include the Gulf Stream, is how to generate the correct pattern of flow near Cape Hatteras where the Gulf Stream separates from the coast. Finally, a number of problems arise with respect to ocean data assimilation which have yet to be satisfactorily addressed, ranging from data availability and distribution, to the appropriate methodologies to be employed. Following a brief description of the COFS, model predictability together with other positive results are discussed. Then the problems indicated above are discussed along with the solutions that have been found, or, in some cases, are still being sought. C1 NOAA, NWS, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Camp Springs, MD 20748 USA. RP Breaker, LC (reprint author), NOAA, NWS, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20748 USA. NR 23 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-21-1 PY 1998 BP 235 EP 241 PG 7 WC Engineering, Marine; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BP21L UT WOS:000084418300047 ER PT B AU Klein, F Walstad, L Aikman, F Breaker, L AF Klein, F Walstad, L Aikman, F Breaker, L GP MTS MTS TI Coastal Marine Demonstration (CMD) of forecast information to mariners of the US East Coast SO OCEAN COMMUNITY CONFERENCE'98: CELEBRATING 1998 INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF THE OCEAN, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Marine-Technology-Society Annual Conference CY NOV 16-19, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP Marine Technol Soc ID MODEL C1 USN, NOAA, Off Naval Deputy, Washington, DC USA. RP Breaker, L (reprint author), USN, NOAA, Off Naval Deputy, Washington, DC USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-21-1 PY 1998 BP 410 EP 413 PG 4 WC Engineering, Marine; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BP21L UT WOS:000084418300080 ER PT B AU Gross, TF Fuell, K Kelley, JGW Hess, KW AF Gross, TF Fuell, K Kelley, JGW Hess, KW GP MTS MTS TI The use of LAPS wind fields to generate CAFE water level predictions for Chesapeake Bay SO OCEAN COMMUNITY CONFERENCE'98: CELEBRATING 1998 INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF THE OCEAN, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Marine-Technology-Society Annual Conference CY NOV 16-19, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP Marine Technol Soc AB The National Ocean Service's Chesapeake Area Forecasting Experiment (CAFE) is a project to develop an operational nowcasting and forecasting system to provide water levels throughout the Chesapeake Bay as an aid to navigation. Offshore ocean water level and local meteorological forcing can modulate the astronomical tides by 0.5 meter under normal weather conditions and by as much as 1.5 meter during severe storm events. The system is based on a numerical hydrodynamic model of currents and water level which is forced by water level offshore and surface winds throughout the bay. At present, CAFE nowcasts use wind fields based on observations from two overwater stations and the forecasts use Eta-32 atmospheric model wind predictions. Analysis of water level simulations revealed that the quality of the simulation is highly dependent on the quality of the wind field in both nowcast and forecast modes. To improve the spatial resolution of the wind fields, the bay forcasting system will be interfaced with the NOAA Forecast System Laboratory's Local Analysis and prediction System (LAPS) which generates three-dimensional, meso-beta scale analyses of meteorological fields from traditional in-situ and remote observing networks as well as from state and private mesoscale observing networks. The predictive component of LAPS will consist of a high resolution version of the Eta model or the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System The lateral boundary conditions for LAPS will be provided by the coarser version of the Eta-32 model run by the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP). In the future, when CAFE is expanded to predict temperature, salinity and currents in the bay, LAPS will provide the required surface flux information. C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Coast Survey Dev Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Gross, TF (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Coast Survey Dev Lab, 1315 EW Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-21-1 PY 1998 BP 414 EP 417 PG 4 WC Engineering, Marine; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BP21L UT WOS:000084418300081 ER PT B AU Wei, E Chen, M Zhang, AJ AF Wei, E Chen, M Zhang, AJ GP MTS MTS TI Development of a New York/New Jersey Harbor water level and current nowcast system SO OCEAN COMMUNITY CONFERENCE'98: CELEBRATING 1998 INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF THE OCEAN, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Marine-Technology-Society Annual Conference CY NOV 16-19, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP Marine Technol Soc C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Coast Survey Dev Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Wei, E (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Coast Survey Dev Lab, N-CS13,1315 EW Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-21-1 PY 1998 BP 422 EP 425 PG 4 WC Engineering, Marine; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BP21L UT WOS:000084418300083 ER PT B AU Schmalz, RA AF Schmalz, RA GP MTS MTS TI Initial evaluation of a nowcast/forecast system for Galveston Bay during September 1997 SO OCEAN COMMUNITY CONFERENCE'98: CELEBRATING 1998 INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF THE OCEAN, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Marine-Technology-Society Annual Conference CY NOV 16-19, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP Marine Technol Soc C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Coast Survey Dev Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Schmalz, RA (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Coast Survey Dev Lab, N-CS13,1315 EW Highway,Rm 7824, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-21-1 PY 1998 BP 426 EP 430 PG 5 WC Engineering, Marine; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BP21L UT WOS:000084418300084 ER PT B AU Foster, N Olsen, C Cross, F AF Foster, N Olsen, C Cross, F GP MTS MTS TI Integrated science and management for habitat restoration SO OCEAN COMMUNITY CONFERENCE'98: CELEBRATING 1998 INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF THE OCEAN, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Marine-Technology-Society Annual Conference CY NOV 16-19, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP Marine Technol Soc AB The degradation or loss of wetlands, estuarine, and coastal habitat is known to be affecting fishery resources, coastal ecosystem structure and function, local economies, and public health. To understand, protect, conserve, enhance, and restore the functionality of aquatic habitats, the National Ocean Service (NOS) of the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is integrating programs in coastal stewardship and habitat restoration and is developing new collaborative scientific and management efforts with key customers in Federal, State and local governments, the academic community, the private sector, and the public. Implementing these programs and efforts will require integrative scientific approaches, new technologies, and adaptive management strategies. C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. RP Foster, N (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-21-1 PY 1998 BP 431 EP 435 PG 5 WC Engineering, Marine; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BP21L UT WOS:000084418300085 ER PT B AU Monaco, ME Christensen, JD Gill, TA Orlando, SP Brown, SK AF Monaco, ME Christensen, JD Gill, TA Orlando, SP Brown, SK GP MTS MTS TI Towards a national habitat-assessment capability: Integration of GIS, habitats, and living marine resource distributions SO OCEAN COMMUNITY CONFERENCE'98: CELEBRATING 1998 INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF THE OCEAN, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Marine-Technology-Society Annual Conference CY NOV 16-19, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP Marine Technol Soc C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Monaco, ME (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-21-1 PY 1998 BP 436 EP 439 PG 4 WC Engineering, Marine; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BP21L UT WOS:000084418300086 ER PT B AU Sun, LC Knoll, D Simmons, M AF Sun, LC Knoll, D Simmons, M GP MTS MTS TI Management and visualization of oceanographic profile data at the National Oceanographic Data Center SO OCEAN COMMUNITY CONFERENCE'98: CELEBRATING 1998 INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF THE OCEAN, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Marine-Technology-Society Annual Conference CY NOV 16-19, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP Marine Technol Soc AB The U.S. National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC) has developed a database management and dissemination system to process, store, and disseminate global oceanographic profile data over the Internet. The NODC Oceanographic Profile Database can be accessed using the Oceanographic Profiles on the Internet (OPI) system. The OPI system is being developed to allow visual browsing of the ocean profile data available on-line at the NODC. Users may select oceanographic data based on geographic area time period and parameter. Once the selection is complete, users may produce a station location plot retrieve the data or produce parameter plots for individual data. Future development includes implementing a true Client/server model across the Web utilizing Common Object Request Broker Architecture and Java The new development will make the system more dynamic and allow users to access and visualize data extracted from multiple servers on the Web. C1 NOAA, Natl Oceanog Data Ctr, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Sun, LC (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Oceanog Data Ctr, 1315 EW Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-21-1 PY 1998 BP 522 EP 526 PG 5 WC Engineering, Marine; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BP21L UT WOS:000084418300104 ER PT B AU Frey, HR AF Frey, HR GP MTS MTS TI The National Oceanographic Data Center's response to coastal ocean data requirements SO OCEAN COMMUNITY CONFERENCE'98: CELEBRATING 1998 INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF THE OCEAN, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Marine-Technology-Society Annual Conference CY NOV 16-19, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP Marine Technol Soc C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Data Ctr, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Washington, DC 20233 USA. RP Frey, HR (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Data Ctr, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Washington, DC 20233 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-21-1 PY 1998 BP 532 EP 536 PG 5 WC Engineering, Marine; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BP21L UT WOS:000084418300106 ER PT B AU Aikman, F O'Connor, WP AF Aikman, F O'Connor, WP GP MTS MTS TI Model-based regional boundary conditions for Florida Bay SO OCEAN COMMUNITY CONFERENCE'98: CELEBRATING 1998 INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF THE OCEAN, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Marine-Technology-Society Annual Conference CY NOV 16-19, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP Marine Technol Soc ID OCEAN C1 NOAA, NOS Coast Survey Dev Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Aikman, F (reprint author), NOAA, NOS Coast Survey Dev Lab, NCS13,1315 East West highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-21-1 PY 1998 BP 544 EP 549 PG 6 WC Engineering, Marine; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BP21L UT WOS:000084418300108 ER PT B AU Fonseca, MS Kenworthy, WJ Paling, E AF Fonseca, MS Kenworthy, WJ Paling, E GP MTS MTS TI Restoring seagrass ecosystems in high disturbance environments SO OCEAN COMMUNITY CONFERENCE'98: CELEBRATING 1998 INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF THE OCEAN, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Marine-Technology-Society Annual Conference CY NOV 16-19, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP Marine Technol Soc ID ZOSTERA; URCHIN AB The management practice of restoring damaged seagrass beds is often degraded by poor planning, site selection and inexperience, even though the technology of planting and monitoring is generally well developed. However, two ecological factors that frequently limit restoration success an biological disturbance of the plantings (bioturbation) and hydrodynamic disturbance. Bioturbation not only plays a crucial role in the maintenance of seagrass landscape patterns, but has been an obstacle in the successful restoration of seagrasses worldwide. Moreover, consistent and successful restoration of seagrass ecosystems in high tidal current and wave-swept areas (high energy) remains elusive. Here we present findings that show the use of exclusion devices significantly reduces biological disturbance of plantings. Similarly, planting arrangement can also be utilized to as a deterrent to bioturbation by initially creating comparatively large (similar to 0.04 m(2)) individual plantings. Designing the planting arrangement also offers opportunities to reduce disturbance from waves and tidal currents. In some areas, however, seagrass beds are exposed to the open ocean and physical disturbance from storms may be extreme. Despite very high disturbance, natural seagrass beds often occur over very large areas of the seafloor but most hand-planting methods have been inadequate to reliably (and economically) restore seagrass beds under these open ocean conditions. To respond to this challenge, we present preliminary data from recent research in Western Australia where large, diver-operated benthic machines have been developed in order to harvest very large sods of seagrass (similar to 0.15 m (3)) that are expected to prove erosion resistant. Reducing the susceptibility of planted seagrass to biological and physical disturbance should provide a substantial increase in the effectiveness of seagrass restoration as a management strategy. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Beaufort Lab, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Fonseca, MS (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Beaufort Lab, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 11 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-21-1 PY 1998 BP 556 EP 561 PG 6 WC Engineering, Marine; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BP21L UT WOS:000084418300110 ER PT B AU Bruckner, AW AF Bruckner, AW GP MTS MTS TI The status of coral reef restoration: Ecological costs and environmental benefits SO OCEAN COMMUNITY CONFERENCE'98: CELEBRATING 1998 INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF THE OCEAN, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Marine-Technology-Society Annual Conference CY NOV 16-19, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP Marine Technol Soc ID TRANSPLANTATION AB Coral reefs around the world are experiencing an unprecedented decline of live coral from a combination of natural and anthropogenic stresses. With a heightened awareness of the economic, ecological and aesthetic importance of reefs highlighted by the International Year of the Reef campaign, progress is being made toward the development of sustainable coral reef ecosystems. The emphasis has been in research and monitoring to detect changes and identify factors contributing to the decline, increased public education and awareness, and the establishment of marine protected areas. Attempts to reverse the present trend of reef decline have focused almost exclusively on reducing the damage from boat anchors through the establishment of mooring buoys, and the restoration of reefs following ship groundings. Remedial action for ship groundings seeks to accelerate natural recovery of damaged areas, through righting and reattachment of broken corals, removal of reef rubble and stabilization of unconsolidated reef material, and reinforcement of the reef structure. Coral losses associated with hurricanes, disease outbreaks and chronic pollution and sedimentation are of greater significance and pose greater challenges for restoration. These impacts may encompass entire reef tracts, affecting large numbers of corals, including the largest corals, which may be several hundred years old and which provide a major source of new coral recruits. Degraded coral reefs exhibit natural recovery only once the source of insult is eliminated, however this process may require several decades. Natural recovery can be enhanced by eliminating disease from affected corals, by transplanting living coral fragments into degraded areas, and by offering artificial substrates as a framework for natural colonization. Transplantation of adult corals from distant reefs is labor and cost intensive, and may cause significant damage to the source reef; in addition, there is the potential to introduce new diseases to the rehabilitated area. Viable alternatives include the use of juvenile and cultured corals. Juvenile corals are especially promising, as they require no specialized rearing equipment, they can be removed in large numbers at a lower cost and with little impact to the source reef, and they retain a high genetic variability. Researchers are experimenting with potential artificial substrates which can be used to attach juvenile corals to stimulate natural colonization Coral larvae recognize specific chemical signals that induce settlement from the plankton and metamorphosis to the adult form. Flypaper containing these signal molecules has been developed and tested as a potential means of reseeding degraded reefs. Another alternative involves attaching juvenile corals to a limestone material precipitated in situ through electrolysis, utilizing the chemical signals released by the juveniles to promote additional colonization. Continuing research, building on a growing knowledge of coral biology and hypothesis-driven field experiments, holds the promise of developing practical applications in coral reef ecosystem management and rehabilitation that will help ensure the sustainability of these priceless resources. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Off Protected Resources, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Bruckner, AW (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Off Protected Resources, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 4 U2 21 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-21-1 PY 1998 BP 562 EP 566 PG 5 WC Engineering, Marine; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BP21L UT WOS:000084418300111 ER PT B AU Teng, CC Patton, RD AF Teng, CC Patton, RD GP MTS MTS TI Field experiments for buoy/mooring dynamics - Experiment setup and preliminary results SO OCEAN COMMUNITY CONFERENCE'98: CELEBRATING 1998 INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF THE OCEAN, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Marine-Technology-Society Annual Conference CY NOV 16-19, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP Marine Technol Soc AB Field experiments for studying buoy and mooring dynamics were conducted using a U.S. National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) 3-m discus buoy. The buoy was equipped with various instruments for measuring buoy motion, mooring tension, and environmental conditions (wind, wave, and ocean current). In addition to the standard processed data that are transmitted back in real time through the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES), time-series data with a sampling rate of 1.707 Hz that can be used to conduct detailed study on buoy motion and mooring tension were collected. In this paper, the buoy configuration (including the buoy and sensors) and experiment setups are described. Some preliminary results from the experiments are presented and discussed. C1 Natl Data Buoy Ctr, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. RP Teng, CC (reprint author), Natl Data Buoy Ctr, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-21-1 PY 1998 BP 592 EP 596 PG 5 WC Engineering, Marine; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BP21L UT WOS:000084418300118 ER PT B AU Kohler, CA Teng, CC AF Kohler, CA Teng, CC GP MTS MTS TI The meteorological and oceanographical articulating platform SO OCEAN COMMUNITY CONFERENCE'98: CELEBRATING 1998 INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF THE OCEAN, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Marine-Technology-Society Annual Conference CY NOV 16-19, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP Marine Technol Soc AB The National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) is developing an articulating platform to collect meteorological and oceanographic data in the coastal environment. The international aids-to-navigation community and offshore industry have used this technology, commonly referred to as buoyant beacons, for the past 20 years. Their high degree of visibility and stability, ease of maintenance, and favorable economics have increased their popularity worldwide. This paper describes how the buoyant beacon was designed to optimize its usefulness as a meteorological and oceanographic data collection platform and the instrumentation that will be used to analyze the environmental forces and response of the platform. C1 Natl Data Buoy Ctr, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. RP Kohler, CA (reprint author), Natl Data Buoy Ctr, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-21-1 PY 1998 BP 597 EP 600 PG 4 WC Engineering, Marine; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BP21L UT WOS:000084418300119 ER PT B AU Hourigan, TF Milazzo, M Kiraly, SJ Osborn, KW AF Hourigan, TF Milazzo, M Kiraly, SJ Osborn, KW GP MTS MTS TI Ensuring the sustainability of ocean living resources SO OCEAN COMMUNITY CONFERENCE'98: CELEBRATING 1998 INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF THE OCEAN, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Marine-Technology-Society Annual Conference CY NOV 16-19, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP Marine Technol Soc AB The ocean's living resources provide immense benefits to the United States and to all of human society. Knowledge about these resources, the ecosystems of which they are a part, and the ecological processes they mediate, is still rudimentary. However, trends in the best studied species and ecosystems commercially exploited fishes, protected marine mammals and turtles, and certain coastal ecosystems indicate that these resources and their benefits are threatened by human activities. The U.S. government is already taking steps to address the threats, and actions are paying dividends in healthier resources. The key to further progress will depend on: strengthening scientific research; applying a precautionary approach to resource use; strengthening partnerships with all stakeholders, and managing marine resources on an ecosystem basis. This presentation is based on a "Year of the Ocean" (NOAA 1998a) designed to encourage discussion. It does not necessarily reflect the policies of the U.S. Government. C1 NOAA, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Hourigan, TF (reprint author), NOAA, 1315 East West Hwy, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-21-1 PY 1998 BP 651 EP 655 PG 5 WC Engineering, Marine; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BP21L UT WOS:000084418300130 ER PT B AU Milazzo, MJ AF Milazzo, MJ GP MTS MTS TI Subsidies and the sustainable use of living ocean resources SO OCEAN COMMUNITY CONFERENCE'98: CELEBRATING 1998 INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF THE OCEAN, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Marine-Technology-Society Annual Conference CY NOV 16-19, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP Marine Technol Soc C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Off Sustainable Fisheries, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Milazzo, MJ (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Off Sustainable Fisheries, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-21-1 PY 1998 BP 728 EP 733 PG 6 WC Engineering, Marine; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BP21L UT WOS:000084418300144 ER PT B AU Huff, LC Gallagher, BJ Snead, EC AF Huff, LC Gallagher, BJ Snead, EC GP MTS MTS TI On-the-fly GPS for determination of vertical ship motions SO OCEAN COMMUNITY CONFERENCE'98: CELEBRATING 1998 INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF THE OCEAN, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Marine-Technology-Society Annual Conference CY NOV 16-19, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP Marine Technol Soc AB The Office of Coast Survey used Global Positioning System data and on-the-fly processing algorithms (OTF-GPS) to determine vessel long period motions and structural flexing during transit and operations. Measurements were made on four MAERSK Type-M PANAMAX container ships, one OOCL container ship, and one SeaRiver tanker ship. The container ships used six multiple roving GPS antennas that were independently positioned using OTF-GPS throughout their transit. This paper presents a portion of the OTF-GPS results obtained in measuring vertical motions of these large ships operating in and around San Francisco Bay, through the Golden Gate ship channel between San Francisco and the Port of Oakland, California. Vertical motions, which cannot be adequately determined by shipboard sensors, are of interest to the operators of vessels, naval architects, and other segments of the maritime industry. This new technique provides an accurate, practical and convenient means of acquiring such dynamic information. C1 NOAA, Off Coast Survey, Natl Ocean Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Huff, LC (reprint author), NOAA, Off Coast Survey, Natl Ocean Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-21-1 PY 1998 BP 785 EP 791 PG 7 WC Engineering, Marine; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BP21L UT WOS:000084418300154 ER PT B AU Moore, B Kalvaitis, A Zeidner, J AF Moore, B Kalvaitis, A Zeidner, J GP MTS MTS TI The legendary ocean - The unexplored frontier SO OCEAN COMMUNITY CONFERENCE'98: CELEBRATING 1998 INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF THE OCEAN, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Marine-Technology-Society Annual Conference CY NOV 16-19, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP Marine Technol Soc AB The ocean remains as one of Earth's last unexplored frontiers. It has stirred our imaginations over the millennia and has led to the discovery of new lands, immense deposits and reservoirs of resources, and startling scientific findings. The presence of the human eye and the human ability to sample and to conduct experiments from the coastal regions to the deep ocean abyss has provided answers to questions on such critical issues as global change, waste disposal, mineral deposits, and the creation of life itself. In spite of the development of new technologies, comparatively little of the ocean has been studied. The leadership role of the United States has been eroded by a gradual decrease in funding despite public opinion polls indicating that ocean exploration is more important than space studies. As exciting and enlightening as ocean discoveries have been, they will Likely pale in comparison to future discoveries. C1 NOAA, Natl Undersea Res Program, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Moore, B (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Undersea Res Program, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-21-1 PY 1998 BP 817 EP 821 PG 5 WC Engineering, Marine; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BP21L UT WOS:000084418300160 ER PT B AU Reynolds, RW Mieremet, B Morrison, S Piotrowicz, S Prager, E Ries, K Titus, J Williams, SJ AF Reynolds, RW Mieremet, B Morrison, S Piotrowicz, S Prager, E Ries, K Titus, J Williams, SJ GP MTS MTS TI Impacts of global climate change - With emphasis on US coastal areas SO OCEAN COMMUNITY CONFERENCE'98: CELEBRATING 1998 INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF THE OCEAN, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Marine-Technology-Society Annual Conference CY NOV 16-19, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP Marine Technol Soc C1 NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Reynolds, RW (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-21-1 PY 1998 BP 822 EP 825 PG 4 WC Engineering, Marine; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BP21L UT WOS:000084418300161 ER PT B AU Miller, SL AF Miller, SL GP MTS MTS TI The Aquarius 2000 program: Science, education, and public outreach SO OCEAN COMMUNITY CONFERENCE'98: CELEBRATING 1998 INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF THE OCEAN, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Marine-Technology-Society Annual Conference CY NOV 16-19, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP Marine Technol Soc C1 Univ N Carolina Wilmington, NOAA, Natl Undersea Res Ctr, Key Largo, FL 33037 USA. RP Miller, SL (reprint author), Univ N Carolina Wilmington, NOAA, Natl Undersea Res Ctr, 515 Caribbean Dive, Key Largo, FL 33037 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-21-1 PY 1998 BP 949 EP 953 PG 5 WC Engineering, Marine; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BP21L UT WOS:000084418300185 ER PT B AU Cooper, C Buckley, J Styron, J AF Cooper, C Buckley, J Styron, J GP MTS MTS TI Enhancements in operations and technology to NOAA's underwater laboratory operating in the Florida Keys: The Aquarius 2000 program SO OCEAN COMMUNITY CONFERENCE'98: CELEBRATING 1998 INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF THE OCEAN, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Marine-Technology-Society Annual Conference CY NOV 16-19, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP Marine Technol Soc C1 Univ N Carolina Wilmington, NOAA, Natl Undersea Res Ctr, Key Largo, FL 33037 USA. RP Cooper, C (reprint author), Univ N Carolina Wilmington, NOAA, Natl Undersea Res Ctr, 515 Caribbean Dive, Key Largo, FL 33037 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-21-1 PY 1998 BP 954 EP 956 PG 3 WC Engineering, Marine; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BP21L UT WOS:000084418300186 ER PT B AU Osborn, T AF Osborn, T GP MTS MTS TI NOAA and the Coastal Wetlands Planning, Protection, and Restoration Act in Louisiana SO OCEAN COMMUNITY CONFERENCE'98: CELEBRATING 1998 INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF THE OCEAN, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Marine-Technology-Society Annual Conference CY NOV 16-19, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP Marine Technol Soc AB Wetlands are fragile and finite, a nonrenewable natural resource. The many functions and values that they provide are more easily identified and appreciated today. This provides strong support for the protection and restoration of wetlands. The Coastal Wetlands Planning, Protection and Restoration Act (CWPPRA) has provided significant funding into the large scale effort to restore and protect the nation's wetlands. In Louisiana, this program has provided the means to significantly address the loss of coastal wetlands and provide a platform for future efforts. One project sponsored by the National Marine Fisheries Service, is described as an example of the projects being implemented within the CWPPRA program. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Restorat Ctr, Off Habitat Conservat, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Osborn, T (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Restorat Ctr, Off Habitat Conservat, 1315 E-W Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-21-1 PY 1998 BP 973 EP 976 PG 4 WC Engineering, Marine; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BP21L UT WOS:000084418300189 ER PT B AU Zobrist, EC AF Zobrist, EC GP MTS MTS TI Coral reef restoration and protection from vessel groundings SO OCEAN COMMUNITY CONFERENCE'98: CELEBRATING 1998 INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF THE OCEAN, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Marine-Technology-Society Annual Conference CY NOV 16-19, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP Marine Technol Soc C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Habitat Restorat Div, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Zobrist, EC (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Habitat Restorat Div, 1315 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-21-1 PY 1998 BP 977 EP 977 PG 1 WC Engineering, Marine; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BP21L UT WOS:000084418300190 ER PT B AU Broadwater, JD AF Broadwater, JD GP MTS MTS TI Current diving research at the Monitor National Marine Sanctuary: Utilizing technology to save a historic warship SO OCEAN COMMUNITY CONFERENCE'98: CELEBRATING 1998 INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF THE OCEAN, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Marine-Technology-Society Annual Conference CY NOV 16-19, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP Marine Technol Soc AB On March 9, 1862 the ironclad warships USS Monitor and CSS Virginia (ex-USS Merrimack) fought to a draw at Hampton Roads, Virginia, in one of the most recognized sea battles in history. Now, 137 years later. the Monitor is fighting a losing battle against both natural and human threats. The Monitor's hull, lying in 240 ft. (73 m) of water off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, is deteriorating at an alarming rate. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is responsible for the Monitor which, in 1975, was designated America's first National Marine Sanctuary. In recent years, NOAA's research identified the Monitor's rapid deterioration As a result, NOAA initiated an aggressive management program for preserving the Monitor, applying comprehensive planning strategy and ocean technology to the problem. In 1998 NOAA published a comprehensive, long-range preservation plan for the Monitor. In addition, with assistance from the U.S. Navy and others, NOAA conducted a very successful expedition to the Sanctuary for the purpose of initiating the new preservation plan. C1 NOAA, Monitor Natl Marine Sanctuary, Mariners Museum, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. RP Broadwater, JD (reprint author), NOAA, Monitor Natl Marine Sanctuary, Mariners Museum, 100 Museum Dr, Newport News, VA 23606 USA. NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-21-1 PY 1998 BP 996 EP 1000 PG 5 WC Engineering, Marine; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BP21L UT WOS:000084418300195 ER PT B AU Reilly, P Gill, S Barazotto, R AF Reilly, P Gill, S Barazotto, R GP MTS MTS TI The NOAA/National Ocean Service Continuous Operational Real-Time Monitoring System SO OCEAN COMMUNITY CONFERENCE'98: CELEBRATING 1998 INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF THE OCEAN, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Marine-Technology-Society Annual Conference CY NOV 16-19, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP Marine Technol Soc AB The NOAA/NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services (CO-OPS) has designed and implemented a prototype Continuous Real-Time Monitoring System(CORMS) starting in April 1998. CORMS is a 24 hour/day, 7 day/week monitoring and quality control system used by COOPS to ensure the accuracy and reliability of tide and current observations that are used for navigation and for safety of life and property decisions. Major beneficiaries of this program are operational PORTS users, NWS marine forecast and storm surge forecast programs, and NOS hydrographic survey field teams and ships. CORMS has been designed to identify invalid and erroneous data and information from COOPS measurement systems prior to application of the data by real-time and near real-time users. CORMS is a quality assurance and decision support system that combines the use of real-time communications, data analysis, GUI system monitoring, and system watch dog and notification capability. The CORMS work station is operated by a team of oceanographers and oceanographic technicians working shifts in a NWS operational office environment located in Silver Spring, MD. C1 NOAA, Ctr Operat Oceanog Prod & Serv, Natl Ocean Serv, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. RP Reilly, P (reprint author), NOAA, Ctr Operat Oceanog Prod & Serv, Natl Ocean Serv, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-21-1 PY 1998 BP 1032 EP 1035 PG 4 WC Engineering, Marine; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BP21L UT WOS:000084418300201 ER PT B AU Mero, TN AF Mero, TN GP MTS MTS TI NOAA/National Ocean Service Application of Real-Time Water Levels SO OCEAN COMMUNITY CONFERENCE'98: CELEBRATING 1998 INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF THE OCEAN, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Marine-Technology-Society Annual Conference CY NOV 16-19, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP Marine Technol Soc AB The NOAA/NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services (CO-OPS) is responsible for managing nationwide programs for tide, water level, and current data. Data from these systems are applied to a wide variety of applications, including safe navigation products, coastal forecast products, surveying and mapping, coastal engineering, marine boundaries, and seasonal and climatological sea levels. These data are increasingly being required by users in real-time. CO-OPS has responded to these real-time requirements by developing new sensor configurations, local data acquisition systems, data dissemination systems, and data quality control programs. All of the applications require red-time water level data referenced to a known datum, such as Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW). The safe navigation applications include NOAA's Physical Oceanographic Real-Time System (PORTS) currently operated in five U.S. Ports for the maritime community and the dissemination of water levels to NOS hydrographic survey field parties. Coastal forecast applications include dissemination of data to the National Weather Service (NWS) Tsunami Warning System, to NWS Automation of Field Operations and Services (AFOS), and to developing coastal forecast models. Coastal engineering applications include real-time dissemination to dredging project vessels. Water level stations, sensors and communications have been designed with redundancy and backup wherever possible to ensure continuous data flow to the user. CO-OPS has also implemented a 24-hour a day 7 days a week. Continuous Operational Real-Time Monitoring System (CORMS) to monitor data quality and system operation so that sensors can be turned off and repaired as soon as possible. C1 NOAA, Ctr Operat Oceanog Prod & Serv, Natl Ocean Serv, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. RP Mero, TN (reprint author), NOAA, Ctr Operat Oceanog Prod & Serv, Natl Ocean Serv, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-21-1 PY 1998 BP 1036 EP 1039 PG 4 WC Engineering, Marine; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BP21L UT WOS:000084418300202 ER PT B AU Gill, SK Hubbard, JR Scherer, WD AF Gill, SK Hubbard, JR Scherer, WD GP MTS MTS TI Updating the National Tidal Datum Epoch for the United States SO OCEAN COMMUNITY CONFERENCE'98: CELEBRATING 1998 INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF THE OCEAN, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Marine-Technology-Society Annual Conference CY NOV 16-19, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP Marine Technol Soc AB The current National Tidal Datum Epoch (NTDE) period used by NOAA to compute and establish accepted tidal datums at tide stations is 1960-78. NTDE periods are updated after analyses of mean sea level trends show significant changes in mean sea level across the stations in the National Water Level Observation Network of (NWLON). An average change in mean sea level datum of 3.0 cm across the NWLON is considered significant in terms of NTDE updates. The last NTDE update occurred when the NTDE was changed from 1941-59 to 1960-78. Recent preliminary analyses show that an updated NTDE period is required to supersede the present 1960-78 Epoch. NOAA will be performing these calculations and updating to a new NTDE over the next few yeats. The Epoch updates are made to ensure that tidal datums are the most accurate and practical for application by the navigation, surveying, and engineering communities and for legal boundary determination. Analyses of relative sea level trends observed around the U.S. show an average trend of +1.64 mm/year based on trends from 65 stations over the period 1950 through 1993. There are three main geographic areas that are strongly anomalous from this average. They are Galveston Bay, Texas; southeast Louisiana; and portions of southeast Alaska. The magnitude of the sea level trends are so large in those areas (+7.5 mm/yr in Galveston; +11.4 mm/yr in Grand Isle; and -11.0 mm/yr in Juneau), that computation of an 19-year Epoch value for mean sea level does not provide values that are sufficiently up-to-date. NOAA has adopted a procedure in those areas to compute accepted tidal datums based only on the last several years of observations rather than a 19-year Epoch value. Users using products based on the old datums in these anomalous areas will find significant differences in products based on the new datums. C1 NOAA, Ctr Operat Oceanog Prod & Serv, Natl Ocean Serv, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. RP Gill, SK (reprint author), NOAA, Ctr Operat Oceanog Prod & Serv, Natl Ocean Serv, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-21-1 PY 1998 BP 1040 EP 1043 PG 4 WC Engineering, Marine; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BP21L UT WOS:000084418300203 ER PT B AU Duncan, SA Gill, SK Tronvig, KA AF Duncan, SA Gill, SK Tronvig, KA GP MTS MTS TI West coast monthly mean sea level anomalies during the 1997/1998 El Nino SO OCEAN COMMUNITY CONFERENCE'98: CELEBRATING 1998 INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF THE OCEAN, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Marine-Technology-Society Annual Conference CY NOV 16-19, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP Marine Technol Soc AB This paper examines the anomalous monthly mean sea levels experienced along the U.S. west coast and the Gulf of Alaska during the 1997/1998 and 1982/1983 El Nino events. The NOAA/NOS Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services (CO-OPS) operates and maintains a National Water Level Observation Network (NWLON) of 189 continuously operating water level stations. A subset of these stations was used for this study. Monthly mean sea level (MSL) anomalies were computed by first constructing normalized seasonal means from the observations from 1975-1994 and subtracting these normalized means from the observations. The 1997/1998 event experienced a greater peak in the MSL anomalies than exhibited by the 1982/1983 event but may be shorter in duration. MSL anomalies were seen to vary! depending upon geographical locations. The northern regions exhibited greater MSL anomalies than the southern regions during both events. C1 NOAA, Ctr Operat Oceanog Prod & Serv, Natl Ocean Serv, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. RP Duncan, SA (reprint author), NOAA, Ctr Operat Oceanog Prod & Serv, Natl Ocean Serv, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-21-1 PY 1998 BP 1044 EP 1049 PG 6 WC Engineering, Marine; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BP21L UT WOS:000084418300204 ER PT B AU Lockwood, M Hess, B Frey, E AF Lockwood, M Hess, B Frey, E GP MTS MTS TI An Internet clearinghouse for marine transportation and navigation information: A thematic approach SO OCEAN COMMUNITY CONFERENCE'98: CELEBRATING 1998 INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF THE OCEAN, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Marine-Technology-Society Annual Conference CY NOV 16-19, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP Marine Technol Soc AB Accurate and timely information is critical to successful maritime commerce. At the present time the maritime commerce "User" community, especially the navigation element, is confronted with a plethora of approaches and technologies in order to obtain this information. This information ranges from traditional printed media - that has an update frequency of yearly, semiannually, monthly, weekly, daily, hourly, or in nearly "real time". One example is information on latest editions of Nautical Charts, Notices to Mariners, and predications of tidal heights. Furthermore, the community is desiring information of a predicative nature that would "extrapolate" or forecast into the future. This information must be available in an integrated fashion and in a form that can be readily understood by the maritime community. C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Off Coast Survey, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Lockwood, M (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Off Coast Survey, 1315 Eastwest Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-21-1 PY 1998 BP 1050 EP 1053 PG 4 WC Engineering, Marine; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BP21L UT WOS:000084418300205 ER PT B AU Wilson, S AF Wilson, S GP MTS MTS TI NOAA approach to HACCP inspections SO OCEAN COMMUNITY CONFERENCE'98: CELEBRATING 1998 INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF THE OCEAN, PROCEEDINGS VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Marine-Technology-Society Annual Conference CY NOV 16-19, 1998 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP Marine Technol Soc AB As mandatory HACCP programs am being developed for food commodities throughout the world, one of the earliest to be successfully implemented was the U.S. Department of Commerce HACCP-based Inspection System for fish and fishery products. This voluntary program has grown to over 100 facilities since it was announced in the Federal Register six years ago. While most of the mandatory programs limit their scope to food safety hazards and do not include process controls for quality and economic criteria, the NOAA HACCP-based system is a true quality management program. This voluntary program addresses all facets of the production process, and includes critical evaluations of quality attributes, wholesomeness, and economic integrity; as well as baseline food safety and sanitation requirements mandated by the FDA regulation 21 CFR Part 123. This reflects the recognition that final inspection can never replace product attributes lost by uncontrolled factors at any prior point in the manufacture of the product. Producing a safer, more consistent quality product, with less loss of time or materials also makes economic sense to those participating in the NOAA program. These products are also eligible to be advertised and sold with official USDC inspection marks (e.g, US. Grade A), creating an additional marketing advantage. Although the program has been recognized as equivalent to both the Canadian Quality Management program and the sanitary/hygienic "own checks" system of the European Union, NOAA is continually reviewing their HACCP-based system to assure that future activities and modifications are in concert with global trends. Such considerations would include the continued adherence to sound science principles, recommendations of Coder Alimentarius committees, adoption of standardized HACCP related definitions, adoption of ISO 10011 Guidelines for Auditing quality Systems, awareness of WTO SPS trade ramifications, performance of third party verifications, and other evolving industry and consumer desires. C1 NOAA, Seafood Inspect Program, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Wilson, S (reprint author), NOAA, Seafood Inspect Program, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-21-1 PY 1998 BP 1169 EP 1172 PG 4 WC Engineering, Marine; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BP21L UT WOS:000084418300230 ER PT B AU Teng, CC AF Teng, CC BE Zhang, J TI Long-term and extreme waves in the Gulf of Mexico SO OCEAN WAVE KINEMATICS, DYNAMICS AND LOADS ON STRUCTURES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International OTRC Symposium on Ocean Wave Kinematics, Dynamics and Loads on Structures (WAVE 98) CY APR 30-MAY 01, 1998 CL HOUSTON, TX SP Offshore Technol Res Ctr, Amer Soc Civil Engineers AB Based on 17 years of wave data measured hourly from three National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) buoy stations in the Gulf of Mexico, long-term wave height and wave period distributions were studied. Extreme wave heights from the extratropical storms and tropical storms/hurricanes were analyzed. Relations between the extreme wave heights and corresponding wave periods were also examined. C1 Natl Data Buoy Ctr, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. RP Teng, CC (reprint author), Natl Data Buoy Ctr, Bldg 1100, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0336-8 PY 1998 BP 342 EP 349 PG 8 WC Engineering, Marine; Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA BN83X UT WOS:000083146200040 ER PT B AU Teng, CC AF Teng, CC BE Edge, BL Hemsley, JM TI Design wave heights estimated from long-term measurements SO OCEAN WAVE MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Symposium on Ocean Wave Measurement and Analysis (WAVES 97) CY NOV 03-07, 1997 CL VIRGINIA BEACH, VA SP Coastal Zone Fdn, Amer Soc Civil Engineers, Coastal Zone Management omm, Waves & Wave Forces Comm, Rubble Mound Struct Comm AB Sixteen years of hourly wave data measured from four National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) buoy stations in the northeastern Pacific Ocean were used to study design wave heights. It is shown that the data selection is crucial for determining the design wave height, and the annual maximum method is not suitable for measured data. The selected data fit the 3-parameter Weibull distribution better than the FT-1 distribution. Effects and stability of return wave heights computed from various years of data and various 10-year periods were examined. The results show that, if enough moderate extreme values are in the selected data set, the return wave heights are stable and reliable and the effect from a few very extreme values is insignificant. C1 Natl Data Buoy Ctr, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. RP Teng, CC (reprint author), Natl Data Buoy Ctr, Bldg 1100, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0346-5 PY 1998 BP 137 EP 150 PG 4 WC Engineering, Marine; Engineering, Civil; Mechanics; Water Resources SC Engineering; Mechanics; Water Resources GA BN85F UT WOS:000083193400010 ER EF