FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Buckel, JA Conover, DO Steinberg, ND McKown, KA AF Buckel, JA Conover, DO Steinberg, ND McKown, KA TI Impact of age-0 bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix) predation on age-0 fishes in the Hudson River estuary: evidence for density-dependent loss of juvenile striped bass (Morone saxatilis) SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID THE-YEAR BLUEFISH; PLEURONECTES-PLATESSA POPULATION; WESTERN WADDEN SEA; EARLY-LIFE-HISTORY; RECRUITMENT VARIABILITY; SELECTIVE PREDATION; INLAND SILVERSIDES; NEW-YORK; SIZE; GROWTH AB We measured bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix) weights, densities, and prey sizes during the summers of 1992 and 1993 and diets over a 4-year period (1990-1993) in the Hudson River estuary. This information was used to estimate the loss of young-of-the-year (YOY) striped bass (Morone saxatilis) resulting from YOY bluefish predation. We then compared this predation mortality with the total loss of striped bass in the system. Data from sampling surveys conducted since the mid-1970's were used to examine relationships between bluefish abundance and striped bass recruitment levels. YOY striped bass, bay anchovy (Anchoa mitchilli), Atlantic silverside (Menidia menidia), and Alosa spp. dominated YOY bluefish diets. There were ontogenetic and interannual differences in YOY bluefish diets. Bluefish avoided striped bass at low densities but selected for them at high densities, suggesting a density-dependent feeding response. In the early summer of 1993, bluefish predation accounted for 50-100% of the total estimated loss of YOY striped bass. A significant negative correlation exists between the relative magnitude of striped bass recruitment and bluefish abundance. We conclude that YOY bluefish are important predators of estuarine fish and can have a substantial impact on their recruitment. C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Marine Sci Res Ctr, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. New York Dept Environm Conservat, Anadromous Fish Unit, E Setauket, NY 11733 USA. RP Buckel, JA (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, James J Howard Marine Lab, 74 Magruder Rd, Highlands, NJ 07732 USA. NR 55 TC 62 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 7 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 56 IS 2 BP 275 EP 287 DI 10.1139/cjfas-56-2-275 PG 13 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 185VN UT WOS:000079691800012 ER PT J AU Linteris, GT Voss, J Crouch, R AF Linteris, GT Voss, J Crouch, R TI Combustion experiments on STS-83 and STS-94: The crew's perspective SO COMBUSTION AND FLAME LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Germantown, MD 20899 USA. NASA, Lyndon B Johnson Space Ctr, Houston, TX 77058 USA. NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC 20546 USA. RP Linteris, GT (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Germantown, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0010-2180 J9 COMBUST FLAME JI Combust. Flame PD FEB PY 1999 VL 116 IS 3 BP 321 EP 322 PG 2 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 126MZ UT WOS:000076298600003 ER PT J AU Kundur, SR Raviv, D AF Kundur, SR Raviv, D TI Novel active vision-based Visual Threat Cue for autonomous navigation tasks SO COMPUTER VISION AND IMAGE UNDERSTANDING LA English DT Article DE active vision; dynamic vision; visual motion cue; visual navigation ID OBSTACLE AVOIDANCE; FIXATION; FIELD; FLOW AB This paper deals with a novel vision-based motion cue called the Visual Threat Cue (VTC), suitable for autonomous navigation tasks such as collision avoidance and maintenance of clearance. The VTC is a time-based scalar parameter that provides some measure for a relative change in range as well as clearance between a 3D surface and a moving observer, It is independent of the 3D environment around the observer and needs almost no a priori knowledge about it. A practical method to extract the VTC from a sequence of images of 3D textured surfaces is also presented. It is based on the extraction of a global image dissimilarity measure called the Image Quality Measure (IQM), which is extracted directly from the raw data of the gray level images. Based on the relative variations of the measured IQM, the VTC is extracted. Several experimental results are also presented. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 Florida Atlantic Univ, Robot Ctr, Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA. Florida Atlantic Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Intelligent Syst Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Florida Atlantic Univ, Robot Ctr, Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA. EM kundurs@rocketmail.com; ravivd@acc.fau.edu NR 34 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1077-3142 EI 1090-235X J9 COMPUT VIS IMAGE UND JI Comput. Vis. Image Underst. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 73 IS 2 BP 169 EP 182 DI 10.1006/cviu.1998.0699 PG 14 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA 166YY UT WOS:000078606700002 ER PT J AU Bjorndal, KA Wetherall, JA Bolten, AB Mortimer, JA AF Bjorndal, KA Wetherall, JA Bolten, AB Mortimer, JA TI Twenty-six years of green turtle nesting at Tortuguero, Costa Rica: An encouraging trend SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LONG-LIVED ORGANISMS; CHELONIA-MYDAS; SEA-TURTLES; MANAGEMENT; DEMOGRAPHICS; CONSERVATION; POPULATION; FISHERIES; MODEL AB The green turtle (Chelonia mydas) population that nests at Tortuguero, Costa Rica, is the largest in the Atlantic by at least an order of magnitude. Surveys to monitor the nesting activity on the northern 18 km of the 36-km beach were initiated in 1971 and extended to the entire beach in 1986. Front the survey data, we estimated the total number of nesting emergences on the northern 18 km for each year from 1971 through 1996. Evaluation of the trend in nesting emergences indicated a relatively consistent increase from 1971 to the mid-1980s, constant or perhaps decreasing nesting during the late 1980s, and then resumption of an upward trend in the 1990s. Evaluation of trends in sea turtle nesting populations requires many years of data because of the large degree of annual variation in nesting numbers The trends reported in this study must be evaluated with caution for several reasons. First, if the the mean number of nests deposited by each female each year (clutch frequency) varies significantly among years, changes in the number of nesting emergences among years could reflect changes in the number of nesting females, clutch frequency, or both. Second, we only assessed the trend in one segment of the population (mature females), which may or may not represent the trend of the entire green turtle population and which, because of late maturity, may not reflect changes in juvenile mortality for many years. Third, survey frequency, and thus confidence in annual estimates varied among years. The upward population trend must be assessed from the perspective of the catastrophic decline that the Caribbean green turtle populations have experienced since the arrival of Europeans. If careful management is continued in Costa Rica and adopted throughout the region,the collapse of the Caribbean green turtle populations-which seemed imminent in the 1950s-can be avoided. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Zool, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Florida, Archie Carr Ctr Sea Turtle Res, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Caribbean Conservat Corp, Gainesville, FL 32609 USA. RP Bjorndal, KA (reprint author), Univ Florida, Dept Zool, POB 118525, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. EM kab@zoo.ufl.edu OI Mortimer, Jeanne A./0000-0001-6318-2890; Bjorndal, Karen/0000-0002-6286-1901 NR 35 TC 86 Z9 92 U1 2 U2 22 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0888-8892 EI 1523-1739 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 13 IS 1 BP 126 EP 134 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.97329.x PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 161CN UT WOS:000078271000016 ER PT J AU Schabetsberger, R Brodeur, RD Honkalehto, T Mier, KL AF Schabetsberger, R Brodeur, RD Honkalehto, T Mier, KL TI Sex-biased egg cannibalism in spawning walleye pollock: the role of reproductive behavior SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article DE Theragra chalcogramma; spawning behavior; fish aggregation; vertical distribution; activity ID GULF-OF-ALASKA; THERAGRA-CHALCOGRAMMA; SHELIKOF STRAIT; SLOPE WATERS; NEW-ZEALAND; BERING SEA AB We studied inadvertent egg cannibalism in spawning stocks of walleye pollock, Theragra chalcogramma, in the Gulf of Alaska and the Bering Sea between 1986 and 1996. Male pollock had on average 3 times more eggs in their stomachs than females. For both sexes adult fish of average body length had more eggs in their stomach than did smaller or larger fish. When maturity of fish was taken into account, actively spawning males had the highest numbers of eggs in their stomachs. We found weak evidence for a diel variation; the number of eggs per stomach was high in both sexes during the day and lower during the night. We suggest two possible explanations for this phenomenon. Sex-biased egg cannibalism may reflect the differential time spent in layers of high egg densities. Hydroacoustic and trawl catch data from both areas suggest that males aggregate deeper than females. Spawning takes place in the deeper layers of the fish aggregation, so males spend more time in high egg densities. Alternatively, males may be mon active than females and increased gill ventilation and/or drinking rates may be responsible for the differences in egg cannibalism. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Schabetsberger, R (reprint author), Salzburg Univ, Inst Zool, Hellbrunnerstr 34, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria. NR 38 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1909 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD FEB PY 1999 VL 54 IS 2 BP 175 EP 190 DI 10.1023/A:1007435206959 PG 16 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 172WQ UT WOS:000078948700006 ER PT J AU Taichenachev, AV Tumaikin, AM Yudin, VI AF Taichenachev, AV Tumaikin, AM Yudin, VI TI Invariant treatment of coherent population trapping in an elliptically polarized field SO EUROPHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ELECTROMAGNETICALLY INDUCED TRANSPARENCY; ATOMS; TRANSITIONS; RESONANCES; INVERSION; LATTICE; VAPOR AB Coherent population trapping (CPT), under the resonant interaction of elliptically polarized light with atoms having degenerated energy levels, is analytically treated without the use of a specific coordinate frame. Tensors describing dark states are presented in an explicit and invariant form for all atomic transitions, where CPT takes place. A correspondence between elliptical polarization vectors and pairs of unit spinors is established. It is shown that all dark states in the problem under consideration can be constructed from these spinors by taking multiple tensor products. In the case of an integer angular momentum, this general construction is reduced to a multiple tensor product of vectors. C1 Novosibirsk State Univ, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Taichenachev, AV (reprint author), Novosibirsk State Univ, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia. RI Taichenachev, Aleksei/K-7065-2015 OI Taichenachev, Aleksei/0000-0003-2273-0066 NR 28 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 4 PU E D P SCIENCES PI LES ULIS CEDEXA PA 7, AVE DU HOGGAR, PARC D ACTIVITES COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEXA, FRANCE SN 0295-5075 J9 EUROPHYS LETT JI Europhys. Lett. PD FEB 1 PY 1999 VL 45 IS 3 BP 301 EP 306 DI 10.1209/epl/i1999-00163-6 PG 6 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 163PX UT WOS:000078415300005 ER PT J AU Tassey, G AF Tassey, G TI Lessons learned about the methodology of economic impact studies: the NIST experience SO EVALUATION AND PROGRAM PLANNING LA English DT Article DE economic; impact; evaluation; R & D; policy; GPRA AB Both strategic planning and economic impact assessments must be undertaken to effectively manage government research programs, which are typically implemented through a series of research projects that can occur over extended periods of time. Planning and evaluation have been the focus of Congressional legislation, in particular, the 1993 Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA). Compliance with this Act is driving increased planning and impact assessment activity and is also stimulating greater attention to methodology. Well before GPRA, NIST began conducting economic impact studies as a tool for effective management and for communicating the nature and results of NIST research to its various constituents. Although some of the basic tools for economic impact assessment have existed for some time, NIST has had to adapt this generic methodology along a number of dimensions: selection and application of impact (outcome) measures, integration of qualitative and quantitative analyses into a complete microeconomic assessment of a project's impacts, and interpretation of the results of these analyses in the context of ongoing R&D policy debates. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Strateg Planning & Econ Anal Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Tassey, G (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Strateg Planning & Econ Anal Grp, Admin 1000, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 3 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0149-7189 J9 EVAL PROGRAM PLANN JI Eval. Program Plan. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 22 IS 1 BP 113 EP 119 DI 10.1016/S0149-7189(98)00047-0 PG 7 WC Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary SC Social Sciences - Other Topics GA 191ZU UT WOS:000080053500013 ER PT J AU Waples, RS AF Waples, RS TI Dispelling some myths about hatcheries SO FISHERIES LA English DT Article ID FAMILY-SIZE; SALMON; POPULATIONS; WILD; SURVIVAL; FISH AB Contributing to the controversies that have surrounded fish hatcheries in recent years are a number of misconceptions or myths about hatcheries and their effects on natural populations. These myths impede productive dialogue among those with differing views about hatcheries. Most of the myths include a measure of truth, which makes it difficult to recognize the elements that are not true. Consideration of these myths leads to the following conclusions: (1) Hatcheries are intrinsically neither good nor bad-their value can be determined only in the context of clearly defined goals; (2) genetic changes in cultured populations can be reduced but not eliminated entirely; (3) empirical evidence exists of many adverse effects of hatcheries, but some risks have been overstated; and ( 1) monitoring and evaluation programs are important but should not be used as a substitute For developing risk-averse hatchery programs in the first place. A key step in resolving some of the controversies will be moving toward agreement on a common version (rather than two or more separate versions) of the realities about hatcheries. More efforts are needed in four major al eas: identifying goals, conducting overall cost:benefit analyses to guide policy decisions, improving the information base, and dealing with uncertainty. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Conservat Biol Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Waples, RS (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Conservat Biol Div, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RI Waples, Robin/K-1126-2016 NR 35 TC 159 Z9 162 U1 0 U2 31 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0363-2415 J9 FISHERIES JI Fisheries PD FEB PY 1999 VL 24 IS 2 BP 12 EP 21 DI 10.1577/1548-8446(1999)024<0012:DSMAH>2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 325QA UT WOS:000087686100003 ER PT J AU Poster, DL Schantz, MM Wise, SA Vangel, MG AF Poster, DL Schantz, MM Wise, SA Vangel, MG TI Analysis of urban particulate standard reference materials for the determination of chlorinated organic contaminants and additional chemical and physical properties SO FRESENIUS JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION; DRY DEPOSITION; CHROMATOGRAPHIC DETERMINATION; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; FLUID EXTRACTION; MARINE SEDIMENT; MUSSEL TISSUE; AIR AB A previously issued National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Standard Reference Material(SRM), SRM 1649, Urban Dust/Organics has been analyzed for chlorinated organic contaminants (polychlorinated biphenyls and chlorinated pesticides) to provide certified values for a new class of compounds relative to the former certification. The material will be reissued as SRM 1649a, Four different analytical techniques were used. Specifically, two different methods of extraction (Soxhlet and pressurized fluid extraction) were used in conjunction with sample analysis by gas chromatography with two different columns (5% phenyl-methyl polysiloxane and 50% methyl C-18 dimethyl polysiloxane) that exhibit distinct selectivity, and with two different modes of detection (electron capture detection and mass spectrometry). The results from these techniques were combined to generate certified concentrations for 35 PCB congeners (some in combination) and 8 chlorinated pesticides. Ancillary assessments of additional chemical and physical properties of SRM 1649a include homogeneity, moisture, total organic carbon, extractable mass, and the particle-size distribution. The approach and the results for the certification of the PCB congeners and chlorinated pesticides in SRM 1649a, and the determination of the additional chemical and physical properties, are described. In addition, the. determination of PCBs and chlorinated pesticides in SRM 1648, Urban Particulate Matter (a particulate material certified for inorganic constituents), is also discussed although certified values are not presented. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, US Dept Commerce, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, US Dept Commerce, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Poster, DL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, US Dept Commerce, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 45 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0937-0633 J9 FRESEN J ANAL CHEM JI Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 363 IS 4 BP 380 EP 390 DI 10.1007/s002160051207 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 171ZR UT WOS:000078895300010 ER PT J AU Peterson, TC Gallo, KP Lawrimore, J Owen, TW Huang, A McKittrick, DA AF Peterson, TC Gallo, KP Lawrimore, J Owen, TW Huang, A McKittrick, DA TI Global rural temperature trends SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID LAND AB Using rural/urban land surface classifications derived from maps and satellite observed nighttime surface lights, global mean land surface air temperature time series were created using data from all weather observing stations in a global temperature data base and from rural stations only. The global rural temperature time series and trends are very similar to those derived from the full data set. Therefore, the well-known global temperature time series from in situ stations is not significantly impacted by urban warming. C1 Natl Climat Data Ctr, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. Univ N Carolina, Asheville, NC 28804 USA. De Lorme Mapping Co, Yarmouth, ME 04096 USA. RP Peterson, TC (reprint author), Natl Climat Data Ctr, 151 Patton Ave, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. RI Gallo, Kevin P./F-5588-2010 NR 14 TC 66 Z9 88 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD FEB 1 PY 1999 VL 26 IS 3 BP 329 EP 332 DI 10.1029/1998GL900322 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 163YK UT WOS:000078434300013 ER PT J AU Quayle, RG Peterson, TC Basist, AN Godfrey, CS AF Quayle, RG Peterson, TC Basist, AN Godfrey, CS TI An operational near-real-time global temperature index SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SURFACE AIR-TEMPERATURE; SERIES AB To capture the global land surface temperature signal in a timely way, a blend of traditional long-term in situ climatic data sets, combined with real time Global Telecommunications System monthly CLIMAT summaries is employed. For the global sea surface, long-term ship data climatologies are combined with a blend of ship, buoy, and satellite data to provide the greatest possible coverage over the oceans. The result is a global century-scale surface temperature index that closely parallels other widely published global surface temperature measurements and can be updated monthly a week or two after the end of a month. C1 NOAA, Natl Climat Data Ctr, NESDIS, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. RP Quayle, RG (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Climat Data Ctr, NESDIS, 151 Patton Ave, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. NR 13 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD FEB 1 PY 1999 VL 26 IS 3 BP 333 EP 335 DI 10.1029/1998GL900297 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 163YK UT WOS:000078434300014 ER PT J AU Baringer, MO Molinari, R AF Baringer, MO Molinari, R TI Atlantic Ocean baroclinic heat flux at 24 to 26 degrees N SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID NORTH-ATLANTIC; TRANSPORT; 26.5-DEGREES-N; VARIABILITY AB The spatially varying, interior geostrophic baroclinic heat flux component of the total meridional oceanic heat flux near 24 degrees N in the Atlantic Ocean is examined using four transatlantic hydrographic sections including the October 1957 DISCOVERY II IGY section, the September 1981 ATLANTIS section, the August 1992 HESPERIDES section, the February 1998 RONALD H. BROWN section and the 1982 Levitus and the Lozier, Owens, Curry climatologies. The 1992 section is complemented by shorter western boundary sections obtained concurrently during the Trident cruise. We find an average southward baroclinic heat flux of 0.9 +/- 0.3 PW with an annual cycle amplitude of +/- 0.3 PW. More than 90% of the annual cycle is captured within 30 degrees of the western boundary. C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Baringer, MO (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RI Baringer, Molly/D-2277-2012 OI Baringer, Molly/0000-0002-8503-5194 NR 12 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD FEB 1 PY 1999 VL 26 IS 3 BP 353 EP 356 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 163YK UT WOS:000078434300019 ER PT J AU Molinari, RL Garzoli, SL Schmitt, RW AF Molinari, RL Garzoli, SL Schmitt, RW TI Equatorial currents at 1000 m in the Atlantic Ocean SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID DEEP CURRENTS; JETS AB Twenty-seven Profiling ALACE (PALACE) floats were deployed in the equatorial Atlantic during July-August 1997. The floats were ballasted to drift at 1000 m for 10 to 14 days, return to the surface while obtaining a temperature profile, transmit data via satellite, and then after one day return to 1000 m. One-year float paths are now available. Floats deployed on the equator were launched into a deep westward jet. The jet extends some 1 degrees-2 degrees north of the equator, with eastward motion observed in floats to the north of 2 degrees N. The equatorial current reverses in the central basin to the east in mid-October and then back to the west in mid-February. Flow to the north also reverses. The short space and time scales contrast with earlier work based on fewer floats that inferred space scales of some 5 degrees-10 degrees in latitude and time scales greater than one year. The new results are consistent with models that indicate that equatorial Rossby waves are the cause of the reversing currents. C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Molinari, RL (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RI Garzoli, Silvia/A-3556-2010; Schmitt, Raymond /B-7451-2011 OI Garzoli, Silvia/0000-0003-3553-2253; NR 8 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD FEB 1 PY 1999 VL 26 IS 3 BP 361 EP 363 DI 10.1029/1998GL900284 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 163YK UT WOS:000078434300021 ER PT J AU Kappenman, RF AF Kappenman, RF TI Trawl survey based abundance estimation using data sets with unusually large catches SO ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE groundfish; survey; c.p.u.e. ID LOGNORMAL-BASED ESTIMATORS; ROBUSTNESS; DENSITY AB A method for estimating mean catch per unit effort (c.p.u.e.) with groundfish trawl survey data is proposed and examined in detail. The new method is a modification of the arithmetic average of the survey c.p.u.e.s. It is meant to be applied to those cases where one or more of the survey c.p.u.e.s are excessively large and exert too much influence on the arithmetic average, when it is used to estimate mean catch per unit effort. These large c.p.u.e.s are replaced by estimates of their expected values. C1 Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Kappenman, RF (reprint author), Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. NR 12 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1054-3139 J9 ICES J MAR SCI JI ICES J. Mar. Sci. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 56 IS 1 BP 28 EP 35 DI 10.1006/jmsc.1998.0422 PG 8 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 174FR UT WOS:000079024000003 ER PT J AU Janezic, MD Jargon, JA AF Janezic, MD Jargon, JA TI Complex permittivity determination from propagation constant measurements SO IEEE MICROWAVE AND GUIDED WAVE LETTERS LA English DT Article DE dielectric constant; measurement; permittivity; propagation constant AB This letter presents a new transmission line method for measuring the complex permittivity of dielectric materials using propagation constant measurements. In contrast to previous methods. a network analyzer calibration is unnecessary since calibrated scattering parameters are not required, We use measurements in S-band waveguide to show that this technique compares well with the transmission/reflection and cylindrical cavity methods. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Janezic, MD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 6 TC 131 Z9 134 U1 1 U2 8 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 1051-8207 J9 IEEE MICROW GUIDED W JI IEEE Microw. Guided Wave Lett. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 9 IS 2 BP 76 EP 78 DI 10.1109/75.755052 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA 185AG UT WOS:000079645500012 ER PT J AU Jurrens, KK AF Jurrens, KK TI NIST's support of rapid prototyping standards SO IEEE SPECTRUM LA English DT Article C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Jurrens, KK (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0018-9235 J9 IEEE SPECTRUM JI IEEE Spectr. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 36 IS 2 BP 38 EP 39 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA 160ZZ UT WOS:000078264400014 ER PT J AU Williams, DF AF Williams, DF TI Metal-insulator-semiconductor transmission lines SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article DE equivalent circuit; metal-insulator-semiconductor transmission line; microstrip; silicon ID WAVE AB This paper investigates the one-dimensional metal-insulator-semiconductor transmission line. It develops closed-form expressions for equivalent-circuit parameters, compares them to exact calculations, and explores their limitations. It also investigates the usual assumption of single-mode propagation and shows that, in certain fairly common circumstances, the fundamental mode of propagation becomes so lossy that it can no longer be considered to be the dominant propagating mode. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Williams, DF (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 9 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0018-9480 J9 IEEE T MICROW THEORY JI IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 47 IS 2 BP 176 EP 181 DI 10.1109/22.744292 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA 166CX UT WOS:000078559600007 ER PT J AU Steffens, KL Sobolewski, MA AF Steffens, KL Sobolewski, MA TI Electrical control of plasma spatial uniformity investigated by planar laser-induced fluorescence SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PLASMA SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE C2F6; CF4; chamber cleaning; current; diagnostics; laser-induced fluorescence; plasma; voltage AB Planar laser-induced fluorescence was performed in the parallel-plate gaseous electronics conference reference cell to determine two-dimensional maps of the CF2 radical in 89% CF4/11% O-2 chamber-cleaning plasmas. The spatial characteristics of the CF2 density and of broadband optical emission were controlled by varying the current at the upper electrode by adjusting the impedance between the upper electrode and ground. The results suggest that electrical control of the current paths through the plasma could be used to control the spatial distribution of reactive chemical species, aiding in the optimization of chamber-cleaning plasmas. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Steffens, KL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 3 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0093-3813 J9 IEEE T PLASMA SCI JI IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 27 IS 1 BP 74 EP 75 DI 10.1109/27.763044 PG 2 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA 197MX UT WOS:000080369700036 ER PT J AU Kokubo, T Gallagher, A Hall, JL AF Kokubo, T Gallagher, A Hall, JL TI Optical heterodyne detection at a silver scanning tunneling microscope junction SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID INFRARED FREQUENCIES; DIODE; RADIATION; MICROWAVE; LASER; TIME AB The 435 MHz beat signal between two modes of a He-Ne laser (633 nm) has been detected in the current of a scanning tunneling microscope (STM), using a silver probe to enhance the sensitivity using its plasmon resonance. The difference frequency between this optical beat and a radio frequency voltage applied to the junction has also been detected in the STM current. The difference frequency and heterodyne signals, as well as the direct (dc) probe expansion, fit a calculation of modulated and dc thermal expansion of the probe tip, once one assumes that a surprisingly large fraction of the laser beam is absorbed at a small structure at the probe end. The beat signal due to current rectification is not observed for the experimental conditions, but the potential for utilizing the plasmon resonance to obtain such a signal using a silver probe is evaluated for other, feasible conditions where it might provide exceptional sensitivity. [S0021-8979(99)09103-3]. C1 Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Kokubo, T (reprint author), JSR Corp, Hidaka Res Lab, 289-1 Yaenda, Hidaka, Saitama 3501236, Japan. NR 17 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD FEB 1 PY 1999 VL 85 IS 3 BP 1311 EP 1316 DI 10.1063/1.369332 PG 6 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 158VB UT WOS:000078137100006 ER PT J AU Herrera-Gomez, A Rousseau, PM Woicik, JC Kendelewicz, T Plummer, J Spicer, WE AF Herrera-Gomez, A Rousseau, PM Woicik, JC Kendelewicz, T Plummer, J Spicer, WE TI Lattice compression of Si crystals and crystallographic position of As impurities measured with x-ray standing wave spectroscopy SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ARSENIC-DOPED SILICON; ELECTRICAL DEACTIVATION; DEFECTS; PRECIPITATION; DIFFRACTION; ELECTRONS; EVOLUTION; COMPLEX; LASER AB In an earlier letter [Appl. Phys. Lett. 68, 3090 (1996)] we reported results about heavily arsenic doped silicon crystals, where we unambiguously showed, based on x-ray standing wave spectroscopy (XSW) and other techniques, that electrically deactivated As remains essentially substitutional. In this article we present the analysis methodology that led us to said conclusion, and show how from further analysis it is possible to extract the compression or expansion of thin epitaxial layers. We report the evolution of the compression of highly As doped Si epitaxial layers as deactivation takes place. The XSW measurements required a very small thickness of the doped layer and a perfect registry between the substrate and the surface layer. We found larger values for compression than previously reported, which may be explained by the absence of structural defects on our samples that relax the interface stress. Our results show a saturation on the compression as the electron concentration increases. We also report an estimation of the small displacement from perfect substitutional positions suffered by deactivated As. (C) 1999 American Institute of Physics. [S0021-8979(99)07603-3]. C1 UAQ, CINVESTAV, Lab Invest Mat, Queretaro 76010, Mexico. Stanford Univ, Stanford Elect Lab, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Stanford Univ, Ctr Integrated Syst, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Herrera-Gomez, A (reprint author), UAQ, CINVESTAV, Lab Invest Mat, Queretaro 76010, Mexico. NR 30 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD FEB 1 PY 1999 VL 85 IS 3 BP 1429 EP 1437 PG 9 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 158VB UT WOS:000078137100022 ER PT J AU Walton, SG Tucek, JC Champion, RL Wang, YC AF Walton, SG Tucek, JC Champion, RL Wang, YC TI Low energy, ion-induced electron and ion emission from stainless steel: The effect of oxygen coverage and the implications for discharge modeling SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID WORK-FUNCTION DEPENDENCE; SECONDARY-ELECTRON; SURFACES AB Absolute yields of electrons and negative ions resulting from positive ions impacting stainless steel have been determined as a function of impact energy for clean and oxygen-covered surfaces. Photoelectron emission has been used to monitor the effect of oxygen coverage on the surface work function. The emission of negative ions and electrons has been described with an excitation mechanism similar to that used in the Menzel-Gomer-Redhead model. We illustrate the implications of the present observations for discharge modeling and diagnostics by citing a parallel-plate, rf discharge in oxygen as an example. (C) 1999 American Institute of Physics. [S0021-8979(99)05503-6]. C1 Coll William & Mary, Dept Phys, Williamsburg, VA 23187 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Walton, SG (reprint author), Coll William & Mary, Dept Phys, Williamsburg, VA 23187 USA. EM wang@eeel.nist.gov NR 31 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD FEB 1 PY 1999 VL 85 IS 3 BP 1832 EP 1837 DI 10.1063/1.369330 PG 6 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 158VB UT WOS:000078137100084 ER PT J AU Codrescu, MV Palo, SE Zhang, X Fuller-Rowell, TJ Poppe, C AF Codrescu, MV Palo, SE Zhang, X Fuller-Rowell, TJ Poppe, C TI TEC climatology derived from TOPEX/POSEIDON measurements SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID GEOMAGNETIC STORMS; AVERAGE BEHAVIOR; F-REGION; IONOSPHERE; ELECTRODYNAMICS; THERMOSPHERE; LAYER AB We have used the TOPEX data sets available from JPL to create a customized data base of the TOPEX TEC measurements that contain data from 1992 through part of 1996. The data base includes time, geographic and geomagnetic coordinates of the measurement, geomagnetic indices (Kp, previous K-p, Hemispheric Power, and integral of hemispheric power over the previous 36 h), solar index (F 10.7), and International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) results corresponding to the TOPEX measurements. In this paper we present global maps of TEC for low solar activity conditions (F 10.7 less than or equal to 120) for quiet (integral of hemispheric power less than 800 GWh, roughly corresponding to K-p = 2), moderately disturbed (integral of hemispheric power greater than 800 GWh but less than 1200 GWh, roughly corresponding to K-p = 3), and disturbed (integral of hemispheric power greater than 1200 GWh, roughly corresponding to K-p = 4) geomagnetic conditions, derived by binning all appropriate TOPEX TEC data from 1992 to 1996, The analysis is performed in a Magnetic-Local-Time, Magnetic-Latitude coordinate system. The most prominent feature of the global TEC maps is the feature corresponding to the equatorial anomaly. The feature becomes wider in magnetic latitude and more pronounced in amplitude as the activity level increases. The equatorward shift of the crests, with increased magnetic activity, can produce apparent decreases in TEC at their quiet time location for individual storms as evident in the conflicting conclusions of TEC geomagnetic dependence studies of the 1960s. For the same activity level, TEC values in the equatorial anomaly are higher during equinox compared to solstice. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Aerosp Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Codrescu, MV (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. OI PALO, SCOTT/0000-0002-4729-4929 NR 23 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1364-6826 J9 J ATMOS SOL-TERR PHY JI J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 61 IS 3-4 BP 281 EP 298 DI 10.1016/S1364-6826(98)00132-1 PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 181UQ UT WOS:000079461200009 ER PT J AU Lue, L Kiselev, SB AF Lue, L Kiselev, SB TI Crossover approach to scaling behavior in dilute polymer solutions: Theory and simulation SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID CONFORMATIONAL SPACE RENORMALIZATION; SELF-AVOIDING WALKS; MONTE-CARLO SIMULATION; EXCLUDED-VOLUME; DIMENSIONAL REGULARIZATION; 2-PARAMETER THEORY; PIVOT ALGORITHM; 3 DIMENSIONS; CHAIN; LATTICE AB We develop a crossover theory for dilute polymer solutions, analogous to crossover theories for critical phenomena in simple fluids. In this theory, a critical degree of polymerization N* is found, which plays a similar role as the Ginzburg number in second-order phase transitions. To test the predictions of this theory, we perform Monte Carlo simulations of polymer chains composed of rigidly bonded hard spheres of various diameters and chain lengths. Various properties of these chains were analyzed, including the end-to-end distance distribution and mean-square radius of gyration. We find that the approach to the asymptotic scaling regime displays two types of crossover behavior, depending on the value of the model parameter (u) over bar, which is a measure of the strength of the monomer-monomer excluded volume interaction: (i) (u) over bar < 1 and (ii) (u) over bar > 1. In case (i), the systemexhibits crossover from a Gaussian chain to the Kuhnian chain, as the degree of polymerization increases. In case (ii), the system exhibits crossover from the rigid rod to a Kuhnian chain. Our crossover theory is found to work well for polymers with (u) over bar > 1 only near the asymptotic scaling regime. However, for (u) over bar, the theory works well in all regimes. [S0021-9606(99)50505- 9]. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 325 Broadway,M-S 838, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM lue@boulder.nist.gov RI Lue, Leo/E-7846-2011 OI Lue, Leo/0000-0002-4826-5337 NR 38 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 1305 WALT WHITMAN RD, STE 300, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 EI 1089-7690 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD FEB 1 PY 1999 VL 110 IS 5 BP 2684 EP 2691 DI 10.1063/1.477991 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 161ET UT WOS:000078276500047 ER PT J AU Kishore, N Holden, MJ Tewari, YB Goldberg, RN AF Kishore, N Holden, MJ Tewari, YB Goldberg, RN TI A thermodynamic investigation of some reactions involving prephenic acid SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS LA English DT Article DE enthalpy; 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid; beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; phenylpyruvic acid; prephenate dehydratase; prephenate dehydrogenase; prephenic acid ID CARBON-DIOXIDE; SPECIFIED PH; CHORISMATE; GENE AB Calorimetric enthalpies of reaction have been measured for the following enzyme-catalysed reactions at the temperature 298.15 K: prephenate(aq) = phenylpyruvate(aq) + carbon dioxide(aq), prephenate(aq) + NAD(ox) (ag) + H2O(1) = 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate(aq) + NAD(red)(aq) + carbon dioxide(aq). Here, NAD(ox) and NAD(red) are, respectively, the oxidized and reduced forms of beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. The enzymes that catalyse these respective reactions, prephenate dehydratase and prephenate dehydrogenase, were prepared by expression of the appropriate plasmids using the techniques of molecular biology. The calorimetric measurements together with the equilibrium modeling calculations lead to a standard molar enthalpy change Delta(r)H(m)(o) = -(126 +/- 5) kJ.mol(-1) for the reference reaction: prephenate(2-)(aq) = phenylpyruvate(-)(aq) + HCO3-(aq). Similarly, Delta(r)H(m)(o) = -(74 +/- 3) kJ.mol(-1) for the reference reaction: prephenate(2-) (ag) + NAD(ox)(-)(aq) + H2O(l) = 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate(-) (ag) + NAD(red)(2-)(aq) + HCO3-(aq) + H+(aq). Both results pertain to T = 298.15 K and ionic strength I = 0. Benson estimates for the entropies lead to approximate values of the equilibrium constants K approximate to 1 . 10(26) and K approximate to 1 . 10(12), respectively, for the above two reference reactions. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Goldberg, RN (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 34 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0021-9614 J9 J CHEM THERMODYN JI J. Chem. Thermodyn. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 31 IS 2 BP 211 EP 227 DI 10.1006/jcht.1998.0444 PG 17 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry GA 179HN UT WOS:000079320900005 ER PT J AU Yang, SK Hou, YT Miller, AJ Campana, KA AF Yang, SK Hou, YT Miller, AJ Campana, KA TI Evaluation of the earth radiation budget in NCEP-NCAR reanalysis with ERBE SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID CLIMATE MODELS; SEA-SURFACE; ATMOSPHERE; PARAMETERIZATION; PRECIPITATION; INTERPOLATION; SYSTEM AB This study presents an evaluation of the NCEP-NCAR Reanalysis (the reanalysis) by comparing its components of the earth radiation budget to satellite data, Monthly mean clear sky (CS) and total sky of outgoing longwave radiation (OLR), as well as reflected solar radiation (RSW) for 1985 and 1986, are compared to the top-of-the-atmosphere (TOA) measurements from the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE). The ERBE-derived data of Staylor and Wilbur are also utilized to validate surface albedo. There are two objectives to this study: (i) to document the general quality of the reanalysis radiation budget, and (ii) to identify some of the general problem areas in the reanalysis global data assimilation system (GDAS). The OLR comparisons show that the global annual mean from the reanalysis is approximately 1.5% higher than that of ERBE. The zonal-average differences are strongly seasonal, which is particularly evident at high latitudes for the CS OLR, and at most latitudes for total-sky OLR. For the geographical distribution, the synoptic patterns from the reanalysis are in good agreement with the observations. Yet many regions in the Tropics and subtropics pose significant systematic biases. Possible causes are from shortcomings in the the cloud/moisture parameterizations of the reanalysis GDAS. The complex topography unresolvable by the T62 model could also be the cause for the biases in tall mountain regions. The global RSW comparisons show that the CS data from the reanalysis is in very good agreement with ERBE, while the total-sky RSW data overestimate ERBE by 12.6 W m(-2) (similar to 10%) globally. Persistent overestimates of RSW throughout the period indicate that the global energy budget for the reanalysis is not balanced. This result also is consistent with the finding in OLR suggesting that the reanalysis GDAS contains shortcomings in the cloud/moisture parameterizations. Another possibility for the difference in RSW is deficiencies in the GDAS shortwave parameterizations. Over the Sahara Desert, the reanalysis underestimates RSW, and overestimates OLR, both in the clear-sky and total-sky conditions. Comparison with the Staylor and Wilber ERBE-derived surface albedo suggests that GDAS surface albedo in this region should be increased by up to 0.1 (in albedo units). A comparison with the interannual variations of the satellite data for the boreal summer illustrates that the radiation budget data of the reanalysis contains a realistic climate signal. C1 Res & Data Syst Corp, NOAA, NWS, NCEP,Climate Predict Ctr, Washington, DC USA. Gen Sci Corp, NOAA, NWS, NCEP,Envirom Modeling Ctr, Washington, DC USA. RP Yang, SK (reprint author), Climate Predict Ctr, NCEP-W-NP53,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. NR 39 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 12 IS 2 BP 477 EP 493 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012<0477:EOTERB>2.0.CO;2 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 174LY UT WOS:000079037700011 ER PT J AU Hong, SY Leetmaa, A AF Hong, SY Leetmaa, A TI An evaluation of the NCEP RSM for regional climate modeling SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID LATERAL BOUNDARY-CONDITIONS; RANGE FORECAST MODEL; SURFACE-TEMPERATURE; SPECTRAL MODEL; SOIL HYDROLOGY; UNITED-STATES; 1988 DROUGHT; PRECIPITATION; LAYER; NMC AB In this study, the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Regional Spectral Model(RSM) has been evaluated as a means of enhancing the depiction of regional details beyond that which is capable in low-resolution global models. Three-month-long simulations driven by the NCEP-National Center for Atmospheric Research 40-yr reanalysis data are conducted with a horizontal resolution of about 50 km over the United States, for the two winters and summers. The selected winter cases are December-February (DJF) 1991/92 (warm eastern Pacific SST anomalies) and DJF 1992/93 (normal eastern Pacific SST anomalies). Summer cases are May-July (MJJ) 1988 (a drought in the Great Plains) and MJJ 1993 (a Flooding). Overall, the results from the model an very satisfactory in terms of the precipitation distribution for different seasons as well as the representation of large-scale features. Evaluation of simulated large-scale features reveals that the model does nor exhibit a discernible synoptic-scale drift during the 3-month integration period. irrespective of the seasons. Surprisingly, the model simulation is found to correct some biases in the large-scale fields that exist in the reanalysis data. This bias reduction is attributed to the improved depiction of physical processes within the RSM. This finding indicates that one should rake special care in the interpretation and validation of simulated results against the analyzed data. Evaluation of the RSM simulated precipitation for the winter and summer cases generally agrees with results obtained from previous studies. For instance, the skill for simulated precipitation in the winter cases exceeds that of the summer cases by a factor of 2. Comparison of simulated precipitation with observations reveals the 3-month-long RSM simulated precipitation to be more skillful than that obtained from the reanalysis data (the 6-h forecast from the data assimilation system). In addition to seasonal variations in precipitation. daily variation in the simulated precipitation is quite good. However, detailed analysis point:, to the need for further RSM development, particularly in physics. In the summer cases the grid-resolvable precipitation physics simulate excessive precipitation over the northern United States. A more serious problem is found in the diurnal cycle of the simulation precipitation, in that the model initiates convection too early. Despite these deficiencies, it is concluded that the NCEP RSM is a very useful tool for regional climate studies. C1 Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Environm Modeling Ctr, GSC, SAIC, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Climate Predict Ctr, Washington, DC USA. RP Hong, SY (reprint author), Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Environm Modeling Ctr, GSC, SAIC, Room 207,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RI Hong, Song-You/I-3824-2012 NR 35 TC 66 Z9 68 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 12 IS 2 BP 592 EP 609 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012<0592:AEOTNR>2.0.CO;2 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 174LY UT WOS:000079037700020 ER PT J AU Xu, HHK Martin, TA Antonucci, JM Eichmiller, FC AF Xu, HHK Martin, TA Antonucci, JM Eichmiller, FC TI Ceramic whisker reinforcement of dental resin composites SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE ceramic whisker; resin composite; reinforcement; whisker-glass fusion ID RESTORATIVE MATERIALS; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; POSTERIOR COMPOSITES; FIBER COMPOSITES; WEAR AB Resin composites currently available are not suitable for use as large stress-bearing posterior restorations involving cusps due to their tendencies toward excessive fracture and wear. The glass fillers in composites provide only limited reinforcement because of the brittleness and low strength of glass. The aim of the present study was to reinforce dental resins with ceramic single-crystalline whiskers of elongated shapes that possess extremely high strength. A novel method was developed that consisted of fusing silicate glass particles onto the surfaces of individual whiskers for a two-fold benefit: (1) to facilitate silanization regardless of whisker composition; and (2) to enhance whisker retention in the matrix by providing rougher whisker surfaces. Silicon nitride whiskers, with an average diameter of 0.4 mu m and length of 5 mu m, were coated by the fusion of silica particles 0.04 mu m in size to the whisker surface at temperatures ranging from 650 degrees C to 1000 degrees C. The coated whiskers were silanized and manually blended with resins by spatulation. Flexural, fracture toughness, and indentation tests were carried out for evaluation of the properties of the whisker-reinforced composites in comparison with conventional composites. A two-fold increase in strength and toughness was achieved in the whisker-reinforced composite, together with a substantially enhanced resistance to contact damage and microcracking. The highest flexural strength (195 +/- 8 MPa) and fracture toughness (2.1 +/- 0.3 MPa.m(1/2)) occurred in a composite reinforced with a whisker-silica mixture at whisker:silica mass ratio of 2:1 fused at 800 degrees C. To conclude, the strength, toughness, and contact damage resistance of dental resin composites can be substantially improved by reinforcement with fillers of ceramic whiskers fused with silica glass particles. C1 Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Xu, HHK (reprint author), Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Bldg 224,Room A-153, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. FU NIDCR NIH HHS [DE12476, P 50 DE09322] NR 44 TC 71 Z9 78 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 78 IS 2 BP 706 EP 712 PG 7 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 166PF UT WOS:000078585200011 PM 10029470 ER PT J AU Smith, DA Small, HJ AF Smith, DA Small, HJ TI The CARIB97 high-resolution geoid height model for the Caribbean Sea SO JOURNAL OF GEODESY LA English DT Article DE geoid; mean sea level; ocean dynamic topography; GPS; reference systems AB A 2 x 2 are-minute resolution geoid model, CARIB97, has been computed covering the Caribbean Sea. The geoid undulations refer to the GRS-80 ellipsoid, centered at the ITRF94 (1996.0) origin. The geoid level is defined by adopting the gravity potential on the geoid as W-0 = 62 636 856.88 m(2)/s(2) and a gravity-mass constant of GM = 3.986 004 418 x 10(14) m(3)/s(2). The geoid model was computed by applying high-frequency corrections to the Earth Gravity Model 1996 global geopotential model in a remove-compute-restore procedure. The permanent tide system of CARIB97 is non-tidal. Comparison of CARIB97 geoid heights to 31 GPS/tidal (ITRF94/local) benchmarks shows an average offset (h-N-N) of 51 cm, with an Root Mean Square (RMS) of 62 cm about the average. This represents an improvement over the use of a global geoid model for the region. However, because the measured orthometric heights (H) refer to many differing tidal datums, these comparisons are biased by localized permanent ocean dynamic topography (PODT). Therefore, we interpret the 51 cm as partially an estimate of the average PODT in the vicinity of the 31 island benchmarks. On an island-by-island basis, CARIB97 now offers the ability to analyze local datum problems which were previously unrecognized due to a lack of high-resolution geoid information in the area. C1 Natl Imagery & Mapping Agcy, St Louis, MO 63118 USA. NOAA, Natl Geodet Survey, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Smith, DA (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Geodet Survey, 1315 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 21 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0949-7714 J9 J GEODESY JI J. Geodesy PD FEB PY 1999 VL 73 IS 1 BP 1 EP 9 DI 10.1007/s001900050212 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Remote Sensing SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Remote Sensing GA 173MW UT WOS:000078985200001 ER PT J AU Ohtani, S Rostoker, G Takahashi, K Angelopoulos, V Nakamura, M Waters, C Singer, H Kokubun, S Tsuruda, K Hughes, WJ Potemra, TA Zanetti, LJ Gary, JB Lui, ATY Williams, DJ AF Ohtani, S Rostoker, G Takahashi, K Angelopoulos, V Nakamura, M Waters, C Singer, H Kokubun, S Tsuruda, K Hughes, WJ Potemra, TA Zanetti, LJ Gary, JB Lui, ATY Williams, DJ TI Coordinated ISTP satellite and ground observations of morningside Pc5 waves SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID KELVIN-HELMHOLTZ INSTABILITY; LATITUDE BOUNDARY-LAYER; FIELD LINE RESONANCES; INTERPLANETARY MAGNETIC-FIELD; UPSTREAM PRESSURE VARIATIONS; MAGNETOSPHERIC BOUNDARY; MAGNETOPAUSE-BOUNDARY; EARTHS MAGNETOPAUSE; PC-5 PULSATIONS; PARTICLE OBSERVATIONS AB This paper reports the result of a coordinated data analysis of a morningside Pc5 event observed at different altitudes in the magnetosphere and also on the ground. The event took place during 1400-1500 UT of April 29, 1993. The Geotail satellite was located in the boundary region and observed a 5-min quasi-periodic magnetic oscillation. The oscillation was mostly transverse to the background magnetic field. A 90 degrees phase lag between the magnetic field and electric field variations was not clear, suggesting that the oscillation was not a standing wave and that Geotail was located in or close to the excitation region. The plasma flow vector rotated clockwise on the equatorial plane viewed from the north as expected for a magnetospheric surface wave on the morningside. At geosynchronous altitude, the GOES satellites also observed a 5-min magnetic oscillation but with a significantly smaller amplitude than at the Geotail position. Five-minute magnetic oscillations were also detected at Canadian Auroral Network for the OPEN Program Unified Study (CANOPUS) and Magnetometer Array for Cusp and Cleft Studies (MACCS) ground stations in the same local time sector as the satellites, even equatorward of a region 2 field-aligned current observed by the Freja magnetometer data. From the phase analysis of ground signatures, the wave is inferred to propagate westward (antisunward) at a velocity of 18 degrees in longitude per minute. The propagation speed mapped to the equator, 400 km/s, is in the range of the expected flow speed of the magnetosheath. It is inferred that in the present event, the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability at the magnetopause, rather than at the inner edge of the boundary layer, excited an oscillation at the single frequency in a large area from the boundary region to deep inside the magnetosphere. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Boston Univ, Dept Astron, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Nagoya Univ, Solar Terr Environm Lab, Toyokawa 442, Japan. Univ Tokyo, Dept Earth & Planetary Phys, Tokyo 113, Japan. Univ Alberta, Dept Phys, Edmonton, AB T6G 21, Canada. NOAA, RESE, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Inst Space & Astronaut Sci, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 229, Japan. Univ New Castle, Dept Phys, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia. RP Ohtani, S (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, 11100 Johns Hopkins Rd, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. EM ohtani@fluxgate.jhuapl.edu; kazue.takahashi@jhuapl.edu; vassilis@ssl.berkeley.edu; kokubun@stelab.ngoya-u.ac.jp; hughes@buasta.bu.edu; ZANETLJ1@jhuapl.edu; GARYJB1@aplmail.jhuapl.edu; LUIAT1@jhuapl.edu; WILLIDJ1@jhuaapl.edu RI Waters, Colin/B-3086-2011; Ohtani, Shinichi/E-3914-2016 OI Waters, Colin/0000-0003-2121-6962; Ohtani, Shinichi/0000-0002-9565-6840 NR 68 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD FEB 1 PY 1999 VL 104 IS A2 BP 2381 EP 2397 DI 10.1029/1998JA900037 PG 17 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 170TX UT WOS:000078823900006 ER PT J AU Coffey, HE AF Coffey, HE TI Geomagnetic and solar data SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article C1 NOAA, World Data Ctr A Solar Terr Phys, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Coffey, HE (reprint author), NOAA, World Data Ctr A Solar Terr Phys, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD FEB 1 PY 1999 VL 104 IS A2 BP 2477 EP 2478 DI 10.1029/1998JA900174 PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 170TX UT WOS:000078823900014 ER PT J AU Ostertag, CP Drescher-Krasicka, E AF Ostertag, CP Drescher-Krasicka, E TI Novel residual stress measurement techniques to measure residual stresses in fiber reinforced composites SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB The feasibility of using cathodoluminescence (CL) and scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM) to measure residual stresses and to map their spatial distribution was investigated. Both techniques were utilized to obtain qualitative and quantitative information on stresses in the vicinity of fibers in pressureless sintered fiber reinforced composites. Both techniques reveal that the stresses are high in close vicinity with the fiber reinforcements and decrease rapidly with increasing distance from the fiber/matrix interface. CL is a surface technique that requires the fibers to be exposed to the surface. SAM is a bulk technique that gives information on residual stresses when fibers are embedded in the matrix. The former can be applied to nonmetallic materials such as semiconductors, ceramics, and glasses; the latter can be applied to metallic materials as well. (C) 1999 Kluwer Academic Publishers. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ostertag, CP (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 8 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-2461 J9 J MATER SCI JI J. Mater. Sci. PD FEB 1 PY 1999 VL 34 IS 3 BP 557 EP 563 DI 10.1023/A:1004598729771 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 180RJ UT WOS:000079398700016 ER PT J AU Davydov, A Kattner, UR AF Davydov, A Kattner, UR TI Thermodynamic assessment of the Co-Mo system SO JOURNAL OF PHASE EQUILIBRIA LA English DT Article ID PHASE-DIAGRAMS; IRON; TRANSITION; ELEMENTS; MODEL AB Experimental thermochemical and phase diagram data for the Go-Mo system were assessed. A consistent thermodynamic description, using a Redlich-Kister model for the solution phases and sublattice and line-compound models for the intermetallics, was obtained, and it agreed well with the critically evaluated experimental data. Several variations of the sublattice model for the sigma and mu phases were compared with the traditional models used for these phases in other systems. Measured data indicate an abrupt decrease of the terminal Mo solubility in the fee (Co) phase with decreasing temperature. This behavior was reproduced well by inclusion of the magnetic contribution to the Gibbs energy of the fee phase, Addition of the magnetic term also led to the prediction of a fee (Co) miscibility gap, and a high-temperature stability region of the paramagnetic cph (Co) phase. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Chem Engn, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. RP Davydov, A (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, 100 bur Dr,Stop 8555, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Davydov, Albert/F-7773-2010 OI Davydov, Albert/0000-0003-4512-2311 NR 45 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 11 PU ASM INTERNATIONAL PI MATERIALS PARK PA SUBSCRIPTIONS SPECIALIST CUSTOMER SERVICE, MATERIALS PARK, OH 44073-0002 USA SN 1054-9714 J9 J PHASE EQUILIB JI J. Phase Equilib. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 20 IS 1 BP 5 EP 16 DI 10.1361/105497199770335893 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 165PM UT WOS:000078530200002 ER PT J AU Sugg, LM VanDolah, FM AF Sugg, LM VanDolah, FM TI No evidence for an allelopathic role of okadaic acid among ciguatera-associated dinoflagellates SO JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY LA English DT Article DE allelopathy; ciguatera; okadaic acid; Prorocentrum ID PROROCENTRUM-LIMA; TOXINS; CULTURES; GROWTH AB Serine/threonine protein phosphatases are regulatory enzymes critical to growth and replication in eukaryotes, Okadaic acid (OA), a potent serine/threonine protein phosphatase inhibitor, has been well studied in vertebrates; however, Little is known about the role this phycotoxin plays in the ecology of its producer, the benthic dinoflagellate Prorocentrum lima Ehrenberg. The frequency and diversity of toxins produced by benthic dinoflagellates suggests that toxin production might play a role in competition among algal species. To assess the role of OA in growth competition, dinoflagellate species that co-occur with P. lima were grown in medium preconditioned by P. lima, Exudates from P. lima inhibited the growth of three of the four co-occurring species, All four dinoflagellate species were found to possess protein phosphatases that are inhibited by low concentrations of OA (IC(50) similar to 5 nM), Furthermore, when treated in culture for 24 h with either purified OA or medium preconditioned by P, lima, their protein phosphatase activity was substantially inhibited. In contrast, P, lima's protein phosphatase activity was refractory to OA both in vitro and in culture. To determine whether its growth inhibitory action was dependent on its phosphatase inhibitory activity, the P, lima-preconditioned medium was fractionated by HPLC and fractions tested for growth-inhibitory and protein phosphatase-inhibitory activity. We found that the two activities reside in different fractions, These results suggest that although OA has growth-inhibitory potential against other microalgae, it does not represent the major growth-inhibitory activity found in P, lima's medium. C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal & Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Univ Charleston, Grice Marine Biol Lab, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RP VanDolah, FM (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal & Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, 219 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM franvandolah@noaa.gov NR 42 TC 46 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 6 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0022-3646 J9 J PHYCOL JI J. Phycol. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 35 IS 1 BP 93 EP 103 DI 10.1046/j.1529-8817.1999.3510093.x PG 11 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 172LU UT WOS:000078926400014 ER PT J AU Krause, RF AF Krause, RF TI Estimation of characteristic parameters of a grain-bridging model for crack-extension resistance SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 97th Annual Meeting of the American-Ceramic-Society CY MAY 01-03, 1995 CL CINCINNATI, OHIO SP Amer Ceram Soc ID STRENGTH PROPERTIES; FRACTURE-TOUGHNESS; R-CURVES; ALUMINA; INDENTATION; CERAMICS; SIZE AB An alternative method of analysis was developed to estimate characteristic parameters of a published grain-bridging model for crack-extension resistance (R-curve) and to enable estimations of standard deviations of the parameters, which determine to a large extent the usefulness of the measurement results, The method is based upon fitting the model to both strength and crack-length measurements, corresponding to a range of indentation loads. Indentation-strength data for an alumina ceramic that was hot-pressed with a mean grain size of 10 mu m were used to demonstrate the method of analysis. These data were taken from tests where the indentation cracks were much larger than the grain size of the alumina and where residual stresses due to the indentations were annealed out. The model in this situation can be reduced to an explicit expression of strength as a nonlinear function of crack length, which is easily amenable for analysis by a least-squares method for nonlinear functions. The results indicate some limitations in the usefulness of estimating parameters of the grain-bridging model, As many as three of the five major characteristic parameters of the model can be estimated from the selected indentation-strength data, but because the standard deviations of the three parameters are rather large, preferably not more than two parameters should be estimated, assuming the third is known. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Krause, RF (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, PO BOX 6136, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-6136 USA SN 0002-7820 J9 J AM CERAM SOC JI J. Am. Ceram. Soc. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 82 IS 2 BP 373 EP 379 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 167VH UT WOS:000078654100015 ER PT J AU Wheeler, M Kiladis, GN AF Wheeler, M Kiladis, GN TI Convectively coupled equatorial waves: Analysis of clouds and temperature in the wavenumber-frequency domain SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID ROSSBY-GRAVITY-WAVES; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; 40-50 DAY OSCILLATION; WESTERN PACIFIC; TROPICAL PACIFIC; TOGA COARE; TRANSIENT-RESPONSE; SCALE DISTURBANCES; VERTICAL STRUCTURE; ATMOSPHERIC WAVES AB A wavenumber-frequency spectrum analysis is performed for all longitudes in the domain 15 degrees S-15 degrees N using a long (similar to 18 years) twice-daily record of satellite-observed outgoing longwave radiation (OLR), a good proxy for deep tropical convection. The broad nature of the spectrum is red in both zonal wavenumber and frequency. By removing an estimated background spectrum, numerous statistically significant spectral peaks are isolated. Some of the peaks correspond quite well to the dispersion relations of the equatorially trapped wave modes of shallow water theory with implied equivalent depths in the range of 12-50 m. Cross-spectrum analysis with the satellite-based microwave sounding unit deep-layer temperature data shows that these spectral peaks in the OLR are "coupled" with this dynamical field. The equivalent depths of the convectively coupled waves are shallower than those typical of equatorial waves uncoupled with convection. Such a small equivalent depth is thought to be a result of the interaction between convection and the dynamics. The convectively coupled equatorial waves identified correspond to the Kelvin, n = 1 equatorial Rossby, mixed Rossby-gravity, n = 0 eastward inertio-gravity, n = 1 westward inertio-gravity (WIG), and n = 2 WIG waves. Additionally, the Madden-Julian oscillation and tropical depression-type disturbances are present in the OLR spectra. These latter two features are unlike the convectively coupled equatorial waves due to their location away from the equatorial wave dispersion curves in the wavenumber-frequency domain. Extraction of the different convectively coupled disturbances in the time-longitude domain is performed by filtering the OLR dataset for very specific zonal wavenumbers and frequencies. The geographical distribution of the variance of these filtered data gives further evidence that some of the spectral peaks correspond to particular equatorial wave modes. The results have implications for the cumulus parameterization problem, for the excitation of equatorial waves in the lower stratosphere, and for extended-range forecasting in the Tropics. C1 Univ Colorado, NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, ASP, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. EM mwheeler@ucar.edu RI Wheeler, Matthew/C-9038-2011 OI Wheeler, Matthew/0000-0002-9769-1973 NR 68 TC 823 Z9 834 U1 4 U2 37 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 EI 1520-0469 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD FEB 1 PY 1999 VL 56 IS 3 BP 374 EP 399 DI 10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<0374:CCEWAO>2.0.CO;2 PG 26 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 174RX UT WOS:000079049700003 ER PT J AU Kaganovskii, YS Freilikher, VD Kanzieper, E Nafcha, Y Rosenbluh, M Fuks, IM AF Kaganovskii, YS Freilikher, VD Kanzieper, E Nafcha, Y Rosenbluh, M Fuks, IM TI Light scattering from slightly rough dielectric films SO JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA A-OPTICS IMAGE SCIENCE AND VISION LA English DT Article ID SURFACES AB It is shown that the long-scale (smooth) component of the roughness spectrum of a slightly rough dielectric layer critically affects the angular distribution of radiation scattered fi om the surface. The interference pattern obtained from a sample with only small-scale roughness differs drastically from a sample with the same small-scale roughness but possessing slight (of the order lambda/10) Variation of the thickness of the dielectric layer. It is shown that when interference phenomena are significant and the dielectric film has long-scale roughness, conventional perturbation theory is invalid, even if the rms of roughness is much smaller than the wavelength. A model is presented that correctly predicts the measured angular intensity distributions in the scattered-light field for samples that possess arbitrary scales of roughness. (C) 1999 Optical Society of America [S0740-3232(99)02002-5]. C1 Bar Ilan Univ, Dept Phys, Jack & Pearl Resnick Inst Adv Technol, IL-52900 Ramat Gan, Israel. Ukrainian Acad Sci, Inst Radio Astron, UA-310002 Kharkov, Ukraine. Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Kaganovskii, YS (reprint author), Bar Ilan Univ, Dept Phys, Jack & Pearl Resnick Inst Adv Technol, IL-52900 Ramat Gan, Israel. OI Rosenbluh, Michael/0000-0002-9150-4129 NR 19 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0740-3232 J9 J OPT SOC AM A JI J. Opt. Soc. Am. A-Opt. Image Sci. Vis. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 16 IS 2 BP 331 EP 338 DI 10.1364/JOSAA.16.000331 PG 8 WC Optics SC Optics GA 161AV UT WOS:000078266300015 ER PT J AU van Geen, A Valette-Silver, NJ Luoma, SN Fuller, CC Baskaran, M Tera, F Klein, J AF van Geen, A Valette-Silver, NJ Luoma, SN Fuller, CC Baskaran, M Tera, F Klein, J TI Constraints on the sedimentation history of San Francisco Bay from C-14 and Be-10 SO MARINE CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE estuary; erosional disturbance; sedimentation rate ID CALIFORNIA; PROFILES; ESTUARY; SYSTEM; AGES AB Industrialization and urbanization around San Francisco Bay as well as mining and agriculture in the watersheds of the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers have profoundly modified sedimentation patterns throughout the estuary. We provide some constraints on the onset of these erosional disturbances with Be-10 data for three sediment cores: two from Richardson Bay, a small embayment near the mouth of San Francisco Bay, and one from San Pablo Bay, mid-way between the river delta and the mouth. Comparison of pre-disturbance sediment accumulation determined from three C-14-dated mollusk shells in one Richardson Bay core with more recent conditions determined from the distribution of Pb-210, and Th-234 [Fuller, C.C., van Geen, A., Baskaran, M., Anima, R.J., 1999. Sediment chronology in San Francisco Bay, California, defined by Pb-210, Th-234, Cs-137, and Pu-239,Pu-240] shows that the accumulation rate increased by an order of magnitude at this particular site. All three cores from San Francisco Bay show subsurface maxima in Be-10 concentrations ranging in magnitude from 170 to 520 x 10(6) atoms/g. The transient nature of the increased Be-10 input suggests that deforestation and agricultural development caused basin-wide erosion of surface soils enriched in Be-10, probably before the turn of the century. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. NOAA, NOS, ORCA2, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Coll Geosci & Maritime Studies, Galveston, TX 77553 USA. Carnegie Inst Washington, Dept Terr Magnetism, Washington, DC 20015 USA. Univ Penn, Dept Phys, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP van Geen, A (reprint author), Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. OI Baskaran, Mark/0000-0002-2218-4328; Fuller, Christopher/0000-0002-2354-8074 NR 27 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4203 J9 MAR CHEM JI Mar. Chem. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 64 IS 1-2 BP 29 EP 38 DI 10.1016/S0304-4203(98)00082-6 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Oceanography SC Chemistry; Oceanography GA 213LL UT WOS:000081274300003 ER PT J AU Clemons, E Arkoosh, MR Casillas, E AF Clemons, E Arkoosh, MR Casillas, E TI Enhanced superoxide anion production in activated peritoneal macrophages from English sole (Pleuronectes vetulus) exposed to polycyclic aromatic compounds SO MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE superoxide; macrophages; English sole; polycyclic aromatic compounds; immunoalteration; reactive oxidative intermediates; pollution; contaminants ID HYDROGEN-PEROXIDE PRODUCTION; CHEMI-LUMINESCENT RESPONSE; TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; PAROPHRYS-VETULUS; PUGET-SOUND; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; IN-VITRO; FUNDULUS-HETEROCLITUS; POLLUTED HARBOR; HEPATIC-LESIONS AB As in mammals, macrophages play a vital role in the destruction of infective organisms in fish. The current study was done to determine if exposure to polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), a group of chemical contaminants commonly found in the sediments of urban marine areas, alters the ability of peritoneal macrophages (M empty set s) from English sole (Pleuronectes vetulus) to produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs). Initially, assay conditions including concentration of M empty set s, type of in vitro stimulant, tissue culture media, and incubation time were optimized to measure production of superoxide anion (O-2(-)), the progenitor ROI, in English sole M empty set s. English sole were then injected with an organic solvent extract of a PAC-contaminated sediment equivalent to 20 g sediment (about 860 mu g selected PACs) per kg fish, via their dorsal lymphatic sinus. Peritoneal M empty set s were harvested on days 1, 3, 7, and 14 post-injection. Elicited peritoneal M empty set s from English sole injected with the sediment extract produced significantly more O-2(-) after stimulation in vitro with either opsonized zymosan on days 3 and 7 after exposure, or phorbol myristate acetate on day 7 when compared to the vehicle-injected or uninjected fish. Macrophages of fish injected with the vehicle responded comparably to those from uninjected individuals. No differences in the basal amounts of O-2(-) production from activated peritoneal M empty set s were observed among the treatment groups. This study demonstrates that exposure of English sole to PACs altered macrophage production of O-2(-). Although the direct effects of the enhanced production of this ROI are unknown, the higher levels of superoxide anion production within peritoneal macrophages may contribute to immunodysfunction and oxidative damage in P. vetulus. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Environm Conservat Div, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Environm Conservat Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Clemons, E (reprint author), NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Environm Conservat Div, 2030 S Marine Sci Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NR 48 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0141-1136 J9 MAR ENVIRON RES JI Mar. Environ. Res. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 47 IS 1 BP 71 EP 87 DI 10.1016/S0141-1136(97)00127-X PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology GA 143PF UT WOS:000077264000005 ER PT J AU Engel, DW AF Engel, DW TI Accumulation and cytosolic partitioning of metals in the American oyster Crassostrea virginica SO MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Crassostrea virginica; copper; zinc; cadmium; oyster; metallothionein; Mt ID CRAB CALLINECTES-SAPIDUS; MOLLUSCAN METALLOTHIONEINS; BINDING PROTEINS; CADMIUM; PURIFICATION; DEPURATION; ISOFORMS; TOXICITY; EDULIS AB The ability of the oyster to accumulate trace metals, particularly the transition metals (Cd, Cu, Zn, and Hg), from food and water has been well documented. There is little information, however, on how these metals interact to affect whole animal retention, partitioning, and binding to metallothionein (Mt). In this study oysters were exposed to Cd and Cu, both alone and in combination, and significant effects have been demonstrated on subcellular partitioning. These studies showed that Cu can displace Cd from Mt, but the Cd is not lost from the animal. Two metal-binding protein peaks have been separated by gel chromatography (<10 K and 24 K daltons). The lower molecular weight protein peak has been characterized as Mt, consisting of two isoproteins, but the higher molecular weight protein peak appears to be an aggregation of metal-binding proteins, some of which may be Mt or a Mt dimer. In environments that are contaminated with trace metals, Mt binds primarily Hg, Cu, and/or Cd and Zn, but in noncontaminated areas Mt binds primarily Zn on one of the two isoMts. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Beaufort Lab, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Engel, DW (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Beaufort Lab, 101 Pivers Isl Rd, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. NR 31 TC 41 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0141-1136 J9 MAR ENVIRON RES JI Mar. Environ. Res. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 47 IS 1 BP 89 EP 102 DI 10.1016/S0141-1136(97)00100-1 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology GA 143PF UT WOS:000077264000006 ER PT J AU Johnson, SW Eiler, JH AF Johnson, SW Eiler, JH TI Fate of radio-tagged trawl web on an Alaskan beach SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID MARINE DEBRIS AB Thirty-five fragments of trawl web were radio-tagged on Kayak Island, Alaska, to determine their fate once stranded ashore, Tagged fragments placed in the immediate study area were monitored daily by a remote tracking station (RTS) from August 1994 to May 1995, Ground and aerial surveys in June 1995 located fragments that had moved out of the reception range of the RTS, Of the 35 tagged fragments, 18 (51%) remained on Kayak Island, whereas the whereabouts of 17 (49%) fragments were undetermined. Most fragments not relocated were lost during severe fall storms. Tagged fragments that remained on Kayak Island moved an average of 2.0 km from their original tagging location. Fragments not relocated were smaller ((x) over bar = 1.25 kg) than those found ((x) over bar = 6.28 kg), Missing fragments were likely washed back to sea. To reduce entanglement hazards to marine life, stranded trawl web should be removed from beaches during clean-ups to prevent possible reentry into the ocean. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Auke Bay Lab, 11305 Glacer Highway, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. NR 14 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 38 IS 2 BP 136 EP 141 DI 10.1016/S0025-326X(98)00109-X PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 172NN UT WOS:000078930800019 ER PT J AU Cava, RJ Krajewski, JJ Roth, RS AF Cava, RJ Krajewski, JJ Roth, RS TI Ca5Nb2TiO12 and Ca5Ta2TiO12: Low temperature coefficient low loss dielectric materials SO MATERIALS RESEARCH BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE oxides; electronic materials; ceramics; dielectric AB The 1 MHz dielectric properties for single-phase polycrystalline ceramics of the Ca5Nb2TiO12 and Ca5Ta2TiO12 perovskites are reported. In the vicinity of ambient temperature, the dielectric constants are approximately 35 and 23, respectively, and the dielectric losses are low, with Qs on the order of 5000, the upper limit of our measurement technique. Ceramics with a temperature coefficient of dielectric constant (TCK) less than 5 ppm/degrees C are reported. The dielectric properties are found to be systematically dependent on processing conditions. The data suggest that an order-disorder transition among the B-site ions plays a major role in the determination of the temperature dependence of the dielectric constant for both compounds. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Lucent Technol Bell Labs, Murray Hill, NJ 07574 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Cava, RJ (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Dept Chem, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. NR 3 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-5408 J9 MATER RES BULL JI Mater. Res. Bull. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 34 IS 3 BP 355 EP 362 DI 10.1016/S0025-5408(99)00036-7 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 204GT UT WOS:000080756300002 ER PT J AU Nath, R Amols, H Coffey, C Duggan, D Jani, S Li, ZF Schell, M Soares, C Whiting, J Cole, PE Crocker, I Schwartz, R AF Nath, R Amols, H Coffey, C Duggan, D Jani, S Li, ZF Schell, M Soares, C Whiting, J Cole, PE Crocker, I Schwartz, R TI Intravascular brachytherapy physics: Report of the AAPM Radiation Therapy Committee Task Group No. 60 SO MEDICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE intravascular brachytherapy; angioplasty; restenosis; dosimetry; radiation protection ID CORONARY-ARTERY DISEASE; INHIBITS NEOINTIMA FORMATION; EXTERNAL-BEAM IRRADIATION; MUSCLE CELL-PROLIFERATION; LOW-DOSE IRRADIATION; P-32 COATED STENT; BALLOON ANGIOPLASTY; BETA-IRRADIATION; INTRACORONARY IRRADIATION; ENDOVASCULAR IRRADIATION AB Recent preclinical and clinical studies indicate that irradiation using ionizing radiation in the dose range of 15 to 30 Gy may reduce the occurrence of restenosis in patients who have undergone an angioplasty. Several delivery systems of intravascular brachytherapy have been developed to deliver radiation doses in this range with minimal normal tissue toxicity. In late 1995 the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) formed a task group to investigate these issues and to report the current state of the art of intravascular brachytherapy physics. The report of this task group is presented here. (C) 1999 American Association of Physicists in Medicine. [S0094-2405(99)01302-4]. C1 Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Therapeut Radiol, New Haven, CT 06510 USA. Columbia Univ, Dept Radiat Oncol, New York, NY 10032 USA. Vanderbilt Med Ctr, Dept Radiat Oncol, Nashville, TN 37232 USA. Scripps Clin & Res Fdn, Div Radiat Oncol, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Radiat Oncol, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. Univ Rochester, Ctr Canc, Dept Radiat Oncol, Rochester, NY 14642 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Cedars Sinai Med Ctr, Dept Med Phys & Imaging, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA. Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Diagnost Radiol, New Haven, CT 06510 USA. Emory Clin, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. Mayo Clin & Mayo Fdn, Cardiovasc Dept, Rochester, MN 55905 USA. RP Nath, R (reprint author), Yale Univ, Sch Med, Dept Therapeut Radiol, 333 Cedar St, New Haven, CT 06510 USA. RI Grams, Michael/G-5197-2011 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [R01-HL58022-01] NR 89 TC 198 Z9 211 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 USA SN 0094-2405 J9 MED PHYS JI Med. Phys. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 26 IS 2 BP 119 EP 152 DI 10.1118/1.598496 PG 34 WC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 168HK UT WOS:000078686000005 PM 10076966 ER PT J AU Kung, H Foecke, T AF Kung, H Foecke, T TI Mechanical behavior of nanostructured materials SO MRS BULLETIN LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci & Technol, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD USA. Ohio State Univ, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RP Kung, H (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Alamos Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci & Technol, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 0 TC 31 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 4 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DR, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 0883-7694 J9 MRS BULL JI MRS Bull. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 24 IS 2 BP 14 EP 15 PG 2 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 168HE UT WOS:000078685500014 ER PT J AU Dinneen, TP Vogel, KR Arimondo, E Hall, JL Gallagher, A AF Dinneen, TP Vogel, KR Arimondo, E Hall, JL Gallagher, A TI Cold collisions of Sr*-Sr in a magneto-optical trap SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID SODIUM ATOMS; HYPERFINE-STRUCTURE; RADIATIVE LIFETIME; COOLED ATOMS; PHOTOASSOCIATION; STATE; MOLECULE; LOSSES AB We present measurements of cold collision processes in an alkaline-earth species. Collisions of Sr-88 pairs in a magneto-optic trap are found to be dominated by very-long-range excitation to the nonradiating (1)Pi(g) state of Sr-2* We find good agreement between measured loss rate coefficients and a modified form of the semiclassical model that includes retardation effects that allow excitation to metastable molecular states. [S1050-2947(99)00202-4]. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Pisa, Dipartimento Fis, I-56126 Pisa, Italy. RP Dinneen, TP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 23 TC 77 Z9 77 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD FEB PY 1999 VL 59 IS 2 BP 1216 EP 1222 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.59.1216 PG 7 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 169YW UT WOS:000078778500041 ER PT J AU Balzar, D Ledbetter, H Stephens, PW Park, ET Routbort, JL AF Balzar, D Ledbetter, H Stephens, PW Park, ET Routbort, JL TI Dislocation-density changes upon poling of polycrystalline BaTiO3 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID X-RAY-DIFFRACTION; BARIUM-TITANATE CERAMICS; CRYSTALS; SURFACE AB We report evidence for a significant increase of bulk dislocation density upon poling of polycrystalline BaTiO3. The synchrotron high-resolution x-ray-diffraction measurements yield a dislocation density on the order of 10(9)/cm(2) and an associated strain-energy increase of about 20 kJ/m(3). This implies that the application of an external poling field generates defects in the structure and increases the internal stress. Possible consequences in both bulk and thin-him applications include accelerated aging and microcracking. [S0163-1829(99)06005-1]. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Phys, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Div Energy Technol, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Balzar, D (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM balzar@boulder.nist.gov NR 51 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 EI 1550-235X J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD FEB 1 PY 1999 VL 59 IS 5 BP 3414 EP 3420 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.59.3414 PG 7 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 168NN UT WOS:000078699300036 ER PT J AU Stiles, MD McMichael, RD AF Stiles, MD McMichael, RD TI Model for exchange bias in polycrystalline ferromagnet-antiferromagnet bilayers SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID SPIN-VALVE STRUCTURES; CO/COO BILAYERS; THIN-FILMS; ANISOTROPY; MAGNETORESISTANCE; INTERFACES; PERMALLOY; NIO AB This paper describes a model for polycrystalline ferromagnet-antiferromagnet bilayers. Independent antiferromagnetic grains are coupled to a ferromagnetic film both by direct coupling to the net moments at the interfaces of the grains and by spin-flop coupling. Rotation of the ferromagnetic magnetization applies a torque to the antiferromagnetic spins at the interface of each grain which winds up partial domain walls in the antiferromagnet. The model explains both the unidirectional anisotropy that gives rise to the well-known shifted hysteresis loops, and the hysteretic effects observed in rotational torque and ferromagnetic resonance experiments. The unidirectional anisotropy comes from grains in which the antiferromagnetic order is stable as the magnetization is rotated. The hysteretic effects come from grains in which the antiferromagnetic order irreversibly switches as the domain wall is wound up past a postulated critical angle. For all of the models considered here, spin-flop coupling does not contribute to the unidirectional anisotropy. [S0163-1829(99)01305-3]. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Stiles, MD (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI McMichael, Robert/J-8688-2012; Stiles, Mark/K-2426-2012; OI Stiles, Mark/0000-0001-8238-4156; McMichael, Robert/0000-0002-1372-664X NR 40 TC 421 Z9 425 U1 9 U2 64 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 EI 1550-235X J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD FEB 1 PY 1999 VL 59 IS 5 BP 3722 EP 3733 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.59.3722 PG 12 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 168NN UT WOS:000078699300071 ER PT J AU Kozuma, M Deng, L Hagley, EW Wen, J Lutwak, R Helmerson, K Rolston, SL Phillips, WD AF Kozuma, M Deng, L Hagley, EW Wen, J Lutwak, R Helmerson, K Rolston, SL Phillips, WD TI Coherent splitting of Bose-Einstein condensed atoms with optically induced Bragg diffraction SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID RECOIL-INDUCED RESONANCES; STANDING LIGHT-WAVE; COLD ATOMS; SCATTERING; SPECTROSCOPY; TRAP; GAS AB We have observed Bragg diffraction of a Bose-Einstein condensate of sodium atoms by a moving, periodic, optical potential. The coherent process of Bragg diffraction produced a splitting of the condensate with unidirectional momentum transfer. Using the momentum selectivity of the Bragg process, we separated a condensate component with a momentum width narrower than that of the original condensate. By repeatedly pulsing the optical potential while the atoms were trapped, we observed the trajectory of the split atomic wave packets in the confining magnetic potential. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Georgia So Univ, Dept Phys, Statesboro, GA 30460 USA. RP Kozuma, M (reprint author), Univ Tokyo, Dept Phys, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo 1538902, Japan. RI Deng, Lu/B-3997-2012; Hagley, Edward/B-4285-2012; Helmerson, Kristian/E-3683-2013; rolston, steven/L-5175-2013 OI rolston, steven/0000-0003-1671-4190 NR 22 TC 356 Z9 359 U1 4 U2 22 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD FEB 1 PY 1999 VL 82 IS 5 BP 871 EP 875 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.871 PG 5 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 163PA UT WOS:000078412900001 ER PT J AU Berg, RF Moldover, MR Zimmerli, GA AF Berg, RF Moldover, MR Zimmerli, GA TI Viscoelasticity of xenon near the critical point SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CLASSICAL FLUID; CRITICAL VISCOSITY AB Using a novel, overdamped, oscillator flown aboard the space shuttle, we measured the viscosity of xenon near the liquid-vapor critical point in the frequency range 2 Hz less than or equal to f less than or equal to 12 Hz. The measured viscosity divergence is characterized by the exponent z(eta) = 0.0690 +/- 0.0006, in agreement with the value z(eta) = 0.067 +/- 0.002 calculated from a two-loop perturbation expansion. Viscoelastic behavior was evident when t = (T - T-c)/T-c < 10(-5) and dominant when t < 10(-6), further from T-c than predicted. Viscoelastic behavior scales as Af tau where tau is the fluctuation decay time. The measured value of A is 2.0 +/- 0.3 times the result of a one-loop calculation. (Uncertainties stated are one standard uncertainty.). C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NYMA Inc, Brook Pk, OH 44142 USA. RP Berg, RF (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Moldover, Michael/E-6384-2013 NR 12 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD FEB 1 PY 1999 VL 82 IS 5 BP 920 EP 923 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.920 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 163PA UT WOS:000078412900013 ER PT J AU Schramm, RE AF Schramm, RE TI Ultrasonic measurement of stress in railroad wheels SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article AB The equipment described here generates ultrasonic shear waves using an electromagnetic-acoustic transducer. Precise measurement of the velocity of two orthogonally polarized signals determines the birefringence and allows the calculation of stress. It is necessary to account for the effect of metallurgical texture which can contribute to the birefringence and appear as moderate stress. This system sends a signal through the thickness of a railroad wheel rim, digitizes the first echo, locks onto a cycle, and calculates the time when it crosses zero amplitude. Signal averaging yields the arrival time of a signal at about 90 mu s with a standard deviation of 2-4 ns. In screening the residual stress in the rims of cast-steel railroad wheels, this system has a total error of approximate to+/-60 MPa; most of this is due to variability of the texture measured in several stress-relieved blocks cut from wheels. The initial measurements were on wheels in which the manufacture had induced known levels of thermal damage. Results from destructive radial saw cuts through the rims allowed qualitative evaluation of the nondestructive measurements. Most components in this equipment are commercially available. [S0034-6748(99)04202-1]. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Schramm, RE (reprint author), Intelltech Inc, 9814 Lane St, Thornton, CO 80221 USA. NR 12 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 70 IS 2 BP 1468 EP 1472 DI 10.1063/1.1149607 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 164YD UT WOS:000078490400039 ER PT J AU Thomas, GG Cook, S Daneshzadeh, YH Krug, WS Benway, R AF Thomas, GG Cook, S Daneshzadeh, YH Krug, WS Benway, R TI Surface salinity and temperature from ships of opportunity - TSG data collected plays an important role in the study of meridional circulation in the world's oceans SO SEA TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NFSC, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Thomas, GG (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU COMPASS PUBL INC PI ARLINGTON PA SUITE 1000 1117 N 19 ST, ARLINGTON, VA 22209 USA SN 0093-3651 J9 SEA TECHNOL JI Sea Technol. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 40 IS 2 BP 77 EP + PG 4 WC Engineering, Ocean SC Engineering GA 173WU UT WOS:000079003400010 ER PT J AU Travis, JC Kramer, GW AF Travis, JC Kramer, GW TI NIST-Traceable-Reference-Material optical filters program for chemical spectrophotometry SO SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article AB NIST has produced Standard Reference Materials for calibrating the wavelength scale and verifying the absorbance accuracy of UV/visible chemical spectrophotometers for several decades. The NIST production capacity is rapidly becoming insufficient to meet the demand, and a program developed recently to leverage NIST measurement capability through the private sector is being adapted to these standards. The first NTRMs for chemical spectrophotometry will be modeled on NIST neutral-density-glass SRMs certified at five wavelengths in the visible spectral region and spanning absorbances between 0.3 and 2.0. The expanded uncertainties for the certified values will be kept close to those of the corresponding NIST standards by reducing the recertification period from two years to one, which will be compatible with the renewal cycle of many QC protocols and will provide more frequent cleaning of the filters. Other NTRMs will follow for wavelength calibration and UV absorbance verification. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU ADVANSTAR COMMUNICATIONS PI DULUTH PA 131 W FIRST ST, DULUTH, MN 55802 USA SN 0887-6703 J9 SPECTROSCOPY JI Spectroscopy PD FEB PY 1999 VL 14 IS 2 BP 56 EP + PG 9 WC Spectroscopy SC Spectroscopy GA 167HH UT WOS:000078626100006 ER PT J AU White, BG Paegle, J Steenburgh, WJ Horel, JD Swanson, RT Cook, LK Onton, DJ Miles, JG AF White, BG Paegle, J Steenburgh, WJ Horel, JD Swanson, RT Cook, LK Onton, DJ Miles, JG TI Short-term forecast validation of six models SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID NUMERICAL WEATHER-PREDICTION; CONVECTIVE ADJUSTMENT SCHEME; NMCS REGIONAL-ANALYSIS; PRECIPITATION FORECASTS; BOUNDARY-LAYER; ENVIRONMENTAL-PREDICTION; SURFACE EVAPORATION; NATIONAL-CENTERS; SOLAR-RADIATION; LIMITED-AREA AB The short-term forecast accuracy of six different forecast models over the western United States is described for January, February, and March 1996. Four of the models are operational products from the National Centers for Environmental prediction (NCEP) and the other two are research models with initial and boundary conditions obtained from NCEP models. Model resolutions vary from global wavenumber 126 (similar to 100 km equivalent horizontal resolution) for the Medium Range Forecast model (MRF) to about 30 km for the Meso Era. Utah Local Area Model (Utah LAM), and Pennsylvania State University-National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model Version 5 (MM5). Forecast errors are described in terms of bias error and mean square error (mse) as computed relative to (i) gridded objective analyses and (ii) rawinsonde observations. Bias error and mse fields computed relative to gridded analyses show considerable variation from model to model, with the largest errors produced by the most highly resolved models. Using this approach, it is impossible to separate real forecast errors from possibly correct, highly detailed forecast information because the forecast grids are of higher resolution than the observations used to generate the gridded analyses. Bias error and mse calculated relative to rawinsonde observations suggest that the Meso Eta, which is the most highly resolved and best developed operational model, produces the most accurate forecasts at 12 and 24 h. while the MM5 produces superior forecasts relative to the Utah LAM. At 36 h, the MRF appears to produce superior mass and wind field forecasts. Nevertheless, a preliminary validation of precipitation performance for fall 1997 suggests the more highly resolved models exhibit superior skill ih predicting larger precipitation events. Although such results are valid when skill is averaged over many simulations, forecast errors at individual rawinsonde locations, averaged over subsets of the total forecast period, suggest more variability in forecast accuracy. Time series of local forecast errors show large variability from time to time and generally similar maximum error magnitudes among the different models. C1 Univ Utah, Dept Meteorol, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. Univ Utah, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Reg Predict, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. RP Paegle, J (reprint author), Univ Utah, Dept Meteorol, 135 S 1460 E RM 819, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. EM jpaegle@icicle.met.utah.edu NR 60 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 14 IS 1 BP 84 EP 108 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(1999)014<0084:STFVOS>2.0.CO;2 PG 25 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 168JM UT WOS:000078688500007 ER PT J AU O'Connor, WP Schwab, DJ Lang, GA AF O'Connor, WP Schwab, DJ Lang, GA TI Forecast verification for Eta Model winds using Lake Erie storm surge water levels SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID PRESSURE-GRADIENT FORCE; GEOSAT ALTIMETER DATA; GULF-STREAM; ENVIRONMENTAL PREDICTION; NATIONAL CENTERS; GREAT-LAKES; COORDINATE; OCEAN; CIRCULATION; TEMPERATURE AB This article has two purposes. The first is to describe how the Great Lakes Coastal Forecasting System (GLCFS) can be used to validate wind forecasts for the Great Lakes using observed and forecast water levels. The second is to evaluate how well two versions (40 km and 29 km) of the numerical weather prediction step-coordinate Eta Model are able to forecast winds for the Great Lakes region, using the GLCFS as a verification technique. A brief description is given of the 40- and 29-km versions of the Eta Model and their surface wind and wind stress output. A description is given of the GLCFS for Lake Erie. This includes the numerical Princeton Ocean Model (POM), observed winds from surface meteorological stations and buoys, and water level gauge data. The wind stresses obtained from both the 40-km Eta Model and the observed winds are used to force the POM for Lake Erie for several periods in 1993 when water level surges were recorded. The resulting POM water levels are then compared to observed water levels to provide an indication of the accuracy of 40-km Era Model forecasts. The same experiments are made with the POM using wind stresses from the 29-km Eta Model and observed winds in 1997. Twin experiments are made with the GLCFS to determine: 1) how well it can predict (hindcast) water levels using observed winds as forcing, and 2) how well it can predict water levels using both the 40- and 29-km Eta Model forecast winds as forcing. The use of this forecast validation technique for other coastal forecasting systems is discussed. C1 NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, ERL, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Univ Michigan, Cooperat Inst Limnol & Ecosyst Res, Ann Arbor, MI USA. RP Schwab, DJ (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, ERL, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RI Schwab, David/B-7498-2012 NR 55 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD FEB PY 1999 VL 14 IS 1 BP 119 EP 133 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(1999)014<0119:FVFEMW>2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 168JM UT WOS:000078688500009 ER PT J AU Meyers, TR Thrower, F Short, S Lipson, K Joyce, J Farrington, C Doherty, S AF Meyers, TR Thrower, F Short, S Lipson, K Joyce, J Farrington, C Doherty, S TI Different prevalences of Renibacterium salmoninarum detected by ELISA in Alaskan chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha spawned from freshwater and seawater SO DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS LA English DT Article DE Renibacterium; ELISA; chinook ID BACTERIAL KIDNEY-DISEASE; IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY ELISA; ANTIGEN; FISHES AB Soluble antigen of Renibacterium salmoninarum (Rs) was detected by a polyclonal enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) at significantly higher prevalences in adult chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha that matured in freshwater than in the same cohort of fish spawned after maturation in seawater. The cumulative results were consistent during 4 yr of comparison at the Little Port Walter Hatchery on Baranof Island, Alaska, USA. Possible causes for this difference are discussed. Maturation of chinook salmon broodstock in seawater has become a practical strategy at this hatchery to reduce the prevalence of Rs-positive parent fish and the numbers of culled eggs. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Commercial Fisheries Div, Douglas, AK 99824 USA. So SE Reg Aquaculture Assoc, Ketchikan, AK 99901 USA. RP Meyers, TR (reprint author), Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Commercial Fisheries Div, POB 25526, Juneau, AK 99802 USA. NR 22 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0177-5103 J9 DIS AQUAT ORGAN JI Dis. Aquat. Org. PD JAN 29 PY 1999 VL 35 IS 2 BP 101 EP 105 DI 10.3354/dao035101 PG 5 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 185UX UT WOS:000079690200003 PM 10092972 ER PT J AU da Costa, CT Margolis, SA Benner, BA Horton, D AF da Costa, CT Margolis, SA Benner, BA Horton, D TI Comparison of methods for extraction of flavanones and xanthones from the root bark of the osage orange tree using liquid chromatography SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article DE flavanones; xanthones ID SUPERCRITICAL-FLUID EXTRACTION; NATURAL-PRODUCTS; MACLURA-POMIFERA; CRUDE DRUGS; COMPONENTS; PLANTS AB This study compares conventional solid-liquid extraction, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), and pressurized fluid extraction (PFE) for their efficiency in extracting xanthones and flavanones from the root bark of the osage orange tree (Maclura pomifera). Seven compounds were extracted from the plant material by solvent extraction at room temperature for 48 h. The same compounds were removed from the root bark by 45- and 35-min extractions using SFE and PFE, respectively, and under optimized conditions, in same or higher yields than those obtained by the conventional 48-h solvent extraction. Although all seven compounds were present in the SFE extracts when only CO, was used as the fluid, the addition of 20 vol.% methanol (MeOH) to the CO2 proved essential for achieving high yields. Use of SFE with CO2-MeOH also led to the recovery of an additional flavanone from a wet sample of root bark. This flavanone is absent from the conventional solvent extracts and appears in small amounts in the PFE extracts. An optimized LC separation for the analysis of the different extracts is presented, and it is demonstrated that the separation of xantbones and flavanones is considerably improved by the use of deactivated C-18 columns in conjunction with a mobile phase containing acetonitrile and a weak organic acid. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 American Univ, Dept Chem, Washington, DC 20016 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Horton, D (reprint author), American Univ, Dept Chem, 4400 Massachusetts Ave, Washington, DC 20016 USA. RI Barrocas Dias, Cristina/S-6824-2016 OI Barrocas Dias, Cristina/0000-0002-1707-2209 NR 28 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD JAN 29 PY 1999 VL 831 IS 2 BP 167 EP 178 DI 10.1016/S0021-9673(98)00937-6 PG 12 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 164JT UT WOS:000078461000003 ER PT J AU Luo, R David, L Hung, H Devaney, J Gilson, MK AF Luo, R David, L Hung, H Devaney, J Gilson, MK TI Strength of solvent-exposed salt-bridges SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B LA English DT Article ID HELIX-COIL THEORY; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; PROTEIN STABILITY; SIDE-CHAIN; T4 LYSOZYME; FREE-ENERGY; ELECTROSTATIC INTERACTIONS; 1.9-ANGSTROM RESOLUTION; THERMUS-THERMOPHILUS; SOLVATION ENERGIES AB This paper uses a recently developed computer model to study the energetics of solvent-exposed salt-bridges. The model uses the "mining minima" method to compute conformational free energies with the CHARMm empirical force and the generalized Born solvation model. Satisfactory agreement is obtained in comparison with the measured binding affinities of ion pairs in solution and with the salt-bridge energetics deduced from studies of salt-bridges in helical peptides, The calculations suggest that stabilizing charge-charge interactions in helical peptides do not require well-defined salt-bridge conformations. This is in agreement with crystallographic studies of charge pairs added to T4 lysozyme by site-directed mutagenesis. The computer model is also used to make a testable prediction that arginine and phosphotyrosine residues in an (i, i + 4) relationship will form a particularly strong salt-bridge in helical peptides. The biological implications of these results are discussed. C1 Univ Maryland, Maryland Biotechnol Inst, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Chem & Biochem, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gilson, MK (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Maryland Biotechnol Inst, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, 9600 Gudelsky Dr, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. EM gilson@indigo14.carb.nist.gov RI de Sousa, Miguel/A-3877-2009; Luo, Ray/I-6928-2012 OI Luo, Ray/0000-0002-6346-8271 NR 58 TC 64 Z9 64 U1 2 U2 17 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5647 J9 J PHYS CHEM B JI J. Phys. Chem. B PD JAN 28 PY 1999 VL 103 IS 4 BP 727 EP 736 DI 10.1021/jp982715i PG 10 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 174PG UT WOS:000079043100018 ER PT J AU Huang, HP Sardeshmukh, PD Weickmann, KM AF Huang, HP Sardeshmukh, PD Weickmann, KM TI The balance of global angular momentum in a long-term atmospheric data set SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID GRAVITY-WAVE DRAG; WEATHER PREDICTION MODELS; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; PARAMETRIZATION; FLUCTUATIONS; FORECASTS; OROGRAPHY; EXCHANGE; TORQUES; LENGTH AB The balance of global atmospheric angular momentum is examined in a long time series of "reanalysis" data generated at the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP). A systematic negative bias of about -10 Hadleys (10(18) kg m(2) s(-2)) is obtained in the total torque in all seasons. The sum of the frictional (T-F) and mountain (T-M) torques contributes about half of this negative bias in the northern summer and autumn. The torque due to the parameterized gravity wave drag, T-G, contributes the other half of the negative bias in summer but contributes the whole of it in winter. In the annual mean the projected angular momentum imbalance due to T-G exceeds that due to T-M + T-F. Consistent with the budget analysis of the assimilated data, losses of angular momentum are also found in an extensive set of medium-range forecasts made with the NCEP reanalysis model. The average rates of loss of relative angular momentum in these forecasts, -7 Hadleys in January and -6 in July, are comparable to the bias of the total torque in the angular momentum budget. Further investigations are suggested to determine the model error, especially that associated with the parameterized gravity wave drag, related to the budget imbalance found in this study. C1 Univ Colorado, Climate Diagnost Ctr, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Climate Diaagnost Ctr, Environm Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Univ Colorado, Climate Diagnost Ctr, CIRES, Campus Box 216, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM hp@cdc.noaa.gov NR 24 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JAN 27 PY 1999 VL 104 IS D2 BP 2031 EP 2040 DI 10.1029/1998JD200068 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 160QJ UT WOS:000078242200007 ER PT J AU Tobin, DC Best, FA Brown, PD Clough, SA Dedecker, RG Ellingson, RG Garcia, RK Howell, HB Knuteson, RO Mlawer, EJ Revercomb, HE Short, JF van Delst, PFW Walden, VP AF Tobin, DC Best, FA Brown, PD Clough, SA Dedecker, RG Ellingson, RG Garcia, RK Howell, HB Knuteson, RO Mlawer, EJ Revercomb, HE Short, JF van Delst, PFW Walden, VP TI Downwelling spectral radiance observations at the SHEBA ice station: Water vapor continuum measurements from 17 to 26 mu m SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID SENSITIVITY; ATMOSPHERE; ABSORPTION; CLIMATE AB Earth loses energy to space in the form of longwave (or infrared) radiation. Much of this energy is radiated through the transparent portion of the water vapor rotational band from 17 to 33 mu m (300 to 600 cm(-1)). Very few measurements have been made in this spectral region to characterize how water vapor absorbs and emits longwave radiation. An Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (AERI) with extended longwave spectral coverage has been deployed at the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean (SHEBA) ice station 300 miles north of the Alaskan coast to measure downwelling radiances at wavelengths of 3 to 26 mu m (380 to 3000 cm(-1)). The spectral and radiometric performance of the instrument, installation at the ice station, and initial. observations are shown. Comparisons to line-by-line radiative transfer calculations for selected clear-sky cases are presented, and air-broadened water vapor continuum absorption coefficients are determined in the wing of the pure rotational band from 17 to 26 mu m (380 to 600 cm(-1)). Comparisons of the coefficients with the widely used Clough Kneizys Davies (CKD) water vapor continuum model suggest empirical modifications to this model are necessary. Comparisons to laboratory measurements of Burch et al. [1974] made at room temperature suggests little or no temperature dependence of the continuum from 400 to 550 cm(-1). Implications of these modifications on top-of-atmosphere and surface fluxes, as well as atmospheric cooling rates, are discussed. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Cooperat Inst Meteorol Satellite Studies, Space Sci & Engn Ctr, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Atmospher & Environm Res Inc, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Meteorol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Wisconsin, NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Univ Wisconsin, Cooperat Inst Meteorol Satellite Studies, Space Sci & Engn Ctr, 1225 W Dayton St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NR 44 TC 95 Z9 98 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JAN 27 PY 1999 VL 104 IS D2 BP 2081 EP 2092 DI 10.1029/1998JD200057 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 160QJ UT WOS:000078242200012 ER PT J AU Russell, PB Hobbs, PV Stowe, LL AF Russell, PB Hobbs, PV Stowe, LL TI Aerosol properties and radiative effects in the United States East Coast haze plume: An overview of the Tropospheric Aerosol Radiative Forcing Observational Experiment (TARFOX) SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID CLIMATE; SULFATE; TRENDS AB Aerosol effects on atmospheric radiation are a leading source of uncertainty in predicting climate change. The Tropospheric Aerosol Radiative Forcing Observational Experiment (TARFOX) was designed to reduce this uncertainty by measuring and analyzing aerosol properties and effects on the United States eastern seaboard, where one of the world's major plumes of urban/industrial haze moves from the continent over the Atlantic Ocean. The TARFOX intensive field campaign was conducted July 10-31, 1996, It included coordinated measurements from four satellites (GOES-8, NOAA-14, ERS-2, Landsat), four aircraft (ER-2, C-130, C-131A, and a modified Cessna), land sites, and ships. A variety of aerosol conditions was sampled, ranging from relatively clean, behind frontal passages, to moderately polluted, with aerosol optical depths exceeding 0.5 at midvisible wavelengths. Gradients of aerosol optical thickness were sampled to aid in separating aerosol effects from other radiative effects and to more tightly constrain closure tests, including those of satellite retrievals, Early results from TARFOX include demonstration of the unexpected importance of carbonaceous compounds and water condensed on aerosol in the United States East Coast haze plume, chemical apportionment of the aerosol optical depth, measurements of aerosol-induced changes in upwelling and downwelling shortwave radiative fluxes, and generally good agreement between measured flux changes and those calculated from measured aerosol properties. This overview presents the TARFOX objectives, rationale overall experimental approach, and key initial findings as a guide to the more complete results reported in this special section and elsewhere. C1 NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, NOAA, Satellite Res Lab, NSC, Washington, DC 20233 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP NASA, Ames Res Ctr, MS 245-5, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. EM prussell@mail.ars.nasa.gov NR 50 TC 177 Z9 179 U1 1 U2 14 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JAN 27 PY 1999 VL 104 IS D2 BP 2213 EP 2222 DI 10.1029/1998JD200028 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 160QJ UT WOS:000078242200026 ER PT J AU Slusher, JT AF Slusher, JT TI Infinite dilution activity coefficients in hydrogen-bonded mixtures via molecular dynamics: the water/methanol system SO FLUID PHASE EQUILIBRIA LA English DT Article DE molecular simulation; activity coefficient; excess Gibbs energy; aqueous methanol; infinite dilution; chemical potential ID GIBBS FREE-ENERGY; CHARGING-INTEGRAL APPROACH; EXCESS FREE-ENERGY; COMPUTER-SIMULATION; THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES; DIATOMIC-MOLECULES; AQUEOUS-SOLUTIONS; BINARY-MIXTURES; WATER; METHANOL AB The single charging integral method, recently employed to calculate residual chemical potential differences between water and methanol due to size, energy, and partial charge parameters, is extended to include the contributions due to the differences in molecular model geometry. The calculated infinite dilution activity coefficients for the binary are compared to their experimental values at 298 K. With the SPC water model and the methanol model of Van Leeuwen [Van Leeuwen and Smit, J. Phys. Chem. 99 (1995) 831], the total calculated residual chemical potential difference between water and methanol agrees to within 2% of the experimental value. The residual chemical potential differences in the infinite dilution systems, however, disagree with experiment by 20 to 100%. The effect of deviations from the Lorentz-Berthelot combining rules for unlike site-site interactions is addressed. The delicate balance between electrostatic attraction and overlap repulsion is implicated in the disagreement between the calculated and experimental chemical potential differences. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Slusher, JT (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM joseph.slusher@nist.gov NR 30 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-3812 J9 FLUID PHASE EQUILIBR JI Fluid Phase Equilib. PD JAN 25 PY 1999 VL 154 IS 2 BP 181 EP 192 DI 10.1016/S0378-3812(98)00447-6 PG 12 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Engineering GA 158LH UT WOS:000078116600002 ER PT J AU Mountain, RD AF Mountain, RD TI Voids and clusters in expanded water SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS SIMULATION; LENNARD-JONES FLUID; SUPERCRITICAL WATER; LIQUID WATER; COMPUTER-SIMULATION; TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENCE; ELEVATED-TEMPERATURES; POLARIZABLE WATER; AQUEOUS-SOLUTIONS; HYDROGEN-BONDS AB Molecular-dynamics simulations of water at elevated temperatures and reduced densities relative to ambient conditions are used to examine the size distributions of suitably defined hydrogen bonded clusters, physical clusters, and voids. The cluster structure of both hydrogen bonded clusters and physical clusters changes rapidly as a function of density for near critical and supercritical temperatures. The density variation of an observable quantity, a local density, is shown to be a signature of the onset in the change in cluster size. The densities with a broad range of cluster sizes are roughly located in the supercritical temperature region. [S0021-9606(99)50304-8]. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Mountain, RD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM RMountain@nist.gov NR 55 TC 57 Z9 57 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD JAN 22 PY 1999 VL 110 IS 4 BP 2109 EP 2115 DI 10.1063/1.477853 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 156ZU UT WOS:000078034900030 ER PT J AU Rodbell, DT Seltzer, GO Anderson, DM Abbott, MB Enfield, DB Newman, JH AF Rodbell, DT Seltzer, GO Anderson, DM Abbott, MB Enfield, DB Newman, JH TI An similar to 15,000-year record of El Nino-driven alluviation in southwestern Ecuador SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; EARLY HISTORY; NORTHERN PERU; VARIABILITY; CLIMATE AB Debris flows have deposited inorganic Laminae in an alpine lake that is 75 kilometers east of the Pacific Ocean, in Ecuador. These storm-induced events were dated by radiocarbon, and the age of laminae that are Less than 200 years old matches the historic record of El Nino events. From about 15,000 to about 7000 calendar years before the present, the periodicity of elastic deposition is greater than or equal to 15 years; thereafter, there is a progressive increase in frequency to periodicities of 2 to 8.5 years. This is the modern El Nino periodicity, which was established about 5000 calendar years before the present. This may reflect the onset of a steeper zonal sea surface temperature gradient, which was driven by enhanced trade winds. C1 Union Coll, Dept Geol, Schenectady, NY 12308 USA. Syracuse Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA. NOAA, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Geosci, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Rodbell, DT (reprint author), Union Coll, Dept Geol, Schenectady, NY 12308 USA. RI Enfield, David/I-2112-2013; anderson, david/E-6416-2011 OI Enfield, David/0000-0001-8107-5079; NR 38 TC 423 Z9 457 U1 4 U2 45 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD JAN 22 PY 1999 VL 283 IS 5401 BP 516 EP 520 DI 10.1126/science.283.5401.516 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 159YM UT WOS:000078203300030 ER PT J AU Crawford, MK Dobbs, KD Smalley, RJ Corbin, DR Maliszewskyj, N Udovic, TJ Cavanagh, RR Rush, JJ Grey, CP AF Crawford, MK Dobbs, KD Smalley, RJ Corbin, DR Maliszewskyj, N Udovic, TJ Cavanagh, RR Rush, JJ Grey, CP TI A Raman spectroscopy study of the separation of hydrofluorocarbons using zeolites SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B LA English DT Article ID VIBRATIONAL SPECTROSCOPY; MAS NMR; 1,1,2,2-TETRAFLUOROETHANE; 1,1,2-TRIFLUOROETHANE AB Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), such as HFC-134a (CF3CFH2), are replacing chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in many applications because of their low ozone depletion potentials. The more complex chemical syntheses of HFCs, however, may not provide the molecular species desired with sufficient purity, leading to the need to separate reaction products. An important example is provided by the separation of the isomers HFC-134a and HFC-134 (CF2HCF2H) over the faujisitic zeolite NaX (Na86Al86Si106O384) An understanding of the fundamental mechanism controlling this separation involves the unusual aspect that HFC-134 can exist as either a trans or gauche conformer; a key factor is that the trans conformer is nonpolar whereas the gauche conformer is highly polar. Here we report the results of a Raman scattering study which show the trans-gauche population ratio for HFC-134 adsorbed on NaX is decreased as much as 20-fold compared to the gas phase. Furthermore, the conformational ratio changes with HFC loading, the polar gauche conformer being more highly favored at low loading where the HFC-134a/HFC-134 separation factor is maximum. These observations thus demonstrate that the efficiency of this HFC separation is directly related to the HFC-134 trans-gauche population distribution on the zeolite surface. C1 Dupont Co, Wilmington, DE 19880 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Chem, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. RP Crawford, MK (reprint author), Dupont Co, E356-209, Wilmington, DE 19880 USA. RI Garcia-Sanchez, Almudena/B-3303-2009 NR 22 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5647 J9 J PHYS CHEM B JI J. Phys. Chem. B PD JAN 21 PY 1999 VL 103 IS 3 BP 431 EP 434 DI 10.1021/jp9832903 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 174PF UT WOS:000079043000007 ER PT J AU Gillespie, WD Hahn, JW Bowers, WJ Hurst, WS Rosasco, GJ AF Gillespie, WD Hahn, JW Bowers, WJ Hurst, WS Rosasco, GJ TI Broadband D-2 coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy for single-shot pressure and temperature determination with a Fabry-Perot etalon SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article ID MODELESS DYE-LASER; COEFFICIENTS; VELOCITY; D2; HE; AR AB A method is demonstrated that employs a Fabry-Perot etalon to modulate a broadband coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy signal beam spatially to obtain enhanced resolution and spectral information for single-shot measurements of pressure and temperature. Resulting images are analyzed by; first, fits to Fabry-Perot patterns for single rovibrational lines; second, a line-shape analysis for a single rovibrational line; and third, a mapping of the Fabry-Perot channel spectra to a linear spectrum. Measurements of the D-2 Raman Q-branch lines were made for a D-2 in Ar mixture to take advantage of the large pressure shift and rovibrational line spacing. Peaks are located to better than 0.5% of the free spectral range of the etalon (approximately 0.01 cm(-1)) and a quantitative analysis of the pressure shifting and broadening is determined for the 1-10-MPa range. Finally, temperature and pressure determination using a band-fitting analysis is demonstrated. C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Korea Res Inst Stand & Sci, Div Quantum Metrol, Tejon 305600, South Korea. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Proc Measurements Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gillespie, WD (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. NR 19 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD JAN 20 PY 1999 VL 38 IS 3 BP 534 EP 544 DI 10.1364/AO.38.000534 PG 11 WC Optics SC Optics GA 160QT UT WOS:000078243000015 PM 18305643 ER PT J AU Gudel, M Linsky, JL Brown, A Nagase, F AF Gudel, M Linsky, JL Brown, A Nagase, F TI Flaring and quiescent coronae of UX Arietis: Results from ASCA and EUVE campaigns SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE stars : activity; stars : coronae; stars : flare; stars : individual (UX Arietis); X-rays : stars ID X-RAY FLARE; AR LACERTAE; STELLAR FLARES; SOLAR-FLARES; EMISSION; STARS; ROSAT; SPECTRA; ALGOL; RECONNECTION AB The RS CVn binary star UX Ari was observed for 14 hr with all four detectors onboard the Advanced Satellite for Cosmology ann Astrophysics (ASCA), and for 135 ks with the spectrometers onboard the Extreme-Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE). During the ASCA observations, the X-ray emission was at a constant, quiescent level during the first 12 hr, after which time a powerful flare with a peak luminosity of 1.4 x 10(32) ergs s(-1) started. The flare was observed until shortly after its peak. The EUVE observations were obtained on two different days when the star was in a quiescent phase. We present a spectral and temporal analysis of the UX Ari observations and interpret the ASCA flare data with a two-ribbon flare model including estimates for cooling losses. The quiescent emission measure (EM) distributions derived independently from ASCA and EUVE data agree remarkably. The distribution increases up to a peak around 25 MK. We find elemental abundances that are significantly subsolar, in particular for Fe (approximate to 17%). A time-dependent reconstruction of the flare EM distribution shows that two separate plasma components evolve during the flare (one being identified with the quiescent EM). Most of the flare EM reaches temperatures between 50 and 100 MK or more. Magnetic confinement requires the loop arcade to be geometrically large, with length scales on the order of one stellar radius. The electron densities inferred from the model decrease from initial values around 10(12) cm(-3) early in the flare to about 10(11) cm(-3) at the flare peak. The best-fit models require surface magnetic field strengths of a few hundred G, compatible with the maximum photospheric fields expected from equipartition. The flare parameters imply a (conductive and radiative) cooling loss time of less than 1 hr at flare peak. The elemental abundances increase significantly during the flare rise, with the abundances of the low first ionization potential (FIP) elements Fe, Mg, Si, and Ni typically increasing to higher levels than the high-FIP elements, such as S or Ne. The Fe abundance increases from 17% +/- 4% of the solar photospheric value during quiescence up to 89% +/- 18% at flare peak. A fractionation process that occurs during the chromospheric evaporation phase may selectively enrich low-FIP elements as in the solar corona; alternatively, the chromospheric evaporation may itself bring metal-rich chromospheric plasma into the metal-poor corona. C1 Paul Scherrer Inst, CH-5303 Wurenlingen, Switzerland. Paul Scherrer Inst, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland. ETH Zentrum, Inst Astron, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Ctr Astrophys & Space Astron, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Inst Space & Astronaut Sci, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 229, Japan. RP Gudel, M (reprint author), Paul Scherrer Inst, CH-5303 Wurenlingen, Switzerland. EM guedel@astro.phys.ethz.ch; jlinsky@jila.colorado.edu; ab@casa.colorado.edu RI Guedel, Manuel/C-8486-2015 OI Guedel, Manuel/0000-0001-9818-0588 NR 53 TC 69 Z9 69 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD JAN 20 PY 1999 VL 511 IS 1 BP 405 EP 421 DI 10.1086/306651 PN 1 PG 17 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 176NL UT WOS:000079157900040 ER PT J AU Rinsland, CP Salawitch, RJ Gunson, MR Solomon, S Zander, R Mahieu, E Goldman, A Newchurch, MJ Irion, FW Chang, AY AF Rinsland, CP Salawitch, RJ Gunson, MR Solomon, S Zander, R Mahieu, E Goldman, A Newchurch, MJ Irion, FW Chang, AY TI Polar stratospheric descent of NOy and CO and Arctic denitrification during winter 1992-1993 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID TOTAL REACTIVE NITROGEN; SOLAR OCCULTATION SPECTRA; MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE; ANTARCTIC STRATOSPHERE; 2-DIMENSIONAL MODEL; APRIL 1993; CARBON-MONOXIDE; NOVEMBER 1994; NITRIC-OXIDE; VORTEX AIR AB Observations inside the November 1994 Antarctic stratospheric vortex and inside the April 1993 remnant Arctic stratospheric vortex by the Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy (ATMOS) Fourier transform spectrometer are reported. In both instances, elevated volume mixing ratios (VMRs) of carbon monoxide (CO) were measured. A peak Antarctic CO VMR of 60 ppbv (where 1 ppbv = 10(-9) per unit volume) was measured at a potential temperature (Theta) of 710 K (similar to 27 km), about 1 km below the altitude of a pocket of elevated NOy (total reactive nitrogen) at a deep minimum in N2O (<5 ppbv). The Arctic observations also show a region of elevated vortex CO with a peak VMR of 90 ppbv at 630-670 K (similar to 25 km) but no corresponding enhancement in NOy, perhaps because of stronger dynamical activity in the northern hemisphere polar winter and/or interannual variability in the production of mesospheric NO. By comparing vortex and extravortex observations of NOy obtained at the same N2O VMR, Arctic vortex denitrification of 5 +/- 2 ppbv at 470 K (similar to 18 km) is inferred. We show that our conclusion of substantial Arctic winter 1992-1993 denitrification is robust by comparing our extravortex observations with previous polar measurements obtained over a wide range of winter conditions. Correlations of NOy with N2O measured at the same Theta by ATMOS in the Arctic vortex and at midlatitudes on board the ER-2 aircraft several weeks later lie along the same mixing line. The result demonstrates the consistency of the two data sets and confirms that the ER-2 sampled fragments of the denitrified Arctic vortex following its breakup, An analysis of the ATMOS Arctic measurements of total hydrogen shows no evidence for significant dehydration inside the vortex. C1 NASA, Div Atmospher Sci, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Alabama, Dept Atmospher Sci, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Denver, Dept Phys, Denver, CO 80208 USA. Univ Liege, Inst Astrophys & Geophys, B-4000 Liege, Belgium. RP Rinsland, CP (reprint author), NASA, Div Atmospher Sci, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RI Salawitch, Ross/B-4605-2009 OI Salawitch, Ross/0000-0001-8597-5832 NR 61 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JAN 20 PY 1999 VL 104 IS D1 BP 1847 EP 1861 DI 10.1029/1998JD100034 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 159RU UT WOS:000078188700022 ER PT J AU Stivers, JT Pankiewicz, KW Watanabe, KA AF Stivers, JT Pankiewicz, KW Watanabe, KA TI Kinetic mechanism of damage site recognition and uracil flipping by Escherichia coli uracil DNA glycosylase SO BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID BASE-EXCISION-REPAIR; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; ENZYME; OLIGONUCLEOTIDES; ENDONUCLEASE; SPECIFICITY; PROCESSIVITY; CATALYSIS; DYNAMICS; HELIX AB The DNA repair enzyme uracil DNA glycosylase (UDC) catalyzes hydrolytic cleavage of the N-glycosidic bond of premutagenic uracil residues in DNA by flipping the uracil base from the DNA helix. The mechanism of base flipping and the role this step plays in site-specific DNA binding and catalysis by enzymes are largely unknown. The thermodynamics and kinetics of DNA binding and uracil flipping by UDG have been studied in the absence of glycosidic bond cleavage using substrate analogues containing the 2'-alpha and 2'-beta fluorine isomers of 2'-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (U-beta, U-alpha) positioned adjacent to a fluorescent nucleotide reporter group 2-aminopurine (2-AP). Activity measurements show that DNA containing a U-beta or U-alpha nucleotide is a 10(7)-fold slower substrate for UDG (t(1/2) approximate to 20 h), which allows measurements of DNA binding and base flipping in the absence of glycosidic bond cleavage. When UDG binds these analogues, but not other DNA molecules, a 4-8-fold 2-AP fluorescence enhancement is observed, as expected for a decrease in 2-AP base stacking resulting from enzymatic flipping of the adjacent uracil. Thermodynamic measurements show that UDG forms weak nonspecific complexes with dsDNA (K-D(ns) = 1.5 mu M) and binds similar to 25-fold more tightly to U-beta containing dsDNA (K-D(app) approximate to 50 nM). Thus, base flipping contributes less than similar to 2 kcal/mol to the free energy of binding and is not a major component of the > 10(6)-fold catalytic specificity of UDG. Kinetic studies at 25 degrees C show that site-specific binding occurs by a two-step mechanism. The first step (E + S <-> ES) involves the diffusion-controlled binding of UDG to form a weak nonspecific complex with the DNA (K-D approximate to 1.5-3 mu M). The second step (ES <-> E'F) involves a rapid step leading to reversible uracil flipping (k(max) approximate to 1200 s(-1)). This step is followed closely by a conformational change in UDG that was monitored by the quenching of tryptophan fluorescence. The results provide evidence for an enzyme-assisted mechanism for uracil flipping and exclude a passive mechanism in which the enzyme traps a transient extrahelical base in the free substrate. The data suggest that the duplex structure of the DNA is locally destabilized before the base-flipping step, thereby facilitating extrusion of the uracil. Thus, base flipping contributes little to the free energy of DNA binding but contributes greatly to specificity through an induced-fit mechanism. C1 Univ Maryland, Maryland Biotechnol Inst, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. NIST, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. Codon Pharmaceut Inc, Gaithersburg, MD 20877 USA. RP Stivers, JT (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Maryland Biotechnol Inst, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. FU NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM056834, R01 GM56834] NR 48 TC 162 Z9 163 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0006-2960 J9 BIOCHEMISTRY-US JI Biochemistry PD JAN 19 PY 1999 VL 38 IS 3 BP 952 EP 963 DI 10.1021/bi9818669 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 170ZA UT WOS:000078836200013 PM 9893991 ER PT J AU Wallace, WE Jacobson, DL Arif, M Ioffe, A AF Wallace, WE Jacobson, DL Arif, M Ioffe, A TI Application of neutron interferometry to the measurement of thin film density SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID X-RAY REFLECTIVITY; PARAMETERS AB The application of neutron interferometry to the measurement of the atom density of polymer thin films (<1 mu m thick) supported on silicon substrates is described. Polymer films were chosen primarily for their fixed, well-defined stoichiometry; however, the technique is applicable to films of any elemental composition. The wavelength-independent phase shift of a beam of thermal neutrons passing through the sample gives a measure of the product of the film atom density, the film thickness, the lattice spacing of the silicon interferometer, and the scattering lengths of the constituent elements of the film. The film thickness was found by x-ray reflectivity while the other two parameters are well-defined quantities. The technique does not rely on complex mathematical modeling of physical processes nor on thin film standards for data interpretation. With some refinements, neutron interferometry is envisioned as an important tool in the creation of thin films having well-defined densities which will be useful in the calibration of many analysis techniques. (C) 1999 American Institute of Physics. [S0003-6951(99)00603-8]. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Phys & Astron, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP Wallace, WE (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 17 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD JAN 18 PY 1999 VL 74 IS 3 BP 469 EP 471 DI 10.1063/1.123038 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 158TW UT WOS:000078133800048 ER PT J AU Chin, JW Nguyen, T Aouadi, K AF Chin, JW Nguyen, T Aouadi, K TI Sorption and diffusion of water, salt water, and concrete pore solution in composite matrices SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED POLYMER SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE building technology; composite materials; concrete pore solution; epoxy; diffusion; polyester; salt water; vinyl ester; water ID POLYMER; FILMS; HOT AB In recent years, the use of fiber-reinforced polymer composites in civil infrastructure has been promoted as a solution to the deterioration of bridges, buildings, and other structures composed of traditional materials, such as steel, concrete, and wood. Any application of a polymer composite in an outdoor environment invariably involves exposure to moisture. There is also potential for exposure to saline conditions in waterfront or offshore structures, and alkaline environments, as would be encountered by a reinforcing bar in a cementitious material. This study characterizes the sorption and transport of distilled water, salt solution, and a simulated concrete pore solution in free films of vinyl ester, isophthalic polyester (isopolyester) and epoxy resins, all commercially important materials for use in structural composites. Diffusion of all three liquids in each of the three materials was observed to follow a Fickian process. Mass loss was observed for the isopolyester in salt water and concrete pore solution at 60 degrees C, suggesting hydrolysis that was accelerated by the high temperature exposure. Both the rate of uptake, as well as the equilibrium uptake, were greater at 60 degrees C, compared with ambient conditions. Diffusion coefficients calculated from the mass uptake data revealed that, although the epoxy resin had the highest equilibrium uptake, it had the lowest diffusion coefficient. (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Chin, JW (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 28 TC 70 Z9 71 U1 2 U2 15 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0021-8995 J9 J APPL POLYM SCI JI J. Appl. Polym. Sci. PD JAN 18 PY 1999 VL 71 IS 3 BP 483 EP 492 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19990118)71:3<483::AID-APP15>3.0.CO;2-S PG 10 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 142RM UT WOS:000077214200015 ER PT J AU Kiselev, SB Lue, L Belyakov, MY AF Kiselev, SB Lue, L Belyakov, MY TI Universal crossover function and non-universal order-parameter profiles for critical adsorption SO PHYSICS LETTERS A LA English DT Article DE adsorption; interfaces; phase transitions; crossover theory ID EXTRAORDINARY TRANSITION; CRITICAL-BEHAVIOR AB We present a crossover theory for critical adsorption in a semi-infinite system. The predictions are compared with Monte Carlo simulations for an Ising model with a surface and with experimental measurements for the adsorption of liquid SF6 on graphite. In both cases we find good agreement with theory. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Oil & Gas Res, Moscow 117917, Russia. RP Kiselev, SB (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 325 Broadway,M-S 838, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Lue, Leo/E-7846-2011 OI Lue, Leo/0000-0002-4826-5337 NR 28 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0375-9601 J9 PHYS LETT A JI Phys. Lett. A PD JAN 18 PY 1999 VL 251 IS 3 BP 212 EP 218 DI 10.1016/S0375-9601(98)00876-7 PG 7 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 162XZ UT WOS:000078373800010 ER PT J AU Matejicek, J Sampath, S Brand, PC Prask, HJ AF Matejicek, J Sampath, S Brand, PC Prask, HJ TI Quenching, thermal and residual stress in plasma sprayed deposits: NiCrAlY and YSZ coatings SO ACTA MATERIALIA LA English DT Article ID NEUTRON-DIFFRACTION; NI-AL2O3 AB Residual stress is an important factor in thermally sprayed deposits which affects both processing and performance. High stress magnitudes and/or concentrations can undermine the structural integrity of sprayed parts and impair their functionality. Therefore, it is important to know the stress state, understand its generation and be able to control it. Results of experimental stress determination in plasma sprayed deposits are presented. Neutron diffraction as a non-destructive and phase-distinctive measurement method was used to determine residual stress profiles in thick NiCrAlY and yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) deposits. Measurements were complemented with calculations based on experimentally determined material properties, which allowed for separation of quenching and thermal stress contributions to final residual stress. Since the application of neutron diffraction to plasma sprayed deposits is relatively novel, certain verification measurements were performed. Specimens were prepared at two different deposition temperatures, to determine the effect of temperature on the stresses and relevant deposit properties. (C) 1999 Acta Metallurgica Inc. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Matejicek, J (reprint author), SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. RI Matejicek, Jiri/G-2313-2014 OI Matejicek, Jiri/0000-0001-8454-2808 NR 23 TC 83 Z9 87 U1 1 U2 24 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1359-6454 J9 ACTA MATER JI Acta Mater. PD JAN 15 PY 1999 VL 47 IS 2 BP 607 EP 617 DI 10.1016/S1359-6454(98)00360-7 PG 11 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 164RF UT WOS:000078476800021 ER PT J AU Golmie, N Corner, MD Liebeherr, J Su, DH AF Golmie, N Corner, MD Liebeherr, J Su, DH TI ATM traffic control in hybrid fiber-coax networks - problems and solutions SO COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE hybrid fiber-coax; IEEE 802.14; cable modems; ATM; Available Bit Rate (ABR); community networks AB The IEEE 802.14 working group is currently standardizing a new media access control (MAC) protocol for the emerging Hybrid Fiber-Coax (HFC) networks. Crucial for the success of 802.14 will be its ability to support higher layer traffic services, namely, ATM Constant Bit Rate (CBR), Variable Bit Rate (VBR) and Available Bit Rate (ABR) traffic classes. In this study, we investigate the inter-operation of the MAC protocol, defined by 802.14, with ABR transmissions. An important finding of our study is that the bandwidth contention on the upstream channel in the HFC network may interfere with the feedback congestion control mechanisms of ABR traffic control. This interference can result in unfairness between ABR sources and decreased utilization of the upstream HFC channel. As a solution to the problem we propose a scheme whereby the headend station of the HFC network returns congestion information contained in resource management (RM) cells to the ABR sources The proposed mechanism can be incorporated into the ABR rate control scheme without modifying the current traffic management specifications. Numerous simulation scenarios are presented to illustrate our findings. Parts of the results have been presented to the IEEE 802.14 standardization committee. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Virginia, Dept Comp Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept EECS, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Liebeherr, J (reprint author), Univ Virginia, Dept Comp Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0140-3664 J9 COMPUT COMMUN JI Comput. Commun. PD JAN 15 PY 1999 VL 22 IS 1 BP 30 EP 39 DI 10.1016/S0140-3664(98)00237-0 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Engineering; Telecommunications GA 174GL UT WOS:000079026100004 ER PT J AU Levin, BC Cheng, HY Reeder, DJ AF Levin, BC Cheng, HY Reeder, DJ TI A human mitochondrial DNA standard reference material for quality control in forensic identification, medical diagnosis, and mutation detection SO GENOMICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 47th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-of-Human-Genetics CY OCT 28-NOV 01, 1997 CL BALTIMORE, MARYLAND SP Amer Soc Human Genet ID HUMAN MTDNA; SEQUENCE-ANALYSIS; REMAINS; GENOME; CELLS AB A human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) standard reference material (SRM 2392) will provide quality control when mtDNA is sequenced for forensic identifications, medical diagnosis, or mutation detection. SRM 2392 includes DNA from two lymphoblast cell cultures (CHR and 9947A) and cloned DNA from the CHR HV1 region, which contains a C stretch and is difficult to sequence. The mtDNA sequence (but not the DNA) of a third human template GM03798 is provided for comparison. Fifty-eight unique primer sets allow any area or the entire mtDNA (16,569 bp) to be amplified and sequenced. While none of the differences in these three templates correspond to published mutations associated with specific diseases, some of these differences did result in animo acid changes compared with that published by S. Anderson et al. (1981, Nature 290: 457-465). An interlaboratory evaluation of the amplification, sequencing, and data analysis of the CHR template was conducted by four laboratories. Corroboration of the SRM results will provide quality assurance that any unknown mtDNA is also being amplified and sequenced correctly. (C) 1999 Academic Press. C1 NIST, Div Biotechnol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Geocenters Inc, Newton, MA 02159 USA. RP Levin, BC (reprint author), NIST, Div Biotechnol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8311, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 15 TC 67 Z9 73 U1 1 U2 7 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0888-7543 J9 GENOMICS JI Genomics PD JAN 15 PY 1999 VL 55 IS 2 BP 135 EP 146 DI 10.1006/geno.1998.5513 PG 12 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity GA 164WY UT WOS:000078487600001 PM 9933560 ER PT J AU Karen, P Kjekshus, A Huang, Q Karen, VL AF Karen, P Kjekshus, A Huang, Q Karen, VL TI The crystal structure of magnesium dicarbide SO JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS LA English DT Article DE crystal structure; magnesium dicarbide; powder neutron diffraction AB The crystal structure of MgC2 is solved from powder X-ray and neutron diffraction data. Magnesium dicarbide is synthesized from Mg powder and ethyne, with yields of up to 40 wt.% (balance: unreacted Mg and MgO). The X-ray pattern is indexed on a tetragonal unit cell, with space group P4(2)/mnm suggested from systematic extinctions. The unit cell refined from the powder neutron diffraction data has a=3.9342(7) and c=5.021(1) Angstrom and Z=2. The crystal structure contains C-2 groups, with a triple-bond length of 1.215(6) Angstrom, aligned in ... MgCCMgCCMg ... chains having Mg-C bond lengths of 2.174(4) Angstrom and a weak interaction [2.510(1) A] between Mg and the triple bond of the crossing chains above and below. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Oslo, Dept Chem, N-0315 Oslo, Norway. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Reactor Radiat, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kjekshus, A (reprint author), Univ Oslo, Dept Chem, POB 1033, N-0315 Oslo, Norway. RI Karen, Pavel/A-9062-2008 OI Karen, Pavel/0000-0003-2937-6477 NR 21 TC 61 Z9 63 U1 2 U2 27 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0925-8388 J9 J ALLOY COMPD JI J. Alloy. Compd. PD JAN 15 PY 1999 VL 282 IS 1-2 BP 72 EP 75 DI 10.1016/S0925-8388(98)00828-7 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 157DK UT WOS:000078044300017 ER PT J AU Bourles, B Molinari, RL Johns, E Wilson, WD Leaman, KD AF Bourles, B Molinari, RL Johns, E Wilson, WD Leaman, KD TI Upper layer currents in the western tropical North Atlantic (1989-1991) SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID BRAZIL CURRENT RETROFLECTION; EQUATORIAL ATLANTIC; FLORIDA CURRENT; TEMPERATURE STRUCTURE; POTENTIAL VORTICITY; SEASONAL CYCLE; FRENCH-GUIANA; OCEAN; BOUNDARY; THERMOCLINE AB Shipboard acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) measurements and hydrographic observations of temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen are used to examine the upper water column flow field in the North Brazil Current (NBC) retroflection region of the western tropical Atlantic Ocean. Observations are presented from six cruises, one conducted in August 1989 and the other five conducted during the Western Tropical Atlantic Experiment between January 1990 and September 1991. The upper water column is divided into two layers, an upper thermocline layer located between the surface and the 24.5 sigma(theta) isopycnal surface and a lower subthermocline layer located between the 24.5 and 26.75 isopycnals. In the upper layer the NBC retroflects north of the equator to form the eastward flowing North Equatorial Countercurrent (NECC). During the six cruises the retroflection appeared complete. However, data coverage did not extend shoreward of the 200-m isobath, so the possibility of a continuous flow over the shelf still remains. There were also indications of several NBC rings that had apparently separated from the NBC retroflection and drifted to the northwest toward the eastern Caribbean Sea. North of the NBC retroflection and the NECC, the North Equatorial Current (NEC) flows west as the southern limb of the subtropical gyre. Part of the NEC is observed to retroflect cyclonically to join the eastward NECC flow. In the lower layer, beneath the NBC, the North Brazil Undercurrent retroflects to feed the eastward North Equatorial Undercurrent (NEUC). To the north a deeper component of the NEC recurves to also contribute to the NEUC. C1 ORSTOM, Ctr Brest, F-29280 Plouzane, France. NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Phys Oceanog Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Bourles, B (reprint author), ORSTOM, Ctr Brest, BP 70, F-29280 Plouzane, France. RI Johns, Elizabeth/I-3547-2013; BOURLES, BERNARD/I-4673-2015 OI Johns, Elizabeth/0000-0002-2181-5052; BOURLES, BERNARD/0000-0001-6515-4519 NR 49 TC 43 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD JAN 15 PY 1999 VL 104 IS C1 BP 1361 EP 1375 DI 10.1029/1998JC900025 PG 15 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 158LE UT WOS:000078116300010 ER PT J AU Liu, AS Bryant, GW AF Liu, AS Bryant, GW TI Near-field second-harmonic generation of semiconductor quantum dots SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID SCANNING OPTICAL MICROSCOPY; 2ND-HARMONIC GENERATION; APPROXIMATION; SPECTROSCOPY; SCATTERING; LIGHT; WIRE AB Optical second-harmonic (SH) response of a semiconductor quantum dot (QD) excited by the near field of a tip in a near-field scanning-optical microscope is investigated theoretically. Using an anisotropic effective mass approximation, we analyze the frequency- and space-dependent SH nonlinear current density in the midgap frequency region associated with interband and intersubband transitions in the QD system. Both heavy- and light-hole states contribute to the SH signal of the QD system. Assuming that an external field drives the tip and the tip field excites the QD, and neglecting local-field effects, we define an effective SH susceptibility tensor of the QD/tip system in terms of the incident-external field. The second-harmonic generation is allowed because the rapidly varying tip field excites the selection-rule breaking transitions in the QD system. For a given size of the metal-coated tip, we performed numerical calculations of the SH susceptibility by scanning the tip and varying the frequency. We show that the SH nonlinearity of the QD/tip system is strongly dependent on the tip position because the overlap integral of the QD envelope wave functions and the tip field is varied by scanning the tip over the QD. Our results also show that the spatial distribution of the tip field is reflected in the tip-position dependence of the SH signal. [S0163-1829(99)07103-9]. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Liu, AS (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 32 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 EI 1550-235X J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD JAN 15 PY 1999 VL 59 IS 3 BP 2245 EP 2253 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.59.2245 PG 9 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 161LT UT WOS:000078291000104 ER PT J AU Arrigo, KR Robinson, DH Worthen, DL Dunbar, RB DiTullio, GR VanWoert, M Lizotte, MP AF Arrigo, KR Robinson, DH Worthen, DL Dunbar, RB DiTullio, GR VanWoert, M Lizotte, MP TI Phytoplankton community structure and the drawdown of nutrients and CO2 in the Southern Ocean SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SEA AB Data from recent oceanographic cruises show that phytoplankton community structure in the floss Sea is related to mixed layer depth. Diatoms dominate in highly stratified waters, whereas Phaeocystis antarctica assemblages dominate where waters an more deeply mixed. The drawdown of both carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrate per mole of phosphate and the rate of new production by diatoms are much Lower than that measured for P. antarctica. Consequently, the capacity of the biological community to draw down atmospheric CO2 and transport it to the deep ocean could diminish dramatically if predicted increases in upper ocean stratification due to climate warming should occur. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. San Francisco State Univ, Romberg Tuburon Ctr Environm Studies, Tiburon, CA 94920 USA. Sci Syst & Applicat, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. Stanford Univ, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Univ Charleston, Grice Marine Lab, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Washington, DC 20233 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Biol & Microbiol, Oshkosh, WI 54901 USA. RP Arrigo, KR (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 971-0, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NR 9 TC 403 Z9 413 U1 7 U2 79 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD JAN 15 PY 1999 VL 283 IS 5400 BP 365 EP 367 DI 10.1126/science.283.5400.365 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 157MV UT WOS:000078067000041 ER PT J AU Brewczyk, M Rzazewski, K AF Brewczyk, M Rzazewski, K TI Over-the-barrier ionization of multielectron atoms by intense VUV free-electron laser SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS B-ATOMIC MOLECULAR AND OPTICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Letter ID MOLECULES; FIELD; PULSES; IONS AB Free-electron laser sources now under construction are intended to attain radiative intensities higher than 10(16) W cm(-2) at photon energies up to 30 eV. We investigate the over-the-barrier mechanism of ionization of heavy atoms by such a source. We find that, for valence electrons, this mode of ionization is suppressed in the regime where the electric field and photon energy of the laser are comparable, respectively, to atomic electric fields and binding energies. Ionization of inner-shell electrons is still possible, but some kind of 'two-fluid' model is necessary to describe this phenomenon. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Bialymstoku, PL-15424 Bialystok, Poland. PAN, Ctr Fiz Teoret, PL-02668 Warsaw, Poland. Coll Sci, PL-02668 Warsaw, Poland. RP Brewczyk, M (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Rzazewski, Kazimierz/G-4854-2011 OI Rzazewski, Kazimierz/0000-0002-6082-3565 NR 16 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-4075 J9 J PHYS B-AT MOL OPT JI J. Phys. B-At. Mol. Opt. Phys. PD JAN 14 PY 1999 VL 32 IS 1 BP L1 EP L4 DI 10.1088/0953-4075/32/1/001 PG 4 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 164DD UT WOS:000078446400001 ER PT J AU Brown, SS Talukdar, RK Ravishankara, AR AF Brown, SS Talukdar, RK Ravishankara, AR TI Rate constants for the reaction OH+NO2+M -> HNO3+M under atmospheric conditions SO CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID GAS-PHASE REACTIONS; OH; NO2; RESONANCE; KINETICS; RECOMBINATION; TEMPERATURE; ABSORPTION; PRESSURE; REGION AB We present rate constants for the title reaction, k(1), measured using a pulsed photolysis-laser induced fluorescence technique between 220 and 250 K in 20-250 Torr of N-2 and 20-50 Torr of O-2. Our measured k(1) agree with literature values at low temperatures but show that the current recommendations for atmospheric modeling overestimate k(1) by 10-30% in the falloff region below 250 K. The revised values of k(1) help to better define the role of NO2 in the stratosphere. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Brown, SS (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI TALUKDAR, RANAJIT/G-4530-2013; Brown, Steven/I-1762-2013; Ravishankara, Akkihebbal/A-2914-2011 OI TALUKDAR, RANAJIT/0000-0001-6017-8431; NR 20 TC 93 Z9 93 U1 2 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2614 J9 CHEM PHYS LETT JI Chem. Phys. Lett. PD JAN 11 PY 1999 VL 299 IS 3-4 BP 277 EP 284 DI 10.1016/S0009-2614(98)01283-4 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 157UT UT WOS:000078080600005 ER PT J AU Krauss, M AF Krauss, M TI Electronic structure and spectra of oxovanadium silicate SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR STRUCTURE-THEOCHEM LA English DT Article DE MCSCF; oxovanadium; catalysis; excited states; vibrational frequencies ID RAMAN-SPECTROSCOPY; SUPPORTED VANADIUM; OXIDE CATALYSTS; LASER RAMAN; OXYGEN BOND; LUMINESCENCE; MOLECULES AB The electronic structure and spectroscopy of the oxovanadium catalytic center on a silica surface is modeled with the molecule OV(OSiH3)(3). Excited electronic states are examined at optimized geometries for the ground singlet and triplet states. For both the singlet and triplet states, the lowest energy transitions are calculated to be from orbitals on the terminal vanadyl oxygen to d orbitals in the metal. This result is consistent with most intrepretations of the electronic spectra but does not support a recent view that the lowest energy triplet is obtained by promotion of an orbital localized on the basal oxygens. Large shifts in the vanadyl bond length are calculated for the singlet and triplet excited states which are consistent with earlier calculations and the observed vibrational modes in the emission spectrum. The charge density in the vanadyl bond is comparable with that in, OV(OSi(OH)(3))(3), and the excitation energies shift by less than 3 nm from those in the compound, OV(OSiH3)(2)(OSiH2(OH)). The vibrational frequencies of the model compound are scaled relative to known values for the vanadyl stretching frequency to provide additional support for the emission electronic transition. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. RP Krauss, M (reprint author), NIST, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, 9600 Gudelsky Dr, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. NR 17 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-1280 J9 J MOL STRUC-THEOCHEM JI Theochem-J. Mol. Struct. PD JAN 11 PY 1999 VL 458 IS 1-2 SI SI BP 73 EP 79 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 155RV UT WOS:000077960900009 ER PT J AU Leheny, RL Christianson, RJ Birgeneau, RJ Erwin, RW AF Leheny, RL Christianson, RJ Birgeneau, RJ Erwin, RW TI Spin correlations in an isotropic spin-5/2 two-dimensional antiferromagnet SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID QUANTUM HEISENBERG-ANTIFERROMAGNET; LOW-TEMPERATURES; THERMODYNAMICS; MODEL AB We report a neutron scattering study of the spin correlations for the spin-5/2 two-dimensional antiferromagnet Rb(2M)nF(4) in an external magnetic field. Choosing fields near the system's bicritical point, we tune the effective anisotropy in the spin interaction to zero, constructing an ideal S = 5/2 Heisenberg system. The correlation length and structure factor amplitude are closely described by the semiclassical theory of Cuccoli et al. over a broad temperature range, but show no indication of approaching the low-temperature renormalized classical regime of the quantum nonlinear sigma model. C1 MIT, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. NIST, Div Reactor Radiat, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Leheny, RL (reprint author), MIT, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. NR 17 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD JAN 11 PY 1999 VL 82 IS 2 BP 418 EP 421 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.418 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 156MM UT WOS:000078005200044 ER PT J AU Keiner, LE Brown, CW AF Keiner, LE Brown, CW TI Estimating oceanic chlorophyll concentrations with neural networks SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article AB A Neural network (NN) algorithm was constructed to estimate oceanic chlorophyll concentrations from Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) data. The algorithm was trained and tested using sample data compiled at the SeaWiFS Bio-optical Algorithm Mini-workshop. A NN using the five visible SeaWiFS bands as inputs with ten nodes in a single hidden layer estimates chlorophyll concentrations efficiently and accurately, modelling the nonlinear transfer function between surface chlorophyll concentrations and remotely sensed reflectance data more accurately than traditional regression methods. C1 Res & Data Syst Corp, Greenbelt, MD 20770 USA. NOAA, NESDIS E RA3, Ctr Sci, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Keiner, LE (reprint author), Coastal Carolina Univ, Dept Chem & Phys, Conway, SC 29528 USA. RI Brown, Christopher/B-8213-2008 OI Brown, Christopher/0000-0002-9905-6391 NR 11 TC 56 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA ONE GUNPOWDER SQUARE, LONDON EC4A 3DE, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD JAN 10 PY 1999 VL 20 IS 1 BP 189 EP 194 DI 10.1080/014311699213695 PG 6 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 165RN UT WOS:000078535400015 ER PT J AU Snyder, CR Mopsik, FI AF Snyder, CR Mopsik, FI TI Dynamically induced loss and its implications on temperature scans of relaxation processes SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID GLASS-TRANSITION; BLENDS; DSC AB It is demonstrated that a constant frequency measurement of a purely real property that varies due to a change in some state variable (e.g., pressure, volume, or temperature) with Lime will show a dynamically induced loss that is not present when the variable is held constant. This conclusion is demonstrated through both generalized arguments and by examining some specific functional forms of time evolution equations, including one that resembles a glass transition. Our results show that techniques such as dielectric thermal analysis, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, and modulated differential scanning calorimeter, which perform measurements of complex quantities while scanning in temperature, may have some serious problems. Therefore, results obtained from these techniques should be examined carefully before using them to prove or disprove theoretical model predictions, especially in the neighborhood of a phase transition. (C) 1999 American Institute of Physics. [S0021-9606(99)51802-3]. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Elect Applicat Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Mopsik, FI (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Elect Applicat Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM fim@nist.gov RI Snyder, Chad/B-4957-2008 OI Snyder, Chad/0000-0002-2916-9809 NR 17 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD JAN 8 PY 1999 VL 110 IS 2 BP 1106 EP 1111 DI 10.1063/1.478154 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 153NT UT WOS:000077839700044 ER PT J AU Rawers, J Biancaniello, F Jiggetts, R Fields, R Williams, M AF Rawers, J Biancaniello, F Jiggetts, R Fields, R Williams, M TI Warm-hip compaction of attrition-milled iron alloy powders SO SCRIPTA MATERIALIA LA English DT Article ID BEHAVIOR; FE C1 US Bur Mines, Albany Res Ctr, Albany, OR 97321 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Rawers, J (reprint author), US Bur Mines, Albany Res Ctr, Albany, OR 97321 USA. NR 9 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1359-6462 J9 SCRIPTA MATER JI Scr. Mater. PD JAN 8 PY 1999 VL 40 IS 3 BP 277 EP 281 DI 10.1016/S1359-6462(98)00425-4 PG 5 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 169UP UT WOS:000078767700003 ER PT J AU Dizdaroglu, M Karahalil, B Senturker, S Buckley, TJ Roldan-Arjona, T AF Dizdaroglu, M Karahalil, B Senturker, S Buckley, TJ Roldan-Arjona, T TI Excision of products of oxidative DNA base damage by human NTH1 protein SO BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID COLI ENDONUCLEASE-III; GENERATED FREE-RADICALS; SUBSTRATE-SPECIFICITY; FPG PROTEIN; RADIATION; LESIONS; 8-OXOGUANINE; MECHANISM; CLEAVAGE; GUANINE AB A functional human homologue of Escherichia coli endonuclease III (nth-Eco protein) has recently been cloned and characterized [Aspinwall, R., Rothwell, D. G., Roldan-Arjona, T., Anselmino, C., Ward, C. J., Cheadle, J. P., Sampson, J. R., Lindahl, T., Harris, P. C., and Hickson, I. D. (1997) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 94, 109-114]. This enzyme, designated hNTH1 protein, shares an extensive sequence similarity with Nth-Eco protein and a related enzyme from Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Nth-Spo protein). We investigated the substrate specificity of this human enzyme for oxidative DNA base damage, using the technique of gas chromatography/isotope-dilution mass spectrometry. Four different DNA substrates damaged by various free radical-generating systems were used. 5-Hydroxycytosine, thymine glycol, 5-hydroxy-6-hydrothymine, 5,6-dihydroxycytosine, and 5-hydroxyuracil were substrates of hNTH1 protein among 17 lesions found in DNA substrates. The substrate specificity and excision kinetics of the human enzyme were found to be significantly different from those of Nth-Spo and Nth-Eco proteins. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Gazi Univ, Fac Pharm, Dept Toxicol, Ankara, Turkey. Univ Cordoba, Fac Ciencias, Dept Genet, E-14004 Cordoba, Spain. RP Dizdaroglu, M (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Roldan-Arjona, Teresa/H-5976-2015 OI Roldan-Arjona, Teresa/0000-0003-2842-3956 NR 24 TC 68 Z9 70 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0006-2960 J9 BIOCHEMISTRY-US JI Biochemistry PD JAN 5 PY 1999 VL 38 IS 1 BP 243 EP 246 DI 10.1021/bi9819071 PG 4 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 170YW UT WOS:000078835800028 PM 9890904 ER PT J AU Levine, ZH Kalukin, AR Frigo, SP McNulty, I Kuhn, M AF Levine, ZH Kalukin, AR Frigo, SP McNulty, I Kuhn, M TI Tomographic reconstruction of an integrated circuit interconnect SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID X-RAY MICROTOMOGRAPHY; POROUS-MEDIA; RESOLUTION; CT AB An Al-W-silica integrated circuit interconnect sample was thinned to several mu m and scanned across a 200 nm focal spot of a Fresnel zone plate operating at photon energy of 1573 eV. The experiment was performed on beamline 2-ID-B of the Advanced Photon Source, a third-generation synchrotron facility. Thirteen scanned projections of the sample were acquired over the angular range +/-69.2 degrees. At least 301 X 301 pixels were acquired at each angle with a step size of 77 X 57 nm. A three-dimensional image with an approximate uncertainty of 400 nm was reconstructed from projection data using a standard algorithm. The two layers of the integrated circuit and the presence of the focused ion beam markers on the surface of the sample are clearly shown in the reconstruction. (C) 1999 American Institute of Physics. [S0003-6951(99)03701-8]. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Dept Phys, Troy, NY 12180 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Digital Equipment Corp, Hudson, MA 01749 USA. RP Levine, ZH (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 16 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD JAN 4 PY 1999 VL 74 IS 1 BP 150 EP 152 DI 10.1063/1.123135 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 152TA UT WOS:000077791800051 ER PT J AU Jentschura, UD Mohr, PJ Soff, G AF Jentschura, UD Mohr, PJ Soff, G TI Calculation of the electron self-energy for low nuclear charge SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ORDER BINDING CORRECTIONS; LAMB-SHIFT; HYDROGEN; ATOMS; FREQUENCY; DEUTERIUM; HEAVY AB We present a nonperturbative numerical evaluation of the one-photon electron self-energy for hydrogenlike ions with low nuclear charge numbers Z = 1 to 5. Our calculation for the 1S state has a numerical uncertainty of 0.8 Hz for hydrogen and 13 Hz for singly ionized helium. Resummation and convergence acceleration techniques that reduce the computer time by about 3 orders of magnitude were employed in the calculation. The numerical results are compared to results based on known terms in the expansion of the self-energy in powers of Z alpha. [S0031-9007(98)08043-0]. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. TU Dresden, Inst Theoret Phys, D-01062 Dresden, Germany. RP Jentschura, UD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 48 TC 89 Z9 89 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD JAN 4 PY 1999 VL 82 IS 1 BP 53 EP 56 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.53 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 154KA UT WOS:000077887000013 ER PT B AU Chen, P AF Chen, P GP AMS AMS TI Forced stationary waves in the extratropics - Some analytic solutions SO 12TH CONFERENCE ON ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC FLUID DYNAMICS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th Conference on Atmospheric and Oceanic Fluid Dynamics CY JUN 07-11, 1999 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Amer Meteorol Soc, Columbia Univ Earth Inst C1 NOAA, Climate Diagnost Ctr, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Chen, P (reprint author), NOAA, Climate Diagnost Ctr, CIRES, 325 Broadway,Mail Code R-E-CD, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1999 BP 228 EP 231 PG 4 WC Mechanics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Mechanics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Physics GA BS05G UT WOS:000168477900067 ER PT B AU Jiang, WD Gutowski, WJ AF Jiang, WD Gutowski, WJ GP AMS AMS TI Interaction of baroclinic waves with the induced cumulus convection and surface sensible-heat flux SO 12TH CONFERENCE ON ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC FLUID DYNAMICS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th Conference on Atmospheric and Oceanic Fluid Dynamics CY JUN 07-11, 1999 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Amer Meteorol Soc, Columbia Univ Earth Inst C1 NCEP Cent Operat, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Jiang, WD (reprint author), NCEP Cent Operat, 5200 Auth Rd,W-NP1, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1999 BP 245 EP 248 PG 4 WC Mechanics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Mechanics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Physics GA BS05G UT WOS:000168477900073 ER PT B AU Huang, HP Sardeshmukh, PD AF Huang, HP Sardeshmukh, PD GP AMS AMS TI The annual and semi-annual cycles of atmospheric angular momentum SO 12TH CONFERENCE ON ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC FLUID DYNAMICS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th Conference on Atmospheric and Oceanic Fluid Dynamics CY JUN 07-11, 1999 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Amer Meteorol Soc, Columbia Univ Earth Inst C1 Univ Colorado, NOAA, CIRES Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Huang, HP (reprint author), Univ Colorado, NOAA, CIRES Climate Diagnost Ctr, Campus Box 216, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1999 BP 263 EP 263 PG 1 WC Mechanics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Mechanics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Physics GA BS05G UT WOS:000168477900079 ER PT B AU Kushner, PJ Held, IM AF Kushner, PJ Held, IM GP AMS AMS TI A test, using atmospheric data, of a method for estimating oceanic mesoscale eddy diffusivity SO 12TH CONFERENCE ON ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC FLUID DYNAMICS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th Conference on Atmospheric and Oceanic Fluid Dynamics CY JUN 07-11, 1999 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Amer Meteorol Soc, Columbia Univ Earth Inst C1 Princeton Univ, NOAA, GFDL, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Kushner, PJ (reprint author), Princeton Univ, NOAA, GFDL, Forrestal Campus,US Route 1,POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RI Kushner, Paul/H-6716-2016 OI Kushner, Paul/0000-0002-6404-4518 NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 1999 BP 287 EP 287 PG 1 WC Mechanics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Mechanics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Physics GA BS05G UT WOS:000168477900088 ER PT S AU Girz, CMIR MacDonald, AF AF Girz, CMIR MacDonald, AF BE KaldeichSchurmann, B TI Global Air-ocean IN-situ System (GAINS) SO 14TH ESA SYMPOSIUM ON EUROPEAN ROCKET AND BALLOON PROGRAMMES AND RELATED RESEARCH SE ESA SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 14th ESA Symposium on European Rocket and Balloon Programmes and Related Research CY MAY 31-JUN 03, 1999 CL POTSDAM, GERMANY SP European Space Agency, German Aerosp Ctr AB The Global Air-ocean IN-situ System (GAINS) is a program to develop the systems needed for an operational global, in-situ observing system. The operational program, intended to begin in 2006, is conceived as a network of 400 high-tech balloons, evenly distributed over the globe. With a 37-m diameter and designed to carry 350-kg payloads, the GAINS balloons are much larger than conventional weather balloons. Floating between 18 and 23 km for one year, these superpressure balloons are the vehicles for dropping sondes from the lower stratosphere to monitor Earth's meteorological, oceanic, and atmospheric chemistry environment in order to describe and predict change in Earth's environment. In this overview of the GAINS program, we discuss the GAINS concept, status of the program, and objectives for 1999. C1 NOAA, Forecast Syst Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Girz, CMIR (reprint author), NOAA, Forecast Syst Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY PI PARIS PA 8-10 RUE MARIO NIKIS, 75738 PARIS, FRANCE SN 0379-6566 BN 92-9092-748-8 J9 ESA SP PUBL PY 1999 VL 437 BP 241 EP 246 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BP31E UT WOS:000084659100035 ER PT S AU Eppeldauer, GP AF Eppeldauer, GP GP SPIE SPIE TI Improved accuracy tristimulus colorimeters calibrated with standard detectors SO 18TH CONGRESS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION FOR OPTICS: OPTICS FOR THE NEXT MILLENNIUM, TECHNICAL DIGEST SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 18th Congress of the International Commission for Optics - Optics for the Next Millennium CY AUG 02-06, 1999 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP SPIE, Amer Physical Soc, IEEE Lasers & electro Optics Soc, OSA Optical Soc Amer, Int Comm Optics, US Advisory Comm Int Commiss Opt AB A new method has been developed to calibrate tristimulus colorimeters for high accuracy color measurements. Instead of traditional lamp standards, modern, high accuracy detector standards are suggested for calibration. After high accuracy absolute spectral response determination of the tristimulus receivers, color (spectral) correction and peak (amplitude) normalization can minimize uncertainties caused by imperfect realizations of the Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) color matching functions. As a result of the corrections, stable light sources of different spectral power distributions can be measured with an accuracy dominated by the sub 0.1 % uncertainty of novel spectral response determinations. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Eppeldauer, GP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8441, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3234-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3749 BP 509 EP 510 DI 10.1117/12.354857 PG 2 WC Optics SC Optics GA BN74Q UT WOS:000082790200219 ER PT S AU Marbukh, V Moayeri, N AF Marbukh, V Moayeri, N GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI A framework for throughput and stability analysis of a DS-CDMA network SO 1999 IEEE 49TH VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-3: MOVING INTO A NEW MILLENIUM SE IEEE VTS Vehicular Technology Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 49th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC 99) CY MAY 16-JUN 20, 1999 CL HOUSTON, TX SP IEEE AB We propose a framework for throughput and stability analysis of a Direct Sequence Code Division Multiple Access (DS-CDMA) network. Given chip rate, processing gains, packet structure, coding scheme, and the characteristics of the wireless channel, we derive a system of non-linear fixed point equations for the sustainable link bit rates. The dimension of this system is equal to the number of network nodes receiving transmissions from other nodes. Generally, this non-linear system may have multiple locally stable solutions which indicates a possible instability of the DS-CDMA network because the persistent link bit rates may depend on the initial link loads. As an example, we consider throughput and stability of the reverse link in a cellular system, i.e., from mobiles to the base station. A reverse link is described by a single fixed point equation regardless of the number of mobiles. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Marbukh, V (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8920, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM marbukh@nist.gov; moayeri@nist.gov NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1090-3038 BN 0-7803-5565-2 J9 IEEE VTS VEH TECHNOL PY 1999 BP 596 EP 600 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BN33M UT WOS:000081654600118 ER PT S AU Randa, J Wiatr, W Billinger, RL AF Randa, J Wiatr, W Billinger, RL BE Matloubian, M Ponti, E TI Comparison of methods for adapter characterization SO 1999 IEEE MTT-S INTERNATIONAL MICROWAVE SYMPOSIUM DIGEST, VOLS 1-4 SE IEEE MTT-S INTERNATIONAL MICROWAVE SYMPOSIUM DIGEST LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1999 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium on the Magic Touch of Microwaves CY JUN 13-19, 1999 CL ANAHEIM, CA SP IEEE AB We re view and compare three methods for characterization of precision adapters using a vector network analyzer. Two of the methods are one-port techniques, and the third is an established two-port adapter removal technique. The intrinsic efficiencies of three adapters are measured with each technique, and the results are compared. The results generally agree within 0.005, which is within the estimated uncertainties of the techniques. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Radio Frequency Technol Div, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Randa, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Radio Frequency Technol Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Wiatr, Wojciech/G-4127-2013 NR 5 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0149-645X BN 0-7803-5135-5 J9 IEEE MTT-S PY 1999 BP 1881 EP 1884 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BN28P UT WOS:000081428500432 ER PT S AU Garcia, H Greer, S Viereck, R AF Garcia, H Greer, S Viereck, R BE Wilson, A TI Predicting solar energetic particle events from flare temperatures SO 9TH EUROPEAN MEETING ON SOLAR PHYSICS: MAGNETIC FIELDS AND SOLAR PROCESSES, VOLS 1 AND 2 SE ESA SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th European Meeting on Solar Physics CY SEP 12-18, 1999 CL UNIV FLORENCE, FLORENCE, ITALY SP European Union, European Space Agcy, Div joint Astrophys, Solar Phys Sect, Univ Firenze, Osservatorio Astrofis Arcetri, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, CNR, Banca Commerciale Italiana, Banca Toscana, EPS HO UNIV FLORENCE ID PROTON EVENTS AB Solar interplanetary energetic protons are the source of die most severe space weather disturbances affecting spacecraft satellite operations, navigation systems, and humans in space. Studies of soft x-ray emission and hard x-ray spectroscopy from samples of flares occurring during solar cycles 21 and 22 indicate that solar energetic proton (SEP) events observed in the vicinity of Earth are highly associated with particular properties of flares: 1) anomalous low electron temperatures in soft x-rays and 2) spectral hardening in hard x-ray flares. The former phenomena has been empirically investigated to develop a probability model based on peak x-ray intensity and peak temperature for the prediction of subsequent SEP events at Earth. This formulation has been automated to process GOES x-ray data in real-time for all flares greater than M1. The probability of each SEP event is displayed in a beta-test web page for die Space Weather Operations center at Space Environment Center (SEC). This web page is also utilized by the U.S. Air Force 55(th) Space Weather Squadron for Department of Defense applications. C1 NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Garcia, H (reprint author), NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY PI PARIS PA 8-10 RUE MARIO NIKIS, 75738 PARIS, FRANCE SN 0379-6566 BN 92-9092-792-5 J9 ESA SP PUBL PY 1999 VL 448 BP 983 EP 986 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BP86P UT WOS:000086446800159 ER PT S AU Scott, JHJ AF Scott, JHJ BE Coey, M Lewis, LH Ma, BM Schrefl, T Schultz, L Fidler, J Harris, VG Hasegawa, R Inoue, A McHenry, M TI Chemical characterization of magnetic materials at high spatial resolution SO ADVANCED HARD AND SOFT MAGNETIC MATERIALS SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1999 MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 05-09, 1999 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc ID ELECTRON; MICROCALORIMETER; SPECTROMETER AB The fabrication of nanoscale magnetic materials and novel heterostructures has placed great demands on the analytical tools used to characterize the chemical and structural variations in these samples. Attempts to determine the composition, phase, crystallinity, and interface structure of nanoscale materials often involve tradeoffs between accuracy, sensitivity, and spatial resolution. Traditional techniques such as electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS), energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry (EDS), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), and scanning Auger microscopy (SAM) will be surveyed in this context. Powerful new tools for probing the chemical heterogeneity of materials at ultrafine length scales will also be discussed, including energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM) and spectrum imaging, as well as recent advances in new methods such as backscattered electron Kikuchi patterns (BEKP) and microcalorimetry. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Microanal Res Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Scott, JHJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Microanal Res Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-485-8 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1999 VL 577 BP 373 EP 384 PG 12 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA BP16T UT WOS:000084261000041 ER PT S AU Petralli-Mallow, T Briggman, KA Richter, LJ Stephenson, JC Plant, AL AF Petralli-Mallow, T Briggman, KA Richter, LJ Stephenson, JC Plant, AL BE Fallahi, M Swanson, BI TI Nonlinear optics as a detection scheme for biomimetic sensors: SFG spectroscopy of hybrid bilayer membrane formation SO ADVANCED MATERIALS AND OPTICAL SYSTEMS FOR CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL DETECTION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Advanced Materials and Optical Systems for Chemical and Biological Detection CY SEP 21-22, 1999 CL BOSTON, MA SP SPIE, Los Almos Natl Lab, Air & Waste Management Assoc, Div Opt Sci DE nonlinear optics; sum frequency generation; lipid bilayers; self-assembled monolayers; vibrational spectroscopy ID SUM-FREQUENCY GENERATION; LIQUID INTERFACE AB Vibrational spectra of biomimetic membranes have been obtained using a broad-band approach to sum frequency generation (SFG). A new innovation, broad band SFG (BBSFG) allows for high quality SFG spectra with rapid collection times. With the BBSFG approach, we have followed in situ the formation of a hybrid bilayer membrane (HBM) from the reorganization of phospholipid vesicles at akanethiol monolayers. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Petralli-Mallow, T (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Richter, Lee/N-7730-2016 OI Richter, Lee/0000-0002-9433-3724 NR 11 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 11 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3451-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3858 BP 25 EP 31 DI 10.1117/12.372926 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Instruments & Instrumentation; Multidisciplinary Sciences; Optics SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Optics GA BP39Q UT WOS:000084986400004 ER PT S AU Pipino, ACR AF Pipino, ACR BE Fallahi, M Swanson, BI TI Evanescent wave cavity ring-down spectroscopy: A new platform for thin-film chemical sensors SO ADVANCED MATERIALS AND OPTICAL SYSTEMS FOR CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL DETECTION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Advanced Materials and Optical Systems for Chemical and Biological Detection CY SEP 21-22, 1999 CL BOSTON, MA SP SPIE, Los Almos Natl Lab, Air & Waste Management Assoc, Div Opt Sci DE evanescent waves; optical absorption; cavity ring-down; resonator design; chemical sensing; films ID ABSORPTION-MEASUREMENTS AB A new optical technique is described that permits extension of cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) to surfaces, films, and liquids. As in conventional CRDS, the photon intensity decay time in a low loss optical cavity is utilized to probe optical absorption. Extension to condensed matter is achieved by employing intra-cavity total internal reflection (TIR) to generate an evanescent wave that is especially well suited for thin film chemical sensing. Two general monolithic cavity designs are discussed: 1) a broadband, TIR-ring cavity that employs photon tunneling to excite and monitor cavity modes, and 2) a narrow bandwidth cavity that utilizes a combination of TIR and highly reflective coatings. Following a qualitative description of design features, a beam transfer matrix analysis is given which yields stability criteria and mode properties as a function of cavity length and mirror radius of curvature. A signal-to-noise ratio calculation is given to demonstrate the evaluation of sensitivity. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Proc Measurements Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Pipino, ACR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Proc Measurements Div, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 15 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 8 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3451-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3858 BP 74 EP 82 DI 10.1117/12.372901 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Instruments & Instrumentation; Multidisciplinary Sciences; Optics SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Optics GA BP39Q UT WOS:000084986400009 ER PT B AU Allen, AJ Fuller, ER Faber, KT Zimmerman, MH Wallace, JS AF Allen, AJ Fuller, ER Faber, KT Zimmerman, MH Wallace, JS BE Chung, YW Dunand, DC Liaw, PK Olson, GB TI Anisotropic small-angle neutron scattering studies of ceramics SO ADVANCED MATERIALS FOR THE 21ST CENTURY: THE 1999 JULIA R WEERTMAN SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1999 Julia R Weertman Symposium on Advanced Materials for the 21st Century at the 1999 TMS Fall Meeting CY OCT 31-NOV 04, 1999 CL CINCINNATI, OH SP TMS, Mech Behav Mat Comm, ASM AB This paper discusses how small-angle neutron scattering studies can be applied in two variations to obtain a representative characterization of the large, densely-populated, and anisotropic features that occur in the microstructures of various materials. The use of Pored scattering to amplify the anisotropies that are present, permitting different microstructural components to be identified, is discussed. Measurement of the anisotropic beam-broadening due to multiple small-angle neutron scattering is also described, as is its use to extract mean sizes and volume-fractions for the component microstructures. The work is illustrated by a small-angle scattering study of microcracking in a strongly textured anisotropic ceramic. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Allen, AJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MINERALS, METALS & MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086-7514 USA BN 0-87339-455-0 PY 1999 BP 15 EP 25 PG 11 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BP03L UT WOS:000083946900002 ER PT B AU Barker, JG Weertman, JR Pedersen, JS AF Barker, JG Weertman, JR Pedersen, JS BE Chung, YW Dunand, DC Liaw, PK Olson, GB TI Strain rate dependence of the growth rate of grain boundary cavities during the high cycle high temperature fatigue of copper SO ADVANCED MATERIALS FOR THE 21ST CENTURY: THE 1999 JULIA R WEERTMAN SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1999 Julia R Weertman Symposium on Advanced Materials for the 21st Century at the 1999 TMS Fall Meeting CY OCT 31-NOV 04, 1999 CL CINCINNATI, OH SP TMS, Mech Behav Mat Comm, ASM ID ANGLE NEUTRON-SCATTERING AB High temperature fully reversed fatigue tests of high purity copper were made as a function of stress amplitude. A mean cavity volume V-p and corresponding number density of cavities N-p were determined from the total cavity volume fraction V-V obtained from precision density measurements (PDM) and the total cavity surface area S-V calculated from small angle neutron scattering (SANS) measurements. Under the range of stress amplitudes tested, the plastic strain rate d epsilon(p)/dt was found to cover three orders of magnitude. The results of these tests of the influence of stress amplitude on cavity growth were combined with previous results in which the frequency of cycling was varied. It was found that the cavity growth rate correlates well with the measured plastic strain and stress amplitude through the relation dV(p)/dt proportional to (d epsilon(p)/dt)(0.45) proportional to Delta sigma(2). C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Barker, JG (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MINERALS, METALS & MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086-7514 USA BN 0-87339-455-0 PY 1999 BP 71 EP 79 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BP03L UT WOS:000083946900007 ER PT S AU van Zee, RD Looney, JP Hodges, JT AF van Zee, RD Looney, JP Hodges, JT BE DeGroot, WA TI Measuring pressure with cavity ring-down spectroscopy SO ADVANCED SENSORS AND MONITORS FOR PROCESS INDUSTRIES AND THE ENVIRONMENT SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Advanced Sensors and Monitors for Process Industries and the Environment CY NOV 04-05, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP SPIE-Int Soc Opt Engn DE cavity ring-down spectroscopy; CRDS; humidity; partial pressure; pressure; vacuum ID ABSORPTION-MEASUREMENTS; VAPOR-PRESSURE; ALUMINUM FILMS; OXYGEN; WATER; GROWTH; GASES; TEMPERATURES; SPECTROMETER; ICE AB This paper discusses recent research at NIST aimed towards the use of cavity ring-down spectroscopy as an absolute partial pressure sensor. The motivation for this work is reviewed, the concepts behind cavity ring-down spectroscopy ate outlined, and recent results ate summarized. The paper ends with a look at future: metrological uses of this technique. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Proc Measurements Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP van Zee, RD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Proc Measurements Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Hodges, Joseph/B-4578-2009 NR 43 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2996-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3535 BP 46 EP 56 DI 10.1117/12.337482 PG 11 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Industrial; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BM50K UT WOS:000078906900005 ER PT S AU Pipino, ACR AF Pipino, ACR BE DeGroot, WA TI Evanescent wave cavity ring-down spectroscopy for ultra-sensitive chemical detection SO ADVANCED SENSORS AND MONITORS FOR PROCESS INDUSTRIES AND THE ENVIRONMENT SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Advanced Sensors and Monitors for Process Industries and the Environment CY NOV 04-05, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP SPIE-Int Soc Opt Engn DE cavity ring-down; evanescent waves; optical absorption; thin films; surface spectroscopy; fused silica; miniature cavity ID ABSORPTION-MEASUREMENTS AB A new technology will be described which extends the cavity ring-down optical absorption technique to condensed matter by using a miniature, high-finesse, monolithic, total-internal-reflection-ring resonator. Evanescent waves that are generated by total-internal reflection permit input and ouput coupling by photon tunneling and probe the presence of absorbing species at a cavity facet. The TIR-ring design permits broadband cavity ring-down measurements of adsorbates, thin films, and liquids by eliminating the use of multilayer coatings. The basic sensing concept will first be reviewed by describing recent experiments employing a non-ring prototype in which a totally reflecting element was incorporated in a conventional ring-down cavity. The basic design issues for miniature TIR-ring cavities will then be briefly reviewed along with some numerical results obtained using a wave optics model that show the magnitude of different optical losses as a function of cavity size. A competition between losses results in an optimum size for chemical detection which occurs when the round-trip loss of the "empty" cavity is minimized. The first experimental results will be presented for a square (7 mm x 7 mm x 5 mm), fused-silica TIR-ring cavity for which the theoretically predicted photon decay time has been achieved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Expt Chem Kinet Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Pipino, ACR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Expt Chem Kinet Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 16 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2996-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3535 BP 57 EP 67 DI 10.1117/12.337483 PG 11 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Industrial; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BM50K UT WOS:000078906900006 ER PT S AU Funk, DS Peters, PM Veasey, DL Sanford, NA Hayden, JS AF Funk, DS Peters, PM Veasey, DL Sanford, NA Hayden, JS BE Fejer, MM Injeyan, H Keller, U TI Erbium and ytterbium waveguide lasers in phosphate glass SO ADVANCED SOLID-STATE LASERS SE OSA TRENDS IN OPTICS AND PHOTONICS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Topical Meeting on Advanced Solid-State Lasers CY JAN 31-FEB 03, 1999 CL BOSTON, MA SP Opt Soc Amer, IEEE, Lasers & Electro Opt Soc ID WAVE-GUIDE LASER C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Optoelect, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Funk, DS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Optoelect, 325 Broadway,815-04, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU OPTICAL SOC AMERICA PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1094-5695 BN 1-55752-583-8 J9 OSA TRENDS OPT PHOTO PY 1999 VL 26 BP 157 EP 159 PG 3 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Optics; Physics GA BT71N UT WOS:000173833200034 ER PT S AU Peters, PM Veasey, DL Funk, DS Sanford, NA Houde-Walter, SN Hayden, JS AF Peters, PM Veasey, DL Funk, DS Sanford, NA Houde-Walter, SN Hayden, JS BE Fejer, MM Injeyan, H Keller, U TI Ion-exchanged Er3+/Yb(3+)glass waveguide lasers in silicate glasses SO ADVANCED SOLID-STATE LASERS SE OSA TRENDS IN OPTICS AND PHOTONICS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Topical Meeting on Advanced Solid-State Lasers CY JAN 31-FEB 03, 1999 CL BOSTON, MA SP Opt Soc Amer, IEEE, Lasers & Electro Opt Soc ID WAVE-GUIDE AMPLIFIERS C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Optoelect, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Peters, PM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Optoelect, 325 Broadway,815-04, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU OPTICAL SOC AMERICA PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1094-5695 BN 1-55752-583-8 J9 OSA TRENDS OPT PHOTO PY 1999 VL 26 BP 160 EP 162 PG 3 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Optics; Physics GA BT71N UT WOS:000173833200035 ER PT S AU Dizdaroglu, M AF Dizdaroglu, M BE Dizdaroglu, M Karakaya, AE TI Mechanisms of oxidative DNA damage; lesions and their measurement SO ADVANCES IN DNA DAMAGE AND REPAIR: OXYGEN RADICAL EFFECTS, CELLULAR PROTECTION, AND BIOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES SE NATO ADVANCED SCIENCE INSTITUTES SERIES, SERIES A, LIFE SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on DNA Damage and Repair - Oxygen Radical Effects, Cellular Protection, and Biological Consequences CY OCT 14-24, 1997 CL TEKIROVA, TURKEY SP NATO Sci Affairs Div, Belgium ID CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS-SPECTROMETRY; RADICAL-INDUCED FORMATION; CULTURED-MAMMALIAN-CELLS; GENERATED FREE-RADICALS; ANTIOXIDANT ENZYME-ACTIVITIES; LINK INVOLVING THYMINE; COLI ENDONUCLEASE-III; PROTEIN CROSS-LINKING; BASE DAMAGE; AQUEOUS-SOLUTION AB Free radicals produce a number of lesions in DNA such as base lesions, sugar lesions, single-strand breaks, double-strand breaks, abasic sites and DNA-protein cross-links by a variety of mechanisms. Hydroxyl radical, hydrated electron and H atom react with the heterocyclic bases in DNA by addition. In oxygenated systems, adduct radicals of pyrimidines are converted into corresponding peroxyl radicals with oxygen. Hydroxyl radical reacts with purines at diffusion-controlled rates by addition to C4-, C5- and C8-positions. A fraction of hydroxyl radicals reacts with the sugar moiety in DNA by abstraction of H atoms from all five carbon atoms, producing sugar radicals. Further reactions of DNA radicals result in formation of numerous products. The types and yields of DNA modifications profoundly depend on the free radical-generating system, experimental conditions, and the presence or absence of oxygen. In chromatin, DNA-protein cross-links are formed by combination of two radicals, or by radical addition reactions. A number of analytical techniques have been used to identify and quantify a variety of products of DNA. Many pyrimidine and purine lesions have been identified and quantified in cells and tissues. Evidence indicates that most products arise as a result of reactions of hydroxyl radical with DNA constituents in cells. A number of DNA lesions possess premutagenic properties. The biological consequences of DNA modifications in cells are largely unknown and await further exploration. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Dizdaroglu, M (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 99 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU PLENUM PRESS DIV PLENUM PUBLISHING CORP PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0258-1213 BN 0-306-46042-4 J9 NATO ADV SCI I A-LIF PY 1999 VL 302 BP 67 EP 87 PG 21 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Cell Biology GA BM98E UT WOS:000080335400007 ER PT S AU Verkouteren, JR Steel, EB Windsor, ES Perkins, RL AF Verkouteren, JR Steel, EB Windsor, ES Perkins, RL BE Beard, ME Rook, HL TI Comparison of quantitative techniques for analysis of bulk asbestos proficiency testing materials SO ADVANCES IN ENVIRONMENTAL MEASUREMENT METHODS FOR ASBESTOS SE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Advances in Environmental Measurement Methods for Asbestos CY JUL 13-17, 1997 CL BOULDER, CO SP ASTM Comm D 22 DE bulk asbestos; x-ray diffraction; gravimetry; point count; NVLAP; standard additions AB The methods used by NIST for quantitative analysis of NVLAP bulk asbestos PTMs are described. Quantitative XRD using the method of standard additions is the most generally applicable tool used. PTMs are also analyzed gravimetrically using acid dissolution and ashing to remove the matrix quantitatively. Gravimetry is used for many samples, even when the matrix cannot be completely removed. Point counting is performed on all the PTMs, but the results are used primarily to adjust acceptance ranges and not to provide reference values. The general application of these analytical methods to the analysis of the PTMs is described, and the results from multiple techniques are compared for selected samples. The reliability of each method is described, along with precautions that must be exercised to obtain accurate results. Results from Research Triangle Institute using the same general methods on the same PTMs are compared with results from NIST. C1 NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Verkouteren, JR (reprint author), NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMERICAN SOCIETY TESTING AND MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DRIVE, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 1040-1695 BN 0-8031-2616-6 J9 AM SOC TEST MATER PY 1999 VL 1342 BP 11 EP 21 DI 10.1520/STP42325S PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Materials Science GA BP57Y UT WOS:000085558700002 ER PT S AU Phillips, PJ AF Phillips, PJ BE Kearns, MS Solla, SA Cohn, DA TI Support vector machines applied to face recognition SO ADVANCES IN NEURAL INFORMATION PROCESSING SYSTEMS 11 SE ADVANCES IN NEURAL INFORMATION PROCESSING SYSTEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS) CY NOV 30-DEC 05, 1998 CL DENVER, CO AB Face recognition is a K class problem, where K is the number of known individuals; and support vector machines (SVMs) are a binary classification method. By reformulating the face recognition problem and reinterpreting the output of the SVM classifier, we developed a SVM-based face recognition algorithm. The face recognition problem is formulated as a problem in difference space, which models dissimilarities between two facial images. In difference space we formulate face recognition as a two class problem. The classes are: dissimilarities between faces of the same person, and dissimilarities between faces of different people. By modifying the interpretation of the decision surface generated by SVM, we generated a similarity metric between faces that is learned from examples of differences between faces. The SVM-based algorithm is compared with a principal component analysis (PCA) based algorithm on a difficult set of images from the FERET database. Performance was measured for both verification and identification scenarios. The identification performance for SVM is 77-78% versus 54% for PCA. For verification. the equal error rate is 7% for SVM and 13% for PCA. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Phillips, PJ (reprint author), NIST, Bldg 225,Rm A216, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 7 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 2 PU M I T PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA FIVE CAMBRIDGE CENTER, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02142 USA SN 1049-5258 BN 0-262-11245-0 J9 ADV NEUR IN PY 1999 VL 11 BP 803 EP 809 PG 7 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA BP76H UT WOS:000086093700113 ER PT J AU Hagwood, C Sivathanu, Y Mulholland, G AF Hagwood, C Sivathanu, Y Mulholland, G TI The DMA transfer function with Brownian motion a trajectory/Monte-Carlo approach SO AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DIFFERENTIAL MOBILITY ANALYZER; SPECTROMETER; CALIBRATION; PARTICLES AB The transfer function for the Differential Mobility Analyzer (DMA) is derived based on particle trajectories for both nondiffusing particles and diffusing particles. The effect of particle diffusion is assessed by using a Monte-Carlo method for particles of sizes 1, 3, 10, 30, and 100 mm. This approach includes both the effect of wall losses and axial diffusion. The range of validity of the Stolzenburg analysis is assessed by comparing his transfer function, the peak of his transfer function, and its dimensionless width with similar calculations based on the Monte-Carlo. For particle sizes smaller than 10 nm, the Monte-Carlo method indicates large wall losses, which result in a reduction in the peak of the transfer function by as much as a factor of 10 to 30, sensitivity to the flow-field, and skewmess of the transfer function. It is shown that Stolzenburg's approximate formula for the standard deviation of the width of the transfer function agrees with Monte-Carlo simulations for particle sizes of 3 nm and larger. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Mech Engn, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Fire Measurement & Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hagwood, C (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 18 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 6 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0278-6826 J9 AEROSOL SCI TECH JI Aerosol Sci. Technol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 30 IS 1 BP 40 EP 61 DI 10.1080/027868299304877 PG 22 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 162CG UT WOS:000078327400006 ER PT J AU Chipanshi, AC Ripley, EA Lawford, RG AF Chipanshi, AC Ripley, EA Lawford, RG TI Large-scale simulation of wheat yields in a semi-arid environment using a crop-growth model SO AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE CERES Wheat model; crop modelling; drought; semi-arid climate; yield prediction; spring wheat ID DROUGHT; CERES AB The ability to predict wheat yields from large-scale weather variables has benefits throughout the semi-arid regions of the world. In spite of the availability of numerous crop-growth models, there has been little concerted effort to analyse yields regularly at spatial scales that are relevant to agronomic decision makers. As a result many current crop-growth models are research tools only. A large-scale wheat yield assessment procedure, based on the CERES Wheat model, has been developed for the semi-arid climate of Saskatchewan. It is suitable for simulating yields at the crop-district level, an area of about 2 million hectares containing several hundred farms having different soils, climates and management practices. Simulations of spring wheat growth, using this procedure, have revealed two critical periods (vegetative and ear growth) when lack of moisture has the greatest impact on grain yields. Knowledge of these times could be useful in devising early warning programmes for drought amelioration, combined with reliable long-term climate forecasts. Decisions made during these critical periods would affect farm management, marketing strategy and planning for the next growing season. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Saskatchewan, Dept Plant Sci, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada. Univ Botswana, Dept Environm Sci, Gaborone, Botswana. NOAA, OGP, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Ripley, EA (reprint author), Univ Saskatchewan, Dept Plant Sci, 51 Campus Dr, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8, Canada. NR 26 TC 47 Z9 56 U1 2 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0308-521X J9 AGR SYST JI Agric. Syst. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 59 IS 1 BP 57 EP 66 DI 10.1016/S0308-521X(98)00082-1 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary SC Agriculture GA 170RH UT WOS:000078819500004 ER PT S AU Walker, ARH Suenram, RD Samuels, A Jensen, J Woolard, D Wiebach, W AF Walker, ARH Suenram, RD Samuels, A Jensen, J Woolard, D Wiebach, W BE Leonelli, J Althouse, ML TI Fourier-transform microwave spectroscopy of chemical-warfare agents and their synthetic precursors SO AIR MONITORING AND DETECTION OF CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL AGENTS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Air Monitoring and Detection of Chemical and Biological Agents CY NOV 02-03, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE microwave spectroscopy; rotational spectroscopy; Fourier transform; Sarin; Soman; chemical warfare agent; nerve agent; monitor; detection AB Fourier-transform microwave (FTMW) spectroscopy is an established technique for observing the rotational spectra of molecules and complexes in molecular beams. Scientists at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) are adapting this measurement technology for applications in analytical chemistry. Presently, FTMW spectroscopy is being used to investigate chemical-warfare agents and their synthetic precursors. A FTMW spectroscopy facility has been established at a surety laboratory at the Edgewood Research, Development, and Engineering Center (ERDEC), where the capabilities exist for handling these deadly warfare agents. Here, the rotational spectra of Sarin, Soman and DF have been observed and assigned. Also, microwave spectroscopic studies of less toxic precursors such as pinacolyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, and thiodiglycol have been carried out at NIST. Tests will be undertaken to assess the potential of using FTMW spectroscopy for detecting trace amounts of chemical-warfare agents and precursors in air. A database of rotational transition frequencies is being compiled for use in conjunction with a FTMW spectrometer to unambiguously detect and monitor chemical weapons. The sensitivity and resolution of FTMW spectroscopy suggest that the technique may offer real-time, unequivocal identification of chemical-warfare agents at trace vapor concentrations in air. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Walker, ARH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Mailstop B221-B208, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Hight Walker, Angela/C-3373-2009 OI Hight Walker, Angela/0000-0003-1385-0672 NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2994-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3533 BP 122 EP 127 DI 10.1117/12.336849 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Optics SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Optics GA BM42U UT WOS:000078691100014 ER PT S AU Byun, DW AF Byun, DW BE Brebbia, CA Jacobson, M Power, H TI One-atmosphere dynamics description in the Models-3 Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system SO AIR POLLUTION VII SE ADVANCES IN AIR POLLUTION SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Air Pollution Conference CY JUL 26-28, 1999 CL STANFORD UNIV, STANFORD, CA SP Wessex Inst Technol, Stanford Univ HO STANFORD UNIV AB This paper proposes a general procedure to link meteorological data with air quality models, such as U.S. EPA's Models-3 Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system. CMAQ is intended to be used for studying multi-scale (urban and regional) and multi-pollutant (ozone, aerosol, and acid/nutrient depositions) air quality problems. The Models-3 CMAQ system is expected to be a common vehicle to advance environmental modeling techniques for scientists and the regulatory community. To provide multi-scale capability for meteorological and air quality modeling, a set of governing equations for the fully compressible atmosphere is introduced. By recasting input meteorological data with the variables that satisfy the governing equations in a generalized coordinate system, CMAQ can follow the dynamics and thermodynamics of the meteorological model closely. A robust mass conservation scheme is introduced and discussed. C1 NOAA, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Air Resources Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Byun, DW (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU WIT PRESS PI SOUTHAMPTON PA ASHURST LODGE, SOUTHAMPTON SO40 7AA, ASHURST, ENGLAND SN 1369-5886 BN 1-85312-693-4 J9 ADV AIR POLLUT SER PY 1999 VL 6 BP 883 EP 892 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Mechanics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mechanics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BP05R UT WOS:000083991000085 ER PT S AU Churnside, JH AF Churnside, JH BE Gilbert, GD TI Can we see fish from an airplane? SO AIRBORNE AND IN-WATER UNDERWATER IMAGING SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Airborne and In-Water Underwater Imaging CY JUL 21-22, 1999 CL DENVER, CO SP SPIE, Remote Sensing Soc DE lidar; oceanography; fisheries AB NOAA is developing an airborne lidar system for marine fisheries. It measures the direct backscatter of green light from objects, including fish, in the water column. We can, in fact, see fish from an airplane with this lidar. The lidar is described, and examples of fish signatures are presented. Other products are maps of the spatial distribution of fish and vertical profiles of biomass; examples of these are also presented. C1 NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Churnside, JH (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3247-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3761 BP 45 EP 48 DI 10.1117/12.366482 PG 4 WC Oceanography; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Oceanography; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BP12D UT WOS:000084180400006 ER PT S AU Ndousse, TD Golmie, N AF Ndousse, TD Golmie, N BE Senior, JM Qiao, C Dixit, S TI Differentiated Optical Services: A quality of optical service model for WDM networks SO ALL-OPTICAL NETWORKING 1999: ARCHITECTURE, CONTROL, AND MANAGEMENT ISSUES SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Annual Conference on All-Optical Networking 1999 - Architecture, Control, and Management Issues CY SEP 19-21, 1999 CL BOSTON, MA SP SPIE, IEEE Commun Soc AB This paper addresses the issues of guaranteed and scalable end-to-end QoS in Metropolitan DWDM networks serving as transit networks for IP access networks. DWDM offering few wavelengths have in the past been deployed in backbone networks to upgrade point-to-point transmission where sharing is based on coarse granularity. This type of DWDM backbone networks, offering few lightpaths, provides no support for QoS services traversing the network. As DWDM networks with larger numbers of wavelengths penetrate the data-centric Metro environment, specific IP service requirements such as priority restoration, scalability, dynamic provisioning of capacity and routes, and support for coarse-grain QoS capabilities will have to be addressed in the optical domain in order to support end-to-end Service-Level Agreements (SLA). In this paper, we focus on the support of QoS in the optical domain in order to achieve en;l-to-end QoS over a DWDM network. We propose a QoS service model in the optical domain called Differentiated Optical Services (DOS). Service classification in DOS is based on a set of optical parameters that captures the quality and reliability of the optical lightpath. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ndousse, TD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 820 W Diamond Ave, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3436-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3843 BP 79 EP 88 DI 10.1117/12.360411 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Information Systems; Optics SC Computer Science; Optics GA BN92W UT WOS:000083509400008 ER PT J AU Shimizu, M Swanson, P Dickhoff, WW AF Shimizu, M Swanson, P Dickhoff, WW TI Validation of radioimmunoassay for salmon insulin-like growth factor-1 using commercially available assay components. SO AMERICAN ZOOLOGIST LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA USA. Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC INTEGRATIVE COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY PI MCLEAN PA 1313 DOLLEY MADISON BLVD, NO 402, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0003-1569 J9 AM ZOOL JI Am. Zool. PY 1999 VL 39 IS 5 SI SI MA 167 BP 29A EP 29A PG 1 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 292NE UT WOS:000085800400168 ER PT J AU Scholz, NL AF Scholz, NL TI NO/cGMP signaling and the specification of motor networks in the crab stomatogastric ganglion. SO AMERICAN ZOOLOGIST LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RI Scholz, Nathaniel/L-1642-2013 OI Scholz, Nathaniel/0000-0001-6207-0272 NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC INTEGRATIVE COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY PI MCLEAN PA 1313 DOLLEY MADISON BLVD, NO 402, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0003-1569 J9 AM ZOOL JI Am. Zool. PY 1999 VL 39 IS 5 SI SI MA 268 BP 46A EP 46A PG 1 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 292NE UT WOS:000085800400269 ER PT J AU Kareiva, P AF Kareiva, P TI Where is the biology in conversation biology? SO AMERICAN ZOOLOGIST LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC INTEGRATIVE COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY PI MCLEAN PA 1313 DOLLEY MADISON BLVD, NO 402, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0003-1569 J9 AM ZOOL JI Am. Zool. PY 1999 VL 39 IS 5 SI SI MA 545 BP 92A EP 92A PG 1 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 292NE UT WOS:000085800400547 ER PT J AU Shea, EK Vecchione, M AF Shea, EK Vecchione, M TI Quantification of ontogenetic discontinuities in cephalopods SO AMERICAN ZOOLOGIST LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Bryn Mawr Coll, Washington, DC USA. NMFS, Washington, DC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC INTEGRATIVE COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY PI MCLEAN PA 1313 DOLLEY MADISON BLVD, NO 402, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0003-1569 J9 AM ZOOL JI Am. Zool. PY 1999 VL 39 IS 5 SI SI MA 261B BP 135A EP 135A PG 1 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 292NE UT WOS:000085800400761 ER PT B AU McCowan, CN Siewert, TA AF McCowan, CN Siewert, TA BE Northwood, DO Abramovici, E Shehata, MT Wylie, J TI Failure analysis of a large blender in a chemical plant SO ANALYSIS OF IN-SERVICE FAILURES AND ADVANCES IN MICROSTRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION SE MICROSTRUCTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 31st Annual Technical Meeting of the International-Metallographic-Society on Analysis of In-Service Failures and Advances in Microstructural Characterization CY JUL 26-29, 1998 CL OTTAWA, CANADA SP Int Metallog Soc, Columbus, ASM Int, Mat Park AB On April 21, 1995 the contents of a large blender (6 m(3)) reacted and caused an explosion that killed and injured a number of workers at a plant in Lodi, New Jersey. A mixture of sodium hydrosulfite and aluminum powder was being mixed at the time of the accident. This report focuses on evaluations of the blender to determine if material or mechanical failures were the cause of the accident. The results indicate that the mixing vessel was metallurgically sound and did not contribute to the initiation of the failure. However, the Vessel was not designed for mixing chemicals that must be isolated from water and excessive heat. Water leaking into the vessel through a graphite seal may have initiated the reactions that caused the accident. C1 Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP McCowan, CN (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASM INTERNATIONAL PI MATERIALS PARK PA 9503 KINSMAN RD, MATERIALS PARK, OH 44073 USA BN 0-87170-636-9 J9 MICROSTR SC PY 1999 VL 26 BP 115 EP 122 PG 8 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Engineering; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Materials Science GA BN62W UT WOS:000082415900016 ER PT B AU McCowan, CN Siewert, TA AF McCowan, CN Siewert, TA BE Northwood, DO Abramovici, E Shehata, MT Wylie, J TI Metallurgical evaluation of prestressed wire failures SO ANALYSIS OF IN-SERVICE FAILURES AND ADVANCES IN MICROSTRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION SE MICROSTRUCTURAL SCIENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 31st Annual Technical Meeting of the International-Metallographic-Society on Analysis of In-Service Failures and Advances in Microstructural Characterization CY JUL 26-29, 1998 CL OTTAWA, CANADA SP Int Metallog Soc, Columbus, ASM Int, Mat Park C1 Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP McCowan, CN (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU ASM INTERNATIONAL PI MATERIALS PARK PA 9503 KINSMAN RD, MATERIALS PARK, OH 44073 USA BN 0-87170-636-9 J9 MICROSTR SC PY 1999 VL 26 BP 127 EP 136 PG 10 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Engineering; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Materials Science GA BN62W UT WOS:000082415900018 ER PT B AU Postek, MT Bennett, MH Zaluzec, NJ AF Postek, MT Bennett, MH Zaluzec, NJ BE Kolbesen, BO Claeys, C Stallhofer, P Tardif, F Benton, J Shaffner, T Schroder, D Kishino, S RaiChoudhury, P TI Telepresence: A new paradigm for solving contamination problems SO ANALYTICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES FOR SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIALS, DEVICES, AND PROCESSES SE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Analytical Techniques for Semiconductor Materials and Process Characterization III (ALTECH 99) CY SEP 16-17, 1999 CL LEUVEN, BELGIUM DE telepresence; Internet; collaboratory; scanning electron microscope; transmission electron microscope; analytical electron microscopy; metrology AB When a contamination event occurs in a semiconductor feb, a process engineer must act quickly to find the cause. It is cost-prohibitive to maintain a full compliment of analytical tools in a fab that would be necessary to identify very small particles and processing anomolies. Enter the world of Telepresence Microscopy (TPM) to provide a solution. Part of the mission of the National Institute of Standards and Technology* Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory is to improve and advance length metrology in aid of U.S. industry. The successful development of a "collaboratory" for telepresence microscopy provides an important new tool to promote technology transfer in the area of measurement technology. Telepresence microscopy is an advanced concept in the integration of computers and high-speed networks with scientific instruments for operation, control, communication and research. NIST and Texas Instruments, under the auspices of the National Automated Manufacturing Testbed and in collaboration with the University of Illinois and Argonne National Laboratory have developed a collaboratory testbed. The goal of this work is to demonstrate the value of TPM within organizations having a large distributed manufacturing facility such as Texas Instruments and between scientific research organizations such as MST, ANL and UIC. Large distributed manufacturing sites need rapid response when problems threaten to disrupt multi-million dollar production facilities. This is particularly important when expertise needed to solve the problem or instrumentation is not locally present. The resulting delays are inevitable and often costly. Telepresence minimizes these delays. Once a sample has been received by a research facility, collaborators from multiple remotely located sites can rapidly access the collaboratory from their respective locations and collaborate in real-time to solve the problem using only their desktop computers and connections to the Internet. This presentation demonstrates the power afforded by this technology. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Postek, MT (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Metrol Bldg,Room A-117 Stop 8212, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 S MAIN ST, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534-2839 USA BN 1-56677-239-7 J9 ELEC SOC S PY 1999 VL 99 IS 16 BP 331 EP 341 PG 11 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Optics SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science; Optics GA BN57H UT WOS:000082287600028 ER PT J AU Mossner, SG Wise, SA AF Mossner, SG Wise, SA TI Determination of polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles in fossil fuel-related samples SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHIC DETERMINATION; RESOLUTION GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; STATIONARY PHASES; CRUDE-OIL; HYDROCARBONS; SEPARATION; PRODUCTS AB An analytical method is described for the separation, identification, and quantification of a number of polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles (PASHs) in three fossil fuel-related samples including two Standard Reference Materials (SRMs), SRM 1597 (coal tw) and SRM 1582 (petroleum crude oil), and a decant oil. The compounds measured include the 3 possible naphtho[b]thiophenes; dibenzothiophene and selected methyl-, ethyl-, dimethyl-, and trimethyl-substituted isomers; the 3 possible benzo[b]naphthothiophenes; and the 30 methylbenzo[b]naphthothiophenes isomers. Because of the occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and PASHs together with their large number of possible alkyl-substituted isomers, the analytical method described requires a number of prerequisites: effective sample cleanup, selective stationary phases, and selective methods of detection. The sample cleanup involves solid-phase extraction using aminopropylsilane cartridges with different solvent mixtures followed by normal-phase liquid chromatographic isolation of the PASHs based on the number of aromatic carbons. These aromatic ring fractions are then separated by capillary gas chromatography using two stationary phases with different selectivities, 5% phenyl-substituted methylpolysiloxane stationary phase and 50% phenyl-substituted methylpolysiloxane stationary phase, and analyzed with mass-selective detection and atomic emission detection. A liquid crystalline stationary phase was also used to separate the methylbenzo[b]naphthothiophene isomers in the crude oil sample. Advantages and limitations of each chromatographic and detection technique are discussed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wise, SA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 34 TC 57 Z9 65 U1 2 U2 18 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD JAN 1 PY 1999 VL 71 IS 1 BP 58 EP 69 DI 10.1021/ac980664f PG 12 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 155BF UT WOS:000077925500019 PM 21662926 ER PT J AU Muller, R Grooss, JU McKenna, DS Crutzen, PJ Bruhl, C Russell, JM Gordley, LL Burrows, JP Tuck, AF AF Muller, R Grooss, JU McKenna, DS Crutzen, PJ Bruhl, C Russell, JM Gordley, LL Burrows, JP Tuck, AF TI Chemical ozone loss in the Arctic vortex in the winter 1995-96: HALOE measurements in conjunction with other observations SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE-ATMOSPHERES HYDROSPHERES AND SPACE SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE chemical ozone loss (Arctic vortex 1995-96; halogen chemistry) ID STRATOSPHERIC POLAR VORTEX; POTENTIAL VORTICITY; 1994-95 WINTER; DEPLETION; AEROSOL; LIDAR; MLS; METEOROLOGY; HEMISPHERE; UARS AB Severe chemical ozone loss has been detected in the Arctic in the winter and spring of 1995-96 by a variety of methods. Extreme reductions in column ozone due to halogen catalysed chemistry were derived from measurements of the Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) on board the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite in the Arctic vortex. Here, we discuss further aspects of the HALOE observations in the Arctic over this period. Potential problems, both in the data themselves and in the methodology of the data analysis are considered and the reason for the differences between the Arctic ozone losses deduced from HALOE data version 17 and 18 is analysed. Moreover, it is shown that HALOE measurements in the Arctic in winter and spring 1995-96 compare well with observations by other ground-based and satellite instruments. C1 Forschungszentrum Julich, Inst Stratospher Chem ICG1, Julich, Germany. Max Planck Inst Chem, Atmospher Chem Dept, D-55128 Mainz, Germany. Hampton Univ, Hampton, VA 23668 USA. Univ Bremen, Inst Environm Phys, D-2800 Bremen 33, Germany. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Muller, R (reprint author), Forschungszentrum Julich, Inst Stratospher Chem ICG1, Postfach 1913, Julich, Germany. RI Tuck, Adrian/F-6024-2011; Crutzen, Paul/F-6044-2012; Muller, Rolf/A-6669-2013; GrooSS, Jens-Uwe/A-7315-2013; McKenna, Daniel/E-7806-2014; Burrows, John/B-6199-2014 OI Tuck, Adrian/0000-0002-2074-0538; Muller, Rolf/0000-0002-5024-9977; GrooSS, Jens-Uwe/0000-0002-9485-866X; McKenna, Daniel/0000-0002-4360-4782; Burrows, John/0000-0002-6821-5580 NR 56 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0992-7689 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-ATM HYDR JI Ann. Geophys.-Atmos. Hydrospheres Space Sci. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 17 IS 1 BP 101 EP 114 DI 10.1007/s005850050740 PG 14 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 154RB UT WOS:000077901500011 ER PT B AU Bur, AJ Thomas, CL AF Bur, AJ Thomas, CL GP SOC PLAST ENGINEERS SOC PLAST ENGINEERS SOC PLAST ENGINEERS TI In-situ monitoring of product shrinkage during injection molding using an optical sensor SO ANTEC '99: PLASTICS BRIDGING THE MILLENNIA, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, VOLS I-III: VOL I: PROCESSING; VOL II: MATERIALS; VOL III: SPECIAL AREAS; LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 57th Annual Technical Conference of the SPE on Plastics Bridging the Millennia (ANTEC 99) CY MAY 02-06, 1999 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Soc Plast Engineers DE injection molding; shrinkage; optical sensor; interferometer ID POLYMER AB We have used an optical fiber sensor for in-situ monitoring of product shrinkage during injection molding. The sensor, consisting of a bundle of optical fibers with a sapphire window at its end, is positioned in the ejector pin channel of the mold so that the sapphire window sits flush with the inside cavity wall. When the molded product shrinks, it separates from the wall and sapphire window, and establishes the geometry of a Fabry-Perot interferometer. During the molding of polystyrene, polypropylene and polyethylene, we observed optical interference fringes, and by counting fringes, a measurement of shrinkage was made. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bur, AJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC PLASTICS ENGINEERS PI BROOKFIELD CENTER PA 14 FAIRFIELD DR, BROOKFIELD CENTER, CT 06805 USA BN 1-56676-804-7 PY 1999 BP 710 EP 714 PG 5 WC Engineering, Chemical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Composites; Polymer Science SC Engineering; Materials Science; Polymer Science GA BN12H UT WOS:000080784900128 ER PT B AU Schultheisz, CR McKenna, GB AF Schultheisz, CR McKenna, GB GP SOC PLAST ENGINEERS SOC PLAST ENGINEERS SOC PLAST ENGINEERS TI A nonlinear fluid standard reference material: Progress report SO ANTEC '99: PLASTICS BRIDGING THE MILLENNIA, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, VOLS I-III: VOL I: PROCESSING; VOL II: MATERIALS; VOL III: SPECIAL AREAS; LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 57th Annual Technical Conference of the SPE on Plastics Bridging the Millennia (ANTEC 99) CY MAY 02-06, 1999 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Soc Plast Engineers ID POLYISOBUTYLENE SOLUTIONS; FLOW PROPERTIES; DEPENDENCE; SHEAR; S1 AB A new NIST Standard Reference Material (SRM 2490 - Nonlinear Fluid for Rheological Measurements) demonstrates shear thinning and normal stresses typical of polymeric fluids. SRM 2490 consists of polyisobutylene dissolved in 2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecane (pristane), giving a stable fluid with a wide temperature range. NIST will certify the linear viscoelastic behavior and the shear-rate dependence of the viscosity and first normal stress difference between 0 degrees C and 50 degrees C. NIST will also use the fluid in a round robin to help the polymer community identify sources of variability in rheological measurements. Here we report progress on the project. C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Schultheisz, CR (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI McKenna, Gregory/O-1134-2013 OI McKenna, Gregory/0000-0002-5676-9930 NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC PLASTICS ENGINEERS PI BROOKFIELD CENTER PA 14 FAIRFIELD DR, BROOKFIELD CENTER, CT 06805 USA BN 1-56676-804-7 PY 1999 BP 1125 EP 1129 PG 5 WC Engineering, Chemical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Composites; Polymer Science SC Engineering; Materials Science; Polymer Science GA BN12H UT WOS:000080784900210 ER PT B AU Schultheisz, CR McKenna, GB AF Schultheisz, CR McKenna, GB GP SOC PLAST ENGINEERS SOC PLAST ENGINEERS SOC PLAST ENGINEERS TI Thermal expansion and its effect on the normal force for a modified force rebalance transducer SO ANTEC '99: PLASTICS BRIDGING THE MILLENNIA, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, VOLS I-III: VOL I: PROCESSING; VOL II: MATERIALS; VOL III: SPECIAL AREAS; LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 57th Annual Technical Conference of the SPE on Plastics Bridging the Millennia (ANTEC 99) CY MAY 02-06, 1999 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Soc Plast Engineers AB Prior work in this laboratory [Niemiec, et al, J. Rheology, 40 323-334 (1996)] showed that anomalous normal forces could arise in rotary shear measurements when thermal expansion of the force rebalance transducer (FRT) superimposed a squeezing flow on the shear flow. Transducer heating results from the current to the magnetic coils in the FRT necessary to counteract the applied torque. Partly due to this work, the manufacturer redesigned the transducer by replacing stainless steel components with Invar, an alloy with a very low coefficient of thermal expansion. Tests on the new transducer show that the thermal expansion is significantly reduced. The behavior of the new transducer is described. C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Schultheisz, CR (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI McKenna, Gregory/O-1134-2013 OI McKenna, Gregory/0000-0002-5676-9930 NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC PLASTICS ENGINEERS PI BROOKFIELD CENTER PA 14 FAIRFIELD DR, BROOKFIELD CENTER, CT 06805 USA BN 1-56676-804-7 PY 1999 BP 1142 EP 1145 PG 4 WC Engineering, Chemical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Composites; Polymer Science SC Engineering; Materials Science; Polymer Science GA BN12H UT WOS:000080784900213 ER PT B AU Kim, G Jackson, CL Balsamo, V Libera, M Stadler, R Han, CC AF Kim, G Jackson, CL Balsamo, V Libera, M Stadler, R Han, CC GP SOC PLAST ENGINEERS SOC PLAST ENGINEERS SOC PLAST ENGINEERS TI The formation of supermolecular polycaprolactone (PCL) spherulites in polystyrene-polybutadiene-PCL (PS-b-PB-b-PCL) semicrystalline block copolymers SO ANTEC '99: PLASTICS BRIDGING THE MILLENNIA, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, VOLS I-III: VOL I: PROCESSING; VOL II: MATERIALS; VOL III: SPECIAL AREAS; LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 57th Annual Technical Conference of the SPE on Plastics Bridging the Millennia (ANTEC 99) CY MAY 02-06, 1999 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Soc Plast Engineers ID POLY(EPSILON-CAPROLACTONE) C BLOCK; TRIBLOCK COPOLYMERS; EPSILON-CAPROLACTONE; DIBLOCK COPOLYMERS; POLYMER-FILMS; CRYSTALLIZATION; MORPHOLOGY; THERMODYNAMICS; TRANSITION; BUTADIENE AB The morphological behavior of polystyrene (PS), polybutadiene and polycaprolactone (PCL) semicrystalline block copolymers as a function of annealing conditions is discussed. For this study, both bulk and thin films of (PS)(0.35)(PB)(0.15)(PCL)(0.5) were cast from toluene solution and the morphologies were examined using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and polarized light microscopy (PLM). The morphology of either as-cast or annealed bulk (1 mm) specimens is a lamellar-cylindrical morphology having PB cylinders at the interphase boundaries. The block copolymer thin film (5-10 mu m) from fast solvent evaporation also shows a lamellar-cylindrical microphase-separated morphology without the formation of visible PCL spherulites using PLM. After the formation of the well-defined PCL spherulites by annealing, the micromorphology is no longer lamellar-cylindrical but instead the PCL lamellar crystals dominate the system. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kim, G (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC PLASTICS ENGINEERS PI BROOKFIELD CENTER PA 14 FAIRFIELD DR, BROOKFIELD CENTER, CT 06805 USA BN 1-56676-804-7 PY 1999 BP 1734 EP 1738 PG 5 WC Engineering, Chemical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Composites; Polymer Science SC Engineering; Materials Science; Polymer Science GA BN12H UT WOS:000080784900326 ER PT B AU Ivkov, R Gehring, PM Maliszewskyj, NC Krishnamoorti, R AF Ivkov, R Gehring, PM Maliszewskyj, NC Krishnamoorti, R GP SOC PLAST ENGINEERS SOC PLAST ENGINEERS SOC PLAST ENGINEERS TI Structure and dynamics of polymers in confined geometries: Neutron studies of intercalated clay-polymer nanocomposites SO ANTEC '99: PLASTICS BRIDGING THE MILLENNIA, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, VOLS I-III: VOL I: PROCESSING; VOL II: MATERIALS; VOL III: SPECIAL AREAS; LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 57th Annual Technical Conference of the SPE on Plastics Bridging the Millennia (ANTEC 99) CY MAY 02-06, 1999 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Soc Plast Engineers ID HYBRID AB Clay-polymer nanocomposites are a relatively new class of materials that have already proven useful in several applications. These materials make possible studies into the structure and dynamics of polymers in severely confined geometries. We present neutron time-of-flight spectroscopy results on the dynamics of polyethylene oxide (PEO) intercalated into fluorohectorite (FH) clay. We compare the spectra obtained from two samples of intercalated materials, with PEO mass fractions of 0.18 and 0.30, with those obtained from bulk PEO and pure FH clay. We also report conclusions regarding the structure of the polymer chains in the intercalated materials that can be obtained from the spectroscopic data. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ivkov, R (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Ivkov, Robert/A-3902-2015 OI Ivkov, Robert/0000-0002-2930-5276 NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC PLASTICS ENGINEERS PI BROOKFIELD CENTER PA 14 FAIRFIELD DR, BROOKFIELD CENTER, CT 06805 USA BN 1-56676-804-7 PY 1999 BP 1783 EP 1785 PG 3 WC Engineering, Chemical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Composites; Polymer Science SC Engineering; Materials Science; Polymer Science GA BN12H UT WOS:000080784900336 ER PT B AU Hobbie, EK Migler, KB AF Hobbie, EK Migler, KB GP SOC PLAST ENGINEERS SOC PLAST ENGINEERS SOC PLAST ENGINEERS TI Optical studies of sheared polymer droplets SO ANTEC '99: PLASTICS BRIDGING THE MILLENNIA, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, VOLS I-III: VOL I: PROCESSING; VOL II: MATERIALS; VOL III: SPECIAL AREAS; LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 57th Annual Technical Conference of the SPE on Plastics Bridging the Millennia (ANTEC 99) CY MAY 02-06, 1999 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Soc Plast Engineers ID DEFORMATION; DROPS; BREAKUP; STEADY; FLOWS AB The use of shear flow to emulsify immiscible polymers is ubiquitous in the processing of polymer blends. Although the pioneering work of Taylor [1-4] on isolated Newtonian droplets remains at the foundation of our understanding, emulsions of viscoelastic fluids can display a variety of interesting and novel phenomena under shear [5-9]. Here, video microscopy is used to measure the shear response of dilute polymeric emulsions. At low shear rates, the behavior is in agreement with the Taylor picture. In the limit of strong shear, we observe a transition in which the droplets elongate along the vorticity axis. A simple model is offered that relates this behavior to the viscoelastic nature of the melt components. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hobbie, EK (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC PLASTICS ENGINEERS PI BROOKFIELD CENTER PA 14 FAIRFIELD DR, BROOKFIELD CENTER, CT 06805 USA BN 1-56676-804-7 PY 1999 BP 1791 EP 1795 PG 5 WC Engineering, Chemical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Composites; Polymer Science SC Engineering; Materials Science; Polymer Science GA BN12H UT WOS:000080784900338 ER PT B AU Han, WH McKenna, GB AF Han, WH McKenna, GB GP SOC PLAST ENGINEERS SOC PLAST ENGINEERS SOC PLAST ENGINEERS TI Hygrothermal effects on physical aging and structural recovery of an epoxy thermoset SO ANTEC '99: PLASTICS BRIDGING THE MILLENNIA, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, VOLS I-III: VOL I: PROCESSING; VOL II: MATERIALS; VOL III: SPECIAL AREAS; LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 57th Annual Technical Conference of the SPE on Plastics Bridging the Millennia (ANTEC 99) CY MAY 02-06, 1999 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Soc Plast Engineers ID RELAXATION AB We have investigated the hygrothermal effects on thin epoxy films (c.a. 60 mu m thick) using mass uptake, swelling, and uniaxial creep compliance measurements inside a dew formation-free transparent chamber capable of arbitrary relative humidity and temperature controls. We show that the physical aging behavior in humidity down-jump is equivalent to temperature down-jumps such that the time-aging time superposition principle holds for both cases. In addition, volume change measurements after up- and down- jumps in RH are the first demonstration of an asymmetry of approach induced by moisture changes in a material. Preliminary efforts to extend the TNM-KAHR models of structural recovery to account for moisture induced aging effects are presented. C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Han, WH (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI McKenna, Gregory/O-1134-2013 OI McKenna, Gregory/0000-0002-5676-9930 NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC PLASTICS ENGINEERS PI BROOKFIELD CENTER PA 14 FAIRFIELD DR, BROOKFIELD CENTER, CT 06805 USA BN 1-56676-804-7 PY 1999 BP 1822 EP 1827 PG 6 WC Engineering, Chemical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Composites; Polymer Science SC Engineering; Materials Science; Polymer Science GA BN12H UT WOS:000080784900344 ER PT B AU Bur, AJ Roth, SC AF Bur, AJ Roth, SC GP SOC PLAST ENGINEERS SOC PLAST ENGINEERS SOC PLAST ENGINEERS TI Fluorescence anisotropy measurements of oriented polymers SO ANTEC '99: PLASTICS BRIDGING THE MILLENNIA, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, VOLS I-III: VOL I: PROCESSING; VOL II: MATERIALS; VOL III: SPECIAL AREAS; LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 57th Annual Technical Conference of the SPE on Plastics Bridging the Millennia (ANTEC 99) CY MAY 02-06, 1999 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Soc Plast Engineers ID ORIENTATION AB Fluorescence anisotropy area scans of sheet and film specimens have been carried out using a fiber optic sensor that contains polarizing optical elements. Measurements on polyethylene terephthalate food packaging, which contains the fluorescent dye benzoxazolyl stilbene, are presented. In one case, a sheet cut from the side of a blow molded bottle displayed variation in biaxial orientation as a function of distance from the neck of the bottle. In another case, a thin film of shrink wrap material showed uniform biaxial orientation over the scanned area. C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bur, AJ (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC PLASTICS ENGINEERS PI BROOKFIELD CENTER PA 14 FAIRFIELD DR, BROOKFIELD CENTER, CT 06805 USA BN 1-56676-804-7 PY 1999 BP 2342 EP 2346 PG 5 WC Engineering, Chemical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Composites; Polymer Science SC Engineering; Materials Science; Polymer Science GA BN12H UT WOS:000080784900442 ER PT B AU Barnes, JD AF Barnes, JD GP SOC PLAST ENGINEERS SOC PLAST ENGINEERS SOC PLAST ENGINEERS TI Orientation texture from polymeric materials using scattering methods SO ANTEC '99: PLASTICS BRIDGING THE MILLENNIA, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, VOLS I-III: VOL I: PROCESSING; VOL II: MATERIALS; VOL III: SPECIAL AREAS; LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 57th Annual Technical Conference of the SPE on Plastics Bridging the Millennia (ANTEC 99) CY MAY 02-06, 1999 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Soc Plast Engineers ID X-RAY-SCATTERING; ANGLE AB Orientation is an important determinant of the end-use properties of many products made from polymers. Scattering methods using x-rays and neutrons provide direct means of assessing such orientation texture. Oriented microstructural features possessing distance scales on the order of 10 nm to 1000 nm manifest themselves through anisotropic small-angle scattering (SAS). Oriented semicrystalline polymers exhibit anisotropic scattering in the wide-angle diffraction (WAD) range. This presentation provides an overview of the theoretical and experimental basis for measuring and interpreting these effects. Data on oriented lamellar microstructures are used to demonstrate the challenges that arise in this area. C1 NIST, Polymer Struct & Mech Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Barnes, JD (reprint author), NIST, Polymer Struct & Mech Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC PLASTICS ENGINEERS PI BROOKFIELD CENTER PA 14 FAIRFIELD DR, BROOKFIELD CENTER, CT 06805 USA BN 1-56676-804-7 PY 1999 BP 2347 EP 2351 PG 5 WC Engineering, Chemical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Composites; Polymer Science SC Engineering; Materials Science; Polymer Science GA BN12H UT WOS:000080784900443 ER PT B AU Barnes, KA Morrison, FA Nakatani, AI Mays, JW AF Barnes, KA Morrison, FA Nakatani, AI Mays, JW GP SOC PLAST ENGINEERS SOC PLAST ENGINEERS SOC PLAST ENGINEERS TI The effects of steady shear on the order and orientation of a diblock copolymer melt using in-situ small-angle neutron scattering SO ANTEC '99: PLASTICS BRIDGING THE MILLENNIA, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, VOLS I-III: VOL I: PROCESSING; VOL II: MATERIALS; VOL III: SPECIAL AREAS; LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 57th Annual Technical Conference of the SPE on Plastics Bridging the Millennia (ANTEC 99) CY MAY 02-06, 1999 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Soc Plast Engineers ID MICROPHASE SEPARATION; BLOCK COPOLYMER; CRYSTALS; STATE AB To understand the effects of processing on polymer melts requires experimental techniques that show the orientation of materials during processing. Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) has been recently adapted to allow for examination of polymeric materials during shear. This work will highlight the benefits of combining shear and scattering techniques to study morphology, ordering and orientation of a polystyrene-polybutadiene diblock copolymer melt under steady shear now. The order-disorder transition temperature (T-ODT) is unchanged at low shear rates but increases by Delta T-ODT approximate to<(gamma)over circle>(1.35) at high shear rates. An analysis of the degree of orientation using order parameter calculations shows that maximum ordering occurs within 30 minutes of shear and better alignment is obtained at low shear rates. A large relative increase in the order parameter (up to 600 %) is seen upon cessation of the shear now. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Barnes, KA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC PLASTICS ENGINEERS PI BROOKFIELD CENTER PA 14 FAIRFIELD DR, BROOKFIELD CENTER, CT 06805 USA BN 1-56676-804-7 PY 1999 BP 2352 EP 2356 PG 5 WC Engineering, Chemical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Composites; Polymer Science SC Engineering; Materials Science; Polymer Science GA BN12H UT WOS:000080784900444 ER PT B AU Cerrada, ML McKenna, GB AF Cerrada, ML McKenna, GB GP SOC PLAST ENGINEERS SOC PLAST ENGINEERS SOC PLAST ENGINEERS TI Stress relaxation of poly(ethylene naphthalate): Isothermal, isochronal and isostructural responses SO ANTEC '99: PLASTICS BRIDGING THE MILLENNIA, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, VOLS I-III: VOL I: PROCESSING; VOL II: MATERIALS; VOL III: SPECIAL AREAS; LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 57th Annual Technical Conference of the SPE on Plastics Bridging the Millennia (ANTEC 99) CY MAY 02-06, 1999 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Soc Plast Engineers ID CREEP; POLYMERS AB The physical aging response of polymers is generally examined in isothermal conditions by following the viscoelastic behavior as a function of aging time. It is then often asked if time-aging time superposition applies at a single temperature. If so, it can then be ascertained if time-temperature superposition applies to the aging time reduced curves obtained at different temperatures. Tn prior work from this laboratory we showed that isothermal time-aging time superposition did not apply to amorphous PEN. In this work we describe the surprising result that samples aged at 100 degrees C and then tested at 30 degrees C, 50 degrees C, 70 degrees C and 90 degrees C, that is isostructurally (constant fictive temperature) seem to follow time-temperature superposition. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Cerrada, ML (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI McKenna, Gregory/O-1134-2013; CERRADA, MARIA/E-9810-2016 OI McKenna, Gregory/0000-0002-5676-9930; CERRADA, MARIA/0000-0003-4261-0627 NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC PLASTICS ENGINEERS PI BROOKFIELD CENTER PA 14 FAIRFIELD DR, BROOKFIELD CENTER, CT 06805 USA BN 1-56676-804-7 PY 1999 BP 2378 EP 2382 PG 5 WC Engineering, Chemical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Composites; Polymer Science SC Engineering; Materials Science; Polymer Science GA BN12H UT WOS:000080784900449 ER PT B AU Dunkers, JP Phelan, FR Zimba, CG Flynn, KM Peterson, RC Prasankumar, R Fujimoto, JG AF Dunkers, JP Phelan, FR Zimba, CG Flynn, KM Peterson, RC Prasankumar, R Fujimoto, JG GP SOC PLAST ENGINEERS SOC PLAST ENGINEERS SOC PLAST ENGINEERS TI Prediction of permeability using optical coherence tomographic imaging of an epoxy and unidirectional e-glass composite SO ANTEC '99: PLASTICS BRIDGING THE MILLENNIA, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, VOLS I-III: VOL I: PROCESSING; VOL II: MATERIALS; VOL III: SPECIAL AREAS; LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 57th Annual Technical Conference of the SPE on Plastics Bridging the Millennia (ANTEC 99) CY MAY 02-06, 1999 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Soc Plast Engineers ID FIBROUS POROUS-MEDIA; INPLANE FLOW AB Knowledge of the permeability tensor in liquid composite molding is important for process optimization. Unfortunately, experimental determination of the permeability is difficult and time consuming. A rapid nondestructive technique called optical coherence tomography (OCT) can image the microstructure of a composite in minutes. In this work, binary images were generated from the OCT data and input into a lattice Boltzmann model for permeability prediction. Calculated permeabilities agreed well with experimental values for the same fiber volume fraction. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Dunkers, JP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC PLASTICS ENGINEERS PI BROOKFIELD CENTER PA 14 FAIRFIELD DR, BROOKFIELD CENTER, CT 06805 USA BN 1-56676-804-7 PY 1999 BP 2670 EP 2674 PG 5 WC Engineering, Chemical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Composites; Polymer Science SC Engineering; Materials Science; Polymer Science GA BN12H UT WOS:000080784900506 ER PT B AU Migler, KB Gettinger, CL Thalacker, VP Conway, R AF Migler, KB Gettinger, CL Thalacker, VP Conway, R GP SOC PLAST ENGINEERS SOC PLAST ENGINEERS SOC PLAST ENGINEERS TI Direct measurement of slippage induced by a polymer processing additive SO ANTEC '99: PLASTICS BRIDGING THE MILLENNIA, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, VOLS I-III: VOL I: PROCESSING; VOL II: MATERIALS; VOL III: SPECIAL AREAS; LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 57th Annual Technical Conference of the SPE on Plastics Bridging the Millennia (ANTEC 99) CY MAY 02-06, 1999 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Soc Plast Engineers ID LOW-DENSITY POLYETHYLENE; WALL SLIP; FLOW; TRANSITION; SHARKSKIN; MELT AB Flow profiles of a linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) were measured in an optical slit die situated at the exit of a twin screw extruder. The velocities of tracer particles were measured as a function of position across the slit die at various flow rates. The results show that the presence of a PPA (Dyanmar) in the polymer melt induces slippage on the surfaces of the die. The occurrence of slippage indicates that the process improvements obtained with this high energy additive occur via migration to the polymer-metal surface and subsequent reduction in the effective "friction" between the polymer and the wall. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Migler, KB (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC PLASTICS ENGINEERS PI BROOKFIELD CENTER PA 14 FAIRFIELD DR, BROOKFIELD CENTER, CT 06805 USA BN 1-56676-804-7 PY 1999 BP 3128 EP 3132 PG 5 WC Engineering, Chemical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Composites; Polymer Science SC Engineering; Materials Science; Polymer Science GA BN12H UT WOS:000080784900602 ER PT B AU Qiao, F Migler, K Han, CC AF Qiao, F Migler, K Han, CC GP SOC PLAST ENGINEERS SOC PLAST ENGINEERS SOC PLAST ENGINEERS TI In-line investigation of shear-induced morphology transition in liquid crystalline polymer PET blends SO ANTEC '99: PLASTICS BRIDGING THE MILLENNIA, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, VOLS I-III: VOL I: PROCESSING; VOL II: MATERIALS; VOL III: SPECIAL AREAS; LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 57th Annual Technical Conference of the SPE on Plastics Bridging the Millennia (ANTEC 99) CY MAY 02-06, 1999 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Soc Plast Engineers ID COMPOSITES AB The morphology of a compatibilized polyethylene terephthlate and thermotropic liquid crystalline copolyester blend is investigated via in-line optical microscopy and light scattering. It was found that the droplet-fiber transition in the liquid crystalline polymer is dependent upon the reactivity, the viscosity ratio and the shear field. The fibers are strongly oriented along the flow direction. The formation, deformation and stability of fiber microstructure under different flow conditions are discussed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Qiao, F (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg 224,Rm A213,100 Bur Dr Stop 8542, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SOC PLASTICS ENGINEERS PI BROOKFIELD CENTER PA 14 FAIRFIELD DR, BROOKFIELD CENTER, CT 06805 USA BN 1-56676-804-7 PY 1999 BP 3911 EP 3915 PG 5 WC Engineering, Chemical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Composites; Polymer Science SC Engineering; Materials Science; Polymer Science GA BN12H UT WOS:000080784900759 ER PT S AU Chen-Mayer, HH Mildner, DFR Lamaze, GP Paul, RL Lindstrom, RM AF Chen-Mayer, HH Mildner, DFR Lamaze, GP Paul, RL Lindstrom, RM BE Duggan, JL Morgan, IL TI Neutron focusing using capillary optics and its applications to elemental analysis SO APPLICATION OF ACCELERATORS IN RESEARCH AND INDUSTRY, PTS 1 AND 2 SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 15th International Conference on the Application of Accelerators in Research and Industry CY NOV 04-07, 1998 CL UNIV N TEXAS, DENTON, TX SP US DOE, Natl Sci Fdn, Univ N Texas HO UNIV N TEXAS ID ACTIVATION-ANALYSIS; NIST; LENS AB Capillary optics Kumakhov lenses have been characterized and tested at two cold neutron beam facilities at the NIST reactor: the Neutron Depth Profiling (NDP) and the Prompt Gamma Activation Analysis (PGAA) spectrometers Lenses of both multifiber and monolithic types focus cold neutron beams from guides of cm transverse dimensions onto a sub-mm spot size with higher:current densities at-the expense of the angular resolution, which is acceptable for applications employing neutron absorption. These lenses can improve the sensitivity and detection limits for NDP and PGAA measurements on small samples, and enable sample scanning to study spatial non-uniformity or to perform compositional mapping. A summary of the neutron focusing effort is given, with examples of a multifiber lens with on-axis focusing, a bender-focuser with off-axis focusing, and a monolithic lens with a more compact size. Preliminary results and existing problems in applying these lenses to NDP:and PGAA are presented, and current and future directions are discussed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Chen-Mayer, HH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 14 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-825-8 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1999 VL 475 BP 718 EP 721 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Physics; Spectroscopy GA BN31G UT WOS:000081503200173 ER PT S AU Howell, JN Rothermel, J Tratt, DM Cutten, D Darby, L Hardesty, RM AF Howell, JN Rothermel, J Tratt, DM Cutten, D Darby, L Hardesty, RM BE SedlacekIII, AJ Fischer, KW TI Multicenter Airborne Coherent Atmospheric Wind Sensor (MACAWS) instrument: recent upgrades and results SO APPLICATIONS OF LIDAR TO CURRENT ATMOSPHERIC TOPICS III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT SPIE Annual Meeting on Applications of Lidar to Current Atmospheric Topics CY JUL 19-23, 1999 CL DENVER, CO SP SPIE DE lidar; airborne; Doppler; carbon dioxide laser; remote sensing; wind ID DOPPLER LIDAR; BACKSCATTER; SURFACE AB The Multicenter Airborne Coherent Atmospheric Wind Sensor (MACAWS) instrument is an airborne coherent Doppler laser radar (Lidar) capable of measuring atmospheric wind fields and aerosol structure. Since the first demonstration flights onboard the NASA DC-X research aircraft in September 1995, two additional science flights have been completed. Several system upgrades have also been implemented. Tn this paper we discuss the system upgrades and present several case studies which demonstrate the various capabilities of the system. C1 NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Howell, JN (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Hardesty, Robert/H-9844-2013; OI Tratt, David/0000-0002-3942-6848 NR 19 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3243-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3757 BP 6 EP 17 DI 10.1117/12.366431 PG 12 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BN97U UT WOS:000083736900002 ER PT S AU Ekin, J AF Ekin, J BE Weinstock, H TI Superconductor measurement techniques and cryostat design SO APPLICATIONS OF SUPERCONDUCTIVITY SE NATO ADVANCED SCIENCE INSTITUTES SERIES, SERIES E, APPLIED SCIENCES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference of the NATO-Advanced-Study-Institute on Applications of Superconductivity CY JUN 08-20, 1997 CL LOEN, NORWAY SP NATO, Sci & Environm Affairs Div AB This introduction to measurement cryostat design includes illustrations of several practical cryostats for testing low-current thin-films and high-current bulk superconductors. Heat transfer is the heart of most cryostat designs and illustrative calculations are given. Other topics that will be discussed include optimal heat sinking of instrumentation leads, wire materials selection, practical vacuum-tight electrical fixtures, vapor-cooled current leads, high-temperature-superconductor current leads, and variable temperature apparatus. A few properties of technical materials for constructing cryostats will be summarized. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Electromagnet Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Ekin, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Electromagnet Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-132X BN 0-7923-6113-X J9 NATO ADV SCI I E-APP PY 1999 VL 365 BP 641 EP 658 PG 18 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA BR46R UT WOS:000166546200014 ER PT J AU Macias, J Stephenson, D Kearsley, A AF Macias, J Stephenson, D Kearsley, A TI A basic reference state suitable for anomaly-coupled ocean-atmosphere climate models SO APPLIED MATHEMATICS LETTERS LA English DT Article DE climate; variability; predictability; anomaly coupled models; moving averages AB A large class of ocean-atmosphere models exists in which the ocean state is coupled to the model of the atmosphere only through the anomalies of the ocean state. The sea surface temperatures are defined with respect to a mean reference state, i.e., they are the difference between the ocean state and a reference state. Due to coupled model drift, the choice of reference state is important and it can have a large impact on the variability in the model. The reference state can be calculated as an average throughout the coupled simulation and various methods of doing this (moving average, exponentially weighted moving average and accumulated mean) are compared in this note. The accumulated mean method appears to be the sole method of the three which gives both unbiased anomalies and a convergent reference state. It is recommended for use in anomaly-coupled models for improving variability and predictability. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Malaga, Dept Anal Matemat, Malaga 29080, Spain. Metro France CNRM, F-31057 Toulouse, France. NIST, Math & Computat Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Macias, J (reprint author), Univ Malaga, Dept Anal Matemat, Campus Teatinos S-N, Malaga 29080, Spain. RI Macias, Jorge/D-7542-2012 OI Macias, Jorge/0000-0002-3010-8050 NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0893-9659 J9 APPL MATH LETT JI Appl. Math. Lett. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 12 IS 1 BP 21 EP 24 DI 10.1016/S0893-9659(98)00120-7 PG 4 WC Mathematics, Applied SC Mathematics GA 146ZR UT WOS:000077464200004 ER PT J AU Shaw, PS Lykke, KR Gupta, R O'Brian, TR Arp, U White, HH Lucatorto, TB Dehmer, JL Parr, AC AF Shaw, PS Lykke, KR Gupta, R O'Brian, TR Arp, U White, HH Lucatorto, TB Dehmer, JL Parr, AC TI Ultraviolet radiometry with synchrotron radiation and cryogenic radiometry SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article ID NORMAL-INCIDENCE MONOCHROMATOR; ABSOLUTE SPECTRAL RESPONSE; STORAGE-RING FACILITY; SURF-II; DETECTOR CALIBRATION; NATIONAL-INSTITUTE; STANDARDS; NIST; PHOTODIODES; SCALE AB The combination of a cryogenic radiometer and synchrotron radiation enables detector scale realization in spectral regions that are otherwise difficult to access. Cryogenic radiometry is the most accurate primary detector-based standard available to date, and synchrotron radiation gives a unique broadband and continuous spectrum that extends from x ray to far IR. We describe a new cryogenic radiometer-based UV radiometry facility at the Synchrotron Ultraviolet Radiation Facility II at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The facility is designed to perform a variety of detector and optical materials characterizations. The facility combines a high-throughput, normal incidence monochromator with an absolute cryogenic radiometer optimized for UV measurements to provide absolute radiometric measurements in the spectral range from 125 Mn to approximately 320 Mm. We discuss results on photodetector characterizations, including absolute spectroradiometric calibration, spatial responsivity mapping, spectroreflectance, and internal quantum efficiency. In addition, such characterizations are used to study UV radiation damage in photodetectors that can shed light on the mechanism of the damage process. Examples are also given for UV optical materials characterization. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Shaw, PS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM shaw@enh.nist.gov RI Arp, Uwe/C-2854-2009; OI Arp, Uwe/0000-0002-6468-9455 NR 34 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 3 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD JAN 1 PY 1999 VL 38 IS 1 BP 18 EP 28 DI 10.1364/AO.38.000018 PG 11 WC Optics SC Optics GA 154JV UT WOS:000077886500002 PM 18305582 ER PT J AU Bruno, TJ AF Bruno, TJ TI Sampling accessories for infrared spectrometry SO APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY REVIEWS LA English DT Review C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Bruno, TJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 17 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0570-4928 J9 APPL SPECTROSC REV JI Appl. Spectrosc. Rev. PY 1999 VL 34 IS 1-2 BP 91 EP 120 DI 10.1081/ASR-100100840 PG 30 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Spectroscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Spectroscopy GA 214UZ UT WOS:000081347100003 ER PT J AU Prince, E AF Prince, E TI Neutron scattering instrumentation: A tutorial review SO APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY REVIEWS LA English DT Article C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Prince, E (reprint author), NIST, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 8562, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 2 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0570-4928 J9 APPL SPECTROSC REV JI Appl. Spectrosc. Rev. PY 1999 VL 34 IS 3 BP 159 EP 172 DI 10.1081/ASR-100100843 PG 14 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Spectroscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Spectroscopy GA 240XW UT WOS:000082853200003 ER PT J AU Lagalante, AF AF Lagalante, AF TI Atomic absorption spectroscopy: A tutorial review SO APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY REVIEWS LA English DT Review C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 12 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 6 U2 19 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0570-4928 EI 1520-569X J9 APPL SPECTROSC REV JI Appl. Spectrosc. Rev. PY 1999 VL 34 IS 3 BP 173 EP 189 DI 10.1081/ASR-100100844 PG 17 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Spectroscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Spectroscopy GA 240XW UT WOS:000082853200004 ER PT J AU Lagalante, AF AF Lagalante, AF TI Atomic emission spectroscopy: A tutorial review SO APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY REVIEWS LA English DT Review C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Lagalante, AF (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 8 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 5 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0570-4928 J9 APPL SPECTROSC REV JI Appl. Spectrosc. Rev. PY 1999 VL 34 IS 3 BP 191 EP 207 DI 10.1081/ASR-100100845 PG 17 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Spectroscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Spectroscopy GA 240XW UT WOS:000082853200005 ER PT J AU Gallagher, EP Sheehy, KM Janssen, PL Eaton, DL Collier, TK AF Gallagher, EP Sheehy, KM Janssen, PL Eaton, DL Collier, TK TI Isolation and cloning of homologous glutathione S-transferase cDNAs from English sole and starry flounder liver SO AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cDNA; liver; glutathione S-transferases; messenger RNA; sole; flounder ID CHANNEL CATFISH; ISOENZYME ACTIVITY; CATALYTIC ACTIVITY; FISH; AFLATOXIN-B1; BIOTRANSFORMATION; CARCINOGENESIS; RESISTANCE; ISOZYMES; FLATFISH AB We are currently investigating hepatic glutathione S-transferase (GST) expression in English sole (Pleuronectes vetulus) and starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus), two closely related benthic fish that exhibit striking differences in the prevalences of contaminant-associated liver neoplasia. Alignment of cDNA sequences encoding plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) liver GST (PLGST-A, a theta class GST, Leaver et al., 1993) and a GST-related lens crystallins protein from octopus (Octopus vulgaris) revealed conserved regions for oligonucleotide primer design for polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based studies of sole and flounder GSTs. Reverse-transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) analysis of sole and flounder hepatic total mRNA yielded 469 nucleotide cDNA fragments that displayed extensive sequence homology (98%) to plaice GST-A. Northern blotting analysis of English sole and starry flounder liver using the PCR product from English sole as a probe detected a single band of approximately 1000 nucleotides that was highly expressed in English sole and in starry flounder liver. Biochemical and immunological studies using diagnostic GST reference substrates and class specific polyclonal antibodies suggested little homology among English sole and starry flounder GSTs, and rodent alpha, mu, and pi class GSTs. Interestingly, English sole, the species exhibiting a relatively high prevalence of contaminant-associated liver neoplasia, exhibited higher hepatic GST activity toward the environmental epoxides aflatoxin B-1-8,9-epoxide (AFBO) and benzo[a]pyrene-trans-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide-anti (BPDE). BPDE, in particular, is a carcinogenic epoxide intermediate implicated as a possible causative agent in the etiology of these hepatic lesions. In summary, our studies indicate that a GST related to non-mammalian theta class GST is conserved in marine flatfish. Further mechanistic studies are necessary to determine the role of GSTs in the observed susceptibility differences among English sole and starry flounder to sediment-associated carcinogens. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, Dept Physiol Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Environm Hlth, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Gallagher, EP (reprint author), Univ Florida, Coll Vet Med, Dept Physiol Sci, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. NR 28 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-445X J9 AQUAT TOXICOL JI Aquat. Toxicol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 44 IS 3 BP 171 EP 182 PG 12 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology GA 154QG UT WOS:000077899400002 ER PT J AU Saeki, K Nakajima, M Noda, K Loughlin, TR Baba, N Kiyota, M Tatsukawa, R Calkins, DG AF Saeki, K Nakajima, M Noda, K Loughlin, TR Baba, N Kiyota, M Tatsukawa, R Calkins, DG TI Vanadium accumulation in pinnipeds SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID METAL CONCENTRATIONS; DIABETIC RATS; VANADATE; MUSCLE; LIVER; ACTIVATION; SELENIUM; TITANIUM; MERCURY; TISSUES AB Vanadium in four species of pinnipeds (northern fur seals [Callorhinus ursinus], Steller sea lions [Eumetopias jubatus], harbor seals [Phoca vitulina], and ribbon seals [Phoca fasciata]) caught in the Northern Pacific was analyzed using ICP-MS to understand its accumulation and distribution. In northern fur seals, relatively high concentrations of vanadium were observed in the liver, hair, and bone. Ninety percent of the vanadium burden in the body was concentrated in these three tissues, which comprise <20% of total body weight. Hepatic vanadium concentrations in the four pinniped species were significantly correlated to age, although the levels varied with species. An increase in vanadium accumulation in the liver of northern fur seals was caused by an increase of retention in nuclei and mitochondria fraction in the cells. Vanadium concentrations in liver were significantly correlated with mercury, silver, and selenium concentrations in northern fur seals, Steller sea lions, and harbor seals. C1 Ehime Univ, Dept Environm Conservat, Matsuyama, Ehime 790, Japan. Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Natl Res Inst Far Seas Fisheries, Shimizu, Shizuoka 424, Japan. Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Anchorage, AK 99502 USA. RP Saeki, K (reprint author), Oita Univ, Fac Educ, Dannoharu 700, Oita 87011, Japan. NR 34 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0090-4341 EI 1432-0703 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 36 IS 1 BP 81 EP 86 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 146RE UT WOS:000077443500011 PM 9828265 ER PT J AU Meador, JP Ernest, D Hohn, AA Tilbury, K Gorzelany, J Worthy, G Stein, JE AF Meador, JP Ernest, D Hohn, AA Tilbury, K Gorzelany, J Worthy, G Stein, JE TI Comparison of elements in bottlenose dolphins stranded on the beaches of Texas and Florida in the Gulf of Mexico over a one-year period SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TURSIOPS-TRUNCATUS; NOSED DOLPHINS; TRACE-METALS; SELENIUM; MERCURY; ORGANOCHLORINE; RESIDUES; COAST; METHYLMERCURY; ACCUMULATION AB We analyzed tissue samples from bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) that had stranded on beaches in Texas and Florida over a 1-year period starting in September 1991. The concentrations of 10 elements plus methyl mercury (MeHg) were determined in brain, kidney, and liver, and we examined these results for differences based upon age, site, sex, and tissue type. A strong inverse relationship between total mercury (Hg) and the percentage that was MeHg was found in liver, kidney, and brain tissue, presumably due to demethylation of MeHg. A threshold concentration was found for total Hg in brain tissue, indicating that most Hg was present as MeHg up to about 8 years of age. Increases in total Hg after this age were accompanied by an increase in the ratio of total Hg to MeHg, indicating demethylation. Strong relationships were found between total Hg in liver and age and between total Hg and selenium in liver, which have been observed before in many fish- and squid-eating marine mammals. The only difference based on sex of the animals was observed for MeHg, which was higher in females and contrary to the pattern often observed for organic contaminants. Several elements (copper, Hg, lead, zinc) exhibited intersite differences, which were not consistent. Bottlenose dolphin from Florida exhibited the highest levels of MeHg and total Hg, while animals from Texas exhibited the highest levels of lead, copper, and zinc. The essential elements copper and zinc were expected to be the same for the Texas and Florida animals; however, observed differences may indicate population differences in basic physiological levels, dietary intake, or health status. C1 NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NOAA, SE Fisheries Ctr, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. Mote Marine Lab, Sarasota, FL 34236 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Texas Marine Mammal Stranding Network, Galveston, TX 77551 USA. RP Meador, JP (reprint author), NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RI Hohn, Aleta/G-2888-2011 OI Hohn, Aleta/0000-0002-9992-7062 NR 40 TC 58 Z9 61 U1 2 U2 10 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 36 IS 1 BP 87 EP 98 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 146RE UT WOS:000077443500012 PM 9828266 ER PT J AU Brandt, JC Heap, SR Beaver, EA Boggess, A Carpenter, KG Ebbets, DC Hutchings, JB Jura, M Leckrone, DS Linsky, JL Maran, SP Savage, BD Smith, AM Trafton, LM Walter, FM Weymann, RJ Howk, JC Snow, M Ake, TB Sembach, KR AF Brandt, JC Heap, SR Beaver, EA Boggess, A Carpenter, KG Ebbets, DC Hutchings, JB Jura, M Leckrone, DS Linsky, JL Maran, SP Savage, BD Smith, AM Trafton, LM Walter, FM Weymann, RJ Howk, JC Snow, M Ake, TB Sembach, KR TI Echelle spectroscopy of interstellar absorption toward mu Columbae with the Goddard high resolution spectrograph SO ASTRONOMICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE ISM : abundances; ISM : general; stars : abundances ID HUBBLE-SPACE-TELESCOPE; ULTRAVIOLET OBSERVATIONS; ALPHA ABSORPTION; ZETA-OPHIUCHI; CORONAL GAS; LOCAL CLOUD; IONIZED-GAS; HOT GAS; O VI; H-I AB Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph echelle-mode observations of the interstellar absorption lines of Mg II, Si IV, C IV, and N V toward mu Columbae (HD 38666) are presented. The observations have a spectral resolution of 3.5 km s(-1) and signal-to-noise ratios (S/Ns) of 20-200. The mu Col sight line (l = 237.degrees 3, b = -27.degrees 1, d = 0.40 kpc, z = -0.18 kpc) extends though the Local Bubble and the warm neutral, warm ionized, and hot ionized phases of the interstellar medium (ISM). The high-ionization column densities toward mu Col are log N(Si IV) = 12.16 +/- 0.05, log N(C IV) = 12.88 +/- 0.02, and log N(N V) = 11.8-12.3. Profile fits to Copernicus satellite measures of O VI absorption toward mu Col yield log N(O VI) = 13.82+/-0.01 and b = 38.7 km s(-1). This implies N(C IV)/N(O VI) = 0.11 +/- 0.01, which is typical of the values found for the hot ISM of the Galactic disk. The O vr profile is twice as broad as the C rv and N V profiles, even though these species have roughly similar average velocities. Some of the C IV, N V, and O VI absorption toward mu Col may occur at the interface of the Local Cloud and Local Bubble, although additional contributions to these ions probably also occur in more distant gas along the sight line. A substantial part of the Si Iv absorption likely arises in warm photoionized gas in an H II region surrounding mu Col. The profile width differences among the high-ionization lines of C IV, N V, and O VI could be produced if the line of sight passes through a highly evolved supernova remnant. The observations for mu Col and for other stars observed at high resolution with the GHRS reveal that multiple gas types (warm and hot) contribute to the absorption by the highly ionized atoms along both nearby and distant sight lines. Disentangling the relative contributions from the different gas types requires high-resolution and high-S/N observations. The Mg II observations, combined with a solar Mg reference abundance, imply that the Mg depletion toward mu Col is -0.31 dex. As observed for other sight lines through the warm neutral medium, the gas-phase observations of Mg, when combined with results for Fe and Si, suggest that Mg and Fe are more deficient from the gas phase than one would expect if these elements are only contained in silicate dust grains. C1 Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NASA, Astron & Solar Phys Lab, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Ctr Astrophys & Space Sci, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Ball Aerosp & Technol Corp, Boulder, CO 80306 USA. Dominion Astrophys Observ, Victoria, BC V8X 4M6, Canada. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NASA, Space Sci Directorate, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Astron, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Texas, McDonald Observ, Austin, TX 78712 USA. Univ Texas, Dept Astron, Austin, TX 78712 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Earth & Space Sci, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Observ Carnegie Inst Washington, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA. NASA, Sci Program, Comp Sci Corp, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. RP Brandt, JC (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Campus Box 392, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI heap, sara/E-2237-2012; Carpenter, Kenneth/D-4740-2012; Howk, Jay/D-2577-2013; OI SNOW, MARTIN/0000-0001-9106-1332 NR 68 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 5720 SOUTH WOODLAWN AVE, CHICAGO, IL 60637-1603 USA SN 0004-6256 J9 ASTRON J JI Astron. J. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 117 IS 1 BP 400 EP 409 DI 10.1086/300673 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 158GU UT WOS:000078108300035 ER PT J AU Akimov, VV Garsia, H Getman, KV Kurt, V Livshits, MA AF Akimov, VV Garsia, H Getman, KV Kurt, V Livshits, MA TI Origin of the soft X-ray emission after the impulsive phase of the March 26, 1991 solar flare SO ASTRONOMY LETTERS-A JOURNAL OF ASTRONOMY AND SPACE ASTROPHYSICS LA English DT Article AB This study is based on the GOES soft X-ray measurements in two energy bands for the March 26, 1991 solar flare. The hard gamma-ray measurements during this flare suggest an additional energy release after the impulsive phase (Akimov et al. 1994). The X-ray data are used to determine the time behavior of the temperature and emission measure in the gamma-ray source for the entire event. Based on a numerical solution of the system of gas-dynamical equations, we consider the energy balance in the source. We have found that the observed time behavior of the temperature in the second flare phase can be modeled only by assuming that there is additional heating of the upper part of the loop. The density at the top of the loop is 3 x 10(10) cm(-3). C1 Russian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, Moscow 117810, Russia. NOAA, Space Environm Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Terr Magnetism Ionosphere & Radio Wave P, Troitsk 142092, Moscow Oblast, Russia. Moscow MV Lomonosov State Univ, Nucl Phys Res Inst, Moscow 119899, Russia. RP Akimov, VV (reprint author), Russian Acad Sci, Space Res Inst, Profsoyuznaya 84-32, Moscow 117810, Russia. NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU MAIK NAUKA/INTERPERIODICA PUBL PI WOODBURY PA C/O AMERICAN INST PHYSICS, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, MEMBER SUBSCRIBER SERVICES, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 USA SN 1063-7737 J9 ASTRON LETT+ JI Astron. Lett.-J. Astron. Space Astrophys. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 25 IS 1 BP 42 EP 45 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 166PB UT WOS:000078584700006 ER PT S AU Berkeland, DJ Miller, JD Cruz, FC Young, BC Rafac, RJ Huang, XP Itano, WM Bergquist, JC AF Berkeland, DJ Miller, JD Cruz, FC Young, BC Rafac, RJ Huang, XP Itano, WM Bergquist, JC BE Baylis, WE Drake, GWF TI High-resolution, high-accuracy spectroscopy of trapped ions SO ATOMIC PHYSICS 16: SIXTEENTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ATOMIC PHYSICS SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 16th International Conference on Atomic Physics (ICAP XVI) CY AUG 03-07, 1998 CL WINDSOR, CANADA SP Int Union Pure & Appl Phys, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, US DOE, Natl Sci Fdn ID FINE-STRUCTURE CONSTANT; FREQUENCY STANDARD; HYPERFINE-STRUCTURE; CLOCK TRANSITION; MICROWAVE SPECTROSCOPY; YB-171(+) IONS; ATOMIC CLOCKS; DIODE-LASER; TIME; RADIATION AB Microwave spectroscopy using trapped and cooled ions can achieve precision and accuracy comparable to the best cesium frequency standards. We discuss standards based on (199)Hg(+) ions trapped in linear Paul traps: the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) standard, which uses up to 10(7) atoms confined near the trap axis, and the recently evaluated NIST standard, which uses approximately ten ions laser cooled and crystalized on the trap axis. We consider future directions in trapped ion frequency standard work, including the use of entangled states for achieving higher precision, and progress on trapped ion optical frequency standards. Finally: we discuss scientific and technical applications of extremely stable frequency standards. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Berkeland, DJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Cruz, Flavio/A-6346-2012 OI Cruz, Flavio/0000-0003-3995-7910 NR 76 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-752-9 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1999 VL 477 BP 29 EP 41 PG 13 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Physics GA BN28K UT WOS:000081423200003 ER PT S AU Bollinger, JJ Mitchell, TB Huang, XP Itano, WM Tan, JN Jelenkovic, BM Wineland, DJ AF Bollinger, JJ Mitchell, TB Huang, XP Itano, WM Tan, JN Jelenkovic, BM Wineland, DJ BE Baylis, WE Drake, GWF TI Atomic ion crystals in non-neutral plasmas SO ATOMIC PHYSICS 16: SIXTEENTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ATOMIC PHYSICS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 16th International Conference on Atomic Physics (ICAP XVI) CY AUG 03-07, 1998 CL WINDSOR, CANADA SP Int Union Pure & Appl Phys, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, US DOE, Natl Sci Fdn ID ONE-COMPONENT PLASMA; ROTATING ELECTRIC-FIELDS; MONTE-CARLO CALCULATIONS; LASER-COOLED IONS; PHASE-TRANSITIONS; NONNEUTRAL PLASMAS; MELTING TRANSITION; COULOMB CRYSTAL; PENNING TRAP; STATE AB Laser-cooled ions in a trap can be strongly coupled and form crystalline states. We describe experimental studies that measure the spatial correlations of the ion crystals formed in Penning traps. Both Bragg scattering of the cooling-laser light and spatial imaging of the laser-induced ion fluorescence are used to measure these correlations. In spherical plasmas with more than 2 x 10(5) ions, body-centered-cubic (bcc) crystals, the predicted bulk structure, are the only type of crystals observed. We are able to phase-lock the orientation of the ion crystals to a rotating electric-field perturbation. With this "rotating wall" technique and stroboscopic detection, images of individual ions in a Penning trap are obtained. The rotating-wall technique also provides a precise control of the time-dilation shift due to the plasma rotation; which is important for Penning trap frequency standards. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Bollinger, JJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 41 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-752-9 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1999 VL 477 BP 87 EP 99 PG 13 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Physics GA BN28K UT WOS:000081423200007 ER PT S AU Julienne, PS Tiesinga, E Leo, P Williams, CJ AF Julienne, PS Tiesinga, E Leo, P Williams, CJ BE Baylis, WE Drake, GWF TI Ultracold collisions: Exploring the quantum threshold regime SO ATOMIC PHYSICS 16: SIXTEENTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ATOMIC PHYSICS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 16th International Conference on Atomic Physics (ICAP XVI) CY AUG 03-07, 1998 CL WINDSOR, CANADA SP Int Union Pure & Appl Phys, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, US DOE, Natl Sci Fdn ID MOLECULE PRODUCTION; COLD ATOMS; PHOTOASSOCIATION; RETARDATION; RELAXATION; GAS AB This talk reviews some of the basic concepts in cold collisions, and gives examples of calculations directed towards understanding the following areas: (1) collisions of Na atoms trapped in Zeeman components of the F = 1 hyperfine sublevel, and their control by magnetically-induced Feshbach resonances; (2) elastic and inelastic collisions of Cs atoms in the double spin-polarized F = 4, M = 4 level; and (3) stimulated Raman photoassociation of two colliding atoms in a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) to make translationally cold molecules in a selected target level. C1 NIST, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Julienne, PS (reprint author), NIST, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Williams, Carl/B-5877-2009; Leo, Paul/B-3470-2011; Julienne, Paul/E-9378-2012 OI Leo, Paul/0000-0001-8325-4134; Julienne, Paul/0000-0002-5494-1442 NR 26 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-752-9 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1999 VL 477 BP 144 EP 153 PG 10 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Physics GA BN28K UT WOS:000081423200011 ER PT B AU Bloksberg-Fireovid, RL AF Bloksberg-Fireovid, RL BE Overend, RP Chornet, E TI The Advanced Technology Programs support of highrisk R&D involving biomass SO BIOMASS: A GROWTH OPPORTUNITY IN GREEN ENERGY AND VALUE-ADDED PRODUCTS, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 4th Biomass Conference of the Americas on Growth Opportunity in Green Energy and Value-Added Products CY AUG 29-SEP 02, 1999 CL OAKLAND, CA SP US DOE, Nat Resource Canada, CA Energy Comm C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI KIDLINGTON PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE,, KIDLINGTON OX5 1GB, OXFORD, ENGLAND BN 0-08-043019-8 PY 1999 BP 1609 EP 1609 PG 1 WC Energy & Fuels SC Energy & Fuels GA BP17M UT WOS:000084312500252 ER PT J AU Vasquez, GB Karavitis, M Ji, XH Pechik, I Brinigar, WS Gilliland, GL Fronticelli, C AF Vasquez, GB Karavitis, M Ji, XH Pechik, I Brinigar, WS Gilliland, GL Fronticelli, C TI Cysteines beta 93 and beta 112 as probes of conformational and functional events at the human hemoglobin subunit interfaces SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI; COOPERATIVITY; RESOLUTION; REFINEMENT; GLOBIN; CHAIN; BOND AB Three variants of tetrameric human hemoglobin, with changes at the alpha(1)beta(2)/alpha(2)beta(1)-interface, at the alpha(1)beta(1)/alpha(2)beta(2)-interface, and at both interfaces, have been constructed. At alpha(1)beta(2)/alpha(2)beta(1)-interface the beta 93 cysteine was replaced by alanine (beta C93A), and at the alpha(1)beta(1)/alpha(2)beta(2)-interface the beta 112 cysteine was replaced by glycine (beta C112G). The alpha(1)beta(2) interface variant, beta C93A, and the alpha(1)beta(1)/alpha(1)beta(2) double mutant, beta(C93A+C112G), were crystallized in the T-state, and the structures determined at 2.0 and 1.8 Angstrom resolution, respectively. A comparison of the structures with that of natural hemoglobin A shows the absence of detectable changes in the tertiary folding of the protein or in the T-state quaternary assembly. At the beta 112 site, the void left by the removal of the cysteine side chain is filled by a water molecule, and the functional characteristics of beta C112G are essentially those of human hemoglobin A. At the beta 93 site, water molecules do not replace the cysteine side chain, and the alanine substitution increases the conformational freedom of beta 146His, weakening the important interaction of this residue with beta 94Asp. As a result, when Cl- is present in the solution, at a concentration 100 mM, the Bohr effect of the two mutants carrying the beta 93Cys-->Ala substitution, beta C93A and beta(C93A+C112G), is significantly modified being practically absent below pH 7.4. Based on the crystallographic data, we attribute these effects to the competition between beta 94Asp and Cl- in the salt link with beta 146His in T-state hemoglobin. These results point to an interplay between the beta His146-beta Asp94 salt bridge and the Cl- in solution regulated by the Cys present at position beta 93, indicating yet another role of beta 93 Cys in the regulation of hemoglobin function. C1 Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. Univ Maryland, Maryland Biotechnol Inst, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. Temple Univ, Dept Chem, Philadelphia, PA 19122 USA. RP Fronticelli, C (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, 108 N Greene St, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. EM gary.gilliland@nist.gov; cfrontic@umaryland.edu RI Ji, Xinhua/C-9664-2012 OI Ji, Xinhua/0000-0001-6942-1514 FU NHLBI NIH HHS [P01-HL-48517] NR 39 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 4 PU BIOPHYSICAL SOCIETY PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 76 IS 1 BP 88 EP 97 PN 1 PG 10 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 154CJ UT WOS:000077870700008 PM 9876125 ER PT J AU Akeson, M Branton, D Brandin, E Kasianowicz, J Deamer, D AF Akeson, M Branton, D Brandin, E Kasianowicz, J Deamer, D TI Purine and pyrimidine nucleic acids produce distinctive current blockades in the alpha hemolysin pore. SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Chem & Biochem, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Harvard Univ, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. NIST, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 3 PU BIOPHYSICAL SOCIETY PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 76 IS 1 BP A152 EP A152 PN 2 PG 1 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 210BU UT WOS:000081085900887 ER PT J AU Allen, BM Plant, A AF Allen, BM Plant, A TI Roman imaging of the chloroplasts of plant tissues for the development of ozone-tolerant lines SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU BIOPHYSICAL SOCIETY PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 76 IS 1 BP A398 EP A398 PN 2 PG 1 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 210BU UT WOS:000081085902328 ER PT J AU Berman, HM Westbrook, J Arzberger, P Bourne, P Gilliland, G Fagan, P AF Berman, HM Westbrook, J Arzberger, P Bourne, P Gilliland, G Fagan, P TI Our vision for the new Protein Data Bank SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Rutgers State Univ, Piscataway, NJ USA. Univ Calif San Diego, San Diego Supercomp Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Bourne, Philip/C-2073-2008 NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU BIOPHYSICAL SOCIETY PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 76 IS 1 BP A200 EP A200 PN 2 PG 1 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 210BU UT WOS:000081085901172 ER PT J AU Gregurick, S Roitberg, A Schweitzer-Stenner, R Lazar, D Gerber, RB AF Gregurick, S Roitberg, A Schweitzer-Stenner, R Lazar, D Gerber, RB TI Molecular dynamics studies and anharmonic vibrational self-consistent field calculations for trans- and cis-n-methylacetamide SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20742 USA. Univ Bremen, Inst Expt Phys, D-28359 Bremen, Germany. Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Fritz Haber Ctr Mol Dynam, Dept Phys Chem, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU BIOPHYSICAL SOCIETY PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 76 IS 1 BP A354 EP A354 PN 2 PG 1 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 210BU UT WOS:000081085902071 ER PT J AU Hubbard, JB Silin, V Plant, AL AF Hubbard, JB Silin, V Plant, AL TI Self assembly driven by hydrophobic interactions at alkanethiol monolayers: Mechanism of formation of hybrid bilayer membranes. SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Georgetown Univ, Dept Chem, Washington, DC 20057 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU BIOPHYSICAL SOCIETY PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 76 IS 1 BP A431 EP A431 PN 2 PG 1 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 210BU UT WOS:000081085902523 ER PT J AU Kneller, LR Edwards, AM Majkrzak, CF Berk, NF Krueger, S Blasie, JK AF Kneller, LR Edwards, AM Majkrzak, CF Berk, NF Krueger, S Blasie, JK TI Hydration state of a single cytochrome c monolayer vectorially oriented at a soft interface investigated by neutron interferometry SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, CNR, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Penn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU BIOPHYSICAL SOCIETY PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 76 IS 1 BP A219 EP A219 PN 2 PG 1 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 210BU UT WOS:000081085901282 ER PT J AU Krueger, S Meuse, CW Majkrzak, CF Plant, AL AF Krueger, S Meuse, CW Majkrzak, CF Plant, AL TI Characterization of alkanethiol phospholipid bilayers using neutron reflectivity SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU BIOPHYSICAL SOCIETY PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 76 IS 1 BP A140 EP A140 PN 2 PG 1 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 210BU UT WOS:000081085900816 ER PT J AU Meuse, CW AF Meuse, CW TI Infrared spectroscopic ellipsometry for the characterization of hybrid bilayer membranes SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 2 PU BIOPHYSICAL SOCIETY PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 76 IS 1 BP A55 EP A55 PN 2 PG 1 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 210BU UT WOS:000081085900320 ER PT J AU Potter, MJ Luo, R David, L Gilson, MK AF Potter, MJ Luo, R David, L Gilson, MK TI Calculation of the binding affinity of phenylalanine to beta-cyclodextrin SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU BIOPHYSICAL SOCIETY PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 76 IS 1 BP A200 EP A200 PN 2 PG 1 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 210BU UT WOS:000081085901168 ER PT J AU Sackett, D Chernomordik, V Krueger, S Nossal, R AF Sackett, D Chernomordik, V Krueger, S Nossal, R TI SANS studies of microtubule protofilament numbers SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NCI, DCT, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NICHD, LIMB, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NIST, RRD, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BIOPHYSICAL SOCIETY PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 76 IS 1 BP A42 EP A42 PN 2 PG 1 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 210BU UT WOS:000081085900242 ER PT B AU Helmerson, K Phillips, WD AF Helmerson, K Phillips, WD BE Inguscio, M Stringari, S Wieman, CE TI Cooling, trapping and manipulation of neutral atoms and BEC by electromagnetic fields SO BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATION IN ATOMIC GASES SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF PHYSICS ENRICO FERMI LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International School of Physics Enrico Fermi on Bose-Einstein Condensation in Atomic Gases CY JUL 07-17, 1998 CL VARENNA LAKE COMO, ITALY SP Inst Sch Phys Enrico Fermi ID RESONANCE-RADIATION PRESSURE; BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATION; DIMENSIONAL OPTICAL MOLASSES; PHOTON RECOIL ENERGY; COLD CESIUM ATOMS; STANDING-WAVE; SODIUM ATOMS; DOPPLER LIMIT; MAGNETIC-FIELD; LASER-LIGHT C1 NIST, Phys Lab, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Helmerson, K (reprint author), NIST, Phys Lab, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Helmerson, Kristian/E-3683-2013 NR 149 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOS PRESS PI AMSTERDAM PA NIEUWE HEMWEG 6B, 1013 BG AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS BN 0-9673355-5-8 J9 P INT SCH PHYS PY 1999 VL 140 BP 391 EP 438 PG 48 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA BP87Q UT WOS:000086456300010 ER PT J AU Diaz, HF McCabe, GJ AF Diaz, HF McCabe, GJ TI A possible connection between the 1878 yellow fever epidemic in the southern United States and the 1877-78 El Nino episode SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article AB One of the most severe outbreaks of yellow fever, a viral disease transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito, affected the southern United States in the summer of 1878. The economic and human toll was enormous, and the city of Memphis, Tennessee, was one of the most affected. The authors suggest that as a consequence of one of the strongest El Nino episodes on record-that which occurred in 1877-78-exceptional climate anomalies occurred in the United States (as well as in many other parts of the world), which may have been partly responsible for the widespread nature and severity of the 1878 yellow fever outbreak. This study documents some of the extreme climate anomalies that were recorded in 1877 and 1878 in parts of the eastern United States, with particular emphasis on highlighting the evolution of these anomalies, as they might have contributed to the epidemic. Other years with major outbreaks of yellow fever in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries also occurred during the course of El Nino episodes, a fact that appears not to have been noted before in the literature. C1 NOAA, ERL, OAR, CDC, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. RP Diaz, HF (reprint author), NOAA, ERL, OAR, CDC, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 13 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 80 IS 1 BP 21 EP 27 DI 10.1175/1520-0477(1999)080<0021:APCBTY>2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 160KR UT WOS:000078230100002 ER PT J AU Lusk, C Kucera, P Roberts, W Johnson, L AF Lusk, C Kucera, P Roberts, W Johnson, L TI The process and methods used to evaluate prototype operational hydrometeorological workstations SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article AB In support of the National Weather Service (NWS) modernization, the Forecast Systems Laboratory (FSL) has been developing prototype hydrometeorological workstations for many years. The FSL Evaluation Team (E-Team) has developed a process of evaluating these prototypes to provide feedback to FSL developers and NWS management. This paper outlines the evaluation process with an emphasis on the methods, which consist of product usage logs, questionnaires, evaluation logs, structured tasks, observations, and interviews. Examples from E-Team evaluations illustrate how results from these different methods have led to improved workstation design, implementation, and training. C1 NOAA, ERL, Forecast Syst Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Lusk, C (reprint author), NOAA, ERL, Forecast Syst Lab, 325 Broadway,R-E-FS6, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 28 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 80 IS 1 BP 57 EP 65 DI 10.1175/1520-0477(1999)080<0057:TPAMUT>2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 160KR UT WOS:000078230100004 ER PT J AU Petersen, WA Cifelli, RC Rutledge, SA Ferrier, BS Smull, BF AF Petersen, WA Cifelli, RC Rutledge, SA Ferrier, BS Smull, BF TI Shipborne dual-Doppler operations during TOGA COARE: Integrated observations of storm kinematics and electrification SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID RADAR OBSERVATIONS; CONVECTIVE CELLS; FLORIDA THUNDERSTORM; TROPICAL CONVECTION; MESOSCALE SYSTEMS; VERTICAL PROFILE; SQUALL LINE; PRECIPITATION; GATE; EVOLUTION AB Shipborne Doppler radar operations were conducted over the western Pacific warm pool during TOGA COARE using the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and NOAA TOGA C-band Doppler radars. Occasionally the ships carrying these radars were brought to within 50 km of each other to conduct coordinated dual-Doppler scanning. The dual-Doppler operations were considered a test of the logistical and engineering constraints associated with establishing a seagoing dual-Doppler configuration. A very successful dual-Doppler data collection period took place on 9 February 1993 when an oceanic squall line developed, intensified and propagated through the shipborne dual-Doppler lobes. Later on the same day, NOAA P-3 aircraft sampled a more intense squall line located approximately 400 km to the southeast of the shipborne operations. This study provides an overview of the shipborne dual-Doppler operations, followed by a comparison of the kinematic and precipitation structures of the convective systems sampled by the ships and aircraft. Special emphasis is placed on interpretation of the results relative to the electrical characteristics of each system. Soundings taken in the vicinity of the ship and aircraft cases exhibited similar thermodynamic instability and sheer. Yet Doppler radar analyses suggest that the aircraft case exhibited a larger degree of low-level forcing, stronger updrafts, more precipitation mass in the mixed-phase region of the clouds, and a relatively higher degree of electrification as evidenced by lightning observations. Conversely, convection in the ship case, while producing maximum cloud-top heights of 16 km, was associated with relatively weaker low-level forcing, weaker vertical development above the -5 degrees C level, moderate electric fields at the surface, and Little detectable lightning. Differences in the kinematic and precipitation structures were further manifested in composite vertical profiles of mean convective precipitation and vertical motion. When considered relative to the electrical properties of the two systems, the results provide further circumstantial evidence to support previously hypothesized vertical velocity and radar reflectivity thresholds that must be exceeded in the 0 degrees to -20 degrees C regions of tropical cumulonimbi prior to the occurrence of lightning. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Joint Ctr Earth Syst Technol, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Atmospheres Lab, Mesoscale Atmospher Proc Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Oceans, NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Petersen, WA (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 64 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 80 IS 1 BP 81 EP 97 DI 10.1175/1520-0477(1999)080<0081:SDDODT>2.0.CO;2 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 160KR UT WOS:000078230100006 ER PT J AU Hasler, AF Palaniappan, K Kambhammetu, C Black, P Uhlhorn, E Chesters, D AF Hasler, AF Palaniappan, K Kambhammetu, C Black, P Uhlhorn, E Chesters, D TI High-resolution wind fields within the inner core and eye of a mature tropical cyclone from GOES 1-min images (vol 79, pg 2483, 1998) SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Correction C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Comp Sci & Comp Engn, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Delaware, Dept Comp & Informat Sci, Newark, DE 19716 USA. NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Hasler, AF (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Palaniappan, Kannappan/A-3231-2008; Uhlhorn, Eric/B-1336-2014 OI Uhlhorn, Eric/0000-0002-4759-5342 NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 80 IS 1 BP 97 EP 97 PG 1 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 160KR UT WOS:000078230100007 ER PT S AU Rao, CRN Chen, J Sullivan, JT Zhang, N AF Rao, CRN Chen, J Sullivan, JT Zhang, N BE Tsuchiya, K TI Post-launch calibration of meteorological satellite sensors SO CALIBRATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SATELLITE SENSORS SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH-SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT A0 2 Symposium of COSPAR Scientific Commission A on Calibration and Characterization of Satellite Sensors, at the 32nd COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY JUL 12-19, 1998 CL NAGOYA, JAPAN SP Comm Space Res, Sci Commiss A, NASA, NOAA, Canadian Space Agcy, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, European Space Agcy, Comm Space Res ID NEAR-INFRARED CHANNELS; HIGH-RESOLUTION RADIOMETER; ABSOLUTE CALIBRATION; SPACECRAFT; NOAA-7 AB Vicarious calibration techniques which are used to characterize the post-launch performance of meteorological satellite sensors in the visible and near-infrared regions of the spectrum in the absence of onboard calibration devices are briefly reviewed. Their application is illustrated with examples drawn from the post-launch calibration of the visible (channel 1: approximate to 0.58-0.68 mu m) and near-infrared (channel 2: approximate to 0.72-1.1 mu m) of the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), flown on NOAA's Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite (POES), and of the visible channel (approximate to 0.52-0.72 mu m) of the imager flown on NOAA's Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES). The basic elements of a calibration strategy to address the blended geophysical data needs of the future are presented. (C) 1999 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Off Res & Applicat, Washington, DC 20233 USA. QSS Grp Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. RP Rao, CRN (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Off Res & Applicat, Washington, DC 20233 USA. NR 14 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON PRESS LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD LANGFORD LANE KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES-SERIES PY 1999 VL 23 IS 8 BP 1357 EP 1365 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(99)00284-7 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BN57L UT WOS:000082288400003 ER PT S AU Weinreb, MP Johnson, RX Baucom, JG Bremer, JC AF Weinreb, MP Johnson, RX Baucom, JG Bremer, JC BE Tsuchiya, K TI GOES 8-10 calibration experience SO CALIBRATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SATELLITE SENSORS SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT A0 2 Symposium of COSPAR Scientific Commission A on Calibration and Characterization of Satellite Sensors, at the 32nd COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY JUL 12-19, 1998 CL NAGOYA, JAPAN SP Comm Space Res, Sci Commiss A, NASA, NOAA, Canadian Space Agcy, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, European Space Agcy, Comm Space Res ID IMAGER AB The calibration of the imagers and sounders on GOES 8-10 is reviewed, with special attention to the specialized processing added to mitigate the effects of subtle instrument problems first discovered when the satellites were in orbit. These problems include an east-west scan-position variation of the reflectance of the scan mirrors of the instruments, caused by polarization by the scan mirrors' SiOx coatings; image striping of a few tenths of a Kelvin in the imager channels that use photo-conductive HgCdTe detectors, caused primarily by high 1/f noise in the detectors; and calibration errors in the shortwave channels of up to 1K near satellite midnight, caused by radiation from solar-heated components in the instruments' scan cavities. There is also a gradual long-term decrease in the responsivity of the imagers' visible channels. Despite the lack of an onboard calibration source for these channels, we have been able to use routine observations of stars to infer that the rate of decrease is approximately 8 and 5% per year for the GOES-8 and -9 imagers, respectively. (C) 1999 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Washington, DC 20233 USA. Integrated Syst Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. Swales Aerosp, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Weinreb, MP (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Washington, DC 20233 USA. NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON PRESS LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD LANGFORD LANE KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 1999 VL 23 IS 8 BP 1367 EP 1375 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(99)00285-9 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BN57L UT WOS:000082288400004 ER PT S AU Achutuni, R Menzel, P AF Achutuni, R Menzel, P BE Tsuchiya, K TI Space systems considerations in the design of advanced geostationary operational environmental satellites SO CALIBRATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SATELLITE SENSORS SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT A0 2 Symposium of COSPAR Scientific Commission A on Calibration and Characterization of Satellite Sensors, at the 32nd COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY JUL 12-19, 1998 CL NAGOYA, JAPAN SP Comm Space Res, Sci Commiss A, NASA, NOAA, Canadian Space Agcy, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales, European Space Agcy, Comm Space Res AB Advances in space systems are providing challenging opportunities for the design of smaller, lighter, more efficient and cheaper satellite systems. A review of spacecraft power systems, structural materials, thermal design and cooling systems, electronic modules and advances in detector technology is provided. The science requirements for NOAA's advanced imager are presented. The NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory design trade study for NOAA's 8-channel advanced imager shows that a 30 cm aperture mirror design can meet most of NOAA's requirements; though superior, the 45 cm mirror design option was abandoned due to instrument mass restrictions. The Aerospace Corporation was requested by NOAA to compare consolidated and distributed architectures. There appears to be no significant advantage for NOAA in pursuing distributed architecture for our future systems. A lighter overall mass is the key driver in reducing geostationary launch vehicle costs. Instrument design trade studies and spacecraft architectural studies are helping NOAA to plan for the future GOES systems. (C) 1999 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Off Res & Applicat, Washington, DC 20233 USA. NOAA, NESDIS, ORA Cooperat Inst Meteorol Satellite Studies, Madison, WI USA. RP Achutuni, R (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Off Res & Applicat, Washington, DC 20233 USA. RI Menzel, W. Paul/B-8306-2011 OI Menzel, W. Paul/0000-0001-5690-1201 NR 18 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU PERGAMON PRESS LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD LANGFORD LANE KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 1999 VL 23 IS 8 BP 1377 EP 1384 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(99)00286-0 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BN57L UT WOS:000082288400005 ER PT J AU Mason, DM Brandt, SB AF Mason, DM Brandt, SB TI Space, time, and scale: new perspectives in fish ecology and management SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Space, Time, and Scale - New Perspectives in Fish Ecology and Management held at the 127th Annual Meeting of the American-Fisheries-Society CY AUG, 1997 CL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA SP Amer Fisheries Soc ID SPATIALLY-EXPLICIT MODELS; GROWTH-RATE AB This supplement is the product of a special symposium organized on "Space, time, and scale: new perspectives in fish ecology and management" held during the 127th annual meeting of the American Fisheries Society in Monterey, California, August 1997. The purpose of this supplement is to illustrate the breadth and diversity of ideas and applications being explored for integrating space, time, and scaling issues and to highlight future directions. Topics cover a variety of studies, techniques, and applications from salt water to freshwater, from lotic to lentic habitats, and across various scales that can be used as background for integrating space, time, and scale in ongoing and future fish research and management. C1 Purdue Univ, Dept Forestry & Nat Resources, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Mason, DM (reprint author), Purdue Univ, Dept Forestry & Nat Resources, 1159 Forestry Bldg, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. OI Mason, Doran/0000-0002-6017-4243 NR 15 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 2 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PY 1999 VL 56 SU 1 BP 1 EP 3 PG 3 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 288YG UT WOS:000085591600001 ER PT J AU Horne, JK Smith, PE Schneider, DC AF Horne, JK Smith, PE Schneider, DC TI Comparative examination of scale-explicit biological and physical processes: recruitment of Pacific hake (Merluccius productus) SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Space, Time, and Scale - New Perspectives in Fish Ecology and Management held at the 127th Annual Meeting of the American-Fisheries-Society CY AUG, 1997 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Fisheries Soc ID MARINE BIRDS; ECOSYSTEM; DYNAMICS; PHYTOPLANKTON; POPULATION; SURVIVAL; VARIANCE; ECOLOGY AB The creation, maintenance, and destruction of aquatic organism distributions result from biological and physical processes that operate at different spatial and temporal scales. Rate diagrams plot and contour ratios of process rates as a function of spatial and temporal scale to summarize the relative importance of demographics, growth, and kinematics. We demonstrate the utility of this approach by examining physical and biological processes that influence the distribution and survival of larval and juvenile Pacific hake (Merluccius productus) in the California Current region. Processes that influence changes in hake biomass switch from mortality and drift among larvae to somatic growth and active locomotion among juveniles. Comparison of hake rate diagrams with those of capelin (Mallotus villosus) and Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) show that dominant processes differ across scales, across life history stages, and across species. C1 Cooperat Inst Limnol & Ecosyst Res, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. Mem Univ Newfoundland, Ctr Ocean Sci, St John, NF A1C 5S7, Canada. RP Horne, JK (reprint author), Cooperat Inst Limnol & Ecosyst Res, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM horne@glerl.noaa.gov NR 53 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 4 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PY 1999 VL 56 SU 1 BP 170 EP 179 DI 10.1139/cjfas-56-S1-170 PG 10 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 288YG UT WOS:000085591600016 ER PT J AU Swartzman, G Brodeur, R Napp, J Walsh, D Hewitt, R Demer, D Hunt, G Logerwell, E AF Swartzman, G Brodeur, R Napp, J Walsh, D Hewitt, R Demer, D Hunt, G Logerwell, E TI Relating spatial distributions of acoustically determined patches of fish and plankton: data viewing, image analysis, and spatial proximity SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Space, Time, and Scale - New Perspectives in Fish Ecology and Management held at the 127th Annual Meeting of the American-Fisheries-Society CY AUG, 1997 CL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA SP Amer Fisheries Soc ID POLLOCK THERAGRA-CHALCOGRAMMA; MERLUCCIUS-PRODUCTUS; ZOOPLANKTON; PATCHINESS; SCATTERING; FEATURES; SCHOOLS; MODELS; SCALE AB We developed a point-and-click acoustic data viewer (FishViewer) for exploratory comparison of up to three acoustic survey transects (or three frequencies) at a time and other environmental and biological data (e.g., surface temperature and seabird abundance). FishViewer also contains image-processing tools (e.g., morphological and threshold filters) for distinguishing between fish shoals and plankton patches and for patch identification. These tools and methods are illustrated using survey data collected at three frequencies (38, 120, and 200 kHz) near the Pribilof Islands, Bering Sea, during September 1995. Data were also visualized by converting the patches identified in the acoustic images to polygons, showing the boundaries of each patch using a connected component algorithm. Proximity between these fish shoal and plankton patch polygons was examined statistically using an interval-based nonparametric regression model (generalized additive models) and a distance-based proximity measure. The methods presented for data refinement, visualization, and the establishment of fish-plankton patch proximity serve as a paradigm for scale-robust hypothesis formulation and testing of spatial patterns of fish and plankton. C1 Univ Washington 355640, Appl Phys Lab, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Stat, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. RP Swartzman, G (reprint author), Univ Washington 355640, Appl Phys Lab, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. OI Hunt, George/0000-0001-8709-2697 NR 31 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 7 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PY 1999 VL 56 SU 1 BP 188 EP 198 DI 10.1139/cjfas-56-S1-188 PG 11 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 288YG UT WOS:000085591600018 ER PT J AU Wood, CS Bennett, SC Roberts, JL Cho, D Wieman, CE AF Wood, CS Bennett, SC Roberts, JL Cho, D Wieman, CE TI Precision measurement of parity nonconservation in cesium SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID HIGH-ACCURACY CALCULATION; NUCLEAR ANAPOLE MOMENT; WEAK NEUTRAL CURRENTS; OPTICAL-ROTATION; ATOMIC CESIUM; PERTURBATION-THEORY; DIODE-LASER; MICROWAVE MODULATION; RAMAN TRANSITIONS; 6S-7S TRANSITION AB The measurement of parity nonconservation (PNC) in atomic cesium is discussed in detail. With a spin-polarized atomic beam, this experiment achieves a fractional uncertainty of 0.35% in the measurement of the PNC amplitude for the transition between the 6S and 7S states of cesium, the lowest uncertainty of atomic PNC to date. By comparing the PNC amplitude on two hyperfine transitions, we measure for the first time the nuclear-spin-dependent contribution that arises from the nuclear anapole moment. A major portion of this paper describes the characterization and elimination of systematic errors. PACS Nos.: 32.80.Ys, 11.30.Er, 12.15.Ji, 32.10.Dk. C1 Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Wieman, CE (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 66 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 3 U2 8 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4204 J9 CAN J PHYS JI Can. J. Phys. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 77 IS 1 BP 7 EP 75 DI 10.1139/cjp-77-1-7 PG 69 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 200YJ UT WOS:000080567600002 ER PT S AU Cavicchi, RE Semancik, S Walton, RM Panchapakesan, B DeVoe, DL Aquino-Class, M Allen, JD Suehle, JS AF Cavicchi, RE Semancik, S Walton, RM Panchapakesan, B DeVoe, DL Aquino-Class, M Allen, JD Suehle, JS BE Buttgenbach, S TI Microhotplate gas sensor arrays SO CHEMICAL MICROSENSORS AND APPLICATIONS II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Conference on Chemical Microsensors and Applications CY SEP 19-20, 1999 CL BOSTON, MA SP SPIE DE gas sensor; SnO2; microhotplate; chemical vapor deposition; methanol; CO; array; tin oxide ID SNO2; FILMS AB In this work, micromachining and planar processing have been used to produce gas sensing devices with lower power consumption at lower cost. The small size brings new advantages for chemical selectivity as well: multi-element arrays whose time-varying signals can be interpreted using pattern recognition methods. The device platform is a "microhotplate," consisting of a built-in heater, thermometer, and electrodes to probe the sensing films. Microhotplates are fabricated using CMOS-compatible technologies, enabling on-chip circuitry for multiplexing and signal amplification. Millisecond temperature changes in the range of 20 degrees C to over 500 degrees C are employed to alter the adsorption/desorption and reaction kinetics between the gas and sensor surface to create "fingerprints" in the dynamic conductometric responses for different analytes. Elevated microheater temperatures are used to for activation of selected-area CVD processes to deposit sensing films, for sintering of catalytic layers, and for reconditioning the sensors. In this report we present the first results from a 36 element array of microhotplate devices. The combination of multiple sensor materials and real-time changes in reaction kinetics occurring on each sensor provide high information content response data which can be analyzed to yield gas-phase concentration data. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Cavicchi, RE (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 15 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3450-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3857 BP 38 EP 49 DI 10.1117/12.370293 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Applied; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Chemistry; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics GA BP26H UT WOS:000084509500005 ER PT B AU Pratt, JR Davies, MA Evans, CJ Kennedy, MD AF Pratt, JR Davies, MA Evans, CJ Kennedy, MD GP CIRP CIRP CIRP CIRP TI Dynamic interrogation of a basic cutting process SO CIRP ANNALS 1999 - MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 49th General Assembly of CIRP CY AUG 22-28, 1999 CL MONTREUX, SWITZERLAND SP CIRP DE vibration; modeling; turning AB A dynamic cutting fixture based on the test rig pioneered by Peters ct al. has been developed to aid investigations of cutting process dynamics. This active fixture consists of a flexure-based tool holder with a single dominant modal direction, two voice-coil type actuators for excitation and control, sensors for measuring tool displacement and acceleration, and analog electronics for feedback control of the structural dynamics. The sensing and actuation features of this fixture are exploited to identify model parameters and to examine the transition from stable cutting to chatter by comparing experiment to theory and simulation. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Pratt, JR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU HALLWAG PUBLISHERS PI 3001 BERN PA NORDRING 4, 3001 BERN, SWITZERLAND BN 3-905277-31-X PY 1999 BP 39 EP 42 PG 4 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Industrial; Engineering, Manufacturing SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering GA BN45F UT WOS:000081943600010 ER PT B AU Evans, CJ Bryan, JB AF Evans, CJ Bryan, JB GP CIRP CIRP TI "Structured", "textured" or "engineered" surfaces SO CIRP ANNALS 1999: MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY, VOL 48 NO 2 1999 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 49th General Assembly of CIRP CY AUG 22-28, 1999 CL MONTREUX, SWITZERLAND SP CIRP DE surface metrology; manufacturing; structured surfaces; micro-optics ID FABRICATION AB Fine scale, periodic structures offer designers additional freedom to create novel functions or combinations of functions. This emerging field of "structured" surfaces is poorly defined. This paper attempts to define "structured" surfaces, and then to provide examples of such surfaces for a variety of applications. Manufacturing and metrology are also discussed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Evans, CJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 92 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 8 PU HALLWAG PUBLISHERS PI 3001 BERN PA NORDRING 4, 3001 BERN, SWITZERLAND BN 3-905277-32-8 PY 1999 BP 541 EP 556 PG 16 WC Engineering, Industrial; Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA BP39T UT WOS:000084986700005 ER PT B AU Estler, WT AF Estler, WT GP CIRP CIRP TI Measurement as inference: Fundamental ideas SO CIRP ANNALS 1999: MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY, VOL 48 NO 2 1999 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 49th General Assembly of CIRP CY AUG 22-28, 1999 CL MONTREUX, SWITZERLAND SP CIRP DE dimensional metrology; measurement uncertainty; information AB We review the logical basis of inference as distinct from deduction and show that measurements in general, and dimensional metrology in particular, are best viewed as exercises in probable inference: reasoning from incomplete information, The result of a measurement is a probability distribution that provides an unambiguous encoding of one's state of knowledge about the measured quantity. Such states of knowledge provide the basis for rational decisions in the face of uncertainty. We show how simple requirements for rationality, consistency and accord with common sense lead to a set of unique rules for combining probabilities and thus to an algebra of inference. Methods of assigning probabilities and application to measurement, calibration, and industrial inspection are discussed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Precis Engn, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Precis Engn, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 36 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU HALLWAG PUBLISHERS PI 3001 BERN PA NORDRING 4, 3001 BERN, SWITZERLAND BN 3-905277-32-8 PY 1999 BP 611 EP 632 PG 22 WC Engineering, Industrial; Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA BP39T UT WOS:000084986700010 ER PT S AU Nelsen, TA Proni, JR AF Nelsen, TA Proni, JR BE Brebbia, CA Anagnostopoulos, P TI Signatures contained in suspended particulate matter with application to coastal-ocean environmental studies. SO COASTAL ENGINEERING AND MARINA DEVELOPMENTS SE ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Computer Modelling of Seas and Coastal Regions CY MAY, 1999 CL LEMNOS, GREECE SP Wessex Inst Technol, Aristole Univ Thessalonki, Div Hydraul & Environm Engn AB Suspended particulate matter (SPM) samples from the New York Eight Apex collected during a sewage-dump experiment were analyzed for chemical as well as physical parameters such as particle-size distributions. The latter provided a signature of the SPM's sewage component that allowed differentiation from other components. These results were applied to a series of eight Water Column Characterization (WCC) cruises in this area. Go-analysis of WCC and sewage dump particle-size distributions by factor analysis and Distribution Component Analysis revealed patterns that allowed differentiation of sewage-derived components for all WCC samples. From this, a long-termed budget of SPM components, including sewage-derived materials, was constructed. Given this, we conclude that useful tools are available for developing signatures of anthropogenic components of SPM plumes which are independent of study sites or subject materials. These signatures can be applied to understand the sources, pathways and sinks of such materials in the coastal ocean as well as constructing long-termed budgets thereof. Ultimately such estimates can be critical to waste management strategies and decisions in an ever more anthropogenically-impacted coastal ocean. C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Ocean Chem Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Nelsen, TA (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Ocean Chem Div, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WIT PRESS PI SOUTHAMPTON PA ASHURST LODGE, SOUTHAMPTON SO40 7AA, ASHURST, ENGLAND SN 1462-6098 BN 1-85312-686-1 J9 ENVIRON ST PY 1999 VL 3 BP 327 EP 346 PG 20 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Marine; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BP38A UT WOS:000084928500032 ER PT S AU Proni, JR Nelsen, TA AF Proni, JR Nelsen, TA BE Brebbia, CA Anagnostopoulos, P TI Integrated measurements of sewage effluent and dredged material discharges SO COASTAL ENGINEERING AND MARINA DEVELOPMENTS SE ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Computer Modelling of Seas and Coastal Regions CY MAY, 1999 CL LEMNOS, GREECE SP Wessex Inst Technol, Aristole Univ Thessalonki, Div Hydraul & Environm Engn ID INITIAL DILUTION; PLUME AB Multiple sensor systems, capable of measuring the constituent or subfields which comprise a sewage effluent field arising from discharge in coastal ocean waters, are shown to improve the credibility of the measurements as a whole when properly integrated. The base of proper integration of data is commonality of time and space data with accuracies on the order of that provided by the Global Positioning System (GPS). With accurate integrated data, connectivity between field measurement sites distal from the discharge origin, e.g., a diffuser site, and said origin may be established. C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Ocean Acoust Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Proni, JR (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Ocean Acoust Div, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WIT PRESS PI SOUTHAMPTON PA ASHURST LODGE, SOUTHAMPTON SO40 7AA, ASHURST, ENGLAND SN 1462-6098 BN 1-85312-686-1 J9 ENVIRON ST PY 1999 VL 3 BP 367 EP 379 PG 13 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Marine; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA BP38A UT WOS:000084928500035 ER PT J AU Wickham, DA AF Wickham, DA TI Estimating administrative and procedural costs for natural resource restoration settlements SO COASTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE CERCLA; damage settlements; natural resources; OPA; restoration; trustee costs ID ECONOMIC VALUE AB Response and damage assessment costs incurred by natural resource trustee agencies (i.e., the federal, state, Indian tribe, and/or foreign officials authorized to act on behalf of the public interest concerning natural resources) are recoverable elements of natural resource damage claims under the Oil Pollution Act and Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation. and Liability Act (Superfund Act). Once a natural resource damage claim is settled. trustee costs for implementing and/or overseeing restoration and compensatory actions ape charged against the settlement, except as may be specifically defined in settlement provisions. Consequently, trustee agencies must accurately, anticipate their postsettlement costs and/or include provisions for covering these costs in settlement terms. Failure to address such cost elements as trustee management oversight, administrative, and procedural requirements along with the provisions for project design, construction, and performance monitoring in settlements may force trustee agencies to absorb these costs. The range of postsettlement cost factors that should be considered in developing settlement terms for natural resource damages are identified and discussed. A framework for outlining trustee postsettlement planning assumptions and estimating the most common management oversight, administrative, and procedural cost elements is provided. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Off Habitat Conservat, Restorat Ctr, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Wickham, DA (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Off Habitat Conservat, Restorat Ctr, 1315 East West Highway,SSMC3, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0892-0753 J9 COAST MANAGE JI Coast. Manage. PD JAN-MAR PY 1999 VL 27 IS 1 BP 69 EP 79 DI 10.1080/089207599263901 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 167HP UT WOS:000078626700004 ER PT B AU Stumpf, RP Morgan, KLM Peterson, R Krohn, MD Sallenger, AH AF Stumpf, RP Morgan, KLM Peterson, R Krohn, MD Sallenger, AH BE Kraus, NC McDougal, WG TI Mapping impacts of hurricanes Fran and Bertha on North Carolina dunes. SO COASTAL SEDIMENTS '99, VOLS 1-3 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Symposium on Coastal Engineering and Science of Coastal Sediment Processes CY JUN 21-23, 1999 CL HAUPPAUGE, NY SP Amer Soc Civil Engineers, Coastal & Ocean Div, Amer Geophys Union, Geol Soc Amer, NJ Geol Survey, SUNY Stony Brook, Stevens Inst Technol, Port Author NY & NJ, USA Engineer Waterways Expt Stn, Coastal & Haudraul Lab, US Geol Survey, Coastal & Marine Geol Program, US Minerals Management Serv AB Assessment of destruction to coastal dunes from major storms is critical for recovery strategies, coastal planning, and the understanding of coastal erosion. Using aerial oblique videography and photography combined with Global Positioning System (GPS) control, we have developed a rapid assessment of dune destruction Analysis of the North Carolina coast following Hurricane Bertha (Saffir-Simpson category 2) in July, 1996 and Hurricane From (category 3) was conducted in September 1996. From the surveys, we determined the extent of overwash and dune destruction. Along the 100-km section of coast from Cape Fear to Bogue Inlet, From produced more significant overwash than Bertha with 45 km having complete dune destruction. Post-storm surveys indicate differences in pre-storm dune height between zones of moderate and complete overwash. A difference in height of about one meter appeared to be critical to the loss of dunes. The dune loss does not decrease with storm tide until almost 100 km from the point of landfall. An area 50-80 km long near Topsail Island, NC experienced the strongest winds, probably resulting in increased wave erosion, offsetting the decreased surge. C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Stumpf, RP (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, 1305 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0436-4 PY 1999 BP 1826 EP 1835 PG 2 WC Engineering, Marine; Engineering, Civil; Geology; Oceanography SC Engineering; Geology; Oceanography GA BP25P UT WOS:000084507500128 ER PT S AU Tesk, JA Johnson, CE Skrtic, D Tung, MS Hsu, S AF Tesk, JA Johnson, CE Skrtic, D Tung, MS Hsu, S BE Disegi, JA Kennedy, RL Pilliar, R TI Amorphous alloys containing cobalt for orthopaedic applications SO COBALT-BASE ALLOYS FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS SE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Cobalt-Base Alloys for Biomedical Applications CY NOV 03-04, 1998 CL NORFOLK, VA SP ASTM Comm F 4, Med Surg Mat & Dev DE amorphous metals; glassy alloys; orthopaedic joint surfaces; orthopaedic joint surface coatings; corrosion resistant coatings; wear resistant coatings; wear of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene; wear resistant implants; bone conductive; bone induction; implant-bone interface AB Amorphous metal alloys have properties and structures unlike those of their crystalline counterparts. For example, a multiphase crystalline structure may exhibit poor corrosion resistance while the amorphous structure is corrosion resistant. The high hardnesses of some amorphous alloys may make them useful for wear resistant applications. Cobalt-based, electrodeposited alloys may be particularly compatible for producing desirable surfaces on orthopaedic Co-Cr-Mo alloys. Amorphous Co-20P alloy (A-Co-20P) has an as-deposited Knoop hardness number (HK) of ca 620, The surface of anodized A-Co-20P has been described elsewhere as predominately phosphorus oxide that may react with water to form an adsorbed hypophosphite layer. Others reported corrosion resistance without pitting. Hence, the potential of A-Co-20P for use as an implant coating to induce bony apposition was evaluated. This evaluation consisted of tests of corrosion resistance and solution chemistry. Another alloy, amorphous Co-Cr-C, was found to have an as-deposited HK of ca 690. Heat treatment produced Knoop hardness numbers (HKs) of ca 1350, between the HKs of zirconia and alumina. Wear and corrosion resistance are expected to be good, but adherence needs to be assessed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Biomat Programs, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Tesk, JA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Biomat Programs, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 12 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMERICAN SOCIETY TESTING AND MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DRIVE, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 1040-1695 BN 0-8031-2608-5 J9 AM SOC TEST MATER PY 1999 VL 1365 BP 32 EP 43 DI 10.1520/STP14261S PG 12 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BN93M UT WOS:000083576900004 ER PT J AU Rumminger, MD Reinelt, D Babushok, V Linteris, GT AF Rumminger, MD Reinelt, D Babushok, V Linteris, GT TI Numerical study of the inhibition of premixed and diffusion flames by iron pentacarbonyl SO COMBUSTION AND FLAME LA English DT Article ID TRANSIENT INFRARED-SPECTROSCOPY; HOMOGENEOUS NUCLEATION; METAL VAPORS; GAS-PHASE; DEPENDENCE; FE(CO)5; CONDENSATION; CARBONYLS AB Iron pentacarbonyl (Fe(CO)(5)) is an extremely efficient flame inhibitor, yet its inhibition mechanism has not been described. The flame-inhibition mechanism of Fe(CO)(5) in premixed and counterflow diffusion flames of methane, oxygen, and nitrogen is investigated. A gas-phase inhibition mechanism involving catalytic removal of H atoms by iron-containing species is presented. For premixed flames, numerical predictions of burning velocity are compared with experimental measurements at three equivalence ratios (0.9, 1.0, and 1.1) and three oxidizer compositions (0.20, 0.21, and 0.24 oxygen mole fraction in nitrogen). For counterflow diffusion flames, numerical predictions of extinction Strain rate are compared with experimental results for addition of inhibitor to the air and fuel stream. The numerical predictions agree reasonably well with experimental measurements at low inhibitor mole fraction, but at higher Fe(CO)(5) mole fractions the simulations overpredict inhibition. The overprediction is suggested to be due to condensation of iron-containing compounds since calculated supersaturation ratios for Fe and FeO are significantly higher than unity in some regions of the flames. The results lead to the conclusion that inhibition occurs primarily by homogeneous gas-phase chemistry. (C) 1998 by The Combustion Institute C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Linteris, GT (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 49 TC 73 Z9 78 U1 2 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0010-2180 J9 COMBUST FLAME JI Combust. Flame PD JAN PY 1999 VL 116 IS 1-2 BP 207 EP 219 DI 10.1016/S0010-2180(98)00033-9 PG 13 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 116GZ UT WOS:000075717300014 ER PT J AU Sohn, Y Baek, SW Kashiwagi, T AF Sohn, Y Baek, SW Kashiwagi, T TI Transient modeling of thermal degradation in non-charring solids SO COMBUSTION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE condensed phase; polymer; degradation; in-depth radiation; mass loss rate; non-gray; PMMA ID PYROLYSIS; IGNITION; RADIATION; PMMA AB For a more extensive investigation of polymers, a better understanding of its gasification process is extremely essential. Especially compared with the extensive studies in the gas phase, the solid phase received rather little attention. Thus, the purpose of this paper is in its comparison of several modeling approaches for thermal degradation and systematic demonstration of the effects of basic assumptions on the model results, while taking account of in-depth radiation. For this object, this study has examined in more detail the degradation for a horizontally positioned polymer which is exposed to external radiation. After a preliminary study, three different solid degradation models were chosen from the literature, and their corresponding mass and energy conservation equations and boundary conditions were assembled. The in-depth non-gray as well as gray radiation was taken into account by solving relevant radiative transfer equation. In order to concentrate on the fundamental mechanisms of polymer degradation, gas phase reactions and subsequent heal feedback from the gas were neglected. This corresponds to a nitrogen environment. Various other parameters such as the polymer refractive index, polymer absorption coefficient, convective heat loss, solid fuel thickness and external radiative heat flux were changed to discuss their effects on the quantitative as well as qualitative change in the mass loss rate. While the effect of the solid fuel thickness on the mass loss rate was negligible for a thick sample, each parameter among the polymer refractive index, polymer absorption coefficient, convective heat loss, and external radiative heat flux incurred a non-negligible change in the results. Furthermore, the convection term in the energy equation, which is usually neglected in the in-depth pyrolysis by many other works, was shown to account for 29% decrease in the mass loss rate. Finally, depending on the solid degradation model used, the addition of gray radiation to the energy equation was shown to augment or diminish the mass loss rate. It was further enhanced by taking account of the non-gray radiation. This results from the fact that the inner solid is more quickly heated due to the far-reaching effects of radiation from the surface. C1 Korea Adv Inst Sci & Technol, Dept Aerosp Engn, Yusung Ku, Taejon 305701, South Korea. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Fire Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Baek, SW (reprint author), Korea Adv Inst Sci & Technol, Dept Aerosp Engn, Yusung Ku, 373-1 Kusung Dong, Taejon 305701, South Korea. RI Baek, Seung Wook/C-1925-2011 NR 15 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 3 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING RG1 8JL, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0010-2202 J9 COMBUST SCI TECHNOL JI Combust. Sci. Technol. PY 1999 VL 145 IS 1-6 BP 83 EP 108 DI 10.1080/00102209908924204 PG 26 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 260YH UT WOS:000083980700005 ER PT J AU Thomas, RE Harris, PM Rice, SD AF Thomas, RE Harris, PM Rice, SD TI Survival in air of Mytilus trossulus following long-term exposure to spilled Exxon Valdez crude oil in Prince William sound SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY C-PHARMACOLOGY TOXICOLOGY & ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article DE aerial exposure; Exxon Valdez; Mytilus trossulus; polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons; stress on stress; survival in air ID STRESS-RESPONSE; BLUE MUSSEL; EDULIS-L; SEDIMENTS; SALINITY; GROWTH AB Mussels, Mytilus trossulus, were sampled in 1996 from beaches in Prince William Sound (PWS) which contained residual oil resulting from the Exxon Valdez oil spill of March 1989, and from one beach which had been lightly oiled in 1989, but contained no residual oil in 1996. The latter mussels served as un-oiled references. Mussels were also collected from Tee Harbor, Southeast Alaska, to be used as an additional reference group. Where the size of the individuals in the resident population would permit, two size groups were sampled, 32-35 and 18-20 mm in length. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations in mussel tissue, and air survival time were determined for each group of mussels. Total PAH concentrations were significantly greater in tissue of mussels from oiled beds (0.6-2.0 mu g g(-1)) than from references (0.01-0.12 mu g g(-1)) (P < 0.01). Oil-exposed mussels had significantly lower LT50 values (P < 0.05) for air survival than reference groups. Tolerance of small mussels to air exposure was significantly greater (P < 0.01) than large mussels in both the unoiled reference and oil exposed groups. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Calif State Univ Los Angeles, Dept Biol Sci, Chico, CA 95929 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Thomas, RE (reprint author), Calif State Univ Los Angeles, Dept Biol Sci, Chico, CA 95929 USA. EM bthomas@csuchico.edu NR 35 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 11 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0742-8413 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS C JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C-Pharmacol. Toxicol. Endocrinol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 122 IS 1 BP 147 EP 152 DI 10.1016/S0742-8413(98)10098-1 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Toxicology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Toxicology; Zoology GA 160UY UT WOS:000078250700017 PM 10190039 ER PT J AU Thomas, RE Brodersen, C Carls, MG Babcock, M Rice, SD AF Thomas, RE Brodersen, C Carls, MG Babcock, M Rice, SD TI Lack of physiological responses to hydrocarbon accumulation by Mytilus trossulus after 3-4 years chronic exposure to spilled Exxon Valdez crude oil in Prince William Sound SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY C-PHARMACOLOGY TOXICOLOGY & ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article DE byssal thread; clearance rate; condition index; glycogen; exxon valdez; Mytilus trossulus; polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon ID MUSSELS; EDULIS; SEDIMENTS; GROWTH AB Mussels, Mytilus trossulus, were sampled in 1992 and 1993 from beaches in Prince William Sound that had been oiled by the Exxon Valdez spill of March, 1989. At some of the oiled beaches, mussels were collected from beds overlying oiled sediments, and from bedrock adjacent to these beds. Mussels were also collected from beaches within the Sound that had not been impacted by the spill. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations in mussel tissue, physiological responses (byssal thread production, condition index, clearance rate, and glycogen content), were determined for each group of mussels. Total PAH concentrations in mussel tissue ranged from 0 to 6 mu g g(-1), and were significantly greater in mussels from oiled beds than those from reference beds. No significant differences were noted in byssal thread production, condition index, clearance rate, or glycogen content between oiled sample sites and reference sites. The lack of physiological response was surprising because mussels in this study were chronically exposed to PAH for 3-4 years, and none of the physiological responses measured appeared to be affected by that exposure. The lack of a physiological response suggests that chronically exposed mussels may develop a physiological tolerance to PAH, but we recognize that these measures may not have been sensitive enough to discriminate response from background noise. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Calif State Univ Los Angeles, Dept Biol Sci, Chico, CA 95929 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Thomas, RE (reprint author), Calif State Univ Los Angeles, Dept Biol Sci, Chico, CA 95929 USA. EM bthomas@csuchico.edu NR 37 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 12 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0742-8413 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS C JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C-Pharmacol. Toxicol. Endocrinol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 122 IS 1 BP 153 EP 163 DI 10.1016/S0742-8413(98)10099-3 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Toxicology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism; Toxicology; Zoology GA 160UY UT WOS:000078250700018 PM 10190040 ER PT S AU Wakid, SA Kuhn, DR Wallace, DR AF Wakid, SA Kuhn, DR Wallace, DR BE Konrad, K TI Software certification: Testing and measurement SO COMPLIANCE, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL ADVANCES SE TECHNICAL PAPERS OF ISA LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference and Exposition for Advancing Measurement, Control and Automation Technologies, Products and Services (ISA TECH 1999) CY OCT 05-07, 1999 CL PHILADELPHIA, PA SP Int Soc Measurement & Control DE conformance test; software certification; software measurement; software test; standards AB To many, the prospect of software certification seems dubious. Software vendors may promise products of quality, but frequently state emphatically on distribution disks that the software is not guaranteed to be defect-free and may not be suitable for any purpose. Nevertheless, a real need exists for methods to provide measures of confidence that a software system works as intended. The open availability of credible measurement and test methods is an important step toward assuring the quality of software-based systems and promoting competitiveness in the information technology (IT) market. This paper addresses cost effective processes for measuring conformance, dependability, and performance of software and provides examples of certification testing by accredited laboratories relative to those three attributes. This paper shows how measurement science is adapted for accreditation in software testing laboratories and describes some possible new test methods that may reduce test costs. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Informat Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wakid, SA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Informat Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INSTRUMENT SOC AMER PI RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK PA 67 ALEXANDER DR, PO BOX 12277, RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NC 27709 USA SN 1054-0032 J9 TECH PAPERS ISA PY 1999 VL 394 BP 221 EP 230 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Industrial; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BQ06F UT WOS:000087027000023 ER PT J AU VanLandingham, MR Dagastine, RR Eduljee, RF McCullough, RL Gillespie, JW AF VanLandingham, MR Dagastine, RR Eduljee, RF McCullough, RL Gillespie, JW TI Characterization of nanoscale property variations in polymer composite systems: 1. Experimental results SO COMPOSITES PART A-APPLIED SCIENCE AND MANUFACTURING LA English DT Article DE interface/interphase; carbon fibre; strength; indentation ID ORGANIC-MATRIX COMPOSITES; ELASTIC-MODULUS; INTERPHASE; ADHESION; FIBERS AB A technique utilizing the indenting capabilities of the atomic force microscope is used to evaluate local changes in the response of polymer composite systems near the fiber-matrix interface. Room temperature and elevated temperature indentation response is measured for several model composite systems. Results of indentation studies are compared to fmite element model predictions to understand the influence of interphase properties on the measured responses. For sized fiber systems, unexpected property variations are observed, leading to the discovery of a possible interphase formation mechanism in these systems. (C) 1998 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Delaware, Ctr Composite Mat, Composites Mfg Sci Lab 202, Newark, DE 19716 USA. Univ Delaware, Mat Sci Program, Composites Mfg Sci Lab 202, Newark, DE 19716 USA. Univ Delaware, Dept Chem Engn, Composites Mfg Sci Lab 202, Newark, DE 19716 USA. RP VanLandingham, MR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg Mat Div, Bldg 226,Room B350, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Dagasitne, Raymond/D-3348-2012 OI Dagasitne, Raymond/0000-0002-2154-4846 NR 21 TC 66 Z9 68 U1 3 U2 18 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1359-835X J9 COMPOS PART A-APPL S JI Compos. Pt. A-Appl. Sci. Manuf. PY 1999 VL 30 IS 1 BP 75 EP 83 DI 10.1016/S1359-835X(98)00098-0 PG 9 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Materials Science, Composites SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 150VV UT WOS:000077687200010 ER PT J AU Dunkers, JP Parnas, RS Zimba, CG Peterson, RC Flynn, KM Fujimoto, JG Bouma, BE AF Dunkers, JP Parnas, RS Zimba, CG Peterson, RC Flynn, KM Fujimoto, JG Bouma, BE TI Optical coherence tomography of glass reinforced polymer composites SO COMPOSITES PART A-APPLIED SCIENCE AND MANUFACTURING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium M on Advances in Polymer Matrix Composites - Microscopic to Macroscopic, at the Fall 1997 Materials-Research-Society Meeting CY 1997 CL BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS SP Mat Res Soc DE glass fibers; optical coherence tomography ID RADIOGRAPHY; NMR AB Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a nondestructive and noncontact technique to image microstructure within scattering media. The application of OCT to highly scattering materials such as polymer composites is especially challenging. In this work, OCT is evaluated as a technique to image fiber tows and voids in two materials: an epoxy E-glass-reinforced composite and a vinyl-ester E-glass-reinforced composite. Features detected using OCT are compared with optical microscopy. Fiber architecture and voids of glass-reinforced polymer composites can be successfully imaged using OCT. The quality of the OCT image is strongly affected by the refractive index mismatch between the fibers and reinforcement. The largest sources of noise in the images arise from fiber lens effects, interference from within the sample, and a very large reflection at the surface. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. MIT, Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. MIT, Elect Res Lab, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RP Dunkers, JP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 13 TC 57 Z9 59 U1 3 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1359-835X J9 COMPOS PART A-APPL S JI Compos. Pt. A-Appl. Sci. Manuf. PY 1999 VL 30 IS 2 BP 139 EP 145 DI 10.1016/S1359-835X(98)00084-0 PG 7 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Materials Science, Composites SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 150VY UT WOS:000077687500006 ER PT J AU Liao, K Schultheisz, CR Hunston, DL AF Liao, K Schultheisz, CR Hunston, DL TI Effects of environmental aging on the properties of pultruded GFRP SO COMPOSITES PART B-ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE fatigue; fiber/matrix interphase; glass fibers; strength ID STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS; STRESS-CORROSION; COMPOSITES; INFRASTRUCTURE; MECHANISM; STRENGTH AB Pultruded glass-fiber-reinforced vinyl ester matrix composite coupons were subjected to environmental aging in order to study their durability since such composites are of interest for infrastructure applications. Specimens were tested as-received and after aging in water or salt solutions at room temperature (25 degrees C) or in water at 75 degrees C for various times. The flexural properties (strength and modulus) were determined for bending perpendicular to the 0 degrees orientations (0 degrees being the pull direction) for all aging conditions. In addition, flexural properties in the 90 degrees orientation and tensile properties in the 0 degrees orientation were also measured for the as-received specimens and the specimens exposed to selected aging conditions. Both strengths and moduli were generally found to decrease with environmental aging. Comparing the size of the fracture mirrors on the broken ends of the fibers in aged and un-aged samples suggested that environmental aging decreased the in situ fiber strength. In addition, examination of the failure surfaces and comparisons between the strength of the 90 degrees specimens suggested that degradation of the fiber/matrix interphase region also occurred during the aging process. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Nanyang Technol Univ, Sch Appl Sci, Div Mat Engn, Singapore 639798, Singapore. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Liao, K (reprint author), Nanyang Technol Univ, Sch Appl Sci, Div Mat Engn, Singapore 639798, Singapore. EM askliao@ntu.edu.sg RI Liao, Kin/A-7915-2014 OI Liao, Kin/0000-0001-6352-2349 NR 33 TC 75 Z9 79 U1 1 U2 19 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1359-8368 J9 COMPOS PART B-ENG JI Compos. Pt. B-Eng. PY 1999 VL 30 IS 5 BP 485 EP 493 DI 10.1016/S1359-8368(99)00013-X PG 9 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Composites SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 228HY UT WOS:000082132100006 ER PT B AU Wiederhorn, SM Luecke, WE AF Wiederhorn, SM Luecke, WE BE Pechenik, A Kalia, RK Vashishta, P TI Creep of silicon nitride SO COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN OF HIGH-TEMPERATURE MATERIALS SE TOPICS IN PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY: A SERIES OF ADVANCED TEXTBOOKS AND MONOGRAPHS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Computer Aided Design of High Temperature Materials CY JUL 30-AUG 02, 1997 CL SANTA FE, NM ID TENSILE CREEP; RUPTURE BEHAVIOR; MICROSTRUCTURE; PHASES C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wiederhorn, SM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 28 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 198 MADISON AVENUE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA BN 0-19-512050-7 J9 T PHYS CHEM SER PY 1999 BP 3 EP 17 PG 15 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA BP18E UT WOS:000084339600001 ER PT J AU Jentschura, UD Mohr, PJ Soff, G Weniger, EJ AF Jentschura, UD Mohr, PJ Soff, G Weniger, EJ TI Convergence acceleration via combined nonlinear-condensation transformations SO COMPUTER PHYSICS COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE computational techniques; quantum electrodynamics (specific calculations); calculations and mathematical techniques in atomic and molecular physics; numerical approximation and analysis ID ORDER BINDING CORRECTIONS; GROUND-STATE ENERGY; OCTIC ANHARMONIC-OSCILLATOR; LEVIN-WENIGER TRANSFORMS; RIEMANN ZETA-FUNCTION; SEQUENCE TRANSFORMATIONS; LAMB SHIFT; ASYMPTOTIC REPRESENTATION; HYPERGEOMETRIC FUNCTION; PERTURBATION-SERIES AB A method of numerically evaluating slowly convergent monotone series is described. First, we apply a condensation transformation due to Van Wijngaarden to the original series. This transforms the original monotone series into an alternating series. In the second step, the convergence of the transformed series is accelerated with the help of suitable nonlinear sequence transformations that are known to be particularly powerful for alternating series. Some theoretical aspects of our approach are discussed. The efficiency, numerical stability, and wide applicability of the combined nonlinear-condensation transformation is illustrated by a number of examples. We discuss the evaluation of special functions close to or on the boundary of the circle of convergence, even in the vicinity of singularities. We also consider a series of products of spherical Bessel functions, which serves as a model for partial wave expansions occurring in quantum electrodynamic bound state calculations. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Tech Univ Dresden, Inst Theoret Phys, D-01062 Dresden, Germany. Clark Atlanta Univ, Ctr Theoret Studies Phys Syst, Atlanta, GA 30314 USA. Univ Regensburg, Inst Theoret & Phys Chem, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany. RP Jentschura, UD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 85 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0010-4655 J9 COMPUT PHYS COMMUN JI Comput. Phys. Commun. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 116 IS 1 BP 28 EP 54 DI 10.1016/S0010-4655(98)00111-8 PG 27 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Mathematical SC Computer Science; Physics GA 163UW UT WOS:000078425600003 ER PT J AU Eng, TH Ling, ZK Olson, W McLean, C AF Eng, TH Ling, ZK Olson, W McLean, C TI Feature-based assembly modeling and sequence generation SO COMPUTERS & INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE assembly; sequence generation; assembly modeling ID SYSTEM AB A feature-based model is proposed for assembly sequence planning automation. The fundamental assembly modeling strategy for a product is based on the mating features of its components. The objectives of this study are to integrate assembly planning of a product with its CAD model, generate a correct and practical assembly sequence and establish a software system to carry out the planning process. A disassembly approach in assembly planning is used in this study. The degree of freedom information between two mating features is used to characterize their kinematic conditions. Boolean operations of the degrees of freedom on all features of a component provides its local degree of freedom, which is used to set up the functional precedence relation. In some cases, where the functional precedence relation cannot be detected by geometric reasoning, clipping of the known 'common sense' relation is applied by a user. A bounding box checking approach is used to ensure no global collision during assembly, Furthermore, a set of criteria based on assembly feasibility, manipulability, assembly direction, cost and stability is used to choose a good assembly sequence. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Michigan Technol Univ, Dept Mech Engn Engn Mech, Integrated Design & Mfg Lab, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Syst Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20155 USA. RP Michigan Technol Univ, Dept Mech Engn Engn Mech, Integrated Design & Mfg Lab, 1400 Townsend Dr, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. NR 32 TC 36 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0360-8352 EI 1879-0550 J9 COMPUT IND ENG JI Comput. Ind. Eng. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 36 IS 1 BP 17 EP 33 DI 10.1016/S0360-8352(98)00106-5 PG 17 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Engineering, Industrial SC Computer Science; Engineering GA 209AC UT WOS:000081024000002 ER PT B AU Bright, DS AF Bright, DS BE Jones, MH Sleeman, DG TI Fractal dimension of particle outlines: Meaning, utility, limitations, standard images and examples SO CONDITION MONITORING '99, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Condition Monitoring CY APR 12-15, 1999 CL UNIV WALES, SWANSA, WALES SP Joint Oil Anal Program US Forces, Inst Mech Engineers, Inst Marine Engineers, Royal Inst Non Destruct Testing, Soc Tribologists & Lubricat Engineers, Machinery Failure Prevent Technol, Wuhan Transportat Univ HO UNIV WALES DE boundary fractal dimension; digital image processing; fractal dimension; particle boundary length; particle outlines; particle shape AB Only a handful of shape parameters, such as aspect ratio and circularity, are in common use for characterizing individual microscopic particles. The fractal dimension, D, is seeing increased use as an additional shape parameter because particle shapes often exhibit fractal-like behavior. Further, D characterizes the dependence of the perimeter on step size, avoiding the disadvantage of using the perimeter with its strong sensitivity to image resolution. The averaged coordinate measurement method is illustrated using a micrograph of a soil particle. D measurements on a group of tree leaf images show the possibility of D as a shape classifier. I will present results of testing the method on a large set of computer-generated fractals, showing the range and precision of the D values determined by the method. I will also give preliminary assessment of D measurements for describing micrographs of soil and abrasive particles. D as measured by coordinate averaging, and specified by a step size, promises to be a useful shape classifier. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bright, DS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU COXMOOR PUBLISHING CO PI CHIPPING NORTON PA PO BOX 72, CHIPPING NORTON OX7 6JU, ENGLAND BN 1-901892-11-5 PY 1999 BP 565 EP 575 PG 11 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BW24V UT WOS:000181333700052 ER PT B AU Belanger, BC Baum, MA AF Belanger, BC Baum, MA BE Creese, RC GangaRao, H TI About the Advanced Technology Program SO CONFERENCE ON POLYMER COMPOSITES: INFRASTRUCTURE RENEWAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Polymer Composites CY APR 19-21, 1999 CL PARKERSBURG, WV SP W Virginia Univ, Coll Engn & Mineral Resources, Constructed Facil Ctr AB The Advanced Technology Program (ATP) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology cost shares with industry technically challenging industry-led R&D having a high potential for creating economic benefits to the nation. Since the ATP began in 1990, a substantial number of individual projects related to polymer composites have been funded, as well as a focused program titled Manufacturing Composite Structures. This paper describes the ATP's general features. For detailed information regarding individual ATP projects related to composites, check the ATP's World Wide Web site referenced in this paper. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Belanger, BC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 1004, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU TECHNOMIC PUBL CO INC PI LANCASTER PA 851 NEW HOLLAND AVE, BOX 3535, LANCASTER, PA 17604 USA BN 1-56676-802-0 PY 1999 BP 117 EP 122 PG 6 WC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science, Composites SC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science GA BR02G UT WOS:000165405900011 ER PT B AU Wu, HF AF Wu, HF BE Creese, RC GangaRao, H TI The challenges of polymer composites in the advanced technology program SO CONFERENCE ON POLYMER COMPOSITES: INFRASTRUCTURE RENEWAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Polymer Composites CY APR 19-21, 1999 CL PARKERSBURG, WV SP W Virginia Univ, Coll Engn & Mineral Resources, Constructed Facil Ctr AB The proposed new initiative, Composites in Civil Applications, is to catalyze industry efforts in civil/construction, composites/materials, chemicals/petrochemicals, and offshore oil and gas production to foster the development of new approaches and technologies for composite materials: Infrastructure. Industrial Facilities, and Offshore Exploration & Production. These application areas are the focus of this program. The Advanced Technology Program (ATP) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) will provide an opportunity to leverage the resources from government and industry in a cost-shared partnership to accelerate the development and dissemination of composite technology in civil applications. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wu, HF (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU TECHNOMIC PUBL CO INC PI LANCASTER PA 851 NEW HOLLAND AVE, BOX 3535, LANCASTER, PA 17604 USA BN 1-56676-802-0 PY 1999 BP 123 EP 127 PG 5 WC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science, Composites SC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science GA BR02G UT WOS:000165405900012 ER PT J AU Kuriyama, F Radebaugh, R AF Kuriyama, F Radebaugh, R TI Analysis of mass and energy flow rates in an orifice pulse-tube refrigerator SO CRYOGENICS LA English DT Article DE cryocoolers; pulse-tube refrigerators; refrigeration power; mass flow rate; energy flow rate AB The relationship among the curves of mass flow rate, temperature and pressure as a function of time in an orifice pulse-tube refrigerator is analyzed to explain the previously measured distortion of mass flow rate and temperature oscillation curves. The mass flow rate and temperature oscillations are described in terms of fundamental oscillations and harmonics, where the frequency of the fundamental oscillation is the same as that of the sinusoidal pressure oscillation. The time-averaged enthalpy flow rate and other energy flow rates are expressed in terms of the amplitude and phase of the fundamental oscillation of the mass flow rate through the orifice. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Kuriyama, F (reprint author), Ebara Res Co Ltd, 4-2-1 Honfujisawa, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251, Japan. NR 7 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0011-2275 J9 CRYOGENICS JI Cryogenics PD JAN PY 1999 VL 39 IS 1 BP 85 EP 92 DI 10.1016/S0011-2275(98)00129-5 PG 8 WC Thermodynamics; Physics, Applied SC Thermodynamics; Physics GA 183FL UT WOS:000079543500011 ER PT J AU Becker, DA AF Becker, DA TI Accurate determination of trace elements in sediment CRMs by instrumental neutron activation analysis SO CZECHOSLOVAK JOURNAL OF PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 13th Radiochemical Conference CY APR 19-24, 1998 CL JACHYMOV, CZECH REPUBLIC AB The accurate determination of major, minor and trace elements in two sediment reference materials is described. One material is from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (SRM 1646a), and the other is from the National Research Council of Canada (HISS-1). The analytical technique used was high accuracy instrumental neutron activation analysis. The procedures used are described, the problems found are discussed, and the results obtained are compared to the certified values for both CRMs. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Nucl Methods Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Becker, DA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Nucl Methods Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CZECHOSLOVAK JNL OF PHYSICS PI PRAGUE PA FYZIKALNI USTAV AV NA SLOVANCE 2, PRAGUE 180 40, CZECH REPUBLIC SN 0011-4626 J9 CZECH J PHYS JI Czech. J. Phys. PY 1999 VL 49 SU 1 BP 271 EP 276 DI 10.1007/s10582-999-0036-1 PN 1 PG 6 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 205WJ UT WOS:000080843300036 ER PT J AU Hurtt, GC Armstrong, RA AF Hurtt, GC Armstrong, RA TI A pelagic ecosystem model calibrated with BATS and OWSI data SO DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART I-OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH PAPERS LA English DT Article ID PHYSICAL-BIOGEOCHEMICAL MODEL; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC-OCEAN; SURFACE OCEAN; TEMPORAL VARIABILITY; NUTRIENT-UPTAKE; CARBON-DIOXIDE; TIME-SERIES; PHYTOPLANKTON; BERMUDA; NITROGEN AB Ocean ecosystems play an important role in the global carbon cycle. In this paper: we develop and calibrate a pelagic ocean ecosystem model by simultaneously fitting data from two sites in the North Atlantic: the site of the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS, 32 degrees N, 64 degrees W) and Ocean Weather Ship Station "I" (OWSI, 59 degrees N, 20 degrees-W). These sites differ dramatically in the magnitude and timing of primary production, chlorophyll concentrations, and light and nutrient availabilities. We find that a relatively simple model can be simultaneously fit to ecosystem data at both sites. As in the model of Hurtt and Armstrong (1996, Deep-Sea Research II 43(2-3): 653-683), the fit largely depends on the inclusion of multiple size classes of phytoplankton and detritus and a variable chlorophyll-to-biomass (nitrogen) ratio for phytoplankton. The inclusion of these features in the model enables it to adjust to predict important biological differences temporally within sites and spatially between sites. In addition, the model also includes a phytoplankton self-shading parameter to capture differences in water clarity between sites, and the parameterization of iron limitation at OWSI as a hypothesis for the moderately HNLC condition there. Finally, we suggest that the model performs reasonably well at the Hawaii Ocean Time-series (HOT, 23 degrees N, 158 degrees W), a site where no model calibration was done. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolut Biol, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Hurtt, GC (reprint author), Univ New Hampshire, Complex Syst Res Ctr, Durham, NH 03824 USA. EM george.hurtt@unh.edu RI Armstrong, Robert/C-9086-2009; Hurtt, George/A-8450-2012 NR 49 TC 55 Z9 55 U1 1 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0967-0637 J9 DEEP-SEA RES PT I JI Deep-Sea Res. Part I-Oceanogr. Res. Pap. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 46 IS 1 BP 27 EP 61 DI 10.1016/S0967-0637(98)00055-7 PG 35 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 151VR UT WOS:000077741800002 ER PT S AU Day, GW AF Day, GW BE Osinski, M Chua, SJ Chichibu, SF TI Metrology for optoelectronics SO DESIGN, FABRICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PHOTONIC DEVICES SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT SPIE Conference on Design, Fabrication, and Characterization of Photonic Devices CY NOV 30-DEC 03, 1999 CL SINGAPORE, SINGAPORE SP SPIE, Nanyang Technol Univ, SPIE, Singapore Chapter, Inst Phys, USAF, Asian Off Aerosp Res & Dev, USA, Res Off Far E DE optoelectronics; optical fiber; lasers; optical detectors; measurement technology; standards; calibrations; traceability AB This paper discusses measurement technology, standards, and traceability for the optoelectronics industry. Examples include the development of artifact standards, known as Standard Reference Materials (SRMs), for the calibration of instrumentation, and the calibration of laser and optical fiber power meters and detectors. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Optoelect, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Day, GW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Optoelect, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3498-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3896 BP 308 EP 312 DI 10.1117/12.370326 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Materials Science; Optics; Physics GA BP26P UT WOS:000084510200032 ER PT S AU Martys, NS Hagedorn, JG Goujon, D Devaney, JE AF Martys, NS Hagedorn, JG Goujon, D Devaney, JE BE Bonse, U TI Large scale simulations of single and multi-component flow in porous media SO DEVELOPMENTS IN X-RAY TOMOGRAPHY II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Developments in X-Ray Tomography II CY JUL 22-23, 1999 CL DENVER, CO SP SPIE DE lattice Boltzmann; microtomography; parallel computing; permeability; porous media ID BOLTZMANN METHOD; LATTICE; MODEL AB We examine the utility of the lattice Boltzmann method for modeling fluid flow in large microstructures. First, results of permeability calculations are compared to predicted values for several idealized geometries., Large scale simulations of fluid flow through digitized images of Fontainebreau sandstone, generated by X-ray microtomography, were then carried out. Reasonably good agreement was found when compared to experimentally determined values of permeability for similar rocks. We also calculate relative permeability curves as a function of fluid saturation and driving force. The Onsager relation, which equates off-diagonal components of the permeability tensor for two phase flow, is shown not to hold for intermediate to low nonwetting saturation, since the response of the fluid flow to an applied body force wars nonlinear. Values of permeability from three phase flows are compared to corresponding two phase values. Performance on several computing platforms is given. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Martys, NS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8621, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 10 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3258-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3772 BP 205 EP 213 DI 10.1117/12.363723 PG 9 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Medical Laboratory Technology; Optics SC Engineering; Medical Laboratory Technology; Optics GA BN88D UT WOS:000083314300021 ER PT S AU Geyer, RG AF Geyer, RG BE Nair, KM Bhalla, AS TI Complex permittivity and permeability of ferrite ceramics at microwave frequencies SO DIELECTRIC CERAMIC MATERIALS SE CERAMIC TRANSACTIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 100th Annual Meeting of the American-Ceramic-Society CY MAY 03-06, 1998 CL CINCINNATI, OH SP Amer Ceram Soc ID TRANSMISSION AB Accurate rf dielectric and magnetic characterization of ferrite ceramics requires combined measurement techniques. The chosen techniques depend on the frequency of interest and expected dielectric and magnetic losses of the specimen. Coaxial transmission line waveguide methods are used for magnetic characterization at frequencies less than gyromagnetic resonance, where specimens have high magnetic loss. Specimen complex permittivity is evaluated with either a TM0n0 cavity, or by saturating the specimen when operated as a cylindrical H-011 dielectric resonator. Complex permeability at frequencies above natural gyromagnetic resonance, where magnetic losses are low, are either evaluated with H-011 dielectric sleeve resonators or by employing the specimen as an Hell dielectric resonator in the demagnetized state. Measurements of various ferrites having different compositions and saturation magnetizations are performed. The tuning range of a ferrite increases above natural gyromagnetic resonance as saturation magnetization increases, but at the expense of increased magnetic loss. Measured real permeabilities compare well with theoretical real permeability predictions of a cylindrical specimen model having e-domain structure parallel and anti-parallel to the applied rf magnetic, but only at frequencies significantly greater than natural gyromagnetic resonance. Microwave magnetic losses, which depend on composition and ceramic microstructure, must be experimentally evaluated. Cooling the ferrite specimen yields smaller dielectric, but larger magnetic loss. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Electromagnet Fields, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Geyer, RG (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Electromagnet Fields, MS 813-08, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 27 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-8720 USA SN 1042-1122 BN 1-57498-066-1 J9 CERAM TRANS PY 1999 VL 100 BP 195 EP 215 PG 21 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA BN02V UT WOS:000080432300020 ER PT S AU Li, HP Doermann, D Kia, O AF Li, HP Doermann, D Kia, O BE Lee, SW Nakano, Y TI Text extraction, enhancement and OCR in digital video SO DOCUMENT ANALYSIS SYSTEMS: THEORY AND PRACTICE SE Lecture Notes in Computer Science LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd IAPR Workshop on Document Analysis Systems (DAS 98) CY NOV 04-06, 1998 CL NAGANO, JAPAN ID SCENE IMAGES; CHARACTERS; RETRIEVAL; LOCATION AB In this paper we address the problem of text extraction, enhancement and recognition in digital video. Compared with optical character recognition (OCR) from document images, text extraction and recognition in digital video presents several new challenges. First, the text in video is often embedded in complex backgrounds, making text extraction and separation difficult. Second, image data contained in video frames is often digitized and/or subsampled at a much lower resolution than is typical for document images. As a result, most commercial OCR software can not recognize text extracted from video. We have implemented a hybrid wavelet/neural network segmenter to extract text regions and use a two stage enhancement scheme prior to recognition. First, we use Shannon interpolation to raise the image resolution, and second we postprocess the block with normal/inverse text classification and adaptive thresholding. Experimental results show that our text extraction scheme can extract both scene text and graphical text robustly and reasonable OCR results are achieved after enhancement. C1 Univ Maryland, Inst Adv Comp Studies, Language & Media Proc Lab, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Adv Network Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Univ Maryland, Inst Adv Comp Studies, Language & Media Proc Lab, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM huiping@cfar.umd.edu; doermann@cfar.umd.edu; omid.kia@nist.gov NR 23 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-66507-2 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 1999 VL 1655 BP 363 EP 377 PG 15 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BS67G UT WOS:000170800200029 ER PT S AU Garris, MD Janet, SA Klein, WW AF Garris, MD Janet, SA Klein, WW BE Lopresti, DP Zhou, JY TI Federal register document image database SO DOCUMENT RECOGNITION AND RETRIEVAL VI SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th Annual Conference on Document Recognition and Retrieval CY JAN 27-28, 1999 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP Soc Imaging Sci & Technol, Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE CD-ROM; database; document; ground truth image; information retrieval; OCR; public domain software AB A new, fully-automated process has been developed at NIST to derive ground truth for document images. The method involves matching optical character recognition (OCR) results from a page with typesetting files for an entire book. Public domain software used to derive the ground truth is provided in the form of Perl scripts and C source code, and includes new, more efficient string alignment technology and a word-level scoring package. With this ground truthing technology, it is now feasible to produce much larger data sets, at much lower cost, than was ever possible with previous labor-intensive, manual data collection projects. Using this method, NIST has produced a new document image database for evaluating Document Analysis and Recognition technologies and Information Retrieval systems. The database produced contains scanned images, SGML-tagged ground truth text, commercial OCR results, and image quality assessment results for pages published in the 1994 Federal Register. These data fries are useful in a wide variety of experiments and research. There were roughly 250 issues, comprised of nearly 69,000 pages, published in the Federal Register in 1994. This volume of the database contains the pages of 20 books published in January of that year. In all, there are 4711 page images provided, with 4519 of them having corresponding ground truth. This volume is distributed on two ISO-9660 CD-ROMs. Future volumes may be released, depending on the level of interest. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Garris, MD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 225-A216, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 16 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3122-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3651 BP 97 EP 108 DI 10.1117/12.335807 PG 12 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Information Systems; Optics SC Computer Science; Optics GA BM50L UT WOS:000078907100011 ER PT S AU Garris, MD AF Garris, MD BE Lopresti, DP Zhou, JY TI Document image recognition and retrieval: Where are we? SO DOCUMENT RECOGNITION AND RETRIEVAL VI SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th Annual Conference on Document Recognition and Retrieval CY JAN 27-28, 1999 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP Soc Imaging Sci & Technol, Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers DE document image recognition information retrieval AB This paper discusses survey data collected as a result of planning a project to evaluate document recognition and information retrieval technologies. In the process of establishing the project, a Request for Comment (RFC) was widely distributed throughout the document recognition and information retrieval research and development (R&D) communities, and based on the responses, tbe project was discontinued. The purpose of this paper is to present "real" data collected from the R&D communities in regards to a "real" project, so that we may all form our own conclusions about where we are, where we are heading and how we are going to get there. Background on the project is provided and responses to the RFC are summarized. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Garris, MD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 225-A216, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 17 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3122-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3651 BP 141 EP 150 DI 10.1117/12.335811 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Information Systems; Optics SC Computer Science; Optics GA BM50L UT WOS:000078907100015 ER PT B AU Lushine, JB Fletemeyer, JR Dean, RG AF Lushine, JB Fletemeyer, JR Dean, RG BE Fletemeyer, JR Freas, SJ TI Toward a predictive model for rip currents and their impact on public safety with emphasis on physical, demographic, and cultural considerations SO DROWNING: NEW PERSPECTIVES ON INTERVENTION AND PREVENTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Drowning - New Perspectives on Intervention and Prevention CY MAY, 1996 CL FT LAUDERDALE, FL C1 NOAA, Weather & Forecasting, Miami, FL USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU CRC PRESS-TAYLOR & FRANCIS GROUP PI BOCA RATON PA 6000 BROKEN SOUND PARKWAY NW, STE 300, BOCA RATON, FL 33487-2742 USA BN 1-57444-223-6 PY 1999 BP 281 EP 303 PG 23 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences - Other Topics GA BM91Y UT WOS:000080120800017 ER PT B AU Rossiter, WJ Vangel, MG Kraft, KM AF Rossiter, WJ Vangel, MG Kraft, KM BE Lacasse, MA Vainer, DJ TI Performance of tape-bonded seams of EPDM membranes: Resistance to peel-creep SO DURABILITY OF BUILDING MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS 8, VOLS 1-4, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Conference on Durability of Building Materials and Components (8dbmc) CY MAY 30-JUN 03, 1999 CL VANCOUVER, CANADA SP Canadian Wood Council, Stand Council Canada, AGRA Earth & Environm, Canadian Portland Cement Assoc, Georgia Inst Technol, ACBM, Forintek Canada Corp, Kungl Tekniska Hogskolan, Public Works & Govt Serv Canada, Natl Res Council Canada DE adhesive tapes; adhesive testing; building technology; creep resistance; EPDM roof membranes; roofing; seams; time-to-failure AB This paper provides a summary of the major results of an industry-government consortium study on the creep resistance of tape-bonded seams of EPDM roof membranes. The study was undertaken to compare the creep-rupture performance of tape-bonded and liquid-adhesive-bonded seams of EPDM roof membranes and to recommend a protocol for evaluating the creep-rupture performance of such seams. The results showed that specimen sets fabricated using one of two tape-adhesive systems and cleaned, primed EPDM had mean peel limes-to-failure that were generally comparable to, if not greater than, those of liquid-adhesive-bonded specimen sets. Based on the results, ASTM Technical Committee D08 on Roofing, Waterproofing, and Bituminous Materials issued "Standard Practice for Time-to-Failure (Creep-Rupture) of Adhesive Joints Fabricated from EPDM Roof Membrane Material". C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Rossiter, WJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON KIA OR6, CANADA BN 0-660-17737-4 PY 1999 BP 1133 EP 1147 PG 5 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Computer Science; Construction & Building Technology; Engineering; Materials Science GA BS07P UT WOS:000168560400106 ER PT B AU Frohnsdorff, GJ Sjostrom, CH Soronis, G AF Frohnsdorff, GJ Sjostrom, CH Soronis, G BE Lacasse, MA Vainer, DJ TI International standards for service life planning of buildings SO DURABILITY OF BUILDING MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS 8, VOLS 1-4, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Conference on Durability of Building Materials and Components (8dbmc) CY MAY 30-JUN 03, 1999 CL VANCOUVER, CANADA SP Canadian Wood Council, Stand Council Canada, AGRA Earth & Environm, Canadian Portland Cement Assoc, Georgia Inst Technol, ACBM, Forintek Canada Corp, Kungl Tekniska Hogskolan, Public Works & Govt Serv Canada, Natl Res Council Canada DE buildings; building materials; constructed facilities; durability; service life; standardisation; standards; sustainable building; life cycle cost; performance concept AB ISO Technical Committee TC 59, Building Construction, is an international standards committee dealing with general rules for performance requirements for buildings. SC14, Design Life, is the subcommittee of TC59 that deals with standardisation of the principles and processes that apply when planning the design life of construction works. The standard being drafted by SC14 will serve designers, owners, potential buyers/investors, educators, students, and others. It points out that, while it is difficult to make precise estimates of service lives, the discipline of making estimates based on the principles presented can help avoid unexpected failures. This paper reviews the current work within SC14 and draws attention to issues and research needs yet to be addressed by the working groups drafting the parts of the design life standard. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Frohnsdorff, GJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON KIA OR6, CANADA BN 0-660-17737-4 PY 1999 BP 1537 EP 1542 PG 4 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Computer Science; Construction & Building Technology; Engineering; Materials Science GA BS07P UT WOS:000168560400144 ER PT S AU Pochan, DJ Lin, EK Satija, S Cheng, SZD Wu, WL AF Pochan, DJ Lin, EK Satija, S Cheng, SZD Wu, WL BE Drake, JM Grest, GS Klafter, J Kopelman, R TI Thermal expansion and glass transition behavior of thin polymer films with and without a free surface via neutron reflectometry SO DYNAMICS IN SMALL CONFINING SYSTEMS IV SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Dynamics in Small Confining Systems IV at the 1998 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 30-DEC 03, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc ID TEMPERATURE AB The thermal expansion of thin deuterated polystyrene (dPS) films supported on energetically repulsive, fluorinated polyimide (PI) substrates (PI/dPS bilayer) was measured via neutron reflectometry as a function of initial dPS film thickness. Film thickness was measured before and after capping with a top layer of the same repulsive, high glass transition polyimide that comprised the substrate layer (PI/dPS/PI trilayer) in an attempt to observe any effects of the dPS free surface in the bilayer geometry. Bulk thermal expansion behavior, characterized by a discontinuous change in coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) at the glass transition (T-g), is observed in films with thickness > 70 nm. For thicknesses between 70 nm and 40 nm a transition is seen from bulk behavior in bilayer films to glassy thermal behavior in the trilayer films persisting up to 20 degrees C above the bulk Tg. In films with thickness < 40 nm the bulk glassy CTE persists well above the bulk Tg for both bilayer and trilayer films. C1 NIST, Elect Applicat Grp, Polymer Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Pochan, DJ (reprint author), NIST, Elect Applicat Grp, Polymer Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-449-1 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1999 VL 543 BP 163 EP 168 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Physics GA BN44H UT WOS:000081934600020 ER PT S AU White, CC Wu, WL AF White, CC Wu, WL BE Drake, JM Grest, GS Klafter, J Kopelman, R TI Studies of the polymer thin film glass transition temperature monitored with the complex viscoelastic cofficients SO DYNAMICS IN SMALL CONFINING SYSTEMS IV SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Dynamics in Small Confining Systems IV at the 1998 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 30-DEC 03, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc ID QUARTZ-CRYSTAL MICROBALANCE; PHASE-TRANSITIONS; MEDIA AB In integrated circuit manufacturing, the gaps between metal lines are a critical parameter, and polymer films are being evaluated as low k dielectric materials for VLSI. Desire to maximize the number of elements within a given area to increase clock speed and decrease power consumption have forced the gaps to become increasingly smaller. Currently, 0.25-0.18 micron line widths are the subject of much commercial interest. A line width of 0.25 microns is within a factor of 5 of the molecular dimension of most commercial polymers. Experiments have suggested polymer films slightly smaller than these dimensions may not have the expected bulk mechanical properties. This deviation from the expected behavior (i.e., Change in the glass transition temperature) would present significant technical challenges to the manufacturing and reliability of integrated circuits. These effects are extremely difficult to determine experimentally with requisite precision. Recently, an experimental technique, based on a highly modified quartz crystal microbalance, has been developed to study the mechanical properties of these ultra-thin polymer films with high precision. The experimental details and preliminary results from this recently developed state-of-the-art experimental technique will be presented. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP White, CC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-449-1 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1999 VL 543 BP 175 EP 180 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Physics GA BN44H UT WOS:000081934600022 ER PT S AU Mo, T AF Mo, T BE Barnes, WL TI Post launch evaluation of the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A on the NOAA-15 satellite SO EARTH OBSERVING SYSTEMS IV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Earth Observing Systems IV CY JUL 18-20, 1999 CL DENVER, CO SP SPIE, Remote Sensing Soc DE microwave remote sensing; temperature retrieval; and calibration/validation AB The post-launch performance of the NOAA-15 Advanced Microwave Sounding Units-A (AMSU-A) was evaluated by analysis of the AMSU-A Level 1B data. We examined the main instrument characteristics, including the noise-equivalent uncertainty of temperature (NE Delta T), channel gains, instrument temperatures, and the cold space and blackbody radiometric counts, which are used for onboard calibration. Short- and long-term trends of these instrument characteristics are presented. Effect of the instrument temperature on the radiometric calibration counts and channel gains are also demonstrated. It shows that the radiometric counts and channel gains correlate linearly with the instrument temperature. The NE Delta T values calculated from the AMSU-A 1B data compare favorably to those obtained from the pre-launch test data. All channels on the NOAA-15 AMSU-A have functioned well since its powering up after launch, except Channel 14 which has shown an anomalous behavior since early January 1999. This study summarizes our evaluation of the AMSU-A performance during a four-month period of the NOAA-15 post-launch operation, and introduces the new AMSU-A data to data users. C1 NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Mo, T (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RI Mo, Tsan/F-5614-2010 NR 6 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3236-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3750 BP 195 EP 206 DI 10.1117/12.363514 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Engineering; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BN92F UT WOS:000083487700020 ER PT B AU Polovina, JJ Haight, WR AF Polovina, JJ Haight, WR GP UNIV. OF ALASKA SEA GRANT COLLEGE PROGRAM UNIV. OF ALASKA SEA GRANT COLLEGE PROGRAM UNIV. OF ALASKA SEA GRANT COLLEGE PROGRAM TI Climate variation, ecosystem dynamics, and fisheries management in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands SO ECOSYSTEM APPROACHES FOR FISHERIES MANAGEMENT SE LOWELL WAKEFIELD FISHERIES SYMPOSIA SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Ecosystem Considerations in Fisheries Management CY SEP 30-OCT 03, 1998 CL ANCHORAGE, AK SP Alaska Sea Grant Coll Program, Alaska Dept Fish & Game Commercial Fisheries Div, Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Div Sport Fish, N Pacific Fishery Management Council, US Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Amer Fisheries Soc, Alaska Chapter, Amer Fisheries Soc, Colorado Wyoming Chapter, Amer Fisheries Soc, N Pacific Int Chapter, Amer Fisheries Soc, Western Div AB A dramatic ecosystem shift from high to low carrying capacity occurred in the late 1980s in the northern portion of the Hawaiian Archipelago. This shift was observed for a range of trophic levels and species including seabirds, monk seals, spiny lobsters, and reef fishes. Concurrent with the ecosystem shift were physical changes associated with weakening of the Aleutian Low Pressure System and the Subtropical Counter Current. A trap fishery operating at Maro Reef rapidly depleted the spiny lobster population after the ecosystem shift. At an adjacent bank, Laysan Island, closed to commercial lobster fishing, the spiny lobster population declined much more gradually but ultimately was depleted as well. Harvest from the lobster fishery during much of the 1990s averaged about 25% of the harvest in the 1980s. Fishermen adjusted to the reduced harvest by moving into the pelagic longline fishery which was apparently not impacted by the ecosystem shift. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Ctr, Honolulu Lab, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Polovina, JJ (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Ctr, Honolulu Lab, 2570 Dole St, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NR 10 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU UNIV ALASKA SEA GRANT PI FAIRBANKS PA POB 755040, 205 ONEILL BLDG, FAIRBANKS, AK 99775 USA BN 1-56612-061-6 J9 LOW WAKE FI PY 1999 VL 16 BP 23 EP 32 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA BP34Q UT WOS:000084758600002 ER PT B AU Overholtz, WJ Link, JS Suslowicz, LE AF Overholtz, WJ Link, JS Suslowicz, LE GP UNIV. OF ALASKA SEA GRANT COLLEGE PROGRAM UNIV. OF ALASKA SEA GRANT COLLEGE PROGRAM UNIV. OF ALASKA SEA GRANT COLLEGE PROGRAM TI Consumption and harvest of pelagic fishes and squids in the Gulf of Maine-Georges Bank ecosystem SO ECOSYSTEM APPROACHES FOR FISHERIES MANAGEMENT SE LOWELL WAKEFIELD FISHERIES SYMPOSIA SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Ecosystem Considerations in Fisheries Management CY SEP 30-OCT 03, 1998 CL ANCHORAGE, AK SP Alaska Sea Grant Coll Program, Alaska Dept Fish & Game Commercial Fisheries Div, Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Div Sport Fish, N Pacific Fishery Management Council, US Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Amer Fisheries Soc, Alaska Chapter, Amer Fisheries Soc, Colorado Wyoming Chapter, Amer Fisheries Soc, N Pacific Int Chapter, Amer Fisheries Soc, Western Div ID FOOD-CONSUMPTION; STOMACH CONTENTS; GADUS-MORHUA; COD; RATES AB The fish biomass on the continental shelf off the eastern United States and Canada has shifted toward the pelagic community in the 1990s. Biological interactions play a major role in the structure and function of this dynamic ecosystem and thus a greater understanding of these mechanisms can provide a basis for better fisheries management. Low-frequency monitoring of predator diet compositions, such as the current program at the Northeast Fisheries Science Center, can provide a basis for conclusions on the impact of biological interactions on this or similar ecosystems. This study provides estimates of consumption by 12 species of piscivorous fish on Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus), Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus), butterfish (Peprilus triacanthus), sand lance (Ammodytes sp.), short-finned squid (Illex illecebrosus), and long-finned squid (Loligo pealei) during 1977-1997. Results suggest that total consumption by these predatory fish is significant when compared to landings, ranging from 1.5 million to 3.0 million t per year. Predation on pelagic fish and squids appears to be an important and large component of the overall system dynamics of this ecosystem. Consumption of pelagic fish and squids by predatory fish appears to equal or exceed landings in most years from 1977-1997. In several cases, notably for long-finned squid, herring, and butterfish, consumption also exceeds the current MSY for these stocks. C1 NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Overholtz, WJ (reprint author), NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 166 Water St, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 22 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 2 PU UNIV ALASKA SEA GRANT PI FAIRBANKS PA POB 755040, 205 ONEILL BLDG, FAIRBANKS, AK 99775 USA BN 1-56612-061-6 J9 LOW WAKE FI PY 1999 VL 16 BP 163 EP 186 PG 24 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA BP34Q UT WOS:000084758600017 ER PT B AU Fowler, CW Baker, JD Shelden, KEW Wade, PR DeMaster, DP Hobbs, RC AF Fowler, CW Baker, JD Shelden, KEW Wade, PR DeMaster, DP Hobbs, RC GP UNIV. OF ALASKA SEA GRANT COLLEGE PROGRAM UNIV. OF ALASKA SEA GRANT COLLEGE PROGRAM UNIV. OF ALASKA SEA GRANT COLLEGE PROGRAM TI Sustainability: Empirical examples and management implications SO ECOSYSTEM APPROACHES FOR FISHERIES MANAGEMENT SE Lowell Wakefield Fisheries Symposia Series LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Ecosystem Considerations in Fisheries Management CY SEP 30-OCT 03, 1998 CL ANCHORAGE, AK SP Alaska Sea Grant Coll Program, Alaska Dept Fish & Game Commercial Fisheries Div, Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Div Sport Fish, N Pacific Fishery Management Council, US Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Amer Fisheries Soc, Alaska Chapter, Amer Fisheries Soc, Colorado Wyoming Chapter, Amer Fisheries Soc, N Pacific Int Chapter, Amer Fisheries Soc, Western Div ID ECOSYSTEM AB Management in regard to ecosystems must meet a number of criteria. As indicated in Table 1, such management must: (1) be consistent with management in respect to other biological systems; (2) account for reality, including uncertainty; (3) result in components of each level of biological organization falling within normal ranges of natural variation; (4) exercise precaution and consider risk in achieving sustainability; (5) be information-based and interdisciplinary; (6) include monitoring and assessment; (7) have clear objectives; (8) recognize that our ability to control is limited to managing human activity; and (9) consider humans as part of ecosystems. Management to meet these requirements can be guided by empirical examples of sustainability demonstrated by other species. An example is consumption of resources within ecosystems by predators. Limits to sustainability are demonstrated by frequency distributions of consumption rates observed among predators. These empirical examples are the result of a variety of influences and constraints, including processes of natural selection resulting from exposure to the suite of factors we wish to account for in management. In this paper, the consumption by marine vertebrates is presented to empirically exemplify sustainable resource consumption from both ecosystems and individual species. The implications of empirical examples of sustainability for management are emphasized by the central tendencies in frequency distributions among species. The lack of consumption rates beyond the tails of observed distributions indicates that consumption rates in these two extremes are not sustainable over long time scales. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Fowler, CW (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE,Bldg 4, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM Charles.Fowler@noaa.gov NR 21 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 1 PU UNIV ALASKA SEA GRANT PI FAIRBANKS PA POB 755040, 205 ONEILL BLDG, FAIRBANKS, AK 99775 USA BN 1-56612-061-6 J9 LOW WAKE FI PY 1999 VL 16 BP 305 EP 314 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA BP34Q UT WOS:000084758600023 ER PT B AU Link, J AF Link, J GP UNIV. OF ALASKA SEA GRANT COLLEGE PROGRAM UNIV. OF ALASKA SEA GRANT COLLEGE PROGRAM UNIV. OF ALASKA SEA GRANT COLLEGE PROGRAM TI (Re)Constructing feed webs and managing fisheries SO ECOSYSTEM APPROACHES FOR FISHERIES MANAGEMENT SE LOWELL WAKEFIELD FISHERIES SYMPOSIA SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Ecosystem Considerations in Fisheries Management CY SEP 30-OCT 03, 1998 CL ANCHORAGE, AK SP Alaska Sea Grant Coll Program, Alaska Dept Fish & Game Commercial Fisheries Div, Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Div Sport Fish, N Pacific Fishery Management Council, US Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Amer Fisheries Soc, Alaska Chapter, Amer Fisheries Soc, Colorado Wyoming Chapter, Amer Fisheries Soc, N Pacific Int Chapter, Amer Fisheries Soc, Western Div ID FOOD WEB; PRODUCTIVITY; ECOSYSTEMS AB The construction and analysis of a food web is an ecosystem approach that augments classical fisheries management. Food web analysis delineates important ecosystem linkages representing species interactions such as predator-prey relationships; from these linkages emerges a better understanding of ecosystem resiliency, resistance, connectivity, energy transfer efficiency, mass flux, and energy partitioning. In turn, with an understanding of food web dynamics, critical fisheries issues, including the relative importance of fishery and natural mortality, identification of critical life stages, production surplus and partitioning, multispecies yield dynamics, and forecasting, the impact of fishery management scenarios can be more effectively examined. Unfortunately, elucidating a food web is not a trivial task. One of the more parsimonious, cost-effective, and fisheries-amenable methods of reconstructing (at least portions of) a food web is diet analysis. Incorporated as part of standard resource surveys, analysis of stomach composition can not only qualify the linkages of a food web, but can also quantify the magnitude and rate of energy and mass exchange. Examples of statistical analyses from northwest Atlantic diet data demonstrate the utility of this approach in constructing a food web that produces information useful in addressing key fisheries issues. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Link, J (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 39 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU UNIV ALASKA SEA GRANT PI FAIRBANKS PA POB 755040, 205 ONEILL BLDG, FAIRBANKS, AK 99775 USA BN 1-56612-061-6 J9 LOW WAKE FI PY 1999 VL 16 BP 571 EP 588 PG 18 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA BP34Q UT WOS:000084758600041 ER PT B AU Misakian, M AF Misakian, M BE Bersani, F TI Exposure parameters during studies with ELF magnetic and electric fields SO ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM IN BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd World Congress for Electricity and Magnetism in Biology and Medicine CY JUN 08-13, 1997 CL BOLOGNA, ITALY SP Alcatel, Alza, Cent Res Inst Elect Power Ind, Elect Power Res Inst, ENEL, Ericsson, Forsch Gemeinschaft Fnuk e V, IGEA, Motorola, Nokia, Omnitel Pronto Italia, Telecom Italia, Telcom Italia Mobile, USAF, Armstrong Lab, US DOE, Oak Ridge Natl Lab, US Natl Inst Environm Hlth Sci ID EXPERIMENTAL-DESIGN; INVITRO C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Misakian, M (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-46041-6 PY 1999 BP 323 EP 326 PG 4 WC Biophysics; Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Biophysics; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA BP38D UT WOS:000084928800074 ER PT S AU Moffat, TP AF Moffat, TP BE Bard, AJ Rubinstein, I TI Scanning tunneling microscopy studies of metal electrodes SO ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, VOL 21 SE Electroanalytical Chemistry LA English DT Review ID IN-SITU STM; SINGLE-CRYSTAL ELECTRODES; ATOMIC-FORCE MICROSCOPY; SULFURIC-ACID-SOLUTION; ORIENTED PYROLYTIC-GRAPHITE; SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS; ELECTROCHEMICAL ADLAYER STRUCTURE; CU UNDERPOTENTIAL DEPOSITION; IODINE-MODIFIED AU(111); POTENTIAL-INDUCED RECONSTRUCTION C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Moffat, TP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 537 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 3 U2 7 PU MARCEL DEKKER PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0070-9778 BN 0-8247-7399-3 J9 ELECTROANAL CHEM JI Electroanal. Chem. PY 1999 VL 21 BP 211 EP 316 PG 106 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Electrochemistry SC Chemistry; Electrochemistry GA BN25C UT WOS:000081277100003 ER PT B AU Moffat, TP AF Moffat, TP BE Andricacos, PC Searson, PC ReidsemaSimpson, C Allongue, P Stickney, JL Oleszek, GM TI STM studies of halide adsorption on Cu(100), Cu(110) and Cu(111) SO ELECTROCHEMICAL PROCESSING IN ULSI FABRICATION AND SEMICONDUCTOR/METAL DEPOSITION II, PROCEEDINGS SE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Electrochemical Processing in ULSI Fabrication II CY MAY 03-06, 1999 CL SEATTLE, WA SP Electrochem Soc ID IN-SITU STM; SCANNING-TUNNELING-MICROSCOPY; COPPER SINGLE-CRYSTAL; IODINE-MODIFIED AU(111); ELECTRODE; SURFACES; PORPHYRIN; CHLORINE; BROMINE; FLUCTUATIONS AB The potential dependent adsorption of chloride and bromide on the three low index copper surfaces has been examined with voltammetry and STM. At saturation coverage, ordered halide adlayers are observed on all three surfaces; (root 2 x root 2)R45 degrees Cl / Cu(100), (root 2 x root 2)R45 degrees Br / Cu(100), (3x2) Br / Cu(110), c(p x root 3R30 degrees) Cl / Cu(111). The adlayers lead to step faceting and in certain cases step bunching. The adlayer floats on the surface during metal deposition acting as template guiding step flow. At negative potentials various phase transitions occur coincident with the partial desorption of halide, which lead to significant changes in the mesocopic surface structure. Initial experiments indicate that modulation of the potential in the range of the order-disorder transition has a significant impact on the morphological evolution during copper deposition. The significance of halide adsorption on copper additive plating is briefly discussed. C1 NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Moffat, TP (reprint author), NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 41 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 3 U2 15 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 S MAIN ST, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534-2839 USA BN 1-56677-231-1 J9 ELEC SOC S PY 1999 VL 99 IS 9 BP 41 EP 51 PG 11 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA BP59G UT WOS:000085602500005 ER PT B AU Kanda, M AF Kanda, M GP EMC EMC TI An optically linked three-loop antenna system for determining the near field characteristics from an electrically small source SO ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY 1999 SUPPLEMENT - TUTORIAL LECTURES, WORKSHOPS, OPEN MEETINGS AND ADVERTISEMENTS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 13th International Zurich Symposium and Technical Exhibition on Electromagnetic Compatibility CY FEB 16-18, 1999 CL ZURICH, SWITZERLAND SP Swiss Electrotech Assoc, Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Commun Technol Lab C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Radio Frequency Technol Div, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Kanda, M (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Radio Frequency Technol Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ETH ZENTRUM-IKT PI ZURICH PA 8092 ZURICH, SWITZERLAND BN 3-9521199-4-6 PY 1999 BP 155 EP 160 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BR53L UT WOS:000166725600016 ER PT J AU Mujica, V Nitzan, A Mao, Y Davis, W Kemp, M Roitberg, A Ratner, MA AF Mujica, V Nitzan, A Mao, Y Davis, W Kemp, M Roitberg, A Ratner, MA TI Electron transfer in molecules and molecular wires: Geometry dependence, coherent transfer, and control SO ELECTRON TRANSFER-FROM ISOLATED MOLECULES TO BIOMOLECULES, PT 2 SE ADVANCES IN CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Review ID DISTANCE DEPENDENCE; TRANSFER RATES; BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES; COULOMB-BLOCKADE; QUANTUM-WELLS; SUPEREXCHANGE; SYSTEMS; DYNAMICS; BRIDGE; ENERGY C1 Northwestern Univ, Dept Chem, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. Cent Univ Venezuela, Fac Ciencias, Escuela Quim, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela. Tel Aviv Univ, Sackler Fac Sci, Sch Chem, IL-69978 Tel Aviv, Israel. NIST, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Northwestern Univ, Mat Res Ctr, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. RP Mujica, V (reprint author), Northwestern Univ, Dept Chem, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. RI Abraham, Nitzan/A-9963-2008; Mao, Yi/C-4013-2011; Roitberg, Adrian/A-2378-2009 NR 142 TC 69 Z9 69 U1 0 U2 11 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 3RD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0065-2385 J9 ADV CHEM PHYS PY 1999 VL 107 BP 403 EP 429 DI 10.1002/9780470141663.ch7 PG 27 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Physics GA BM63W UT WOS:000079317700007 ER PT S AU Scholtz, J Downey, L AF Scholtz, J Downey, L BE Chatty, S Dewan, P TI Methods for identifying usability problems with Web sites SO ENGINEERING FOR HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION SE INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION FOR INFORMATION PROCESSING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th Working Conference on Engineering for Human-Computer Interaction CY SEP 14-18, 1998 CL IRAKLION, GREECE SP Int Federat Informat Processing, TC2, TC13 WG2 7, WG13 4 DE usability testing; Web development; Web site design; remote usability testing; Web site evaluation AB The dynamic nature of the Web poses problems for usability evaluations. Development times are rapid and changes to Web sites occur frequently, often without a chance to re-evaluate the usability of the entire site. New advances in Web developments change user expectations. In order to incorporate usability evaluations into such an environment, we must produce methods that are compatible with the development constraints. We believe that rapid, remote, and automated evaluation techniques are key to ensuring usable Web sites. In this paper, we describe three studies we carried out to explore the feasibility of using modified usability testing methods or non-traditional methods of obtaining information about usability to satisfy our criteria of rapid, remote, and automated evaluation. Based on lessons learned in these case studies, we are developing tools for rapid, remote, and automated usability evaluations. Our future work includes using these tools on a variety of Web sites to determine 1) their effectiveness compared to traditional evaluation methods, 2) the optimal types of sites and stages of development for each tool, and 3) tool enhancements. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Scholtz, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS PI NORWELL PA 101 PHILIP DRIVE, ASSINIPPI PARK, NORWELL, MA 02061 USA SN 1571-5736 BN 0-412-83520-7 J9 INT FED INFO PROC PY 1999 VL 22 BP 191 EP 206 PG 16 WC Computer Science, Cybernetics; Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BP38J UT WOS:000084929300011 ER PT J AU Chase, SC AF Chase, SC TI Supporting emergence in geographic information systems SO ENVIRONMENT AND PLANNING B-PLANNING & DESIGN LA English DT Article AB The combination of the paradigms of shape algebras and predicate logic representations is a paradigm capable of modeling maps that can support emergent features. First-order predicate logic provides a natural intuitive way of representing spatial relations in the development of complete computer systems for geometric reasoning. Shape-algebraic formalisms have advantages over more traditional representations of geometric objects. Here I will illustrate the definition of high-level spatial relations from a small set of simple structures, with examples from the domain of geographic information systems. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Chase, SC (reprint author), Univ Sydney, Dept Architectural & Design Sci, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. EM scott@arch.usyd.edu.au OI Chase, Scott/0000-0001-8823-5071 NR 16 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON EC1Y 1SP, ENGLAND SN 0265-8135 EI 1472-3417 J9 ENVIRON PLANN B JI Environ. Plan. B-Plan. Des. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 26 IS 1 BP 33 EP 44 DI 10.1068/b260033 PG 12 WC Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 162KW UT WOS:000078346300005 ER PT J AU Marshall, S Oglesby, RJ Maasch, KA Bates, GT AF Marshall, S Oglesby, RJ Maasch, KA Bates, GT TI Improving climate model representations of snow hydrology SO ENVIRONMENTAL MODELLING & SOFTWARE LA English DT Article DE snow hydrology; climatology; climate modeling ID ALBEDO; REGCM2; SOOT AB In this study previous work that led to an improved representation of snow albedo in global climate models is expanded to include regional simulations of snow cover over three distinctly different regions of the United States. We also discuss broadening our work in snow cover parametrization to include representation of the following processes: (i) the 'dirtiness' of snow (due to dust and other particulate loading); (ii) partitioning of energy between melt, evaporation of meltwater, and refreezing within the snow pack; (iii) heat added to a snowpack by rain; and (iv) the vertical temperature profile within a snowpack. In addition, a new parameter, called 'WFLUX', is introduced as a useful glaciological parameter that is based on the net energy available for snowmelt. The snow hydrology formulation of Marshall and Oglesby is implemented into two widely used climate models: a global GCM, the NCAR CCM3/LSM, and a regional climate model, the RegCM2 version of MM4. A suite of new simulations has been made with RegCM2 for three regions of the United States for the 1992-1993 snow season. The regions of interest include the western US/Rocky Mountain region, the region surrounding the Great Lakes and the northeastern United States. Calibration and validation of the new snow hydrology is accomplished by comparison to available ground and satellite based datasets of snowcover, including both mean conditions and year-to-year variability. The goal is not just to improve the simulation of the present-day seasonal cycle (which is reasonably well simulated by many current climate models) but also to improve the predictive capability of models when used to address questions of past climate (especially those involving glaciation) and possible future climatic change. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Geog & Earth Sci, Charlotte, NC 28223 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Univ Maine, Inst Quaternary Studies, Orono, ME 04469 USA. Univ Maine, Dept Geol Sci, Orono, ME 04469 USA. NOAA, Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP Marshall, S (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Dept Geog & Earth Sci, Charlotte, NC 28223 USA. NR 20 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1364-8152 J9 ENVIRON MODELL SOFTW JI Environ. Modell. Softw. PY 1999 VL 14 IS 4 BP 327 EP 334 DI 10.1016/S1364-8152(98)00084-X PG 8 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Computer Science; Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 171KG UT WOS:000078862400011 ER PT S AU Chu, PM Guenther, FR Rhoderick, GC Lafferty, WJ Phillips, WJ AF Chu, PM Guenther, FR Rhoderick, GC Lafferty, WJ Phillips, WJ BE VoDinh, T Spellicy, RL TI Sample and data processing considerations for the NIST quantitative infrared database SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Environmental Monitoring and Remediation Technologies CY NOV 02-05, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers ID STANDARDS; SPECTRA AB Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometry has become a useful real-time in situ analytical technique for quantitative gas phase measurements. In fact, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has recently approved open-path FT-IR monitoring for the determination of hazardous air pollutants (HAP) identified in EPA's Clean Air Act of 1990. To support infrared based sensing technologies, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is currently developing a standard quantitative spectral database of the HAPs based on gravimetrically prepared standard samples. The procedures developed to ensure the quantitative accuracy of the reference data are discussed, including sample preparation, residual sample contaminants, data processing considerations, and estimates of error. C1 NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Chu, PM (reprint author), NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 20 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-2995-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3534 BP 204 EP 211 DI 10.1117/12.338999 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BM82B UT WOS:000079845100022 ER PT S AU Schnell, RC AF Schnell, RC BE VoDinh, T Spellicy, RL TI Monitoring global atmospheric constituents capable of forcing climate change SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Environmental Monitoring and Remediation Technologies II CY SEP 20-22, 1999 CL BOSTON, MA SP SPIE, Air & Waste Management Assoc, Opt Sci Div DE climate change; ozone depletion; CO2 increase; fluorocarbons; temperature increase ID OZONE AB Relative to a standard one-foot diameter globe of the Earth the thickness of the atmosphere is comparable to a sheet of plastic food wrap covering the globe. Within this thin, fluid membrane long established balances in chemical and radiative processes are being altered by anthropogenic activities. For instance, each year about 50% of the carbon dioxide (CO2) produced by the combustion of fossil fuels and burning of forests remains in the atmosphere. This 1% yr(-1) increase in CO2 traps solar energy leading to a rise in atmospheric temperatures known popularly as "greenhouse warming." Halocarbons from escaped refrigerants and other sources are destroying the stratospheric ozone layer allowing increased levels of UV to reach the Earth's surface. To monitor these changes in the atmosphere, a global network of atmospheric baseline stations tracks the health of the atmosphere. Some manned stations are in weather challenged locations such as the South Pole, Spitzbergen, Ellesmere Island and the Tibetan Plateau; others are in more benign climates such as Hawaii, Samoa, Tasmania, Reunion, and Kenya, Data from these and others stations are presented and discussed. C1 NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Schnell, RC (reprint author), NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 6 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3446-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3853 BP 2 EP 14 DI 10.1117/12.372841 PG 13 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BP39N UT WOS:000084986200001 ER PT S AU Walton, R Cavicchi, R Semancik, S Panchapakesan, B Devoe, D Aquino-Class, M Allen, J Suehle, J AF Walton, R Cavicchi, R Semancik, S Panchapakesan, B Devoe, D Aquino-Class, M Allen, J Suehle, J BE VoDinh, T Spellicy, RL TI Solid state gas microsensors for environmental and industrial monitoring SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND REMEDIATION TECHNOLOGIES II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Environmental Monitoring and Remediation Technologies II CY SEP 20-22, 1999 CL BOSTON, MA SP SPIE, Air & Waste Management Assoc, Opt Sci Div DE gas microsensor; micromachined silicon; tin oxide; catalyst; environmental monitoring; volatile organics ID SENSOR ARRAY; FILMS AB We describe solid state gas microsensor array technology for real-time, low-cost environmental and industrial monitoring. The four-element, surface-micromachined arrays are designed in CMOS technology and consist of multiple platforms called "microhotplates". Each microhotplate can be individually addressed, and includes functionality for rapid control and measurement of sensor temperature and gas-induced changes in a sensing film's electrical properties. The array elements can be tuned for specific analytes, by choice of sensing material and the temperature-programs applied, in order to better meet the needs of a particular application. Tin oxide was used as the base sensing material for microhotplates used in these studies. Tin oxide is grown selectively on each individual element within the arrays using a chemical vapor deposition process involving thermal decomposition of tetramethyltin in an argon and oxygen ambient. Catalytic additives, such as Pt, Pd and Cu are surface-dispersed to make the films more selective and sensitive. Detection capabilities for the low power microhotplate sensing technology are being established for target analytes in ambients that are relevant to process control, environmental measurements, and vapor-related remediation studies. We describe the use of these micromachined arrays to detect similar to ppm levels of methanol, benzene and hydrogen in ambient air and to produce analyte-specific signatures using temperature programs, T(t). C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Walton, R (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3446-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3853 BP 254 EP 261 DI 10.1117/12.372861 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BP39N UT WOS:000084986200029 ER PT J AU Short, JW Kvenvolden, KA Carlson, PR Hostettler, FD Rosenbauer, RJ Wright, BA AF Short, JW Kvenvolden, KA Carlson, PR Hostettler, FD Rosenbauer, RJ Wright, BA TI Natural hydrocarbon background in benthic sediments of Prince William Sound, Alaska: Oil vs coal SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID EXXON-VALDEZ-OIL; SUBTIDAL SEDIMENTS; SPILL; RESIDUES; TISSUES AB The source of the background hydrocarbons in benthic sediments of Prince William Sound (PWS), AK, where the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill (EVOS) occurred, has been ascribed to oil seeps in coastal areas of the Gulf of Alaska (GOA). We present evidence that coal is a more plausible source, including (i) high concentrations of total PAH (TPAH), between 1670 and 3070 ng/g, in continental shelf sediments adjacent to the coastal region containing extensive coal deposits; (ii) PAH composition patterns of sediments along with predictive models that are consistent with coal but not oil; (iii) low ratios (<0.2) of triaromatic steranes to methylchrysenes found in sediments and coals, contrasting with the high ratios (11 and 13) found in seep oil; and (iv) bioaccumulation of PAH in salmon collected within 100 m of the Katalla oil seeps but not in filter-feeding mussels collected near oilfield drainages 9 km from the seeps, indicating negligible transport of bioavailable PAH from Katalla seeps to the GOA. In contrast with oil, PAH in coal are not bioavailable, so the presence of coal in these benthic sediments confers no adaptive benefit to biota of the marine ecosystem with respect to PAH insults from anthropogenic sources. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auke Bay Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, NOAA, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Short, JW (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auke Bay Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, NOAA, 11305 Glacier Highway, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. EM Jeff.Short@noaa.gov NR 28 TC 64 Z9 64 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JAN 1 PY 1999 VL 33 IS 1 BP 34 EP 42 DI 10.1021/es980130w PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 155NW UT WOS:000077954100024 ER PT S AU Bertness, KA Hays, SP Hickernell, RK AF Bertness, KA Hays, SP Hickernell, RK BE Barabasi, AL Krishnamurthy, M Liu, F Pearsall, T TI Multifunctional optical in situ monitoring of semiconductor film growth SO EPITAXIAL GROWTH-PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Epitaxial Growth-Principles and Applications CY APR 05-08, 1999 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc ID MOLECULAR-BEAM EPITAXY; PYROMETRIC INTERFEROMETRY; REFLECTANCE; CONSTANTS; RATES; GAAS AB We have modified a normal-incidence optical reflectance spectroscopy system to allow rapid switching between the measurement of sample reflectance and sample emission. The resulting optical system is capable of "smart" pyrometry, in which sample emissivity is measured rather than assumed. The emissivity measurement makes use of the principle of detailed balance, which states that for specular, opaque samples, the sum of the emissivity and reflectance at each wavelength is equal to 1. We present data based on multilayer m-V semiconductor structures grown by molecular beam epitaxy, but the optical system would function equally well in any growth or deposition system with optical access to the substrate. The "smart" pyrometry temperatures we measure typically differs from conventional pyrometry by 5 to 10 degrees C, and occasionally as much as 20 degrees C, for multilayer structures of AlGaAs and GaAs. We present details of the optical components and arrangement that minimize the effect of sample wobble and allow the system operator regular visual access to the sample. Calibration techniques for the combined system art also discussed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Optoelect, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Bertness, KA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Optoelect, 325 Broadway,Mailstop 815-04, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-477-7 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1999 VL 570 BP 157 EP 162 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA BN69F UT WOS:000082591100021 ER PT S AU Copley, JRD Hayes, C Lartigue, C AF Copley, JRD Hayes, C Lartigue, C BE MacDonald, CA Goldberg, KA Maldonado, JR ChenMayer, HH Vernon, SP TI Performance comparisons for the ILL neutron spin echo spectrometer IN15 in its standard and focusing mirror configurations SO EUV, X-RAY, AND NEUTRON OPTICS AND SOURCES SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on EUV, X-Ray, and Neutron Optics and Sources CY JUL 21-23, 1999 CL DENVER, CO SP SPIE DE focusing mirror; neutron scattering; small angle scattering; ray-tracing calculations ID SCATTERING INSTRUMENTS AB The neutron spin echo spectrometer IN15 at the Institut Laue-Langevin, Grenoble, has been constructed with a focusing mirror option, designed to increase the intensity for measurements at longer neutron wavelengths, and thus to reduce the minimum Q value by an order of magnitude to approximate to 10(-3) Angstrom(-1), and to increase the maximum spin echo Fourier time by at least a factor of 2. In this paper we describe the results of analytical calculations and ray-tracing simulations which compare the performance of IN15 in its standard and focusing mirror instrument configurations, taking into account the mirror size and geometry, the wavelength, the wavelength distribution, and the incident beam intensity and divergence. We analyze the intensity profiles for both configurations, presenting the results as plots of intensity at the sample against minimum achievable Q in horizontal and vertical directions at the detector. We show that the gains predicted by ray-tracing simulations, for realistic instrument set-ups, differ considerably from those anticipated by analytical calculations. The deviations are principally attributed to gravitational effects, which rapidly worsen with increasing wavelength. C1 NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Copley, JRD (reprint author), NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3253-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3767 BP 296 EP 310 DI 10.1117/12.371127 PG 15 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Nuclear SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics GA BP33U UT WOS:000084756700031 ER PT S AU Jacobson, DL Arif, M Bergmann, L Ioffe, A AF Jacobson, DL Arif, M Bergmann, L Ioffe, A BE MacDonald, CA Goldberg, KA Maldonado, JR ChenMayer, HH Vernon, SP TI Development of the neutron phase contrast imaging technique and its application in material science research SO EUV, X-RAY, AND NEUTRON OPTICS AND SOURCES SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on EUV, X-Ray, and Neutron Optics and Sources CY JUL 21-23, 1999 CL DENVER, CO SP SPIE DE neutron imaging; phase contrast imaging; neutron interferometry ID RAY COMPUTED-TOMOGRAPHY AB dThe neutron interferometry technique provides direct access to phase of the neutron wave. If properly applied, the use of phase information in imaging materials can provide an advantage over normal intensity techniques, which use absorption to provide image contrast. The National Institute of Standards and Technology Neutron Interferometry and Optics Facility has been working on new methods and devices to exploit the neutron phase information to image materials. We will present here the latest results of this effort and an overview of the instruments available at NIST for Neutron Phase Contrast Imaging. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Jacobson, DL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 17 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3253-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3767 BP 328 EP 335 DI 10.1117/12.371131 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics, Applied; Physics, Nuclear SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics GA BP33U UT WOS:000084756700034 ER PT J AU Nizkorodov, SA Harper, WW Nesbitt, DJ AF Nizkorodov, SA Harper, WW Nesbitt, DJ TI State-to-state reaction dynamics in crossed supersonic jets: threshold evidence for non-adiabatic channels in F+H-2 SO FARADAY DISCUSSIONS LA English DT Article ID POTENTIAL-ENERGY SURFACES; DEGENERATE ELECTRONIC STATES; MOLECULAR-BEAM EXPERIMENTS; F+H-2->HF+H REACTION; ROTATIONAL RELAXATION; REAGENT ROTATION; ATOMIC FLUORINE; RATE CONSTANTS; DISTRIBUTIONS; SCATTERING AB The reaction of F+n-H-2 to form HF(v,J)+H is studied in a crossed jet apparatus under single collision conditions, using high-resolution direct absorption spectroscopy to probe the nascent rotational HF distributions. The J-dependent reactive cross-sections into HF(v=3,J) are investigated over a range of center-of-mass collision energies well below the 1.9 kcal mol(-1) barrier for adiabatic chemical reactions with ground state F(P-2(3/2)) atoms. The energy dependent reaction cross-sections decrease much more slowly with E-com than predicted by exact quantum calculations on the adiabatic F(P-2(3/2))+H-2 surface (K. Stark and H. Werner, J. Chem. Phys., 1996, 104, 6515). In addition, product states in the HF(v=3) manifold are observed that are energetically accessible only to the excited spin-orbit state F*(P-1/2)+H-2(j=0,1) channel. These observations strongly suggest that non-adiabatic reactions with spin-orbit excited F-*(P-1/2) contribute significantly in the near threshold region, in good agreement with recent calculations by M. Alexander, H. Werner and D. Manolopoulos (J. Chem. Phys., 1998, 109, 5710). Finally, the feasibility of high-resolution IR laser Dopplerimetry on the nascent products is illustrated on collision free HF(v,J) distributions formed from reactions of F+CH4. C1 Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Nesbitt, DJ (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Nizkorodov, Sergey/I-4120-2014 OI Nizkorodov, Sergey/0000-0003-0891-0052 NR 42 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 4 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD,, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0301-7249 J9 FARADAY DISCUSS JI Faraday Discuss. PY 1999 VL 113 BP 107 EP 117 DI 10.1039/a901824g PG 11 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 249LH UT WOS:000083334200007 ER PT J AU Uberna, R Amitay, Z Loomis, RA Leone, SR AF Uberna, R Amitay, Z Loomis, RA Leone, SR TI Phase control of wavepacket dynamics using shaped femtosecond pulses SO FARADAY DISCUSSIONS LA English DT Article ID E((1)SIGMA(+)(G)) SHELF STATE; SUB-DOPPLER SPECTROSCOPY; WAVE-PACKET; LASER-PULSES; COHERENT CONTROL; INTERMEDIATE STATE; CHEMICAL-REACTIONS; LARGE MOLECULES; LI-2; AMPLITUDE AB Coherent vibrational and rotational dynamics of the Li-2 molecule is controlled by varying the relative phases, phi(n), of the rovibrational wavepacket components, \n > e(-i(omega nt+phi n)). The coherent superposition is created by excitation of a set of ten rovibronic E (1)Sigma(g)(+)(nu(E)=12-16, J(E)=17, 19) states from an intermediate state, A (1)Sigma(u)(+)(nu(A)=14, J(A)=18), using ultrashort optical pulses with well defined spectral amplitudes and phases encoded into the pulse by a liquid crystal spatial light modulator. The wavepacket is probed by time-dependent photoionization and the quantum interference signal is measured as a total ionization yield. The phases of the wavepacket components are optimized to produce partial localization of the wavepacket at a given time t, in specific regions of three-dimensional space defined by the radial and angular coordinates. As a result, the ionization yield, I(t), is maximized or minimized at a time t. The degree of control achieved in the experiment (I-max-I-min)/I-max=64(+/- 12%). The experimental data are interpreted in terms of time-dependent radial and angular probability distributions, calculated for different initial conditions that are determined by the phase relationships in the excitation pulse. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Uberna, R (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 45 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 5 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD,, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0301-7249 J9 FARADAY DISCUSS JI Faraday Discuss. PY 1999 VL 113 BP 385 EP 400 DI 10.1039/a901679a PG 16 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 249LH UT WOS:000083334200022 ER PT B AU Lawn, BR Kim, DK Lee, SK Jung, YG Peterson, IM AF Lawn, BR Kim, DK Lee, SK Jung, YG Peterson, IM BE Wu, XR Wang, ZG TI Cyclic contact fatigue of brittle ceramics SO FATIGUE '99: PROCEEDINGS OF THE SEVENTH INTERNATIONAL FATIGUE CONGRESS, VOLS 1-4 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Fatigue Congress (Fatigue '99) CY JUN 08-12, 1999 CL Beijing, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Beijing Inst Aeronaut Mat, Inst Met Res, Fatigue Soc, C-MRS, Int Fatigue Congress, Nat Sci Fdn China, C-MRS, MTS Syst Corp, INSTRON Int Ltd, AFOSR AOARD, USARO-FE, Roell Amsler, NCode Int Ltd, United Technol Corp, European Commiss, European Union-Delegat ID CRACK-RESISTANCE CHARACTERISTICS; SILICON-NITRIDE; MECHANICAL CHARACTERIZATION; STRENGTH DEGRADATION; HERTZIAN CONTACTS; DAMAGE; ALUMINA; MICROSTRUCTURE; BEHAVIOR AB Contact damage modes in cyclic loading with spheres are investigated in several ceramics, principally silicon nitride but also some ceramics used for dental restorations. Initial damage at small numbers of cycles and low loads consists of tensile-driven macroscopic cone cracks ("brittle" mode). Secondary damage at large numbers of cycles and high loads consists of shear-driven distributed microdamage ("quasi-plastic" mode), with attendant radial cracks. Strength tests on indented specimens are used to quantify the degree of damage. Both damage modes degrade the strength: the first, immediately after cone crack initiation, relatively slowly; the second, after development of radial cracks, much more rapidly. Comparison with static contact data indicates a strong mechanical las opposed to chemical) component in the cyclic fatigue in the quasi-plastic region. The basis for setting up fracture mechanics models is briefly discussed. C1 NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lawn, BR (reprint author), NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU CHINA HIGHER EDUCATION PRESS BEIJING PI BEIJING PA 55 SHATAN HOUJIE, BEIJING, PEOPLES R CHINA BN 7-04-007582-2 PY 1999 BP 69 EP 80 PG 12 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA BR59R UT WOS:000166896200005 ER PT J AU Cherner, YE Sturrock, CP AF Cherner, YE Sturrock, CP TI NIST 'ACMAT' database on ferro-, piezoelectric and related materials SO FERROELECTRICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th European Conference on Applications of Polar Dielectrics (ECAPD-IV) CY AUG 24-27, 1998 CL MONTREUX, SWITZERLAND DE database; ferroelectric and piezoelectric materials AB The NIST ACMAT database contains a broad spectrum of fundamental and applied data on ferroelectric, piezoelectric, and related substances and materials. The materials may be compounds or solid solutions in the form of single crystals, ceramics, and composites. The main database record format includes numeric or non-numeric data fields, which comprise general data (crystal structure, phase transition data, chemical composition, preparation technique, application areas, etc.), dielectric, piezoelectric, pyroelectric, and optical parameters, conducting properties, thermal and thermodynamic quantities. Each data field may have its own text supplement of unlimited size which contains information complementary to that given in the main fields (e.g. nonstandard measuring conditions and the results of other authors.). The main database is complemented by a separate database of all references cited in the main database. The current release contains over 1100 records and 3000 references in a complementary bibliographical database; about 3000 data fields have text supplements. C1 PhRAM, Swampscott, MA 01907 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Cherner, YE (reprint author), PhRAM, 87 Stanley Rd, Swampscott, MA 01907 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING RG1 8JL, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0015-0193 J9 FERROELECTRICS JI Ferroelectrics PY 1999 VL 224 IS 1-4 BP 655 EP 662 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA 222NX UT WOS:000081792600030 ER PT S AU Hwang, TW Evans, CJ AF Hwang, TW Evans, CJ BE Sabia, R Greenhut, VA Pantano, CG TI Diamond wear in high speed grinding of silicon nitride SO FINISHING OF ADVANCED CERAMICS AND GLASSES SE CERAMIC TRANSACTIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Finishing of Advanced Ceramics and Glasses Symposium held at the 101st Annual Meeting of the American-Ceramic-Society CY APR 25-28, 1999 CL INDIANAPOLIS, IN SP Amer Ceram Soc AB Diamond wear of single layer electroplated wheels was investigated in high speed grinding of silicon nitride. Grinding experiments were conducted at wheel speeds of 85 m/s and 149 m/s with the same material removal rate. Microscopic observations of the wheel surface revealed wear flats on the active grains that were mainly developed and increased by attrious wear. This attrious wear has been found to lead to an increase in grinding forces and energy and thereby to shorten the useful wheel life. A statistical model previously developed to characterize the change in wheel topography during grinding in terms of active cutting grains was used to estimate an average wear volume of a single active grain for a given sliding distance. The normal force per active grain calculated from the measured normal grinding force was found to proportionally increase with the corresponding sliding distance. Using the above relationships for wear volume of single grain and normal force per grain, the wear coefficient, K, was obtained. The K at the high wheel speed of 149 m/s decreases From about 10(-2) where high initial run-in wear occurs down to 10(-7) at near the end of the useful wheel life, and is somewhat larger than that obtained at the lower wheel speed of 85 m/s. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hwang, TW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-8720 USA SN 1042-1122 BN 1-57498-082-3 J9 CERAM TRANS PY 1999 VL 102 BP 27 EP 37 PG 11 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA BP30F UT WOS:000084623700004 ER PT S AU Gates, RS Hsu, SM AF Gates, RS Hsu, SM BE Sabia, R Greenhut, VA Pantano, CG TI Chemo-mechanical machining of ceramics SO FINISHING OF ADVANCED CERAMICS AND GLASSES SE CERAMIC TRANSACTIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Finishing of Advanced Ceramics and Glasses Symposium held at the 101st Annual Meeting of the American-Ceramic-Society CY APR 25-28, 1999 CL INDIANAPOLIS, IN SP Amer Ceram Soc AB Chemically assisted machining of ceramics is a way to remove ceramic materials rap idly using chemical reactions at the interface between the tool and the workpiece. Two useful effects are observed: chemicals react with the workpiece forming an easily removable layer; chemicals react with the tool preventing wear. These chemical reactions normally do not occur at ambient conditions but take place during grinding. Potential advantages of this technique include: faster removal of materials, better surface finish, and ease of implementation with normal machine tools. Fluid chemistries discovered so far work with diamond tools. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gates, RS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bureau Dr,STOP 8520, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 13 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-8720 USA SN 1042-1122 BN 1-57498-082-3 J9 CERAM TRANS PY 1999 VL 102 BP 67 EP 76 PG 10 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA BP30F UT WOS:000084623700008 ER PT B AU Marbukh, V Kumar, S AF Marbukh, V Kumar, S GP IEEE COMSOC IEEE COMSOC TI On threshold based admission control in multi-service networks SO FIRST IEEE/POPOV WORKSHOP ON INTERNET TECHNOLOGIES AND SERVICES, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st IEEE/Popov Workshop on Internet Technologies and Services CY OCT 25-28, 1999 CL MOSCOW, RUSSIA SP IEEE, Comp Soc, Russia AS Popov Soc Radioengn Electr & Commun, IEEE, Reg 8, IEEE, Russian Sect, IEEE, Commun Soc, Russia Chapter ID RESOURCE AB This paper offers an approach to the calculation of approximate values of the thresholds for the threshold based admission control strategies in a multi-service network. We assume that multiple services compete for multiple network resources. Requests of different services have different resource requirements and generate different revenues. We assume that statistical characteristics of the request arrival processes and holding times are known. A number of approximations have been developed for a case of multiple services competing for a single resource. We discuss various approaches to the decomposition of a system with multiple set-vices competing for multiple resources into a collection of systems with multiple services competing for a single resource. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Informat Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Marbukh, V (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Informat Technol Lab, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8920, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-5985-2 PY 1999 BP 100 EP 104 DI 10.1109/INTS.1999.874012 PG 5 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Telecommunications GA BQ93L UT WOS:000165049200012 ER PT J AU Brodziak, J Hendrickson, L AF Brodziak, J Hendrickson, L TI An analysis of environmental effects on survey catches of squids Loligo pealei and Illex illecebrosus in the northwest Atlantic SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID LONG-FINNED SQUID; GROWTH AB An analysis of environmental effects on autumn survey catches of two commercially exploited squid species, Loligo pealei and Illex illecebrosus, was conducted. Research survey data collected during 1967-94 were used to determine the significance and relative importance of average depth of tow, time of day, bottom temperature, and surface temperature on bottom trawl catches of L. pealei, a neritic species, and I. illecebrosus, an oceanic species. We examined habitat associations of both species by using randomization methods and found that L. pealei was consistently associated with all of the environmental factors examined. In comparison with L. pealei, catches of I. illecebrosus were much lower and associations with environmental factors were inconsistent. We also examined whether environmental conditions affected catches of juvenile and adult squid differentially. Depth had an important effect on the magnitude of juvenile and adult L. pealei catches, with the ratio of juvenile to adult catches decreasing with depth. Depth had a similar, but less pronounced, effect on I. illecebrosus catches. Time of day also affected L. pealei and I. illecebrosus catches. Catches of both species were lowest at night and diel effects were more pronounced for juveniles than for adults. Bottom and surface temperatures had a substantial effect on catches of juvenile and adult L. pealei but had a variable influence on I. illecebrosus catches. The joint effects of depth stratification, time of day, and annual squid abundance on survey catches were also analyzed to determine correction factors for diel differences in catchability of juvenile and adult squid. Significant diel differences in catchability were detected for juvenile and adult L. pealei and for juvenile I. illecebrosus and diel correction factors were determined for survey catches of these size categories. In contrast, significant diel differences in catchability of adult I. illecebrosus were not detected. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Brodziak, J (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2030 S Marine Sci Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NR 39 TC 32 Z9 36 U1 2 U2 3 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 97 IS 1 BP 9 EP 24 PG 16 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 155WN UT WOS:000077969500002 ER PT J AU Polovina, JJ Kleiber, P Kobayashi, DR AF Polovina, JJ Kleiber, P Kobayashi, DR TI Application of TOPEX-POSEIDON satellite altimetry to simulate transport dynamics of larvae of spiny lobster, Panulirus marginatus in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, 1993-1996 SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID GENETIC-VARIATION; SEA-LEVEL; RECRUITMENT; ARCHIPELAGO; HEIGHTS AB A commercially valuable trap fishery for spiny lobster (Panulirus marginatus) has existed in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands since the late 1970s. Fisheries landings and research trapping show that spawning biomass and recruitment to the fishery collapsed in 1990 in the northern portion of the fishing ground and that there has been no recovery to the present, although recruitment remained strong at banks 670 km to the southeast. An advection-diffusion model is used to investigate larval transport dynamics between these two regions. The movement model is driven by geostrophic currents computed every 10 days from sea surface height obtained from TOPEX-POSEIDON satellite altimetry. The larval transport simulations indicate that even though larvae have a pelagic period of 12 months. banks differ substantially in the proportion of larvae they retain from resident spawners as well as the proportion of larvae they receive from other banks. In particular, recruitment to the northern portion of the fishing grounds is weak due to a very low local spawning biomass and a very limited contribution of larvae from the area of strong recruitment and high spawning biomass in the southeast. The results also suggest that satellite altimetry can provide useful information on physical dynamics for recruitment studies. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu Lab, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Polovina, JJ (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu Lab, 2570 Dole St, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NR 14 TC 57 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 3 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 97 IS 1 BP 132 EP 143 PG 12 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 155WN UT WOS:000077969500013 ER PT J AU Meyer, DL Fonseca, MS Murphey, PL McMichael, RH Byerly, MM LaCroix, MW Whitfield, PE Thayer, GW AF Meyer, DL Fonseca, MS Murphey, PL McMichael, RH Byerly, MM LaCroix, MW Whitfield, PE Thayer, GW TI Effects of live-bait shrimp trawling on seagrass beds and fish bycatch in Tampa Bay, Florida SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID PRAWN TRAWLERS; TORRES STRAIT; BY-CATCH; COMPONENTS; DISCARDS C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Beaufort Lab, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. Florida Marine Res Inst, Dept Nat Resources, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. RP Meyer, DL (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Beaufort Lab, 101 Pivers Isl Rd, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. EM dave.meyer@noaa.gov NR 18 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 97 IS 1 BP 193 EP 199 PG 7 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 155WN UT WOS:000077969500018 ER PT J AU Witzell, WN AF Witzell, WN TI Distribution and relative abundance of sea turtles caught incidentally by the US pelagic longline fleet in the western North Atlantic Ocean, 1992-1995 SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID TUNA; PATTERNS; FRONTS; RINGS; CATCH; GULF C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Witzell, WN (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 75 Virginia Beach Dr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NR 24 TC 46 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 97 IS 1 BP 200 EP 211 PG 12 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 155WN UT WOS:000077969500019 ER PT S AU Brown, SW Ohno, Y AF Brown, SW Ohno, Y BE Gnade, B Kelley, EF TI NIST calibration facility for display colorimeters SO FLAT PANEL DISPLAY TECHNOLOGY AND DISPLAY METROLOGY SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Flat Panel Display Technology and Display Metrology CY JAN 27-29, 1999 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP Soc Imaging Sci & Technol, SPIE DE calibration; standards; display; colorimeter; spectroradiometer; colorimetry AB A calibration facility has been developed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to address the need for high accuracy color measurements of displays. Calibration services are planned for colorimeters and spectroradiometers, tailored to display measurements. A key component of the facility, a reference spectroradiometer, has been developed and its uncertainty for display measurements estimated using a series of computer simulations. The simulations predict that the reference spectroradiometer - corrected for wavelength error and variable bandpass - can measure any color of a cathode ray tube (CRT) or liquid crystal (LCD) display with a combined standard uncertainty of approximately 0.001 in chromaticity (x, y) and 1 % in luminance (Y). In addition, a new matrix correction technique (the Four-Color Method) has been developed as a means to transfer the calibration from the reference instrument to a test instrument. Using the Four-Color Method, the residual errors with the calibrated instrument for one type of display are reduced to within 0.001 in x,y (or similar to 1 Delta E*ab) with respect to the reference instrument. To evaluate the overall performance of the system, commercial instruments - spectroradiometers and tristimulus colorimeters - were calibrated against the reference instrument, measuring both a CRT and an LCD display. The results show that calibrated target instruments can measure various colors of a particular display with a combined standard uncertainty of approximately 0.002 in x,y and 2 % in Y(similar to 2 Delta E*ab). C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Brown, SW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3107-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3636 BP 162 EP 169 DI 10.1117/12.344643 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Materials Science; Optics GA BN06L UT WOS:000080536100019 ER PT S AU Kelley, EF AF Kelley, EF BE Gnade, B Kelley, EF TI Simulated-eye-design camera for high-contrast measurements SO FLAT PANEL DISPLAY TECHNOLOGY AND DISPLAY METROLOGY SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Flat Panel Display Technology and Display Metrology CY JAN 27-29, 1999 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP Soc Imaging Sci & Technol, SPIE DE liquid-filled camera; SED; CCD; contrast measurements; light measurements ID LIQUID AB Light-measurement instrumentation based upon high-quality charge-coupled-devices (CCD) is currently in use for measuring the characteristics of electronic displays. When such array detectors are used to measure scenes having high contrasts or wide color variations, they can suffer from the effects of veiling glare or lens flare and thereby inaccurately measure the darker luminances because of a mixing of the scene luminances or colors. The simulated-eye-design (SED) camera attempts to reduce the effects of unwanted light contamination by copying some of the characteristics of the eye. This first prototype shows an improvement of a factor of 2.7 in its ability to measure high contrasts over a similar camera that is not filled with liquid. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kelley, EF (reprint author), NIST, 100 Bur Dr,Technol A53, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 9 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3107-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3636 BP 184 EP 190 DI 10.1117/12.344645 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Materials Science; Optics GA BN06L UT WOS:000080536100021 ER PT S AU Boynton, PA Kelley, EF AF Boynton, PA Kelley, EF BE Gnade, B Kelley, EF TI Stray light elimination in making projection display measurements SO FLAT PANEL DISPLAY TECHNOLOGY AND DISPLAY METROLOGY SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Flat Panel Display Technology and Display Metrology CY JAN 27-29, 1999 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP Soc Imaging Sci & Technol, SPIE DE display measurements; projection displays; projection mask; reflections; stray light AB Electronic front-projection display specifications are often based on measurements made in ideal darkroom conditions. However, not everyone has access to such a facility. In many environments, ambient light from other sources in the room illuminates the screen. This includes room lights directly illuminating the screen and the reflection of these light sources off of walls, floors, furniture, and other objects. Additionally, back-reflections from the projection screen must be considered. These stray light components contribute to the measured value, giving an inaccurate measurement of the projector light output. Thus, these conditions may make the task of adequately comparing and evaluating different projection systems difficult. We can better verify whether the projector is operating according to its specifications or compare its performance with other projectors by compensating for stray light. A simple projection mask constructed from black plastic and a stray-light elimination tube are presented as solutions that can provide an accurate measurement of projector light output in many ambient light conditions. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Elect, Elect & Elect Engn Lab, Technol Adm,US Dept Commerce, Gaithersburg, MD 20880 USA. RP Boynton, PA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Elect, Elect & Elect Engn Lab, Technol Adm,US Dept Commerce, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8114, Gaithersburg, MD 20880 USA. NR 2 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3107-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3636 BP 232 EP 239 DI 10.1117/12.344651 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Materials Science; Optics GA BN06L UT WOS:000080536100026 ER PT S AU Roberts, JW Ward, JA AF Roberts, JW Ward, JA BE Gnade, B Kelley, EF TI The NIST Display Interface Testbed: the development of a centrally controlled testing system for the automated generation of stimuli and control feedback SO FLAT PANEL DISPLAY TECHNOLOGY AND DISPLAY METROLOGY SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Flat Panel Display Technology and Display Metrology CY JAN 27-29, 1999 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP Soc Imaging Sci & Technol, SPIE AB Impressive advances are being made in the field of display metrology, as illustrated in standards such as the Video Electronics Standards Association's Flat Panel Display Measurement standard. However, issues remain regarding the technology-dependent response of displays to large-scale signal errors such as noise-induced errors on the data and control lines. The NIST Display Interface Testbed can be used in conjunction with a graphics controller, test generator, or other standard signal source, to inject a user-specified controlled sequence of errors into the interface of a display under test, permitting observation and measurement of the response of the display. In addition to its function as an interface tester, the Testbed effectively serves as a non-intrusive probe into the operation of the display. The programmed control structure of the Testbed permits the convenience of automated test sequences. Development of a feedback mechanism which allows the test stimulus to be modified in real time, as a function of measurement results and user commands is planned for 1999. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Roberts, JW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, MS 8951, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3107-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3636 BP 240 EP 248 DI 10.1117/12.344652 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics SC Materials Science; Optics GA BN06L UT WOS:000080536100027 ER PT S AU Ababouch, L Alderman, D Ashida, K Boyd, C Chimatiro, S Cruz-Lacierda, ER Dalsgaard, A Edwards, P Garrett, ES Gopakumar, K Hajime, T Luu, LT Merino, EG Rim, HJ Son, TQ Suwanrangsi, S Tonguthai, K Yndestad, M Yulin, J Aalvik, B Boonyaratpalin, M Suwannatos, S Wongchinda, N McClure, P Adams, S Khamphet, R Naewbanij, JO Nash, G Barg, U Benembarek, PK Beveridge, M Dos Santos, CL Fuchs, R Howgate, P Kaferstein, F Kongkeo, H Phillips, M Reilly, A Subasinghe, R Tacon, AGJ AF Ababouch, L Alderman, D Ashida, K Boyd, C Chimatiro, S Cruz-Lacierda, ER Dalsgaard, A Edwards, P Garrett, ES Gopakumar, K Hajime, T Luu, LT Merino, EG Rim, HJ Son, TQ Suwanrangsi, S Tonguthai, K Yndestad, M Yulin, J Aalvik, B Boonyaratpalin, M Suwannatos, S Wongchinda, N McClure, P Adams, S Khamphet, R Naewbanij, JO Nash, G Barg, U Benembarek, PK Beveridge, M Dos Santos, CL Fuchs, R Howgate, P Kaferstein, F Kongkeo, H Phillips, M Reilly, A Subasinghe, R Tacon, AGJ GP WHO WHO TI Food safety issues associated with products from aquaculture - Report of a joint FAO/NACA/WHO Study Group SO FOOD SAFETY ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH PRODUCTS FROM AQUACULTURE: REPORT OF A JOINT FAO/NACA/WHO STUDY GROUP SE WHO Technical Report Series LA English DT Article ID SALMO-SALAR L; AEROMONAS-SALMONICIDA; VIBRIO-CHOLERAE; PLESIOMONAS-SHIGELLOIDES; OREOCHROMIS-NILOTICUS; ANISAKIS-SIMPLEX; NONTOXIC STRAINS; BETA-LACTAMASES; RESISTANCE; FISH AB The past decade has seen rapid expansion in aquaculture production. In the fisheries sector, as in animal production, farming is replacing hunting as the primary food production strategy. In future, farmed fish will be an even more important source of protein foods than they are today, and the safety for human consumption of products from aquaculture is of public health significance. This is the report of a Study Group that considered food safety issues associated with farmed finfish and crustaceans. The principal conclusion was that an integrated approach - involving close collaboration between the aquaculture, agriculture, food safety, health and education sectors - is needed to identify and control hazards associated with products from aquaculture. Food safety assurance should be included in fish farm management and form an integral part of the farm-to-table food safety continuum. Where appropriate, measures should be based on Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) methods; however, difficulties in applying HACCP principles to small-scale farming systems were recognized. Food safety hazards associated with products from aquaculture differ according to region, habitat and environmental conditions, as well as methods of production and management. Lack of awareness of hazards can hinder risk assessment and the application of risk management strategies to aquaculture production, and education is therefore needed. Chemical and biological hazards that should to be taken into account in public health policies concerning products from aquaculture are discussed in this report, which should be of use to policy-makers and public health officials. The report will also assist fish farmers to identify hazards and develop appropriate hazard-control strategies. C1 Hassan II Agron & Vet Inst, Rabat, Morocco. Ctr Environm, Weymouth, England. Natl Res Inst Aquaculture, Fish Pathol Div, Mie, Japan. Auburn Univ, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. Int Ctr Living Aquat Resources Project, ICLARM, Lilongwe, Malawi. SE Asian Fisheries Dev Ctr, Illoilo, Philippines. Royal Vet & Agr Univ, Dept Vet Microbiol, Copenhagen, Denmark. Asian Inst Technol, Sch Environm Resources & Dev, Agr & Aquat Syst Programme, Bangkok 10501, Thailand. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Seafood Inspect Lab, Pascagoula, MI USA. Cent Inst Fisheries Technol, Cochin, Kerala, India. Minist Hlth & Welf Japan, Environm Hlth Bur, Vet Sanitat Div, Tokyo, Japan. Minist Fisheries, Ha Bac, Vietnam. Natl Agr Univ La Molina, Fac Fisheries, Lima, Peru. Korean Assoc Hlth, Seoul, South Korea. Fish Qual Control Ctr, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Dept Fisheries, Fish Inspect & Qual Control Div, Fish Inspect Ctr, Bangkok, Thailand. Dept Fisheries Compound, Aquat Anim Hlth Res Inst, Bangkok, Thailand. Norwegian Coll Vet Med, Dept Pharmacol Microbiol & Food Hyg, Oslo, Norway. Shenzhen Anim & Plant Quarantine Bur, Shenzhen, Peoples R China. RP Ababouch, L (reprint author), Hassan II Agron & Vet Inst, Rabat, Morocco. NR 81 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 5 PU WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION PI GENEVA PA DISTRIBUTION & SALES SERVICE, 1211 27 GENEVA, SWITZERLAND SN 0512-3054 BN 92-4-120883-X J9 WHO TECH REP SER JI WHO Tech. Rep. Ser. PY 1999 VL 883 BP 1 EP + PG 56 WC Fisheries; Food Science & Technology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Fisheries; Food Science & Technology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA BN37G UT WOS:000081718500001 ER PT B AU Barkley, J Beznosov, K Uppal, J AF Barkley, J Beznosov, K Uppal, J GP ACM ACM TI Supporting relationships in access control using role based access control SO FOURTH ACM WORKSHOP ON ROLE-BASED ACCESS CONTROL, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th ACM Workshop on Role-Based Access Control CY OCT 28-29, 1999 CL GEORGE MASON UNIV, FAIRFAX, VA SP Assoc Comp Machinery, Special Interest Grp Secur, Audit, & Control, Natl Inst Stand & Technol HO GEORGE MASON UNIV AB The Role Based Access Control (RBAC) model and mechanism have proven to be useful and effective. This is clear from the many RBAC implementations in commercial products. However, there are many common examples where access decisions must include other factors, in particular, relationships between entities, such as, the user, the object to be accessed, and the subject of the information contained within the object. Such relationships are often not efficiently represented using traditional static security attributes centrally administered. Furthermore, the extension of RBAC models to include relationships obscures the fundamental RBAC metaphor. This paper furthers the concept of relationships for use in access control, and it shows how relationships can be supported in role based access decisions by using the Object Management Group's (OMG) Resource Access Decision facility (RAD). This facility allows relationship information, which can dynamically change as part of normal application processing, to be used in access decisions by applications. By using RAD, the access decision logic is separate from application logic. In addition, RAD allows access decision logic from different models to be combined into a single access decision. Each access control model is thus able to retain its metaphor. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Barkley, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 14 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY PI NEW YORK PA 1515 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10036-9998 USA BN 1-58113-180-1 PY 1999 BP 55 EP 65 DI 10.1145/319171.319177 PG 11 WC Computer Science, Information Systems SC Computer Science GA BP14J UT WOS:000084221600006 ER PT J AU Rodriguez, H Valentine, MR Termini, J AF Rodriguez, H Valentine, MR Termini, J TI Peroxy radical-induced DNA damage: Mutation and base damage pattern SO FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Beckman Res Inst, Dept Mol Biol, Duarte, CA 91010 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0891-5849 J9 FREE RADICAL BIO MED JI Free Radic. Biol. Med. PY 1999 VL 27 SU 1 MA 299 BP S98 EP S98 DI 10.1016/S0891-5849(99)90835-3 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 254EL UT WOS:000083598900324 ER PT J AU Keim, ER McKeen, SA Gao, RS Donnelly, SG Wamsley, RC Del Negro, LA Fahey, DW Hanisco, TF Lanzendorf, EJ Proffitt, MH Margitan, JJ Hintsa, EJ Jaegle, L Webster, CR May, RD Scott, DC Salawitch, RJ Wilson, JC McElroy, CT Atlas, EL Flocke, F Bui, TP AF Keim, ER McKeen, SA Gao, RS Donnelly, SG Wamsley, RC Del Negro, LA Fahey, DW Hanisco, TF Lanzendorf, EJ Proffitt, MH Margitan, JJ Hintsa, EJ Jaegle, L Webster, CR May, RD Scott, DC Salawitch, RJ Wilson, JC McElroy, CT Atlas, EL Flocke, F Bui, TP TI NOy partitioning from measurements of nitrogen and hydrogen radicals in the upper troposphere SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID LOWER STRATOSPHERE; FATE AB Recent studies using NO, NOy, OH and HO2 (HOx) observations have postulated acetone and convection of peroxides as significant sources of HOx in the upper troposphere (UT). This work focuses on the effect these additional HOx sources have on the modeled NOy partitioning and comparisons of the modeled NOx/NOy ratio to observations. The measured NOx/NOy ratio is usually much higher than predicted regardless of the presence of acetone in the model. The exception occurs for air parcels having low NOy and O-3 values. For these air parcels the measured NOx/NOy ratio is much Power than the calculated ratio unless acetone is included in the model. In all cases acetone increases the fraction of NOy that is peroxy acetyl nitrate (PAN) from typical values of much less than 0.1 to values as high as 0.35. Including acetone also reduces the scatter in a comparison between modeled and observed NOx/NOy ratios. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Harvard Univ, Dept Chem, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Denver, Dept Engn, Denver, CO 80208 USA. Atmospher Environm Serv, Downsview, ON M3H 5T4, Canada. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP Keim, ER (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Salawitch, Ross/B-4605-2009; Gao, Ru-Shan/H-7455-2013; McKeen, Stuart/H-9516-2013; Atlas, Elliot/J-8171-2015; Fahey, David/G-4499-2013 OI Salawitch, Ross/0000-0001-8597-5832; Fahey, David/0000-0003-1720-0634 NR 17 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JAN 1 PY 1999 VL 26 IS 1 BP 51 EP 54 DI 10.1029/1998GL900219 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 158MF UT WOS:000078118700014 ER PT B AU Marbukh, V AF Marbukh, V GP IEEE IEEE TI On ability of a communication channel to accommodate multimedia traffic SO GLOBECOM'99: SEAMLESS INTERCONNECTION FOR UNIVERSAL SERVICES, VOL 1-5 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM 99) CY DEC 05-09, 1999 CL RIO JANEIRO, BRAZIL SP IEEE, CPQP, Bell Labs, Lucent Technol, ALGAR, VICOM, PROMON, BT AB The throughput of a communication system serving bursty multimedia traffic can be characterized by the admission region: all possible sets of multimedia sources the system can accommodate given the sources statistical characteristics and Quality of Service (QoS) requirements. Since throughput depends on the system resources (bandwidth and buffering space) as well as the resource management strategies, it is natural to define the system capacity as the upper limit on the admission region over all physically feasible strategies. This paper estimates the capacity of a buffered communication channel serving multimedia traffic with QoS requirements on the maximum allowable traffic delay and loss. The buffer is assumed large enough to make the channel capacity the limiting resource. Given the set of multimedia sources within the system capacity, the paper also discusses the scheduling disciplines that provide the required QoS. C1 NIST, Wireless Commun Technol Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP NIST, Wireless Commun Technol Grp, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8920, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-5796-5; 0-7803-5797-3 PY 1999 BP 339 EP 343 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BQ86Z UT WOS:000089882700063 ER PT B AU Golmie, N Mouveaux, F Su, DH AF Golmie, N Mouveaux, F Su, DH GP IEEE IEEE TI Differentiated services over cable networks SO GLOBECOM'99: SEAMLESS INTERCONNECTION FOR UNIVERSAL SERVICES, VOL 1-5 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM 99) CY DEC 05-09, 1999 CL RIO JANEIRO, BRAZIL SP IEEE, CPQP, Bell Labs, Lucent Technol, ALGAR, VICOM, PROMON, BT AB The current Medium Access Control interface specifications of the Multimedia Cable Network System (MCNS) project describe a best effort access service over cable networks. In this paper, we show that even though these specifications are mainly intended to support IP traffic, there is a significant benefit in the stratification of the cable service offerings. We present a priority system to extend the MCNS MAC protocol so that differentiated services can be supported on Hybrid Fiber Coaxial networks with different levels of performance. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM nada.golmie@nist.gov; frederic.mouveaux@nist.gov; david.su@nist.gov NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-5796-5; 0-7803-5797-3 PY 1999 BP 1109 EP 1115 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BQ86Z UT WOS:000089882700201 ER PT J AU Shobe, J Rodgers, JE Taylor, PL AF Shobe, J Rodgers, JE Taylor, PL TI Scattered fractions of dose from 6, 10, 18, and 25 MV linear accelerator X rays in radiotherapy facilities SO HEALTH PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE accelerators, medical; photons; shielding; medical radiation AB Data for computation of primary and secondary shielding barriers in radiotherapy facilities are presented in the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements Report 49, which covers primary barriers for accelerating voltages up to 10 MV and secondary barriers up to 6 MV. Inconsistencies in reported scattered fraction values found in the literature for megavoltage accelerators are due, in part, to differences in measurement techniques. A consistent approach was used to measure the scattered fractions of 6, 10, 18, and 25 MV photon dose. A reference ion chamber was placed on the symmetry axis of a cylindrical water phantom, approximating the human torso, 25.6 cm diameter, at the gantry isocenter. Measurements were made,vith a second ion chamber at 2 m from the isocenter at angles ranging from 10 degrees through 150 degrees from the beam central axis with a field size of 20 cm x 20 cm at the isocenter. The dose measured at each angle is reported as a fraction of the reference chamber dose at the center of the phantom and as calculated to a reference chamber depth of d(max), also at the isocenter. The results of these measurements were compared with Monte Carlo calculations and show reasonable agreement. A comparison with previously published data was not as good due to the differences in measurement techniques. However, after some adjustments to correct for the differences, the comparison is very good. Scattered fractions beyond 30 degrees are highest for the lowest energy beam investigated. This indicates that the scattered fraction values reported in NCRP 49 for 6 MV are sufficient for use in conservative shielding calculations for the higher energy x rays beyond 30 degrees. For angles smaller than 30 degrees, the new data are more appropriate and show the scatter fractions are larger for higher MV x rays. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Georgetown Univ, Washington, DC 20007 USA. NR 7 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 0017-9078 EI 1538-5159 J9 HEALTH PHYS JI Health Phys. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 76 IS 1 BP 27 EP 35 DI 10.1097/00004032-199901000-00005 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 152DA UT WOS:000077759400004 PM 9883944 ER PT S AU Biancaniello, FS Jiggetts, RD Ricker, RE Ridder, SD AF Biancaniello, FS Jiggetts, RD Ricker, RE Ridder, SD BE Hanninen, H Hertzman, S Romu, J TI Powder metallurgy High Nitrogen Stainless Steel SO HIGH NITROGEN STEELS '98 SE MATERIALS SCIENCE FORUM LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Conference on High Nitrogen Steels CY MAY 27-28, 1998 CL STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN SP Helsinki Univ, Swedish Inst Mat Res DE austenitic stainless steel; duplex stainless steel; high nitrogen steel; improved structural and corrosion properties; modeling; nitrogen solubility; pitting corrosion; powder processing ID CORROSION; IRON AB High Nitrogen Stainless Steels (HNSS) are a class of materials that possess a unique combination of outstanding strength, ductility, and corrosion properties. In this paper we report on the advantages of producing these materials via inert gas atomization and HIP consolidation. The high homogeneity and microstructural refinement of Powder Metallurgy (PM) processing was employed to produce a series of HNSS alloys with enhanced nitrogen solubility that possess mechanical and corrosion properties that are as good as or better than previously reported results. The high nitrogen solubility was achieved using alloy chemistry modifications and atmospheric nitrogen pressures. A model was generated by utilizing our own database of measured chemistry and property data that predicts nitrogen content and phase stability. Microstructure, mechanical properties, and corrosion properties are presented as a function of alloy content. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Biancaniello, FS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Ricker, Richard/H-4880-2011 OI Ricker, Richard/0000-0002-2871-4908 NR 20 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU TRANS TECH PUBLICATIONS LTD PI ZURICH-UETIKON PA BRANDRAIN 6, CH-8707 ZURICH-UETIKON, SWITZERLAND SN 0255-5476 BN 0-87849-843-5 J9 MATER SCI FORUM PY 1999 VL 318-3 BP 649 EP 654 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BQ55N UT WOS:000088746300088 ER PT S AU Roads, J Chen, S McCord, C Smith, W Stevens, D Juang, H Fujioka, F AF Roads, J Chen, S McCord, C Smith, W Stevens, D Juang, H Fujioka, F BE Sloot, P Bubak, M Hoekstra, A Hertzberger, B TI Weather and climate forecasts and analyses at MHPCC SO HIGH-PERFORMANCE COMPUTING AND NETWORKING, PROCEEDINGS SE LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Conference and Exhibition on High-Performance Computing and Networking (HPCN EUROPE 99) CY APR 12-14, 1999 CL AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SP Dutch HPCN Fdn, Dutch Org Sci Res, Univ Amsterdam ID REGIONAL SPECTRAL MODEL AB In Hawaii, where weather and climate variations are strongly affected by the steep island topography, there is a clear and acknowledged need for improved weather and climate forecasts at increased spatial resolution. The Hawaii Weather, Climate,Modeling Ohana (HWCMO) was therefore formed at the Maul High Performance Computing Center in 1997 to establish an experimental weather/climate mesoscale modeling effort for near real-time support to the local National Weather service (NWS), decision makers in federal and state agencies, and local researchers. This operational mesoscale forecasting effort is currently providing on an almost regular schedule, daily forecast products (http://www.mhpcc.edu/ wswx/), using 5 nodesof the MHPCC multi-node IBM SP2 cluster. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Inst Oceanog Sci, Expt Climate Predict Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Maui High Performance Comp Ctr, Maui, HI USA. Univ Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Camp Springs, MD USA. US Forest Serv, Riverside, CA USA. RP Roads, J (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Inst Oceanog Sci, Expt Climate Predict Ctr, 0224, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-65821-1 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 1999 VL 1593 BP 130 EP 132 PG 3 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BQ39Q UT WOS:000088252100014 ER PT B AU Duthinh, D AF Duthinh, D BE Azizinamini, A Darwin, D French, C TI Shear strength of PC beams: Parametric study of shear friction and concrete softening SO HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Engineering Foundation Conference on High Strength Concrete CY JUL 13-18, 1997 CL KONA, HI SP United Engn Fdn Inc ID REINFORCED-CONCRETE; COMPRESSION AB The Modified Compression Field Theory (MCFT) is used to study the effect of shear friction and biaxial softening on the computed shear strength of prestressed concrete (PC) beams. According to the MCFT, a decrease in shear friction within the range of experimental data, as found in high-strength concrete (HSC), can lower the shear strength of beams with minimum shear reinforcement by 15 % to 30 % depending on the method of estimation. For high levels of shear reinforcement, the effect is minor and may not be of practical significance. In addition, a comparison is presented of different relationships used to represent the biaxial compression-tension strength of reinforced concrete. For PC beams, some theories of biaxial softening of concrete do not predict concrete crushing even for very high deformations, but rather show significant shear force gain after stirrup yielding and crack slipping. However, the first peaks of the shear force versus crack width curves, which occur close to stirrup yielding and crack slipping, are within 102 % - 111 % of the experimental shear strength. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Duthinh, D (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 32 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0419-4 PY 1999 BP 280 EP 293 PG 4 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA BP30H UT WOS:000084624400022 ER PT S AU Romero, DB Moritomo, Y Mitchell, JF Drew, HD AF Romero, DB Moritomo, Y Mitchell, JF Drew, HD BE Barnes, SE Ashkenazi, J Cohn, JL Zuo, F TI Charge, spin, and lattice excitations in double-layer manganites SO HIGH TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTIVITY SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on High Temperature Superconductivity CY JAN 07-13, 1999 CL UNIV MIAMI, CORAL GABLES, FL SP Univ Miami HO UNIV MIAMI ID MANGANESE OXIDES; TRANSITION AB A Raman-scattering investigation of the double-layer manganites, La2-2xSr1+2xMn2O7 (x = 0.4, 0.5), revealed signatures of a) charge stripe formation and melting, b) small polaron formation, and c) anisotropic quasiparticle dynamics in the ferromagnetic-metallic state. These observations and their implications are discussed in this work. C1 NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Romero, DB (reprint author), NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-880-0 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1999 VL 483 BP 418 EP 423 DI 10.1063/1.59606 PG 6 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA BN91R UT WOS:000083461600073 ER PT B AU Wong-Ng, W Cook, LP Kearsley, A Lawrence, G Greenwood, W AF Wong-Ng, W Cook, LP Kearsley, A Lawrence, G Greenwood, W BE Tendeloo, GV Antipov, EV Putilin, SN TI Phase equilibria of the (Bi,Pb)-Sr-Ca-Cu-O system pertaining to the 2212 and 2223 phases SO HIGH-TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTORS AND NOVEL INORGANIC MATERIALS SE NATO ADVANCED SCIENCE INSTITUTE SERIES, SUB-SERIES 3, HIGH TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NATO Advanced Workshop on High-Temperature Superconductors and Novel Inorganic Materials Engineering MSU-HTSC V CY MAR 24-29, 1998 CL MOSCOW, RUSSIA SP NATO ID SUPERCONDUCTORS C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wong-Ng, W (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 11 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 0-7923-5345-5 J9 NATO ASI 3 HIGH TECH PY 1999 VL 62 BP 63 EP 68 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Physics GA BM62Z UT WOS:000079308200010 ER PT J AU Feldman, A AF Feldman, A TI Algorithm for solutions of the thermal diffusion equation in a stratified medium with a modulated heating source SO HIGH TEMPERATURES-HIGH PRESSURES LA English DT Article ID CONDUCTIVITY; WAVES AB Thermal diffusion in stratified media is important in many applications such as electronic packaging, optical disk recording, and nondestructive evaluation. A straightforward 'back of the envelope' algorithm is presented for solving the one-dimensional thermal diffusion equation in a stratified medium containing a modulated heating source located at an arbitrary point; interface thermal resistance is easily incorporated. This solution is the Green function for computing the temperature distribution due to a distributed heat source. The solution for the surface temperature of a delaminated film on a substrate is presented as an example of the utility of the method. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Feldman, A (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 12 TC 51 Z9 51 U1 1 U2 24 PU PION LTD PI LONDON PA 207 BRONDESBURY PARK, LONDON NW2 5JN, ENGLAND SN 0018-1544 J9 HIGH TEMP-HIGH PRESS JI High Temp.-High Press. PY 1999 VL 31 IS 3 BP 293 EP 298 DI 10.1068/htrt171 PG 6 WC Thermodynamics; Mechanics; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Thermodynamics; Mechanics; Materials Science GA 213JB UT WOS:000081268000006 ER PT S AU Lutz, RA Hewston, JB Savage, DA Spellerberg, PA AF Lutz, RA Hewston, JB Savage, DA Spellerberg, PA BE Shuler, S Moulthrop, JS TI The AASHTO Accreditation Program: Serving the hot mix asphalt industry SO HOT MIX ASPHALT CONSTRUCTION: CERTIFICATION AND ACCREDITATION PROGRAMS SE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Hot Mix Asphalt Construction - Certification and Accreditation Program CY DEC 08, 1998 CL NASHVILLE, TN SP ASTM Comm D 4 Road & Paving Mat DE accreditation; asphalt; laboratory testing; quality AB The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) has been accrediting hot mix asphalt testing laboratories under the AASHTO Accreditation Program since 1988. Laboratories must satisfy many quality system criteria, as well as participate in the AASHTO Materials Reference Laboratory (AMRL) on-site assessment and proficiency sample programs, in order to receive accreditation from AASHTO. Satisfying the requirements of the growing list of agencies specifying accreditation, often in various forms, made the first ten years a challenging experience for both the FLAP and its accredited laboratories. AMRL and the testing laboratories involved in the BAP have dealt not only with multiple quality system standards but also with their evolving criteria as well. The development of the National Cooperation for Laboratory Accreditation will present more demands as the AAP moves into its second decade as an accrediting body. Analysis of AMRL proficiency sample data indicates that accreditation is beneficial to the construction industry and that the AAP meets its objective of promoting uniformity in the testing of construction materials. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, AASHTO Mat Reference Lab, AMRL, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lutz, RA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, AASHTO Mat Reference Lab, AMRL, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8622, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 3 U2 3 PU AMERICAN SOCIETY TESTING AND MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DRIVE, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 1040-1695 BN 0-8031-2619-0 J9 AM SOC TEST MATER PY 1999 VL 1378 BP 23 EP 38 DI 10.1520/STP13929S PG 4 WC Construction & Building Technology SC Construction & Building Technology GA BN72V UT WOS:000082731700004 ER PT S AU Libert, JM Fenimore, CP AF Libert, JM Fenimore, CP BE Rogowitz, BE Pappas, TN TI Visibility thresholds for compression-induced image blocking: Measurement and models SO HUMAN VISION AND ELECTRONIC IMAGING IV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Human Vision and Electronic Imaging IV CY JAN 25-28, 1999 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE, Soc Imaging Sci & Technol DE blocking; DCT error; flats; quality metrics; video compression; visibility threshold; test patterns AB The present investigation compares performance of two objective video quality metrics in predicting the visual threshold for the detection of blocking impairments associated with MPEG-2 compression. The visibility thresholds for both saturated color and gray-scale targets are measured. The test material consists of image sequences in which either saturated color or gray-scale targets exhibiting blocking are varied in luminance contrast from -44 dB to -5 dB against a constant gray background. Stimulus presentation is by the "method of limits" under International Telecommunications Union (ITU) Rec. 500 conditions. Results fmd the detection of blocking impairments at Michelson contrast levels between -28 dB and -33 dB. This result is consistent with values reported by other investigators for luminance contrast detection thresholds. A snail, but statistically significant difference is found between the detection threshold of saturated color patterns versus luma-only images. The results suggest, however, that blocking impairment detection is controlled mainly by display luminance. Two objective metrics are applied to gray-scale (luminance-only) image sequences, yielding measures of perceptible image blocking for each frame. A relatively simple blocking detector and a more elaborate discrete cosine transform (DCT) error metric correlate well over the contrast range examined. Also, the two measures correlate highly with measured image contrast. Both objective metrics agree closely with visual threshold measurements, yielding threshold predictions of approximately -29 dB. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Libert, JM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8114, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 16 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3115-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3644 BP 197 EP 206 DI 10.1117/12.348441 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics; Computer Science, Information Systems; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Computer Science; Engineering; Optics GA BN20A UT WOS:000081058100017 ER PT J AU Seem, JE Park, C House, JM AF Seem, JE Park, C House, JM TI A new sequencing control strategy for air-handling units SO HVAC&R RESEARCH LA English DT Article AB Air-handling unit (AHU) controllers commonly use sequencing logic to determine the most economic way to use the components of the AHU to maintain the supply air temperature at a setpoint value. The objective of this paper is to introduce the finite state machine (FSM) sequencing control strategy for AHUs and to compare this strategy with a traditional split-range sequencing con trol strategy. The FSM control strategy represents a paradigm shift in the way sequencing logic is developed, illustrated, and implemented for the control of HVAC systems. Simulation results obtained from representative weather data for each month of the year are presented to demonstrate the performance of the two sequencing strategies with respect to the controller gains (proportional gain and integral time) used for the heating coil, cooling coil, and mixing box dampers. Simulation results demonstrate that in comparison to the split-range control strategy, the FSM control strategy leads to more stable operation of the AHU when the feedback controller(s) used to control the supply air temperature is (are) poorly tuned. C1 Johnson Controls Inc, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Bldg Environm Div, Mech Syst & Controls Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Seem, JE (reprint author), Johnson Controls Inc, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA. NR 14 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC HEATING REFRIGERATING AIR-CONDITIONING ENG, INC, PI ATLANTA PA 1791 TULLIE CIRCLE NE, ATLANTA, GA 30329 USA SN 1078-9669 J9 HVAC&R RES JI HVAC&R Res. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 5 IS 1 BP 35 EP 58 DI 10.1080/10789669.1999.10391222 PG 24 WC Thermodynamics; Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA 165BX UT WOS:000078500000004 ER PT J AU Yu, N Culver, DA AF Yu, N Culver, DA TI In situ survival and growth of zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) under chronic hypoxia in a stratified lake SO HYDROBIOLOGIA LA English DT Article DE Dreissena; hypoxia; thermal stratification; survival; growth; distribution ID ABUNDANCE; PATTERNS; DYNAMICS; BIVALVIA; PALLAS; ERIE AB Experiments and field surveys were conducted in Hargus Lake (Ohio, U.S.) to investigate the effect of lake stratification on the survival, growth and distribution of zebra mussels. During the lake stratification period, relatively stable temperature and dissolved oxygen (DO) gradients persisted across the water column, allowing us to examine the chronic effect of hypoxia on zebra mussels. Zebra mussels were incubated in cages and suspended at different depths in the water column at both pelagic (max. depth = 12 m) and littoral (max. depth = 3.5 m) sites from April 18 to September 28, 1994. No mussel survived to the end of the experiment in cages greater than or equal to 5.5 m, whereas the highest survival rate (76%) occurred at 5 m depth where temperature and DO remained fairly stable for at least 3 months. The threshold oxygen level for survival was between 1.0-1.7 mg l(-1) when water temperature was at about 17-18 degrees C. While zebra mussels' survival rate was not affected under the sublethal hypoxic conditions, their growth was greatly retarded by poor water quality. The field survey showed that the zebra mussels and macrophytes had about the same distribution and their biomasses were positively related. The percentage of mussels in aggregates increased towards their maximum distribution depth. The maximum distribution depth of the naturally occurring zebra mussels was only 2.8 m, whereas the adult mussels could survive the entire stratification period when being artificially placed on the 3.5 m bottom, and young mussels could colonize the 3.5 m bottom if solid substrates were provided. We conclude that lack of substrate, rather than hypoxia, was the limiting factor of zebra mussel distribution above 5 m depth in Hargus Lake. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Off Habitat Conservat, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Ecol Evolut & Organismal Biol, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RP Yu, N (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Off Habitat Conservat, 1315 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 29 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 7 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0018-8158 J9 HYDROBIOLOGIA JI Hydrobiologia PY 1999 VL 392 IS 2 BP 205 EP 215 DI 10.1023/A:1003697231917 PG 11 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 209EM UT WOS:000081035300012 ER PT S AU Fisher, WM AF Fisher, WM GP IEEE IEEE TI A statistical text-to-phone function using ngrams and rules SO ICASSP '99: 1999 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ACOUSTICS, SPEECH, AND SIGNAL PROCESSING, PROCEEDINGS VOLS I-VI SE International Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing ICASSP LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP 99) CY MAR 15-19, 1999 CL PHOENIX, AZ SP IEEE, IEEE Signal Proc Soc AB Adopting concepts From statistical language modeling and rule-based transformations can lead to effective and efficient text-to-phone (TTP) functions. We present here the methods and results of one such effort, resulting in a relatively compact and fast set of TTP rules that achieves 94.5% segmental phonemic accuracy. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP NIST, Room A216,Bldg 225 Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM william.fisher@nist.gov NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1520-6149 BN 0-7803-5041-3 J9 INT CONF ACOUST SPEE PY 1999 BP 649 EP 652 DI 10.1109/ICASSP.1999.759750 PG 4 WC Acoustics; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Acoustics; Computer Science; Engineering GA BM75N UT WOS:000079690700163 ER PT B AU Allen, RA Vogel, EM Linholm, LW Cresswell, MW AF Allen, RA Vogel, EM Linholm, LW Cresswell, MW GP IEEE IEEE TI Sheet and line resistance of patterned SOI surface film CD reference materials as a function of substrate bias SO ICMTS 1999: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 1999 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MICROELECTRONIC TEST STRUCTURES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Microelectronic Test Structures CY MAR 15-18, 1999 CL GOTHENBURG, SWEDEN SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc AB Recently, NIST has been developing electrical test structures to serve as critical dimension (CD) reference artifacts for calibrating CD metrology systems. The reference artifacts are fabricated in monocrystalline silicon-on-insulator films and are responsive to the goals of the National Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors beyond the 120 nm generation. The features on these reference artifacts are produced with lattice-plane specific etch techniques which. give vertical, atomically planar sidewalls and uniform conductivity. The electrical linewidths, or electrical CDs (ECDs), of these features are determined from the sheet resistance and the resistance of the feature. This paper reports on measurements and models of how the resistance per unit length changes as a function of substrate bias, providing a method to validate the calculated sheet resistance and linewidth, and thus facilitating the use of this uniquely high repeatability and low-cost metrology tool in the production of CD-reference artifacts. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Allen, RA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, 100 Bur Dr Stop 8123, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Vogel, Eric/A-7731-2008 OI Vogel, Eric/0000-0002-6110-1361 NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-5270-X PY 1999 BP 51 EP 55 DI 10.1109/ICMTS.1999.766215 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BN34D UT WOS:000081666200010 ER PT B AU Guillaume, NMP Cresswell, MW Allen, RA Everist, S Linholm, LW AF Guillaume, NMP Cresswell, MW Allen, RA Everist, S Linholm, LW GP IEEE IEEE TI Comparison of sheet-resistance measurements obtained by standard and small-area four-point probing SO ICMTS 1999: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 1999 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MICROELECTRONIC TEST STRUCTURES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Microelectronic Test Structures CY MAR 15-18, 1999 CL GOTHENBURG, SWEDEN SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc AB A modification of the standard four-point probing technique has been developed for measuring the sheet resistance of conducting films. Although the areas of unpatterned film that are required by the new modified technique are significantly less than those normally required with standard four-point probing, the values of sheet resistance provided by the two methods are found to match. The long term goal of this work is to improve the effectiveness of electrical critical-dimension (ECD) metrology in a special application, preferably without committing large surface areas of conducting film exclusively for the purpose of sheet-resistance measurement.(1) C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Guillaume, NMP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-5270-X PY 1999 BP 62 EP 66 DI 10.1109/ICMTS.1999.766217 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BN34D UT WOS:000081666200012 ER PT S AU Lozier, DW Miller, BR Saunders, BV AF Lozier, DW Miller, BR Saunders, BV GP IEEE COMP SOC IEEE COMP SOC TI Design of a digital mathematical library for science, technology and education SO IEEE FORUM ON RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY ADVANCES IN DIGITAL LIBRARIES, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS - IEEE INTERNATIONAL FORUM ON RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY ADVANCES IN DIGITAL LIBRARIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Forum on Research and Technology Advances in Digital Libraries CY MAY 19-21, 1999 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP IEEE Comp Soc, Tech Comm Digital Lib, Rutgers, CIMIC, Forsch Zentrum Informat Technik GmbH, Natl Lib Med, NASA, CESDIS, GTE Labs, Oracle Corp, Sun Microsyst, Silicon Graph DE database; digital library; document conversion; mathematics; special functions; visualization; world wide web AB The concept of a digital library is of proven. worth because of its ability to provide dramatic capabilities that are impossible with traditional print media. We are interested in providing such capabilities for scientific, technical and educational users of mathematical reference data. Our attention is focused on the highly specialized field of mathematics that is concerned with the properties, application and computation of the elementary and higher mathematical functions. Calling upon domain, experts worldwide for assistance, the National Institute of Standards and Technology is conducting an ambitious project to construct, ab initio, a comprehensive and authoritative Web resource on. this subject. The need to make effective use of the latest developments in digital library research is a major focus, as is the development of content. lit this paper we discuss our approach to such difficulties as the representation, display and manipulation of symbolic expressions, numerical data and graphical visualizations, and we describe a prototype Web site that has been constructed to test, evaluate and advance the NIST Digital Library of Mathematical Functions project. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lozier, DW (reprint author), NIST, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA SN 1092-9959 BN 0-7695-0219-9 J9 P IEEE INT FORUM RES PY 1999 BP 118 EP 128 DI 10.1109/ADL.1999.777704 PG 11 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Computer Science GA BN77E UT WOS:000082879600017 ER PT J AU Mo, T AF Mo, T TI AMSU-A antenna pattern corrections SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE antenna measurements; antenna radiation patterns; microwave antenna; microwave radiometry; remote sensing; satellite applications; temperature sounding ID MICROWAVE AB A procedure for making antenna pattern corrections to antenna temperatures of the advanced microwave sounding unit-a (AMSU-A) is developed, Antenna efficiencies, fractions of total power over three different solid-angle regions subtended at the satellite by the earth (plus atmosphere below 20 km), cold space, and the satellite platform, were calculated at 30 earth views and four possible cold space calibration positions, These calculated results simplify the process for correcting antenna temperature measurements to retrieve the true brightness temperatures from AMSU-A data. Using the antenna pattern data and a profile of atmospheric brightness temperature, a set of antenna pattern corrections was simulated for each channel at the 30 earth views and four possible cold space calibration positions. The results show that these corrections can add 0.5 to 2.7 K to the antenna temperatures to retrieve the brightness temperatures and that the cold space calibration temperatures may be raised to 2 K above the nominal cold sky temperature of 2.73 K, Antenna pattern 3-dB beamwidths and main-beam efficiencies were also calculated from the antenna pattern data. C1 NOAA, NESDIS, Div Climate Res & Applicat, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Mo, T (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, Div Climate Res & Applicat, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RI Mo, Tsan/F-5614-2010 NR 9 TC 48 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD JAN PY 1999 VL 37 IS 1 BP 103 EP 112 DI 10.1109/36.739131 PN 1 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 158NU UT WOS:000078122300010 ER PT J AU Ferre-Pikal, ES Walls, FL AF Ferre-Pikal, ES Walls, FL TI Microwave regenerative frequency dividers with low phase noise SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS FERROELECTRICS AND FREQUENCY CONTROL LA English DT Article AB We demonstrate regenerative divide-by-two (halver) circuits with very low phase modulation (PM) noise at input frequencies of 18.4 GHz and 39.8 GHz. The PM noise of the 18.4 to 9.2 GHz divider pair was L(10 Hz) = -134 dB below the carrier in a I Hz bandwidth (dBc/Hz) and L(10 MHz) = -166 dBc/Hz, and the PM noise of the 39.8 GHz to 19.9 GHz divider pair was L(10 Hz) = -122 dBc/Hz and L(10 MHz) = -167 dBc/Hz. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Ferre-Pikal, ES (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 8 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0885-3010 J9 IEEE T ULTRASON FERR JI IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control PD JAN PY 1999 VL 46 IS 1 BP 216 EP 219 DI 10.1109/58.741535 PG 4 WC Acoustics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Acoustics; Engineering GA 160UP UT WOS:000078249800024 PM 18238416 ER PT S AU Lee, KB Schneeman, RD AF Lee, KB Schneeman, RD BE Piuri, V Savino, M TI Distributed measurement and control based on the IEEE 1451 smart transducer interface standards SO IMTC/99: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 16TH IEEE INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE, VOLS. 1-3 SE IEEE INSTRUMENTATION & MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 16th IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference CY MAY 24-26, 1999 CL VENICE, ITALY SP IEEE, Instrumentat & Measurement Soc, AEI, ANIPLA, FAST, IMEKO TC-4, Politecn Milano DE control network; distributed measurement and control; field network; IEEE 1451; industrial automation; interface; sensor; sensor network; smart transducer; plug and play; TEDS AB This paper details a framework developed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) that highlights the standardization efforts going on within the various levels of an Internet-based distributed measurement and control (DMC) system. The framework highlights state-of-the-art hardware and software techniques used at NIST to design, implement, and deploy next-generation Internet-based DMC applications and systems. The framework targets three important areas of standardization including transducer interfaces, open network communication, and distributed application development. An implementation of a DMC application on the Internet based on the NIST framework is also described. The paper concludes with a brief introduction to other research activities at NIST culminating from this core Internet-based DMC research. C1 NIST, Sensor Integrat Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lee, KB (reprint author), NIST, Sensor Integrat Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1091-5281 BN 0-7803-5277-7 J9 IEEE IMTC P PY 1999 BP 608 EP 613 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BN32J UT WOS:000081629700112 ER PT S AU Espina, PI AF Espina, PI BE Piuri, V Savino, M TI Flow tele-metrology SO IMTC/99: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 16TH IEEE INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE, VOLS. 1-3 SE IEEE INSTRUMENTATION & MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 16th IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference CY MAY 24-26, 1999 CL VENICE, ITALY SP IEEE, Instrumentat & Measurement Soc, AEI, ANIPLA, FAST, IMEKO TC-4, Politecn Milano AB The current paradigm used to deliver flow meter calibration services relies on the operation of in-house calibration facilities for providing metrology infrastructure. This approach has led to the construction and operation of many similar calibration facilities worldwide. The recent emergence and popularity of information technology offers an opportunity to change the way in which metrology services are provided to customers by enabling the use of existing calibration facilities by more than one metrology team. This paper outlines efforts by a government-industry team to develop the first gas flow tele-calibration facility in the world. The program seeks to make use of the highspeed information infrastructure to connect to a privately owned calibration facility in Colorado, to the Fluid Flow Group of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in Maryland. The plan calls for modifications to the calibration facility infrastructure that will enable tele-presence of NIST scientists during calibrations at the remote site. C1 NIST, Fluid Flow Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Espina, PI (reprint author), NIST, Fluid Flow Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 3 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1091-5281 BN 0-7803-5277-7 J9 IEEE IMTC P PY 1999 BP 614 EP 617 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BN32J UT WOS:000081629700113 ER PT S AU Lombardi, MA AF Lombardi, MA BE Piuri, V Savino, M TI Automation of NIST frequency calibrations at remote sites SO IMTC/99: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 16TH IEEE INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE, VOLS. 1-3 SE IEEE INSTRUMENTATION & MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 16th IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference CY MAY 24-26, 1999 CL VENICE, ITALY SP IEEE, Instrumentat & Measurement Soc, AEI, ANIPLA, FAST, IMEKO TC-4, Politecn Milano AB NIST has performed remote frequency calibrations since 1984 through the NIST Frequency Measurement and Analysis Service (FMAS). Customers who require traceability to the NIST frequency standard can subscribe to the FMAS by paying a monthly calibration fee to NIST. The calibrations made at the customer's site are automated by a frequency measurement system that NIST supplies to each customer. NIST provides training and phone support for the measurement system, and obtains and validates each customer's data through a modem hookup. Each customer receives a monthly calibration report that documents traceability to NIST. This paper provides a brief introduction to frequency calibrations, describes the measurement system delivered to the customer's site and what it does, and explains how NIST operates the service and reports calibration results. It also details some future enhancements to the service that are now under development. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Lombardi, MA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1091-5281 BN 0-7803-5277-7 J9 IEEE IMTC P PY 1999 BP 618 EP 622 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BN32J UT WOS:000081629700114 ER PT S AU Watters, R Camara, W Dalton, G Eberhardt, K McCurley, M Springmann, J Sturrock, C AF Watters, R Camara, W Dalton, G Eberhardt, K McCurley, M Springmann, J Sturrock, C BE Piuri, V Savino, M TI Development and implementation of a database system for the comparison of international measurement standards and national systems of traceability SO IMTC/99: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 16TH IEEE INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE, VOLS. 1-3 SE IEEE INSTRUMENTATION & MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 16th IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference CY MAY 24-26, 1999 CL VENICE, ITALY SP IEEE, Instrumentat & Measurement Soc, AEI, ANIPLA, FAST, IMEKO TC-4, Politecn Milano AB Worldwide access to data from comparisons of national measurement standards is now needed to ensure the comparability of measurements between national and regional systems of metrology. Measurement and calibrations data need to be accessed to ensure the integrity and strength of traceability link within a region of country. The National Institute of Standards and Technology, in cooperation with other National Metrology Institutes (NMIs) has developed an International Comparisons Database (ICDB) system to answer these needs. Design features of the system and its WEB interface will be described as well as examples of how data from comparison participants can be compared. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Watters, R (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1091-5281 BN 0-7803-5277-7 J9 IEEE IMTC P PY 1999 BP 763 EP 767 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BN32J UT WOS:000081629700139 ER PT S AU Banks, D Eberhardt, K AF Banks, D Eberhardt, K BE Piuri, V Savino, M TI Equating laboratories: Modelling and analysis SO IMTC/99: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 16TH IEEE INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE, VOLS. 1-3 SE IEEE INSTRUMENTATION & MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 16th IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference CY MAY 24-26, 1999 CL VENICE, ITALY SP IEEE, Instrumentat & Measurement Soc, AEI, ANIPLA, FAST, IMEKO TC-4, Politecn Milano AB Efficient world trade requires that manufacturers in one country have confidence that their product will meet specifications that are verified by purchasers in another country But these trading partners rely upon different national metrology laboratories to calibrate their equipment, and there is detectable divergence between their measurement systems. This paper describes statistical methods that enable one to use data from a network of artifact comparisons to estimate the measurement functions at each participating laboratory. These methods cannot determine which laboratory is most accurate, but do allow one to predict the value that a given laboratory would obtain on an artifact from the value measured at another laboratory in the comparison network. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Banks, D (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, 8980, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1091-5281 BN 0-7803-5277-7 J9 IEEE IMTC P PY 1999 BP 1099 EP 1104 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BN32J UT WOS:000081629700197 ER PT S AU Judish, RM Splett, J AF Judish, RM Splett, J BE Piuri, V Savino, M TI Robust statistical analysis of vector network analyzer intercomparisons SO IMTC/99: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 16TH IEEE INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE, VOLS. 1-3 SE IEEE INSTRUMENTATION & MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 16th IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference CY MAY 24-26, 1999 CL VENICE, ITALY SP IEEE, Instrumentat & Measurement Soc, AEI, ANIPLA, FAST, IMEKO TC-4, Politecn Milano AB Classical statistical methods that use the sample mean and standard deviation, under the assumption that the data follow a Gaussian distribution, are often applied to measurement intercomparisons. Consequently, spurious measurements, or outliers, lead to inaccuracies in the estimated mean and standard deviation, thus biasing the results of measurement comparisons. This paper describes the application of robust statistical methods for analyzing measurement results from an intercomparison containing spurious results. Robust techniques eliminate the need to subjectively, separate the data into "good" and "bad" before calculating the statistics. We apply these techniques to results obtained from a measurement intercomparison of vector network analyzers (VNAs). C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Judish, RM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1091-5281 BN 0-7803-5277-7 J9 IEEE IMTC P PY 1999 BP 1320 EP 1324 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BN32J UT WOS:000081629700237 ER PT S AU Koffman, AD Avramov-Zamurovic, S Waltrip, BC Oldham, NM AF Koffman, AD Avramov-Zamurovic, S Waltrip, BC Oldham, NM BE Piuri, V Savino, M TI Uncertainty analysis for four terminal-pair capacitance and dissipation factor characterization at 1 MHz and 10 MHz SO IMTC/99: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 16TH IEEE INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE, VOLS. 1-3 SE IEEE INSTRUMENTATION & MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 16th IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference CY MAY 24-26, 1999 CL VENICE, ITALY SP IEEE, Instrumentat & Measurement Soc, AEI, ANIPLA, FAST, IMEKO TC-4, Politecn Milano C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Koffman, AD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1091-5281 BN 0-7803-5277-7 J9 IEEE IMTC P PY 1999 BP 1459 EP 1462 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BN32J UT WOS:000081629700262 ER PT S AU Elmquist, RE AF Elmquist, RE BE Piuri, V Savino, M TI Calculable coaxial resistors for precision measurements SO IMTC/99: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 16TH IEEE INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE, VOLS. 1-3 SE IEEE INSTRUMENTATION & MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 16th IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference CY MAY 24-26, 1999 CL VENICE, ITALY SP IEEE, Instrumentat & Measurement Soc, AEI, ANIPLA, FAST, IMEKO TC-4, Politecn Milano AB Coaxial straight-wire resistors have been constructed with the purpose of improving comparisons between resistors, capacitors, and inductors in the audio frequency range. The design is based on the principle that a coaxial line with a cylindrical shield can be described by relatively simple equations for the real and imaginary parts of the impedance. The resistors, with values above 100 Ohm will be used as primary transfer standards for characterization of frequency dependence. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Elmquist, RE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1091-5281 BN 0-7803-5277-7 J9 IEEE IMTC P PY 1999 BP 1468 EP 1471 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BN32J UT WOS:000081629700264 ER PT S AU Oldham, N Parker, M AF Oldham, N Parker, M BE Piuri, V Savino, M TI Internet-based test service for multifunction calibrators SO IMTC/99: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 16TH IEEE INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE, VOLS. 1-3 SE IEEE INSTRUMENTATION & MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 16th IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference CY MAY 24-26, 1999 CL VENICE, ITALY SP IEEE, Instrumentat & Measurement Soc, AEI, ANIPLA, FAST, IMEKO TC-4, Politecn Milano AB A new method of providing traceability for multifunction calibrators (sources used to calibrate digital multimeters) is described. The method requires a transportable digital multimeter that links a reference calibrator to the calibrator under test and an Internet connection to share test procedures, software, and data. Digital cameras and microphones at both ends enhance communication for troubleshooting and collaboration. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Elect, Elect & Elect Engn Lab, Technol Adm,US Dept Commerce, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Oldham, N (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Elect, Elect & Elect Engn Lab, Technol Adm,US Dept Commerce, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 3 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1091-5281 BN 0-7803-5277-7 J9 IEEE IMTC P PY 1999 BP 1485 EP 1487 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BN32J UT WOS:000081629700267 ER PT S AU Kinsfather, J McCloy, M AF Kinsfather, J McCloy, M GP IEEE COMPUTER IEEE COMPUTER TI The NOAA Virtual Data System - Improving access to and management of federal environmental data SO INFORMATION-BASED ACCESS TO STORAGE: THE FOUNDATION OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE SYMPOSIUM ON MASS STORAGE SYSTEMS - PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 16th IEEE Symposium on Mass Storage Systems in Cooperation with the 7th NASA Goddard Conference on Mass Storage Systems and Technologies CY MAR 15-18, 1999 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP IEEE, Comp Soc, Inst Elect & Electr Engineets Inc, NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr AB The National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) National Environmental Satellite, Data gr Information Service (NESDIS) operates three national data centers that are geographically dispersed and provide multidisciplinary environmental data and information to researchers, government planners, business decision makers, lawyers and other professionals, teachers, students, and the general public. At each of these centers there are multiple formats of data stored on a variety of mass storage devices. Data users must cope with numerous access systems related to the specific type of data and primary customers. An individual familiar with these centers who requires only a single type of data can obtain what he/she needs in a reasonable amount of time. It has become essential for NOAA to change the way it manages these data because of (1) an exponential increase in the volume of data archived, (2) a growing demand for the ability to combine multiple types of environmental data, and (3) customer expectation of instant response to data requests. For many years NOAA's management had a vision of a single unified system to more effectively manage these valuable data and to provide faster and easier customer access. In 1996 funds were appropriated to start development of this system. A new, virtual system is now being implemented to pull these diverse data center operations together. Customers can browse across the distributed data sub-systems and place one order for geophysical, oceanographic, and climatic data, independent of data location, format or storage media. To put these concepts into an operational system with a small budget requires judicious allocation of resources. Numerous storage technologies are being integrated and connected through a scaleable Virtual Private Network (VPN). Other major subsystems of the NOAA Virtual Data System (NVDS) project consist of (1) systems performance monitoring, (2) customer and order management processing, (3) data storage infrastructure, (4) security, (5) metadata management, and (6) customer access mechanisms. Standards Based Architecture (SBA) is being used in developing the NVDS. Maximum flexibility was a requirement from the outset of the project to be able to quickly adapt to the latest available hardware and software systems and get the biggest payoff from the limited funds available. The system must pull together numerous data sets that vary in size from a few megabytes to tens of terabytes. These data currently exist in thousands of formats and include points, track lines, time series, grids, and images. NOAA management was determined to reduce costs by making use of the maximum amount of COTS (Commercial Off The Shelf) software, implementing standards and minimizing the amount of unique software to be developed and maintained. C1 NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Kinsfather, J (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA SN 1051-9173 BN 0-7695-0204-0 J9 IEEE S MASS STOR SYS PY 1999 BP 52 EP 58 DI 10.1109/MASS.1999.829981 PG 7 WC Computer Science, Information Systems SC Computer Science GA BP90L UT WOS:000086558000005 ER PT J AU Voorhees, EM AF Voorhees, EM TI Natural language processing and information retrieval SO INFORMATION EXTRACTION: TOWARDS SCALABLE, ADAPTABLE SYSTEMS SE LECTURE NOTES IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE LA English DT Article AB Information retrieval addresses the problem of finding those documents whose content matches a user's request from among a large collection of documents. Currently, the most successful general purpose retrieval methods are statistical methods that treat text as little more than a bag of words. However, attempts to improve retrieval performance through more sophisticated linguistic processing have been largely unsuccessful. Indeed, unless done carefully, such processing can degrade retrieval effectiveness. Several factors contribute to the difficulty of improving on a good statistical baseline including: the forgiving nature but broad coverage of the typical retrieval task; the lack of good weighting schemes for compound index terms; and the implicit linguistic processing inherent in the statistical methods. Natural language processing techniques may be more important for related tasks such as question answering or document summarization. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Voorhees, EM (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Voorhees, Ellen/D-1755-2013 NR 28 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 4 U2 7 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 J9 LECT NOTES ARTIF INT PY 1999 VL 1714 BP 32 EP 48 PG 17 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA BQ66F UT WOS:000089103600003 ER PT S AU Jackson, RHF AF Jackson, RHF BE Mills, JJ Kimura, F TI Perspectives on the future of manufacturing engineering SO INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE SYSTEMS FOR MANUFACTURING II SE INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION FOR INFORMATION PROCESSING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Working Conference on the Design of Information Infrastructure System for Manufacturing (DIISM 98) CY MAY 18-20, 1998 CL FT WORTH, TX SP Int Federat Informat Processing, TC5, WG5 3 5 7 C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Jackson, RHF (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS PI NORWELL PA 101 PHILIP DRIVE, ASSINIPPI PARK, NORWELL, MA 02061 USA SN 1571-5736 BN 0-412-84450-8 J9 INT FED INFO PROC PY 1999 VL 16 BP 31 EP 45 PG 15 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Engineering, Manufacturing SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science; Engineering GA BP38F UT WOS:000084929000002 ER PT J AU Tebbutt, J AF Tebbutt, J TI User evaluation of automatically generated semantic hypertext links in a heavily used procedural manual SO INFORMATION PROCESSING & MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID INFORMATION-RETRIEVAL; CONSTRUCTION AB This paper is an interim report on our efforts at NIST to construct an information discovery tool through the fusion of hypertext and information retrieval (IR) technologies. The tool works by parsing a contiguous document base into smaller documents and inserting semantic links between these documents using document-document similarity measures based on IR techniques. The focus of the paper is a case study in which domain experts evaluate the utility of the tool in the performance of information discovery tasks on a large, dynamic procedural manual. The results of the case study are discussed, and their implications for the design of large-scale automatic hypertext generation systems are described. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Tebbutt, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 13 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0306-4573 J9 INFORM PROCESS MANAG JI Inf. Process. Manage. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 35 IS 1 BP 1 EP 18 DI 10.1016/S0306-4573(98)00039-9 PG 18 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Information Science & Library Science SC Computer Science; Information Science & Library Science GA 163WU UT WOS:000078430100001 ER PT S AU Reintsema, CD Grossman, EN Koch, JA AF Reintsema, CD Grossman, EN Koch, JA BE Andresen, BF Scholl, MS TI Improved VO2 microbolometers for infrared imaging: operation on the semiconducting-metallic phase transition with negative electrothermal feedback SO INFRARED TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS XXV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Infrared Technology and Applications XXV Conference CY APR 05-09, 1999 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE ID VANADIUM-OXIDE FILMS; THIN-FILMS; DEPOSITION AB We have investigated the performance of VO2 microbolometers biased on the semiconducting-metal phase transition with negative electrothermal feedback. We deposited crystalline thin films of phase-pure VO2, patterned these films into useful test structures, and evaluated the electrical and optical properties relevant to improved uncooled bolometric sensors. A novel ac-biasing method allows for biasing of the devices on the hysteretic semiconducting-metallic phase transition near 70 degrees C. Two important advantages result from biasing in the phase transition: high sensitivity, and negative electrothermal feedback (ETF). Under these conditions improvements in speed and noise equivalent power (NEP) are expected. Modest improvements in noise performance and responsivity consistent with simulations were experimentally verified. Our results suggest a large potential performance advantage over current uncooled vanadium oxide sensors which can be realized as either increased bandwidth (faster frame sates) or higher sensitivity. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Electromagnet Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Reintsema, CD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Electromagnet Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 17 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3172-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3698 BP 190 EP 200 DI 10.1117/12.354520 PG 11 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BN59F UT WOS:000082322000022 ER PT S AU Groisman, PY Genikhovich, EL Bradley, RS Bomin, S AF Groisman, PY Genikhovich, EL Bradley, RS Bomin, S BE Tranter, M Armstrong, R Brun, E Jones, G Sharp, M Williams, M TI Trends in turbulent heat fluxes over northern Eurasia SO INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE CRYOSPHERE, CLIMATE AND GREENHOUSE GASES SE IAHS PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Interactions Between the Cryosphere, Climate and Greenhouse Gases CY JUL 18-30, 1999 CL BIRMINGHAM, ENGLAND SP Int Assoc Hydrol Sci, Int Comm Water Qual, Int Assoc Hydrol Sci, Int Commiss Continental Eros, Int Comm Atmosphere Soil Vegetat Relat, Int Union Geodesy & Geophys, Int Assoc Meterol & Atmospher Sci, Int Assoc Hydrol Sci, Int Comm Tracers ID METEOROLOGICAL NETWORK DATA; SURFACE AB Recently we developed a method to obtain direct estimates of surface turbulent heat fluxes (latent heat fluxes are estimated only for saturated surfaces, wet and/or snow-covered) using routine meteorological observations. This was possible for the former USSR territory and some other countries, where the standard practice of hourly observations includes measurements of temperature at the atmosphere-land surface boundary and state of the ground. The method has been tested on several observational data sets and is now applied to northern Eurasia. We used the 3-hourly/6-hourly station data for the past several decades to assess the trends of sensible heat fluxes and latent heat fluxes from well saturated surfaces, including snow cover, for the period 1960-1990. Large-scale changes in these fluxes, near-surface temperature inversions and wind speed have been revealed over all of northern Eurasia during the cold season. C1 Natl Climat Data Ctr, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. RP Groisman, PY (reprint author), Natl Climat Data Ctr, 151 Patton Ave, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU INT ASSOC HYDROLOGICAL SCIENCES PI WALLINGFORD PA INST OF HYDROLOGY, WALLINGFORD OX10 8BB, ENGLAND SN 0144-7815 BN 1-901502-90-2 J9 IAHS-AISH P PY 1999 IS 256 BP 19 EP 25 PG 7 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA BP55P UT WOS:000085484800003 ER PT S AU Kia, OE Sauvola, JJ Doermann, DS AF Kia, OE Sauvola, JJ Doermann, DS BE Diaz, M Owezarski, P Senac, P TI Network-diffused media scaling for multimedia content services SO INTERACTIVE DISTRIBUTED MULTIMEDIA SYSTEMS AND TELECOMMUNICATION SERVICES SE Lecture Notes in Computer Science LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Workshop on Interactive Distributed Multimedia Systems and Telecommunication Services (IDMS 99) CY OCT 12-15, 1999 CL TOULOUSE, FRANCE SP ACM, IEEE, DGA, CNRS, Reg Midi Pyrenees, France Telecom & Microsoft, Microsoft Res, Xerox ID HUFFMAN AB In this paper we propose a new approach to adaptation of content-based processing, media preparation and presentation. We address multimedia consumption terminals having a variable amount of resources. The proposed technique adapts the required service data contained within the multimedia to the abilities of the hybrid network elements and application requirements. In our approach the data representations are transformed and converted efficiently to reduce delivery requirements and to emphasize quality of service ratio. An experimental system is implemented in a distributed environment providing only low processing requirements from the data processing nodes. We perform media profiling based on cross-media translation to achieve an efficient scaling and fit the content with terminal capabilities. Our approach aims to build an intelligent content service infrastructure in a way that the servers, nodes, and terminals are aware of their capabilities along with the capabilities of their surroundings. We demonstrate with an example service with scalable multimedia delivery over hybrid network elements. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Informat Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Oulu Univ, Infotech Oulu, Machine Vis & Media Proc Grp, Oulu 90570, Finland. Univ Maryland, Language & Media Proc Lab, Inst Adv Comp Studies, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Informat Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM omid.kia@nist.gov; jjs@ee.oulu.fi; doermann@cfar.umd.edu NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0302-9743 BN 3-540-66595-1 J9 LECT NOTES COMPUT SC PY 1999 VL 1718 BP 149 EP 162 PG 14 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Telecommunications GA BP76U UT WOS:000086112600013 ER PT B AU Karp, WA McElderry, H AF Karp, WA McElderry, H BE Nolan, CP TI Catch monitoring by fisheries observers in the United States and Canada SO INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INTEGRATED FISHERIES MONITORING, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Integrated Fisheries Monitoring CY FEB 01-05, 1999 CL SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA SP Govt Australia, Govt Canada, FAO UN, NOAA, New S Wales Dept Fisheries AB Catches may be monitored by observers to provide data for estimating removals of target and non-target species, fee stock assessment and biological research, and for evaluating compliance with fisheries regulations. While a number of methods are available for monitoring vessel activity and accounting for catch, independent, verifiable information on catch, bycatch, and discard can be provided only by at-sea observers. Thus, observer programmes are essential components of integrated fishery monitoring systems. Programmes can be successful only if their objectives are realistic, the resources they are provided with are adequate, their organisational structure. allows for collection of independent, verifiable information, and the observers themselves receive the necessary training and support. Furthermore, fishing industry personnel, observer providers, and agency staff must work together to ensure effective programme operations. In this review, we examine various aspects of catch monitoring by observers with reference to issues identified during a Canada/U.S. observer programme workshop, held in 1998, and lessons learned from the operation of two large observer programme: the North Pacific Groundfish Observer Programme, which monitors groundfish fisheries off Alaska, and the British Columbia Trawl Fishery Observer Programme. We identify the factors which must be taken into account during the design, implementation, and operation of observer programmes and offer recommendations for policy makers and managers involved in operating existing programmes or developing new ones. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Karp, WA (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 3 U2 6 PU FOOD & AGRICUL ORGANIZATION UNITED NATIONS PI ROME PA VIA DELLE TERME DI CARACALLA, 00100 ROME, ITALY BN 92-5-104372-8 PY 1999 BP 261 EP 284 PG 24 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA BQ24N UT WOS:000087715100018 ER PT B AU Mejias, A AF Mejias, A BE Nolan, CP TI Vessel monitoring system sensor applications in the Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery SO INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INTEGRATED FISHERIES MONITORING, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Integrated Fisheries Monitoring CY FEB 01-05, 1999 CL SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA SP Govt Australia, Govt Canada, FAO UN, NOAA, New S Wales Dept Fisheries C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Oceanog & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Enforcement, St Petersburg, FL 33702 USA. RP Mejias, A (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Oceanog & Atmospher Adm, US Dept Commerce, Off Enforcement, 9721 Execut Ctr Dr N, St Petersburg, FL 33702 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU FOOD & AGRICUL ORGANIZATION UNITED NATIONS PI ROME PA VIA DELLE TERME DI CARACALLA, 00100 ROME, ITALY BN 92-5-104372-8 PY 1999 BP 291 EP 302 PG 12 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA BQ24N UT WOS:000087715100020 ER PT B AU Tang, D Wang, F He, XY AF Tang, D Wang, F He, XY BE Arabnia, HR TI A fine-grained, detailed, synchronized measurement toolkit for Web client-server performance SO INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED PROCESSING TECHNIQUES AND APPLICATIONS, VOLS I-V, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Processing Techniques and Applications (PDPTA 99) CY JUN 28-JUL 01, 1999 CL LAS VEGAS, NV SP Comp Sci Res Educ & Applicat Press, Comp Vis Res & Applicat Tech, Int Assoc Math & Comp Simulat, Int Technol Inst, Java High Performance Comp Res Grp, Korea Informat Processing Soc, US DOE, Natl Supercomp Ctr Energy & Environm Las Vegas, Sundance Digital Signal Processing Inc, World Sci & Engn Soc DE Apache; hybrid; Linux; MultiKron II; netscape communicator/mozilla; PCM AB A hybrid measurement application of the Apache/Linux Measurement Toolkit (ALMT) and the MultiKron II system performance chip was developed to create a fine-grained, derailed, synchronized measurement method for evaluating Web client-server performance. This paper describes the characteristics, abilities, and scalability of the hybrid method. Application of this hybrid method using an Apache server and Netscape client shows that it is capable of yielding fine-grained, highly detailed data on client-server interaction and producing easily understandable, intuitive graphic reports. Using this toolkit, users can obtain not only highly confident measurement data bur they also have a set of utilties available to help obtain self-explanatory result reports. ALMT and MultiKron II were developed by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and ALMT is available as a free download (http:/dagger.antd.nist.gov). C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 8920, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU C S R E A PRESS PI ATHENS PA 115 AVALON DR, ATHENS, GA 30606 USA BN 1-892512-15-7 PY 1999 BP 876 EP 882 PG 7 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Mathematics, Applied SC Computer Science; Engineering; Mathematics GA BR81L UT WOS:000167653300130 ER PT B AU Christophorou, LG Olthoff, JK AF Christophorou, LG Olthoff, JK BE Pisarczyk, P Pisarczyk, T Wolowski, J TI Electron collision cross sections derived from critically assessed data SO INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON PHENOMENA IN IONIZED GAS, VOL I, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 24th International Conference on Phenomena in Ionized Gases CY JUL 11-16, 1999 CL WARSAW, POLAND SP Polish Govt, Stat Comm Sci Res, Polish Govt, Natl Atom Energy Agcy, Inst Plasma Phys & Laser, Int Union Pure & Appl Phys, USAF, EOARD ID SCATTERING; CF4; CCL4 C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Christophorou, LG (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU POLISH ACAD SCIENCES, SPACE RESEARCH CENTRE PI WARSAW PA 18A BARTYCKA ST, PL-00716 WARSAW, POLAND PY 1999 BP 49 EP 50 PG 2 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA BR27N UT WOS:000165992000025 ER PT B AU Sobolewski, MA AF Sobolewski, MA BE Pisarczyk, P Pisarczyk, T Wolowski, J TI Dynamic model of the plasma sheath in high-plasma-density, radio-frequency discharges SO INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON PHENOMENA IN IONIZED GAS, VOL I, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 24th International Conference on Phenomena in Ionized Gases CY JUL 11-16, 1999 CL WARSAW, POLAND SP Polish Govt, Stat Comm Sci Res, Polish Govt, Natl Atom Energy Agcy, Inst Plasma Phys & Laser, Int Union Pure & Appl Phys, USAF, EOARD ID BOMBARDMENT ENERGY-DISTRIBUTIONS; DRIVEN RF DISCHARGES; PLATE ETCH REACTOR; THAN-OMEGA-I; ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS; RADIOFREQUENCY DISCHARGES; GLOW-DISCHARGES; ION CURRENT; VOLTAGE; REGIME C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Sobolewski, MA (reprint author), NIST, 100 Bur Dr,Mailstop 8362, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 34 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU POLISH ACAD SCIENCES, SPACE RESEARCH CENTRE PI WARSAW PA 18A BARTYCKA ST, PL-00716 WARSAW, POLAND PY 1999 BP 141 EP 142 PG 2 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA BR27N UT WOS:000165992000071 ER PT J AU Butler, BD Muzny, CD Hanley, HJM AF Butler, BD Muzny, CD Hanley, HJM TI Scaling of small-angle neutron scattering intensities from gelling colloidal silica SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 13th Symposium on Thermophysical Properties CY JUN 22-27, 1997 CL UNIV COLORADO, BOULDER, COLORADO SP Amer Soc Mech Engineers, Heat Transfer Div, Standing Comm Thermophys Properties, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Phys & Chem Properties Div HO UNIV COLORADO DE gels; small-angle scattering; scaling; fractal; colloidal silica ID AGGREGATION; SYSTEM; SHEAR AB Small-angle neutron scattering data, taken as a function of time from initiation of gelation in colloidal silica suspensions, with silica mass fractions ranging from 15 to 30%, are presented. Over a wide range of initial pH: the measured structure Factor S(q) contains a low angle peak that, as time progresses, grows in height and moves to lower wave vectors q. Sometime after the gels have set, this peak stops growing, marking the end of the reaction. The data scale according to the relation, S(q, t) similar to q(m)(-df)(t) (S) over tilde(q/q(m) (t)), where q(m) (t) is the wave-vector location of the low angle peak as a function of time t from initiation, d(f) is fractal dimension, and (S) over tilde is a characteristic structure function, The exponent d(f) is insensitive to the silica mass Fraction but that the form of (S) over tilde is mass fraction dependent. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Phys & Chem Properties, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Butler, BD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Phys & Chem Properties, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 12 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0195-928X J9 INT J THERMOPHYS JI Int. J. Thermophys. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 20 IS 1 BP 35 EP 43 DI 10.1023/A:1021465827468 PG 9 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Mechanics; Physics, Applied SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Mechanics; Physics GA 181PJ UT WOS:000079450600003 ER PT J AU Baltatu, ME Chong, RA Huber, ML Laesecke, A AF Baltatu, ME Chong, RA Huber, ML Laesecke, A TI Transport properties of petroleum fractions SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 13th Symposium on Thermophysical Properties CY JUN 22-27, 1997 CL UNIV COLORADO, BOULDER, COLORADO SP Amer Soc Mech Engineers, Heat Transfer Div, Standing Comm Thermophys Properties, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Phys & Chem Properties Div HO UNIV COLORADO DE corresponding states; petroleum fractions; propane; viscosity; thermal conductivity ID CORRESPONDING-STATES MODEL; THERMAL-CONDUCTIVITY; REFRIGERANT MIXTURES; PREDICTION; VISCOSITY; PROPANE; FLUIDS; PURE AB A corresponding-states model for the transport properties of petroleum fractions is presented. The model requires only the API specific gravity and the mean average boiling point as input parameters. The extended correspanding-states model uses propane as a reference fluid, and new generalized shape factor expressions that are functions of the acentric Factor and the reduced temperature are presented. Also presented are new correlating functions for the viscosity and thermal conductivity of the reference fluid that can be extrapolated well below the Freezing Feint of propane. The performance of the model is demonstrated by comparing with experimental data for viscosity and thermal conductivity of petroleum fractions. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Phys & Chem Properties, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Fluor Daniel Inc, Irvine, CA 92730 USA. RP Huber, ML (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Phys & Chem Properties, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 24 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0195-928X J9 INT J THERMOPHYS JI Int. J. Thermophys. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 20 IS 1 BP 85 EP 95 DI 10.1023/A:1021426113355 PG 11 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Mechanics; Physics, Applied SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Mechanics; Physics GA 181PJ UT WOS:000079450600008 ER PT J AU Peskin, AP AF Peskin, AP TI The effects of different property models in a computational fluid dynamics simulation of a reciprocating compressor SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 13th Symposium on Thermophysical Properties CY JUN 22-27, 1997 CL UNIV COLORADO, BOULDER, COLORADO SP Amer Soc Mech Engineers, Heat Transfer Div, Standing Comm Thermophys Properties, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Phys & Chem Properties Div HO UNIV COLORADO DE compressors; computational fluid dynamics; moving boundaries; property models ID HOT-WIRE METHOD; THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES; EQUATION; STATE AB Computational fluid dynamics was applied to model a simple reciprocating compressor using R134a (1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane) as the working fluid. The sensitivity of the compressor model to various properly models was quantitatively assessed by calculating the work required to carry out several compression cycles. The ideal gas equation, a virial equation using only the second virial coefficient, and the Peng-Robinson equation were compared to a reference-quality Helmholtz energy equation of state. Significant errors, up to 12% in the density of the outflowing gas, can result from the use of the ideal gas model. The Peng-Robinson equation resulted in density errors up to 6.3 %. The virial equation gave values closest to those calculated using the Helmholtz energy equation of state, with errors in density up to 4.7%. The results also show that an increase in accuracy in work and mass flow calculations achieved bq using the Helmholtz energy equation of state is obtainable without an impractical increase in computation time. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Phys & Chem Properties, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Peskin, AP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Phys & Chem Properties, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0195-928X J9 INT J THERMOPHYS JI Int. J. Thermophys. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 20 IS 1 BP 175 EP 185 DI 10.1023/A:1021442616990 PG 11 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Mechanics; Physics, Applied SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Mechanics; Physics GA 181PJ UT WOS:000079450600016 ER PT J AU Bellows, JC Harvey, AH AF Bellows, JC Harvey, AH TI Steam solubilities for combustion turbine steam cooling SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 13th Symposium on Thermophysical Properties CY JUN 22-27, 1997 CL UNIV COLORADO, BOULDER, COLORADO SP Amer Soc Mech Engineers, Heat Transfer Div, Standing Comm Thermophys Properties, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Phys & Chem Properties Div HO UNIV COLORADO DE combustion turbine; copper oxide; silica; sodium chloride; sodium sulfate; sodium phosphate; solubility; steam AB Steam cooling of combustion turbine parts provides significant advantages over air cooling. Steam potentially carries dissolved salts that can deposit on the cooled parts and cause corrosion. By maintaining the salt concentration below its solubility limit in the steam, deposition of salts may be avoided. A literature survey reveals that only sodium chloride and silica have adequate data for reasonable extrapolation to the strain cooling conditions. Estimates of steam solubility of sodium sulfate and sodium phosphate used liquid-vapor distribution coefficients fur a solubility at saturation and sodium chloride as a model compound to extrapolate the solubility to other conditions. Copper oxide data were also insufficient to predict steam solubilities with confidence. The large potential errors in the sodium phosphate and sodium sulfate solubility estimates may add considerable cost to the water treatment system. Accurate experimental values for sodium sulfate and sodium phosphate solubilities in steam are needed. C1 Siemens Westinghouse Power Corp, Orlando, FL 32826 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Bellows, JC (reprint author), Siemens Westinghouse Power Corp, MC 200, Orlando, FL 32826 USA. NR 14 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0195-928X J9 INT J THERMOPHYS JI Int. J. Thermophys. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 20 IS 1 BP 197 EP 205 DI 10.1023/A:1021446717899 PG 9 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Mechanics; Physics, Applied SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Mechanics; Physics GA 181PJ UT WOS:000079450600018 ER PT J AU Panasiti, MD Lemmon, EW Penoncello, SG Jacobsen, RT Friend, DG AF Panasiti, MD Lemmon, EW Penoncello, SG Jacobsen, RT Friend, DG TI Thermodynamic properties of air from 60 to 2000 K at pressures up to 2000 MPa SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 13th Symposium on Thermophysical Properties CY JUN 22-27, 1997 CL UNIV COLORADO, BOULDER, COLORADO SP Amer Soc Mech Engineers, Heat Transfer Div, Standing Comm Thermophys Properties, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Phys & Chem Properties Div HO UNIV COLORADO DE air; equation of state; fundamental equation; high pressure; high temperature; thermodynamic properties ID EQUATION; STATE; FORMULATION AB A thermodynamic property formulation for standard dry air based upon experimental P-rho T, heat capacity, and speed of sound data and predicted values, which extends the range of prior formulations to higher pressures and temperatures, is presented. This formulation is valid for temperatures from the solidification temperature at the bubble point curve (59.75 K) to 2000 K at pressures up to 2000 MPa. In the absence of experimental air data above 873 K and 70 MPa, air properties were predicted from nitrogen data. These values were included in the fit to extend the range of the fundamental equation. Experimental shock tube measurements ensure reasonable extrapolated properties up to temperatures and pressures of 5000 K and 28 GPa. In the range from the solidification point to 873 K at pressures to 70 MPa, the estimated uncertainty of density values calculated with the fundamental equation for the vapor is +/-0.1%. The uncertainty in calculated liquid densities is +/-0.2%. The estimated uncertainty of calculated heat capacities is +/-1% and that for calculated speed of sound values is +/-0.2%. At temperatures above 873 K and 70 MPa, the estimated uncertainty of calculated density values is +/-0.5%, increasing to +/-1% at 2000 K and 2000 MPa. C1 Univ Idaho, Ctr Appl Thermodynam Studies, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Jacobsen, RT (reprint author), Univ Idaho, Ctr Appl Thermodynam Studies, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. NR 31 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 6 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0195-928X J9 INT J THERMOPHYS JI Int. J. Thermophys. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 20 IS 1 BP 217 EP 228 DI 10.1023/A:1021450818807 PG 12 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Mechanics; Physics, Applied SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Mechanics; Physics GA 181PJ UT WOS:000079450600020 ER PT B AU Enomoto, L Sakashita, T Hussey, WJ Wurzel, D AF Enomoto, L Sakashita, T Hussey, WJ Wurzel, D BE Carrodeguas, J TI The working group on international earth observation data distribution systems SO INTERNATIONAL SPACE COOPERATION: SOLVING GLOBAL PROBLEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th Workshop on the International-Space-Cooperation: Solving Global Problems CY APR 12-15, 1999 CL BERMUDA SP Amer Inst Aeronaut & Astronaut, Canadian Aeronaut & Space Inst, UN Off Outer Space Affairs, European Aerosp Soc, Int Space Cooperat C1 NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Enomoto, L (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST AERONAUTICS & ASTRONAUTICS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, STE 500, RESTON, VA 20191-4344 USA BN 1-56347-344-5 PY 1999 BP 23 EP 28 PG 4 WC Engineering, Aerospace; International Relations SC Engineering; International Relations GA BQ01Z UT WOS:000086892100004 ER PT J AU Vassallo, P AF Vassallo, P TI The knowledge continuum - organizing for research and scholarly communication SO INTERNET RESEARCH-ELECTRONIC NETWORKING APPLICATIONS AND POLICY LA English DT Article DE communications; knowledge management; libraries; organizational restructuring; research AB The Office of Information Services (OIS) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is undergoing a major organizational transition to function as a cohesive unit under the concept of the knowledge continuum. The concept is based on the premise that the processes which contribute to the creation of new knowledge in the research environment form part of a continuum which has no beginning and no end. Thus, it concludes that the knowledge continuum is best served by an organizational structure which extends its contribution and role in the scholarly process of research to produce and disseminate results which benefit scholarly communication. The knowledge continuum assesses the various elements that contribute to scholarly communication and seeks to provide a continuum of support services whereby the identification, absorption, utilization, and manipulation of existing knowledge merge with the organization, creation, and dissemination of new knowledge. This case study analyzes the application of the concept of the knowledge continuum, through the use of Internet technology, and the resulting organizational implications and conclusions. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Off Informat Serv, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Vassallo, P (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Off Informat Serv, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Wang, Charles/B-5565-2011 OI Wang, Charles/0000-0001-9331-8437 NR 6 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU MCB UNIV PRESS LTD PI BRADFORD PA 60/62 TOLLER LANE, BRADFORD BD8 9BY, W YORKSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 1066-2243 J9 INTERNET RES JI Internet Res.-Electron. Netw. Appl. Policy PY 1999 VL 9 IS 3 BP 232 EP 242 DI 10.1108/10662249910274638 PG 11 WC Business; Computer Science, Information Systems; Telecommunications SC Business & Economics; Computer Science; Telecommunications GA 211NM UT WOS:000081167200007 ER PT S AU MacCrehan, WA Ricketts, KM Baltzersen, RA Rowe, WF AF MacCrehan, WA Ricketts, KM Baltzersen, RA Rowe, WF BE Higgins, K TI Detecting organic gunpowder residues from handgun use SO INVESTIGATION AND FORENSIC SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on Investigation and Forensic Science Technologies CY NOV 03-04, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP SPIE, Pacific NW Natl Lab DE gunpowder residues (GSR); smokeless gunpowder; capillary electrophoresis (CE); pressurized fluid extraction (PFE); handgun; pipe bomb; nasal mucus; chemical composition; nitroglycerin ID ELECTROKINETIC CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS; GUNSHOT AB The gunpowder residues that remain after the use of handguns or improvised explosive devices pose a challenge for the forensic investigator. Can these residues be reliably linked to a specific gunpowder or ammunition? We investigated this possibility by recovering and measuring the composition of organic additives in smokeless powder and its post-firing residues. By determining gunpowder additives such as nitroglycerin, dinitrotoluene, ethyl- and methylcentralite, and diphenylamine, we hope to identify the type of gunpowder in the residues and perhaps to provide evidence of a match to a sample of unfired powder. The gunpowder additives were extracted using an automated technique, pressurized fluid extraction (PFE). The conditions for the quantitative extraction of the additives using neat and solvent-modified supercritical carbon dioxide were investigated. All of the major gunpowder additives can be determined with baseline resolution using capillary electrophoresis (CE) with a micellar agent and UV absorbance detection. A study of candidate internal standards for use in the CE method is also presented. The PFE/CE technique is used to evaluate a new: residue sampling protocol - asking shooters to blow their noses. In addtition, an initial investigation of the compositional differences among unfired and post-fired .22 handgun residues is presented. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP MacCrehan, WA (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 15 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 5 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3042-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3576 BP 116 EP 124 DI 10.1117/12.334522 PG 9 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BM50A UT WOS:000078902000017 ER PT S AU Fuller-Rowell, TJ Matsuo, T Codrescu, MV Marcos, FA AF Fuller-Rowell, TJ Matsuo, T Codrescu, MV Marcos, FA BE Burns, A Killeen, T Rees, D TI Modeling thermospheric neutral density waves and holes in response to high latitude forcing SO IONOSPHERIC/THERMOSPHERIC/MESOSPHERIC COUPLING SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH-SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT C1 1 and C1 2 Symposia of COSPAR Scientific Commission C Held at the 32nd COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY JUL 12-19, 1998 CL NAGOYA, JAPAN SP Comm Space Res, Int Union Geodesy & Geophys Int Assoc Geomagnetism & Aeron, Int Union Radio Sci, Sci Comm Solar Terr Phys, Int Union Geodesy & Geophys Int Assoc Meteorol & Atmospher Sci ID ELECTRIC-FIELDS; IONOSPHERIC ELECTRODYNAMICS; CURRENTS AB Numerical simulations have been performed to model the neutral density response to two substorms in March 1979. Observations of density from the Satellite Electrostatic Triaxial Accelerometer (SETA) during this interval revealed neutral density waves propagating from high latitudes in response to the substorms. For the first substorm, waves were seen on both the day and nightside in the Northern Hemisphere, and for the second, only strong nightside waves were detected. The data also revealed the formation of deep neutral density "holes" at high latitudes. To simulate the response, a coupled thermosphere ionosphere model was driven by an empirical substorm model designed to follow the various phases of the substorms. By tuning the magnitude of the energy injection and, in one case, rotating the spatial distribution of the sources, bath the wave features on the day and nightside, and the neutral density holes were reproduced. The neutral density waves were found to be consistent with the passage of atmospheric gravity waves with propagation speeds of 600 to 700 m/s. The neutral density holes are dynamically driven, created by the high velocity neutral winds from ion-drag. During strong geomagnetic activity momentum forcing resulting from ion-drag drives neutral winds of several hundreds of m/s. Inertial forces on the gas parcels cause a divergence in the vortex-like circulation. Backpressure induced by the divergent wind field does not completely balance the flow, and air rises within the vortex core, to maintain continuity, and cools adiabatically to produce a low temperature. Due to the cooling that takes place, in spite of the strong Joule heating that must accompany the ion-drag, the cold vortex core appears as a density hole. The physical model is able to reproduce the magnitude and location of the density holes. The study indicates that physical models, with well-defined magnetospheric inputs, will be able to improve neutral density specification for orbital tracking during period of high geomagnetic activity. (C) 1999 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NOAA, Space Environm Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, MSCR, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. USAF, Res Lab, Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 USA. RP Univ Colorado, CIRES, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 21 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON PRESS LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD LANGFORD LANE KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES-SERIES PY 1999 VL 24 IS 11 BP 1447 EP 1458 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(99)00705-X PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BP27H UT WOS:000084544200004 ER PT B AU Ozgur, M Zaghloul, ME Gaitan, M AF Ozgur, M Zaghloul, ME Gaitan, M GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI High Q backside micromachined CMOS inductors SO ISCAS '99: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 1999 IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS, VOL 2: ANALOG AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1999 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS 99) CY MAY 30-JUN 02, 1999 CL ORLANDO, FL SP IEEE ID SILICON AB Spiral inductors that are fabricated through a CMOS process, are micromachined by using a new post-processing procedure. In this new technique, the inductors are supported mechanically prior to etching with a low-loss host substrate, and the silicon substrate is selectively etched from the backside. A scalable physical model for such inductors is developed. The results from the model are in good agreement with the measurements. Significant performance improvements are achieved without compromising the mechanical robustness of the fully integrated inductors. By using a 1.2 mu m CMOS technology, a quality factor of 10.5 is measured at 4.6 GHz for 8.9 inductor. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ozgur, M (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8123, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-5471-0 PY 1999 BP 577 EP 580 PG 4 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BN36K UT WOS:000081715200144 ER PT B AU Cahn, JW AF Cahn, JW BE Koiwa, M Otsuka, K Miyazaki, T TI Challenges of paradigm building for solid-state transformations SO JAPAN INSTITUTE OF METALS, PROCEEDINGS, VOL 12, (JIMIC-3), PTS 1 AND 2: SOLID - SOLID PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Solid-Solid Phase Transformations (PTM 99) CY MAY 24-28, 1999 CL KYOTO, JAPAN SP Japan Inst Met, Iron & Steel Inst Japan, Phys Soc Japan, Mat Sci Soc Japan, Chem Soc Japan, Crystallog Soc Japan, Soc Polymer Sci, Japanese Assoc Crystal Growth, Japan Soc Heat Treatment, Atomic Energy Soc Japan, Surface Sci Soc Japan, Japan Welding Engn Soc, Min & Mat Proc Inst Japan, Japan Soc Corros Engn, Japan Soc Powder & Powder Met, Chinese Soc Met, Federat European Met Soc, Soc Francaise Met & Mat, Soc Francaise Phys, Deutsch Gesell Materialkunde E V, Inst Nazl Fisica Mat, Korean Inst Met & Mat, Swedish Soc Mat Technol, Inst Mat, Minerals Met & Mat Soc DE diffusion; precipitation; spinodal; ordering; nucleation; growth ID MIGRATION; INTERFACE; DIFFUSION; HISTORY; MOTION; FIELD; ALLOY AB Our field, solid-solid phase transformations, grew out of ancient crafts with their own paradigms. The creation of new paradigms has been a slow process with many false starts. Much remains to be done. An examination of the successes and failures of the past should give us a better understanding of where we are and why it has taken so long. C1 NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Cahn, JW (reprint author), NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 61 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU JAPAN INST METALS PI SENDAI PA AOBA ARAMAKI, SENDAI, 980, JAPAN BN 4-88903-401-3 PY 1999 BP 3 EP 14 PG 12 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BP88D UT WOS:000086479100001 ER PT B AU Levin, I Bendersky, LA Roth, RS Vanderah, TA AF Levin, I Bendersky, LA Roth, RS Vanderah, TA BE Koiwa, M Otsuka, K Miyazaki, T TI Ordering/displacive phase transformations in Ca4Nb2O9 SO JAPAN INSTITUTE OF METALS, PROCEEDINGS, VOL 12, (JIMIC-3), PTS 1 AND 2: SOLID - SOLID PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Solid-Solid Phase Transformations (PTM 99) CY MAY 24-28, 1999 CL KYOTO, JAPAN SP Japan Inst Met, Iron & Steel Inst Japan, Phys Soc Japan, Mat Sci Soc Japan, Chem Soc Japan, Crystallog Soc Japan, Soc Polymer Sci, Japanese Assoc Crystal Growth, Japan Soc Heat Treatment, Atomic Energy Soc Japan, Surface Sci Soc Japan, Japan Welding Engn Soc, Min & Mat Proc Inst Japan, Japan Soc Corros Engn, Japan Soc Powder & Powder Met, Chinese Soc Met, Federat European Met Soc, Soc Francaise Met & Mat, Soc Francaise Phys, Deutsch Gesell Materialkunde E V, Inst Nazl Fisica Mat, Korean Inst Met & Mat, Swedish Soc Mat Technol, Inst Mat, Minerals Met & Mat Soc DE perovskite; phase transitions; ordering; octahedral tilting; TEM; Ca4Nb2O9 AB Four Ca4Nb2O9=Ca(Ca1/3Nb2/3)O-3 polymorphs based on ABO(3) perovskite-like structure were identified. These polymorphs feature three different arrangements of Ca/Nb cations on B-sites of perovskite. In three of the polymorphs, cation ordering is combined with octahedral tilting. Symmetry relations between Ca4Nb2O9 polymorphs were analyzed in terms of group/subgroups relations, separating the effects of octahedral tilting and cation ordering on symmetry changes. The types of domains, resulting from tilting and ordering phase transitions between different Ca4Nb2O9 structures, and their spatial hierarchy expected from the formal symmetry considerations were related to those experimentally observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Levin, I (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU JAPAN INST METALS PI SENDAI PA AOBA ARAMAKI, SENDAI, 980, JAPAN BN 4-88903-401-3 PY 1999 BP 1409 EP 1412 PG 4 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BP88D UT WOS:000086479100312 ER PT J AU Matsumoto, K Gotoh, Y Maeda, T Dagata, JA Harris, JS AF Matsumoto, K Gotoh, Y Maeda, T Dagata, JA Harris, JS TI Metal-based room-temperature operating single electron devices using scanning probe oxidation SO JAPANESE JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS PART 1-REGULAR PAPERS SHORT NOTES & REVIEW PAPERS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1998 International Symposium on Formation, Physics and Device Application of Quantum Dot Structures (QDS 98) CY MAY 31-JUN 04, 1998 CL HOKKAIDO UNIV, SAPPORO, JAPAN SP Minist Educ Sci Sports & Culture, Japan, Res Ctr Interface Quantum Electr, Hokkaido Univ HO HOKKAIDO UNIV DE AFM; nano-oxidation process; single electron transistor; Coulomb oscillation AB Coulomb oscillation was clearly observed at room temperature in the single electron transistor fabricated by atomic force microscopy (AFM) nano-oxidation process. In order to obtain a clear Coulomb oscillation at room temperature, new and improved fabrication processes and measurement systems such as a pulse-mode AFM nano-oxidation process and a triaxial active feedback measurement system are introduced. The Coulomb oscillation peaks appear with the period of 1.9V at the drain bias conditions of 0.25 V and 0.3 V. The current modulation rate ranges from 20% to 30%. C1 Electrotech Lab, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Stanford Univ, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Matsumoto, K (reprint author), Electrotech Lab, 1-1-4 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan. RI Maeda, Tatsuro/E-7486-2015 NR 7 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU JAPAN J APPLIED PHYSICS PI MINATO-KU TOKYO PA DAINI TOYOKAIJI BLDG 24-8 SHINBASHI 4-CHOME, MINATO-KU TOKYO, 105, JAPAN SN 0021-4922 J9 JPN J APPL PHYS 1 JI Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Part 1 - Regul. Pap. Short Notes Rev. Pap. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 38 IS 1B BP 477 EP 479 DI 10.1143/JJAP.38.477 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 173FU UT WOS:000078971100043 ER PT S AU Rochford, KB Kreger, ST West, JW AF Rochford, KB Kreger, ST West, JW GP SOC PHOTOOPT INSTRUMENTAT ENGINEERS SOC PHOTOOPT INSTRUMENTAT ENGINEERS TI Variation in optical disc birefringence measurements SO JOINT INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON OPTICAL MEMORY AND OPTICAL DATA STORAGE 1999 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Joint International Symposium on Optical Memory and Optical Data Storage (ISOM/ODS 99) CY JUL 11-15, 1999 CL KOLOA, HI SP IEEE, Lasers & Electroopt Soc, Opt Soc Amer, SPIE, Int Soc Opt Engn, Japan Soc Appl Phys C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Optoelect, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Rochford, KB (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Optoelect, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3458-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3864 BP 223 EP 225 PG 3 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Computer Science; Optics; Physics GA BN96P UT WOS:000083679500071 ER PT J AU Linossier, I Gaillard, F Romand, M Nguyen, T AF Linossier, I Gaillard, F Romand, M Nguyen, T TI A spectroscopic technique for studies of water transport along the interface and hydrolytic stability of polymer/substrate systems SO JOURNAL OF ADHESION LA English DT Article DE water; interface; transport; internal reflection spectroscopy; hydrolytic stability; polymer/substrate ID COATING SUBSTRATE INTERFACE; ATR SPECTROSCOPY; STAINLESS-STEEL; DIFFUSION; SURFACES AB Information on water transport along the polymer/substrate interface is valuable for understanding the mechanisms and the controlling factors affecting the water-induced adhesion loss of polymer-coated metals, adhesive-bonded joints, and polymer/fiber composites subjected to aqueous environments. This paper presents data to demonstrate the capability of a technique, which combines a vertical cell with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in the multiple internal reflection mode, for studying water transport along the polymer/substrate interface and interfacial hydrolytic stability of polymeric composites and systems exposed to water and high relative humidities. The technique can distinguish water transport through the film from that along the interface; the latter transport is predominant for polymer/untreated substrate systems. Spectroscopic analyses of fractured surfaces of poor and well-bonded polymer/substrate systems after water exposure indicate that the technique is capable of discerning a hydrolytically-stable interface from a water-susceptible interface. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Bretagne Sud, Lab Polymeres & Proc, F-56325 Lorient, France. Univ Lyon 1, CNRS, Lab Sci & Ingn Surfaces, Equipe ERS 69, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France. RP Nguyen, T (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 23 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 9 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING RG1 8JL, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0021-8464 J9 J ADHESION JI J. Adhes. PY 1999 VL 70 IS 3-4 BP 221 EP 239 DI 10.1080/00218469908009557 PG 19 WC Engineering, Chemical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Mechanics SC Engineering; Materials Science; Mechanics GA 227HW UT WOS:000082075900003 ER PT J AU Kent, MS McNamara, WF Baca, PM Wright, W Domeier, LA Wong, APY Wu, WL AF Kent, MS McNamara, WF Baca, PM Wright, W Domeier, LA Wong, APY Wu, WL TI Water adsorption in interfacial silane layers by neutron reflection: 2. Epoxy plus silane finish on silicon wafers SO JOURNAL OF ADHESION LA English DT Article DE water adsorption; interfacial water; silane coupling agents; hygrothermal conditioning; interpenetration of resin and silane; neutron reflection; durability AB The interaction of water with an interphase composed of a common commercial glass cloth silane finish and an epoxy resin is explored by neutron reflection. The silane finish was applied to the oxide surfaces of polished silicon wafers. The epoxy resin (diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A with dicyandiamide curing agent) was then roll-coated over the silane finish and cured. Profiles of D2O in the interphase were measured by neutron reflection after varying periods of exposure to air saturated with D2O at 22 degrees C and at 80 degrees C. A significant uptake of D2O into the interphase region is observed after exposure at 80 degrees C for 3 days. The D2O profile in the interphase can be described by a two-layer model composed of a thin (similar to 15 Angstrom) layer with similar to 50 vol% D2O next to the silicon oxide surface and a second layer corresponding to the remainder of the silane-epoxy mixed layer with a much lower D2O level. No excess D2O is detected (detection limit similar to 3%) in the interface region under the same conditions if the silane finish is not present. For samples conditioned at 22 degrees C, no D2O is detected in the silane interphase after exposure for 18 days, but a significant uptake is observed after exposure for 6 months. The profile in the latter case can again be described by a two-layer model with a thin D2O-rich layer near the silicon oxide surface. The nature of the interaction of D2O with the interphase is further probed by exposing samples to vacuum following humidity conditioning. After evacuation for similar to 1 month, near complete removal of interfacial water is observed for samples conditioned at 80 degrees C for 3 days and also at 22 degrees C for 6 months. These observations are interpreted in terms of a reversible chemical interaction (hydrolysis) between water and the silane finish. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94551 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kent, MS (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, POB 5800, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. NR 8 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 4 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING RG1 8JL, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0021-8464 J9 J ADHESION JI J. Adhes. PY 1999 VL 69 IS 1-2 BP 139 EP 163 DI 10.1080/00218469908015923 PG 25 WC Engineering, Chemical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Mechanics SC Engineering; Materials Science; Mechanics GA 188MW UT WOS:000079851600009 ER PT J AU Sekelsky, SM Ecklund, WL Firda, JM Gage, KS McIntosh, RE AF Sekelsky, SM Ecklund, WL Firda, JM Gage, KS McIntosh, RE TI Particle size estimation in ice-phase clouds using multifrequency radar reflectivity measurements at 95, 33, and 2.8 GHz SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID NATURAL CLOUDS; NEURAL-NETWORK; SCATTERING; CRYSTALS; SNOW; CLASSIFICATION; HYDROMETEORS; POLARIZATION; SPECTRA; WATER AB Multifrequency radar measurements collected at 2.8 (S band), 33.12 (Ka band), and 94.92 GHz (W band) are processed using a neural network to estimate median particle size and peak number concentration in ice-phase clouds composed of dry crystals or aggregates. The model data used to train the neural network assume a gamma particle size distribution function and a size-density relationship having decreasing density with size. Results for the available frequency combinations show sensitivity to particle size for distributions with median volume diameters greater than approximately 0.2 mm. Measurements are presented from the Maritime Continent Thunderstorm Experiment. which was held near Darwin, Australia, during November and December 1995. The University of Massachuserts-Amherst 33.12/93.92-GHz Cloud Profiling Radar System, the NOAA 2.8-GHz profiler, and other sensors were clustered near the village of Garden Point, Melville Island, where numerous convective storms were observed. Attenuation losses by the NOAA radar signal are small over the pathlengths considered so the cloud-top reflectivity values at 2.8 GHz are used to remove propagation path losses from the higher-frequency measurements. The 2.8-GHz measurements also permit estimation of larger particle diameters than is possible using only 33.12 and 94.92 GHz. The results suggest that the median particle size tends to decrease with height for stratiform cloud cases. However. this trend is not observed for convective cloud cases where measurements indicate that large particles can exist even near the cloud top. C1 Univ Massachusetts, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Microwave Remote Sensing Lab, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Sekelsky, SM (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Microwave Remote Sensing Lab, Knowles 209 C, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. EM sekelsky@mirsl.ecs.umass.edu NR 53 TC 39 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8763 J9 J APPL METEOROL JI J. Appl. Meteorol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 38 IS 1 BP 5 EP 28 DI 10.1175/1520-0450(1999)038<0005:PSEIIP>2.0.CO;2 PG 24 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 157HC UT WOS:000078054700002 ER PT J AU Schols, JL Weinman, JA Alexander, GD Stewart, RE Angus, LJ Lee, ACL AF Schols, JL Weinman, JA Alexander, GD Stewart, RE Angus, LJ Lee, ACL TI Microwave properties of frozen precipitation around a North Atlantic cyclone SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID BULK ICE SCHEME; RADIATIVE-TRANSFER; MODEL; RADAR; STORMS; SNOWFLAKES; LAYER; SNOW AB Microwave brightness temperatures emanating from a North Atlantic cyclone were measured by the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) on the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program satellite. As other investigators have found before, low 85.5-GHz brightness temperatures (215 +/- 20 K) were observed from cumulonimbus clouds along the squall line; however, 85.5-GHz microwave brightness temperatures observed from the nimbostratus clouds north of the low center were significantly higher (255 +/- 20 K). In situ measurements from aircraft during the Canadian Atlantic Storm Program II showed that heavy snowfall consisting of large tenuous aggregates existed in the nimbostratus clouds at the time of the SSM/I overpass. Distributions of snow, rain, liquid cloud water, and cloud ice mass were computed from a modified version of the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University-NCAR Mesoscale Model. That model employed a mixed-phase ice microphysics (MPIM) scheme that only considered one type of frozen hydrometeor. The frozen hydrometeor size distributions, density, and mass flux were modified to match the in situ observations where they were available and to account for the SSM/I observations using radiative transfer theory. Those revised hydrometeor representations were constrained to preserve the vertical hydrometeor mass flux distributions obtained from the MPIM scheme throughout the analysis. Frozen dense accreted particles were required near the squall line to account for the microwave scattering effect. Snow aggregates, with density that decreased with increasing size, were needed to reproduce the high brightness temperatures observed from the nimbostratus clouds. C1 SAIC, GSC, Seabrook, MD 20706 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Microwave Sensors Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Space Res Assoc, Seabrook, MD USA. Atmospher Environm Serv, Downsview, ON, Canada. NOAA, FSL, Boulder, CO USA. UK Meteorol Off, Farnborough, Hants, England. RP Schols, JL (reprint author), SAIC, GSC, 7501 Forbes Blvd,S 103, Seabrook, MD 20706 USA. EM schols@ltpmail.gsfc.nasa.gov NR 41 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8763 J9 J APPL METEOROL JI J. Appl. Meteorol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 38 IS 1 BP 29 EP 43 DI 10.1175/1520-0450(1999)038<0029:MPOFPA>2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 157HC UT WOS:000078054700003 ER PT J AU Fo, AJP Crawford, KC Stensrud, DJ AF Fo, AJP Crawford, KC Stensrud, DJ TI Mesoscale precipitation fields. Part II: Hydrometeorologic modeling SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID 4-DIMENSIONAL DATA ASSIMILATION; CONVECTIVE PARAMETERIZATION; ATMOSPHERIC MODELS; MONSOON REGION; INITIALIZATION; SYSTEMS; TEMPERATURE; PREDICTION; MOISTURE; SCHEME AB A hydrometeorologic forecast system (HFS) has been developed that takes advantage of new high-resolution rainfall datasets from the WSR-88D radar system, the Oklahoma Mesonet, and Oklahoma Local Analysis and Prediction System (OLAPS). New schemes to analyze precipitation and to adjust radar rainfall rates have been proposed to improve the quantitative precipitation forecast (QPF) for hydrologic purposes. Adjusted WSR-88D rainfall rates were advected by the 700-mb wind field from OLAPS to produce an extrapolation QPF Several experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of the rainfall adjustment and wind field upon the extrapolation QPF. In addition, mesoscale model-produced QPFs were generated using The Pennsylvania State University-National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model. Control and rainfall assimilation experiments were performed using both Kuo and Kain-Fritsch cumulus parameterization schemes for three rainfall events from April 1994. All model runs were integrated forward 12 h and then verified against the analyzed precipitation held. Both the extrapolation and model-produced QPFs were used to produce hydrologic forecasts for the Dry Creek watershed in north-central Oklahoma. Results indicate that extrapolation QPFs degrade exponentially with time and become inferior to the QPF from a mesoscale model after 2 h. When the extrapolated rainfall estimates were input into a hydrologic model, an underestimate of the peak flow occurred since the time evolution of precipitating systems is not handled by extrapolation. Due to the lag time between the peak in precipitation and the peak in streamflow, the greatest impact upon the accuracy of hydrologic forecasts resulted from improvements in the analyzed precipitation field. On the Ether hand, mesoscale forecast simulations revealed that the assimilation of analyzed rainfall had a limited impact upon the evolution of model-produced precipitation forecasts out to 4 h. However, model-produced QPFs improved after 8 h into the integration. While the Kuo scheme produced less dispersion error, the Kain-Fritsch scheme created less amplitude error. The assimilation of analyzed rainfall through the convergence factor of the Kuo scheme had a greater impact upon the performance of the mesoscale model than did the Kain-Fritsch rainfall assimilation through the adjustment of its precipitation efficiency factor. Therefore, re new generation HFS has been developed to take advantage of new technology and new scientific methods in an attempt to mitigate the age-old issue of devastating floods that occur without warning. Each component has been tested and evaluated. The results of testing and evaluating each component of the proposed HFS are presented in this paper. C1 Univ Sao Paulo, Dept Atmospher Sci, BR-05508900 Sao Paulo, Brazil. Univ Oklahoma, Sch Meteorol, Norman, OK 73019 USA. NOAA, Environm Res Labs, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Univ Sao Paulo, Dept Atmospher Sci, Rua Matao 1226,Cidade Univ, BR-05508900 Sao Paulo, Brazil. EM apereira@model.iag.usp.br NR 38 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8763 J9 J APPL METEOROL JI J. Appl. Meteorol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 38 IS 1 BP 102 EP 125 PG 24 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 157HC UT WOS:000078054700008 ER PT J AU Levine, ZH Ravel, B AF Levine, ZH Ravel, B TI Identification of materials in integrated circuit interconnects using x-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ELECTRON TOMOGRAPHY; FINE-STRUCTURE; MICROTOMOGRAPHY; TRANSMISSION; RESOLUTION; SCATTERING; MICROSCOPY; ATOMS; LINES; LSI AB Most integrated circuit interconnects are principally composed of a few metals, including aluminum alloyed with copper, tungsten, titanium, Al3Ti, and Al2Cu, in a silica matrix. Integrated circuit interconnects have recently been proposed as a candidate system for visualization by computerized microtomography using absorption in the soft x-ray region. In this work, we demonstrate the feasibility of materials identification using volume-resolved x-ray absorption near edge spectra (XANES) obtained by tomographic reconstruction. A similar experiment could be performed with an energy-resolved high-voltage transmission electron microscope. We calculate the XANES for interconnect materials near the Al K edge, the Cu L-I, L-II, and L-III edges, and the Ti L-II and L-III, and compare them to experiment when possible. The signal-to-noise ratio required to distinguish among the aluminum compounds from their Al K edge spectra is shown to be about one order of magnitude higher than that needed to detect elemental aluminum. [S00218979(99)04701-5]. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Levine, ZH (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 34 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD JAN 1 PY 1999 VL 85 IS 1 BP 558 EP 564 DI 10.1063/1.369489 PG 7 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 148DM UT WOS:000077489200087 ER PT J AU Orr, BW Kropfli, RA AF Orr, BW Kropfli, RA TI A method for estimating particle fall velocities from vertically pointing Doppler radar SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CLOUDS; EVOLUTION AB A method is presented that estimates particle fail velocities from Doppler velocity and reflectivity measurements taken with a vertically pointing Doppler radar. The method is applicable to uniform, stratified clouds and is applied here to cirrus clouds. A unique aspect of the technique consists of partitioning the Doppler velocities into discrete cloud height and cloud reflectivity bins prior to temporal averaging. The first step of the method is to temporally average the partitioned Doppler velocities over an hour or two to remove the effects of small-scale vertical air motions. This establishes relationships between particle fall velocity and radar reflectivity at various levels within the cloud. Comparisons with aircraft in situ observations from other experiments show consistency with the remote-sensing observations. These results suggest that particle fall speeds can be determined to within 5-10 cm s(-1) by means of this technique. C1 NOAA, ERL, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Orr, BW (reprint author), NOAA, ERL, Environm Technol Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 6 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 16 IS 1 BP 29 EP 37 DI 10.1175/1520-0426(1999)016<0029:AMFEPF>2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 160YU UT WOS:000078261600003 ER PT J AU Michalsky, J Dutton, E Rubes, M Nelson, D Stoffel, T Wesley, M Splitt, M DeLuisi, J AF Michalsky, J Dutton, E Rubes, M Nelson, D Stoffel, T Wesley, M Splitt, M DeLuisi, J TI Optimal measurement of surface shortwave irradiance using current instrumentation SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RADIATIVE FLUXES; SATELLITE; CLOUDS; MODEL AB Although most measurements of total downwelling shortwave irradiance are made with pyranometers, the World Climate Research Program's Baseline Surface Radiation Network has recommended the use of the summation of shortwave components in which the direct normal irradiance is measured and multiplied by the cosine of the solar zenith angle and then added to the diffuse horizontal irradiance measured by a pyranometer that is shaded from direct solar radiation by a disk. The nonideal angular response of most pyranometers limits their accuracy to about 3%, or 20-30 W m(-2), for instantaneous clear-sky measurements. An intensive study of 21 separate measurements of total horizontal irradiance was conducted during extreme winter conditions of low sun and cold temperatures over 12 days at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory. The experiment showed that the component sum methodology could lower the uncertainty by a factor of 2 or 3. A clear demonstration of this improvement was realized in a separate experiment conducted at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Southern Great Plains Cloud and Radiation Testbed site during April 1996. Four independent measurements of downwelling shortwave irradiance using the component sum technique showed typical differences at solar noon of about 10 W m(-2). The mean of these summed measurements at solar noon was lower than the mean of the most-well-calibrated pyranometer measurements, acquired simultaneously, by about 30 W m(-2), which is consistent with the typical angular response of many pyranometers. C1 SUNY Albany, Atmospher Sci Res Ctr, Univ Albany, Albany, NY 12203 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Cooperat Inst Res Environm Studies, Boulder, CO USA. Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Div Environm Res, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. NOAA, Surface Radiat Res Branch, Boulder, CO USA. RP Michalsky, J (reprint author), SUNY Albany, Atmospher Sci Res Ctr, Univ Albany, 251 Fuller Rd, Albany, NY 12203 USA. OI Splitt, Michael/0000-0002-7690-5100 NR 17 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 16 IS 1 BP 55 EP 69 DI 10.1175/1520-0426(1999)016<0055:OMOSSI>2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 160YU UT WOS:000078261600005 ER PT J AU Gossard, EE Wolfe, DE Stankov, BB AF Gossard, EE Wolfe, DE Stankov, BB TI Measurement of humidity profiles in the atmosphere by the global positioning system and radar wind profilers SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CLEAR AIR AB Bragg backscatter of radar waves from elevated turbulent layers is very highly correlated with the height profile of the gradient of radio refractive index through elevated turbulent layers, as has often been documented in past research. However, many users need profiles of radio refractive index or the associated humidity rather than profiles of their gradients. Simple integration of the gradients is usually nor feasible because clutter and various noise sources often severely contaminate the lower-range gates. The authors show that if the total integrated humidity is independently available [for example, from the Global Positioning System (GPS)] and if the surface value of humidity is known, the profiles of humidity are retrievable with goad accuracy. This method is demonstrated with data collected in Southern California, where 7 h of 449-MHz data were recorded along with GPS data. Three radiosonde balloon were launched during that period, and the profiles of humidity from the two sources are compared. Simulations are used to assess errors that result From factors such as lack of the sign of the humidity gradients. In conclusion, a humidity profile found by statistical retrieval is compared with one found by the technique proposed in this paper. C1 NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, R E ET4, ERL, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Sci & Technol Corp, NCAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO USA. RP Gossard, EE (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, R E ET4, ERL, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 15 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 16 IS 1 BP 156 EP 164 DI 10.1175/1520-0426(1999)016<0156:MOHPIT>2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 160YU UT WOS:000078261600014 ER PT J AU Reid, GC AF Reid, GC TI Solar variability and its implications for the human environment SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th Quadrennual SCOSTEP Symposium on Solar-Terrestrial Physics CY AUG, 1997 CL UPPSALA, SWEDEN ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; IRRADIANCE VARIATIONS; CLIMATE-CHANGE; SURFACE-TEMPERATURE; MAUNDER MINIMUM; SUNSPOT CYCLE; TOTAL OZONE; LONG-TERM; LUMINOSITY; STRATOSPHERE AB Solar variability can affect human activities in a variety of ways, from changing our climate to disrupting power distribution facilities and shortening the orbital lifetime of satellites. This tutorial paper will be concerned only with effects on the surface environment that can have a direct impact on our everyday life, such as variations in the stratospheric ozone layer that shields us from harmful ultraviolet radiation, and changes in global climate that can hinder or delay the detection of climate changes that might result from our own technological activities. The emphasis is on potential mechanisms, rather than on reported correlations between solar and terrestrial parameters, but reference to certain observations will be made. Realization of a potential impact of solar variability on our local environment has progressed a long way in the last few decades, from denial to partial acceptance, but a complete assessment of its reality and magnitude remains a distant goal. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. Al rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Reid, GC (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM reid@al.noaa.gov NR 41 TC 22 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1364-6826 J9 J ATMOS SOL-TERR PHY JI J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 61 IS 1-2 BP 3 EP 14 DI 10.1016/S1364-6826(98)00111-4 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 180HQ UT WOS:000079380400002 ER PT J AU Hamilton, K AF Hamilton, K TI Dynamical coupling of the lower and middle atmosphere: historical background to current research SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 9th Quadrennial SCOSTEP Symposium on Solar-Terrestrial Physics CY AUG, 1997 CL UPPSALA, SWEDEN ID EQUATORIAL PLANETARY WAVES; STRATOSPHERIC WARMINGS; NUMERICAL-MODEL; GRAVITY-WAVES; CIRCULATION; SHEAR; MOMENTUM; WINTER; FLOW AB The role of both gravity waves and planetary waves in coupling the circulation in the middle atmosphere with that in the troposphere is now well appreciated. The present article reviews the history of the study of middle atmospheric dynamics and its coupling with the lower atmosphere. The emphasis is on early developments, principally those before the mid-1970's. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Hamilton, K (reprint author), Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. NR 133 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1364-6826 EI 1879-1824 J9 J ATMOS SOL-TERR PHY JI J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 61 IS 1-2 BP 73 EP 84 DI 10.1016/S1364-6826(98)00118-7 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 180HQ UT WOS:000079380400009 ER PT J AU Weida, MJ Nesbitt, DJ AF Weida, MJ Nesbitt, DJ TI High-resolution diode laser study of H-2-H2O van der Waals complexes: H2O as proton acceptor and the role of large amplitude motion SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID COLLISION CROSS-SECTIONS; POTENTIAL-ENERGY SURFACE; VANDERWAALS COMPLEXES; AMORPHOUS ICE; WATER; SPECTROSCOPY; EXCITATION; MOLECULES; CLUSTERS; H-2 AB Three high-resolution rovibrational bands of ortho H-2 with both para and ortho H2O are observed in a slit supersonic expansion, based on direct absorption of a tunable diode laser in the nu(2) bend region of H2O near 1600 cm(-1). Complexes containing para H2O are responsible for a Sigma<--Sigma type band associated with intramolecular bending excitation of H2O, while complexes containing ortho H2O exhibit two bands associated with (i) the intramolecular HOH bend (Pi<--Pi) and (ii) an inter+intramolecular combination band (Sigma<--Pi) corresponding to simultaneous HOH, bend plus internal rotor excitation. From high-resolution line broadening studies, each upper state has a different vibrational predissociation lifetime; for bend excited para H2O complexes it is 5.1(14) nsec, while for the bend excited state and bend+internal rotor combination state of ortho H2O, it is 2.53(14) and 1.85(33) nsec, respectively. Analysis of the spectra supplemented by 2D quantum calculations indicate large amplitude, slightly hindered internal rotation of the H2O subunit in the complex. Nevertheless, the internal rotor splittings yield potential parameters that suggest ortho H-2-H2O is best described with the H-2 predominantly pointing towards the O atom in a H2O proton acceptor geometry. O 1999 American Institute of Physics. [S0021-9606(99)01001-6]. C1 Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Weida, MJ (reprint author), Hitachi Ltd, Adv Res Lab, Hatoyama, Saitama 35003, Japan. NR 40 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD JAN 1 PY 1999 VL 110 IS 1 BP 156 EP 167 DI 10.1063/1.478091 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 151AC UT WOS:000077697900023 ER PT J AU Cooper, GD Sanabia, JE Moore, JH Olthoff, JK Christophorou, LG AF Cooper, GD Sanabia, JE Moore, JH Olthoff, JK Christophorou, LG TI Total electron scattering cross section for Cl-2 SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Letter ID ROTATIONAL-EXCITATION; MOLECULES; CHLORINE C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Chem, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NIST, Div Elect, Elect & Elect Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Cooper, GD (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Chem, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NR 16 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI WOODBURY PA CIRCULATION FULFILLMENT DIV, 500 SUNNYSIDE BLVD, WOODBURY, NY 11797-2999 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD JAN 1 PY 1999 VL 110 IS 1 BP 682 EP 683 DI 10.1063/1.478124 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 151AC UT WOS:000077697900081 ER PT J AU Banks, DL AF Banks, DL TI Operational subjective statistical methods SO JOURNAL OF CLASSIFICATION LA English DT Book Review C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Banks, DL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST N 820,Room 345, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0176-4268 J9 J CLASSIF JI J. Classif. PY 1999 VL 16 IS 1 BP 141 EP 143 DI 10.1007/s003579900047 PG 3 WC Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Psychology, Mathematical SC Mathematics; Psychology GA 195GQ UT WOS:000080242600008 ER PT J AU Goldberg, MD McMillin, LM AF Goldberg, MD McMillin, LM TI Methodology for deriving deep-layer mean temperatures from combined satellite infrared and microwave observations SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID RADIOSONDE VALIDATION; PRECISION; MSU; ANOMALIES AB Deep-layer mean temperatures from Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU) observations have been used by scientists to study trends and interannual variations of tropospheric and lower-stratospheric temperature. The spatial resolution of MSU deep-layer mean temperatures is rather poor For studying trends in localized regions. A method is developed in which infrared observations from the High-resolution InfraRed Sounder (HIRS) is used in combination with MSU to derive deep-layer mean temperatures with improved vertical and horizontal resolution. Even though the relationship between infrared radiance and temperature is not linear, the layer associated with the mean temperature is shown to be well defined with a small airmass dependency that is similar to MSU's airmass dependency. Preliminary validation of HIRS-MSU-derived layer mean temperatures with radiosonde layer mean temperatures show similar precision when compared to MSU-only derived temperatures. C1 NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Off Res & Applicat, Data & Informat Serv, Washington, DC 20233 USA. RP Goldberg, MD (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Off Res & Applicat, Data & Informat Serv, Washington, DC 20233 USA. RI Goldberg, Mitch/F-5589-2010 NR 12 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 12 IS 1 BP 5 EP 20 DI 10.1175/1520-0442-12.1.5 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 165XZ UT WOS:000078548300003 ER PT J AU Wylie, DP Menzel, WP AF Wylie, DP Menzel, WP TI Eight years of high cloud statistics using HIRS SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID HIGH-LEVEL CLOUDS; INFRARED RADIANCES; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; GLOBAL ANALYSIS; CIRRUS; SATELLITE; ISCCP; LIDAR; CLIMATOLOGIES; PARAMETER AB Over the last 8 yr frequency and location of cloud observations have been compiled using multispectral High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder (HIRS) data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration polar-orbiting satellites: this work is an extension of the I-yr dataset reported by D. Wylie ct al. The CO, slicing algorithm applied to the HIRS data exhibits a higher sensitivity to semitransparent cirrus clouds than the cloud algorithm used by the International Satellite Cloud Climatology project; the threshold for cloud detection appears to require visible optical depths (tau(vis)) greater than 0.1. The geographical distributions of clouds in the 8-yr dataset are nearly the same as,those reported from 4 yr of data. The detection of upper-tropospheric clouds occurs most often in the intertropical convergence zone and midlatitude storm belts with lower concentrations in subtropical deserts and oceanic subtropical highs. The areas of concentrated cloud cover exhibit latitudinal movement with the seasons as in other cloud datasets. HIRS finds clear sky in 25%, opaque cloud in 32%, and semitransparent cloud in 43% of all its observations. The effective emissivity of the all semitransparent clouds (T-vis < 6) ranges from 0.2 to 0.6 With an average value of about 0.5. Time trends are reexamined in detail. A possible cirrus increase in 1991 reported by Wylie and coauthors in 1991 is found to be diminished upon reinspection. The revised 8-yr record has indications of an increase in high clouds in the northern midlatitudes (0.5% yr(-1)) but little change elsewhere. The seasonal cycle of cloud cover in the Southern Hemisphere becomes very noticeable in 1993. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Space Sci & Engn, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Madison, WI USA. RP Wylie, DP (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Space Sci & Engn, 1225 W Dayton St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM don.wylie@ssec.wisc.edu RI Menzel, W. Paul/B-8306-2011 OI Menzel, W. Paul/0000-0001-5690-1201 NR 31 TC 231 Z9 238 U1 0 U2 17 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 12 IS 1 BP 170 EP 184 DI 10.1175/1520-0442-12.1.170 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 165XZ UT WOS:000078548300015 ER PT J AU Smith, TM Livezey, RE AF Smith, TM Livezey, RE TI GCM systematic error correction and specification of the seasonal mean Pacific North America region atmosphere from global SSTs SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID SURFACE-TEMPERATURE; SKILL; CIRCULATION; VARIABILITY; HEMISPHERE; PREDICTION AB Specifications of 1- and 3-month mean Pacific-North America region 700-hPa heights and U.S. surface temperatures and precipitation, From global sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and the ensemble average output of multiple runs of a general circulation model with the same SST, prescribed, were explored with canonical correlation analysis. In addition to considerable specification skill, the authors found that ii systematic errors in SST-forced model variability had substantial linear parts. 2) use of both predictor fields usually enhanced specification performance for the U.S. fields over that for just one of the predictor fields, and 3) skillful specification and model correction of the heights and temperatures were also possible for nonactive or transitional El Nino-Southern Oscillation situations. C1 NOAA, NWS, NCEP, Climate Predict Ctr, Ft Washington, MD 20744 USA. RP Livezey, RE (reprint author), NOAA, NWS, NCEP, Climate Predict Ctr, W-NP51,Rm 604,5200 Auth Rd, Ft Washington, MD 20744 USA. RI Smith, Thomas M./F-5626-2010 OI Smith, Thomas M./0000-0001-7469-7849 NR 17 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 12 IS 1 BP 273 EP 288 DI 10.1175/1520-0442-12.1.273 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 165XZ UT WOS:000078548300022 ER PT J AU Livezey, RE Smith, TM AF Livezey, RE Smith, TM TI Covariability of aspects of north American climate with global sea surface temperatures on interannual to interdecadal timescales SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID CIRCULATION PATTERNS; HEMISPHERE WINTER; TELECONNECTIONS AB Rotated canonical correlation analysis between seasonal- and longer-mean global SSTs and either U.S. surface temperatures or 700-hPa heights in the Pacific-North America region have led to decompositions into three distinct signals. One of these represents the interannual variability of ENSO and a second is related to the North Atlantic oscillation and exhibits considerable variability on interdecadal timescales. In contrast the temporal behavior of the third, which is referred to here as the global signal, is mostly characterized by a steady trend since the late 1960s. The robustness of this time series to variations in the analyses, as well as the robustness of the spatial structure of the SST pattern accompanying it, suggests that the decomposition represents a successful separation of the climate signal from the climate noise. When viewed in the context of other recent work, the global signal cannot be discounted as a "fingerprint" of global warming. Finally, calculations that exploit ensemble mean output from prescribed-SST GCM runs reveal notable systematic errors in the simulation of the features of all three signals. C1 NOAA, NWS, NCEP, Climate Predict Ctr, Ft Washington, MD 20744 USA. RP Livezey, RE (reprint author), NOAA, NWS, NCEP, Climate Predict Ctr, W-NP51,Rm 604,5200 Auth Rd, Ft Washington, MD 20744 USA. RI Smith, Thomas M./F-5626-2010 OI Smith, Thomas M./0000-0001-7469-7849 NR 16 TC 67 Z9 67 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 12 IS 1 BP 289 EP 302 DI 10.1175/1520-0442-12.1.289 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 165XZ UT WOS:000078548300023 ER PT J AU Livezey, RE Smith, TM AF Livezey, RE Smith, TM TI Considerations for use of the Barnett and Preisendorfer (1987) algorithm for canonical correlation analysis of climate variations SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID SURFACE C1 NOAA, NWS, NCEP, Climate Predict Ctr, Ft Washington, MD 20744 USA. RP Livezey, RE (reprint author), NOAA, NWS, NCEP, Climate Predict Ctr, W-NP51,Rm 604,5200 Auth Rd, Ft Washington, MD 20744 USA. EM livezey@sgi84.wwb.noaa.gov RI Smith, Thomas M./F-5626-2010 OI Smith, Thomas M./0000-0001-7469-7849 NR 10 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 12 IS 1 BP 303 EP 305 DI 10.1175/1520-0442-12.1.303 PG 3 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 165XZ UT WOS:000078548300024 ER PT J AU Tung, MS Eichmiller, FC AF Tung, MS Eichmiller, FC TI Dental applications of amorphous calcium phosphates SO JOURNAL OF CLINICAL DENTISTRY LA English DT Article ID CHEWING GUMS; SALIVA; REMINERALIZATION; LESIONS AB Amorphous calcium phosphate compounds (ACPs) have the highest rates of formation and dissolution among all the calcium phosphates, and rapidly hydrolyze in situ to apatite, the tooth mineral. Dental applications based on these unique properties are being developed to prevent or repair incipient dental caries, to decrease dentin sensitivity, and to improve means of bonding to dentin. Dentifrices, carbonated solutions, and aerosols containing high concentrations of calcium and phosphate can be used as calcifying agents, mouthrinses, artificial saliva, and for other dental applications. When applied, they readily precipitate ACPs initially. Soluble ACPs have potential for use as an additive in chewing gum, a vehicle that releases beneficial ions of calcium, phosphate, fluoride, bicarbonate and hydroxide for remineralization. Bicarbonate, which regulates pH, stability, and precipitation by the release of CO2, can control the remineralization process. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Tung, MS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. FU NIDCR NIH HHS [DE08916] NR 24 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 8 PU PROFESSIONAL AUDIENCE COMMUNICATIONS, INC PI YARDLEY PA PO BOX 243, YARDLEY, PA 19067 USA SN 0895-8831 J9 J CLIN DENT JI J. Clin. Dent. PY 1999 VL 10 IS 1 BP 1 EP 6 PG 6 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 246TD UT WOS:000083179900001 PM 10686850 ER PT J AU Bertness, KA Kurtz, SR Asher, SE Reedy, RC AF Bertness, KA Kurtz, SR Asher, SE Reedy, RC TI AlInP benchmarks for growth of AlGaInP compounds by organometallic vapor-phase epitaxy SO JOURNAL OF CRYSTAL GROWTH LA English DT Article DE oxygen impurity; indium compounds; AlGaInP; organometallic vapor-phase epitaxy (OMVPE); photocurrent; secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) ID MOLECULAR-BEAM EPITAXY; TANDEM SOLAR-CELLS; OXYGEN INCORPORATION; SUBSTRATE MISORIENTATION; DOPING CHARACTERISTICS; DOPED INGAAIP; DEPOSITION; RECOMBINATION; TRIMETHYLINDIUM; ALGAAS AB We have demonstrated that source material and growth system purity can be successfully evaluated by characterizing AlInP samples grown by organometallic vapor-phase epitaxy with photocurrent versus voltage measurements in an electrochemical cell. The samples can be grown and characterized in about 1 h, making them well-suited for system benchmarks. Zn-doped AlInP has the greatest sensitivity for O contamination, a recurring problem in the growth of AlGaInP alloys. High O concentrations in the Zn-doped benchmarks cause the photoresponse to fall dramatically. Secondary ion mass spectrometry data are consistent with compensation of Zn acceptor states by O donor-like trap states. Photocurrents of Si-doped and Se-doped AlInP are less sensitive to the O contamination, and the behavior of these n-type samples suggests that multiple energy states can be associated with the O impurities and dopant atoms. The benchmarks have been used to identify O contamination in trimethyl indium and phosphine and to evaluate new growth systems. Application of the benchmark to growth of GaInP solar cells with AlInP window layers is also discussed. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Bertness, KA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mailstop 815-04,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM bertness@boulder.nist.gov NR 34 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0248 J9 J CRYST GROWTH JI J. Cryst. Growth PD JAN PY 1999 VL 196 IS 1 BP 13 EP 22 DI 10.1016/S0022-0248(98)00751-9 PG 10 WC Crystallography; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Crystallography; Materials Science; Physics GA 154GH UT WOS:000077880300002 ER PT J AU Powell, CJ Jablonski, A Tilinin, IS Tanuma, S Penn, DR AF Powell, CJ Jablonski, A Tilinin, IS Tanuma, S Penn, DR TI Surface sensitivity of Auger-electron spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy SO JOURNAL OF ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY AND RELATED PHENOMENA LA English DT Article DE Auger-electron spectroscopy; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; surface sensitivity; elastic-electron scattering; inelastic-electron scattering ID MEAN FREE PATHS; ANGLE-RESOLVED XPS; ELASTIC-SCATTERING; ESCAPE DEPTH; POLYCRYSTALLINE SOLIDS; SIGNAL PHOTOELECTRONS; ANGULAR-DISTRIBUTION; ATTENUATION LENGTHS; QUANTITATIVE AES; OPTICAL-DATA AB A convenient measure of surface sensitivity in Auger-electron spectroscopy (AES) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is the mean escape depth (MED). If the effects of elastic-electron scattering are neglected, the MED is equal to the electron inelastic mean foe path (IMFP) multiplied by the cosine of the emission angle with respect to the surface normal, and depends on the material and electron energy of interest. An overview is given hen of recent calculations of IMFPs for 50-2000 eV electrons in a range of materials. This work has led to the development of a predictive formula based on the Bethe equation for inelastic electron scattering in matter from which IMFPs can be determined. Estimates show, however, that elastic-electron scattering can significantly modify the: MED. Thus, for AES, the MED will be reduced by up to about 35%. For XPS, however, the MED can be changed by up to +/- 30% for common measurement conditions although it can be much larger (by up to a factor of 2) for near-grazing emission angles. Ratios of MED values, calculated with elastic scattering considered and neglected for XPS from the 3s, 3p, and 3d subshells of silver with Mg K alpha X-rays are approximately constant (to about 10%) over a range of emission angles that varies from 40 degrees to 60 degrees depending on the subshell and the angle of X-ray incidence. Recommendations are given on how to determine the optimum range of emission angles for satisfactory analysis of angle-resolved XPS (ARXPS) data. Definitions are included of three terms often used for describing surface sensitivity (IMFP, MED, and effective attenuation length (EAL)), and examples are given of the varying magnitudes of these quantities for different analytical conditions. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Div Surface & Microanal Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Polish Acad Sci, Inst Phys Chem, PL-01224 Warsaw, Poland. Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Div Sci Mat, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Japan Energy ARC Co Ltd, Toda, Saitama 335, Japan. NIST, Div Electron & Opt Phys, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Powell, CJ (reprint author), NIST, Div Surface & Microanal Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Tanuma, Shigeo/H-2681-2011 NR 48 TC 122 Z9 122 U1 5 U2 39 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0368-2048 J9 J ELECTRON SPECTROSC JI J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 98 BP 1 EP 15 DI 10.1016/S0368-2048(98)00271-0 PG 15 WC Spectroscopy SC Spectroscopy GA 168FW UT WOS:000078681900003 ER PT J AU Gadzuk, JW AF Gadzuk, JW TI Intramolecular dynamics due to electron transitions: from photoelectron spectroscopy to Femtochemistry SO JOURNAL OF ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY AND RELATED PHENOMENA LA English DT Review ID X-RAY-PHOTOEMISSION; LINE-SHAPES; VIBRATIONAL-EXCITATION; METAL-SURFACES; WAVE-PACKET; CHEMISORBED MOLECULES; STIMULATED DESORPTION; ADSORBED MOLECULES; PHONON RELAXATION; EMISSION EDGES AB Select spectroscopic and chemical physics problems associated with atomic motion triggered by electronic transitions are the topics of this paper. The story starts with the initial stimulation provided by Dick Brundle's photoelectron spectroscopy studies of adsorbed molecules and continues to contemporary examples in photoelectron spectroscopy and Femtochemistry, all of which are theoretically modelled within a unified framework of time-dependent, driven oscillators and decaying states. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gadzuk, JW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 121 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0368-2048 EI 1873-2526 J9 J ELECTRON SPECTROSC JI J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 98 BP 321 EP 333 DI 10.1016/S0368-2048(98)00296-5 PG 13 WC Spectroscopy SC Spectroscopy GA 168FW UT WOS:000078681900028 ER PT J AU Kedzierski, MA AF Kedzierski, MA TI Ralph L. Webb: A pioneering proselytizer for enhanced heat transfer SO JOURNAL OF ENHANCED HEAT TRANSFER LA English DT Biographical-Item C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kedzierski, MA (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING RG1 8JL, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 1065-5131 J9 J ENHANC HEAT TRANSF JI J. Enhanc. Heat Transf. PY 1999 VL 6 IS 2-4 BP 71 EP 78 PG 8 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA 205WM UT WOS:000080843600002 ER PT J AU Kedzierski, MA Goncalves, JM AF Kedzierski, MA Goncalves, JM TI Horizontal convective condensation of alternative refrigerants within a micro-fin tube SO JOURNAL OF ENHANCED HEAT TRANSFER LA English DT Article DE enhanced heat transfer; micro-fin; refrigerant mixtures; fluid heating; condensation; pressure drop ID HEAT-TRANSFER; PRESSURE-DROP; ANNULAR TRANSITION; EVAPORATION AB This paper presents local convective-condensation measurements for four refrigerants: R134a, R410A (R32/R125, 50/50% mass), R125, and R32 in a micro-fin tube.(1) Both heat transfer and pressure drop measurements are provided. The heat transfer degradation associated with R410A was shown to be relatively small and believed to be mostly due to nonlinear property effects, The measured convective-condensation Nusselt numbers for all of the test refrigerants were correlated to a single expression consisting of a product of dimensionless properties. The correlation was shown to predict some existing data from the literature within acceptable limits. The correlation poorly predicted the heat transfer performance of cross-grooved, micro-fin tubes. The pressure drop measurements for the micro-fin tube were predicted satisfactorily by an existing correlation for flow-boiling pressure drop in a smooth tube. Correlation of the pressure drop measurements suggested that the heat transfer enhancement was due to the fins behaving as a surface roughness. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. UnED, Escola Tecn Fed Santa Catarina, BR-88103902 Sao Jose Dos Campos, Brazil. RP Kedzierski, MA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 31 TC 53 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 10 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING RG1 8JL, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 1065-5131 J9 J ENHANC HEAT TRANSF JI J. Enhanc. Heat Transf. PY 1999 VL 6 IS 2-4 BP 161 EP 178 PG 18 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA 205WM UT WOS:000080843600009 ER PT J AU Kedzierski, MA AF Kedzierski, MA TI Enhancement of R123 pool boiling by the addition of N-hexane SO JOURNAL OF ENHANCED HEAT TRANSFER LA English DT Article DE enhanced heat transfer; additive; R123; pool boiling; GEWA-T (TM); fluid heating; n-hexane; surfactant ID REFRIGERANTS AB This paper presents the heat transfer data used to file international patent WO 94/18282. The data consisted of pool boiling performance of a GEWA-T(TM) surface for three fluids: (1) pure R123, (2) R123/n-hexane (99/1), and (3) R123/n-hexane (98/2). The heat flux and the wall superheat were measured for each fluid at 277.6 K. A (47 +/- 7)% increase over the pure R123 heat flux was achieved with the addition of 1% mass hexane to R123. Similarly, the R123/hexane (98/2) mixture gave a maximum percent heat flux enhancement over pure R123 of (29 +/- 7)%. The boiling was filmed with a 16 mm highspeed camera. The observations were used to describe various boiling modes on the GEWA-T(TM) surface. The addition of hexane to pure R123 caused a simultaneous reduction in the bubble diameter and increase in the site density. The increase in site density enhanced the boiling despite the reduction in bubble size. Presumably, the site density enhancement was caused by a layer enriched in hexane at the heat transfer surface. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kedzierski, MA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg 226,Rm B114, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 26 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 2 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING RG1 8JL, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 1065-5131 J9 J ENHANC HEAT TRANSF JI J. Enhanc. Heat Transf. PY 1999 VL 6 IS 5 BP 343 EP 355 PG 13 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA 225MR UT WOS:000081965800002 ER PT J AU Streicher, JJ AF Streicher, JJ TI Automobile fuel system vapor emission following evaporation canister breakthrough SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH PART A-TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE automobile emissions; indoor air; methanol; fuel vapor; evaporation canister ID VEHICLE AB Extended isothermal equilibration tests at 75 degrees F (similar or equal to 24 degrees C) and 94 degrees F (similar or equal to 34 degrees C) were conducted on a 1988 General Motors (GM) Corsica fuel system in a sealed housing for evaporative determination (SHED) using pure methanol fuel (M100). An initial condition of evaporation canister breakthrough loading was chosen to avoid hysteresis effects, and assure experimental repeatability. Hot Flame Ion Detection (HFID) analysis of air samples from the SHED were performed during 6-hour experiments. The concentration of methanol was found to increase continually over the duration of the experiments, but at less than a linear rate. A temperature dependent model was developed assuming that evaporation rate is proportional to a finite mass of fuel available for evaporation and diffusion from the fuel system. This study suggests that the hot soak emissions process, with concurrent thermal and non-equilibrated fuel system vapor concentration gradients, is unlikely to stabilize within a nominal one hour period. C1 NOAA, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Air Resources Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Streicher, JJ (reprint author), NOAA, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Air Resources Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. NR 16 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 1093-4529 J9 J ENVIRON SCI HEAL A JI J. Environ. Sci. Health Part A-Toxic/Hazard. Subst. Environ. Eng. PY 1999 VL 34 IS 5 BP 1035 EP 1060 PG 26 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 193BH UT WOS:000080115200002 ER PT J AU Odstrcil, D Pizzo, VJ AF Odstrcil, D Pizzo, VJ TI Three-dimensional propagation of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) in a structured solar wind flow 1. CME launched within the streamer SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID FLARE-ASSOCIATED DISTURBANCES; HELIOSPHERIC PLASMA SHEET; QUASI-STEADY DYNAMICS; 2-DIMENSIONAL SIMULATION; INTERPLANETARY SHOCKS; ULYSSES; EVOLUTION; DRIVEN AB A three-dimensional (3-D) numerical hydrodynamic model is used to investigate the temporal and spatial evolution of large-scale solar wind structures. A tilted-dipole outflow configuration is specified at the inner boundary near the Sun, and a structured, corotating solar wind (SW) flow is established by dynamic relaxation. Time-dependent variation of the pressure and velocity at the inner boundary is applied to generate transient structures within the streamer belt. The dynamical interaction of a coronal mass ejection (CME) with the corotating coronal streamer belt flow between 0.14 and 5.04 AU is then investigated. Numerical results show that the motion and appearance of a CME can be strongly affected by its interaction with the velocity and density structure of the background SW. The initial shape and density distribution of the CME is distorted in all dimensions; it is compressed where the CME is trapped between slow streamer belt and high-speed coronal hole flows, and it is distended where the CME penetrates into the trailing edge of the preceding high-speed stream. Thus a given CME can be observed with substantially different properties at different locations; the shock strength as well as the stand-off distance between the shock front and the CME driver gas can vary considerably across the structure, and the density profile through the disturbance can adopt different forms depending on location. Merging of CME and corotating interaction region shocks and thermodynamic structures as demonstrated in this simulation complicate the interpretation of single-spacecraft observations. C1 Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Odstrcil, D (reprint author), Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM odstrcil@asu.cas.cz; vpizzo@sec.noaa.gov NR 30 TC 133 Z9 133 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD JAN 1 PY 1999 VL 104 IS A1 BP 483 EP 492 DI 10.1029/1998JA900019 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 158LB UT WOS:000078116000037 ER PT J AU Odstrcil, D Pizzo, VJ AF Odstrcil, D Pizzo, VJ TI Three-dimensional propagation of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) in a structured solar wind flow 2. CME launched adjacent to the streamer belt SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID INTERACTION REGIONS; SIMULATION; ULYSSES; EVENTS AB A three-dimensional (3-D) numerical hydrodynamic model is used to investigate the evolution of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) launched at several heliographic positions into a tilted-dipole ambient solar wind (SW) flow, which is appropriate around solar activity minimum and declining phase. The CME is injected as an overpressured plasma cloud. Results show that the motion and local appearance of a CME in interplanetary space is strongly affected by its interaction with the background SW velocity and density structures. The most complicated scenario occurs when a CME is injected directly-into the slow stream-belt flow. Temporal profiles corresponding to the interaction of fast CME and slow SW flows, to the merging of CME-driven and corotating disturbances at the fast stream leading edge, and to expanding structures at the trailing edge of the preceding fast stream are presented. The simplest configuration is when a CME is injected just to the west of the streamer belt. In that case the CME-driven disturbance evolves and propagates freely into the preceding fast stream, untouched by the streamer belt slow flow near which it originates, except for a small segment at low latitudes. When a CME is injected just to the east of the streamer belt, the CME expansion and shock evolution are constrained by the slow, dense flow ahead of the fast stream in which the CME propagates initially. Low-latitude portions of the CME are trapped between the slow streamer belt flow and the leading edge of the oncoming fast stream. In this case, CME-driven and corotating shock structures can merge. These results are related to a previous study, where the CME is launched into the midst of the slow streamer belt flow. Numerical results confirm recent Ulysses findings about the overexpanding CME structure, the extreme latitudinal distortions in the CME shape, and the inclination of shock fronts. These results also provide a basis for interpreting variations in the radial width of the CME and the shock stand-off distance. Simulations of spatial structures resulting from 3-D dynamic interactions help illuminate differing temporal onsets and profiles of observed CMEs. C1 Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Odstrcil, D (reprint author), Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 15 TC 71 Z9 71 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD JAN 1 PY 1999 VL 104 IS A1 BP 493 EP 503 DI 10.1029/1998JA900038 PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 158LB UT WOS:000078116000038 ER PT J AU Beletsky, D Saylor, JH Schwab, DJ AF Beletsky, D Saylor, JH Schwab, DJ TI Mean circulation in the Great Lakes SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE circulation; Great Lakes ID CURRENTS; DRIVEN; DYNAMICS; ONTARIO AB In this paper new maps ar-e presented of mean circulation in the Great Lakes, employing long-term current observations from about 100 Great Lakes moorings during the 1960s to 1980s. Knowledge of the mean circulation in the Great Lakes is important for ecological and management issues because it provides an indication of transport pathways of nutrients and contaminants on longer time scales. Based on the availability of data, summer circulation patterns in all of the Great Lakes, winter circulation patterns in all of the Great Lakes except Lake Superior, and annual circulation patterns in Lakes EP-ie,: Michigan, and Ontario were derived. Winter currents are generally stronger than summer currents, and therefore, annual circulation closely resembles winter circulation. Circulation patterns tend to be cyclonic (counterclockwise) in the larger lakes (Lake Huron, Lake Michigan, and Lake Superior) with increased cyclonic circulation in winter. In the smaller lakes (Lake Erie and Lake Ontario), winter circulation is characterized by a two-gyre circulation pattern. Summer circulation in the smaller lakes-is different; predominantly cyclonic in Lake Ontario and anticyclonic in Lake Erie. C1 Univ Michigan, Cooperat Inst Liminol & Ecosyst Res, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Beletsky, D (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Cooperat Inst Liminol & Ecosyst Res, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RI Schwab, David/B-7498-2012; OI Beletsky, Dmitry/0000-0003-4532-0588 NR 59 TC 146 Z9 147 U1 2 U2 22 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2205 COMMONWEALTH BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 1999 VL 25 IS 1 BP 78 EP 93 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 187WQ UT WOS:000079811600007 ER PT J AU Ma, XW Bruner, KA Fisher, SW Landrum, PF AF Ma, XW Bruner, KA Fisher, SW Landrum, PF TI Absorption of hydrophobic contaminants from ingested Chlamydomonas rheinhardtii and Chlorella vulgaris by Zebra mussels, Dreissena polymorpha SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Zebra mussel; contaminant; absorption efficiency; contaminant transfer ID WATER PARTITION-COEFFICIENTS; LAKE ST-CLAIR; ORGANIC CONTAMINANTS; NEW-YORK; BIOACCUMULATION; ACCUMULATION; SEDIMENT; MODEL; ERIE; FOOD AB The zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha, has the potential to influence contaminant cycling in freshwater systems because of its large population density, high lipid content, and high filtering rate. Ingestion of contaminated particles such as algae dominates exposure routes for the zebra mussel for strongly particle-associated contaminants. However, the data on absorption efficiency are limited and models to predict contaminant accumulation for the lower food web have identified the absence of such data as limiting and necessary to improve predictions. Accumulation of 2,2',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCBP), 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCBP), 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (HCBP) and 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis[4-chlorophenyl] ethylene(DDE) was determined at two algal concentrations from exposures to contaminated Chlamydomonas rheinhardtii and Chlorella vulgaris. The contaminant absorption efficiencies were determined based on a chemical-mass-balance model. Mussel absorption efficiencies for the four chemicals at the two different algal concentrations for the two algal species ranged from 68.3% to 95.4% and were independent of algal concentrations and algal species for the same chemical. C1 Ohio State Univ, Dept Entomol, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Fisher, SW (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Dept Entomol, 1735 Neil Ave, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. NR 42 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2205 COMMONWEALTH BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 1999 VL 25 IS 2 BP 305 EP 317 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 222WD UT WOS:000081807600008 ER PT J AU Schwab, DJ Leshkevich, GA Muhr, GC AF Schwab, DJ Leshkevich, GA Muhr, GC TI Automated mapping of surface water temperature in the Great Lakes SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE water temperature; satellite; AVHRR; climatology; seasonal variation; Great Lakes ID COASTWATCH AB A procedure for producing daily cloud-free maps of surface water temperature in the Great Lakes has been developed. It is based on satellite-derived AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) imagery from NOAA's Coast Watch program. The maps have a nominal resolution of 2.6 km and provide as complete as possible coverage of the Great Lakes on a daily basis by using previous imagery to estimate temperatures in cloud covered areas. Surface water temperature estimates derived from this procedure compare well with water temperatures measured at the eight NOAA weather buoys in the lakes. The mean difference between the buoy temperature and the satellite-derived temperature estimates is less than 0.5 degrees C for all buoys. The root mean square differences range from 1.10 to 1.76 degrees C. As one example of the possible applications of this product, the daily surface water temperature maps for 1992 to 1997 were analyzed to produce daily estimates of average surface water temperature for each lake. Results are compared to the long-term (28 year) mean annual cycle of average surface water temperatures. The average surface water temperatures vary from as much as 4 degrees C below climatology in 1993 to 2 to 3 degrees C above climatology in 1995. The new analysis procedure also provides a more realistic depiction of the spatial distribution of temperature in the springtime than the climatological maps. C1 NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Schwab, DJ (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RI Schwab, David/B-7498-2012 NR 28 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 4 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2205 COMMONWEALTH BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 1999 VL 25 IS 3 BP 468 EP 481 PG 14 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 255PH UT WOS:000083678000004 ER PT J AU Kerfoot, WC Harting, S Rossmann, R Robbins, JA AF Kerfoot, WC Harting, S Rossmann, R Robbins, JA TI Anthropogenic copper inventories and mercury profiles from Lake Superior: Evidence for mining impacts SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Lake Superior; copper; mining; mercury; sediment ID GREAT-LAKES; EARLY DIAGENESIS; SEDIMENTS; DEPOSITION; MICHIGAN; RATES; ELEMENTS; RECORDS; AMERICA; LEAD AB During the past 150 years, the mining industry discharged more than a billion tons of railings along Lake Superior shorelines and constructed numerous smelters in the watershed Given the vast size of Lake Superior were sediment profiles at locations far offshore impacted by nearshore activities? Did copper and associated precious metal mining modify regional fluxes for copper and mercury? Samples from thirty sediment cores document that background concentrations of copper are high (mean 60.9 +/- 7.0 mu g/g), due to the proximity of natural ore sources. Anthropogenic inventories uncorrected for focusing also are high, ranging from 20 to 780 mu g/cm(2) (mean 187 +/- 54 mu g/cm(2)). Focusing factor corrections decrease the mean estimate and reduce variance (144 +/- 24 mu g/cm(2)). Several approaches to estimating inputs suggest that only 6 to 10% of historic copper deposition originated directly from atmospheric sources, emphasizing terrestrial sources. Moreover, coastal sediment cores often show synchronous early increases in copper and mercury with buried maxima. Around the Keweenaw Peninsula, twenty-two cores trace high copper and mercury inventories back to mill and smelting sources. Direct assays of ores from thirteen mine sites confirm a natural amalgam source of mercury in the stamp mill discharges. Core records from inland lakes (Michigamme Project) also reveal patterns of copper and mercury inputs from a variety of mining sources: historic tailing inputs, amalgam assay releases, and atmospheric smelter plumes. C1 Michigan Technol Univ, Lake Super Ecosyst Res Ctr, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. Michigan Technol Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Large Lakes Res Stn, Grosse Ile, MI 48138 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Kerfoot, WC (reprint author), Michigan Technol Univ, Lake Super Ecosyst Res Ctr, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. NR 48 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 3 U2 19 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2205 COMMONWEALTH BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 1999 VL 25 IS 4 BP 663 EP 682 PG 20 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 295PD UT WOS:000085976300007 ER PT J AU Kerfoot, WC Robbins, JA AF Kerfoot, WC Robbins, JA TI Nearshore regions of Lake Superior: Multi-element signatures of mining discharges and a test of Pb-210 deposition under conditions of variable sediment mass flux SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE metals; Cu; Lake Superior; Pb-210; Cs-137; principle component analysis ID CU; ACCUMULATION; RATES; PB; MN AB Around the turn-of-the century, mining activities greatly increased sediment accumulation and metal fluxes in nearshore regions of Lake Superior. In the low-energy environment of Portage Lake, Within the Keweenaw Waterway estuary, Sediment accumulation increased 33X, whereas elemental CLI flux increased 312X. One difficulty in establishing the dispersion of mining discharges is that stamp sands were derived from local ore deposits, hence few elements are "unique" to the source materials. One approach is to search for multi-elemental "signatures " in concentration and flux profiles, For example, several rare earth elements of the lanthanide series are characteristic of source materials and have the potential to identify stamp sand material across Lake Superior. Although conditions of variable mass loading from multiple sources can produce complicating dilution effects inconcentration profiles, multivariate techniques are capable of deciphering original source signals. Here non-destructive neutron activation analysis was utilized to construct elemental flux and concentration profiles, then multivariate techniques (Factor Analysis, End-member Analysis); were used to illustrate how partial mass flux signatures can be assigned to two different types of ore lodes (conglomerate, amygdaloid) and to background (erosional) sedimentation. Temporal patterns were verified through archived company discharge records. Also exploited were the varve-like deposition of slime clays to independently check Pb-210 determinations under conditions of variable sediment mass flux and to demonstrate constant excess Pb-210 delivery to sediments in the presence of massive slime clay lending. The results suggest assumptions of Pb-210 dating may apply under conditions where sediment accumulation is highly variable. C1 Michigan Technol Univ, Lake Super Ecosyst Res Ctr, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. Michigan Technol Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Kerfoot, WC (reprint author), Michigan Technol Univ, Lake Super Ecosyst Res Ctr, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. NR 38 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 3 U2 7 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2205 COMMONWEALTH BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 1999 VL 25 IS 4 BP 697 EP 720 PG 24 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 295PD UT WOS:000085976300009 ER PT J AU Tokar, AS Johnson, PA AF Tokar, A. Sezin Johnson, Peggy A. TI RAINFALL-RUNOFF MODELING USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Article AB An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) methodology was employed to forecast daily runoff as a function of daily precipitation, temperature, and snowmelt for the Little Patuxent River watershed in Maryland. The sensitivity of the prediction accuracy to the content and length of training data was investigated. The ANN rainfall-runoff model compared favorably with results obtained using existing techniques including statistical regression and a simple conceptual model. The ANN model provides a more systematic approach, reduces the length of calibration data, and shortens the time spent in calibration of the models. At the same time, it represents an improvement upon the prediction accuracy and flexibility of current methods. C1 [Tokar, A. Sezin] NOAA, Nat Weather Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. [Johnson, Peggy A.] Penn State Univ, Dept Civ & Envir Engrg, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Tokar, AS (reprint author), NOAA, Nat Weather Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 17 TC 277 Z9 283 U1 1 U2 17 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 1084-0699 J9 J HYDROL ENG JI J. Hydrol. Eng. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 4 IS 3 BP 232 EP 239 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(1999)4:3(232) PG 8 WC Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA V15AR UT WOS:000207775400006 ER PT J AU Bicerano, J Douglas, JF Brune, DA AF Bicerano, J Douglas, JF Brune, DA TI Model for the viscosity of particle dispersions SO JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE-REVIEWS IN MACROMOLECULAR CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Review ID LAYERED SILICATE NANOCOMPOSITES; POLYMER MELT INTERCALATION; TIME SELF-DIFFUSION; CONCENTRATED SUSPENSIONS; RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES; PERCOLATION-THRESHOLD; HYDRODYNAMIC FRICTION; DILUTE SUSPENSIONS; SHEAR-FLOW; COLLOIDAL DISPERSIONS C1 Dow Chem Co, ME Pruitt Res Ctr, Midland, MI 48674 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Polymer Blends & Proc Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bicerano, J (reprint author), Dow Chem Co, ME Pruitt Res Ctr, 1702 Bldg, Midland, MI 48674 USA. NR 214 TC 121 Z9 121 U1 3 U2 42 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 0736-6574 J9 J MACROMOL SCI R M C JI J. Macromol. Sci.-Rev. Macromol. Chem. Phys. PY 1999 VL C39 IS 4 BP 561 EP 642 PG 82 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 256QN UT WOS:000083735900001 ER PT J AU Drescher-Krasicka, E Ostertag, CP AF Drescher-Krasicka, E Ostertag, CP TI Residual stress measurements in welded steel beam column connections by scanning acoustic microscopy SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID NEUTRON-DIFFRACTION AB Residual stresses which arise from thermal expansion and contraction due to welding may have contributed to the brittle fracture exhibited by welded steel beam-to-column connections during the Northridge Earthquake. These residual stresses have a strong influence on crack initiation and crack propagation in the vicinity of stress concentrations (i.e., unfused backup bar in welded steel beam-to-column connections) and account for changes in the driving force for fracture. They affect material toughness by changing the constraint condition under which fracture occurs. Currently, all methods of dealing with residual stresses are hampered by the lack of a consistent means of measuring the magnitudes and distribution of these stresses. This paper describes a new acoustic microscopy technique that allows the mapping of residual stresses in welded connections with high spatial resolution. The technique is based on the sensitivity of polarized acoustic modes to local elastic anisotropy induced by stress. The technique furthermore allows the mapping of residual stresses in a "tomographic" way by changing the frequencies of the acoustic waves. The results reveal that the magnitude of the residual stresses is influenced by the local microstructure of the steel and the weld metal. Ductile microstructures within the weld and the heat affected zone release residual stresses by yielding, whereas brittle microstructures retain residual stresses. (C) 1999 Kluwer Academic Publishers. C1 NIST, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Drescher-Krasicka, E (reprint author), NIST, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 19 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-2461 J9 J MATER SCI JI J. Mater. Sci. PY 1999 VL 34 IS 17 BP 4173 EP 4179 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 223DY UT WOS:000081826200010 ER PT J AU Von Gonten, AS Kelly, JR Antonucci, JM AF Von Gonten, AS Kelly, JR Antonucci, JM TI Load-bearing behavior of a simulated craniofacial structure fabricated from a hydroxyapatite cement and bioresorbable fiber-mesh SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE-MATERIALS IN MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID VICRYL POLYGLACTIN-910 MESH; DURAL SUBSTITUTE; CRANIOPLASTY AB Calcium phosphate cements (CPC) have proven successful in the repair of small, non-stress bearing skeletal defects. These cements do not have sufficient tensile strength or fracture toughness to allow their use in stress-bearing applications. It was hypothesized that a bioresorbable fiber mesh would improve the load-bearing behavior of shell structures fabricated of CPC. This study used a biaxial flexure fixture to compare the work-to-fracture values of discs made of: (1) CPC; (2) CPC reinforced with a bioresorbable two-dimensionally oriented poly(glactin) fiber-mesh; and (3) poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) that were immersed in a serum-like solution for 0-28 days. CPC-mesh and PMMA discs were indistinguishable at 0, 1 and 7 days, based on work-to-fracture data. CPC and CPC-mesh discs were indistinguishable at day 28, because of fiber hydrolysis. The knitted fiber-mesh was effective in improving load-bearing behavior of a calcium phosphate cement for potential structural repair of bone defects. (C) 2000 Kluwer Academic Publishers. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Dent & Med Mat Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. USN, Dept Prosthodont, Sch Dent, Bethesda, MD 20084 USA. RP Von Gonten, AS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Dent & Med Mat Grp, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8545, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 18 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 7 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0957-4530 J9 J MATER SCI-MATER M JI J. Mater. Sci.-Mater. Med. PY 1999 VL 11 IS 2 BP 95 EP 100 PG 6 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 271ND UT WOS:000084599600005 ER PT J AU Banks, D Constantine, G Merriwether, DA LaFrance, R AF Banks, D Constantine, G Merriwether, DA LaFrance, R TI Nonparametric inference on mtDNA mismatches SO JOURNAL OF NONPARAMETRIC STATISTICS LA English DT Article ID MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; POPULATION-GROWTH; GENETIC-EVIDENCE; HUMAN ORIGINS AB Population biologists use fairly elementary methods to estimate parameters associated with DNA mismatch distributions, which serve as one basis for their formulation of an evolutionary history of the population. This paper presents new statistical methodology that allows better estimation of these quantities and their standard errors. It in shown, in particular, how inference based on a chi-square parametrization of the DNA differences can be replaced with a more robust nonparametric analysis. Mismatches of a sample of DNA sequences yield information on the heterogeneity of the population under study. The mode of the distribution of these differences enables estimation of the expansion times for genetically isolated populations; similarly, the steepness of the frontal wave allows an estimate of the size of the initial population. C1 Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Math & Stat, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA. NIST, Stat Engn Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Anthropol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Constantine, G (reprint author), Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Math & Stat, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA. NR 14 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING RG1 8JL, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 1048-5252 J9 J NONPARAMETR STAT JI J. Nonparametr. Stat. PY 1999 VL 11 IS 1-3 BP 215 EP 232 DI 10.1080/10485259908832781 PG 18 WC Statistics & Probability SC Mathematics GA 242RV UT WOS:000082956200011 ER PT J AU Howell, RW Wessels, BW Loevinger, R AF Howell, RW Wessels, BW Loevinger, R CA MIRD Comm Soc Nucl Med TI The MIRD perspective 1999 SO JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE LA English DT Editorial Material ID RADIOLABELED-ANTIBODY THERAPY; ABSORBED DOSE CALCULATIONS; B-CELL LYMPHOMA; INTERNAL DOSIMETRY; QUANTITATIVE AUTORADIOGRAPHY; 3-DIMENSIONAL DOSIMETRY; EMITTING RADIONUCLIDES; GASTROINTESTINAL-TRACT; TUMOR DOSIMETRY; MOUSE TESTES C1 Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, New Jersey Med Sch, Dept Radiol, Newark, NJ 07103 USA. George Washington Univ, Med Ctr, Dept Radiol, Washington, DC 20037 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Howell, RW (reprint author), Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, New Jersey Med Sch, Dept Radiol, MSB F-451,185 S Orange Ave, Newark, NJ 07103 USA. NR 82 TC 61 Z9 62 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOC NUCLEAR MEDICINE INC PI RESTON PA 1850 SAMUEL MORSE DR, RESTON, VA 20190-5316 USA SN 0161-5505 J9 J NUCL MED JI J. Nucl. Med. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 40 IS 1 BP 3S EP 10S PG 8 WC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 158KM UT WOS:000078114700053 PM 9935082 ER PT J AU Archer, DG AF Archer, DG TI Thermodynamic properties of the KCl+H2O system SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL REFERENCE DATA LA English DT Review DE activity coefficient; aqueous; enthalpy; Gibbs energy; heat capacity; osmotic coefficient; potassium chloride; solubility; thermodynamics; vapor pressure ID FREEZING-POINT DEPRESSION; AQUEOUS SODIUM-CHLORIDE; OSMOTIC COEFFICIENTS; NACL+H2O SYSTEM; 298.15 K; WATER; TEMPERATURE; ENTHALPY; KCL; NACL(CR) AB The thermodynamic properties of the KCl+H2O system were examined in order to provide: (1) an improved equation for the osmotic coefficient as a function of molality and temperature for purposes of isopiestic measurements, (2) a determination of the thermodynamic properties of the standard-state solution process, and (3) a test of the accuracy of the enthalpy of solution values for KCl(cr), a calorimetric standard. New equations that describe the thermodynamic properties of the KCl+H2O system were obtained from previously published measurements for this system. The measured values included in the fitted equations spanned the range of temperature from approximately 260 to 420 K for KCl(aq) and 1.5 K to 1033.7 K for KCl(cr). New equations and/or values for the following properties are given in the present work: (1) thermal properties of KCl(cr) from 0 K to the melting point, 1045 K, (2) the change in chemical potential for both KCI and H2O in KCl(aq) as a function of temperature, and molality, valid from 260 to 420 K, and (3) standard-state properties for the aqueous solution process. The effect of heat treatment on the determination of enthalpy of solution values was also examined. This examination indicated that the MST recommendation of heating Standard Reference Material 1655, potassium chloride, at 800 K for a minimum of 4 h prior to its use in calorimeter calibration, should probably not be followed. The heat treatment recommended by the NIST certificate appears, at this point, to have a higher probability of corrupting the sample than improving the accuracy of the measurement. (C) 1999 American Institute of Physics and American Chemical Society. [S0047-2689(99)00101-4]. C1 NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Archer, DG (reprint author), NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 133 TC 145 Z9 145 U1 2 U2 34 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0047-2689 J9 J PHYS CHEM REF DATA JI J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data PD JAN-FEB PY 1999 VL 28 IS 1 BP 1 EP 17 DI 10.1063/1.556034 PG 17 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Physics GA 185CK UT WOS:000079650400001 ER PT J AU Powell, CJ Jablonski, A AF Powell, CJ Jablonski, A TI Evaluation of calculated and measured electron inelastic mean free paths near solid surfaces SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL REFERENCE DATA LA English DT Review DE Auger electron spectroscopy; elastic-peak electron spectroscopy; electron inelastic mean free path; inelastic electron scattering; inelastic mean free path; solid surfaces; surface analysis; surface characterization; x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy ID X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON; LOW-ENERGY ELECTRONS; EXPERIMENTAL OPTICAL-DATA; PEAK SHAPE-ANALYSIS; TO 10 KEV; AUGER-ELECTRON; ATTENUATION LENGTHS; QUANTITATIVE-ANALYSIS; ELASTIC-SCATTERING; MONTE-CARLO AB An analysis is given of the consistency of calculated and measured electron inelastic mean free paths (IMFPs) near solid surfaces for electron energies between 50 and 10(4) eV, the energy range of relevance for surface analysis by Auger electron spectroscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. This evaluation is based on IMFPs calculated from experimental optical data and on IMFPs measured by elastic-peak electron spectroscopy (EPES). We describe the methods used for the calculations and measurements, and we identify the various sources of uncertainty. Most of our evaluation is based on IMFPs for seven elemental solids (Al, Si, Ni, Cu, Ge, Ag, and An) for which there were at least two sources of IMFP calculations and at least two sources of IMFP measurements for each solid. Our comparison of the calculated IMFPs showed a high degree of consistency for Al, Ni, Cu, Ag, and Au. The comparison of measured IMFPs showed greater scatter than for the calculated IMFPs, but reasonable consistency was found for the measured IMFPs of Cu and Ag. The measured IMFPs for four elements (Ni, Cu, Ag, and Au) showed good consistency with the corresponding calculated IMFPs. It is recommended that IMFPs for these four elements (determined from fits of a simple analytic expression to the calculated IMFPs for each element) be used as reference values in future EPES experiments. More limited comparisons have been made of calculated and measured IMFPs for four additional elements (Fe, Mo, W, and Pt) and of calculated IMFPs for six compounds (Al2O3, SiO2, KCl, poly(butene-1-sulfone), polyethylene, and polystyrene). (C) 1999 American Institute of Physics and American Chemical Society. [S0047-2689(99)00201-9]. C1 NIST, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Polish Acad Sci, Inst Phys Chem, PL-01224 Warsaw, Poland. RP Powell, CJ (reprint author), NIST, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM cedric.powell@nist.gov; jablo@ichf.edu.pl NR 175 TC 353 Z9 355 U1 6 U2 59 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0047-2689 J9 J PHYS CHEM REF DATA JI J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data PD JAN-FEB PY 1999 VL 28 IS 1 BP 19 EP 62 DI 10.1063/1.556035 PG 44 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Physics GA 185CK UT WOS:000079650400002 ER PT J AU Christophorou, LG Olthoff, JK AF Christophorou, LG Olthoff, JK TI Electron interactions with Cl(2) SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL REFERENCE DATA LA English DT Review DE chlorine; Cl(2); cross section; electron attachment; electron collisions; electron scattering; electron transport; ionization ID CROSS-SECTION MEASUREMENTS; COUPLED CHLORINE PLASMAS; DOUBLY-CHARGED IONS; MOLECULAR CHLORINE; IMPACT-IONIZATION; PHOTOELECTRON-SPECTROSCOPY; ROTATIONAL-EXCITATION; ATOMIC CHLORINE; DISSOCIATIVE ATTACHMENT; DIFFUSION-COEFFICIENTS AB Low-energy electron interactions with the Cl(2) molecule are reviewed. Information is synthesized and assessed on the cross sections for total electron scattering, total rotational excitation, total elastic electron scattering, momentum transfer, total vibrational excitation, electronic excitation, total dissociation into neutrals, total ionization, total electron attachment, and ion-pair formation. Similar data on the density-reduced ionization, density-reduced electron attachment, density-reduced effective ionization, electron trans port coefficients, and electron attachment rate constant are also synthesized and critically evaluated. Cross sections are suggested for total electron scattering, total elastic electron scattering, total ionization, dissociation into neutrals, electron attachment, and ion-pair formation. A cross section is derived for the total vibrational excitation cross section via low-lying negative ion resonances. Data are suggested for the coefficients for electron I attachment, ionization, and effective ionization, and for the rate constant for electron attachment. While progress has been made regarding our knowledge on electron-chlorine interactions at low energies (<100 eV), there is still a need for: (i) improvement in the uncertainties of all suggested cross sections; (ii) measurement of the cross sections for momentum transfer, vibrational excitation, electronic excitation, and dissociative ionization; and (iii) accurate measurement of the electron transport coefficients in pure Cl(2) and in mixtures with rare gases. Also provided in this paper is pertinent information on the primary Cl(2) discharge byproducts Cl(2)(+), Cl(2)(-), Cl, Cl(-), and Cl(+). (C) 1999 American Institute of Physics and American Chemical Society. [S0047-2689(99)00401-8]. C1 NIST, Div Elect, Elect & Elect Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Christophorou, LG (reprint author), NIST, Div Elect, Elect & Elect Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM loucas.christophorou@nist.gov NR 195 TC 86 Z9 87 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0047-2689 J9 J PHYS CHEM REF DATA JI J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data PD JAN-FEB PY 1999 VL 28 IS 1 BP 131 EP 169 DI 10.1063/1.556036 PG 39 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Physics GA 185CK UT WOS:000079650400004 ER PT J AU Swenson, MS Hansen, DV AF Swenson, MS Hansen, DV TI Tropical Pacific ocean mixed layer heat budget: The Pacific cold tongue SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; SEASONAL CYCLE; SOLAR-RADIATION; STATISTICAL-ANALYSIS; CALIFORNIA CURRENT; CIRCULATION; VARIABILITY; MODELS; ATLANTIC AB Data from satellite-tracked drifting buoys and VOS/XBT profiles for the years 1979-95 were used to evaluate the seasonal cycle of how major oceanic processes redistribute heat in the cold tongue region of the tropical Pacific. The most active processes for the annual cycle are local heat storage and heat export by entrainment of upwelling and by mean meridional advection. Heat export by zonal advection, however, is not negligible, and meridional eddy heat fluxes associated with tropical instability waves effect a negative feedback that offsets a considerable fraction of that produced by the mean meridional advection. All of these processes mimic the essentially one cycle per year of the surface wind stress, as do those of the depths of both the bottom of the surface mixed layer and the thermocline. Because it is associated with poleward Ekman transports, upwelling, and baroclinic adjustment near the equator, the zonal wind stress component appears to be the more important. The meridional wind stress, while weaker in the annual mean, has a larger annual variation and, therefore, has equal influence on the annual variation of the scalar stress and perhaps the mixed layer thickness. The Monin-Obukov length is found to underestimate the mixed layer thickness considerably. Finally, the authors produce the first estimates of the seasonal cycle of eddy hear flux convergence, which plays a significant role in the evolution of the cold tongue, and show that the eddy heat flux convergence can be quantitatively modeled as eddy diffusion with a diffusivity derived from single-particle buoy statistics. C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Miami Univ, Cooperat Inst Marine & Atmospher Studies, Miami, FL USA. RP Swenson, MS (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NR 59 TC 75 Z9 83 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-3670 J9 J PHYS OCEANOGR JI J. Phys. Oceanogr. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 29 IS 1 BP 69 EP 81 DI 10.1175/1520-0485(1999)029<0069:TPOMLH>2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 157NM UT WOS:000078068600005 ER PT J AU Clerc, DG AF Clerc, DG TI Mechanical hardness and elastic stiffness of alloys: semiempirical models SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF SOLIDS LA English DT Article DE alloys; ceramics; metals; elastic properties; mechanical properties ID ALUMINUM; MICROSTRUCTURE AB An atomic-level mechanical hardness model that is based on screened electrostatics and elastic shear (SEES) is generalized to single-phase substitutional annealed alloys, and a semiempirical method is derived to quantify elastic property composition effects in single-phase binary substitutional alloys. The SEES model is adapted to include interactions between dislocations and alloying-elements, and it is applied to eight binary and three ternary alloys. Calculated hardnesses are within 10% (30%) of measured values for 45% (73%) of the materials. Composition effects in the elastic stiffness coefficients c(11)(x), c(12)(x) and c(44)(x) are evaluated for 12 binary alloys, and in the shear modulus G(x) and the bulk modulus B(x) for 22 binary alloys. These elastic properties are within 3.0% of measurement for the following percentages of materials studied: G(x), 90%; B(x), 86%; c(11)(x), 100%; c(12)(x), 97%, and c(44)(x), 83%. The theoretical elastic behavior is bilinear for BCC materials, and variably non-linear for FCC materials. The generalized mechanical hardness equation and its previously published (non-general) analog are equivalent for 70 of the 71 materials previously studied. A discrepancy between thf two equations occurs for TiB2 which, when corrected, moves the TiB2 hardness 15% closer to measurement and yields fitting parameters corrected by - 1.9%: A = 0.2992, and gamma(B) = 6.2595 for simple metals. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Clerc, DG (reprint author), TJ Technol Inc, POB 2150, Ann Arbor, MI 48106 USA. NR 53 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-3697 J9 J PHYS CHEM SOLIDS JI J. Phys. Chem. Solids PD JAN PY 1999 VL 60 IS 1 BP 83 EP 102 DI 10.1016/S0022-3697(98)00237-6 PG 20 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Physics GA 148RX UT WOS:000077547000011 ER PT J AU Clerc, DG AF Clerc, DG TI Ab initio elastic properties of diamond-like materials: electronic factors that determine a high bulk modulus SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF SOLIDS LA English DT Article DE ceramics; ab initio calculations; elastic properties; mechanical properties; electronic structure ID MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; CARBON NITRIDE; BORON-NITRIDE; CONSTANTS; SOLIDS AB The elastic properties of cubic monocrystal diamond, Si, beta-SiC, beta-BN. and BP are studied using ab initio all-electron density-functional theory to elucidate factors that determine a high bulk modulus in diamond-like materials. The bulk moduli are analyzed according to the charge-density-dependent total energy contribution E " and the unit-cell volume dependence. Calculations are reported for the energy components: kinetic (K), Coulomb (C), exchange-correlation (XC), and total energy (E), and also for their curvatures (K ", C ", XC ", and E ") with respect to uniform strain. Significant differences in K " and C " largely cancel in the sum K " + C ", whereas XC " is practically the same for all five materials. Because of this additive cancellation, charge-density-dependent contributions to the bulk modulus differ by less than 10% relative to diamond for all materials except BP, where the difference is 20%. Short bond length is the principal factor that determines the bulk modulus in diamond-like materials. Calculated lattice parameters, bulk moduli, Young's moduli, shear moduli, Poisson ratios, elastic stiffness coefficients, and three-parameter polynomial fits of K, C and XC as functions of uniform strain are reported. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Clerc, DG (reprint author), TJ Technol Inc, POB 2150, Ann Arbor, MI 48106 USA. NR 28 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 11 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-3697 J9 J PHYS CHEM SOLIDS JI J. Phys. Chem. Solids PD JAN PY 1999 VL 60 IS 1 BP 103 EP 110 DI 10.1016/S0022-3697(98)00239-X PG 8 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Physics GA 148RX UT WOS:000077547000012 ER PT J AU Schulz, FM Stamnes, K Weng, F AF Schulz, FM Stamnes, K Weng, F TI VDISORT: An improved and generalized discrete ordinate method for polarized (vector) radiative transfer SO JOURNAL OF QUANTITATIVE SPECTROSCOPY & RADIATIVE TRANSFER LA English DT Article ID SCATTERING ATMOSPHERE; MULTIPLE-SCATTERING; PLANETARY ATMOSPHERES; LIGHT-SCATTERING; TRANSFER MODELS; PHASE MATRIX; RETRIEVAL; RELEVANT; BALLOON AB A previously developed model for vector discrete ordinate radiative transfer in vertically inhomogeneous plane parallel media has been tested for both Rayleigh and Mie scattering phase matrices. A few errors were found in the implementation of the model that seriously impaired the model output. An improved version of the model was created in which the errors have been corrected. In addition, the procedure for computing the Fourier components of the phase matrix, required as input to the radiative transfer routines, has been replaced by a more efficient and accurate procedure. While the original version of the model was limited to phase matrices of spherical particles or to scatterers much smaller than the wavelength of the incident light (Rayleigh limit), the new version presented here is valid for a much broader range of applications including scattering by an ensemble of nonspherical particles. Extensive tests of the model in the Rayleigh limit as well as for unpolarized and polarized beam source applications in the Mie regime demonstrate the significant improvements in accuracy and efficiency achieved with the new version. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Alaska, Inst Geophys, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. US Dept Commerce, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Schulz, FM (reprint author), Univ Alaska, Inst Geophys, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RI Kahnert, Michael/A-3275-2009; Weng, Fuzhong/F-5633-2010 OI Kahnert, Michael/0000-0001-5695-1356; Weng, Fuzhong/0000-0003-0150-2179 NR 27 TC 54 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-4073 J9 J QUANT SPECTROSC RA JI J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 61 IS 1 BP 105 EP 122 DI 10.1016/S0022-4073(97)00215-X PG 18 WC Optics; Spectroscopy SC Optics; Spectroscopy GA 142QX UT WOS:000077212800011 ER PT J AU Musielok, J Wiese, WL Glenzer, S Kunze, HJ AF Musielok, J Wiese, WL Glenzer, S Kunze, HJ TI A spectroscopic coupling study for some carbon-like species SO JOURNAL OF QUANTITATIVE SPECTROSCOPY & RADIATIVE TRANSFER LA English DT Article ID TRANSITION-PROBABILITIES; SCHEME; LINES; TESTS C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Ruhr Univ Bochum, Inst Expt Phys 5, D-44780 Bochum, Germany. RP Wiese, WL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 14 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-4073 J9 J QUANT SPECTROSC RA JI J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 61 IS 2 BP 215 EP 218 DI 10.1016/S0022-4073(97)00213-6 PG 4 WC Optics; Spectroscopy SC Optics; Spectroscopy GA 142QC UT WOS:000077210800007 ER PT J AU Simon, SL McKenna, GB AF Simon, SL McKenna, GB TI Measurement of thermal conductivity using TMDSC: Solution to the heat flow problem SO JOURNAL OF REINFORCED PLASTICS AND COMPOSITES LA English DT Article ID MODULATED DSC; RECOVERY AB The dependence of the apparent heat capacity obtained from quasi-isothermal temperature-modulated differential scanning calorimetry (TMD$C) experiments and the thermal conductivity is determined for several cases. The relationships are based on the solution of the heat conduction equation which gives the temperature profile in the TMDSC sample. The temperature profile is then used to calculate the sinusoidal heat flow to the sample. We compare our results with those of other researchers. We also show the effect of thermal contact resistance on the results. C1 Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Chem Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA. NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Simon, SL (reprint author), Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Chem Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA. RI Simon, Sindee/M-9372-2013; McKenna, Gregory/O-1134-2013 OI Simon, Sindee/0000-0001-7498-2826; McKenna, Gregory/0000-0002-5676-9930 NR 8 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 4 PU TECHNOMIC PUBL CO INC PI LANCASTER PA 851 NEW HOLLAND AVE, BOX 3535, LANCASTER, PA 17604 USA SN 0731-6844 J9 J REINF PLAST COMP JI J. Reinf. Plast. Compos. PY 1999 VL 18 IS 6 BP 559 EP 571 PG 13 WC Materials Science, Composites; Polymer Science SC Materials Science; Polymer Science GA 205HX UT WOS:000080816200008 ER PT J AU Hunston, D Holmes, G Peterson, R AF Hunston, D Holmes, G Peterson, R TI Viscoelastic properties of a resin commonly used in the single fiber fragmentation test SO JOURNAL OF REINFORCED PLASTICS AND COMPOSITES LA English DT Article ID STRENGTH; COMPOSITES AB The fiber-matrix interface can play an important role in the performance of a composite, and consequently, it has been the subject of considerable study. One of the experiments often used to characterize the strength or quality of the interface is the single-fiber fragmentation test. The models used to analyze the data from this test involve a number of assumptions, one of which is the constitutive behavior of the matrix resin. To evaluate this assumption, a fragmentation apparatus was modified to include a load cell so both stress and strain could be measured during the experiment. Surprisingly, the results show that not only is the behavior viscoelastic, but virtually all of the fragmentation takes place in a range where the response is non-linear. To characterize this behavior, single-step, stress-relaxation experiments were conducted on a resin system often used in such tests. The results indicate that a simple power law model with strain-dependent parameters could describe the behavior over a very wide range of conditions. By using this characterization and the strain history, a crude fit to the actual loading curve in a fragmentation test could be obtained. In order to achieve quantitative agreement, however, a modified power law model was required. Such a relationship was shown to describe the loading curve for two quite different loading procedures. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hunston, D (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 25 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU TECHNOMIC PUBL CO INC PI LANCASTER PA 851 NEW HOLLAND AVE, BOX 3535, LANCASTER, PA 17604 USA SN 0731-6844 J9 J REINF PLAST COMP JI J. Reinf. Plast. Compos. PY 1999 VL 18 IS 18 BP 1346 EP 1657 PG 12 WC Materials Science, Composites; Polymer Science SC Materials Science; Polymer Science GA 274YN UT WOS:000084792800001 ER PT J AU Dauler, E Jaeger, G Muller, A Migdall, A Sergienko, A AF Dauler, E Jaeger, G Muller, A Migdall, A Sergienko, A TI Tests of a two-photon technique for measuring polarization mode dispersion with subfemtosecond precision SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE coincidence; entangled photons; parametric downconversion; polarization interferometer; polarization mode dispersion (PMD); quantum interference ID PARAMETRIC DOWN-CONVERSION; 2 PHOTONS; INTERFERENCE; TIME; DOWNCONVERSION; ENTANGLEMENT AB An investigation is made of a recently introduced quantum interferometric method capable of measuring polarization mode dispersion (PMD) on sub-femtosecond scales, without the usual interferometric stability problems associated with such small time scales. The technique makes use of the extreme temporal correlation of orthogonally polarized pairs of photons produced via type-II phase-matched spontaneous parametric down-conversion. When sent into a simple polarization interferometer these photon pairs produce a sharp interference feature seen in the coincidence rate. The PMD of a given sample is determined from the shift of that interference feature as the sample is inserted into the system. The stability and resolution of this technique is shown to be below 0.2 fs. We explore how this precision is improved by reducing the length of the down-conversion crystal and increasing the spectral band pass of the system. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Boston Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Boston, MA 02215 USA. RP Dauler, E (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. OI Jaeger, Gregg/0000-0002-5725-6491 NR 12 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 3 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD JAN-FEB PY 1999 VL 104 IS 1 BP 1 EP 10 DI 10.6028/jres.104.001 PG 10 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 185KU UT WOS:000079668800001 ER PT J AU Moldover, MR Boyes, SJ Meyer, CW Goodwin, ARH AF Moldover, MR Boyes, SJ Meyer, CW Goodwin, ARH TI Thermodynamic temperatures of the triple points of mercury and gallium and in the interval 217 K to 303 K SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE acoustic resonator; acoustic thermometry; argon; fixed point; gallium point; gas constant; ideal gas; mercury point; microwave resonator; resonator; speed of sound; spherical resonator; thermodynamic temperature; thermometry ID ACOUSTIC-RESONANCE FREQUENCIES; DEFORMED SPHERICAL RESONATORS; VIRIAL-COEFFICIENTS; ARGON; SOUND; SPEED; THERMOMETRY; APPARATUS; RANGE AB We measured the acoustic resonance frequencies of an argon-filled spherical cavity and the microwave resonance frequencies of the same cavity when evacuated. The microwave data were used to deduce the thermal expansion of the cavity and the acoustic data were fitted to a temperature-pressure surface to deduce zero-pressure speed-of-sound ratios. The ratios determine (T-T-90), the difference between the Kelvin thermodynamic temperature T and the temperature on the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90). The acoustic data fall on six isotherms: 217.0950 K, 234.3156 K, 253.1500 K, 273.1600 K, 293.1300 K, and 302.9166 K and the standard uncertainties of (T-T-90) average 0.6 mK, depending mostly upon the model fitted to the acoustic data. Without reference to ITS-90, the data redetermine the triple point of gallium T-g and the mercury point T-m with the results: T-g/T-w = (1.108 951 6 +/- 0.000 002 6) and T-m/T-w = (0.857 785 5 +/- 0.000 002 0), where T-w = 273.16 K exactly. (All uncertainties are expressed as standard uncertainties.) The resonator was the same one that had been used to redetermine both the universal gas constant R, and T-g. However, the present value of T-g is (4.3 +/- 0.8) mK larger than that reported earlier. We suggest that the earlier redetermination of T-g was erroneous because a virtual leak within the resonator contaminated the argon used at T-g in that work. This suggestion is supported by new acoustic data taken when the resonator was filled with xenon. Fortunately, the virtual leak did not affect the redetermination of R. The present work results in many suggestions for improving primary acoustic thermometry to achieve sub-millikelvin uncertainties over a wide temperature range. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Moldover, MR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Moldover, Michael/E-6384-2013 NR 40 TC 56 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 4 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD JAN-FEB PY 1999 VL 104 IS 1 BP 11 EP 46 DI 10.6028/jres.104.002 PG 36 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 185KU UT WOS:000079668800002 ER PT J AU Ohno, Y Goodman, T Sauter, G AF Ohno, Y Goodman, T Sauter, G TI Trilateral intercomparison of photometric units maintained at NIST (USA), NPL (UK), and PTB (Germany) SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE illuminance; intercomparison; luminous flux; luminous intensity; luminous responsivity; photometer, photometry; units ID LUMINOUS INTENSITY; REALIZATION; STANDARDS; SCALE AB A trilateral intercomparison of photometric units between NIST (USA), NPL (UK), and PTB (Germany) has been conducted to update the knowledge of the relationship between the photometric units disseminated in the three countries. The luminous intensity unit (cd), the luminous responsivity scale (A/lx), and the luminous flux unit (lm) maintained at each laboratory were compared by circulating transfer standard lamps and photometers. The results showed that the relative luminous intensity values, with respect to the average, measured by NIST, NPL, and PTB were 1.0014, 1.0021, and 0.9966; the relative inverse values of the luminous responsivity (corresponding to illuminance) were 1.0023, 1.0011, and 0.9965; the relative luminous flux values were 0.9994, 1.0034, and 0.9972, respectively. The results agreed within the stated uncertainties of the units maintained at the three laboratories. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Phys Lab, Teddington TW11 0LW, Middx, England. Phys Tech Bundesanstalt, Abt Opt Photometrie, D-38023 Braunschweig, Germany. RP Ohno, Y (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD JAN-FEB PY 1999 VL 104 IS 1 BP 47 EP 57 DI 10.6028/jres.104.003 PG 11 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 185KU UT WOS:000079668800003 ER PT J AU Chu, PM Guenther, FR Rhoderick, GC Lafferty, WJ AF Chu, PM Guenther, FR Rhoderick, GC Lafferty, WJ TI The NIST quantitative infrared database SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE air pollutants; database; gas standards; infrared spectrometer ID ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; LINE POSITIONS; STANDARDS; SPECTRA AB With the recent developments in Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers it is becoming more feasible to place these instruments in field environments. As a result, there has been enormous increase in the use of FTIR techniques for a variety of qualitative and quantitative chemical measurements. These methods offer the possibility of fully automated real-time quantitation of many analytes; therefore FTIR has great potential as an analytical tool. Recently, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S.EPA) has developed protocol methods for emissions monitoring using both extractive and open-path FTIR measurements. Depending upon the analyte, the experimental conditions and the analyte matrix, approximately 100 of the hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) listed in the 1990 U.S.EPA Clean Air Act amendment (CAAA) can be measured. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has initiated a program to provide quality-assured infrared absorption coefficient data based on NIST prepared primary gas standards. Currently, absorption coefficient data has been acquired for approximately 20 of the HAPs. For each compound, the absorption coefficient spectrum was calculated using nine transmittance spectra at 0.12 cm(-1) resolution and the Beer's law relationship. The uncertainties in the absorption coefficient data were estimated from the linear regressions of the transmittance data and considerations of other error sources such as the nonlinear detector response. For absorption coefficient values greater than 1 x 10(-4) mu mol/mol)(-1) m(-1) the average relative expanded uncertainty is 2.2 %. This quantitative infrared database is currently an ongoing project at NIST. Additional spectra will be added;to the database as they are acquired. Our current plans include continued data acquisition of the compounds listed in the CAAA, as well as the compounds that contribute to global warming and ozone depletion. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Chu, PM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 27 TC 69 Z9 69 U1 0 U2 10 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD JAN-FEB PY 1999 VL 104 IS 1 BP 59 EP 81 DI 10.6028/jres.104.004 PG 23 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 185KU UT WOS:000079668800004 ER PT J AU Wiederhorn, SM Hockey, BJ French, JD AF Wiederhorn, SM Hockey, BJ French, JD TI Mechanisms of deformation of silicon nitride and silicon carbide at high temperatures SO JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN CERAMIC SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Meeting on New Developments in High Temperature Materials CY AUG 12-15, 1998 CL ISTANBUL, TURKEY DE microstructure-final; creep; mechanical properties; strength; toughness; SiC; Si(3)N(4) ID SOLUTION-PRECIPITATION CREEP; SIC SINGLE-CRYSTALS; HOT-PRESSED SI3N4; TENSILE CREEP; MICROSTRUCTURAL DESIGN; COMPRESSION CREEP; RUPTURE BEHAVIOR; SELF-DIFFUSION; HIGH-PURITY; CERAMICS AB This paper compares the relative merits of liquid-phase sintered beta-Si(3)N(4) With sintered alpha-SiC for high-temperature applications. These materials represent two extremes of ceramic microstructure: liquid-phase sintered beta-Si(3)N(4) contains grains that are coated by a second phase, whereas sintered alpha-SiC contains grains that are in direct crystalline contact. As will be shown, the mechanical behavior of the two materials differs substantially. At temperatures up to 1500 degrees C, sintered alpha-SiC is a creep-resistant solid At room temperature, however, it is brittle, K(Ic) = (2-4) MPa.m(1/2), and has a low bending strength, sigma(b) = (400-500) MPa. By contrast, liquid-phase sintered beta-Si(3)N(4) is not as creep resistant since it contains a residual sintering aid at its grain boundaries that deforms at a lower temperature than the silicon nitride grains. Hence, its temperature capability is less than that of sintered alpha-SiC. Silicon nitride is, however, tougher, K(Ic) = (6-8) MPa.m(1/2), and stronger, sigma(b) = (700-1000) MPa, than sintered alpha-SiC. Deformation of liquid-phase sintered beta-Si(3)N(4), and other ceramics with a second phase at the grain boundaries, depends on the refractoriness of that phase, the more refractory the phase, the more resistant the material is to creep. Experimental results on beta-Si(3)N(4) suggest that toughness decreases as creep resistance increases; hence, a trade-off must be made between creep resistance and material toughness to achieve an optimal high temperature microstructure. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wiederhorn, SM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 94 TC 54 Z9 57 U1 3 U2 19 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0955-2219 J9 J EUR CERAM SOC JI J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. PY 1999 VL 19 IS 13-14 BP 2273 EP 2284 DI 10.1016/S0955-2219(99)00121-1 PG 12 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 243PE UT WOS:000083005800010 ER PT J AU Nichol-Noble, S Noble, DG AF Nichol-Noble, S Noble, DG TI Weathering the storm: Tornadoes, television and turmoil SO JOURNAL OF THE WEST LA English DT Book Review C1 Univ Cent Oklahoma, Dept Geog, Edmond, OK USA. Natl Weather Serv, Edmond, OK USA. RP Nichol-Noble, S (reprint author), Univ Cent Oklahoma, Dept Geog, Edmond, OK USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU J WEST INC PI MANHATTAN PA P O BOX 1009 1531 YUMA, MANHATTAN, KS 66502 USA SN 0022-5169 J9 J WEST JI J. West PD JAN PY 1999 VL 38 IS 1 BP 113 EP 113 PG 1 WC History SC History GA 168RK UT WOS:000078706200062 ER PT J AU Arrivo, SM Kleiman, VD Grubbs, WT Dougherty, TP Heilweil, EJ AF Arrivo, SM Kleiman, VD Grubbs, WT Dougherty, TP Heilweil, EJ TI Infrared spectral hole burning of 1 : 1 hydrogen-bonded complexes in solution SO LASER CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Conference on Time-Resolved Vibrational Spectroscopy CY APR 07-11, 1997 CL OXFORD, ENGLAND SP AG Electro-Opt, Andor Technol Ltd/LOT Oriel, Bruker Spectrospin Ltd, Clarke-MXR Inc, Coherent (UK) Ltd, Edinburgh Instruments Ltd/Continuum, Mutek Infrared Laser Syst GmbH, Photox Opt Syst, Princeton Instruments Ltd, Renishaw plc, Rutherford Appleton Lab CLRC, Spectra-Phys Lasers Ltd DE hydrogen-bond; hole-burning; infrared; broadband; complexes; inhomogeneous ID SPECTROSCOPY; DYNAMICS AB Transient picosecond infrared (IR) spectra of the OH and NH-stretch (v = 0 - 1) absorption bands of several hydrogen-bonded complexes have been investigated. Solutions of 1:1 complexes of weak acids (methanol, triethylsilanol and pyrrole, < 0.1 mol/dm(3)) and bases (acetonitrile, pyridine and tetrahydrofuran, < 2 mol/dm(3)) in CCl4 at 295 K were interrogated with IR excitation and broadband probing. Lorentzian-shaped absorption bands are uniformly bleached while those with near-Gaussian bandshapes produce transient spectral holes. These results indicate a base functionality and hydrogen-bond strength dependence for determining the broadening mechanisms of these absorptions. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Stetson Univ, Dept Chem, De Land, FL 32720 USA. USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. Merck & Co Inc, W Point, PA 19486 USA. Beaver Coll, Dept Chem & Phys, Glenside, PA 19038 USA. RP Heilweil, EJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Room B208 Bldg 221, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Kleiman, Valeria/H-7818-2013 OI Kleiman, Valeria/0000-0002-9975-6558 NR 15 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU HARWOOD ACAD PUBL GMBH PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG1 8JL SN 0278-6273 J9 LASER CHEM JI Laser Chem. PY 1999 VL 19 IS 1-4 BP 1 EP 10 DI 10.1155/1999/80323 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 215EY UT WOS:000081370000002 ER PT B AU Soons, JA AF Soons, JA BE Chiles, V Jenkinson, D TI Measuring the geometric errors of a hexapod machine tool SO LASER METROLOGY AND MACHINE PERFORMANCE IV LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Laser Metrology and Machine Performance CY JUL, 1999 CL UNIV NORTHUMBRIA, NEWCASTLE, ENGLAND SP Univ Northumbria HO UNIV NORTHUMBRIA ID CALIBRATION AB This paper describes procedures to measure the geometric errors of parallel kinematic machines with a Gough configuration. The procedures are applied to estimate and compensate the errors of a prototype hexapod milling machine. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Automated Prod Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Soons, JA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Automated Prod Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM Soons@nist.gov NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WIT PRESS PI SOUTHAMPTON PA ASHURST LODGE, SOUTHAMPTON SO40 7AA, ASHURST, ENGLAND BN 1-85312-661-6 PY 1999 BP 169 EP 182 PG 14 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Mechanical; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BP49J UT WOS:000085319400016 ER PT B AU Damazo, BN AF Damazo, BN BE Chiles, V Jenkinson, D TI Methods for performance evaluation of motion control systems SO LASER METROLOGY AND MACHINE PERFORMANCE IV LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Laser Metrology and Machine Performance CY JUL, 1999 CL UNIV NORTHUMBRIA, NEWCASTLE, ENGLAND SP Univ Northumbria HO UNIV NORTHUMBRIA AB Typically, the measured accuracy of a linear slideway is based on straight line point-to-point motions: pausing at each point for a laser displacement measurement. The slideway accuracy is then a function of the methods used to assemble the slideway components and the quality of components such as the bearing's precision, the actuator positioning ability, and the accuracy and resolution of the position feedback device [I]. What is not measured is the motion profile accuracy as the slideway moves between points, and a series of points form a contour and may be coordinated with more than one slideway. This motion profile accuracy is influenced by the slideway components, but more importantly, by the performance of the motion control system used to close the servo loop. Performance factors such as the dynamic resolution, servo-loop closure rate, servo control and trajectory algorithm accuracy and disturbance rejection control the shape of the motion profile and the profile's accuracy, within a motion control system. This work focuses on methods to measure and evaluate the performance factors that affect motion profile accuracy in motion control systems. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Automated Prod Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Damazo, BN (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Automated Prod Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU WIT PRESS PI SOUTHAMPTON PA ASHURST LODGE, SOUTHAMPTON SO40 7AA, ASHURST, ENGLAND BN 1-85312-661-6 PY 1999 BP 413 EP 418 PG 6 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Mechanical; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BP49J UT WOS:000085319400037 ER PT S AU Rolston, SL AF Rolston, SL BE Hacyan, S Jauregui, R LopezPena, R TI Magnetic trapping, evaporative cooling, and bose Einstein condensation SO LATIN-AMERICAN SCHOOL OF PHYSICS XXXI ELAF: NEW PERSPECTIVES ON QUANTUM MECHANICS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT XXXI Latin American School of Physics on New Perspectives on Quantum Mechanics (XXXI ELAF) CY JUL 27-AUG 14, 1998 CL MEXICO CITY, MEXICO SP Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Univ Autonoma Metroppolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Colegio Nacl, Ctr Internacl Ciencias AC, Org Estados Amer, Ctr LatinoAmer Fisica, Brazil, Ctr LatinoAmer Fisica, Mexico, Int Ctr Theoret Phys Trieste, Ctr Invest Estudios Avanzados Ist Politecnico Nacl, Consejo Nacl Ciencia Tecnologia ID NEUTRAL ATOMS; COLLECTIVE EXCITATIONS; OPTICAL LATTICES; SODIUM ATOMS; COLLISIONS; ENERGY; GAS AB In these lecture notes I will discuss the techniques of magnetic trapping of neutral atoms and evaporative cooling methods. I will further discuss the observation of Bose Einstein Condensation in weakly interacting gases and summarize some of the experiments that have been performed on the condensates. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Rolston, SL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, PHY A167, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI rolston, steven/L-5175-2013 OI rolston, steven/0000-0003-1671-4190 NR 38 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-856-8 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1999 VL 464 BP 91 EP 110 PG 20 WC Optics; Physics, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Optics; Physics GA BM77S UT WOS:000079745200004 ER PT S AU Grimes, CB Turner, SC AF Grimes, CB Turner, SC BE Musick, JA TI The complex life history of tilefish Lopholatilus chamaeleonticeps and vulnerability to exploitation SO LIFE IN THE SLOW LANE: ECOLOGY AND CONSERVATION OF LONG-LIVED MARINE ANIMALS SE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Conservation of Long-Lived Marine Animals CY AUG 24, 1997 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Fisheries Soc ID HUDSON SUBMARINE-CANYON; MID-ATLANTIC; BEHAVIOR; MEXICO; GULF; SEA AB Tilefish stocks along the Atlantic coast of the United States have a history of rapidly becoming overfished. Since 1916 when the unexploited southern New England-mid-Atlantic stock yielded 4,500 metric tons (mt), there have been three 20- to 25-year cycles of rapidly increasing landings followed by equally rapid declines to very low levels of catch. Landings have exceeded the long-term potential yield (approximately 1,200 mt) during each of the periods of high catches, especially from 1977 and 1982 when the fishing mortality rate was three times that necessary to obtain maximum yield per recruit. The complex life history of tilefish may have made them exceptionally vulnerable to exploitation. They are relatively long lived, slow growing and late maturing; for example, females attain 35 years and 95 cm fork length (FL), and mature in 5-7 years. Adults construct shelters (e.g., burrows) in portions of the continental shelf where there is both malleable substratum and relatively warm temperature (9-14 degrees C). Thus, stocks are restricted to specific identifiable portions of the outer continental shelf, making them especially vulnerable to fishing. Reproductive and fishery data indirectly indicate that sexually dimorphic and behaviorally dominant males receive higher fishing mortality resulting in unusually rapid declines in reproductive success of the stock. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Panama City Lab, Panama City, FL 32408 USA. RP Grimes, CB (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Panama City Lab, 3500 Delwood Beach Rd, Panama City, FL 32408 USA. NR 24 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, STE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0892-2284 BN 1-888569-15-8 J9 AM FISH S S PY 1999 VL 23 BP 17 EP 26 PG 10 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA BN69L UT WOS:000082615800003 ER PT S AU Ragen, TJ AF Ragen, TJ BE Musick, JA TI Human activities affecting the population trends of the Hawaiian monk seat SO LIFE IN THE SLOW LANE: ECOLOGY AND CONSERVATION OF LONG-LIVED MARINE ANIMALS SE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Conservation of Long-Lived Marine Animals CY AUG 24, 1997 CL MONTEREY, CA SP Amer Fisheries Soc AB The history of the Hawaiian monk seal is one of remarkable evolutionary persistence but recent and severe decline. The species may have persisted in the Hawaiian Archipelago for the past 15 million years. Its initial contact with humans probably occurred when Polynesians first settled the Archipelago, perhaps 2,000 years ago. Shortly thereafter the monk seal was likely extirpated in the main Hawaiian Islands and reduced to its current configuration of six main reproductive colonies. The first written record of the species is from 1805, when it was discovered on Lisianski Island. Through the remainder of the 1800s, it was exploited for skins and oil and for food by shipwrecked sailors. By the turn of the century, at least two of the six reproductive colonies had been extirpated and the species was severely depleted. In this century, the Hawaiian monk seal has suffered more from habitat competition and loss than from direct exploitation. Habitat loss has occurred in the form of permanent human settlement with associated disturbance, deposition of marine debris, physical and biological alteration of its terrestrial environment, and biological alteration of its marine environment. Thus, human activities have played a major role in determining the status and trends of the species over the past two centuries. The historical record also suggests that human access to the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands is increasing, and such activities may become a greater impediment to recovery if they are not limited to those compatible with wildlife conservation. Unfortunately, we are often unable to predict the compatibility of proposed activities. In the face of such uncertainty, is further development of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands worth the risk of extinction of the Hawaiian monk seal?. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Juneau, AK 99802 USA. RP Ragen, TJ (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 709 W 9th St,Room 461, Juneau, AK 99802 USA. NR 58 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 7 U2 18 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, STE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0892-2284 BN 1-888569-15-8 J9 AM FISH S S PY 1999 VL 23 BP 183 EP 194 PG 12 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA BN69L UT WOS:000082615800014 ER PT J AU Culver, ME Perry, MJ AF Culver, ME Perry, MJ TI The response of photosynthetic absorption coefficients to irradiance in culture and in tidally mixed estuarine waters SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID FLUORESCENCE EXCITATION-SPECTRA; MARINE-PHYTOPLANKTON; EMISSION-SPECTRA; SARGASSO SEA; UPPER OCEAN; PHOTOADAPTATION; PARTICLES; PIGMENTS; GROWTH; ALGAE AB The accuracy of models for primary production and light propagation depends on correct assignment of absorption to photosynthetic pigments. The phytoplankton absorption coefficient is comprised of two components: photosynthetic and photoprotective absorption coefficients. A method based on the fluorescent excitation of chlorophyll a is used to quantify the photosynthetic absorption coefficient for phytoplankton grown in culture and sampled from Puget Sound, Washington. The difference spectrum between total phytoplankton and photosynthetic absorption should be equivalent to photoprotective absorption. For cultures, the difference spectra exhibit peaks near 460 and 490 nm and broad-band absorption between 400 and 450 nm. However, for field samples an additional pronounced peak is observed around 440 nm, similar in shape to the chlorophyll a Soret peak. If the 440-nm peak were associated with photosystem I chlorophyll a, the photosynthetic absorption coefficient will be underestimated by < 15% for these samples. Variability in both coefficients is predictable as a function of irradiance. The photosynthetic coefficient varies inversely with growth irradiance, and the photoprotective coefficient varies directly with irradiance. This direct relationship with irradiance accounts for much of the variability in the spectral shape of the total phytoplankton absorption coefficient. The ratio of the photosynthetic absorption coefficient to the total phytoplankton absorption coefficient increases as a function of decreasing irradiance for cultures and for held samples collected from stratified regions of the water column. This ratio is a photoadaptive parameter that can serve to integrate physiological response to irradiance and has the potential to provide estimates of mixed layer dynamics. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Culver, ME (reprint author), NOAA, Technol Planning & Management Corp, Coastal Serv Ctr, 2234 S Hobson Rd, Charleston, SC 29405 USA. NR 69 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPHY PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710-4446 USA SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 44 IS 1 BP 24 EP 36 PG 13 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 162ZT UT WOS:000078378300003 ER PT J AU James-Pirri, MJ Cobb, JS AF James-Pirri, MJ Cobb, JS TI Behavioral interactions of postlarval and fifth instar lobsters (Homarus americanus) in a simulated cobble environment SO MARINE AND FRESHWATER BEHAVIOUR AND PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Homarus americanus; postlarvae; juvenile lobsters; behavior ID SETTLEMENT; PREDATION; HABITATS; LARVAL; LIFE; MUD AB Behavioral interactions among newly settled postlarval and fifth instar lobsters in a simulated cobble environment were quantified. Seven behavioral categories were identified and the proportion of time spent in each was evaluated. Transition matrices for three general behavior categories were evaluated for the postlarval and fifth instar. Postlarval and fifth instar lobsters displayed different behavioral patterns. Postlarvae spent a large proportion of time walking on the sand substrate and excavating shelters, whereas fifth instar lobsters spent the majority of time excavating and sitting in shelters. Agonistic interactions between early benthic stage lobsters were similar to those described for older juvenile and adult lobsters. Dominance hierarchies, burrow invasion and eviction of subdominant individuals were observed in both the postlarval and fifth instar. C1 Univ Rhode Isl, Dept Biol Sci, Kingston, RI 02881 USA. RP James-Pirri, MJ (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Narragansett Lab, 28 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 32 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 1 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING RG1 8JL, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0091-181X J9 MAR FRESHW BEHAV PHY JI Mar. Freshw. Behav. Physiol. PY 1999 VL 32 IS 4 BP 207 EP 222 PG 16 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 236KB UT WOS:000082597800002 ER PT J AU James-Pirri, MJ Cobb, JS AF James-Pirri, MJ Cobb, JS TI Influence of coded micro-wire tags on postlarval lobster (Homarus americanus) behavior SO MARINE AND FRESHWATER BEHAVIOUR AND PHYSIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Homarus americanus; postlarvae; micro-wire tags; behavior ID JUVENILE BLUE CRABS; CALLINECTES-SAPIDUS; SURVIVAL; GROWTH AB The influence of coded micro-wire tags on postlarval lobster behavior was investigated in a simulated cobble environment. Newly settled postlarvae were divided into two treatment groups, tagged and untagged. Seven behavioral categories were identified and the proportion of time spent in each for each treatment was evaluated. We observed no difference in the proportion of time spent in any of the behaviors between tagged and untagged postlarvae. We conclude that the presence of micro-wire tags does not influence behavior of newly settled lobsters. C1 Univ Rhode Isl, Dept Biol Sci, Kingston, RI 02881 USA. RP James-Pirri, MJ (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Narragansett Lab, 28 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 14 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING RG1 8JL, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0091-181X J9 MAR FRESHW BEHAV PHY JI Mar. Freshw. Behav. Physiol. PY 1999 VL 32 IS 4 BP 255 EP 259 PG 5 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 236KB UT WOS:000082597800005 ER PT J AU Sarrazin, J Juniper, SK Massoth, G Legendre, P AF Sarrazin, J Juniper, SK Massoth, G Legendre, P TI Physical and chemical factors influencing species distributions on hydrothermal sulfide edifices of the Juan de Fuca Ridge, northeast Pacific SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Review DE hydrothermal vent ecology; physical and chemical factors; in situ measurements; habitat characterization; species distribution; sulfide edifice; statistical analyses; fluid flow; substratum types; mosaic habitat ID RIFTIA-PACHYPTILA JONES; VENT TUBE WORM; CANONICAL CORRESPONDENCE-ANALYSIS; GALAPAGOS SPREADING CENTER; DEEP-SEA ENVIRONMENT; ROSE GARDEN VENT; ENDEAVOR SEGMENT; HYDROGEN-SULFIDE; CLEFT SEGMENT; FLOW-ANALYSIS AB This study examines relationships between hydrothermal vent species and their surrounding physical and chemical environment on 2 high-temperature sulfide edifices of the Juan de Fuca Ridge (northeast Pacific). Video imagery and in situ temperature and chemical information were acquired during 2 remotely operated vehicle (ROV) dive programs in 1993 and 1995, for a total of 78 scans. Statistical analyses of environmental and faunal data reveal a heterogeneous distribution (cor respondence analyses) of hydrothermal species and demonstrate a significant influence of local physical and chemical conditions on species distributions (canonical correspondence analyses). Results confirm the importance of hydrogen sulfide to the distribution of vent species as well as the importance of complex variables such as visible flow intensity and substratum type. Since less than 30% of the variance in species distribution could be explained by the measured in situ factors, we conclude by stressing the need to evaluate effects of other unmeasured environmental factors such as dissolved oxygen, nitrogen compounds, food availability and biological interactions. C1 Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Univ Quebec, Montreal, PQ H3C 3P8, Canada. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Montreal, Dept Biol Sci, Montreal, PQ H3C 3J7, Canada. RP Sarrazin, J (reprint author), Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, 360 Woods Hole Rd,MS 8,McLean Lab 201, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM jsarrazin@whoi.edu NR 115 TC 90 Z9 93 U1 3 U2 19 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 1999 VL 190 BP 89 EP 112 DI 10.3354/meps190089 PG 24 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 270TU UT WOS:000084553000007 ER PT J AU Rose, CD Sharp, WC Kenworthy, WJ Hunt, JH Lyons, WG Prager, EJ Valentine, JF Hall, MO Whitfield, PE Fourqurean, JW AF Rose, CD Sharp, WC Kenworthy, WJ Hunt, JH Lyons, WG Prager, EJ Valentine, JF Hall, MO Whitfield, PE Fourqurean, JW TI Overgrazing of a large seagrass bed by the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus in Outer Florida Bay SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE seagrass; sea urchin; herbivory; Syringodium filiforme; Lytechinus variegatus; Florida Bay; disturbance ID SYRINGODIUM-FILIFORME; THALASSIA-TESTUDINUM; FORAGING PATTERNS; CHELONIA-MYDAS; REEFS; USA; ECOSYSTEMS; MEADOWS; ISLANDS; GULF AB Unusually dense aggregations of the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus overgrazed at least 0.81 km(2) of seagrass habitat in Outer Florida Bay (USA) between August 1997 and May 1998. Initially, sea-urchin densities were as high as 364 sea urchins m(-2), but they steadily declined to within a range of 20 to 50 sea urchins m(-2) by December 1998. Prior to this event, sea-urchin densities were <1 sea urchin m(-2) in this area of Outer Florida Bay. Seagrasses in Outer Florida Bay consist primarily of manatee grass Syringodium filiforme, of which 82% or 390 g dry weight m(-2) of total seagrass biomass and >95% of the short-shoot apical meristems were removed by sea-urchin grazing in our study area. Such extensive loss may severely limit recovery of this seagrass community by vegetative reproduction. Effects of the removal of seagrass biomass have already resulted in the depletion of epifaunal-infaunal mollusk assemblages and resuspension of fine-grained (<64 mu m) surface sediments-which have caused significant changes in community structure and in the physical properties of the sediments. These changes, coupled with the loss of essential fishery habitat, reductions in primary and secondary production, and degradation of water quality, may lead to additional, longer-term, indirect effects that may extend beyond the boundaries of the grazed areas and into adjacent coastal ecosystems. C1 Florida Int Univ, Dept Biol, Miami, FL 33199 USA. Florida Int Univ, SE Environm Res Ctr, Miami, FL 33199 USA. Florida Marine Res Inst, Florida Dept Environm Protect, Marathon, FL 33050 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Beaufort Lab, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. Florida Marine Res Inst, Florida Dept Environm Protect, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. US Geol Survey, Reston, VA 20192 USA. Univ S Alabama, Dauphin Isl Sea Lab, Mobile, AL 36528 USA. Univ S Alabama, Dept Marine Sci, Mobile, AL 36528 USA. RP Rose, CD (reprint author), Florida Int Univ, Dept Biol, Univ Pk, Miami, FL 33199 USA. EM crose01@fiu.edu RI Fourqurean, James/B-4606-2008 OI Fourqurean, James/0000-0002-0811-8500 NR 39 TC 72 Z9 74 U1 11 U2 49 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 1999 VL 190 BP 211 EP 222 DI 10.3354/meps190211 PG 12 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 270TU UT WOS:000084553000016 ER PT J AU Sherman, K Duda, AM AF Sherman, K Duda, AM TI An ecosystem approach to global assessment and management of coastal waters SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Review DE global assessment; large marine ecosystems; management; sustainability ID UNITED-STATES; SUSTAINABILITY; FISHERIES; STABILITY; ATLANTIC; PREY AB Since the Rio Summit in 1992 the public has become increasingly aware that coastal ecosystems are under significant threat from pollution, overexploitation, and habitat loss. However, little progress has been made in sustained global actions to reverse their degraded state. It has been no small feat for the world community to come to agreement on international instruments identifying environmental and resource problems, but it is another matter altogether to muster the scientific community and the political will to enact necessary policy reforms and devote necessary funding to restore and protect valuable marine ecosystems. An ecosystems approach is emerging for the assessment and management of coastal waters around the globe utilizing modular strategies for linking science-based assessments of the changing states of large marine ecosystems to socioeconomic benefits expected from achieving long-term sustainability of their resources. To assist developing countries in implementing the ecosystems approach to marine resources development and sustainability in international waters, the Global Environment Facility and its $2 billion trust fund has been opened to universal participation that builds on partnerships with the United Nations Development Programme, the United Nations Environmental Programme, and the World Bank. C1 US Dept Commerce, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Global Environm Facil Secretariat, Washington, DC 20433 USA. RP Sherman, K (reprint author), US Dept Commerce, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. EM kenneth.sherman@noaa.gov NR 117 TC 83 Z9 86 U1 1 U2 16 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 1999 VL 190 BP 271 EP 287 DI 10.3354/meps190271 PG 17 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 270TU UT WOS:000084553000021 ER PT J AU Anderson, PJ Piatt, JF AF Anderson, PJ Piatt, JF TI Community reorganization in the Gulf of Alaska following ocean climate regime shift SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE shrimp; capelin; forage fish; Gulf of Alaska; groundfish; climate change ID POLLOCK THERAGRA-CHALCOGRAMMA; PANDALUS-BOREALIS; NORTH PACIFIC; PAVLOF BAY; NE PACIFIC; SHRIMP; VARIABILITY; ECOSYSTEMS; PREDATION; MORTALITY AB A shift in ocean climate during the late 1970s triggered a reorganization of community structure in the Gulf of Alaska ecosystem, as evidenced in changing catch composition on long-term (1953 to 1997) small-mesh trawl surveys, Forage species such as pandalid shrimp and capelin declined because of recruitment failure and predation, and populations have not yet recovered. Total trawl catch biomass declined >50% and remained low through the 1980s. In contrast, recruitment of high trophic-level groundfish improved during the 1980s, yielding a >250% increase in catch biomass during the 1990s. This trophic reorganization apparently had negative effects on piscivorous sea birds and marine mammals. C1 Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Kodiak, AK 99615 USA. US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Res Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. RP Anderson, PJ (reprint author), Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 301 Res Court, Kodiak, AK 99615 USA. EM paul.j.anderson@noaa.gov NR 33 TC 325 Z9 334 U1 3 U2 80 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 1999 VL 189 BP 117 EP 123 DI 10.3354/meps189117 PG 7 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 267QK UT WOS:000084370600011 ER PT J AU Forcada, J Hammond, PS Aguilar, A AF Forcada, J Hammond, PS Aguilar, A TI Status of the Mediterranean monk seal Monachus monachus in the western Sahara and the implications of a mass mortality event SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE capture-recapture; Monachus monachus; photo-identification; population status; population trends; Western Sahara ID CAPTURE PROBABILITIES VARY; ESTIMATING POPULATION-SIZE; BREEDING EXPERIENCE; MAURITANIA; VAQUITA; ANIMALS; AGE AB The largest aggregation of the highly endangered Mediterranean monk seals Monachus monachus is located on the Cap Blanc Peninsula on the coast of the western Sahara. Photographic identification of individuals was used in a capture-recapture analysis to estimate the abundance and composition of the colony during 1993 to 1998. Results of the application of these techniques to Mediterranean monk seals were satisfactory, and allowed independent annual population estimates. No significant trends in abundance over the period 1993 to 1996 were detected, and the mean estimate for the period was 317 seals (CV = 0.16; 95% CI: 237 to 447). Environmental changes affecting suitability of habitat, particularly food availability, are suggested as major factors for limited population recovery during this period. In spring 1997, a mass mortality event reduced the population size to 109 individuals (CV = 0.14; 95% CI: 86 to 145). Mortality was age-specific and resulted in a severe change in the stage composition of the population. Adults were the most affected, and therefore the proportion of juveniles increased from an initial 12% before the event to about 29% after. As a result of both the decrease in seal numbers and the change in population composition, the number of individuals potentially contributing to reproduction fell to about 77 or fewer. This number may not be enough to maintain genetic variability and overcome the effect of demographic stochasticity. The demographic changes caused by the die-off are expected to have both positive and negative effects on the reproductive success of the colony. However, they are undoubtedly factors which potentially threaten the stability and survival of the colony in the near future. C1 Univ Barcelona, Fac Biol, Dept Anim Biol, Barcelona 08028, Spain. Univ St Andrews, Gatty Marine Lab, NERC, Sea Mammal Res Unit, St Andrews KY16 8LB, Fife, Scotland. RP Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, POB 271, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. EM jforcada@sgilj.ucsd.edu RI Aguilar, Alex/L-1283-2014 OI Aguilar, Alex/0000-0002-5751-2512 NR 68 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 2 U2 22 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 EI 1616-1599 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 1999 VL 188 BP 249 EP 261 DI 10.3354/meps188249 PG 13 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 262UV UT WOS:000084085700024 ER PT J AU Able, KW Manderson, JP Studholme, AL AF Able, KW Manderson, JP Studholme, AL TI Habitat quality for shallow water fishes in an urban estuary: the effects of man-made structures on growth SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE habitat quality; growth; fishes; urban estuary; piers ID HUDSON RIVER; JUVENILE; RECRUITMENT; COMPLEXITY; PREDATION; IMPACT AB Caging experiments were conducted to determine the growth of juvenile fishes as a measure of habitat quality under large pile-supported platforms or piers, in pile fields and in open-water habitat types in shallow areas (average depth 1.1 to 3.9 m) in the Hudson River estuary in 1994. Three 10 d caging experiments were conducted in June and early July with recently settled winter flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus (14.3 to 40.1 mm SL) and 3 experiments of similar duration in July and August with recently settled tautog Tautoga onitis (20.6 to 48.6 mm TL). For both species, within-experiment instantaneous growth rates in weight (G(w)(-1)) were significantly higher (3-way ANOVA, Tukey's pair-wise test, p < 0.05) in pile field and open-water habitats than under the piers where fish lost weight in all of the experiments. Growth rates for individual winter flounder and tautog reached Values as high as 0.09 d(-1) and 0.11 d(-1), respectively. in open water and pile field habitats. In addition, G(w) values for both winter flounder and tautog caged under piers were not significantly different (p > 0.017, 1-sided Dunnett test with Bonferroni correction) from those of conspecifics held concurrently in the laboratory without food. These results, as wen as related studies of fish distribution and abundance in the same habitats, indicate that habitat quality under the platforms of large piers (> 20 000 m(2)) is poor for juvenile fishes when compared with nearby pile field and open-water habitat types. As a result, the impacts of these structures should be considered when estuarine shorelines are developed or renovated. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Marine Field Stn, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, Tuckerton, NJ 08087 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, James J Howard Marine Sci Lab, Sandy Hook, NJ 07032 USA. RP Able, KW (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Marine Field Stn, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, 800 Great Bay Blvd,c o 132 Great Bay Blvd, Tuckerton, NJ 08087 USA. EM able@imcs.rutgers.edu NR 39 TC 76 Z9 77 U1 1 U2 23 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 1999 VL 187 BP 227 EP 235 DI 10.3354/meps187227 PG 9 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 258GL UT WOS:000083830200020 ER PT J AU Bower, JR Seki, MP Young, RE Bigelow, KA Hirota, J Flament, P AF Bower, JR Seki, MP Young, RE Bigelow, KA Hirota, J Flament, P TI Cephalopod paralarvae assemblages in Hawaiian Islands waters SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE Paralarvae; cephalopod; Hawaiian Islands; distribution; assemblage ID OMMASTREPHIDAE; COMMUNITY; PACIFIC; LARVAE; SEA AB The distribution and abundance of cephalopod paralarvae near the Hawaiian Islands are described. Paralarvae were collected during 5 plankton surveys in 1991 to 1993. The 404 tows at 59 stations collected 10 375 paralarvae from 21 families and 57 species. The most numerous families were the Ommastrephidae (23% of total catch), Pyroteuthididae (17%), Enoploteuthididae (16%), Onychoteuthididae (14%), and Chtenopterygidae (8%). The most numerous species were Ommastrephes bartramii (18%), Pterygioteuthis microlampas (15%), Chtenopteryx sicula (8%), and Onychoteuthis compacta (6%). Analysis of paralarval distribution patterns identified 2 paralarval assemblages: 'island associated' and 'oceanic'. The 15 'island-associated' species showed increased paralarval abundance near the islands, suggesting preferential spawning in this area. Epipelagic nearshore spawners included Onychoteuthis sp. C, Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis, and Nototodarus hawaiiensis. Mesopelagic nearshore spawners included 3 reported members of the Hawaiian Mesopelagic Boundary Community (Abralia trigonura, Liocranchia reinhardti, and Chiroteuthis picteti) and 3 probable new members (Liocranchia valdiviae, Histioteuthis hoylei and Enoploteuthis jonesi). C1 Hokkaido Univ, Fac Fisheries, Hakodate, Hokkaido 0418611, Japan. Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Oceanog, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Secretariat Pacific Community, Ocean Fisheries Programme, Noumea 98848, New Caledonia. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Honolulu Lab, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, NOAA, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Bower, JR (reprint author), Hokkaido Univ, Fac Fisheries, 3-1-1 Minato Cho, Hakodate, Hokkaido 0418611, Japan. EM akaika@pop.fish.hokudai.ac.jp NR 55 TC 18 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 5 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 1999 VL 185 BP 203 EP 212 DI 10.3354/meps185203 PG 10 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 237CG UT WOS:000082636700017 ER PT J AU Erdner, DL Price, NM Doucette, GJ Peleato, ML Anderson, DM AF Erdner, DL Price, NM Doucette, GJ Peleato, ML Anderson, DM TI Characterization of ferredoxin and flavodoxin as markers of iron limitation in marine phytoplankton SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE ferredoxin; flavodoxin; iron; phytoplankton ID EQUATORIAL PACIFIC-OCEAN; SOUTHERN-OCEAN; SCOTIA SEAS; STRESS; MANGANESE; DIATOMS; GROWTH; DEFICIENCY; ZINC; PHOTOSYNTHESIS AB Under conditions of iron stress, many organisms replace the common iron-sulfur redox protein ferredoxin with flavodoxin, a functionally equivalent, non-iron-containing protein. These 2 proteins have been proposed to be indicators of iron nutritional status in marine phytoplankton, but little is known of their expression and regulation. This study characterized their expression by: (1) testing 17 marine phytoplankton isolates from 4 different algal classes for their ability to induce flavodoxin under iron limitation, (2) determining the effect of ecologically relevant limiting factors (other than iron) on flavodoxin expression using the marine centric diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii as a model organism, and (3) examining, in detail, the relationship between iron availability and relative ferredoxin/flavodoxin abundance again using T. weissflogii as a model. In the organisms examined, the most common response (12 of 17 isolates) to iron limitation was induction of flavodoxin and suppression of ferredoxin expression. The remaining 5 isolates, largely of coastal origin, were never observed to produce flavodoxin. These 5 non-inducing organisms have been shown to have high intrinsic Fe requirements for growth and should therefore not present a problem for field measurements of ferredoxin and flavodoxin in iron-poor areas. Expression of flavodoxin in T. weissflogii was found to be specific to iron Limitation, and was not induced by nitrate, phosphate, silicate, zinc or light deficiency. The prevalence of the flavodoxin response and its insensitivity to other limiting factors support its use as an indicator of the presence of iron limitation. Iron regulation of relative ferredoxin and flavodoxin abundance (the Fd index) and iron availability was examined in greater detail by measuring the Fd index in T. weissflogii grown over a range of limiting iron concentrations. The relationship between Fd index and growth rate (a proxy for iron availability) is composed of 2 distinct regions. In the first region, at low growth rates, ferredoxin is undetectable and the Fd index is uniformly zero. In the second region, at moderate-to-fast growth rates, ferredoxin and flavodoxin co-occur in the cells. This implies that flavodoxin substitution is not a simple 'on-or-off' response. Flavodoxin expression is also very sensitive to iron limitation, occurring even at fast growth rates (80 to 90% mu(max)). When the 2 proteins co-occurred in cells, their relative abundance (the Fd index) tended to increase along with increasing iron availability. Thus, variation in the Fd index has the potential to indicate spatial and temporal changes in the severity of iron stress in the phytoplankton community. C1 Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Biol, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. McGill Univ, Dept Biol, Montreal, PQ H3A 1B1, Canada. NOAA, NOS, Charleston Lab, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Univ Zaragoza, Fac Ciencias, Dept Bioquim & Biol Mol & Celular, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain. RP Anderson, DM (reprint author), Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Biol, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM danderson@whoi.edu RI Erdner, Deana/C-4981-2008; Doucette, Gregory/M-3283-2013 OI Erdner, Deana/0000-0002-1736-8835; NR 45 TC 51 Z9 51 U1 2 U2 8 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 1999 VL 184 BP 43 EP 53 DI 10.3354/meps184043 PG 11 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 229RF UT WOS:000082207800007 ER PT J AU Freese, L Auster, PJ Heifetz, J Wing, BL AF Freese, L Auster, PJ Heifetz, J Wing, BL TI Effects of trawling on seafloor habitat and associated invertebrate taxa in the Gulf of Alaska SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE trawling impacts; occupied submersible; seafloor habitat; mobile fishing gear; invertebrate bycatch ID EPIBENTHIC SCAVENGING INVERTEBRATES; CLYDE SEA AREA; LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS; BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY; NORTH-SEA; BAIT; IMPACT; DISTURBANCE; COMMUNITIES; ATTRACTIONS AB Short-term effects of bottom trawling on a 'hard-bottom' (pebble, cobble, and boulder) seafloor were studied on the outer continental shelf in the eastern Gulf of Alaska. Eight sites were trawled in August 1996; then, from a research submersible we videotaped each trawl path and a nearby reference transect to obtain quantitative data. Boulders were displaced, and large epifaunal invertebrates were removed or damaged by a single trawl pass. These structural components of habitat were the dominant features on the seafloor. There was a significant decrease in density, and an increase in damage, to sponges and anthozoans in trawled versus reference transects. Changes in density, or damage to most motile invertebrates were not detected. Delayed mortality, of apparently undamaged invertebrates, may have resulted in greater impact than we detected. Alternatively, over time, some invertebrates may have recovered from any damage previously suffered. A subsequent survey at these sites will address these questions. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. Univ Connecticut, Natl Undersea Res Ctr N Atlantic & Great Lakes, Groton, CT 06340 USA. RP Freese, L (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Auke Bay Lab, 11305 Glacier Highway, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. EM linc.freese@noaa.gov NR 33 TC 111 Z9 115 U1 1 U2 24 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 1999 VL 182 BP 119 EP 126 DI 10.3354/meps182119 PG 8 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 214PK UT WOS:000081336200010 ER PT J AU Garrison, LP Morgan, JA AF Garrison, LP Morgan, JA TI Abundance and vertical distribution of drifting, post-larval Macoma spp. (Bivalvia : Tellinidae) in the York River, Virginia, USA SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE post-larval bivalves; thread drifting; tidal stream transport; Macoma spp. ID WADDEN SEA; DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS; TRANSPORT; JUVENILES; MOLLUSKS; MIGRATION; BALTHICA; BEHAVIOR; THREADS AB We sampled the early drifting post-larvae of a complex of 2 species of tellinid bivalves, Macoma spp., at a station in the lower York River, Chesapeake Bay, USA. Plankton samples were collected by pump every 3 h from 3 depths (surface, mid-depth, and bottom) on 4 dates corresponding to full and new moons. Macoma spp. post-larvae (size range 400 to 500 mu m) were abundant in the plank ton throughout the sampling period. The environmental factors influencing the abundance and vertical distribution of drifting post-larvae were evaluated using linear and logistic regression. Post-larvae were always more abundant during night as compared to day and were more abundant during nocturnal, flooding tides than during ebbing tides. In general, they were closer to the surface at night and during flood tides, though these patterns were highly variable. These data indicate that drifting post-larval bivalves use 'selective tidal stream transport' to promote upstream dispersal as observed in the postlarvae of other estuarine taxa (e.g, crabs and fish). The post-larval stage generally re-invades juvenile habitats following the export of larvae to the mouth of the parent estuary or nearshore continental shelf. We suggest that small drifting post-larval bivalves exert behavioral control over suspension in the water column. This life-history stage serves to maintain high densities of juveniles and adults in the upstream portions of the York River estuary despite downstream transport of early larval stages. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Coll William & Mary, Sch Marine Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. RP Garrison, LP (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 166 Water St, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM lgarriso@whsun1.wh.whoi.edu NR 44 TC 7 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 1999 VL 182 BP 175 EP 185 DI 10.3354/meps182175 PG 11 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 214PK UT WOS:000081336200015 ER PT J AU Ryer, CH Olla, BL AF Ryer, CH Olla, BL TI Light-induced changes in the prey consumption and behavior of two juvenile planktivorous fish SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE visual threshold; nonvisual feeding; behavior; illumination; nocturnal ID POLLOCK THERAGRA-CHALCOGRAMMA; WALLEYE POLLOCK; LATERAL-LINE; VERTICAL-DISTRIBUTION; LEPOMIS-MACROCHIRUS; ANOPLOPOMA-FIMBRIA; LARGEMOUTH BASS; YELLOW PERCH; FOOD; PALLAS AB Walleye pollock and sablefish, as 0+ yr juveniles, are pelagic particulate feeding planktivores. We conducted a series of laboratory experiments to determine how illumination influences prey consumption in these species, utilizing live Artemia sp. as prey. Both juvenile walleye pollock and sablefish were characterized by a sigmoidal relationship between the log of illumination and the number of prey consumed, with greater prey consumption at higher illuminations. The threshold illumination below which fish were no longer able to visually forage was approximately 5 x 10(-7) mu E s(-1) m(-2) for walleye pollock and 5 x 10(-5) mu E s(-1) m(-2) for sablefish, indicating that walleye pollock are better adapted for visual feeding at depth or at night than are sablefish. This is consistent with what is known about their vertical distributions at this Life stage; walleye pollock make daily vertical migrations which keep them at lower illuminations than sablefish, which remain at or near the water surface throughout the diel cycle. Although feeding more effectively in the light, both species were capable of detecting and capturing prey in darkness. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr,Fisheries Behav Ecol Grp, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Ryer, CH (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr,Fisheries Behav Ecol Grp, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM cliff.ryer@hmsc.orst.edu NR 55 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 10 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 1999 VL 181 BP 41 EP 51 DI 10.3354/meps181041 PG 11 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 204PE UT WOS:000080772700004 ER PT J AU Garrison, LP AF Garrison, LP TI Vertical migration behavior and larval transport in brachyuran crabs SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE vertical migration; zoeae; larval behavior; larval transport ID DEPTH REGULATION; CARCINUS-MAENAS; DELAWARE BAY; DISPERSAL; RECRUITMENT; HYPOTHESIS; ABUNDANCE; DECAPODA; ESTUARY; CYCLES AB I documented the patterns of vertical distribution and abundance of zoeae from 3 families of brachyuran crabs in the York River, a sub-estuary in southern Chesapeake Bay (USA). The family groups included species from Ocypodidae, Pinnotheridae, and Panopeidae. I assessed the effects of Light and tidal current stage on the abundance and vertical distribution of zoeae using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and logistic regression. Clear behavioral patterns were evident in the logistic regression. Ocypodid larvae exhibited tidally timed behavior with larvae nearest the surface during ebb tides. Pinnotherid larval behaviors were correlated with both light and tidal current phase. Larvae were nearest the surface at night and during ebb tides. Panopeid larvae were near the bottom during early flood tides, near mid-depths during late flood and early ebb tides, and nearest the surface during late ebb tides. These behavioral patterns should result in horizontal distributions that are consistent with those observed in previous studies. The ANOVA reflected similar results; however, high variability between replicates weakened the significance of these patterns. The different analyses reflect processes on different spatial and temporal scales. The samples were replicated on short time scales (5 to 10 min). The logistic regression, a categorical analysis, largely ignores the variation between replicates and reflects average behaviors on the scale of several tidal cycles. In contrast, the ANOVA is highly sensitive to the variation between replicates and reflects patterns on scales of minutes. This high variation reflects turbulent vertical mixing and fine-scale horizontal patchiness in larval distribution. Small-scale physical processes that redistribute larvae both vertically and horizontally may have a strong influence on the variability in dispersal and recruitment success. C1 Coll William & Mary, Sch Marine Sci, Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. RP Garrison, LP (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 166 Water St, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM lgarriso@whsun1.wh.whoi.edu NR 38 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 12 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 1999 VL 176 BP 103 EP 113 DI 10.3354/meps176103 PG 11 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 172HV UT WOS:000078918200010 ER PT J AU Smith, TD Allen, J Clapham, PJ Hammond, PS Katona, S Larsen, F Lien, J Mattila, D Palsboll, PJ Sigurjonsson, J Stevick, PT Oien, N AF Smith, TD Allen, J Clapham, PJ Hammond, PS Katona, S Larsen, F Lien, J Mattila, D Palsboll, PJ Sigurjonsson, J Stevick, PT Oien, N TI An ocean-basin-wide mark-recapture study of the North Atlantic humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Megaptera novaeangliae; individual recognition; photographic identification; genotypic identification; skin biopsy; abundance; genetic analysis; capture-recapture; sex ratio; migration; North Atlantic Ocean ID WEST-INDIES; POPULATION COMPOSITION; COMPETITIVE GROUPS; SAMANA BAY; CETACEANS; SEX; POLYMERASE; BANK AB Although much is known about the humpback whale, Mesaptera novaeangliae, regional studies have been unable to answer several questions that are central to the conservation and management of this endangered species. To resolve uncertainties about population size, as well as the spatial and genetic structure of the humpback whale population in the North Atlantic, we conducted a two-year ocean-basin-wide photographic and biopsy study in 1992-1993. Photographic and skin-biopsy sampling was conducted of animals in feeding and breeding areas throughout most of the range of this species in the North Atlantic, from the West Indies breeding grounds through all known feeding areas as far north as arctic Norway. A standardized sampling protocol was designed to maximize sample sizes while attempting to ensure equal probability of sampling, so chat estimates of abundance would be as accurate and as precise as possible. During 666 d at sea aboard 28 vessels, 4,207 tail fluke photographs and 2,326 skin biopsies were collected. Molecular analyses of all biopsies included determination of sex, genotype using six microsatellite loci, and mitochondrial control region sequence. The photographs and microsatellite loci were used to identify 2,998 and 2,015 individual whales, respectively. Previously published results from this study have addressed spatial distribution, migration, and genetic relationships. Here, we present new estimates of total abundance in this ocean using photographic data, as well as overall and sex-specific estimates using biopsy data. We identify several potential sampling biases using only breeding-area samples and report a consistent mark-recapture estimate of oceanwide abundance derived from photographic identification, using both breeding and feeding-area data, of 10,600 (95% confidence interval 9,300-12,100). We also report a comparable, but less precise, biopsy-based estimate of 10,400 (95% confidence interval of 8,000-13,600). These estimates are significantly larger and more precise than estimates made for the 1980s, potentially reflecting population growth. In contrast, significantly lower and less consistent estimates were obtained using between-feeding-area or between-breeding-area sampling. Reasons for the lower estimates using the results of sampling in the same areas in subsequent years are discussed. Overall, the results of this ocean-basin-wide study demonstrate that an oceanwide approach to population assessment of baleen whales is practicable and results in a more comprehensive understanding of population abundance and biology than can be gained from smaller-scale efforts. C1 NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Coll Atlantic, Bar Harbor, ME 04609 USA. Ctr Coastal Studies, Provincetown, MA 02657 USA. Univ St Andrews, Gatty Marine Lab, Sea Mammal Res Unit, St Andrews KY16 8LB, Fife, Scotland. Greenland Inst Nat Resources, DK-1016 Copenhagen K, Denmark. Mem Univ Newfoundland, Dept Psychol, St John, NF A1B 3X9, Canada. Univ Copenhagen, Dept Populat Biol, DK-2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark. Marine Res Inst, IS-121 Reykjavik, Iceland. Inst Marine Res, N-5024 Bergen, Norway. RP NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 166 Water St, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM tim.smith@noaa.gov RI Palsboll, Per /G-6988-2011 OI Palsboll, Per /0000-0002-4198-7599 NR 50 TC 75 Z9 88 U1 8 U2 43 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0824-0469 EI 1748-7692 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 15 IS 1 BP 1 EP 32 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.1999.tb00779.x PG 32 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 147KZ UT WOS:000077568300001 ER PT J AU Krone, CA Robisch, PA Tilbury, KL Stein, JE Mackey, EA Becker, PR O'Hara, TM Philo, LM AF Krone, CA Robisch, PA Tilbury, KL Stein, JE Mackey, EA Becker, PR O'Hara, TM Philo, LM TI Elements in liver tissues of bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus) SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE bowhead whale; Balaena mysticetus; baleen whales; essential elements; non-essential elements; toxic elements; heavy metals ID TRACE-METALS; STENELLA-COERULEOALBA; PHOCOENA-PHOCOENA; STRIPED DOLPHIN; WEST GREENLAND; MARINE MAMMALS; MINKE WHALES; HEAVY-METALS; MERCURY; SELENIUM AB Livers from 20 bowhead whales taken in subsistence hunts at Barrow, Alaska, were analyzed for essential and non-essential elements. Concentrations of essential elements were similar to those found in other cetaceans. Non-essential element concentrations were generally comparable to other baleen whales and very low compared to most odontocetes. One deviation from this pattern was a relatively high level of hepatic cadmium that may be related to specific dietary factors of this krill-dependent species. No sex-related differences were found in element concentrations. Hepatic cadmium and mercury increased with animal length, and significant positive interelement correlations were found between copper/zinc and mercury/selenium. We found a mercury-to-seleniumm ratio much lower (1:40) than the frequently reported ratio of one to one. The data suggest that further studies of the postulated mercury-detoxifying role of selenium are warranted. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Environm Conservat Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Dept Wildlife Management, Barrow, AK 99723 USA. RP Krone, CA (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Environm Conservat Div, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM cakrone@aol.com NR 50 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 4 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0824-0469 EI 1748-7692 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 15 IS 1 BP 123 EP 142 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.1999.tb00785.x PG 20 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 147KZ UT WOS:000077568300007 ER PT J AU Lowry, MS AF Lowry, MS TI Counts of California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) pups from aerial color photographs and from the ground: A comparison of two methods SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE California sea lion; Zalophus californianus; pups; San Nicolas Island; vertical aerial photographic counts; 126-mm-format photography; ground counts; replicate surveys ID NORTHERN AB Pups on San Nicolas Island were counted by two methods; counts by observers on the ground were compared to counts from aerial photographs taken with a 126-mm-format camera with image motion compensation. No difference was detected between photographic counts and ground counts (P = 0.367) when ground counters had unobstructed views. However, ground counts were significantly lower when areas with obstructed views were included in the analysis (P < 0.001). For areas with unobstructed viewing conditions, no difference was detected between counts by the two methods for rock substrates (P = 0.140), sand substrates (P = 0.468), or mixed rock-and-sand substrates (P = 0.968). No differences were found among three replicate aerial photographic censuses (P = 0.432), but a significant difference was found between two replicate ground censuses (P = 0.037). Total counts obtained from the aerial photographs were more precise (CV = 0.042) than counts obtained on the ground (CV = 0.078). Less variability in counts was found between photographic counters than for ground counters. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. RP Lowry, MS (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, POB 271, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. NR 12 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 7 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 15 IS 1 BP 143 EP 158 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.1999.tb00786.x PG 16 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 147KZ UT WOS:000077568300008 ER PT J AU Waite, JM Dahlheim, ME Hobbs, RC Mizroch, SA von Ziegesar-Matkin, O Straley, JM Herman, LM Jacobsen, J AF Waite, JM Dahlheim, ME Hobbs, RC Mizroch, SA von Ziegesar-Matkin, O Straley, JM Herman, LM Jacobsen, J TI Evidence of a feeding aggregation of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) around Kodiak Island, Alaska SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID NORTH PACIFIC C1 NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. N Gulf Ocean Soc, Homer, AK 99603 USA. Univ Hawaii, Kewalo Basin Marine Mammal Lab, Honolulu, HI 96814 USA. RP Waite, JM (reprint author), NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RI Mizroch, Sally/M-6084-2016 OI Mizroch, Sally/0000-0002-1736-5909 NR 26 TC 18 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 15 IS 1 BP 210 EP 220 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.1999.tb00792.x PG 11 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 147KZ UT WOS:000077568300014 ER PT J AU Maravilla-Chavez, MO Lowry, MS AF Maravilla-Chavez, MO Lowry, MS TI Incipient breeding colony of Guadalupe fur seals at Isla Benito del Este, Baja California, Mexico. SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 Inst Nacl Pesca, Proyecto Pinnipedos, Ctr Reg Invest Pesquera Paz, La Paz, Baja California, Mexico. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. RP Maravilla-Chavez, MO (reprint author), Inst Nacl Pesca, Proyecto Pinnipedos, Ctr Reg Invest Pesquera Paz, Apartado Postal 138,CP 23000 Ctr, La Paz, Baja California, Mexico. NR 9 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 6 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 15 IS 1 BP 239 EP 241 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.1999.tb00796.x PG 3 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 147KZ UT WOS:000077568300018 ER PT B AU Palka, D Pollard, J AF Palka, D Pollard, J BE Garner, GW Amstrup, SC Laake, JL Manly, BFJ McDonald, LL Robertson, DG TI Adaptive line transect survey for harbor porpoises SO MARINE MAMMAL SURVEY AND ASSESSMENT METHODS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Surveys, Status and Trends of Marine Mammal Populations CY FEB 25-27, 1998 CL NOAA, NW FISHERIES SCI CTR, SEATTLE, WA SP Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NOAA HO NOAA, NW FISHERIES SCI CTR DE adaptive sampling; harbor porpoise; line transect sampling; Phocoena phocoena; sampling heterogeneity; statistical efficiency AB When surveying for animals that are rare and spatially clumped, adaptive sampling has been shown to be theoretically more precise than non-adaptive methods because the increased number of sightings enables model parameters to be estimated more precisely. Adaptive line transect sampling, developed by Pollard and Buckland (1997), is a technique that permits additional survey effort in areas of high animal density. Computer simulation studies indicate this method is unbiased and more precise than traditional line transect methods. To field test this method, shipboard surveys for harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) were conducted in the Gulf of Maine/Bay of Fundy during August 1996. Both adaptive and traditional line transect surveys were conducted on the same day over the same track lines. This field experiment demonstrated that adaptive line transect sampling was easy to implement and resulted in more precise and lower harbor porpoise density estimates as compared to traditional line transect sampling. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Palka, D (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 3 U2 4 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5809-043-4 PY 1999 BP 3 EP 11 PG 3 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA BM94M UT WOS:000080210900001 ER PT B AU Wade, PR DeMaster, DP AF Wade, PR DeMaster, DP BE Garner, GW Amstrup, SC Laake, JL Manly, BFJ McDonald, LL Robertson, DG TI Determining the optimum interval for abundance surveys SO MARINE MAMMAL SURVEY AND ASSESSMENT METHODS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Surveys, Status and Trends of Marine Mammal Populations CY FEB 25-27, 1998 CL NOAA, NW FISHERIES SCI CTR, SEATTLE, WA SP Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NOAA HO NOAA, NW FISHERIES SCI CTR DE abundance; classification; cetacean; management; marine mammal; MMPA; optimum interval; PBR; population model; simulation; strategic; survey ID STATISTICAL POWER ANALYSIS; DETECTING TRENDS AB Surveys to determine the abundance of marine mammals are expensive, and it is therefore advisable to use an objective process for planning the frequency and intensity of surveys. Previous authors have addressed methods for designing surveys such that 1) a particular level of precision is achieved in single or multiple surveys or 2) a specified trend in abundance is detected with a given probability and number of surveys. We propose an alternative method to consider in designing a series of surveys aimed at minimizing the probability of incorrectly classifying a stock relative to management goals. An example of the above is the classification of stocks as "strategic" under the U.S. Marine Mammal Protection Act. To address this question a series of simulations were performed, where the underlying population level and level of human-related mortality were specified. The effect of survey interval on the rate of incorrectly classifying a stock was examined for a range of precision levels for abundance and human-caused mortality estimates. Four case studies were used to examine the effect of survey interval in more detail. In general, coefficients of variation of the abundance estimates of less than 0.5 were necessary to achieve error rates of less than 0.1, unless the estimates of human-caused mortality were precise (<0.3). Recommended survey intervals between 1 year and 8 years (i.e., the predetermined maximum interval in the analysis) depend upon the level of precision that had been achieved in previous estimates of abundance and human-caused mortality. In addition, averaging abundance and mortality estimates over specified time periods substantially reduced the rate of mis-classifying a fishery. C1 Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Off Protected Resources, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA USA. RP Wade, PR (reprint author), Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Off Protected Resources, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA USA. NR 21 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 3 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5809-043-4 PY 1999 BP 53 EP 66 PG 4 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA BM94M UT WOS:000080210900005 ER PT B AU Laake, J AF Laake, J BE Garner, GW Amstrup, SC Laake, JL Manly, BFJ McDonald, LL Robertson, DG TI Distance sampling with independent observers: Reducing bias from heterogeneity by weakening the conditional independence assumption SO MARINE MAMMAL SURVEY AND ASSESSMENT METHODS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Surveys, Status and Trends of Marine Mammal Populations CY FEB 25-27, 1998 CL NOAA, NW FISHERIES SCI CTR, SEATTLE, WA SP Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NOAA HO NOAA, NW FISHERIES SCI CTR DE capture-recapture; distance sampling; g(0); sight-resight; visibility bias ID AERIAL SURVEYS; VISIBILITY BIAS; LINE TRANSECT; MODEL AB Using replicated surveys of a known population of wooden stakes in a sagebrush habitat, I illustrate the application of surveys which combine sight-resight with line transect sampling. This example demonstrates that the usual assumption of full conditional independence (FCI) for all distances (x greater than or equal to 0) is unnecessarily strict and can be weakened to assuming conditional independence on the trackline (x = 0). I present a likelihood for combined sight-resight and distance sampling based on trackline conditional independence (TCI) and use a likelihood ratio test for comparison of the TCI and FCI models. For the wooden stake surveys, in most cases the TCI model was superior to the FCI model because of heterogeneity in detection probability created by variation in vegetation density for stakes at x > 0. Equivalent factors in marine mammal surveys, such as sea state and cloud cover, will create heterogeneity in detection probability that will bias abundance estimates developed with combined distance and sight-resight surveys under the FCI assumption. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA USA. RP Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA USA. NR 33 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 1 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5809-043-4 PY 1999 BP 137 EP 148 PG 4 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA BM94M UT WOS:000080210900012 ER PT B AU Barlow, J AF Barlow, J BE Garner, GW Amstrup, SC Laake, JL Manly, BFJ McDonald, LL Robertson, DG TI Trackline detection probability for long-diving whales SO MARINE MAMMAL SURVEY AND ASSESSMENT METHODS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Surveys, Status and Trends of Marine Mammal Populations CY FEB 25-27, 1998 CL NOAA, NW FISHERIES SCI CTR, SEATTLE, WA SP Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NOAA HO NOAA, NW FISHERIES SCI CTR DE abundance; beaked whale; Berardius bairdii; detection model; detection probability; diving model; dwarf sperm whale; g(0); Kogia; line transect; marine mammal; Mesoplodon; pygmy sperm whale; search model; survey; whale; Ziphius cavirostris ID EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC AB Long-diving whales such as dwarf and pygmy sperm whales (Kogia spp.) and beaked whales (Mesoplodon spp., Ziphius cavirostris, and Berardius bairdii) ape often missed on visual line-transect surveys because they do not always surface within an observer's field-of-view. I develop a simulation model to estimate the probability of detecting these species. This model differs from similar models in that it more completely considers parameter uncertainty. Search parameters are estimated from data that were collected on the behavior of observers using 25x binoculars during cetacean surveys. Whale dive times were estimated from visual observations. Conditional detection probabilities (given that a previously undetected animal is at the surface within an observer's field-of-view) were fitted to observed distributions of radial sighting distances. The probability of detecting a whale on the trackline, g(0), was estimated from the simulation model. For the given methods (>50 m ship, 25x binoculars, etc.), the estimates of g(0) are 0.35 (CV=0.29) for Kogia spp., 0.45 (CV=0.23) for Mesoplodon spp., 0.23 (CV=0.35) for Ziphius cavirostris, and 0.96 (CV=0.23) for Berardius bairdii. These estimates are most sensitive to estimates of vessel speed and the duration of long dives. C1 SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, La Jolla, CA USA. RP Barlow, J (reprint author), SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, La Jolla, CA USA. NR 22 TC 35 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 5 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5809-043-4 PY 1999 BP 209 EP 221 PG 3 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA BM94M UT WOS:000080210900017 ER PT B AU Chivers, SJ AF Chivers, SJ BE Garner, GW Amstrup, SC Laake, JL Manly, BFJ McDonald, LL Robertson, DG TI Biological indices for monitoring population status of walrus evaluated with an individual-based model SO MARINE MAMMAL SURVEY AND ASSESSMENT METHODS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Surveys, Status and Trends of Marine Mammal Populations CY FEB 25-27, 1998 CL NOAA, NW FISHERIES SCI CTR, SEATTLE, WA SP Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NOAA HO NOAA, NW FISHERIES SCI CTR DE biological indices; individual-based model; management; Odobenus rosmarus; walrus ID DENSITY-DEPENDENCE; MORTALITY; POLICIES AB Demographic parameters were investigated as potential biological indices of population status (i.e,, population size relative to ca. capacity) for walrus using an individual, age-based population model. Density-dependent changes in juvenile survival rates, birth rates and maturation rates regulated growth in the simulated population. Because only qualitative knowledge of population regulation is available for large, long-lived mammals, like walrus, different functional relationships between the regulatory parameters and population size were used to examine changes in potential biological indices. Age-specific rates of survival and reproduction specified in the model yielded a maximum growth rate of 8%. Because survival rates are unknown for walrus, the model's growth rate should not be considered an estimate of the maximum growth rate for walrus. Only birth rates, measurable as successful ovulation rates, appear to be relatively robust to the assumptions of population regulation incorporated in the model, and thus may be a potential index of population status. However before biological indices can be incorporated into a management scheme for walrus, variability in parameter estimates due to the availability bias of the harvest needs to be quantified and a measure or index of population size identified. C1 SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, La Jolla, CA USA. RP Chivers, SJ (reprint author), SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, La Jolla, CA USA. NR 31 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5809-043-4 PY 1999 BP 239 EP 247 PG 3 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA BM94M UT WOS:000080210900019 ER PT B AU Wade, PR AF Wade, PR BE Garner, GW Amstrup, SC Laake, JL Manly, BFJ McDonald, LL Robertson, DG TI A comparison of statistical methods for fitting population models to data SO MARINE MAMMAL SURVEY AND ASSESSMENT METHODS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Surveys, Status and Trends of Marine Mammal Populations CY FEB 25-27, 1998 CL NOAA, NW FISHERIES SCI CTR, SEATTLE, WA SP Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NOAA HO NOAA, NW FISHERIES SCI CTR DE Bayesian; bootstrap; estimation; likelihood; Neyman-Pearson; numerical integration; population model; profile likelihood; statistical inference ID IMPORTANCE RESAMPLING ALGORITHM; EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC; BAYESIAN-APPROACH; STOCK ASSESSMENT; PROFILE LIKELIHOOD; PARAMETERS; DOLPHIN; INFERENCE; FISHERIES; STENELLA AB A comparison was made of 3 statistical methods for fitting population models to abundance data: (1) Neyman-Pearson (frequentist), (2) Bayesian, and (3) Likelihood. Each school of statistical inference was briefly described, along with a description of the most common techniques used in each school for estimating the parameters of complex models, such as in fitting population models to abundance data. An example of each type of inference was shown by using the same data to estimate the depletion level of a population of spotted dolphins. The 3 specific techniques used were maximum likelihood estimation with a non-parametric bootstrap, approximation of the Bayesian posterior distribution using the sampling-importance-resampling numerical integration routine, and profile likelihood to represent likelihood inference for the parameter of interest. Point estimates from each technique were similar, but intervals varied substantially. Strengths and weaknesses of each approach were illustrated through the example. C1 Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Wade, PR (reprint author), Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 61 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 3 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5809-043-4 PY 1999 BP 249 EP 270 PG 4 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA BM94M UT WOS:000080210900020 ER PT J AU Hughes, JB AF Hughes, JB TI Cytological-cytogenetic analyses of winter flounder embryos collected from the benthos at the barge North Cape oil spill SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID WATER-SOLUBLE FRACTIONS; MENIDIA-BERYLLINA; CRUDE-OIL; FISH EGGS; FUEL-OIL; TOXICITY; LARVAE AB The oil barge North Cape ran aground on Moonstone Beach in Rhode Island on January 19, 1996, spilling 828 000 gallons (U.S.) of a combination of diesel and home heating oils. Samples of winter flounder embryos were collected from salt ponds in the area of the spill using an epibenthic sled, An examination of the field-sampled embryos based on gross morphology, levels of moribund embryos, mitotic index, and chromosomal anomalies found that: a significant number exhibited high levels of one or more of these conditions when compared with flounder embryos raised under laboratory-controlled conditions. No chorion damage was noted in embryos collected from the field nor were there any significant findings of lordosis or scoliosis, The cumulative impact on winter flounder embryos of North Cope oil exposure was an estimated 51% reduction in the number of embryos surviving to the larval stage. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Miford Lab, Milford, CT 06460 USA. RP NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Miford Lab, 212 Rogers Ave, Milford, CT 06460 USA. NR 25 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 38 IS 1 BP 30 EP 35 DI 10.1016/S0025-326X(98)00082-4 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 169CX UT WOS:000078730900017 ER PT S AU Remley, KA Weisshaar, A Tripathi, VK Goodnick, SM AF Remley, KA Weisshaar, A Tripathi, VK Goodnick, SM BE Goodnick, SM Kailey, WF Longshore, RE Zhang, YH TI Modeling terahertz radiation from a photoconducting structure SO MATERIALS AND ELECTRONICS FOR HIGH-SPEED AND INFRARED DETECTORS SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Materials and Electronics for High-Speed and Infrared Detectors CY JUL 19-23, 1999 CL DENVER, CO SP SPIE DE terahertz radiation; ultrafast electronics; photoconducting structures; finite-difference time-domain; Kirchhoff surface integral; electro-optic sampling AB Accurate characterization of the electromagnetic radiation arising from photoconducting systems is discussed. A computational technique is presented which combines the finite-difference time domain (FDTD) method with a spatial transformation, the Kirchhoff surface integral formulation. The technique enables incorporation of any number of material parameters while accurately accounting for the potentially wide-band nature of the radiation in an efficient computational method. Results are presented demonstrating a more accurate portrait of the radiation arising from a photoconducting structure than has been previously reported. Based on the simulation results, a simple model incorporating equivalent dipole sources is developed. Good agreement is shown between simulation results and measurements of similar structures. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, RF Elect Grp, Boulder, CO USA. RP Remley, KA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, RF Elect Grp, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO USA. NR 27 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3280-6 J9 PROC SPIE PY 1999 VL 3794 BP 25 EP 34 DI 10.1117/12.366745 PG 10 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science; Optics GA BN98D UT WOS:000083742300004 ER PT S AU Steiner, B Van den Berg, L Laor, U AF Steiner, B Van den Berg, L Laor, U BE Hepp, AF Prahl, JM Keith, TG Bailey, SG Fowler, JR TI Gravitational effects on mercuric iodide crystal growth SO MATERIALS IN SPACE-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND EXPLORATION SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Materials in Space-Science, Technology and Exploration at the 1998 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 29-DEC 02, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc, NASA, Elsevier Sci Ltd ID ALPHA-HGI2 SINGLE-CRYSTALS; TEMPERATURE; TOPOGRAPHY; DEFECTS; SPACE AB Gravity can affect the physical vapor growth of mercuric iodide in two distinct ways. First, gravity will induce convection during growth, which strongly mixes residual impurities and any elementary gases resulting from imperfect stoichiometry, either of which can then form precipitates in the growing crystal. Second, gravity loads the resulting crystal, which is particularly soft while still hot, especially in the absence of precipitates. We have investigated the effects of these processes on the resulting crystalline regularity and the effects of various types of irregularity, in turn, on performance. High resolution synchrotron x-radiation diffraction imaging of three generations of crystals, grown both in microgravity and in full gravity, provide graphic evidence of the influence of gravity on mercuric iodide crystal growth. These images tie together the results of other characterization studies, identifying the crystallographic sources of the observed property enhancement in microgravity. The first process, convection, is found to be particularly important, both in its influence on observed crystalline regularity and in the resulting electronic performance of detectors made from these crystals. As a result of these investigations, the crystalline regularity and performance of terrestrial crystals has been substantially improved, although the resulting crystals have not yet achieved parity with the performance of crystals grown in microgravity. We propose new experiments in microgravity for property optimization. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Steiner, B (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-457-2 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1999 VL 551 BP 203 EP 209 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BP33N UT WOS:000084731100023 ER PT S AU Drexler, ES AF Drexler, ES BE Volkert, CA Verbuggen, AH Brown, DD TI Strain measurements in a thermally-cycled flip-chip PBGA solderball SO MATERIALS RELIABILITY IN MICROELECTRONICS IX SE Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Materials Reliability in Microelectronics IX Symposium at the 1999 MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 06-08, 1999 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc, Adv Micro Devices AB The mismatch between the coefficients of thermal expansion of silicon chips and their organic substrates has been mitigated through the practice of using underfill in flip-chip packages. Yet solder fatigue and package failures still occur. This is particularly true for flip-chips on organic substrates that are thermally cycled between low (-55 degrees C) and high temperatures (125 degrees C). In this study, I used electron-beam moire to measure displacements and calculate strains in a solderball contained in a flip-chip plastic-ball grid array package. A crossed-line grating with a pitch of 450 nm was used to allow detailed measurements of the local displacements from a cross section of a flip-chip package. Elastic displacements were observed and measured, and the v-field displacements, out of the plane of the chip, were more significant than the shear or re-field, in the plane of the chip, displacements. Larger v-field displacements were measured near the center of the silicon chip than at the edge of the chip. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 10 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-470-X J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1999 VL 563 BP 9 EP 14 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BN91M UT WOS:000083461000002 ER PT S AU Kalnas, CE Keller, RR Phelps, JM Marieb, TN AF Kalnas, CE Keller, RR Phelps, JM Marieb, TN BE Volkert, CA Verbuggen, AH Brown, DD TI Effect of modified metal/passivation interfaces on stress voiding in interconnects SO MATERIALS RELIABILITY IN MICROELECTRONICS IX SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Materials Reliability in Microelectronics IX Symposium at the 1999 MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 06-08, 1999 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc, Adv Micro Devices ID LINES; NUCLEATION AB Stress and electromigration voids are believed to nucleate at the metal/passivation interface. In this study, modified interfaces were synthesized to experimentally elucidate the rule of the interface on stress voiding for comparison with theoretical predictions. Interfaces were modified by depositing photoresist in a controlled manner on Ti/Al/Ti lines prior to passivation deposition. Stress voiding susceptibility was assessed in as-received lines as well as those subjected to storage anneals for 1, 5, and 25 days at 190 degrees C to accelerate void formation. The global textures of all the lines were < 111 > fiber and were not significantly affected by the interface modification. Differences in stress voiding were attributed to the different interfaces. Higher ratios of voids in modified regions to voids in unmodified regions were observed both in as-received lines and those given a 1 day storage anneal due to the heterogeneous nucleation sites provided by the photoresist contamination in the modified regions. However, the void ratio appears to decrease exponentially with longer time anneals. Lowered driving force for void formation in the modified regions leads to less voiding with time, while higher driving force and a limited number of nucleation sites in the unmodified regions leads to more voiding with time. Local textures at a limited number of voided sires in modified and unmodified regions were identical to the global texture of the line. In our limited sampling. voids did not form in local regions of weaker < 111 > texture. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Kalnas, CE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Keller, Robert/I-9014-2012 NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-470-X J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1999 VL 563 BP 219 EP 224 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BN91M UT WOS:000083461000034 ER PT B AU Garboczi, EJ Bentz, DP AF Garboczi, EJ Bentz, DP BE Marchand, J Skalny, JP TI Diffusivity-porosity relation for cement paste SO MATERIALS SCIENCE OF CONCRETE: SPECIAL VOLUME: SULFATE ATTACK MECHANISMS SE MATERIALS SCIENCE OF CONCRETE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Seminar on Sulfate Attack Mechanisms CY OCT 05-06, 1998 CL QUEBEC CITY, CANADA SP Ash Grove Cement Co, Holnam Builders Technol Inc, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, W R Grace & Construct Prod Div, SIMCO Technol Inc, Serv Expertise Mat ID COMPUTER-SIMULATION; DRYING SHRINKAGE; PERCOLATION; MODELS AB The development of a ionic diffusivity-porosity relation for cement paste, soundly based on microstructure, along with future developments in this area, are discussed. The importance of such relations for sulfate attack and other mechanisms of deterioration in concrete, as well as for models of the chloride diffusivity of concrete, are outlined. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg Mat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Garboczi, EJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg Mat Div, 226-B350, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 18 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-8720 USA BN 1-57498-074-2 J9 MAT SCI SERIES PY 1999 BP 259 EP 264 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA BP30D UT WOS:000084623500010 ER PT B AU Clifton, JR Frohnsdorff, G Ferraris, C AF Clifton, JR Frohnsdorff, G Ferraris, C BE Marchand, J Skalny, JP TI Standards for evaluating the susceptibility of cement-based materials to external sulfate attack SO MATERIALS SCIENCE OF CONCRETE: SPECIAL VOLUME: SULFATE ATTACK MECHANISMS SE MATERIALS SCIENCE OF CONCRETE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Seminar on Sulfate Attack Mechanisms CY OCT 05-06, 1998 CL QUEBEC CITY, CANADA SP Ash Grove Cement Co, Holnam Builders Technol Inc, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, W R Grace & Construct Prod Div, SIMCO Technol Inc, Serv Expertise Mat ID RESISTANCE; CONCRETE AB In this paper, the current status of standards I) for specifying cement-based materials to prevent deleterious reactions with external sulfates, and 2) for predicting the performance of concrete exposed to external sulfates, is reviewed. The applicability and reliability of these standards are discussed and deficiencies in them noted. Recommendations for the development of improved standard test methods are presented. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Clifton, JR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 35 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-8720 USA BN 1-57498-074-2 J9 MAT SCI SERIES PY 1999 BP 337 EP 355 PG 19 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA BP30D UT WOS:000084623500017 ER PT S AU Jackman, CH Fleming, EL Vitt, FM Considine, DB AF Jackman, CH Fleming, EL Vitt, FM Considine, DB BE Rottger, J Fukao, S Krivolutsky, A TI The influence of solar proton events on the ozone layer SO MESOPAUSE AND EXTRA-TERRESTRIAL INFLUENCES ON THE OZONE LAYER SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT C2 1 and C2 2 Symposia of COSPAR Scientific Commission C Held at the 32nd COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY JUL 12-19, 1998 CL NAGOYA, JAPAN SP Sci Comm Solar Terr Phys, Int Union Geodesy & Geophys, Int Assoc Geomagnetism & Aeron, Int Union Radio Sci, Comm Space Res, Int Union Geodesy & Geophys, Int Assoc Meteorol & Atmospher Sci ID MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE; 2-DIMENSIONAL MODEL; OCTOBER 1989 AB Our two-dimensional chemistry and transport atmospheric model was used to simulate the influence of solar proton events (SPEs) over the 1965 to 1995 time period. Extremely large particle events with huge fluxes of very high energy protons occurred in August 1972 and October 1989 and caused large increases in long-lived NOy constituents, which affected ozone for several months to years past the events. Our simulations show that the SPE-produced NOy constituents in the upper stratosphere caused direct ozone losses. However, interference of the NOy constituents with the halogen loss cycles for ozone destruction actually led to some total ozone production. We predict a seasonal dependence for the impact on polar ozone, with larger (smaller) decreases predicted for SPEs occurring in the fall or winter (spring or summer). (C) 1999 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Space Applicat Corp, Vienna, VA 22180 USA. NOAA, Sterling Software, SEC, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Meteorol, Joint Ctr Earth Syst Sci, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Jackman, CH (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 916, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Jackman, Charles/D-4699-2012 NR 11 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 2 PU PERGAMON PRESS LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD LANGFORD LANE KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 1999 VL 24 IS 5 BP 625 EP 630 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(99)00481-0 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BP17N UT WOS:000084313200013 ER PT J AU Dunn, ML Ledbetter, H Li, Z AF Dunn, ML Ledbetter, H Li, Z TI Thermal expansion of morphologically textured short-fiber composites SO METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A-PHYSICAL METALLURGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID REINFORCED COMPOSITES; HETEROGENEOUS MEDIA; AVERAGE STRESS; COEFFICIENTS; MODULI; MATRIX; ANISOTROPY; INCLUSIONS; STIFFNESS; BEHAVIOR AB We studied, both experimentally and theoretically, the thermoelastic response of short-fiber composites with a preferred orientation of the short fibers, i.e., a morphological texture. Our theoretical efforts are general, being applicable to any composite system with constituents that exhibit linear thermoelastic response. We propose a relatively simple micromechanics model to predict the thermal expansion coefficient (CTE), and give simple, easily used, results for orientation distributions of practical significance. We also present a convenient approach to represent the effects of texture on thermal expansion of short fiber composites, namely, a texture map. Our experimental efforts focus on a series of extruded SiC/Al short-fiber composites that we have fully characterized. This includes measurement of the complete set of elastic constants, the volume fraction, and the fiber orientation distribution function (ODF) using neutron diffraction. We measured the axial and transverse components of the overall CTEs of these composites using a quartz-rod dilatometer. Predictions are in good agreement with measurements. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Mech Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Div Sci Mat, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Dunn, ML (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Mech Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. OI DUNN, MARTIN/0000-0002-4531-9176 NR 51 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU MINERALS METALS MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 420 COMMONWEALTH DR, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 1073-5623 J9 METALL MATER TRANS A JI Metall. Mater. Trans. A-Phys. Metall. Mater. Sci. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 30 IS 1 BP 203 EP 212 DI 10.1007/s11661-999-0208-4 PG 10 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 154CT UT WOS:000077871500018 ER PT J AU Jordan, JR Templeman, BD Abbott, SW Lataitis, RJ AF Jordan, JR Templeman, BD Abbott, SW Lataitis, RJ TI Wavelet filtering of sodar reflectivity signals SO METEOROLOGY AND ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium of Acoustic Remote of the Atmosphere and Oceans CY JUL 06-10, 1998 CL VIENNA, AUSTRIA AB A wavelet-based technique is described for the processing of sodar signals. A two-stage wavelet filtering process is used to emulate a matched-filter receiver to optimize signal detectability. The process compresses the data required to produce accurate facsimile records by a factor of 256. C1 NOAA, ERL, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Jordan, JR (reprint author), NOAA, ERL, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG WIEN PI VIENNA PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0177-7971 J9 METEOROL ATMOS PHYS JI Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. PY 1999 VL 71 IS 1-2 BP 25 EP 34 DI 10.1007/s007030050040 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 264ZK UT WOS:000084213600004 ER PT J AU Hamilton, CA Tang, YH AF Hamilton, CA Tang, YH TI Evaluating the uncertainty of Josephson voltage standards SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article AB A general method is proposed to evaluate the uncertainty of Josephson voltage standard measurements exclusive of the uncertainty contributed by the device under test. The method is based on a statistical evaluation of the results of measurements of a shea circuit under conditions that exactly duplicate the procedure used for normal calibrations. It gives a rigorous Type A evaluation of many uncertainty components that have typically been considered Type B uncertainties and often assigned worst-case values. Uncertainty components for frequency and leakage are not detected by short-circuit measurements and are separately evaluated. The method is applied to the results of an interlaboratory comparison and used to generate a statement of equivalence. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hamilton, CA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 6 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 0 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 1999 VL 36 IS 1 BP 53 EP 58 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/36/1/9 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 208PG UT WOS:000080999800009 ER PT J AU Taylor, BN Mohr, PJ AF Taylor, BN Mohr, PJ TI On the redefinition of the kilogram SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Letter ID CONSTANT AB A new definition of the kilogram based on the relations E = mc(2) and E = hv is proposed, motivated by recent progress in the development of moving-coil watt balances. Such a balance together with the definition promises to provide a practical means of directly calibrating standards of mass. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Taylor, BN (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg 225,Rm B161, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 7 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 2 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 1999 VL 36 IS 1 BP 63 EP 64 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/36/1/11 PG 2 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 208PG UT WOS:000080999800011 ER PT J AU Mangum, BW Bloembergen, P Chattle, MV Fellmuth, B Marcarino, P Pokhodun, I AF Mangum, BW Bloembergen, P Chattle, MV Fellmuth, B Marcarino, P Pokhodun, I CA Consultative Comm Thermometry TI On the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) - Part II: Recommended techniques for comparisons, at the highest level of accuracy, of fixed-point cells used for contact thermometry SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article ID RANGE AB Techniques are recommended for comparisons, at the highest levels of accuracy, of fixed-point cells of the defining fixed points, excluding the vapour-pressure points, of the ITS-90, which are used for contact thermometry. The authors are the members of Working Group 1 of the Consultative Committee for Thermometry (CCT) of the Comite International des Poids et Mesures, dealing with Defining Fixed Points and Interpolating Instruments underlying the realization of the ITS-90. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Nederlands Meetinst Van Swinden Lab BV, NL-2628 VK Delft, Netherlands. Natl Phys Lab, Teddington TW11 0LW, Middx, England. Phys Tech Bundesanstalt, D-1000 Berlin, Germany. CNR, Ist Metrol G Colonnetti, I-10135 Turin, Italy. DI Mendeleyev Inst Metrol, St Petersburg 198005, Russia. RP Mangum, BW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 21 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 1999 VL 36 IS 2 BP 79 EP 88 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/36/2/2 PG 10 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 224UE UT WOS:000081916900002 ER PT J AU Lykke, KR Shaw, PS Hanssen, LM Eppeldauer, GP AF Lykke, KR Shaw, PS Hanssen, LM Eppeldauer, GP TI Development of a monochromatic, uniform source facility for calibration of radiance and irradiance detectors from 0.2 mu m to 12 mu m SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article ID ACCURACY CRYOGENIC RADIOMETER; CONTINUOUS-WAVE; FREQUENCY-GENERATION; NATIONAL-INSTITUTE; SAPPHIRE LASER; STANDARDS; TITANIUM; LIGHT; NM AB A radiometric source facility is being constructed with narrowband, widely tuneable lasers covering the wavelength range approximate to 200 nm to 12 mu m. The laser beam will pass into an integrating sphere and the output will be large-area, highly uniform, and monochromatic. This facility will be used to make a wide variety of radiometric measurements, such as radiant power, radiance, irradiance, transmittance and reflectance. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Opt Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lykke, KR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Opt Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 18 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0026-1394 EI 1681-7575 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 1999 VL 36 IS 2 BP 141 EP 146 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/36/2/8 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 224UE UT WOS:000081916900008 ER PT J AU Nedzelnitsky, V AF Nedzelnitsky, V TI Brief review of primary methods applicable to key comparisons in acoustics SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article AB Historically, various techniques have been used in acoustics to attempt to establish and measure sound pressures (spatially uniform amplitude of sound pressure, as in a suitable coupling cavity that is small compared with a wavelength of sound) and in the free field (plane progressive sound wave at a specified angle of incidence, in the absence of reflecting surfaces). At present, over a broad range of frequencies the most accurate, precise, and convenient methods involve the primary calibrations of laboratory standard microphones by reciprocity techniques. Some issues and parameters in these techniques that must be considered in comparisons, and selected previous interlaboratory comparisons themselves, are discussed. Recommendations relevant to a key comparison already identified, as well as future work areas, are presented. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Nedzelnitsky, V (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8221,Sound Bldg,Room A147, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 42 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 1999 VL 36 IS 4 BP 257 EP 263 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/36/4/3 PG 7 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 284HE UT WOS:000085325500003 ER PT J AU Fick, SE AF Fick, SE TI Ultrasonic continuous-wave beam-power measurements: 1978-1980 international comparison SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article AB Four half-wave resonant, air-backed, x-cut quartz disc transducers designed and fabricated at the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) were circulated among seven laboratories between February 1978 and June 1980. Participants were given detailed instructions, including values and tolerances for the amplitude and frequency of the sinusoidal voltages to be applied to each transducer. Five distinct methods were used to measure the total continuous-wave beam power radiated by each transducer into a reflectionless water load. Two independent electrical techniques were used to directly measure radiation conductance. A detailed tabulation of the results was published by the NBS in 1983. Of the 1160 measurements of power or radiation conductance constituting the result of this collective effort, 90 % were made using four techniques based on radiation pressure. In this paper, current methods of uncertainty analysis are applied to a representative sample of data from radiation-pressure measurements. Old and new analyses are compared to assess the sensitivity of results to the choice of computational methods. Newly computed combined standard uncertainties are smaller than the original uncertainties for more than 60 % of the data considered. For the remaining data, the newly computed uncertainties are considerably larger than the original values; sufficiently large to make the average effect an increase of more than 15 %. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Fick, SE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 1999 VL 36 IS 4 BP 321 EP 325 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/36/4/11 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 284HE UT WOS:000085325500011 ER PT J AU Fick, SE AF Fick, SE TI Ultrasound power measurement by pulsed radiation pressure SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article ID BEAM; WAVE AB In a specially designed radiation force balance (RFB), low-frequency pulse modulation of the incident ultrasound allows high-accuracy measurement of time-averaged spatially-integrated ultrasound power radiated into a reflectionless water load. Errors characteristic of force sensors are precluded by operating the RFB as a force comparator, without directly measuring force. Equipped with purpose-built transducers and electronics, the RFB is adjusted to equate the radiation force and a counterforce generated by an actuator calibrated against reference masses using direct current as the transfer variable. Special techniques enable RFB measurements of the output of continuous-wave and pulsed diagnostic medical systems. Nearly twenty years ago, customer feedback indicated that the accuracy of power levels replicated using radiation conductance was seriously compromised by limitations of equipment typically available. Accordingly, an alternative scheme, based on a stable radio frequency (rf) voltage sensor treated as part of the transfer standard, was developed which allows ultrasound power-transfer measurements to be achieved with relative standard uncertainty components as low as 2 x 10(-3) (1 sigma), using equipment already available to most customers. A detailed description is given of the dc-level method (DCLM), which since 1985 has been, by a wide margin, the method most frequently requested. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Fick, SE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 26 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 1999 VL 36 IS 4 BP 351 EP 356 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/36/4/15 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 284HE UT WOS:000085325500015 ER PT J AU Payne, B Evans, DJ AF Payne, B Evans, DJ TI Comparison of results of calibrating the magnitude of the sensitivity of accelerometers by laser interferometry and reciprocity SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article AB The development of a new electrodynamic shaker permits the calibration of accelerometers by two independent and absolute methods using the same shaker. Minimizing the uncertainty in the calibration of accelerometers by the reciprocity method requires minimization of the cross-axis component of the induced motion, and the distortion of its waveform. Minimizing the uncertainty in the calibration of accelerometers by the laser interferometric fringe-counting method requires minimization of the mechanical coupling between the moving element of the shaker and the optical components of the interferometer. The design of the new shaker provides for minimal distortion and cross-axis motion in combination with a very large mechanical impedance between the moving element of the shaker and the optical components of the interferometer. The shaker is equipped with dual coils and two retractable magnets to provide for reciprocity measurements without having to attach a secondary source of vibration located external to the moving element. This paper presents a comparison of calibration results obtained using the two methods and describes the shaker and calibration systems. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Automated prod Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Payne, B (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Automated prod Technol Div, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8221, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 3 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 1999 VL 36 IS 4 BP 391 EP 394 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/36/4/19 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 284HE UT WOS:000085325500019 ER PT J AU Decker, JE Lapointe, A Stoup, J Alonso, MV Pekelsky, JR AF Decker, JE Lapointe, A Stoup, J Alonso, MV Pekelsky, JR TI NORAMET comparison of gauge block measurement by optical interferometry SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article ID PHASE-CHANGE; UNCERTAINTY; ROUGHNESS AB A varied assortment of forty-seven new and used steel, ceramic, chromium carbide and tungsten carbide gauge blocks from nine manufacturers, ranging in length from 0.5 mm to 101.6 mm, were calibrated by four laboratories from the NORAMET countries using the method of optical interferometry. Measurements of central length of the gauge blocks are compared. The data are utilized as a test bed to illustrate the outcome of two different techniques with potential for application in comparisons of the calibration services of national metrology institutes (NMIs). C1 Natl Res Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada. QETE, Quebec City, PQ, Canada. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. CENAM, Ctr Nacl Metrol, Queretaro, Mexico. RP Decker, JE (reprint author), Natl Res Council Canada, 207 M-36 Montreal Rd Campus, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada. NR 20 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 1999 VL 36 IS 5 BP 421 EP 432 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/36/5/4 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 284HG UT WOS:000085325700004 ER PT J AU Molinar, G Simpson, D Tilford, C AF Molinar, G Simpson, D Tilford, C TI CCM Third International Conference - Pressure Metrology from Ultra-High Vacuum to Very High Pressures - 10(-7) Pa to 10(9) Pa SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Editorial Material C1 CNR, IMGC, I-00185 Rome, Italy. NPL, Teddington, Middx, England. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Molinar, G (reprint author), CNR, IMGC, I-00185 Rome, Italy. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 1999 VL 36 IS 6 BP 489 EP 490 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/36/6/1 PG 2 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 321EM UT WOS:000087442500001 ER PT J AU Delajoud, P Girard, M Ehrlich, CD AF Delajoud, P Girard, M Ehrlich, CD TI Early history of the development and characterization of a 50 mm diameter, gas-operated piston gauge as a primary pressure standard SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd CCM International Conference on Pressure Meterology from Ultra-High Vacuum to Very High Pressures - 10(-7) Pa to 10(9) Pa CY MAY 03-07, 1999 CL TURIN, ITALY SP Consultative Comm Mass & Related Quantities AB The early history of the development and characterization of a set of three 50 mm diameter piston gauges for primary pressure measurements in the atmospheric range is described, including target geometric specifications and uncertainty objectives, most significantly a relative combined uncertainty in pressure of less than 5 x 10(-6). Apart from the relatively large diameter of the pistons and the cylinder bores, other noteworthy features of the piston gauges include pistons and cylinders made from a ceramic material, a floating cylinder design, and the ability to vary the gaps between each piston and cylinder combination through application of an independent pressure along a portion of the inner surface of the hollow piston. The piston and cylinder elements were measured dimensionally by the National Institute of Standards and Technology and effective areas and associated uncertainties were calculated. The performance of the piston gauges was examined by comparing them, and both mode-of-operation and gas-species dependence of the effective areas were investigated and found to be within predicted limits. After extensive testing it was concluded that changes in the piston-cylinder materials were needed to make the systems easier to use consistently and to reduce uncertainty. This early work was quite promising, and demonstrated the potential of the approach. The project, with some hardware changes, is ongoing. C1 DH Instruments Inc, Tempe, AZ 85281 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Technol Serv, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Delajoud, P (reprint author), DH Instruments Inc, 1905 W 3rd St, Tempe, AZ 85281 USA. NR 6 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 1999 VL 36 IS 6 BP 521 EP 524 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/36/6/7 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 321EM UT WOS:000087442500007 ER PT J AU Schmidt, JW Cen, Y Driver, RG Bowers, WJ Houck, JC Tison, SA Ehrlich, CD AF Schmidt, JW Cen, Y Driver, RG Bowers, WJ Houck, JC Tison, SA Ehrlich, CD TI A primary pressure standard at 100 kPa SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd CCM International Conference on Pressure Meterology from Ultra-High Vacuum to Very High Pressures - 10(-7) Pa to 10(9) Pa CY MAY 03-07, 1999 CL TURIN, ITALY SP Consultative Comm Mass & Related Quantities AB Primary pressure standards in the atmospheric pressure range are often established using mercury manometers. To a lesser extent, controlled-clearance dead-weight testers, in which one component (normally the piston) has been dimensionally measured, have also been used. The recent advances in technology on two fronts: (i) the fabrication of large-diameter pistons and cylinders with good geometries; and (ii) the dimensional metrology capability of these components, have allowed some dead-weight testers at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to achieve total relative uncertainties (2 sigma) in generated pressure near 10 X 10(-6) (10 ppm). This paper describes recent developments at the NIST in which accurate dimensional measurements have been translated into effective areas. It is anticipated that total relative uncertainties in generated pressure may decrease to 5 ppm (2 sigma) when recent dimensional measurements are incorporated in the newest gauges. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Proc Measurement Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Tech Stand Act Program, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Schmidt, JW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Proc Measurement Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 13 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 1999 VL 36 IS 6 BP 525 EP 529 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/36/6/8 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 321EM UT WOS:000087442500008 ER PT J AU Schmidt, JW Tison, SA Ehrlich, CD AF Schmidt, JW Tison, SA Ehrlich, CD TI Model for drag forces in the crevice of piston gauges in the viscous-flow and molecular-flow regimes SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd CCM International Conference on Pressure Meterology from Ultra-High Vacuum to Very High Pressures - 10(-7) Pa to 10(9) Pa CY MAY 03-07, 1999 CL TURIN, ITALY SP Consultative Comm Mass & Related Quantities AB A model for drag forces in the crevice of pneumatic piston gauges is presented. The model uses an interpolation function for momentum transfer between the piston and the cylinder mediated by the gas flowing in the crevice. The interpolation function bridges the gap between the molecular-flow and viscous-flow regimes, and is then used to develop an expression for the effective area of a piston gauge. The deviations of the effective area of this model from the viscous-flow results are derived for both floating-piston and floating-cylinder designs. Model results are compared with published measurements of the effective area of several piston gauges in which relative changes as large as 30 x 10(-6) (30 ppm) were observed when different pressurizing gases were used. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Proc Measurements Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Schmidt, JW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Proc Measurements Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 7 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 1999 VL 36 IS 6 BP 565 EP 570 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/36/6/16 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 321EM UT WOS:000087442500016 ER PT J AU Miiller, AP AF Miiller, AP TI Measurement performance of high-accuracy low-pressure transducers SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd CCM International Conference on Pressure Meterology from Ultra-High Vacuum to Very High Pressures - 10(-7) Pa to 10(9) Pa CY MAY 03-07, 1999 CL TURIN, ITALY SP Consultative Comm Mass & Related Quantities ID CAPACITANCE AB A systematic study of measurement performance is described for several different types of transducer including capacitance diaphragm gauges (CDGs), quartz Bourdon gauges (QBGs), quartz resonant gauges (QRGs), and two types of MEMS (MicroElectroMechanical Systems) sensors - piezoresistive silicon gauges (PSGs) and resonant silicon gauges (RSGs). Key factors limiting their performance were identified as random noise, short-term instabilities in zero-pressure readings, long-term shifts in a transducer's calibration with time and, in the case of heated gauges, the effect of thermal transpiration. The study determined that CDGs, QBGs, and QRGs have superior noise-limited pressure resolution (about 1 part in 10(6) of full scale), though CDGs, because of their availability with lower full-scale ranges, have the best absolute pressure resolution. Analyses of calibration data indicated that QBGs, QRGs and RSGs have the best long-term stability, with average calibration shifts of the order of 1 part in 10(4) per year, one to two orders of magnitude smaller than those observed for CDGs. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Miiller, AP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8364, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 12 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 7 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 1999 VL 36 IS 6 BP 617 EP 621 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/36/6/26 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 321EM UT WOS:000087442500026 ER PT J AU Molinar, GF Rebaglia, B Sacconi, A Legras, JC Vailleau, GP Schmidt, JW Stoup, JR Flack, DR Sabuga, W Jusko, O AF Molinar, GF Rebaglia, B Sacconi, A Legras, JC Vailleau, GP Schmidt, JW Stoup, JR Flack, DR Sabuga, W Jusko, O TI CCM key comparison in the pressure range 0.05 MPa to 1 MPa (gas medium, gauge mode) - Phase A1: Dimensional measurements and calculation of effective area SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd CCM International Conference on Pressure Meterology from Ultra-High Vacuum to Very High Pressures - 10(-7) Pa to 10(9) Pa CY MAY 03-07, 1999 CL TURIN, ITALY SP Consultative Comm Mass & Related Quantities AB The results obtained by five laboratories in the determination from dimensional measurements of the effective areas of two gas-operated 10 cm(2) piston-cylinder assemblies are presented. These measurements were carried out as phase Al of a key comparison in the pressure range 0.05 MPa to 1 MPa under the auspices of the Consultative Committee for Mass and Related Quantities (CCM) of the Comite International des Poids et Mesures. The participants performed diameter, straightness and roundness measurements on each piston and cylinder bore and calculated the effective area of each piston-cylinder assembly using their own methods. The differences between diameters determined by the institutes are systematic and often greater than the uncertainties claimed by the participants. Nevertheless, all calculated effective areas agree with the reference values determined within the expanded uncertainties with a coverage factor 2, most of them even within their standard uncertainties. The choice of calculation method seems to be less important than the dimensional data themselves. The effective areas determined from the dimensional measurements are compared with those obtained in cross-float experiments with national pressure standards, in a comparison referred to as phase A2 and reported in a separate paper. C1 CNR, IMGC, I-10135 Turin, Italy. LNE, BNM, F-75015 Paris, France. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Phys Lab, Teddington TW11 0LW, Middx, England. RP Molinar, GF (reprint author), CNR, IMGC, Strada Cacce 73, I-10135 Turin, Italy. NR 6 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 1999 VL 36 IS 6 BP 657 EP 662 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/36/6/34 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 321EM UT WOS:000087442500034 ER PT J AU Legras, JC Sabuga, W Molinar, GF Schmidt, JW AF Legras, JC Sabuga, W Molinar, GF Schmidt, JW TI CCM key comparison in the pressure range 50 kPa to 1000 kPa (gas medium, gauge mode) - Phase A2: Pressure measurements SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd CCM International Conference on Pressure Meterology from Ultra-High Vacuum to Very High Pressures - 10(-7) Pa to 10(9) Pa CY MAY 03-07, 1999 CL TURIN, ITALY SP Consultative Comm Mass & Related Quantities AB As part of a wide-ranging key comparison organized by the Consultative Committee for Mass and Related Quantities (CCM) of the Comite International des Poids et Mesures, this report gives the results of a comparison of pressure measurements in the range 0.05 MPa to 1 MPa. The two transfer standards used were pressure balances equipped with large (10 cm(2)) effective area piston-cylinder assemblies. The scope of the comparison covered the observation of the behaviour of both piston and cylinder assemblies from two manufacturers and made from different materials. The results show agreement of all the laboratory standards within the estimated expanded uncertainties, expressed with a coverage factor k = 2. Most of the difference values (47 out of 54) are inside the standard uncertainties. These results demonstrate the coherency of the standards of the participating laboratories in the range 100 kPa to 1000 kPa for gas pressure, gauge mode. C1 LNE, BNM, F-75015 Paris, France. CNR, IMGC, I-10135 Turin, Italy. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Legras, JC (reprint author), LNE, BNM, 1 Rue Gaston Boissier, F-75015 Paris, France. NR 7 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 1999 VL 36 IS 6 BP 663 EP 668 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/36/6/35 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 321EM UT WOS:000087442500035 ER PT B AU Lombardi, MA AF Lombardi, MA GP NCSL/NIST NCSL/NIST NCSL/NIST TI Traceability in time and frequency metrology SO METROLOGY - AT THE THRESHOLD OF THE CENTURY ARE WE READY? LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1999 Workshop and Symposium on Metrology - At the Threshold of the Century are we Ready CY JUL 11-15, 1999 CL CHARLOTTE, NC ID BIPM AB This paper discusses the techniques and reference signals used to establish traceability to national and international standards when making time and frequency measurements. It explains how traceable time and frequency information is distributed by NIST and other national metrology institutes through radio, telephone, and Internet signals. It also describes how signals broadcast by the Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites can serve as a traceable time and frequency reference that is available worldwide. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Lombardi, MA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM lombardi@boulder.nist.gov NR 29 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL CONFERENCE STANDARDS LAB PI BOULDER PA 1800 30TH STREET, SUITE 305B, BOULDER, CO 80301 USA PY 1999 BP 45 EP 56 PG 12 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BP60M UT WOS:000085623700005 ER PT B AU Jarrett, DG Dziuba, RF Kraft, ME AF Jarrett, DG Dziuba, RF Kraft, ME GP NCSL/NIST NCSL/NIST NCSL/NIST TI A comparison of 1 T Omega and 10 T Omega high resistance standards between NIST and Sandia SO METROLOGY - AT THE THRESHOLD OF THE CENTURY ARE WE READY? LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1999 Workshop and Symposium on Metrology - At the Threshold of the Century are we Ready CY JUL 11-15, 1999 CL CHARLOTTE, NC ID RESISTORS AB NIST-built 10 T Omega and commercial 1 T Omega standard resistors were hand carried between NIST and Sandia for a high resistance comparison. The comparison tested the ruggedness of the new NIST-built standard resistors, provided a check of the scaling between the two laboratories, supported measurements to reestablish NIST calibration services at 10 T Omega and 100 T Omega, and demonstrated the possibility of establishing a NIST high resistance measurement assurance program(MAP). The comparison has demonstrated agreement on the order of 0.07 % which is within the expanded uncertainties (coverage factor = 2) of NIST and Sandia at 1 T Omega and 10 T Omega. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Jarrett, DG (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL CONFERENCE STANDARDS LAB PI BOULDER PA 1800 30TH STREET, SUITE 305B, BOULDER, CO 80301 USA PY 1999 BP 65 EP 72 PG 8 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BP60M UT WOS:000085623700007 ER PT B AU Dziuba, R AF Dziuba, R GP NCSL/NIST NCSL/NIST NCSL/NIST TI Ac measurement system for determining freqency dependencies of precision resistors SO METROLOGY - AT THE THRESHOLD OF THE CENTURY ARE WE READY? LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1999 Workshop and Symposium on Metrology - At the Threshold of the Century are we Ready CY JUL 11-15, 1999 CL CHARLOTTE, NC C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Dziuba, R (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL CONFERENCE STANDARDS LAB PI BOULDER PA 1800 30TH STREET, SUITE 305B, BOULDER, CO 80301 USA PY 1999 BP 73 EP 73 PG 1 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BP60M UT WOS:000085623700008 ER PT B AU Zimmerman, N AF Zimmerman, N GP NCSL/NIST NCSL/NIST NCSL/NIST TI Achieving a natural capacitance standard based on the electron's charge: Single electron tunneling SO METROLOGY - AT THE THRESHOLD OF THE CENTURY ARE WE READY? LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1999 Workshop and Symposium on Metrology - At the Threshold of the Century are we Ready CY JUL 11-15, 1999 CL CHARLOTTE, NC C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Zimmerman, N (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL CONFERENCE STANDARDS LAB PI BOULDER PA 1800 30TH STREET, SUITE 305B, BOULDER, CO 80301 USA PY 1999 BP 79 EP 79 PG 1 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BP60M UT WOS:000085623700011 ER PT B AU Nadal, ME Early, EA Thompson, EA AF Nadal, ME Early, EA Thompson, EA GP NCSL/NIST NCSL/NIST NCSL/NIST TI Gloss measurements at NIST SO METROLOGY - AT THE THRESHOLD OF THE CENTURY ARE WE READY? LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1999 Workshop and Symposium on Metrology - At the Threshold of the Century are we Ready CY JUL 11-15, 1999 CL CHARLOTTE, NC AB Specular gloss is the attribute of an object that causes it to have a shiny or lustrous appearance, and is commonly used to quantitatively evaluate appearance. Measurements of the specular gloss of an object are made by comparing the specular luminous reflectance of the object to that of a primary standard. The National Institute of Standards and Technology has recently developed a new specular gloss primary standard and refurbished a reference goniophotometer for specular gloss measurements. The relevant characteristics of the new primary standard are presented, as well as an overview of the design and operation of the reference goniophotometer. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Nadal, ME (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL CONFERENCE STANDARDS LAB PI BOULDER PA 1800 30TH STREET, SUITE 305B, BOULDER, CO 80301 USA PY 1999 BP 125 EP 134 PG 10 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BP60M UT WOS:000085623700019 ER PT B AU Muth, LA Johnk, R Novotny, D AF Muth, LA Johnk, R Novotny, D GP NCSL/NIST NCSL/NIST NCSL/NIST TI Errors and uncertainties in radar cross section measurements SO METROLOGY - AT THE THRESHOLD OF THE CENTURY ARE WE READY? LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1999 Workshop and Symposium on Metrology - At the Threshold of the Century are we Ready CY JUL 11-15, 1999 CL CHARLOTTE, NC AB We develop the radar cross section error equation and examine sources of measurement errors that contribute to the overall uncertainty in calibrations and measurements. We derive expressions for upper and lower-bound errors and uncertainties, and recommend measurement procedures to determine the magnitude of uncertainties. These results are generally valid for monostatic measurements on any unknown target using any standard calibration artifact. The procedure can be extended to bistatic measurements. We demonstrate experimental results on the determination of uncertainty due to background subtraction. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Muth, LA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL CONFERENCE STANDARDS LAB PI BOULDER PA 1800 30TH STREET, SUITE 305B, BOULDER, CO 80301 USA PY 1999 BP 267 EP 278 PG 12 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BP60M UT WOS:000085623700033 ER PT B AU Steiner, R Newell, D Schwartz, J Williams, E AF Steiner, R Newell, D Schwartz, J Williams, E GP NCSL/NIST NCSL/NIST NCSL/NIST TI Reference standards, uncertainties, and the future of the NIST electronic kilogram SO METROLOGY - AT THE THRESHOLD OF THE CENTURY ARE WE READY? LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1999 Workshop and Symposium on Metrology - At the Threshold of the Century are we Ready CY JUL 11-15, 1999 CL CHARLOTTE, NC ID WATT AB The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) watt balance experiment recently made a new determination of Planck's constant with a relative standard uncertainty of 87 x 10(-9) (k 1). concurrently with an upper limit on the drift rate of the SI kilogram mass standard. This paper briefly describes the calibration work necessary to maintain several reference standards and subsystems for this experiment, and mentions several noise sources. These discussions suggest design improvements being built into the next generation electronic kilogram experiment, which will try to obtain 5 x 10(-9) relative standard uncertainty in order to monitor the SI kilogram. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Steiner, R (reprint author), NIST, Stop 8112, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL CONFERENCE STANDARDS LAB PI BOULDER PA 1800 30TH STREET, SUITE 305B, BOULDER, CO 80301 USA PY 1999 BP 319 EP 326 PG 8 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BP60M UT WOS:000085623700039 ER PT B AU Jabbour, ZJ AF Jabbour, ZJ GP NCSL/NIST NCSL/NIST NCSL/NIST TI "The kilogram: Last remaining artifact" SO METROLOGY - AT THE THRESHOLD OF THE CENTURY ARE WE READY? LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1999 Workshop and Symposium on Metrology - At the Threshold of the Century are we Ready CY JUL 11-15, 1999 CL CHARLOTTE, NC ID SI AB The unit of mass, the kilogram, is the last remaining basic unit defined by an artifact. Worldwide efforts are underway to replace the artifact-based definition with invariant alternatives. This paper describes briefly the history of the kilogram, the status of the present definition, the problems associated With the artifact, and summarizes the different approaches taken towards the re-definition of the kilogram. C1 NIST, Acoust Mass & Vibrat Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Jabbour, ZJ (reprint author), NIST, Acoust Mass & Vibrat Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL CONFERENCE STANDARDS LAB PI BOULDER PA 1800 30TH STREET, SUITE 305B, BOULDER, CO 80301 USA PY 1999 BP 327 EP 331 PG 5 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BP60M UT WOS:000085623700040 ER PT B AU Muth, L AF Muth, L GP NCSL/NIST NCSL/NIST NCSL/NIST TI The US National RCS Certification Program (panel) SO METROLOGY - AT THE THRESHOLD OF THE CENTURY ARE WE READY? LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1999 Workshop and Symposium on Metrology - At the Threshold of the Century are we Ready CY JUL 11-15, 1999 CL CHARLOTTE, NC C1 Univ Colorado, NIST, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Muth, L (reprint author), Univ Colorado, NIST, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL CONFERENCE STANDARDS LAB PI BOULDER PA 1800 30TH STREET, SUITE 305B, BOULDER, CO 80301 USA PY 1999 BP 387 EP 387 PG 1 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BP60M UT WOS:000085623700048 ER PT B AU Bean, VE Hall, JM AF Bean, VE Hall, JM GP NCSL/NIST NCSL/NIST NCSL/NIST TI New primary standards for air speed measurement at NIST SO METROLOGY - AT THE THRESHOLD OF THE CENTURY ARE WE READY? LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1999 Workshop and Symposium on Metrology - At the Threshold of the Century are we Ready CY JUL 11-15, 1999 CL CHARLOTTE, NC AB NIST has changed its primary standard for air speed measurements from a Pitot tube to a fiber optic laser Doppler anemometer (LDA). In earlier times, the Pitot tube was adapted as the primary standard instrument because it is a direct application of accepted theory and there were no other primary standard instruments with which to compare measurements until the recent development of the fiber optic LDA. Since the LDA measures air speed by measuring the speed of very small particles entrained in the air stream, it is feasible to calibrate it with a known speed reference. NIST now calibrates its LDA system using a 5 mu m diameter tungsten wire, mounted at a measured radius on the perimeter of a disk rotating at a measured rate. The uncertainty of the LDA measurement is 0.006 mis with a coverage factor of 2. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Fluid Flow Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bean, VE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Fluid Flow Grp, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8361, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU NATL CONFERENCE STANDARDS LAB PI BOULDER PA 1800 30TH STREET, SUITE 305B, BOULDER, CO 80301 USA PY 1999 BP 413 EP 421 PG 9 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BP60M UT WOS:000085623700053 ER PT B AU Hall, JM Bean, VE Mattingly, GE AF Hall, JM Bean, VE Mattingly, GE GP NCSL/NIST NCSL/NIST NCSL/NIST TI Preliminary results from interlaboratory comparisons of air speed measurements between 0.3 m/s and 15 m/s SO METROLOGY - AT THE THRESHOLD OF THE CENTURY ARE WE READY? LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1999 Workshop and Symposium on Metrology - At the Threshold of the Century are we Ready CY JUL 11-15, 1999 CL CHARLOTTE, NC AB NIST served as the pilot laboratory for comparisons of air speed measurement capabilities in thirteen participating laboratories in the range of 0.3 m/s to 15 m/s. Thermal anemometers and Pitot-static tubes served as the transfer standards. Two instruments of each type were used to enable Youden graphical analyses of the results. The data indicate there are laboratories producing measurements with significant systematic offsets from NIST's standards. The data are identified only to the laboratory that produced it. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Fluid Flow Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hall, JM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Fluid Flow Grp, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8361, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL CONFERENCE STANDARDS LAB PI BOULDER PA 1800 30TH STREET, SUITE 305B, BOULDER, CO 80301 USA PY 1999 BP 423 EP 434 PG 12 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BP60M UT WOS:000085623700054 ER PT B AU Reeder, DJ AF Reeder, DJ GP NCSL/NIST NCSL/NIST NCSL/NIST TI Reference materials for quality assurance in forensic DNA profiling SO METROLOGY - AT THE THRESHOLD OF THE CENTURY ARE WE READY? LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1999 Workshop and Symposium on Metrology - At the Threshold of the Century are we Ready CY JUL 11-15, 1999 CL CHARLOTTE, NC C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Reeder, DJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL CONFERENCE STANDARDS LAB PI BOULDER PA 1800 30TH STREET, SUITE 305B, BOULDER, CO 80301 USA PY 1999 BP 501 EP 501 PG 1 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BP60M UT WOS:000085623700065 ER PT B AU Duewer, DL AF Duewer, DL GP NCSL/NIST NCSL/NIST NCSL/NIST TI From conception to quiescence: Lessons from the life history of NIST standard reference material (R) 2390, RFLP profiling standard SO METROLOGY - AT THE THRESHOLD OF THE CENTURY ARE WE READY? LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1999 Workshop and Symposium on Metrology - At the Threshold of the Century are we Ready CY JUL 11-15, 1999 CL CHARLOTTE, NC C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Duewer, DL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL CONFERENCE STANDARDS LAB PI BOULDER PA 1800 30TH STREET, SUITE 305B, BOULDER, CO 80301 USA PY 1999 BP 505 EP 505 PG 1 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BP60M UT WOS:000085623700067 ER PT B AU Kacker, R AF Kacker, R GP NCSL/NIST NCSL/NIST NCSL/NIST TI Why and when should one calibrate a measurement system SO METROLOGY - AT THE THRESHOLD OF THE CENTURY ARE WE READY? LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1999 Workshop and Symposium on Metrology - At the Threshold of the Century are we Ready CY JUL 11-15, 1999 CL CHARLOTTE, NC AB A measurement without its uncertainty is not adequate. The stated uncertainty ceases to be valid when the measurement system goes out of calibration. A conventional re-calibration interval may not be optimal for all usage conditions. The cost of recalibration may be viewed as unnecessary expense when there is no indication that the system is out of calibration. We propose that the system should be checked at regular intervals in real-time. Then we provide a simple, generic, and widely applicable formula for the checking interval. The formula is illustrated with application to coordinate measuring machines. C1 NIST, Informat Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kacker, R (reprint author), NIST, Informat Technol Lab, Mail Stop 8980, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU NATL CONFERENCE STANDARDS LAB PI BOULDER PA 1800 30TH STREET, SUITE 305B, BOULDER, CO 80301 USA PY 1999 BP 533 EP 542 PG 10 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BP60M UT WOS:000085623700070 ER PT B AU Beauchamp, C Gates, H Kelley, D Leigh, S AF Beauchamp, C Gates, H Kelley, D Leigh, S GP NCSL/NIST NCSL/NIST NCSL/NIST TI Overview of the manufacture and certification of Electrodeposited Coating Thickness Standard Reference Materials SO METROLOGY - AT THE THRESHOLD OF THE CENTURY ARE WE READY? LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1999 Workshop and Symposium on Metrology - At the Threshold of the Century are we Ready CY JUL 11-15, 1999 CL CHARLOTTE, NC AB This paper documents major changes in the production of Electrodeposited Coating Thickness Standard Reference Materials. These standards consist of pre-configured sets of electrodeposited copper on steel substrate coupons with thicknesses ranging from 2.5 mu m to 2000 mu m. The coatings are overplated with chromium and the total coating thickness is certified. These standards are primarily intended for use in calibrating coating thickness measurement instruments based on magnetic principles.([1]) These instruments are used by the coating industry for the nondestructive measurement of nonmagnetic coatings over magnetic substrates. Technical aspects of the manufacture and certification process of these standards are covered. Expanded uncertainties for these certifications were improved to 2 % maximum for mean thickness over previous releases. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Beauchamp, C (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8551, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL CONFERENCE STANDARDS LAB PI BOULDER PA 1800 30TH STREET, SUITE 305B, BOULDER, CO 80301 USA PY 1999 BP 557 EP 562 PG 6 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BP60M UT WOS:000085623700074 ER PT B AU Low, SR Gettings, RJ Liggett, WS Song, J AF Low, SR Gettings, RJ Liggett, WS Song, J GP NCSL/NIST NCSL/NIST NCSL/NIST TI Rockwell hardness - A method-dependent Standard Reference Material SO METROLOGY - AT THE THRESHOLD OF THE CENTURY ARE WE READY? LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1999 Workshop and Symposium on Metrology - At the Threshold of the Century are we Ready CY JUL 11-15, 1999 CL CHARLOTTE, NC AB Rockwell hardness is a method-dependent measurement of the deformation of a material in response to an applied force. It is not a fundamental physical property of a material. There are no alternative measurement systems to directly or independently measure Rockwell hardness, nor are there intrinsic artifacts on which to base Standard Reference Materials. Nevertheless, Rockwell hardness is an important measurement, widely used for process control and acceptance testing of metallic materials and products. As a result, reference materials are essential for comparing Rockwell test results. This paper describes the challenges of developing a reference material for a method-dependent measurement. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Low, SR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 2321, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL CONFERENCE STANDARDS LAB PI BOULDER PA 1800 30TH STREET, SUITE 305B, BOULDER, CO 80301 USA PY 1999 BP 565 EP 589 PG 25 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BP60M UT WOS:000085623700075 ER PT B AU Ripple, DC Defibaugh, DR Gillis, KA Moldover, MR AF Ripple, DC Defibaugh, DR Gillis, KA Moldover, MR GP NCSL/NIST NCSL/NIST NCSL/NIST TI Primary acoustic thermometry up to 800 K SO METROLOGY - AT THE THRESHOLD OF THE CENTURY ARE WE READY? LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1999 Workshop and Symposium on Metrology - At the Threshold of the Century are we Ready CY JUL 11-15, 1999 CL CHARLOTTE, NC ID TEMPERATURE; RANGE AB Primary acoustic thermometers determine the thermodynamic temperature of a monatomic gas fr-om measurements of the speed of sound in the gas. Here, we describe the design and construction of an acoustic thermometer designed to operate at temperatures up to 800 K with unprecedented accuracy. Features of our thermometer include: construction that minimizes sources of gas contamination; continuous purging of the resonator; monitoring the purity of the gas by gas chromatography; determination of the resonator's volume by in situ measurements of microwave resonance frequencies; use of novel acoustic transducers; and measurement of the resonator's temperature on the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) with removable, long-stem standard platinum resistance thermometers (SPRTs). We are in the process of implementing this thermometer at NIST, and results will be presented at a later date. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ripple, DC (reprint author), NIST, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8363, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Moldover, Michael/E-6384-2013 NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATL CONFERENCE STANDARDS LAB PI BOULDER PA 1800 30TH STREET, SUITE 305B, BOULDER, CO 80301 USA PY 1999 BP 615 EP 626 PG 12 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BP60M UT WOS:000085623700079 ER PT B AU Faison, D AF Faison, D GP NCSL/NIST NCSL/NIST NCSL/NIST TI Traceability in the eyes of the accreditor SO METROLOGY - AT THE THRESHOLD OF THE CENTURY ARE WE READY? LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1999 Workshop and Symposium on Metrology - At the Threshold of the Century are we Ready CY JUL 11-15, 1999 CL CHARLOTTE, NC C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Faison, D (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL CONFERENCE STANDARDS LAB PI BOULDER PA 1800 30TH STREET, SUITE 305B, BOULDER, CO 80301 USA PY 1999 BP 689 EP 689 PG 1 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BP60M UT WOS:000085623700089 ER PT B AU Wright, JD Ward, DB Mattingly, GE AF Wright, JD Ward, DB Mattingly, GE GP NCSL/NIST NCSL/NIST NCSL/NIST TI Validating uncertainty analyses for gas flow standards via intra- and inter-laboratory comparisons SO METROLOGY - AT THE THRESHOLD OF THE CENTURY ARE WE READY? LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1999 Workshop and Symposium on Metrology - At the Threshold of the Century are we Ready CY JUL 11-15, 1999 CL CHARLOTTE, NC AB The fluid Flow Group (FFG) at NIST maintains flow standards to perform calibrations of gas flowmeters over the 3.7 x 10(-2) L/min(x) to 78,000 L/min flow range. Uncertainty analyses based on the propagation of uncertainties method show that the uncertainties of the provers range from 0.16% to 0.19%. The results of inter-laboratory comparisons and intra-laboratory comparisons (i.e., "crossover tests" between two different provers within the NIST laboratory) are examined to verify the uncertainty analysis results. The concepts of short- and long-term crossover tests and comparison tolerance are discussed. The comparison test results support the uncertainty specifications for the FFG gas flow standards. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wright, JD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8361, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL CONFERENCE STANDARDS LAB PI BOULDER PA 1800 30TH STREET, SUITE 305B, BOULDER, CO 80301 USA PY 1999 BP 711 EP 724 PG 14 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BP60M UT WOS:000085623700093 ER PT B AU Bruce, S Trefzger, B AF Bruce, S Trefzger, B GP NCSL/NIST NCSL/NIST NCSL/NIST TI The NIST Calibration Services Virtual Library SO METROLOGY - AT THE THRESHOLD OF THE CENTURY ARE WE READY? LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1999 Workshop and Symposium on Metrology - At the Threshold of the Century are we Ready CY JUL 11-15, 1999 CL CHARLOTTE, NC AB The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) offers a variety of hundreds of calibration services to its customers as a part of NIST's core mission. Various divisions within the different NIST Measurement and Standards Laboratories provide the calibration services. Many current and potential customers want to know the technical details of how NIST performs measurements. Most NIST calibration services are described in official NIST publications as part of the NIST Special Publications Series SP 250. These documents are available to customers to understand and evaluate the services. In order to provide customers with convenient access to the NIST calibration service publications, the NIST Office of Information Services (OIS) and the NIST Calibration Program placed electronic versions of the documents into an on-line library accessible through the World Wide Web. This library is incorporated into the NIST Calibration Program web site. The Calibration Services Virtual Library (CSVL) provides users with the capability to browse and search the publications and to access bibliographic information about the publications. Currently, a subset of the publications is in electronic formats and available for viewing and downloading from the web site. This paper describes features of the Calibration Services Virtual Library and an overview of its development. C1 NIST, Off Measurement Serv, Calibrat Program, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bruce, S (reprint author), NIST, Off Measurement Serv, Calibrat Program, 100 Bur Dr,MS 2330, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL CONFERENCE STANDARDS LAB PI BOULDER PA 1800 30TH STREET, SUITE 305B, BOULDER, CO 80301 USA PY 1999 BP 773 EP 779 PG 7 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BP60M UT WOS:000085623700098 ER PT B AU Wollman, DA Hilton, GC Irwin, KD Bergren, NF Rudman, DA Newbury, DE Martinis, JM AF Wollman, DA Hilton, GC Irwin, KD Bergren, NF Rudman, DA Newbury, DE Martinis, JM GP NCSL/NIST NCSL/NIST NCSL/NIST TI Cryogenic microcalorimeters for x-ray microanalysis SO METROLOGY - AT THE THRESHOLD OF THE CENTURY ARE WE READY? LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1999 Workshop and Symposium on Metrology - At the Threshold of the Century are we Ready CY JUL 11-15, 1999 CL CHARLOTTE, NC ID HIGH-RESOLUTION; ELECTROTHERMAL FEEDBACK; DETECTORS AB We have developed a high-resolution x-ray energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS) based on cryogenic microcalorimeter x-ray detectors for use in x-ray microanalysis. With an energy resolution of 3 eV at 1.5 keV, count rate of similar to 500 s(-1), and an effective collection area of similar to 5 mm(2) (using polycapillary x-ray optics), microcalorimeter EDS combines the favorable qualities of commercially-available wavelength dispersive spectrometers (WDS) and semiconductor EDS. After describing the spectrometer system, we present several applications of microcalorimeter EDS to important microanalysis problems, including the analysis of contaminant particles in the semiconductor industry. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Wollman, DA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATL CONFERENCE STANDARDS LAB PI BOULDER PA 1800 30TH STREET, SUITE 305B, BOULDER, CO 80301 USA PY 1999 BP 811 EP 819 PG 9 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BP60M UT WOS:000085623700102 ER PT B AU Phillips, SD Eberhardt, KR Estler, WT AF Phillips, SD Eberhardt, KR Estler, WT GP NCSL/NIST NCSL/NIST NCSL/NIST TI Measurement uncertainty and uncorrected bias SO METROLOGY - AT THE THRESHOLD OF THE CENTURY ARE WE READY? LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1999 Workshop and Symposium on Metrology - At the Threshold of the Century are we Ready CY JUL 11-15, 1999 CL CHARLOTTE, NC AB Recently, the ISO Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) [1], and the associated NIST adaptation [2], have described a unified convention for expressing measurement uncertainty. Application of the GUM has extended beyond calibration and research laboratories and into the industrial domain of manufactured products. Industrial situations are typically characterized by large production volume and intense cost pressures and are significantly different from calibration laboratories which can focus on evaluating and reducing measurement errors in their metrology systems. This paper provides some clarifications on the application of measurement uncertainty and related topics in the industrial setting. Particular emphasis is given to treating the situation where applying a correction for a known measurement bias would be costly, but increasing the measurement uncertainty to allow for the uncorrected bias would still result in an acceptable uncertainty statement. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Precis Engn, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Phillips, SD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Precis Engn, B113 Metrol 220, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU NATL CONFERENCE STANDARDS LAB PI BOULDER PA 1800 30TH STREET, SUITE 305B, BOULDER, CO 80301 USA PY 1999 BP 831 EP 849 PG 19 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BP60M UT WOS:000085623700105 ER PT B AU Nedzelnitsky, V AF Nedzelnitsky, V GP NCSL/NIST NCSL/NIST NCSL/NIST TI Traceability in acoustical measurement devices SO METROLOGY - AT THE THRESHOLD OF THE CENTURY ARE WE READY? LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1999 Workshop and Symposium on Metrology - At the Threshold of the Century are we Ready CY JUL 11-15, 1999 CL CHARLOTTE, NC C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Nedzelnitsky, V (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL CONFERENCE STANDARDS LAB PI BOULDER PA 1800 30TH STREET, SUITE 305B, BOULDER, CO 80301 USA PY 1999 BP 931 EP 931 PG 1 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BP60M UT WOS:000085623700115 ER PT B AU Navarro, M AF Navarro, M GP NCSL/NIST NCSL/NIST NCSL/NIST TI Characterization of FEL quartz-halogen lamps as color temperature standards SO METROLOGY - AT THE THRESHOLD OF THE CENTURY ARE WE READY? LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1999 Workshop and Symposium on Metrology - At the Threshold of the Century are we Ready CY JUL 11-15, 1999 CL CHARLOTTE, NC C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Navarro, M (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL CONFERENCE STANDARDS LAB PI BOULDER PA 1800 30TH STREET, SUITE 305B, BOULDER, CO 80301 USA PY 1999 BP 1049 EP 1049 PG 1 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BP60M UT WOS:000085623700127 ER PT B AU Kelley, EF AF Kelley, EF GP NCSL/NIST NCSL/NIST NCSL/NIST TI Flat panel display metrology - Less than meets the eye SO METROLOGY - AT THE THRESHOLD OF THE CENTURY ARE WE READY? LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1999 Workshop and Symposium on Metrology - At the Threshold of the Century are we Ready CY JUL 11-15, 1999 CL CHARLOTTE, NC ID REFLECTANCE AB Accurate measurement of electronic displays has become important in recent years owing to the advances in flat panel display technologies. A well-defined language is needed to specify, evaluate, and compare display technologies and their suitability to tasks. Such a specification language depends upon an unambiguous metrology being firmly in place to provide a level playing field. We will review some of the unanticipated complications that have arisen in simple measurements such as contrast as well as more complicated measurements such as display reflection properties. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kelley, EF (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg 225,Rm A53,Stop 8114, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL CONFERENCE STANDARDS LAB PI BOULDER PA 1800 30TH STREET, SUITE 305B, BOULDER, CO 80301 USA PY 1999 BP 1051 EP 1060 PG 10 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BP60M UT WOS:000085623700128 ER PT B AU Rosasco, G AF Rosasco, G GP NCSL/NIST NCSL/NIST NCSL/NIST TI A study of turn-around time for selected thermodynamic, dimensional, and mechanical calibrations SO METROLOGY - AT THE THRESHOLD OF THE CENTURY ARE WE READY? LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1999 Workshop and Symposium on Metrology - At the Threshold of the Century are we Ready CY JUL 11-15, 1999 CL CHARLOTTE, NC AB We have made a study of the turn-around time performance for the calibration services offered by the Process Measurements Division. The calibration process was analyzed and an "ideal" time for completion identified for each service. A retrospective analysis of the actual time for completion provides opportunities to identify process and performance improvements. Examples of these are given. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Proc Measurements Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Rosasco, G (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Proc Measurements Div, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 8360, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL CONFERENCE STANDARDS LAB PI BOULDER PA 1800 30TH STREET, SUITE 305B, BOULDER, CO 80301 USA PY 1999 BP 1081 EP 1093 PG 13 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BP60M UT WOS:000085623700130 ER PT S AU Dixson, R Koning, R Tsai, VW Fu, J Vorburger, TV AF Dixson, R Koning, R Tsai, VW Fu, J Vorburger, TV BE Singh, B TI Dimensional metrology with the NIST calibrated atomic force microscope SO METROLOGY, INSPECTION, AND PROCESS CONTROL FOR MICROLITHOGRAPHY XIII, PTS 1 AND 2 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Metrology, Inspection, and Process Control for Microlithography XIII CY MAR 15-18, 1999 CL SANTA CLARA, CA SP SPIE, Semiconductor Equipment & Mat Int DE SPM; AFM; standards; metrology; pitch; scale calibration; linewidth; step height ID ACCURATE METROLOGY; PHASE-SEPARATION; VICINAL SI(111); LINEWIDTH; SURFACES; HEIGHT AB Atomic force microscopes (AFMs) are increasingly used in the semiconductor industry as tools for sub-micrometer dimensional metrology. The scales of an AFM must be calibrated in order to perform accurate measurements. We have designed and developed the calibrated AFM (C-AFM) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to calibrate standards. Specifically, our primary calibrations are expected to be of combined pitch/height, or three dimensional magnification standards for AFM. The C-AFM has metrology traceable to the International System of Units (SI, from Systeme International d'Unites) meter for all three axes. This is accomplished through the integration of a flexure x-y translation stage, heterodyne laser interferometers, and a z-axis piezoelectric actuator with an integrated capacitance sensor. Our first pitch measurements for an outside customer were recently completed, in which we were able to report relative expanded uncertainties (k = 2) as low as 1% on sub-micrometer pitches. The uncertainty budget for these measurements includes the effect of sample non-uniformity, which is the dominant contribution for some of the reported uncertainties. Four samples were measured -- two with grid patterns and two with orthogonal linear scales. The results as reported to the customer are included in this paper. We have also recently made considerable improvements in our uncertainty budget for step height measurements. For example, we recently achieved 0.2 nm expanded uncertainty (k = 2) on a 20 nm step, and achieved 0.008 nm expanded uncertainty in the measurement of the approximately 0.3 nm single atom step on Si (111). We also participated in the recently completed first round of the NIST linewidth correlation project, in which linewidth measurements obtained from different methods (including the C-AFM) are compared. In this paper, we will report on the current status of the C-AFM, and on our plans for further development. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 30 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3151-6 J9 PROC SPIE PY 1999 VL 3677 BP 20 EP 34 DI 10.1117/12.350822 PG 15 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science; Optics; Physics GA BN32T UT WOS:000081633500003 ER PT S AU Silver, RM Doiron, T Penzes, W Kornegay, E Fox, S Takac, M Rathjen, S Owens, D AF Silver, RM Doiron, T Penzes, W Kornegay, E Fox, S Takac, M Rathjen, S Owens, D BE Singh, B TI Two-dimensional calibration artifact and measurement methodology SO METROLOGY, INSPECTION, AND PROCESS CONTROL FOR MICROLITHOGRAPHY XIII, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Metrology, Inspection, and Process Control for Microlithography XIII CY MAR 15-18, 1999 CL SANTA CLARA, CA SP SPIE, Semiconductor Equipment & Mat Int ID OVERLAY MEASUREMENTS; ACCURACY AB In this paper we describe our design and the manufacturing of a two-dimensional grid artifact of chrome on quartz on a 150 mm x 150 mm x 6.35 mm plate. The design has been agreed upon by a number of Semiconductor Equipment Manufacturers International (SEMI) participants working on a two-dimensional grids calibration task force within the Microlithography committee of SEMI. We present the measurement procedures and describe the algorithms used in the measurement process. We have procured a prototype artifact which is expected to be developed into a National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) distributed standard reference material once the final design has been agreed upon. We will present measurements made at leading industrial sites and develop a traceability chain based on these measurements in combination with NIST based measurements. The artifact has been measured on the NIST linescale interferometer as well as other NIST metrology tools. We win also present the status of the comparisons between these measurements and those performed by the industrial collaborators. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Silver, RM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3151-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3677 BP 123 EP 138 DI 10.1117/12.350799 PG 16 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science; Optics; Physics GA BN32T UT WOS:000081633500013 ER PT S AU Villarrubia, JS Dixson, R Jones, S Lowney, JR Postek, MT Allen, RA Cresswell, MW AF Villarrubia, JS Dixson, R Jones, S Lowney, JR Postek, MT Allen, RA Cresswell, MW BE Singh, B TI Intercomparison of SEM, AFM, and electrical linewidths SO METROLOGY, INSPECTION, AND PROCESS CONTROL FOR MICROLITHOGRAPHY XIII, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Metrology, Inspection, and Process Control for Microlithography XIII CY MAR 15-18, 1999 CL SANTA CLARA, CA SP SPIE, Semiconductor Equipment & Mat Int DE atomic force microscopy (AFM); critical dimension (CD); linewidth metrology; electrical critical dimension (ECD); scanning electron microscopy (SEM) ID SCANNED PROBE MICROSCOPY; TIP GEOMETRY; WIDTH AB Uncertainty in the locations of line edges dominates the uncertainty budget for high quality sub-micrometer linewidth measurements. For microscopic techniques like scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), the image of the sharp edge is broadened due to the instrument's non-ideal response. localizing the true edge position within its broadened image requires a model for the instrument-sample interaction. Ideal left and right edges are mirror images of one another, so any modeling error in the position assignment will have opposite signs for the two types of edges. Linewidth measurement inherently involves such opposite edges and consequent doubling of model errors. Similar considerations apply to electrical critical dimension (ECD) measurement. Although ECD is a non-imaging technique, one must still model the offset between the position of the physical edge and the effective edge of the conducting part of the line. One approach to estimating the reliability of existing models is to compare results when fundamentally different instruments measure the same line. We have begun a project to perform such an intercomparison, and we report here initial results for SEM, AFM, and ECD measurements of sub-micrometer lines in single crystal Si. Edge positions are determined from SEM images using Monte Carlo tracing of electron trajectories to predict the edge shape. In the AFM, we estimate and correct for tip geometry using tools from mathematical morphology. ECD measurements are corrected for band bending in the neighborhood of the edges. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Villarrubia, JS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 21 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3151-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3677 BP 587 EP 598 DI 10.1117/12.350846 PG 12 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science; Optics; Physics GA BN32T UT WOS:000081633500056 ER PT S AU Postek, MT Bennett, MH Zaluzec, NJ AF Postek, MT Bennett, MH Zaluzec, NJ BE Singh, B TI Telepresence: A new paradigm for industrial and scientific collaboration SO METROLOGY, INSPECTION, AND PROCESS CONTROL FOR MICROLITHOGRAPHY XIII, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Metrology, Inspection, and Process Control for Microlithography XIII CY MAR 15-18, 1999 CL SANTA CLARA, CA SP SPIE, Semiconductor Equipment & Mat Int DE telepresence; Internet; collaboratory; scanning electron microscope; transmission electron microscope; analytical electron microscopy; metrology AB A portion of the mission of the National Institute of Standards and Technology* Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory is to improve and advance length metrology in aid of U.S, industry. The successful development of a "collaboratory" for telepresence microscopy provides an important new tool to promote technology transfer in the area of measurement technology. Telepresence microscopy is an advanced concept in the integration of computers and high-speed networks with scientific instruments for operation, control, communication and research. NIST and Texas Instruments, under the auspices of the National Automated Manufacturing Testbed and in collaboration with the University of Illinois and Argonne National Laboratory have developed a collaboratory testbed. The goal of this work is to demonstrate the value of TPM within organizations having a large distributed manufacturing facility such as Texas Instruments and between scientific research organizations !;uch as NIST, ANL and UIC. Large distributed manufacturing sites need rapid response when problems threaten to disrupt multi-million dollar production facilities. This is particularly important when expertise needed to solve the problem or instrumentation is not locally present. The resulting delays are inevitable and often costly. Telepresence minimizes these delays. Once a sample has been received by a research facility, collaborators from multiple remotely located sites can rapidly access the collaboratory from their respective locations and collaborate in real-time to solve the problem using only their desktop computers and connections to the Internet. This presentation demonstrates the power afforded by this technology. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Postek, MT (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3151-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3677 BP 599 EP 610 PG 12 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science; Optics; Physics GA BN32T UT WOS:000081633500057 ER PT S AU Kramer, J Amatucci, E Gilsinn, D Jun, JS Penzes, W Scire, F Teague, EC Villarrubia, J AF Kramer, J Amatucci, E Gilsinn, D Jun, JS Penzes, W Scire, F Teague, EC Villarrubia, J BE Singh, B TI Toward nanometer accuracy measurements SO METROLOGY, INSPECTION, AND PROCESS CONTROL FOR MICROLITHOGRAPHY XIII, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Metrology, Inspection, and Process Control for Microlithography XIII CY MAR 15-18, 1999 CL SANTA CLARA, CA SP SPIE, Semiconductor Equipment & Mat Int DE length metrology; Michelson interferometry; scanning tunneling microscopy ID INTERFEROMETRY AB We at NIST are building a metrology instrument called the Molecular Measuring Machine (M-3) With the goal of performing two-dimensional point-to-point measurements with one nanometer accuracy over a 50 mm by 50 mm area. The instrument combines a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) to probe the surface and a Michelson interferometer system to measure the probe movement, both with sub-nanometer resolution. The instrument also features millidegree temperature control at 20 degrees C, an ultra-high vacuum environment with a base pressure below 10(-5) Pa, and seismic and acoustic vibration isolation. High-accuracy pitch measurements have been performed on one-dimensional gratings. In one experiment, the M-3 STM probe imaged an array of laser-focused, atomically deposited chromium lines over an entire 5 mu m by 1 mm area. Analysis of the data yielded an average line spacing of 212.69 nm with a 5 pm standard uncertainty. The uncertainty estimate is derived from an analysis of the sources of uncertainty for a 1 mm point-to-point measurement, including the effects of alignment, Abbe offset, motion cross-coupling, and temperature variations. In another measurement, the STM probe continuously tracked a holographically-produced grating surface for 10 mm, counting out 49,996 lines and measuring an average line spacing of 200.011 nn with a 5 pm: standard uncertainty. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kramer, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 8 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 4 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3151-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3677 BP 1017 EP 1028 DI 10.1117/12.350791 PG 12 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science; Optics; Physics GA BN32T UT WOS:000081633500099 ER PT S AU Manabe, S Stouffer, RJ AF Manabe, S Stouffer, RJ BE Holland, WR Joussaume, S David, F TI Climate variability of a coupled ocean-atmosphere-land surface model: Implication for the detection of global warming SO MODELING THE EARTH'S CLIMATE AND IT'S VARIABILITY SE LES HOUCHES SUMMER SCHOOL SESSION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Les Houches Session LXVII on Modeling the Earths Climate and its Variability CY JUN 30-JUL 25, 1997 CL NATO ADV STUDY INST, LES HOUCHES, FRANCE SP NATO, Adv Study Inst, CEA, CNRS, Univ Joseph Fourier Grenoble HO NATO ADV STUDY INST ID SIMULATED ENSO; CO2 C1 Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Manabe, S (reprint author), Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0924-8099 BN 0-444-50338-2 J9 LES HOUCH S PY 1999 VL 67 BP 431 EP 448 PG 18 WC Mathematics, Applied; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Mathematics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BP93F UT WOS:000086665800006 ER PT J AU Kmety, CR Manson, JL Huang, QZ Lynn, JW Erwin, RW Miller, JS Epstein, AJ AF Kmety, CR Manson, JL Huang, QZ Lynn, JW Erwin, RW Miller, JS Epstein, AJ TI Magnetic phase transitions in M-II[N(CN)(2)](2) SO MOLECULAR CRYSTALS AND LIQUID CRYSTALS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY SECTION A-MOLECULAR CRYSTALS AND LIQUID CRYSTALS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Molecule Base Magnets (ICMM 98) CY SEP 12-17, 1998 CL SEIGNOSSE, FRANCE SP univ Bordeaux, Ctr Natl Rech Scientif, Conseil Reg Aquitaine, European Sci Fdn, Gordon & Breach Sci Publishers, Journal Mat Chem, Oxford Instrumentd, France, Manics DE dicyanamide compounds; canted antiferromagnet; ferromagnet; neutron powder diffraction; specific heat ID M = CO; DICYANAMIDE; NI AB We summarize the magnetic behavior of M-II[N(CN)(2)](2) (M = Co, Ni, Mn and Zn). Analyses of the DC magnetization and AC susceptibility data demonstrate that alpha-Co-II[N(CN)(2)](2) (1a) and Ni-II[N(CN)(2)](2) (2) are ferromagnets below T-c, while beta-Co-II[N(CN)(2)](2) (1b) and Mn-II[N(CN)(2)](2) (3) are canted antiferromagnets below T-N. Zn-II[N(CN)(2)](2) (4) is diamagnetic. Specific heat and neutron powder diffraction results clearly define the transition temperatures for 1a, 1b, 2 and 3, Crystal structure determination from high-resolution neutron powder data for 1a, 2 and 3 shows that the three systems are isomorphous and crystallize in the orthorhombic space group Pnnm with Z = 2. Single crystal X-ray diffraction shows that 4 crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pnma with Z = 4. We solved the magnetic structures of 1a, 2 and 3 from neutron powder diffraction experiments. All low-temperature measurements are consistent with high-spin 1b, 2, 3 and 4, though la exhibits an effective J' = 1/2 behavior. C1 Ohio State Univ, Dept Phys, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Univ Utah, Dept Chem, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat & Nucl Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Chem, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RP Kmety, CR (reprint author), Ohio State Univ, Dept Phys, 174 W 18th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. NR 10 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 1 PU GORDON BREACH PUBLISHING, TAYLOR & FRANCIS GROUP PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, 8TH FL, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1058-725X J9 MOL CRYST LIQ CRYS A JI Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. Sci. Technol. Sect. A-Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. PY 1999 VL 334 BP 631 EP 640 DI 10.1080/10587259908023357 PG 10 WC Crystallography SC Crystallography GA 251ML UT WOS:000083449400062 ER PT J AU Mathur, MB Brill, KF Seman, CJ AF Mathur, MB Brill, KF Seman, CJ TI Evolution of slantwise vertical motions in NCEP's mesoscale eta model SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID CONDITIONAL SYMMETRIC INSTABILITY; GRAVITY-WAVES; MICROSCALE STRUCTURE; CONVECTIVE SYSTEMS; FRONTAL RAINBANDS; PRECIPITATION; FRONTOGENESIS; ORGANIZATION; DISTURBANCES; GENERATION AB Numerical forecasts from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction's mesoscale version of the eta coordinate-based model, hereafter referred to as MESO, have been analyzed to study the roles of conditional symmetric instability (CSI) and frontogenesis in copious precipitation events. A grid spacing of 29 km and 50 layers are used in the MESO model. Parameterized convective and resolvable-scale condensation, radiation physics, and many other physical processes are included. Results focus on a 24-h forecast from 1500 UTC 1 February 1996 in the region of a low-level front and associated deep baroclinic zone over the southeastern United States. Predicted precipitation amounts were close to the observed, and the rainfall in the model was mainly associated with the resolvable-scale condensation. During the forecast deep upward motion amplifies in a band oriented west-southwest to east-northeast, nearly parallel to the mean tropospheric thermal wind. This band develops from a sloping updraft in the low-level nearly saturated frontal zone, which is absolutely stable to upright convection, but susceptible to CSI. The updraft is then nearly vertical in the middle troposphere where there is very weak conditional instability. We regard this occurrence as an example of model-produced deep slantwise convection (SWC). Negative values of moist potential vorticity (MPV) occur over the entire low-level SWC area initially. The vertical extent of SWC increases with the lifting upward of the negative MPV area. Characteristic features of CSI and SWC simulated in some high-resolution nonhydrostatic cloud models also develop within the MESO. As in the nonhydrostatic SWC, the vertical momentum transport in the MESO updraft generates a subgeostrophic momentum anomaly aloft, with negative absolute vorticity an the baroclinically cool side of the momentum anomaly where outflow winds are accelerated to the north. Contribution of various processes to frontogenesis in the SWC area is investigated. The development of indirect circulation leads to low-level frontogenesis through the tilting term. The axis of frontogenesis nearly coincides with the axis of maximum Vertical motion when the SWC is fully developed. Results suggest that strong vertical motions in the case investigated develop due to release of symmetric instability in a moist atmosphere (CSI), and resultant circulations lead to weak frontogenesis in the SWC area. C1 Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Washington, DC USA. Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. RP NOAA, WWBG, NCEP, Environm Modeling Ctr, W-NP22,Rm 205,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM wd23mm@sgi79.wwb.noaa.gov NR 54 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 EI 1520-0493 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 127 IS 1 BP 5 EP 25 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(1999)127<0005:EOSVMI>2.0.CO;2 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 155ZP UT WOS:000077977200001 ER PT J AU Shapiro, LJ Franklin, JL AF Shapiro, LJ Franklin, JL TI Potential vorticity asymmetries and tropical cyclone motion SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID HURRICANE MOVEMENT; DROPWINDSONDE; GLORIA; DIAGNOSTICS AB A set of nine synoptic-flow cases, incorporating Omega dropwindsonde observations for six tropical storms and hurricanes, is used to deduce the three-dimensional distribution of potential vorticity (PV) that contributed to the deep-layer mean (DLM) wind that steered the cyclones. A piecewise inversion technique, the same as that previously applied by Shapiro to Hurricane Gloria of 1985, is used to derive the DLM wind induced by pieces of anomalous PV restricted to cylinders of different radii centered on each cyclone. The cylinder of PV that induces a DLM wind that best matches the observed DLM wind near the center of each cyclone is evaluated. It is found that the results can be loosely placed into two categories describing the spatial scale of the PV anomalies that influenced the cyclone's motion. Four of the cases, including Hurricane Gloria, had "local" control, with a good match (to within similar to 40%) between the observed DLM wind near the cyclone center and the DLM wind attributable to a cylinder of PV with a given radius less than or equal to 1500 km. Further decomposition of the PV anomaly into upper (400 mb and above) and lower levels (500 mb and below) indicates the dominance of upper-level features in steering two of the cyclones (Hurricanes Gloria of 1985 and Andrew of 1992), while Hurricane Debby of 1982 was steered by more barotropic features. These results supplement those found in other studies. Five of the cases, by contrast, had "large-scale" control; with no cylinder of radius less than or equal to 2000 km having a good match between the induced and observed DLM wind. Hurricanes Emily of 1987 and 1993 fell into this category, as did Hurricane Josephine of 1984. Implications of the results far guiding in situ wind measurements to improve hurricane track forecasts are discussed. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Shapiro, LJ (reprint author), Univ Munich, Inst Meteorol, Theresienstr 37, D-80333 Munich, Germany. NR 16 TC 25 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 127 IS 1 BP 124 EP 131 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(1999)127<0124:PVAATC>2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 155ZP UT WOS:000077977200008 ER PT J AU Robins, LH Paul, AJ Parker, CA Roberts, JC Bedair, SM Piner, EL El-Masry, NA AF Robins, LH Paul, AJ Parker, CA Roberts, JC Bedair, SM Piner, EL El-Masry, NA TI Optical absorption, Raman, and photoluminescence excitation spectroscopy of inhomogeneous InGaN films SO MRS INTERNET JOURNAL OF NITRIDE SEMICONDUCTOR RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID PHASE-SEPARATION AB InxGa1-xN films with x=0.06 to x=0.49 were characterized by optical transmittance, Raman, and photoluminescence excitation spectroscopies. Previous microstructural characterizations detected phase separation only in films with x>0.2. The transmittance data suggest that compositional inhomogeneity is also present in the lower-x films (x<0.2). Both Raman and photoluminescence excitation spectra show features that correlate with compositional inhomogeneity and phase separation in the films with x>0.2. The composition dependence of the Raman spectra, from x=0.28 to x=0.49, is consistent with an increase in the size of the phase-separated regions with increasing x. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Robins, LH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Piner, Edwin/B-5359-2016 NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DR, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 1092-5783 J9 MRS INTERNET J N S R JI Mrs. Internet J. Nitride Semicond. Res. PY 1999 VL 4 SU 1 BP art. no. EP G3.22 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 185QC UT WOS:000079680200032 ER PT S AU Podobedov, VB Weber, A Dezanneau, G Pignard, S Kreizel, J Vincent, H AF Podobedov, VB Weber, A Dezanneau, G Pignard, S Kreizel, J Vincent, H BE Hawley, ME Blank, DHA Eom, CB Schlom, DG Streiffer, SK TI Doping and oxidation effects in Raman spectra of manganites SO MULTICOMPONENT OXIDE FILMS FOR ELECTRONICS SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium BB on Multicomponent Oxide Films for Electronics, at the 1999 MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 06-08, 1999 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc, Argonne Natl Lab, Los Alamos Natl Lab, Digital Instruments Inc ID CHEMICAL-VAPOR-DEPOSITION; THIN-FILMS; SINGLE-CRYSTALS; MAGNETORESISTANCE AB Raman scattering from LayRxMnO3-delta compounds (single crystals, ceramics, films) was studied as a function of kind (R) and amount (x) of dopant as well as of oxygen deficit (delta). For x = 0.1 to 0.55, a nearly linear Raman shift of the A(g) mode from 240 to 125 cm(-1) was observed in Sr-doped compounds. While the intensity of disorder-induced Raman bands was found to be sensitive to the oxygen content, the symmetry allowed related Raman modes exhibit the changes in the frequency. As an indication of deposition conditions. lowering of a symmetry of the film structures with respect to single crystals and ceramics was detected. We discuss the physical nature of the observed effects and show how Raman data can be used for the optical characterization of manganite samples. C1 NIST, Opt Techniol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Podobedov, VB (reprint author), NIST, Opt Techniol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-481-5 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 1999 VL 574 BP 143 EP 148 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BN91P UT WOS:000083461400021 ER PT B AU Chang, W Yu, J AF Chang, W Yu, J BE Chow, WS TI S2M2 - A Java applet-based SMIL player SO MULTIMEDIA INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN PRACTICE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Multimedia and Telecommunications Management CY DEC 17-19, 1998 CL HONG KONG BAPTIST UNIV, HONG KONG, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Hong Kong Baptist Univ HO HONG KONG BAPTIST UNIV AB Synchronized Multimedia integration Language (SMIL) of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) is a simple but powerful declarative language, which extends the current multimedia technology on the Web with temporal synchronization capabilities. It uses the eXtensible Markup Language (XML) to define a set of markup tags to associate the timing and positioning relationships between multimedia objects, such as audio, videos, images, and text. A Java applet-based SMIL prototype S2M2 is presented along with an overview of SMIL. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Chang, W (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG SINGAPORE PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA SINGAPORE, SINGAPORE BN 981-4021-53-9 PY 1999 BP 353 EP 366 PG 4 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Computer Science GA BP76Z UT WOS:000086113300036 ER PT S AU Libert, JM Fenimore, CP Roitman, P AF Libert, JM Fenimore, CP Roitman, P BE Tescher, AG Vasudev, B Bove, VM Derryberry, B TI Simulation of graded video impairment by weighted summation: Validation of the methodology SO MULTIMEDIA SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Multimedia Systems and Applications II CY SEP 20-22, 1999 CL BOSTON, MA SP SPIE DE video quality; video impairment; MPEG-2; video compression; PSNR; simulated impairment AB The investigation examines two methodologies by which to control the impairment level of digital video test materials. Such continuous fine-tuning of video impairments is required for psychophysical measurements of human visual sensitivity to picture impairments induced by MPEG-2[1] compression. Because the visual sensitivity data will be used to calibrate objective and subjective video quality models and scales, the stimuli must contain realistic representations of actual encoder-induced video impairments. That is, both the visual and objective spatio-temporal response to the stimuli must be similar to the response to impairments induced directly by an encoder. The first method builds a regression model of the Peak Signal-To- Noise Ratio (PSNR) of the output sequence as a function of the bit rate specification used to encode a given video clip. The experiments find that for any source sequence, a polynomial function can be defined by which to predict the encoder bit rate that will yield a sequence having any targeted PSNR level. In a second method, MPEG-2-processed sequences are linearly combined with their unprocessed video sources. Linear regression is used to relate PSNR to the weighting factors used in combining the source and processed sequences. Then the "synthetically" adjusted impairments are compared to those created via an encoder. Visual comparison is made between corresponding I-, B-, and P-frames of the synthetically generated sequences and those processed by the codec. Also, PSNR comparisons are made between various combinations of source sequence, the MPEG-2 sequence used for mixing, the mixed sequence, and the codec-processed sequence. Both methods are found to support precision adjustment of impairment level adequate for visual threshold measurement. The authors caution that some realism may be lost when using the weighted summation method with highly compression-impaired video. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Libert, JM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8114, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 13 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3438-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3845 BP 254 EP 265 DI 10.1117/12.371209 PG 12 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Optics; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Optics; Telecommunications GA BP34A UT WOS:000084757200025 ER PT J AU Lefebvre, KA Powell, CL Busman, M Doucette, CJ Moeller, PDR Sliver, JB Miller, PE Hughes, MP Singaram, S Silver, MW Tjeerdema, RS AF Lefebvre, KA Powell, CL Busman, M Doucette, CJ Moeller, PDR Sliver, JB Miller, PE Hughes, MP Singaram, S Silver, MW Tjeerdema, RS TI Detection of domoic acid in northern anchovies and California sea lions associated with an unusual mortality event SO NATURAL TOXINS LA English DT Article DE amnesic shellfish poison (ASP); high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS); California sea lion (Zalophus californianus); Northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax); diatom (Pseudo-nitzschia); receptor binding assay; trophic transfer; domoic acid ID MARINE NEUROTOXIN; SHELLFISH; MICE; TOXIN; RAT; RECEPTOR AB The occurrence of an unusual mortality event involving California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) along the central California coast in May 1998 was recently reported. The potent neurotoxin domoic acid (DA), produced naturally by the diatom Pseudo-nitzchia australis and transmitted to the sea lions via planktivorous northern anchovies (Engraulis mordax), was identified as the probable causative agent. Details of DA analyses for anchovy tissues and sea lion feces are described. Domoic acid levels were estimated in anchovy samples by HPLC-UV, and in sea lion feces using the same method as well as a microplate receptor binding assay, with absolute confirmation by tandem mass spectrometry. The highest DA concentrations in anchovies occurred in the viscera (223 +/- 5 mu g DA g(-1)), exceeding values in the body tissues by seven-fold and suggesting minimal bioaccumulation of DA in anchovy tissue. HPLC values for DA in sea lion fecal material (ranging from 152 to 136.5 mu g DA g(-1)) required correction for interference from an unidentified compound. Inter-laboratory comparisons of HPLC data showed close quantitative agreement. Fecal DA activity determined using the receptor binding assay corresponded with HPLC values to within a factor of two. Finally, our detection of P, australis frustules, via scanning electron microscopy, in both anchovy viscera and fecal material from sea lions exhibiting seizures provides corroborating evidence that this toxic algal species was involved in this unusual sea lion mortality event. Copyright (C) 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Biol, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Marine Biotoxins Program, Charleston, SC USA. Monterey Bay Aquarium Res Inst, Moss Landing, CA USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Environm Toxicol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Lefebvre, KA (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Biol, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. NR 30 TC 134 Z9 142 U1 1 U2 22 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 1056-9014 J9 NAT TOXINS JI Nat. Toxins PY 1999 VL 7 IS 3 BP 85 EP 92 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1522-7189(199905/06)7:3<85::AID-NT39>3.0.CO;2-Q PG 8 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 269UH UT WOS:000084495600001 PM 10647509 ER PT J AU Van Dolah, FM Richard, JL AF Van Dolah, FM Richard, JL TI Advances in detection methods for fungal and algal toxins SO NATURAL TOXINS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Charleston, SC USA. Romer Labs Inc, Union, MO USA. RP Van Dolah, FM (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Charleston, SC USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 1056-9014 J9 NAT TOXINS JI Nat. Toxins PY 1999 VL 7 IS 6 BP 343 EP 345 PG 3 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 385RL UT WOS:000166017400017 ER PT J AU Powell, CL Doucette, GJ AF Powell, CL Doucette, GJ TI A receptor binding assay for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins: Regent advances and applications SO NATURAL TOXINS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Advances in Detection Methods for Fungal and Algal Toxins CY JUN 17-19, 1999 CL MT DESERT ISL BIOL LAB, SALSBURY COVE, MAINE HO MT DESERT ISL BIOL LAB DE receptor binding assay; paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP); saxitoxin; Alexandrium; toxin trophic transfer; microplate scintillation counting; high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) AB We recently described a high throughput receptor binding assay for paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins,the use of the assay for detecting toxic activity in shellfish and algal extracts, and the validation of 11-[H-3]-tetrodotoxin as an alternative radioligand to the [H-3]-saxitoxin conventionally employed in the assay. Here, we report a dramatic increase in assay efficiency through application of microplate scintillation technology, resulting in an assay turn around time of 4 h. Efforts are now focused on demonstrating the range of applications for which this receptor assay can provide data comparable to the more time consuming, technically demanding HPLC analysis of PSP toxins, currently the method of choice for researchers. To date, we have compared the results of both methods for a variety of sample types, including different genera of PSP toxin producing dinoflagellates (e.g. Alexandrium lusitanicum, r(2) = 0.9834, n = 12), size-fractioned field samples of Alexandrium spp. (20-64 mum; r(2) = 0.9997, n = 10) as well as its associated zooplankton grazer community (200-500 mum: r(2) = 0.6169, n = 10; >500 mum: r(2) = 0.5063, n = 10), and contaminated human fluids (r(2) = 0.9661, n = 7) from a PSP outbreak. Receptor-based STX equivalent values for ail but the zooplankton samples were highly correlated and exhibited close quantitative agreement with those produced by HPLC. While the PSP receptor binding assay does not provide information on toxin composition obtainable by HPLC, it does represent a robust and reliable means of rapidly assessing PSP-like toxicity in laboratory and field samples. Moreover, this assay should be effective as a screening tool for use by public health officials in responding to suspected cases of PSP intoxication. Published in 1999 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Marine Biotoxins Program, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RP Doucette, GJ (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Marine Biotoxins Program, 219 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RI Doucette, Gregory/M-3283-2013 NR 19 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 5 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 1056-9014 J9 NAT TOXINS JI Nat. Toxins PY 1999 VL 7 IS 6 BP 393 EP 400 DI 10.1002/1522-7189(199911/12)7:6<393::AID-NT82>3.0.CO;2-C PG 8 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 385RL UT WOS:000166017400025 PM 11122535 ER PT J AU Fairey, ER Ramsdell, JS AF Fairey, ER Ramsdell, JS TI Reporter gene assays for algal-derived toxins SO NATURAL TOXINS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Advances in Detection Methods for Fungal and Algal Toxins CY JUN 17-19, 1999 CL MT DESERT ISL BIOL LAB, SALSBURY COVE, ME HO MT DESERT ISL BIOL LAB DE brevetoxin; ciguatoxin; saxitoxin; maitotoxin; Pfiesteria piscicida ID SENSITIVE SODIUM-CHANNELS; DOMOIC ACID; SHELLFISH POISON; CIGUATOXINS; BREVETOXINS; BRAIN; FOS; ACTIVATION; SAXITOXINS; EXPRESSION AB We have modified the cell-based directed cytotoxicity assay for sodium channel and calcium channel active phycotoxins using a c-fos-luciferase reporter gene construct. In this report we describe the conceptual basis to the development of reporter gene assays for algal-derived toxins and summarize both published and unpublished data using this method. N2A mouse neuroblastoma cells, which express voltage-dependent sodium channels, were stably transfected with the reporter gene c-fos-luc, which contains the firefly luciferase gene under the transcriptional regulation of the human c-fos response element. The characteristics of the N2A reporter gene assay were determined by dose response with brevetoxin and ciguatoxin. Brevetoxin-l and ciguatoxin-1 induced c-fos-luc with an EC(50) of 4.6 and 3.0 ng ml(-1), respectively. Saxitoxin caused a concentration-dependent inhibition of brevetoxin-1 induction of c-fos-luc with an EC(50) of 3.5 ng ml(-1). GH(4)C(1) rat pituitary cells, which lack voltage-dependent sodium channels hut express voltage-dependent calcium channels, were also stably transfected with the c-fos-luc. GH(4)C(1) cells expressing c-fos-luciferase were responsive to maitotoxin (1 ng ml(-1)) and a putative toxin produced by Pfiesteria piscicida. Although reporter gene assays are not designed to replace existing detection methods used to measure toxin activity in seafood, they do provide a valuable means to screen algal cultures for toxin activity, to conduct assay-guided fractionation and to characterize pharmacologic properties of algal toxins. Published in 1999 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Coastal Res Branch,Marine Biotoxins Program, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RP Ramsdell, JS (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Coastal Res Branch,Marine Biotoxins Program, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. NR 26 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 1056-9014 J9 NAT TOXINS JI Nat. Toxins PY 1999 VL 7 IS 6 BP 415 EP 421 DI 10.1002/1522-7189(199911/12)7:6<415::AID-NT81>3.0.CO;2-E PG 7 WC Toxicology SC Toxicology GA 385RL UT WOS:000166017400028 PM 11122538 ER PT S AU Mitchell, TB Bollinger, JJ Huang, XP Itano, WM Tan, JN Jelenkovic, BM Wineland, DJ AF Mitchell, TB Bollinger, JJ Huang, XP Itano, WM Tan, JN Jelenkovic, BM Wineland, DJ BE Bollinger, JJ Spencer, RL Davidson, RC TI Crystalline order in strongly coupled ion plasmas SO NON-NEUTRAL PLASMA PHYSICS III SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Non-Neutral Plasma Physics CY AUG 02-05, 1999 CL PRINCETON UNIV, PRINCETON, NJ SP USN, Off Res, US DOE, Princeton Plasma Phys Lab, Princeton Univ HO PRINCETON UNIV ID ONE-COMPONENT PLASMA; MONTE-CARLO CALCULATIONS; LASER-COOLED IONS; MELTING TRANSITION; PHASE-TRANSITIONS; PENNING TRAP; N-DEPENDENCE; STATE; THERMODYNAMICS; EQUILIBRIA AB Laser-cooled trapped ions can be strongly coupled and form crystalline states. This manuscript reviews experimental studies which measure the spatial correlations of Be(+) ion crystals formed in Penning traps. Both Bragg scattering of the cooling-laser light and spatial imaging of the laser-induced ion fluorescence are used to measure these correlations. In spherical plasmas with more than 2 x 10(5) ions, body-centered-cubic (bcc) crystals, the predicted bulk structure, are the only type of crystals observed. The orientation of the ion crystals can be phase-locked to a rotating electric-field perturbation. With this "rotating wall" technique and stroboscopic detection, images of individual ions in a Penning trap are obtained. The rotating wall technique also provides a precise control of the time-dilation shift due to the plasma rotation, which is important for Penning trap frequency standards. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Mitchell, TB (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 40 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-913-0 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1999 VL 498 BP 353 EP 366 PG 14 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA BP30A UT WOS:000084618900046 ER PT S AU Kulin, S Killian, TC Bergeson, SD Orozco, LA Orzel, C Rolston, SL AF Kulin, S Killian, TC Bergeson, SD Orozco, LA Orzel, C Rolston, SL BE Bollinger, JJ Spencer, RL Davidson, RC TI An ultracold neutral plasma SO NON-NEUTRAL PLASMA PHYSICS III SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Non-Neutral Plasma Physics CY AUG 02-05, 1999 CL PRINCETON UNIV, PRINCETON, NJ SP USN, Off Res, US DOE, Princeton Plasma Phys Lab, Princeton Univ HO PRINCETON UNIV ID METASTABLE XENON AB We present the first experiment to observe an ultracold neutral plasma. The plasma, which was created by photoionization of laser cooled atoms, has charge densities as high as 2 x 10(9) cm(-3) and the temperatures of electrons and ions are as low as 100 K and 10 mu K respectively. The plasma has a lifetime of about 100 mu s, much longer than predicted by recombination rates. When the laser that excites the atoms is tuned below the ionization limit we create a sample of very highly excited cold Rydberg atoms. At our highest densities and during a time of a few microseconds, in which the Rydberg atoms are essentially stationary, the ensemble evolves towards an unbound plasma-like state. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kulin, S (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/UMD/H-4494-2011; rolston, steven/L-5175-2013 OI rolston, steven/0000-0003-1671-4190 NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-913-0 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1999 VL 498 BP 367 EP 375 PG 9 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA BP30A UT WOS:000084618900047 ER PT S AU Hurley, DC Balzar, D Purtscher, PT AF Hurley, DC Balzar, D Purtscher, PT BE Green, RE TI Ultrasonic nonlinearity parameter in precipitate-hardened steels SO NONDESTRUCTIVE CHARACTERIZATION OF MATERIALS IX SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Symposium on Nondestructive Characterization of Materials CY JUN 28-JUL 02, 1999 CL SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA SP Amer Soc Nondestruct Testing, NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Natl Sci Fdn, USN, Off Res, USA, Res Off Far E, USAF, Asian Off Aerosp R&D, USN, Off Res Int Field Off Asia AB We have experimentally investigated a series of steel specimens containing copper-rich precipitates. The precipitate microstructure depended on the final aging treatment (time and temperature), which in turn affected the specimen hardness. We performed harmonic generation experiments to determine the nonlinearity ultrasonic parameter beta for each specimen and measured the ultrasonic longitudinal velocity and attenuation in separate experiments. beta was observed to increase as the hardness increased. In contrast, the longitudinal phase velocity in the same specimens varied only slightly and showed no consistent trend with hardness. Corrections for attenuation were large enough to affect the values of beta, but were approximately the same for all specimens. The average lattice strain epsilon in each sample was measured in x-ray diffraction line broadening experiments and increased with hardness. The subsequent correlation between beta and epsilon can be understood in terms of a model for harmonic generation by precipitate-pinned dislocations. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Hurley, DC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 12 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-911-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1999 VL 497 BP 413 EP 418 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA BP29Z UT WOS:000084618600062 ER PT S AU Alers, G Balzar, D Hurley, D Igarashi, B Fickett, F Kim, S Ledbetter, H Purtscher, P AF Alers, G Balzar, D Hurley, D Igarashi, B Fickett, F Kim, S Ledbetter, H Purtscher, P BE Green, RE TI Nondestructive detection of embrittlement by copper in steel SO NONDESTRUCTIVE CHARACTERIZATION OF MATERIALS IX SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Symposium on Nondestructive Characterization of Materials CY JUN 28-JUL 02, 1999 CL SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA SP Amer Soc Nondestruct Testing, NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Natl Sci Fdn, USN, Off Res, USA, Res Off Far E, USAF, Asian Off Aerosp R&D, USN, Off Res Int Field Off Asia AB Copper can be used as an alloying element to increase the strength and hardness of steel. However, it can also act as an embrittling agent under certain circumstances. In particular, the decrease in fracture toughness of reactor pressure vessels following long term exposure to neutrons has been blamed on the formation of very small copper rich precipitates (CRPs) in the iron lattice. In order to develop a nondestructive technique for detecting these CRPs and for predicting the onset of embrittlement, several ultrasonic and magnetic properties have been measured on a high strength, low alloy steel containing 1.1 mass % copper in which the CRPs could be formed by proper heat treatments. The particular properties measured were the longitudinal and shear wave velocities and their associated internal frictions as well as the acoustic nonlinearity parameter, beta. The magnetic properties were the coercive force, the saturation magnetization, a dynamic permeability, mu(t), and the magnetostrictive coefficient, lambda. Small angle neutron scattering studies confirmed that CRPs were formed during the heat treatments used and that their presence could be correlated with observed changes in hardness These hardness changes could then be correlated with some of the physical properties that were measured. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Alers, G (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-911-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 1999 VL 497 BP 419 EP 424 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA BP29Z UT WOS:000084618600063 ER PT S AU Dunkers, JP Zimba, CG Flynn, KM Hunston, DL Prasankumar, R Li, XD Fujimoto, JG AF Dunkers, JP Zimba, CG Flynn, KM Hunston, DL Prasankumar, R Li, XD Fujimoto, JG BE Baaklini, GY Lebowitz, CA Boltz, ES TI Characterization of composite microstructure and damage using optical coherence tomography SO NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION OF AGING MATERIALS AND COMPOSITES III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Nondestructive Evaluation of Aging Materials and Composites III CY MAR 03-05, 1999 CL NEWPORT BEACH, CA SP Soc Photo Opt Instrumentat Engineers, Soc Exptl Mech Inc, Amer Soc Nondestruct Testing, Japanese Soc Nondestruct Testing DE optical coherence tomography; composites; microstructure; damage ID ULTRASOUND; POLYMER AB Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-destructive and non-contact technique that images microstructure within scattering media. In this work, the versatility of OCT for non-destructive evaluation is demonstrated through imaging of composite microstructure and damage. Imaging of composite microstructure is demonstrated through tomographic reconstructions of an epoxy/unidirectional E-glass composite and an epoxy/0-90 degrees woven E-glass composite. Imaging of damage is shown by tomographic reconstruction of impact damage in a epoxy/unidirectional E-glass composite. The volumetric reconstruction of the composite is re-sliced along the thickness axis to reveal the propagation of cracks though the reinforcement layers. Advantages and limitations of OCT are discussed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Dunkers, JP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 17 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3055-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3585 BP 208 EP 218 DI 10.1117/12.339850 PG 11 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Optics SC Materials Science; Optics GA BM82E UT WOS:000079846400022 ER PT S AU Hoffman, M Roedel, J Skirl, S Zimmermann, A Fuller, E Mullejans, H AF Hoffman, M Roedel, J Skirl, S Zimmermann, A Fuller, E Mullejans, H BE Suzuki, H Komeya, K Uematsu, K TI Tailoring of an interpenetrating network ceramic metal microstructure to improve strength: Al2O3/Ni3Al and Al2O3/Al SO NOVEL SYNTHESIS AND PROCESSING OF CERAMICS SE KEY ENGINEERING MATERIALS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Novel Synthesis and Processing of Ceramics CY OCT 26-29, 1997 CL KURUME, JAPAN SP JSPS 124th Comm High Tempuratur Ceram Mat, Organizing Comm, Japan Soc Promot Sci, Ceram Soc Japan, Chem Soc Japan, Kyushu Bur Int Trade & Ind, Kyushu Natl Ind Res Ind, Fukuoka Prefecture, Saga Prefecture, Kurume City, Kurume Inst Technol, Kurume Chamber Commerce & Ind, Fdn Kyushu Ind Technol Ctr, Fukuoka Ind Sci & Technol Fdn, Technopolis Fdn Kurume Tosu, Kurume Res Park Co Ltd, Asahi Glass Fdn, Nippon Sheet Glass Fdn Mat Sci & Engn, Ishikawa Fdn Carbon Sci & Technol, Kurume Ind Technol Adv Fdn, Kurume City Tourism & Convent Bur, Kurume Int Exchange Assoc, Kyushu Fine Ceram Technoforum DE ceramic; alumina; composite; aluminium; nickel; aluminide; strength; toughness ID COMPOSITES AB Significantly improved mechanical properties may be obtained by producing ceramic matrix composites with an interpenetrating network microstructure. In this work a ceramic matrix with a metal toughening phase microstructure is presented. The material is processed by infiltrating a porous ceramic preform with molten metal. Significantly improved strength, relative to a pure ceramic, results, Specific examples of Al2O3/Al and Al2O3/Ni3Al will be shown. Due the vastly different thermal expansion coefficients of the ceramic and metal phases high residual stresses are formed during cooling following metal infiltration. In the case of an Al2O3/Al composite residual stresses of 100-250 MPa compression in the ceramic and 400-800 MPa tension in the metal will be presented which have been calculated and measured using neutron diffraction. The metal can withstand such high stresses due to the high mechanical constraint exerted on ligaments of <5 mu m diameter, which is significantly less than a grain diameter. The effect of varying metal ligament size and metal content is shown. Due to the low failure strain of the ceramic, relative to the metal, fracture originates at a microcrack in the ceramic, Compressive stresses in the ceramic phase, however, significantly hinder microcrack initiation and explain improvements in strength. It is shown that strength improvements are in excess of what may be explained in terms of a toughness increase consequent of the metal phase. Specific microstructural features, necessary for improvement of mechanical properties, will be outlined by comparing the AI and Ni3Al materials and also be considering different processing techniques. C1 Tech Univ Darmstadt, Dept Mat Sci, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany. Univ New S Wales, Sch Mat Sci & Engn, Sydney, NSW, Australia. NIST, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Max Planck Inst, Inst Met Res, Stuttgart, Germany. RP Hoffman, M (reprint author), Tech Univ Darmstadt, Dept Mat Sci, Petersenstr 30, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany. RI Hoffman, Mark/E-5021-2012 OI Hoffman, Mark/0000-0003-2927-1165 NR 11 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU TRANS TECH PUBLICATIONS PI CLAUSTHAL ZELLERFE PA EINERSBERGER BLICK 28, PO BOX 266, W-3392 CLAUSTHAL ZELLERFE, GERMANY SN 1013-9826 BN 0-87849-814-1 J9 KEY ENG MAT PY 1999 VL 159-1 BP 311 EP 318 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science GA BN11G UT WOS:000080750000047 ER PT J AU Dove, JB Wilms, J Nowak, MA Vaughan, BA Begelman, MC AF Dove, JB Wilms, J Nowak, MA Vaughan, BA Begelman, MC TI RXTE observation of Cygnus X-1: Spectral analysis SO NUCLEAR PHYSICS B-PROCEEDINGS SUPPLEMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on the Active X-ray Sky CY OCT 21-24, 1996 CL ROME, ITALY ID DISK CORONA MODELS; X-RAY; COMPACT OBJECTS AB We present the results of the analysis of the broad-band spectrum of Cygnus X-1 from 3.0 to 200 keV, using data from a 10 ksec observation by the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer. Although the spectrum can be well described phenomenologically by an exponentially cut-off power law (photon index Gamma = 1.45(-0.02)(+0.01), e-folding energy E-f = 162(-8)(+9) keV, plus a deviation from a power law that formally can be modeled as a thermal blackbody with temperature kT(BB) = 1.2(+0.0)(-0.1) keV), the inclusion of a reflection component does not improve the fit. As a physical description of this system, we apply the accretion disc corona (ADC0 models of Dove. Wilms Sr Begelman [1]. A slab-geometry ADC model is unable to describe the data. However, a spherical corona, with a total optical depth tau = 1.6 +/- 0.1 and an average temperature kT(C) = 87 +/- 5 keV, surrounded by an exterior cold disc, does provide a good description of the data (chi(red)(2) = 1.55). These models deviate from the data by up to 7% in the 5-10 keV range. However, considering how successfully the spherical corona reproduces the 10-200 keV data, such "photon-starved" coronal geometries seem very promising for explaining the accretion processes of Cygnus X-1. C1 Univ Wyoming, Dept Phys & Astron, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. Inst Astron & Astrophys, Abt Astron, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany. Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, NIST, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. CALTECH, Space Radiat Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Dove, JB (reprint author), Univ Wyoming, Dept Phys & Astron, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RI Wilms, Joern/C-8116-2013 OI Wilms, Joern/0000-0003-2065-5410 NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0920-5632 J9 NUCL PHYS B-PROC SUP JI Nucl. Phys. B-Proc. Suppl. PD JAN PY 1999 VL 69 IS 1-3 BP 308 EP 311 DI 10.1016/S0920-5632(98)00230-8 PG 4 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA 121WM UT WOS:000076038800058 ER PT B AU Van Woert, ML AF Van Woert, ML BE Spezie, G Manzella, GMR TI Wintertime expansion and contraction of the Terra Nova Bay polynya SO OCEANOGRAPHY OF THE ROSS SEA: ANTARACTICA LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on the Oceanography of the Ross Sea CY MAR, 1997 CL LERICI, ITALY ID SEA-ICE CONCENTRATION; SATELLITE PASSIVE MICROWAVE; COASTAL POLYNYAS; ROSS SEA; WATER; ANTARCTICA; BEHAVIOR; IMAGERY; LEADS; SSM/I AB A one-dimensional coastal polynya model, forced by data from a near-by automatic weather station, is used to examine wintertime ice concentration fluctuations in the Terra Nova Bay polynya. It has long been believed that the Terra Nova Bay polynya opens in response to strong offshore katabatic wind forcing. This study shows that not only is the sensible heat flux important in controlling fluctuations in polynya extent, but that the longwave heat fluxes is important also. Moreover, this study shows that wind forcing becomes important to the polynya dynamics as an amplification factor acting on the longwave flux term. Together these two terms can explain up to 40% of the observed variance in open water fraction. Some large-amplitude fluctuations in open water fraction at Terra Nova Bay were not well modeled in this study. These anomalies are believed to be related to large-scale changes in the Ross Sea pack ice, which are driven by strong winds blowing off the Ross Ice Shelf. Ice production rates were found to be comparable with historical estimates. To maintain a conversion of Warm Core Water or Low Salinity Shelf Water (S congruent to 34.5PSU) to High Salinity Shelf Water (S congruent to 34.8 PSU) consistent with the observed ice production rate, a transport of approximately I Sv is required at Terra Nova Bay. C1 NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Off Res & Applicat ERA3, Washington, DC 20233 USA. RP Van Woert, ML (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Off Res & Applicat ERA3, World Weather Bldg,Room 711,4700 Silver Hill Rd S, Washington, DC 20233 USA. NR 45 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG ITALIA PI MILAN PA MILAN, ITALY BN 88-470-0039-4 PY 1999 BP 145 EP 164 PG 20 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA BP59V UT WOS:000085615900010 ER PT J AU Smirnov, AV AF Smirnov, AV TI Radar observations of ship-induced instabilities in the ocean-atmosphere system SO OCEANOLOGICA ACTA LA English DT Article DE radar images; polarization; ship track; atmospheric vorticity; thermal plume ID FIRES AB Both natural and artificial (ship-induced) features of atmospheric motions can be seen in ocean radar imagery. Observations of a surface wake extending downstream from the atmospheric vortices in a thermal ship plume are described. To demonstrate the usefulness of radar systems in observing the ocean surface, we studied the behavior of hot ship exhaust, using a 2.25-cm-wavelength airborne radar. The ship-induced feature in the polarimetric radar images was observed in the ocean surface cold environment with moderate horizontal ambient winds. The smoke-like feature appears only in the vertically-polarized images, and not in the horizontally-polarized images. (C) Elsevier, Paris / Ifremer/ Cnrs / Ird. C1 Univ Colorado, NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Smirnov, AV (reprint author), Univ Colorado, NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU GAUTHIER-VILLARS/EDITIONS ELSEVIER PI PARIS PA 23 RUE LINOIS, 75015 PARIS, FRANCE SN 0399-1784 J9 OCEANOL ACTA JI Oceanol. Acta PD JAN-FEB PY 1999 VL 22 IS 1 BP 45 EP 50 DI 10.1016/S0399-1784(99)80031-0 PG 6 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 175KW UT WOS:000079093400004 ER PT B AU Fields, EJ Lillestolen, TI Dunlop, D Mauro, CV AF Fields, EJ Lillestolen, TI Dunlop, D Mauro, CV GP MTS MTS TI Independent study of NOS hydrographic survey data acquisition SO OCEANS '99 MTS/IEEE : RIDING THE CREST INTO THE 21ST CENTURY, VOLS 1-3 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MTS/IEEE Conference on Riding the Crest Into the 21st Century (OCEANS 99) CY SEP 13-16, 1999 CL SEATTLE, WA SP Marine Technol Soc, Ocean Engn Soc, Inst Elect & Electr Engn AB This paper describes an independent study of hydrographic survey data acquisition conducted for the National Ocean Service (NOS). The events precipitating the study are discussed, and the contract and reporting structures that ensured objectivity and independence are related. The approach to the study included early involvement by all identified stakeholders. Extensive site visits contributed to the real-world understanding necessary to make the study report useful, widely accepted, and implementable. Conclusions and recommendations are described. Finally, study impacts and follow-on actions being taken by NOS are related. Over the last several years, NOS hydrographic surveying activities have been performed in an environment of declining real dollar budgets, aging vessels, increasing survey backlogs, Inspector General scrutiny, and rapidly evolving technology. About a decade ago, commercial hydrographic survey firms began to look for opportunities to diversify their business bases. One of the opportunities identified was the hydrographic survey needs of the federal government. While substantial surveying activity was underway in the federal government, there was little use of commercial firms by NOS. FY1998 Congressional Appropriations Committee language directed NOS to develop and submit a report describing its long-term plans for satisfying hydrographic survey needs, NOS commissioned the independent study presented in this paper to assist in its response to Congress, and to provide a roadmap for developing plans for future NOS hydrographic programs. Goals of the independent study were: 1) Assessment of relevant factors required for decisions regarding the operational use or possible decommissioning of the three existing government ships supporting NOS hydrographic surveying. 2) Identification, evaluation, and recommendation of methods for maintaining government core capabilities necessary to fulfill oversight, quality assurance, and other inherently government responsibilities in an environment where:at least 50% of survey needs are satisfied through contracting with the private sector. 3) Examination of opportunities for technology transfer, collaboration, certification and training programs, and other ways that NOS can act as catalyst for improving hydrography. C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. RP Fields, EJ (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-24-6 PY 1999 BP 157 EP 168 PG 4 WC Engineering, Marine; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA BP25F UT WOS:000084482300024 ER PT B AU Barazotto, R AF Barazotto, R GP MTS MTS TI The status and future of real-time tide and current data systems for United States ports SO OCEANS '99 MTS/IEEE : RIDING THE CREST INTO THE 21ST CENTURY, VOLS 1-3 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MTS/IEEE Conference on Riding the Crest Into the 21st Century (OCEANS 99) CY SEP 13-16, 1999 CL SEATTLE, WA SP Marine Technol Soc, Ocean Engn Soc, Inst Elect & Electr Engn C1 Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Operat Oceanog Predict Syst, Silver Spring, MD USA. RP Barazotto, R (reprint author), Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Operat Oceanog Predict Syst, Silver Spring, MD USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-24-6 PY 1999 BP 169 EP 175 PG 3 WC Engineering, Marine; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA BP25F UT WOS:000084482300025 ER PT B AU Foster, N MacFarland, DB AF Foster, N MacFarland, DB GP MTS MTS TI Private sector opportunities in National Ocean Service hydrographic surveying SO OCEANS '99 MTS/IEEE : RIDING THE CREST INTO THE 21ST CENTURY, VOLS 1-3 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MTS/IEEE Conference on Riding the Crest Into the 21st Century (OCEANS 99) CY SEP 13-16, 1999 CL SEATTLE, WA SP Marine Technol Soc, Ocean Engn Soc, Inst Elect & Electr Engn AB NOAA's National Ocean Service (NOS) has a successful history of obtaining commercial assistance to support its nautical charting program. In recent years, this activity has increased dramatically, particularly in the use of contracts to acquire hydrographic survey data. The increased involvement of the private sector has resulted from a heightened awareness of inadequate surveys in U.S. waters and a corresponding downsizing of the Federal government. In the mid-1990's, 43,000 square miles were identified as being in critical need of updated depth information. At the same time, five NOAA-owned survey vessels were being deactivated. Congress acknowledged the need to address the critical area survey backlog and began providing increases in funding, all of which was earmarked for surveying and ship services from the private sector. As a result, funding for contract hydrographic surveys increased from only 2% of the total amount appropriated for the NOS survey program in FY 97 to more than 50% in FY 99. This paper describes NOS' on-going, multi-year initiatives to further increase the use of private sector firms in acquiring hydrographic survey data and to establish and sustain a quality contractor base. At the same time, NOS will retain an in-house surveying capability to maintain its ability to assure the quality of hydrographic survey data and to continue to support contractors through technology transfer and training. C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. RP Foster, N (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Rockville, MD 20852 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-24-6 PY 1999 BP 176 EP 179 PG 2 WC Engineering, Marine; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA BP25F UT WOS:000084482300026 ER PT B AU Helton, D AF Helton, D GP MTS MTS TI Strengthening the response/restoration linkage - Lessons learned from recent oil spills SO OCEANS '99 MTS/IEEE : RIDING THE CREST INTO THE 21ST CENTURY, VOLS 1-3 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MTS/IEEE Conference on Riding the Crest Into the 21st Century (OCEANS 99) CY SEP 13-16, 1999 CL SEATTLE, WA SP Marine Technol Soc, Ocean Engn Soc, Inst Elect & Electr Engn AB Although both spill responders and natural resource trustees share common goals, spill response in the United States is often a disjointed process. Spill responders focus on containment and cleanup of the spilled oil, while trustees focus on documenting the impacts and developing a damage claim to fund restoration projects. Both steps in the process are necessary, but lack of coordination may result in a less than optimal mix of response and restoration actions. Efforts to remove oil from a shoreline, or to capture and rehabilitate oiled wildlife may be conducted with good intentions, but may themselves cause further harm to the environment. Liability limits set by OPA may exacerbate the problem since Responsible Parties may exceed their financial obligations during the response phase of the spill, leaving no funds for later restoration actions. At some point in the process, it makes sense to curtail the response and shift the effort to restoration. This paper illustrates some of the problems with the status quo and argues that responders and trustees need to work together towards the goal of restoration using a combination of response and restoration tools. Expanding the use of the existing emergency restoration provisions under the Oil Pollution Act regulations may be a simple avenue to increase the effectiveness of both response and restoration actions. C1 Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Off Response & Restorat, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Helton, D (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Off Response & Restorat, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-24-6 PY 1999 BP 410 EP 413 PG 2 WC Engineering, Marine; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA BP25F UT WOS:000084482300064 ER PT B AU Michelena, E Timko, R Scally, D AF Michelena, E Timko, R Scally, D GP MTS MTS TI Measurement of precipitation at sea by NDBC moored buoys SO OCEANS '99 MTS/IEEE : RIDING THE CREST INTO THE 21ST CENTURY, VOLS 1-3 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MTS/IEEE Conference on Riding the Crest Into the 21st Century (OCEANS 99) CY SEP 13-16, 1999 CL SEATTLE, WA SP Marine Technol Soc, Ocean Engn Soc, Inst Elect & Electr Engn C1 NOAA, Natl Data Buoy Ctr, Stenn Space Ctr, MS USA. RP Michelena, E (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Data Buoy Ctr, Stenn Space Ctr, MS USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-24-6 PY 1999 BP 417 EP 418 PG 2 WC Engineering, Marine; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA BP25F UT WOS:000084482300066 ER PT B AU Kohler, CA Teng, CC AF Kohler, CA Teng, CC GP MTS MTS TI Field evaluation of the meteorological and oceanographic articulating platform SO OCEANS '99 MTS/IEEE : RIDING THE CREST INTO THE 21ST CENTURY, VOLS 1-3 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MTS/IEEE Conference on Riding the Crest Into the 21st Century (OCEANS 99) CY SEP 13-16, 1999 CL SEATTLE, WA SP Marine Technol Soc, Ocean Engn Soc, Inst Elect & Electr Engn AB The National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) recently developed and designed a Meteorological and Oceanographic Articulating Platform (MOAP) to collect meteorological and oceanographic data in the coastal environment. The platform design and features were presented at the MTS Ocean Community Conference '98 (Kohler and Teng, 1998). A field evaluation was conducted on the MOAP to evaluate its performance and determine its suitability as an NDBC coastal data collection platform. This paper presents the results of analysis and evaluation of the MOAP performance under normal operating and extreme conditions. Some visual observations and experience encountered during the deployment and field evaluation are also discussed. C1 Natl Data Buoy Ctr, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. RP Kohler, CA (reprint author), Natl Data Buoy Ctr, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-24-6 PY 1999 BP 427 EP 433 PG 3 WC Engineering, Marine; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA BP25F UT WOS:000084482300068 ER PT B AU Barazotto, R Aikman, F Breaker, L Klein, F Walstad, L AF Barazotto, R Aikman, F Breaker, L Klein, F Walstad, L GP MTS MTS TI The coastal marine demonstration of forecast information to mariners off the US east coast: A status report SO OCEANS '99 MTS/IEEE : RIDING THE CREST INTO THE 21ST CENTURY, VOLS 1-3 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MTS/IEEE Conference on Riding the Crest Into the 21st Century (OCEANS 99) CY SEP 13-16, 1999 CL SEATTLE, WA SP Marine Technol Soc, Ocean Engn Soc, Inst Elect & Electr Engn C1 Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Operat Oceanog Prod & Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Klein, F (reprint author), Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Operat Oceanog Prod & Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-24-6 PY 1999 BP 620 EP 623 PG 4 WC Engineering, Marine; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA BP25F UT WOS:000084482300095 ER PT B AU Lessing, P Henderson, D Edwards, B AF Lessing, P Henderson, D Edwards, B GP MTS MTS TI Architecture and development of an environmental acquisition and reporting system SO OCEANS '99 MTS/IEEE : RIDING THE CREST INTO THE 21ST CENTURY, VOLS 1-3 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MTS/IEEE Conference on Riding the Crest Into the 21st Century (OCEANS 99) CY SEP 13-16, 1999 CL SEATTLE, WA SP Marine Technol Soc, Ocean Engn Soc, Inst Elect & Electr Engn AB The National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) is responsible for providing coastal and offshore meteorological measurements to the National Weather Service (NWS) for use in weather and flood forecasts and warnings. These measurements are collected using automated meteorological data acquisition systems powered by batteries and solar power. Current systems rely on 8/16-bit microprocessor technology of 1993 and earlier vintage having relatively high power consumption. This paper describes the development and architecture of a new generation replacement meteorological data acquisition system control unit, which is based on a very low power consumption, single-board computer employing a 16/32-bit microprocessor. The replacement control unit is intended to operate with meteorological sensors that meet current NWS measurement requirements. It also provides expansion capability for interface to newer, smart meteorological sensors employing serial data communications currently under evaluation. The system provides real-time, self-timed data transmissions of meteorological observations through the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) at higher data transmission rates planned for operational implementation. The new generation system continually monitors all environmental sensors and can be upgraded to allow transmissions of special observations when specific environmental conditions occur. C1 Natl Data Buoy Ctr, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. RP Lessing, P (reprint author), Natl Data Buoy Ctr, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-24-6 PY 1999 BP 785 EP 788 PG 2 WC Engineering, Marine; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA BP25F UT WOS:000084482300120 ER PT B AU Ladanza, NE Chapman, D Penn, T AF Ladanza, NE Chapman, D Penn, T GP MTS MTS TI Blackbird mine natural resource damage assessment SO OCEANS '99 MTS/IEEE : RIDING THE CREST INTO THE 21ST CENTURY, VOLS 1-3 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MTS/IEEE Conference on Riding the Crest Into the 21st Century (OCEANS 99) CY SEP 13-16, 1999 CL SEATTLE, WA SP Marine Technol Soc, Ocean Engn Soc, Inst Elect & Electr Engn AB Blackbird Mine is an inactive mine site in Idaho. Mining, primarily of copper and cobalt, began in the 1890s and continued intermittently until the late 1960s. Panther Creek historically supported substantial numbers of chinook salmon and steelhead but contamination of the creek with high levels of copper and other hazardous materials eliminated the fish by the early 1960s. In 1993, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) joined other Natural Resource Trustees in a damage assessment that led to an eventual settlement with the Responsible Parties. The settlement focuses on restoration of naturally spawning spring/summer chinook salmon. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Ladanza, NE (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-24-6 PY 1999 BP 827 EP 832 PG 4 WC Engineering, Marine; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA BP25F UT WOS:000084482300127 ER PT B AU Walker, SH Walters, HD AF Walker, SH Walters, HD GP MTS MTS TI Identification of World Wide Web educational materials in conjunction with the National Sea Grant College programs HazNet effort SO OCEANS '99 MTS/IEEE : RIDING THE CREST INTO THE 21ST CENTURY, VOLS 1-3 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MTS/IEEE Conference on Riding the Crest Into the 21st Century (OCEANS 99) CY SEP 13-16, 1999 CL SEATTLE, WA SP Marine Technol Soc, Ocean Engn Soc, Inst Elect & Electr Engn AB In 1997, the Southeast and Gulf state's Sea Grant programs implemented the Sea Grant HazNet program with funding from the National Sea Grant College Program and local Sea Grant programs and affiliated institutions. This effort was undertaken realizing that research, education, and outreach programs were needed to assist states in enhancing and empowering a citizenry who is capable of employing the most effective means to reduce loss of life and to mitigate the economic impacts of various coastal hazards. This effort is currently in its second year of funding, with the following infrastructure components either in place or in the process of being implemented: design and produce a HazNet Website; assess hazards research needs; establish a listserver with members of industry, and government offices and other interested users; and plan and develop educational programs for the general public and precollege students and their teachers. The long-term success of this effort can be measured by: increased communications; the adoption and effective use of hazard mitigation measures throughout the private and public domains; the establishment of a coherent plan to guide future hazards research; the development and/or revision and complementary infusion of coastal hazards activities by precollege classroom teachers; and enhanced programs relative to coastal hazards to increase public awareness. Lastly, this study has the potential to serve as a national model for natural hazards and it should also result in a reduction in the potential catastrophic effects of natural hazards by having a more knowledgeable populace. The research presented in this report will summarize efforts to utilize the educational capacity and potential of the World Wide Web through the transfer of educational materials and lesson plans for classroom teachers. Under the umbrella of the Sea Grant HazNet program, researchers identified and organized materials available at a variety of URLs on the World Wide Web and have made them available at the national HazNet Web site. C1 NOAA, Sea Grant Coll Program, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Walker, SH (reprint author), NOAA, Sea Grant Coll Program, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-24-6 PY 1999 BP 1158 EP 1164 PG 5 WC Engineering, Marine; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA BP25F UT WOS:000084482300182 ER PT B AU Barker, CH AF Barker, CH GP MTS MTS TI The NOAA Trajectory Analysis Planner: TAP 11 SO OCEANS '99 MTS/IEEE : RIDING THE CREST INTO THE 21ST CENTURY, VOLS 1-3 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MTS/IEEE Conference on Riding the Crest Into the 21st Century (OCEANS 99) CY SEP 13-16, 1999 CL SEATTLE, WA SP Marine Technol Soc, Ocean Engn Soc, Inst Elect & Electr Engn AB Trajectory Analysis Planner (TAP 11) is a computer-based tool designed to investigate the probabilities that spilled oil will move and spread in particular ways within a particular area, such as a large bay or inlet with substantial ship traffic. By graphically presenting the results of thousands of oil-spill trajectory simulations, TAP 11 helps emergency planners understand and anticipate many possible outcomes when developing local-area contingency plans for oil spill response. TAP 11 assists in the following planning tasks: assessing potential threats from possible spill sites to a given sensitive location determining which shoreline areas are likely to be threatened by a spill originating from a given location calculating the probability that a certain amount of oil will reach a given site within a given time-period estimating the levels of impact on a given resource from a spill analyzing shortfalls in response personnel and equipment. C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Off Response & Restorat, Harardous Mat Response Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Barker, CH (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Off Response & Restorat, Harardous Mat Response Div, 7600 Sant Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-24-6 PY 1999 BP 1256 EP 1261 PG 2 WC Engineering, Marine; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA BP25F UT WOS:000084482300199 ER PT B AU Beegle-Krause, CJ AF Beegle-Krause, CJ GP MTS MTS TI GNOME: NOAA's next-generation spill trajectory model SO OCEANS '99 MTS/IEEE : RIDING THE CREST INTO THE 21ST CENTURY, VOLS 1-3 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MTS/IEEE Conference on Riding the Crest Into the 21st Century (OCEANS 99) CY SEP 13-16, 1999 CL SEATTLE, WA SP Marine Technol Soc, Ocean Engn Soc, Inst Elect & Electr Engn AB The General NOAA Oil Modeling Environment (GNOME) is a new tool developed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) for oil-spill response. GNOME generates spill scenarios that support the NOAA standard for trajectory output by providing both "Best Guess" and "Minimum Regret" solutions. GNOME also serves as a tool for novice users, from high school on up, to learn more about oil-spill trajectories and actually run them. The GNOME model, regional location files, documentation, and training materials are available on the internet at http://response.restoration.noaa.gov/software/gnome/gnome.html. Training courses are also offered by NOAA HAZMAT. Research is underway on how to effectively use nowcast/forecast models as sources of ocean current fields for the trajectory model. Questions of data size, time-step interpolation, and relevant physics are being investigated to use these models as data fields in GNOME. C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Off Response & Restorat N ORR1, Hazardous Mat Response Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Beegle-Krause, CJ (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Off Response & Restorat N ORR1, Hazardous Mat Response Div, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 6 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-24-6 PY 1999 BP 1262 EP 1266 PG 3 WC Engineering, Marine; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA BP25F UT WOS:000084482300200 ER PT B AU Tuell, GH Lucas, JR Graham, DB AF Tuell, GH Lucas, JR Graham, DB GP MTS MTS TI An accuracy assessment of shoreline data for Castle Bay Alaska compiled from Synthetic Aperture Radar SO OCEANS '99 MTS/IEEE : RIDING THE CREST INTO THE 21ST CENTURY, VOLS 1-3 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MTS/IEEE Conference on Riding the Crest Into the 21st Century (OCEANS 99) CY SEP 13-16, 1999 CL SEATTLE, WA SP Marine Technol Soc, Ocean Engn Soc, Inst Elect & Electr Engn AB It is widely recognized that Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) technology holds great promise for shoreline mapping applications. Because SAR offers flexibility over weather and time of day restrictions, it may be especially valuable when mapping remote areas such as southwest Alaska. We have mapped a five nautical mile stretch of the coast of Castle Bay Alaska using both 1-meter airborne SAR and RADARSAT fine mode imagery. We have compared the resulting shoreline manuscripts with shoreline data produced using our conventional photogrammetric process. Although the different data sets are separated temporally by several months, and tidal differences exist, the resulting comparisons yield an opportunity to quantify the performance of SAR for this application. As part of our work, we have developed a semi-automated approach to remove positional biases from SAR imagery, and we use the residual vector from this approach as a metric for evaluating accuracy. We present results to date in the analysis of RADARSAT data. C1 NOAA, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Tuell, GH (reprint author), NOAA, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-24-6 PY 1999 BP 1325 EP 1332 PG 4 WC Engineering, Marine; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA BP25F UT WOS:000084482300212 ER PT B AU Barnea, N AF Barnea, N GP MTS MTS TI Use of in-situ burning as part of the oil spill response toolbox SO OCEANS '99 MTS/IEEE : RIDING THE CREST INTO THE 21ST CENTURY, VOLS 1-3 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MTS/IEEE Conference on Riding the Crest Into the 21st Century (OCEANS 99) CY SEP 13-16, 1999 CL SEATTLE, WA SP Marine Technol Soc, Ocean Engn Soc, Inst Elect & Electr Engn AB In-situ burning of spilled oil has some distinct advantages as a response option. Throughout the United States over the last decade, research, field tests, and development of guidelines have advanced the understanding and use of in-situ burning. The lessons learned from past spill incidents about the effectiveness of in-situ burning can facilitate its consideration at future spills. To that end, I describe four case studies of in-situ burning, each representing a different scenario: on the open sea, in a river, in a wetland, and inside a stranded vessel. Although the circumstances of these burns differ, it is evident that in-situ burning can effectively remove spilled oil from the environment. In-situ burning is not suitable for all spill situations, and there are issues that need to be resolved. C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Off Response & Restorat NORRX1, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Barnea, N (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Off Response & Restorat NORRX1, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-24-6 PY 1999 BP 1457 EP 1462 PG 4 WC Engineering, Marine; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA BP25F UT WOS:000084482300233 ER PT B AU Mearns, AJ Benggio, B Waite, TD AF Mearns, AJ Benggio, B Waite, TD GP MTS MTS TI Ballast water treatment during emergency response: The case of the M/T Igloo Moon SO OCEANS '99 MTS/IEEE : RIDING THE CREST INTO THE 21ST CENTURY, VOLS 1-3 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MTS/IEEE Conference on Riding the Crest Into the 21st Century (OCEANS 99) CY SEP 13-16, 1999 CL SEATTLE, WA SP Marine Technol Soc, Ocean Engn Soc, Inst Elect & Electr Engn AB This paper describes an emergency ballast-water response incident aboard a liquid petroleum gas tanker stranded on a coral reef near Miami, Florida in November 1996. Ballast water from the stricken tanker had to be offloaded in order to move the ship off the reef. Because of the origins of the ballast water and the vessel's proximity to the sensitive environment of Biscayne Bay National Park, concerns were raised over the potential risk of introducing non-indigenous biota via the ballast water that could harm the reefs natural biota. Twelve days after the stranding, 1.1 million gals. (4.3 million L) of water in the ballast tanks were treated with a biocide, calcium hypochlorite, Ca(OCl)(2), at dosages of 50 or 100 ppm chlorine. The treated ballast water was then discharged overboard, after which assisting vessels safely towed the stricken freighter off the reef without incident or spillage (other than the discharge of the chlorinated ballast water). The primary considerations that led to the deck, sion to treat the ballast water were confounded by many explicit and implicit uncertainties about the actual presence or absence of non-indigenous species, the holding times and sources of water in each tank, and minimum effective treatment levels. Had there been more accurate shipboard records of the vessel's ballast-waier exchanges thoughout its voyage, these response actions may not have been necessary. Thus, to expedite emergency ballastwater responses in the future, vessel owners need to maintain and provide accurate ballast-water records. Other lessons learned from this experience include the need for trustee-acceptable sampling and monitoring strategies before and during treatment, accurate data on biocide effectiveness (including required concentrations and contact times), and the recommendation that ships avoid taking on ballast water over foreign reefs. C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Off Response & Restorat, Hazardous Mat Response Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Mearns, AJ (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Off Response & Restorat, Hazardous Mat Response Div, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-24-6 PY 1999 BP 1463 EP 1468 PG 4 WC Engineering, Marine; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA BP25F UT WOS:000084482300234 ER PT B AU Mearns, AJ AF Mearns, AJ GP MTS MTS TI Resolving Alaska and West Coast oil dispersant issues SO OCEANS '99 MTS/IEEE : RIDING THE CREST INTO THE 21ST CENTURY, VOLS 1-3 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MTS/IEEE Conference on Riding the Crest Into the 21st Century (OCEANS 99) CY SEP 13-16, 1999 CL SEATTLE, WA SP Marine Technol Soc, Ocean Engn Soc, Inst Elect & Electr Engn AB Agencies and spill responders are currently deliberating about the efficacy of pre-approving the use of dispersants to treat oil slicks in nearshore and shallow waters of the U.S. West Coast and Alaska. The decisions rest on understanding the effectiveness of dispersant operations, the long-term fate and effects of dispersed oil, and the effects of oil slicks and shoreline oiling on critical fisheries and marine species. Processes and knowledge leading to this critical decision point are briefly reviewed. C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Hazardous Mat Assessment Div, Off Response & Restorat, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Mearns, AJ (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Hazardous Mat Assessment Div, Off Response & Restorat, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-24-6 PY 1999 BP 1469 EP 1473 PG 5 WC Engineering, Marine; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA BP25F UT WOS:000084482300235 ER PT B AU Gonzalez, FI Bernard, EN Milburn, HB Titov, VV Mofjeld, HO Eble, MC Newman, JC Kamphaus, RA Hadden, CL AF Gonzalez, FI Bernard, EN Milburn, HB Titov, VV Mofjeld, HO Eble, MC Newman, JC Kamphaus, RA Hadden, CL GP MTS MTS TI An integrated approach to improving tsunami warning and mitigation SO OCEANS '99 MTS/IEEE : RIDING THE CREST INTO THE 21ST CENTURY, VOLS 1-3 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MTS/IEEE Conference on Riding the Crest Into the 21st Century (OCEANS 99) CY SEP 13-16, 1999 CL SEATTLE, WA SP Marine Technol Soc, Ocean Engn Soc, Inst Elect & Electr Engn C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Gonzalez, FI (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way Ne, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RI Newman, Jean/K-6638-2015 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1828 L ST NW,SUITE 906, WASHINGTON, DC 20035 USA BN 0-933957-24-6 PY 1999 BP 1514 EP 1514 PG 1 WC Engineering, Marine; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA BP25F UT WOS:000084482300246 ER PT S AU Rochford, KB Dyer, SD AF Rochford, KB Dyer, SD BE Kim, BY Hotate, K TI Dense wavelength-division demultiplexing of interferometrically interrogated fiber Bragg grating sensors SO OFS-13: 13TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON OPTICAL FIBER SENSORS & WORKSHOP ON DEVICE AND SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY TOWARD FUTURE OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATION AND SENSING SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 13th International Conference on Optical Fiber Sensors and Workshop on Device and System Technology Toward Future Optical Fiber Communication and Sensing CY APR 12-16, 1999 CL KYONGJU, SOUTH KOREA SP SPIE, Opt Soc Korea, IEICE Electr Soc, Japan, Inst Electr Engineers Korea, Korea Inst Commun Sci, Korea Inst Elect Engineers, Korean Sensors Soc, Japan Soc Appl Phys, Inst Elect Engineers Japan, Soc Instrument & Control Engineers, Japan, Opt Soc Amer, IEEE Lasers & Electro Opt Soc AB We report accurate demultiplexing of fiber Bragg grating sensors with reflection wavelengths separated by less than 2 nm using a method based on Hilbert transforms of interferograms. Demultiplexing of three gratings with less than 4 pm crosstalk and repeatability, and 19 pm uncertainty was demonstrated. We anticipate that a large number of gratings can be multiplexed with a single broadband source and a single receiving interferometer, provided that the interferogram is sampled with accurate intervals close to the Nyquist rate. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Optoelect Div 815, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Rochford, KB (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Optoelect Div 815, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3228-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3746 BP 149 EP 152 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Telecommunications GA BN81U UT WOS:000083083000030 ER PT S AU Rose, AH Etzel, SM Rochford, KB AF Rose, AH Etzel, SM Rochford, KB BE Kim, BY Hotate, K TI Electro-optic Kerr effects in optical fiber current sensors SO OFS-13: 13TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON OPTICAL FIBER SENSORS & WORKSHOP ON DEVICE AND SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY TOWARD FUTURE OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATION AND SENSING SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 13th International Conference on Optical Fiber Sensors and Workshop on Device and System Technology Toward Future Optical Fiber Communication and Sensing CY APR 12-16, 1999 CL KYONGJU, SOUTH KOREA SP SPIE, Opt Soc Korea, IEICE Electr Soc, Japan, Inst Electr Engineers Korea, Korea Inst Commun Sci, Korea Inst Elect Engineers, Korean Sensors Soc, Japan Soc Appl Phys, Inst Elect Engineers Japan, Soc Instrument & Control Engineers, Japan, Opt Soc Amer, IEEE Lasers & Electro Opt Soc ID GAS-INSULATED SWITCHGEAR; FIELD-TEST; VOLTAGE AB We discuss the influence of the electro-optic Kerr effect on optical fiber current sensors in a simulated Gas Insulated System environment. We also show that current, voltage, and phase can be measured using one transducer. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Rose, AH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 815-03,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3228-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3746 BP 354 EP 357 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Telecommunications GA BN81U UT WOS:000083083000079 ER PT B AU Winfree, RA AF Winfree, RA BE Harmon, D TI Adaptive management on the Colorado River in Grand Canyon: Lessons and challenges SO ON THE FRONTIERS OF CONSERVATION: PROCEEDINGS OF THE TENTH CONFERENCE ON RESEARCH AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN PARKS AND ON PUBLIC LANDS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th Conference on Research and Resource Management in Parks and on Public Lands/George-Wright-Society Biennial Conference CY MAR 22-26, 1999 CL ASHEVILLE, NC SP George Wright Soc, US Natl Pk Serv, US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div C1 RMRC, SWFSC, Grand Canyon Natl Pk, Flagstaff, AZ 86001 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU GEORGE WRIGHT SOCIETY, INC. PI HANCOCK PA PO BOX 65, HANCOCK, MI 49930-0065 USA PY 1999 BP 386 EP 390 PG 5 WC Environmental Studies; Public Administration SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public Administration GA BP35H UT WOS:000084811100069 ER PT S AU Peters, PM Houde-Walter, SN AF Peters, PM Houde-Walter, SN BE Digonnet, MJF TI New rare earth hosts: OH in laser glasses SO OPTICAL DEVICES FOR FIBER COMMUNICATION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Devices for Fiber Communication CY SEP 20-21, 1999 CL BOSTON, MA SP SPIE DE laser glass; rare-earth; fluorescence lifetime; concentration quenching; OH quenching; energy transfer; hydrated glass; hydroxyl; OH; waveguide laser; micro-chip laser ID SILICA GLASS; ERBIUM; FIBERS; ND3+; IONS AB Furnace-melt, multi-component glasses are used to produce dense gain media for waveguide and micro-chip lasers. The compositional flexibility is often accompanied by elevated water contents, which can, lead to hydroxyl (OH) quenching. OH quenching can significantly shorten excited state lifetimes, even at low pump powers. It therefore becomes important to know and control the OH content of laser grasses. Whilst st simple relation between infrared vibration spectra and OH contents exists for vitreous silica, we show that this relation does not apply to multicomponent glasses. Instead, we present a self-consistent calculation to determine an order-of-magnitude estimate of the number of quenched rare-earth (RE) ions in multi-component glasses. Infra-red absorption spectra and fluorescence lifetimes are required. This method gives an accurate prediction of quench-shortened fluorescent lifetimes in a wide variety of host glasses. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Optoelect, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Houde-Walter, SN (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Optoelect, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 28 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 7 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3440-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3847 BP 168 EP 179 DI 10.1117/12.371260 PG 12 WC Optics; Physics, Applied; Telecommunications SC Optics; Physics; Telecommunications GA BP34B UT WOS:000084757300022 ER PT S AU Burnett, JH Gupta, R Griesmann, U Jou, TE AF Burnett, JH Gupta, R Griesmann, U Jou, TE BE VanDenHove, L TI Index of refraction and its temperature dependence of calcium fluoride near 157 nm SO OPTICAL MICROLITHOGRAPHY XII, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Microlithography XII CY MAR 17-19, 1999 CL SANTA CLARA, CA SP SPIE, Semiconductor Equipment & Mat Int DE index of refraction; refractive index; calcium fluoride; CaF2; 157 mm AB We have made accurate measurements near 157 nm of the relative index of refraction, its dispersion. and its temperature dependence for two grades of calcium fluoride in N-2 gas. Accurate measurements of these quantities are needed for the design of lens systems for 157 nm F-2 excimer-laser-based exposure tools for photolithography, These optical properties were measured with precision goniometers on prisms of the materials in a N-2, atmosphere using the minimum deviation method. The dispersion was determined using line emission radiation from a deuterium lamp at several wavelengths near 157 nm. Values of the relative refractive index for two grades of calcium fluoride in N-2 gas corrected to a temperature of 20 degrees C and a pressure of one standard atmosphere are well within our 7 ppm estimated uncertainty for the measurements. The temperature of the samples and the surrounding medium were controlled to 0.05 degrees C, which enabled accurate measurements of the temperature dependencies of the indices around room temperature near 157 nm. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Burnett, JH (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 10 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3153-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3679 BP 1146 EP 1152 DI 10.1117/12.354324 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BN59E UT WOS:000082320200112 ER PT S AU Watson, CI Grother, PJ Paek, EG Wilson, CL AF Watson, CI Grother, PJ Paek, EG Wilson, CL BE Casasent, DP Chao, TH TI Composite filter for Vanderlugt correlator SO OPTICAL PATTERN RECOGNITION X SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Pattern Recognition X CY APR 07-08, 1999 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE - Int Soc Opt Engn DE fingerprint; optical correlation; Vanderlugt correlator; spatial light modulator; composite matched spatial filter ID FINGERPRINT IDENTIFICATION AB This paper examines the use of composite: filters for improving the effectiveness of a Vanderlugt correlator when used for fingerprint identification. A digital simulation, which accounts far noise sources in the optical setup, is used to design and test composite marched spatial filters. Results are presented for a real time video image database containing 10 seconds of video from 200 fingers. Using the composite matched spatial filter the Vanderlugt correlator is getting 70% correct identifications with no false positives. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stop 8940, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM cwatson@nist.gov NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3189-3 J9 PROC SPIE PY 1999 VL 3715 BP 53 EP 59 DI 10.1117/12.341325 PG 7 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Optics SC Computer Science; Optics GA BM94Q UT WOS:000080212700005 ER PT S AU Grother, P Watson, C Hsieh, M AF Grother, P Watson, C Hsieh, M BE Casasent, DP Chao, TH TI Performance of electrically addressed spatial light modulators SO OPTICAL PATTERN RECOGNITION X SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Pattern Recognition X CY APR 07-08, 1999 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE - Int Soc Opt Engn DE spatial light modulator; modulation transfer function; optical path difference ID LIQUID-CRYSTAL-TELEVISION AB The measurement of two important performance limitations of commonly available spatial light modulations is addressed. A method for the determination of modulation transfer function and amplitude modulation from CCD captures of imaged gratings is presented. An interferometric technique is employed for estimating spatial nonuniformities and optical non-flatness of a liquid crystal panel. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Grother, P (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3189-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3715 BP 120 EP 131 DI 10.1117/12.341292 PG 12 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Optics SC Computer Science; Optics GA BM94Q UT WOS:000080212700013 ER PT S AU Bryant, GW Liu, AS AF Bryant, GW Liu, AS BE Band, YB TI Near-field scanning optical microscopy imaging: theory, simulation and experiment SO OPTICAL PULSE AND BEAM PROPAGATION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Pulse and Beam Propagation CY JAN 27-28, 1999 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE DE near-field optics; optical microscopy; imaging; simulation ID PHOTONIC CRYSTAL AB Near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) is being studied to achieve optical resolution much better than the diffraction limit. Improved resolution is realized when the sample is in the near field of the probe. Strong near-field coupling between sample and probe complicates image analysis. Experiments with well characterized tips and simple samples are needed to produce basic NSOM images. Detailed modeling able to reproduce images and identify essential features in image formation is required. We analyze experimental NSOM transmission images of nanochannel glass arrays and of Au nanoparticles obtained in illumination mode. We use several approaches, including the discrete dipole method and the transfer matrix method, to simulate these images. Experimental and simulated images are compared to identify the contributions of tip-field structure, sample scattering, and the collection process to the images and to provide a clearer interpretation of these NSOM images. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bryant, GW (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3079-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 1999 VL 3609 BP 67 EP 75 DI 10.1117/12.351044 PG 9 WC Optics SC Optics GA BN39Q UT WOS:000081784000007 ER PT J AU Tenzer, GE Meyers, PA Robbins, JA Eadie, BJ Morehead, NR Lansing, MB AF Tenzer, GE Meyers, PA Robbins, JA Eadie, BJ Morehead, NR Lansing, MB TI Sedimentary organic matter record of recent environmental changes in the St. Marys River ecosystem, Michigan-Ontario border SO ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE organic carbon mass accumulation rates; C/N ratios; delta C-13; delta N-15; N-alkane distributions; petroleum residues; anthropogenic impacts; lake sediments; Great Lakes ID EARLY DIAGENESIS; LAKE-ONTARIO; FATTY-ACIDS; LACUSTRINE SEDIMENTS; AQUATIC BIOTA; GREAT-LAKES; WATER LAKE; HYDROCARBONS; LIPIDS; IDENTIFICATION AB Lake George, located in the St. Marys River, has been heavily impacted by human-induced environmental changes over the past century. The effects of human impacts starting in the late nineteenth century and of natural, gradual diagenesis can be distinguished in the bulk organic matter and molecular contents of the sedimentary record. Organic carbon concentrations increase from 0.5% in sediments deposited 200 years ago to similar to 4% in recent sediments. A fourfold increase in organic carbon mass accumulation rates accompanies the change in concentrations. Elevated C/N ratios in near-modern sediments indicate that increased delivery of land-derived organic matter has been responsible for much of the recent increases in sedimentary organic carbon. Organic delta(13)C and delta(15)N values change significantly and coincidentally with the environmental changes, reflecting depressed algal productivity since the introduction of industrial effluents to the aquatic system, increased delivery of land-derived organic matter and some impacts of acid rain. Increases in microbial and petroleum hydrocarbon contributions occur in sediments deposited since 1900. Fatty acid distributions provide evidence of substantial microbial reworking of organic matter throughout the sedimentary record. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Geol Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Michigan, Ctr Great Lakes & Aquat Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Meyers, PA (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Dept Geol Sci, 1006 CC Little Bldg, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. OI Morehead, Nancy/0000-0003-3859-3035; Meyers, Philip/0000-0002-9709-7528 NR 53 TC 37 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0146-6380 J9 ORG GEOCHEM JI Org. Geochem. PY 1999 VL 30 IS 2-3 BP 133 EP 146 DI 10.1016/S0146-6380(98)00209-5 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 177DE UT WOS:000079191500003 ER EF