FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Wiese, WL AF Wiese, WL TI Experimental tests of atomic structure calculations SO CONTRIBUTIONS TO PLASMA PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SPECTROSCOPIC COUPLING SCHEME; TRANSITION-PROBABILITIES; OSCILLATOR-STRENGTHS; NEUTRAL NITROGEN; SPECTRAL-LINES; CARBON AB Emission experiments, performed at NIST and the Ruhr-University Bochum, have provided sensitive tests of recent atomic structure calculations. Somewhat surprisingly numerous large discrepancies have been found between experiment and theory, and also between different sophisticated calculations. Some systematic trends for these large differences show up and are reviewed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wiese, WL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM wolfgang.wiese@nist.gov NR 21 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0863-1042 J9 CONTRIB PLASM PHYS JI Contrib. Plasma Phys. PY 2000 VL 40 IS 1-2 BP 173 EP 177 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1521-3986(200004)40:1/2<173::AID-CTPP173>3.0.CO;2-7 PG 5 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA 297KP UT WOS:000086082300027 ER PT S AU Nagai, T Singer, HJ Mukai, T Yamamoto, T Kokubun, S AF Nagai, T Singer, HJ Mukai, T Yamamoto, T Kokubun, S BE Russell, CT TI Development of substorms in the near-Earth tail SO COORDINATED MEASUREMENTS OF MAGNETOSPHERIC PROCESSES SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT D0 1 Symposium of COSPAR Scientific Commission D Held at the 32nd COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY JUL 12-19, 1998 CL NAGOYA, JAPAN SP Int Union Geodesy & Geophys, Int Assoc Geomagnetism & Aeron, Comm Space Res ID GEOTAIL OBSERVATIONS; ONSET; FLOW AB For substorm onsets, earthward flowing ions appear as an initial signal of the onset in the near-Earth plasma sheet in the onset sector. The flow activity in the onset sector is followed by a step-like increase in the Bz field in the equatorial plane, which results in a dipolarization in the field. The field change is usually associated with energization in ions and electrons. Outside of the onset sector the field dipolarization takes place. However, it may not be preceded by earthward flowing ions, and ions usually have the duskward flows in the evening sector and the dawnward flows in the morning sector. The onset signatures at synchronous orbit are delayed relative to those beyond 10 R-E. (C) 2000 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Tokyo Inst Technol, Meguro Ku, Tokyo 1528551, Japan. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Inst Space & Astronaut Sci, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 2298510, Japan. Nagoya Univ, Solar Terr Environm Lab, Toyokawa 4428507, Japan. RP Nagai, T (reprint author), Tokyo Inst Technol, Meguro Ku, Tokyo 1528551, Japan. NR 14 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON PRESS LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD LANGFORD LANE KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2000 VL 25 IS 7/8 BP 1651 EP 1662 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(99)00680-8 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BP57W UT WOS:000085558400044 ER PT J AU Lin, CJ Du, RG Nguyen, T AF Lin, CJ Du, RG Nguyen, T TI In-situ imaging of chloride ions at the metal/solution interface by scanning combination microelectrodes SO CORROSION LA English DT Article DE chloride ion concentration; imaging; localized corrosion; scanning chloride ion-selective microelectrode ID PITTING CORROSION; LOCALIZED CORROSION; PASSIVITY; METALS AB Combination solid silver-silver chloride (Ag-AgCl) and liquid membrane Cl ion-selective microelectrodes were designed and constructed. These microelectrodes, which had a micrometer-sized tip, contained two compartments: one served as the reference electrode arid the other as the Cl ion-selective electrode. The microelectrodes were used to map in-situ Cl- ion distribution in several localized corrosion systems. When used with a computerized scanning stage, the microelectrodes provided information on the distribution of Cl- ions near the metal/electrolyte interface. Cl- ions were observed migrating toward and accumulating near the anodic region forming, a "Cl- ion-rich island" on the metal surface. Scanning combination Cl- ion-selective microelectrodes may provide a useful tool for mechanistic studies of localized corrosion. C1 Xiamen Univ, Dept Chem, Dept Mat Sci, State Key Lab Phys Chem Solid Surfaces, Xiamen 361005, Peoples R China. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Du, RG (reprint author), Xiamen Univ, Dept Chem, Dept Mat Sci, State Key Lab Phys Chem Solid Surfaces, Xiamen 361005, Peoples R China. RI Du, RG/G-4619-2010; Lin, CJ/G-3392-2010 NR 23 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 3 U2 13 PU NATL ASSN CORROSION ENG PI HOUSTON PA 1440 SOUTH CREEK DRIVE, HOUSTON, TX 77084-4906 USA SN 0010-9312 J9 CORROSION JI Corrosion PD JAN PY 2000 VL 56 IS 1 BP 41 EP 47 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 565CW UT WOS:000176351900005 ER PT S AU Lofaj, F Okada, A Ikeda, Y Kawamoto, H AF Lofaj, F Okada, A Ikeda, Y Kawamoto, H BE Sakuma, T Yagi, K TI Creep processes in the advanced silicon nitride ceramics SO CREEP AND FRACTURE OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES SE Key Engineering Materials LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Conference on Creep and Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structures CY NOV 01-05, 1999 CL NATL RES INST MET, TSUKUBA, JAPAN SP Iketani Sci & Technol Fdn HO NATL RES INST MET DE silicon nitride; tensile creep; cavitation; grain boundary sliding; viscous flow ID TENSILE CREEP; RUPTURE BEHAVIOR; EVOLUTION; STRENGTH AB Tensile creep behavior and creep damage in SN 281, SN 88M and ST 1 silicon nitride ceramics have been investigated at 1200 degrees C - 1400 degrees C in order to reveal basic creep mechanisms. HIP-ed SN 281 exhibits the highest creep resistance and the lowest failure strains less than 0.7% at 1400 degrees C-1450 degrees C. The minimum strain rates in the gas-pressure sintered (GPS) SN 88 M are two orders of magnitude higher and the failure strains are less than or equal to 3.5%. The nano-sized GPS grade, ST 1, exhibits a transition from creep resistant to quasi-ductile behavior at temperatures above 1300 degrees C. Creep above 1300 degrees C was strongly affected by oxidation, and the failure stains were around 20%. Despite the very wide range of failure strains and minimum strain rates, the common features of creep behavior in all materials are cavitation and secondary phase evolution. Multigrain junction cavities are present in each material and their apparent density is proportional to the strain. Cavitation according to the recent model of Luecke and Wiederhorn was concluded to be the common creep mechanism. This model is based on a repeated sequence of grain boundary sliding, viscous flow and cavitation due to the redistribution of secondary phases between the multigrain junctions. The gradual changes in secondary phases related to oxidation and/or phase transformation are also involved in the long-term creep processes. These effects change the properties of the secondary phases and indirectly affect cavitation and creep behavior. A simple model including the effect of secondary phase evolution on cavitation is proposed. Different creep behavior of silicon nitride ceramics can be explained by differences in the properties of the secondary phases. C1 Japan Fine Ceram Ctr, Atsuta Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 4568587, Japan. Slovak Acad Sci, Mat Res Inst, Kosice 04353, Slovakia. RP Lofaj, F (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Kawamoto, Haruo/C-9680-2017 NR 23 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU TRANS TECH PUBLICATIONS LTD PI STAFA-ZURICH PA LAUBLSRUTISTR 24, CH-8717 STAFA-ZURICH, SWITZERLAND SN 1013-9826 BN 0-87849-842-7 J9 KEY ENG MATER PY 2000 VL 171-1 BP 747 EP 754 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science GA BP25R UT WOS:000084507700096 ER PT B AU Morse, EL AF Morse, EL BE Scholtz, J Thomas, J TI The IUSR project and the common industry reporting format SO CUU 2000 CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Association-for-Computing-Machinery Conference CY 2000 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Assoc Comp Machinery, AOL, Morino Inst, Intel, Oracle, Motorola, Sun Microsyst, US Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Informat Technol Lab, US Natl Sci Fdn DE software usability; usability testing; Common Industry Format; procurement; CIF; IUSR AB For 3 years, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has been leading the Industry USability Reporting (IUSR) project. The purpose of the project is to increase the visibility of software usability. Participants are from major software suppliers and customer organizations This poster presents an overview of the IUSR project. Major emphasis is placed on the Common Industry Format (CIF) for reporting the results of usability tests. The current focus of the group centers around Pilot Testing to validate the use of the CIF. Additional information about the IUSR project can be found at: iusr@nist.gov. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Morse, EL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Scholtz, Jean/E-8955-2013 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASSOC COMPUTING MACHINERY PI NEW YORK PA 1515 BROADWAY, NEW YORK, NY 10036-9998 USA BN 1-58113-314-6 PY 2000 BP 155 EP 156 PG 2 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics; Computer Science, Information Systems SC Computer Science GA BU35K UT WOS:000175747600028 ER PT J AU Pierce, SD Smith, RL Kosro, PM Barth, JA Wilson, CD AF Pierce, SD Smith, RL Kosro, PM Barth, JA Wilson, CD TI Continuity of the poleward undercurrent along the eastern boundary of the mid-latitude north Pacific SO DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID POTENTIAL VORTICITY; CONTINENTAL-SLOPE; VARIABILITY; FRONT AB Several recent data sets improve our view of the poleward undercurrent of the California Current System. As part of a triennial National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) survey of Pacific whiting, a series of 105 shipboard acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) velocity sections across the shelf break from 33 to 51 degrees N at about 18 km meridional spacing were collected from July to August 1995. Significant (> 0.05 ms(-1)) subsurface poleward flow occurred in 91% of the sections. A mean cross-shelf section using the entire data set has statistical significance, revealing an undercurrent core > 0.1 ms(-1) from 200-275 m depth 20-25 km off the shelf break. The mean poleward volume transport in a 125-325 m layer is 0.8 +/- 0.2 x 10(6) m(3) s(-1). We focus particular attention on the Cape Blanco to Cape Mendocino region, and the NMFS results are compared with shipboard ADCP three weeks later from a study of coastal upwelling processes near Cape Blanco. ADCP streamfunction maps are derived and strongly suggest that one portion of flow is continuous over the 440 km meridional extent of the analysis region. Other portions of the flow show evidence of offshore turning, separation, and the formation of anti-cyclonic eddies. We also note that isopycnic potential vorticity from alongslope CTD stations during the NMFS survey appears to be a tracer for the poleward how. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NOAA, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Pierce, SD (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, 104 Ocean Adm Bldg, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. EM spierce@oce.orst.edu NR 33 TC 82 Z9 83 U1 1 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0967-0645 EI 1879-0100 J9 DEEP-SEA RES PT II JI Deep-Sea Res. Part II-Top. Stud. Oceanogr. PY 2000 VL 47 IS 5-6 BP 811 EP 829 DI 10.1016/S0967-0645(99)00128-9 PG 19 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 290ED UT WOS:000085662500004 ER PT J AU Steger, JM Schwing, FB Collins, CA Rosenfeld, LK Garfield, N Gezgin, E AF Steger, JM Schwing, FB Collins, CA Rosenfeld, LK Garfield, N Gezgin, E TI The circulation and water masses in the Gulf of the Farallones SO DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID CALIFORNIA CURRENT SYSTEM; NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; SEASONAL VARIABILITY; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; UNITED-STATES; WEST-COAST; POINT-SUR; FLOW; SLOPE; OCEAN AB Six ADCP and CTD ship surveys of the continental shelf and slope in the vicinity of the Gulf of the Farallones, CA, were conducted in 1990-1992. ADCP data provide much more detail on the structure of the currents over the slope and shelf in the Gulf and reveal a persistent, largely barotropic poleward flow with a complex mesoscale flow field superimposed. The directly measured currents are not well represented by the geostrophic velocity fields derived from hydrographic casts, Important upper-ocean circulation features include: a Slope Countercurrent (SCC)I variable shelf circulation, and submesoscale eddy-like features. The SCC was present in all seasons and is believed due to a strong year-round positive wind-stress curl enhanced by Point Reyes. Its flow was poleward throughout the upper 300 m, and often surface intensified. Poleward transport in the upper 400 m was 1-3 Sv, much greater than previous geostrophic estimates for the California Current System constrained to a 500 dbar reference level. The shelf circulation was much more variable than the SCC and generally exhibited a pattern consistent with classic Ekman dynamics, responding to synoptic wind forcing. Submesoscale vortices, or eddies, often dominated the general flow field. These eddies are thought to be generated by the frictional torque associated with current-topography interactions. Their centers typically have a distinct water type associated with either the SCC or the southward-flowing California Current. Higher spiciness anomalies, representing a higher percentage of Pacific Equatorial Water (PEW), were typically found in the core of the SCC or within anticyclonic eddies. Lower (bland) spiciness anomalies, characteristic of a higher percentage of Pacific Subarctic Water (PSAW). were associated with cyclonic eddies. While these circulation features were largely barotropic. the flow also adjusted baroclinically to changes in the density field, as different water types were advected by the general now field or by mesoscale instabilities in the large-scale boundary currents as they interacted with topography. Despite a seasonal cycle in regional wind and ocean temperature time series, there is no obvious seasonal pattern in the circulation. Most of the temporal variability in the current appears to be due to synoptic and interannual variations in atmospheric forcing. Because of the very dynamic three-dimensional nature of the regional circulation, the Gulf of the Farallones is likely to be a center for active mixing and exchange between the coastal and California Current waters, relative to most US west coast locales. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NMFS, Pacific Fisheries Environm Lab, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, NOAA, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. USN, Dept Oceanog, Postgrad Sch, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. RP Schwing, FB (reprint author), NMFS, Pacific Fisheries Environm Lab, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, NOAA, 1352 Lighthouse Ave, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. NR 53 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0967-0645 J9 DEEP-SEA RES PT II JI Deep-Sea Res. Part II-Top. Stud. Oceanogr. PY 2000 VL 47 IS 5-6 BP 907 EP 946 DI 10.1016/S0967-0645(99)00131-9 PG 40 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 290ED UT WOS:000085662500007 ER PT J AU Checkley, DM Dotson, RC Griffith, DA AF Checkley, DM Dotson, RC Griffith, DA TI Continuous, underway sampling of eggs of Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax) and northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax) in spring 1996 and 1997 off southern and central California SO DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article AB Eggs of the northern anchovy and Pacific sardine were sampled at 3 m depth using the Continuous, Underway Fish Egg Sampler (CUFES) during two cruises off southern and central California in March and April 1996 and 1997. Simultaneous measurements were made of seawater temperature and salinity. Real-time AVHRR satellite images of sea surface temperature were processed onshore and transmitted to the ship at sea. Sardine and anchovy eggs were identified and counted live, at sea, and again ashore, preserved. A total of 2129 CUFES samples were collected during 41 d at sea and contained 62,409 sardine and 15,123 anchovy eggs. Sardine eggs were widespread and abundant in both cruises (mean concentrations: 5.2 and 5.1 eggs m(-3)) at and shoreward of the eastern boundary of the California Current. Anchovy eggs were found primarily inshore in the Southern California Eight and were less abundant (0.4 and 1.0 eggs m(-3), respectively, for the two cruises). Temperature-salinity plots indicated distinct separation of the spawning habitat of these two species and consistency in habitat between cruises in successive years. The distributions of sardine eggs and euphausiids collected by CUFES were complementary in space and time. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Marine Life Res Grp, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, NOAA, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. RP Checkley, DM (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Marine Life Res Grp, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. NR 19 TC 46 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0967-0645 J9 DEEP-SEA RES PT II JI Deep-Sea Res. Part II-Top. Stud. Oceanogr. PY 2000 VL 47 IS 5-6 BP 1139 EP 1155 PG 17 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 290ED UT WOS:000085662500015 ER PT J AU Luo, JG Ortner, PB Forcucci, D Cummings, SR AF Luo, JG Ortner, PB Forcucci, D Cummings, SR TI Diel vertical migration of zooplankton and mesopelagic fish in the Arabian Sea SO DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART II-TOPICAL STUDIES IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID DOPPLER CURRENT PROFILER; SOUTH GEORGIA; DISTRIBUTIONS; ABUNDANCE; PATTERNS; COPEPODS; EUPHAUSIIDS; FREQUENCIES; ATLANTIC; BIOMASS AB Acoustic (153 kHz ADCP and 12 kHz hull-mounted transducers) data and MOCNESS (MOC01 and MOC10) net tow samples collected in the Arabian Sea during the Spring Intermonsoon (April/May) and Southwest Monsoon (August) in 1995 documented substantial diel migrations of fish and zooplankton despite the year-round presence of an oxygen minimum ( < 0.2 mi l(-1) at 175-150 m). Fish and zooplankton layers were distinguished by comparing 13 kHz sonar and 153 kHz ADCP backscatter data, which indicated that the strongly migrating layers were predominantly composed of fishes. Fish vertical migration speeds were independently estimated from the slopes of the volume scattering layers and from the vertical velocity components of the ADCP, yielding average speeds of 4 and 3 cm s(-1) and maximum speeds of 13 and 10 cm s(-1), respectively. A few migrating zooplankton layers were identified with an average speed of about ? cm s(-1) and maximum speeds as high as 8 cm s(-1). Migration depths for both zooplankton and fish differed somewhat amongst stations and appeared to be related to local hydrographic conditions (principally the vertical gradients in DO and water temperature). Zooplankton displacement volumes at individual sites suggested that zooplankton biomass during the Southwest Monsoon could be as much as fivefold greater than during the Spring Intermonsoon. This observation was confirmed for the region in general by first deriving a relationship between ADCP backscatter intensity and daytime zooplankton biomass and then comparing the latter between cruises using daytime ADCP data taken along a 1500 km transect that extended from the coast of Somalia to the center of the northern basin. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, OCD, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Div Marine Biol & Fisheries, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, OCD, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM ortner@aoml.noaa.gov NR 44 TC 42 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0967-0645 EI 1879-0100 J9 DEEP-SEA RES PT II JI Deep-Sea Res. Part II-Top. Stud. Oceanogr. PY 2000 VL 47 IS 7-8 BP 1451 EP 1473 DI 10.1016/S0967-0645(99)00150-2 PG 23 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 297LU UT WOS:000086085000010 ER PT J AU Martin, A Przybocki, M AF Martin, A Przybocki, M TI The NIST 1999 Speaker Recognition Evaluation - An overview SO DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th Annual NIST Speaker Recognition Workshop CY JUN 03-04, 1999 CL UNIV MARYLAND, BALTIMORE, MD SP NIST HO UNIV MARYLAND DE speaker recognition; speaker verification; speaker detection; speaker tracking; DET curve; NIST evaluation AB This article summarizes the 1999 NIST Speaker Recognition Evaluation. It discusses the overall research objectives, the three task definitions, the development and evaluation data sets, the specified performance measures and their manner of presentation, the overall quality of the results. More than a dozen sites from the United States, Europe, and Asia participated in this evaluation. There were three primary tasks for which automatic systems could be designed: one-speaker detection, two-speaker detection, and speaker tracking. All three tasks were performed in the context of mu-law encoded conversational telephone speech. The one-speaker detection task used single channel data, while the other two tasks used summed two-channel data. About 500 target speakers were specified, with 2 min of training speech data provided for each. Both multiple and single speaker test segments were selected from about 2000 conversations that were not used for training material. The duration of the multiple speaker test data was nominally 1 min, while the duration of the single speaker test segments varied from near zero up to 60 s. For each task, systems had to make independent decisions for selected combinations of a test segment and a hypothesized target speaker. The data sets for each task were designed to be large enough to provide statistically meaningful results on test subsets of interest. Results were analyzed with respect to various conditions including duration, pitch differences, and handset types. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Martin, A (reprint author), NIST, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8940, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM alvin.martin@nist.gov; mark.przybocki@nist.gov NR 7 TC 57 Z9 61 U1 2 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1051-2004 J9 DIGIT SIGNAL PROCESS JI Digit. Signal Prog. PD JAN-JUL PY 2000 VL 10 IS 1-3 BP 1 EP 18 DI 10.1006/dspr.1999.0355 PG 18 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA 323UP UT WOS:000087583600002 ER PT B AU Kogan, FN AF Kogan, FN BE Wilhite, DA Sivakumar, MVK Wood, DA TI Contribution of remote sensing to drought early warning SO EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS FOR DROUGHT PREPAREDNESS AND DROUGHT MANAGEMENT, PROCEEDINGS SE WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION TECHNICAL DOCUMENTS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Export-Group Meeting on Early Warning Systems for Drought Preparedness and Drought Management CY SEP 05-07, 2000 CL LISBON, PORTUGAL SP World Meteorol Org, Inst Meteorol, Natl Drought Mitigat Ctr, Univ Nebraska, Secretariat United Nat Convent Combat Desertificat, United Nat Dev Programme Off Combat Desertificat ID HIGH-RESOLUTION RADIOMETER; INFRARED CHANNELS; UNITED-STATES; CALIBRATION; SPACECRAFT; AVHRR AB The main goal of global agriculture is to feed 6 billion people, a number likely to double by 2050. Frequent droughts causing food shortages, economic disturbances, famine, and losses of life limit ability to fulfill this goal. NOAA/NESDIS has recently developed a new numerical method of drought detection and impact assessment from NOAA operational environmental satellites. This is the first globally universal technique to deal with such a complex phenomenon as drought. The method was tested and adjusted based on users' response; validated against conventional data in 25 countries, including all major agricultural producers; and accepted as a tool for monitoring grain production potential. Now, drought can be detected 4-6 weeks earlier than before and delineated more accurately, and its impact on grain production can be diagnosed far in advance of harvest, which is the most vital need for global food security and trade. C1 NOAA, NESDIS, ORA, Climate Res & Applicat Div,Sci Ctr, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Kogan, FN (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, ORA, Climate Res & Applicat Div,Sci Ctr, Room 712, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RI Kogan, Felix/F-5600-2010 OI Kogan, Felix/0000-0001-8216-900X NR 22 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 2 PU WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORG PI GENEVA PA SECRETARY-GENERAL, PO BOX 2300, CH-1211 2 GENEVA, SWITZERLAND J9 WORLD METEO PY 2000 IS 1037 BP 75 EP 87 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BU82Y UT WOS:000177136400007 ER PT B AU Wood, HM AF Wood, HM BE Zschau, J Kuppers, AN TI Toward an integrated space strategy for disaster management SO EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS FOR NATURAL DISASTER REDUCTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Early Warning Systems for the Reduction of Natural Disasters CY SEP 07-11, 1998 CL POTSDAM, GERMANY SP United Nat Int Decade Natl Disasters Reduct C1 NOAA, Washington, DC 20233 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY BN 3-540-67962-6 PY 2000 BP 737 EP 739 PG 3 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Planning & Development SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Public Administration GA BV84S UT WOS:000180194300098 ER PT S AU Rice, JP Bender, SC Atkins, WH AF Rice, JP Bender, SC Atkins, WH BE Barnes, WL TI Thermal-infrared scale verifications at 10 micrometers using the NIST EOS TXR SO EARTH OBSERVING SYSTEMS V SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Earth Observing Systems V CY AUG 02-04, 2000 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE, Remote Sensing Soc DE infrared; radiometer; radiometry; thermal; transfer standard; remote sensing; earth observing; EOS AB One element of a multi-year calibration program between the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the National Aeronautical and Space Administration (NASA) Earth Observing System (EOS) Project Science Office has been the development and deployment of a portable transfer radiometer for verifying the Thermal-infrared scales being used for flight-instrument pre-launch calibration. This instrument, the Thermal-infrared Transfer Radiometer (TXR), has been built and the first deployment test was completed successfully, as has been reported previously.(1) The 5 mum channel, based on a photovoltaic Indium Antimonide (InSb) detector, so far has demonstrated a pre-deployment to post-deployment uncorrected repeatability of better than 30 mK to 60 mK, which is sufficient to enable intercomparisons at useful uncertainty levels for the EOS program. However, the 10 mum channel, based on a photovoltaic Mercury Cadmium Telluride (MCT) detector, shows uncorrected repeatability levels of about 0.5 K, the response changes being induced by cryocycling. This paper describes the technique that has been developed for correcting these changes. A portable black body check-source travels with the TXR that is used to verify the repeatability during the deployment trip. The check-source, in combination with the stability of the 5 mum channel, is used to restore a higher accuracy scale to the 10 mum channel than would otherwise be possible. This application is analogous to the use of an on-orbit calibration source to check for and correct for launch-induced or degradation-induced flight instrument detector response changes. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Rice, JP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 3 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3780-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2000 VL 4135 BP 96 EP 107 DI 10.1117/12.494211 PG 12 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BR62E UT WOS:000166963900010 ER PT S AU Cao, CY Weinreb, M AF Cao, CY Weinreb, M BE Barnes, WL TI Solar contamination effects on the radiometric calibration of the advanced very high resolution radiometer SO EARTH OBSERVING SYSTEMS V SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Earth Observing Systems V CY AUG 02-04, 2000 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE, Remote Sensing Soc DE solar contamination; radiometric calibration; AVHRR; stray light AB A study of the solar contamination in the radiometric calibration for the NOAA -14, and -15 Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometers (AVHRR) is presented. The solar contamination results in a disagreement between the sensor-measured radiometric output of the onboard blackbody vs, its bulk temperature measured by the platinum resistance thermometers. The sunshield installed on the latest version of the instrument on NOAA-15 may have alleviated but not eliminated the problem. The anomaly can still contribute errors on the order of half a degree in the 3.7 mum infrared channel. Analysis of the time scale and the spectral characteristics of the radiometric anomaly suggest that the extraneous radiation is a combination of solar radiation and background radiation by an object other than the blackbody. Stray light in earth scenes is also found where the anomaly in the radiometric calibration occurs. The radiometric intensity and spectral characteristics of the stray light are analyzed in order to trace the source of the extraneous radiation. It is found that the effects occur as the spacecraft moves out of the shadow of the earth at a low sun elevation. The intensity of the effect appears to be related to the solar zenith and azimuth angles at the spacecraft. C1 NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Cao, CY (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RI Cao, Changyong/F-5578-2010 NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3780-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2000 VL 4135 BP 364 EP 373 DI 10.1117/12.494213 PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BR62E UT WOS:000166963900036 ER PT J AU Smith, TL Benjamin, SG Schwartz, BE Gutman, SI AF Smith, TL Benjamin, SG Schwartz, BE Gutman, SI TI Using GPS-IPW in a 4-D data assimilation system SO EARTH PLANETS AND SPACE LA English DT Article ID PRECIPITABLE WATER; METEOROLOGY; MODEL AB The NOAA Forecast Systems Laboratory (FSL) has been continuously calculating integrated atmospheric precipitable water (IPW) from GPS signal delays since 1994. Using rapid orbit information, these data have the accuracy required for use in a numerical weather prediction model through data assimilation. Parallel cycles with and without GPS-IPW data have been running at FSL since November 1997 using the 60-km Rapid Update Cycle (RUC). Verification of the analysis and the 3, 6, and 12-h forecasts against rawinsondes has been ongoing throughout the experiment. Results from these statistics show a consistent improvement in short-range forecasts of relative humidity when the GPS data are included. Precipitation verification has also been calculated for this experiment, and results show that GPS data also improve these forecasts. Recently, the average number of available GPS observations jumped from 18 to 56, and results for November-December 1999 show that the previous slight positive signal is now amplified to a stronger positive impact on the short-range moisture forecasts. C1 NOAA, Forecast Syst Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Smith, TL (reprint author), NOAA, Forecast Syst Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Smith, Tracy/C-7619-2015; Benjamin, Stan/C-5818-2015 OI Smith, Tracy/0000-0002-7189-4027; Benjamin, Stan/0000-0002-5751-8236 NR 14 TC 18 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 0 PU TERRA SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PI TOKYO PA 2003 SANSEI JIYUGAOKA HAIMU, 5-27-19 OKUSAWA, SETAGAYA-KU, TOKYO, 158, JAPAN SN 1343-8832 J9 EARTH PLANETS SPACE JI Earth Planets Space PY 2000 VL 52 IS 11 BP 921 EP 926 PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 385LB UT WOS:000166004800006 ER PT J AU Maxwell, MR AF Maxwell, MR TI Does a single meal affect female reproductive output in the sexually cannibalistic praying mantid Iris oratoria? SO ECOLOGICAL ENTOMOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Iris oratoria; oviposition; praying mantid; reproduction; sexual cannibalism ID PARATENODERA-ANGUSTIPENNIS S; AUSTRALIAN REDBACK SPIDER; FOOD LIMITATION; ADULT MANTIDS; SPERMATOPHORE; TEMPERATURE; SELECTION; INSECTS; ARANEAE; MODEL AB 1. One explanation of the evolution of sexual cannibalism, the female's consumption of a male during or following courtship or copulation, is that this behaviour increases the female's fitness. This study tests the assumption that a single meal increases female reproductive output significantly in the sexually cannibalistic praying mantid Iris oratoria L. 2. In 38 mating trials, seven of the females cannibalised the males. In order to augment the number of females that fed, an additional nine females were each fed one cricket nymph at the end of the mating trial. 3. Three measures of female reproductive output - the occurrence of oviposition, the mass of the first ootheca, and the number of eggs in the first ootheca - increased significantly with female feeding condition, which was a reflection of food consumed before the mating trial. Females that copulated later in the season tended to lay lighter oothecae. 4. The females' consumption of a meal during the mating trial, either a conspecific male or a cricket, did not influence any measure of reproductive output significantly, although possible effects upon subsequent oothecae cannot be ruled out. 5. If, as the present study suggests, a single meal provides a negligible or delayed benefit to female reproductive output, the evolution of sexual cannibalism might lie in alternative explanations, which include possible fitness benefits to cannibalistic females in the nymphal stage or possible paternity benefits to the cannibalised males. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Sect Evolut & Ecol, Anim Behav Grp, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, POB 271, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. EM mmaxwell@sgilj.ucsd.edu NR 47 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 12 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0307-6946 EI 1365-2311 J9 ECOL ENTOMOL JI Ecol. Entomol. PY 2000 VL 25 IS 1 BP 54 EP 62 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2311.2000.00227.x PG 9 WC Entomology SC Entomology GA 287MB UT WOS:000085508700007 ER PT S AU Zimmermann, A Fuller, ER Rodel, J AF Zimmermann, A Fuller, ER Rodel, J BE Bottger, AJ Delhez, R Mittemeijer, EJ TI Computer simulation of residual stress distribution and microcracking due to thermal expansion anisotropy SO ECRS 5: PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTH EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON RESIDUAL STRESSES SE MATERIALS SCIENCE FORUM LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th European Conference on Residual Stresses (ECRS 5) CY SEP 28-30, 1999 CL DELFT NOORDWIJKERHOUST, NETHERLANDS SP Royal Netherlands chem Soc, Inst Adv Mat Joint Res Ctr, Delft Univ Technol, Philips Analyt B V, Stresstech Oy, CORUS, Bruker AXS DE ceramics; computer simulation; residual stress; thermal expansion anisotropy ID CERAMICS; AL2O3 AB Spontaneous microcracking during cooling is observed in myriad polycrystalline ceramic materials. This phenomenon is attributed to residual stresses that develop in the microstructure due to thermal expansion anisotropy, thermal expansion mismatch, and/or phase transformations. In this study, the residual stress distribution due to thermal expansion anisotropy is analysed. Microcracking in realistic microstructures is investigated using a microstructural finite element model. Microcrack formation and propagation are modelled via a local Griffith-type failure criterion. Influences of grain size distribution and microstructural randomness on the initiation threshold as well as on the damage accumulation are analysed. Emphasis is on the latter. Results are presented for microcracking in simulated alumina. C1 Darmstadt Univ Technol, Dept Mat Sci, DE-64287 Darmstadt, Germany. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Zimmermann, A (reprint author), Darmstadt Univ Technol, Dept Mat Sci, Petersenstr 23, DE-64287 Darmstadt, Germany. NR 20 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU TRANS TECH PUBLICATIONS LTD PI ZURICH-UETIKON PA BRANDRAIN 6, CH-8707 ZURICH-UETIKON, SWITZERLAND SN 0255-5476 BN 0-87849-855-9 J9 MATER SCI FORUM PY 2000 VL 347-3 BP 211 EP 216 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BS06M UT WOS:000168535100034 ER PT B AU Duran, F Lizambri, T Wakid, S Vaman, DR AF Duran, F Lizambri, T Wakid, S Vaman, DR GP IEEE IEEE TI Modeling access networks for quality of service SO ECUMN '2000: 1ST EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON UNIVERSAL MULTISERVICE NETWORKS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st European Conference on Universal Multiservice Networks (ECUMN 2000) CY OCT 02-04, 2000 CL COLMAR, FRANCE AB We present a tool for predicting the Quality of Service ceos, of access networks that support voice and data services. The input traffic is composed of multiple connections with packets based on real traffic for both voice and Internet data. The simulator allows interleaving of voice (packet) and Internet data connections and predicts reliable results for packet loss, delay and jitter. These results can be easily recomputed for different bandwidths, memory sizes, and number of parallel connections. A configuration with multiple mobile units (computers) that home on a base station would be ideal for using this tool to predict capacity requirements per quality of service needs. This paper describes the simulation tool and provides performance results for different configurations of the traffic scenarios. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Duran, F (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg 222,Room A353,100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-6419-8 PY 2000 BP 301 EP 305 DI 10.1109/ECUMN.2000.880777 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BQ97S UT WOS:000165216300037 ER PT B AU Libert, JM Boynton, PA Kelley, EF Brown, SW Ohno, Y AF Libert, JM Boynton, PA Kelley, EF Brown, SW Ohno, Y GP IS&T/SID IS&T/SID TI An assessment standard for the evaluation of display measurement capabilities SO EIGHTH COLOR IMAGING CONFERENCE: COLOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING SYSTEMS, TECHNOLOGIES, APPLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th Annual Color Imaging Conference CY NOV 07-10, 2000 CL SCOTTSDALE, AZ SP Soc Imaging Sci & Technol, Soc Informat Display, Adobe Syst Inc, Agfa Gevaert, Appl Sci Fict, Canon R&D Ctr Amer Inc, Eastman Kodak co, Hewlett Packard Corp, Kodak Profess Syst & Solut, Konica Corp, Lexmark Int Inc, Microsoft Corp, Polaroid Corp, Xeikon NV, Xerox Corp AB A prototype display measurement assessment transfer standard (DMATS) is being developed by NIST to assist the display industry in standardizing measurement methods used to quantify the performance of electronic displays. Designed as an idealized electronic display, the DMATS sources model photometric and colorimetric measurement problems commonly encountered in measuring electronic displays. NIST investigators will distribute calibrated DMATS units to participating laboratories for measurement. Analysis of initial interlaboratory comparison results will provide a baseline assessment of display measurement uncertainties. Also, diagnostic indicators expected to emerge from the data will be used to assist laboratories in correcting deficiencies or in identifying metrology problem areas for further research, such as methods more specific to displays using new display technologies. The paper describes the design, construction and preliminary characterization of a prototype DMATS source. Also, the paper uses the prototype DMATS to illustrate several common measurement deficiencies. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Libert, JM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SOC IMAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PI SPRINGFIELD PA 7003 KILWORTH LANE, SPRINGFIELD, VA 22151 USA BN 0-89208-231-3 PY 2000 BP 217 EP 221 PG 5 WC Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BX02B UT WOS:000183988000040 ER PT S AU Margolis, SA AF Margolis, SA BE Hirschler, MM TI Sources of systematic bias reflected in an ASTM collaborative study on water in oil measured by the Karl Fischer method SO ELECTRICAL INSULATING MATERIALS: INTERNATIONAL ISSUES SE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Electrical Insulating Materials - International Issues CY MAR 15, 1999 CL SEATTLE, WA SP Amer Soc Testing & Mat, Comm D27 Elect Insulating Liquids & Gases, Amer Soc Testing & Mat, Comm D09 Elect & Electr Insulating Mat DE water; Karl Fischer method; systematic bias; transformer oil; coulometry; precision; D 1533-96 AB A collaborative study on the precision and bias of the measurement of water in transformer oils indicated that an acceptable level of precision was achieved using the revised ASTM Test Method for Water in Insulating Liquids by Coulometric Karl Fischer Titration (D 1533-96) and a sample size of 7 mt. Analysis of the distribution of the laboratory results indicates the existence of a systematic bias in the accuracy of the measurement which is related to the instrument design, solvent composition, and calibration of the instrument. Additionally, evidence is presented that indicates that a portion of the water in the oils is not titrated by the coulometric method. C1 NIST, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Margolis, SA (reprint author), NIST, Div Analyt Chem, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8392, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMERICAN SOCIETY TESTING AND MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DRIVE, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 1040-1695 BN 0-8031-2613-1 J9 AM SOC TEST MATER PY 2000 VL 1376 BP 59 EP 69 DI 10.1520/STP13456S PG 11 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering GA BP94N UT WOS:000086704400008 ER PT B AU Williams, DF Byers, AC Tyree, VC Walker, DK Ou, JJ Jin, XD Piket-May, M Hu, CM AF Williams, DF Byers, AC Tyree, VC Walker, DK Ou, JJ Jin, XD Piket-May, M Hu, CM GP IEEE IEEE TI Contact-pad design for high-frequency silicon measurements SO ELECTRICAL PERFORMANCE OF ELECTRONIC PACKAGING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th IEEE Topical Meeting on Electrical Performance of Electronic Packaging CY OCT 23-25, 2000 CL SCOTTSDALE, AZ SP IEEE, Microwave Theory and Techn Soc, IEEE, Components Packaging and Mfg Technol Soc AB We measure and compare the electrical parasitics of contact pads of different designs fabricated on silicon integrated circuits and develop a strategy for reducing the parasitics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Williams, DF (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 2 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-6450-3 PY 2000 BP 131 EP 134 DI 10.1109/EPEP.2000.895510 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA BR27Z UT WOS:000165999900032 ER PT B AU Stafford, GR Vaudin, MD Moffat, TP Armstrong, N Jovic, VD Kelley, DR AF Stafford, GR Vaudin, MD Moffat, TP Armstrong, N Jovic, VD Kelley, DR BE Romankiw, LT Osaka, T Yamazaki, Y Madore, C TI The influence of additives on the room-temperature recrystallization of electrodeposited copper SO ELECTROCHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS IN ELECTRONICS III SE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Symposium on Electrochemical Technology Applications in Electronics CY OCT 20-22, 1999 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Electrochem Soc, Div Electrodeposit, Electrochem Soc Japan ID X-RAY-DIFFRACTION; POLYETHYLENE-GLYCOL; THIN-FILMS; CHLORIDE; COATINGS; CU(100); SPECTROSCOPY; DEPOSITION; CHEMISTRY; KINETICS AB The recrystallization behavior of copper, electrodeposited from a copper sulfate - sulfuric acid plating bath into which various combinations of NaCl, sodium 3-mercapto-1 propanesulfonate (MPSA), and polyethylene glycol (PEG) had been added, was examined by x-ray diffraction and 4-point resistivity. Significant room temperature recrystallization and resistance decrease are observed only when MPSA and PEG are present in the electrolyte together, particularly in the presence of chloride. The rate of recrystallization is linked to the grain refinement brought about by different bath chemistries. The significance of halide adsorption on copper additive plating is discussed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Stafford, GR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 49 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 S MAIN ST, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534-2839 USA BN 1-56677-257-5 J9 ELEC SOC S PY 2000 VL 99 IS 34 BP 340 EP 350 PG 11 WC Electrochemistry; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Electrochemistry; Engineering GA BP94E UT WOS:000086692000038 ER PT S AU Geyer, RG Krupka, J Tobar, M AF Geyer, RG Krupka, J Tobar, M BE Nair, KM Bhalla, AS TI Microwave dielectric properties of low-loss materials at low temperature SO ELECTRONIC CERAMIC MATERIALS AND DEVICES SE CERAMIC TRANSACTIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Dielectric Ceramics held at the 101st Annual Meeting of the American-Ceramic-Society CY APR 25-28, 1999 CL INDIANAPOLIS, IN SP Amer Ceram Soc ID CRYOGENIC TEMPERATURES; CRYSTALS AB The design and development of high-Q solid state microwave systems are generally limited by dielectric or conductor losses. One of the most accurate techniques for the evaluation of both permittivity and dielectric loss tangent of low-loss materials is to employ the specimen under test as a dielectric resonator. Resonant frequencies and Q factors of whispering gallery modes may then be measured on a single specimen to determine both permittivity and dielectric loss tangent over a broad frequency range. With the use of both quasi-TE and quasi-TM whispering gallery mode resonances, dielectric measurements of uniaxially anisotropic materials may be performed. The microwave losses of high quality single-crystal sapphire axe measured as a function of temperature from 20-297 K and at frequencies from 14-23 GHz. Loss tangents on the order of 10(-8) are observed at temperatures close to 20 K and at a frequency of 23 GHz. Measured frequency and temperature dependence of microwave absorption in the crystal are compared with theoretical predictions. They are also compared with those observed for high-purity polycrystalline alumina. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, RF Technol Div, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Geyer, RG (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, RF Technol Div, MS 813-01, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Tobar, Michael/C-9763-2009 OI Tobar, Michael/0000-0002-3139-1994 NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-8720 USA SN 1042-1122 BN 1-57498-098-X J9 CERAM TRANS PY 2000 VL 106 BP 219 EP 226 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Ceramics SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BW85X UT WOS:000183415600023 ER PT S AU Geyer, RG Grosvenor, JH Synowczynski, J AF Geyer, RG Grosvenor, JH Synowczynski, J BE Nair, KM Bhalla, AS TI Microwave dielectric properties of barium strontium titanate composites SO ELECTRONIC CERAMIC MATERIALS AND DEVICES SE Ceramic Transactions LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Dielectric Ceramics held at the 101st Annual Meeting of the American-Ceramic-Society CY APR 25-28, 1999 CL INDIANAPOLIS, IN SP Amer Ceram Soc ID WHISPERING-GALLERY MODES; RING RESONATORS; PERMITTIVITY; FREQUENCY; DESIGN AB The microwave dielectric properties of bulk barium strontium titanate and magnesium oxide ceramic composites are measured with cylindrical mode-filtered cavity and dielectric sleeve resonator techniques. The cylindrical wall of the mode-filtered cavity consists of wire-wound helical waveguide, which permits the use of high-purity TE01n resonant modes for high accuracy permittivity measurements. Employing low-loss dielectric sleeve resonators allows dielectric characterization of rod specimens at frequencies nominally determined by the permittivity and aspect ratio of the sleeve resonator. Both temperature and frequency dispersion are examined for differing stoichiometric percentages of barium to strontium and for various weight percentages of added magnesium oxide. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, RF Technol Div, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, RF Technol Div, MS 813-01, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 35 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-8720 USA SN 1042-1122 BN 1-57498-098-X J9 CERAM TRANS PY 2000 VL 106 BP 241 EP 261 PG 21 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Ceramics SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BW85X UT WOS:000183415600026 ER PT B AU Morris, RW AF Morris, RW GP IEEE IEEE TI A global technology manager's policy agenda: Intellectual property SO EMS - 2000: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2000 IEEE ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT SOCIETY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Leading Technology Change - Management Issues and Challenges CY AUG 13-15, 2000 CL ALBUQUERQUE, NM SP IEEE, Engn Management Soc AB The current era of globalization is characterized by rapid, unpredictable, and discontinuous change. To a large degree, the fast pace of change is set by the speed with which knowledge diffuses around the world and is integrated into advanced products and processes. Yet, many legal and managerial aspects of knowledge creation, diffusion, and appropriation - as in intellectual property rights - (IPRs) are now the subject of intense policy debate, perhaps because they play such an important role in our innovation-driven, global economy. Topics to be explored here include: (a) managerial implications of trade debates on competition and IPRs, (b) antitrust as related to innovation (e.g., network externalities and first-mover advantage); and (c) operational IPR matters of daily concern to technology managers. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Adv Technol Program, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Morris, RW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Adv Technol Program, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-6443-0 PY 2000 BP 255 EP 259 DI 10.1109/EMS.2000.872511 PG 5 WC Operations Research & Management Science SC Operations Research & Management Science GA BR44Z UT WOS:000166443900045 ER PT B AU Morris, RW AF Morris, RW GP IEEE IEEE TI Knowledge management in the professional services: Lessons from functional linguistics SO EMS - 2000: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2000 IEEE ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT SOCIETY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Leading Technology Change - Management Issues and Challenges CY AUG 13-15, 2000 CL ALBUQUERQUE, NM SP IEEE, Engn Management Soc AB This paper makes the case that the linguistic discipline of pragmatics is useful in developing the next generation of knowledge management applications, especially in professional disciplines such as legal services, health care, journalism, and education. The four classes of knowledge-based software to be considered - agents, browsers, indexes (ontologies), and user models will be assessed by applying basic concepts from pragmatics to identify critical issues of context, meaning and locution that affect usability and utility. This paper considers issues of common interest to software developers and practicing linguists or ethnographers, such as (a) feature density and preference determination in user modeling; (b) contextualization in high-performance and iterative DB queries; (c) social agency as related to such programming languages as KQML; and (d) disambiguation of meaning with natural language ontologies in large corpora. Three points are asserted and defended: First, current interfaces, databases, and query software have not achieved their full potential for capturing and storing information, and rendering it useful for practical tasks. Second, this failing originates in a reductionist view of language. A richer, context-bound analytical framework is required, such as that offered by pragmatics. Third, combined with the practical methods of ethnography and discourse analysis, a pragmatics-based perspective can support creation of the next generation of computer interfaces and databases, as well as advanced search and navigation tools. Addressing such issues will make the stored information of an organization more accessible, adaptable, and useful. It may even extend the human capacity for learning and practical action. Rey words: decision sciences, cognition, knowledge engineering, services. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Adv Technol Program, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Morris, RW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Adv Technol Program, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-6443-0 PY 2000 BP 637 EP 641 DI 10.1109/EMS.2000.872580 PG 5 WC Operations Research & Management Science SC Operations Research & Management Science GA BR44Z UT WOS:000166443900112 ER PT S AU Pappas, DP Arnold, CS Shalev, G Eunice, C Stevenson, D Voran, S Read, ME Gormley, EM Cash, J Marr, K Ryan, JJ AF Pappas, DP Arnold, CS Shalev, G Eunice, C Stevenson, D Voran, S Read, ME Gormley, EM Cash, J Marr, K Ryan, JJ BE Bramble, SK Carapezza, EM Rudin, LI TI Second harmonic magneto-resistive imaging to authenticate and recover data from magnetic storage media SO ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT AND SECURITY SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Enabling Technologies for Law Enforcement and Security CY NOV 05-08, 2000 CL BOSTON, MA SP SPIE DE magneto-resistive imaging; data recovery; magnetic recording; forensics AB A scanning magneto-resistive microscope was developed that allows for high resolution imaging of magnetic tapes and digital media. By using second harmonic detection to remove thermal anomalies we are able to image sufficient lengths of tape for authentication purposes and for data recovery from damaged samples. This allows for high contrast images and direct conversion of the scanned information into originally recorded analog audio waveforms or digital data. C1 NIST, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Pappas, DP (reprint author), NIST, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3906-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2000 VL 4232 BP 11 EP 18 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BS26B UT WOS:000169262500002 ER PT S AU Wiederhorn, SM AF Wiederhorn, SM BE Sajgalik, P Lences, Z TI Particulate ceramic composites: their high-temperature creep behavior SO ENGINEERING CERAMICS: MULTIFUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES - NEW PERSPECTIVES SE KEY ENGINEERING MATERIALS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Advanced Research Workshop on Engineering Ceramics 99: Multifunctional Properties - New Perspectives CY MAY 11-15, 1999 CL SMOLENICE CASTLE, SMOLENICE, SLOVAKIA HO SMOLENICE CASTLE DE silicon nitride; silicon carbide; creep; high temperature ID SILICONIZED SILICON-CARBIDE; GRAIN-BOUNDARY PHASE; COMPRESSIVE CREEP; ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; TENSILE CREEP; NITRIDE; DEFORMATION; SI3N4; CAVITATION; MECHANISM AB Particulate composites, such as liquid-phase sintered silicon nitride and reaction-bonded silicon carbide, are being considered for use in applications where superior chemical and mechanical behavior at high temperatures are essential. Superior strength, creep resistance and oxidation resistance will decide whether particulate composites will find commercial acceptance in such applications. Creep degradation provides an upper thermal limit to the use of these materials. Mechanisms of creep must be understood to project material behavior to the long lifetimes required in applications such as gas turbines and heat exchangers. Therefore, we discuss the high-temperature behavior of particulate ceramics with regard to their creep behavior. Creep deformation in tension and compression are essentially different. In tension, creep is controlled by cavity formation, in compression by solution-precipitation. For both mechanisms, however, the most important property controlling creep resistance is the refractoriness of the phases located at the grain boundaries of these materials: the more refractory these phases, the more resistant the material is to creep. The volume fraction of second phase contained in the material is also critical to high-temperature creep resistance: a lower volume fraction second phase leads to a higher creep resistance. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wiederhorn, SM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 65 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 6 PU TRANS TECH PUBLICATIONS LTD PI ZURICH-UETIKON PA BRANDRAIN 6, CH-8707 ZURICH-UETIKON, SWITZERLAND SN 1013-9826 BN 0-87849-846-X J9 KEY ENG MAT PY 2000 VL 175-1 BP 267 EP 287 PG 21 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Ceramics SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BQ62W UT WOS:000088999400030 ER PT S AU Lofaj, F Okada, A Ikeda, Y Mizuta, Y Usami, H Kawamoto, H AF Lofaj, F Okada, A Ikeda, Y Mizuta, Y Usami, H Kawamoto, H BE Sajgalik, P Lences, Z TI Microstructural degradation accompanying tensile creep deformation in quasi-ductile silicon nitride SO ENGINEERING CERAMICS: MULTIFUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES - NEW PERSPECTIVES SE Key Engineering Materials LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Advanced Research Workshop on Engineering Ceramics 99: Multifunctional Properties - New Perspectives CY MAY 11-15, 1999 CL SMOLENICE CASTLE, SMOLENICE, SLOVAKIA HO SMOLENICE CASTLE DE silicon nitride; tensile creep; cavitation; oxidation; Young's modulus degradation ID RUPTURE BEHAVIOR; CERAMICS; CAVITATION; OXIDATION; PHASE AB Creep damage in a nano-sized silicon nitride developed during tensile creep at 1200 degrees C - 1450 degrees C was investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), micro-focus X-ray computed tomography (MFX-CT), atom force microscopy (AFM) and microhardness with controlled load (MHV). Creep behavior at temperatures below 1300 degrees C was similar to that of conventional silicon nitrides, with failure strains of several percent accumulated during a prolonged steady state-like stage, However, at temperatures above 1300 degrees C, failure strains exceeding 15 % were obtained during a prolonged accelerated stage. The stress exponents were n greater than or equal to 7 at stresses above 70 MPa and n approximate to 2 at lower stresses, Large strains were accompanied by strong oxidation with significant color and phase changes. These changes were significantly enhanced in comparison with the undeformed, oxidized only parts of the specimens. X-ray diffraction revealed significant changes in the secondary phases and dissolution of the residual alpha-Si(3)N(4) during creep. MFX-CT confirmed redistribution of additives toward the surface at T >1350 degrees C while no redistribution was found even after 7700 h at 120 degrees C. The effective Young's modulus, E* = E/(1 - mu(2)), in the bulk of the oxidized material (mu is Poisson's ratio) was approximately 90% of the value in the as-received material. In the creep-tested material it was 75% - 80% and in the surface oxide layers only 40-60% of the initial value. An anisotropy of the Young's modulus distribution in the directions parallel and perpendicular to the stress has been observed: elastic degradation is approx. 5% higher on the axial cross sections. A very high concentration of small multigrain junction cavities and large cracks with the size up to 0.5 mm were found in the core and in the surface oxide layers, respectively, A model proposed for such quasi-ductile deformation is based on intensive cavitation at multigrain junctions according to Luecke and Wiederhom cavitation creep model. Intensive cavitation results from grain boundary sliding (CBS) significantly enhanced in the nano-sized matrix and from solution-precipitation. These mechanisms are affected by the changes in the secondary phases induced by oxidation on later stages of the lifetime, after minimum strain rate was obtained. This prolonged accelerated stage, when most of the strain is accumulated, can be attributed to the reduction of the load bearing cross section due to strong oxidation. The Young's modulus degradation in the bulk results from cavitation and oxidation and its anisotropy from grain reorientation due to GBS and solution-precipitation. C1 Slovak Acad Sci, Inst Mat Res, SK-04353 Kosice, Slovakia. Nissan Motor Co Ltd, Nissan Res Lab, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 2378523, Japan. Japan Fine Ceram Ctr, Atsuta Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 4568567, Japan. Meijo Univ, Tempa Ku, Nagoya, Aichi 468, Japan. RP Lofaj, F (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM lofaj@saske.sk RI Kawamoto, Haruo/C-9680-2017 NR 24 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU TRANS TECH PUBLICATIONS LTD PI STAFA-ZURICH PA LAUBLSRUTISTR 24, CH-8717 STAFA-ZURICH, SWITZERLAND SN 1013-9826 BN 0-87849-846-X J9 KEY ENG MATER PY 2000 VL 175-1 BP 321 EP 334 PG 14 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Ceramics SC Engineering; Materials Science GA BQ62W UT WOS:000088999400034 ER PT J AU Garrett, JH Law, KH Sriram, RD AF Garrett, JH Law, KH Sriram, RD TI Special Issue on Computer Aided Engineering in Honor of Prof. Steven J. Fenves SO ENGINEERING WITH COMPUTERS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. Stanford Univ, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Garrett, JH (reprint author), Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0177-0667 J9 ENG COMPUT-GERMANY JI Eng. Comput. PY 2000 VL 16 IS 3-4 BP 145 EP 146 DI 10.1007/s003660070001 PG 2 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Engineering, Mechanical SC Computer Science; Engineering GA 436TJ UT WOS:000168951700001 ER PT J AU Shooter, SB Keirouz, WT Szykman, S Fenves, SJ AF Shooter, SB Keirouz, WT Szykman, S Fenves, SJ TI A model for the flow of design information in product development SO ENGINEERING WITH COMPUTERS LA English DT Article DE engineering design; information modelling; product and process models AB The complexity of modern products and design tools has made the exchange of design information more complex. It is widely recognised that the seamless capture, storage, and retrieval of design information is one of the major challenges for the next generation of computer aided design tools. This paper presents a model for the flow of design information that is sufficiently formal to eventually support a semantics-based approach for developing information exchange standards. The model classifies design information into various types, organises these types into information states and levels of abstraction, and identifies the various transformations that operate within and between the information stares. The model's ability to support a variety of design process models is illustrated by applying it to the Systems Integration of Manufacturing Applications (SIMA) design process model, and the model is then applied to a design example. C1 Bucknell Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Lewisburg, PA 17837 USA. Lebanese Amer Univ, Dept Comp Sci, New York, NY USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Shooter, SB (reprint author), Bucknell Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Lewisburg, PA 17837 USA. NR 12 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0177-0667 J9 ENG COMPUT-GERMANY JI Eng. Comput. PY 2000 VL 16 IS 3-4 BP 178 EP 194 DI 10.1007/s003660070004 PG 17 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Engineering, Mechanical SC Computer Science; Engineering GA 436TJ UT WOS:000168951700004 ER PT J AU Minh, TB Watanabe, M Tanabe, S Miyazaki, N Jefferson, TA Prudente, MS Subramanian, A Karuppiah, S AF Minh, TB Watanabe, M Tanabe, S Miyazaki, N Jefferson, TA Prudente, MS Subramanian, A Karuppiah, S TI Widespread contamination by tris(4-chlorophenyl)methane and tris(4-chlorophenyl)methanol in cetaceans from the North Pacific and Asian coastal waters SO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION LA English DT Article DE tris(4-chlorophenyl)methane; tris(4-chlorophenyl)methanol; cetaceans; organochlorines; latitudinal distribution ID PERSISTENT ORGANOCHLORINES; MARINE MAMMALS; BALTIC-SEA; BIOACCUMULATION; SEDIMENT; METHANOL; FISH AB For understanding global distribution, transport and behavior of tris(4-chlorophenyl)methane (TCPMe) and tris(4-chlorophenyl)methanol (TCPMOH), the two newly identified microcontaminants, the present study determined their concentrations and other persistent organochlorines (OCs) in the blubber of nine species of adult male cetaceans collected from various locations in the North Pacific Ocean and coastal waters of some Asian countries, during 1985-97. Concentrations of TCPMe and TCPMOH were found to be highest in northern right whale dolphins, which may be attributable to wide distribution of this species, including some heavily polluted areas such as coastal California. Elevated residue levels of TCPMe and TCPMOH were observed in both off-shore and coastal species, suggesting widespread contamination of these compounds in the marine environment, Higher contamination of TCPMe and TCPMOH was found in cetaceans from temperate and cold waters than those from tropical regions. The latitudinal distribution of TCPMe and TCPMOH in cetaceans from the North Pacific and Asian coastal waters was similar to that of DDTs, suggesting less transportable nature of TCPMe and TCPMOH in the marine environment. Data on the occurrence of TCPMe and TCPMOH further indicated high bioaccumulation potential of these compounds, which was comparable to DDTs. Relative concentrations of TCPMe/TCPMOH in cetaceans were apparently higher than those observed in seals, suggestive of lower metabolic capacity for these compounds in cetaceans than in pinnipeds, which is similar to classic contaminants like polychlorinated biphenyls and DDTs. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Ehime Univ, Ctr Marine Environm Studies, Matsuyama, Ehime 7908566, Japan. Univ Tokyo, Ocean Res Inst, Otsuchi Marine Res Ctr, Otsuchi, Iwate 0281102, Japan. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. Ocean Pk Conserv Fdn, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. De La Salle Univ, Sci Educ Dept, Manila 1004, Philippines. Annamalai Univ, Ctr Adv Study Marine Biol, Parangipettai 608502, India. RP Tanabe, S (reprint author), Ehime Univ, Ctr Marine Environm Studies, Tarumi 3-5-7, Matsuyama, Ehime 7908566, Japan. EM shinsukei@agr.chime-u.ac.jp RI Tanabe, Shinsuke/G-6950-2013; OI Miyazaki, Nobuyuki/0000-0001-8094-683X NR 25 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0269-7491 EI 1873-6424 J9 ENVIRON POLLUT JI Environ. Pollut. PY 2000 VL 110 IS 3 BP 459 EP 468 DI 10.1016/S0269-7491(99)00316-4 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 354NG UT WOS:000089336100010 PM 15092825 ER PT J AU Thompson, RE Voit, EO Scott, GI AF Thompson, RE Voit, EO Scott, GI TI Statistical modeling of sediment and oyster pah contamination data collected at a South Carolina estuary (complete and left-censored samples) SO ENVIRONMETRICS LA English DT Article DE Weibull; Gumbel; lognormal; PAH contamination; left-censoring; P-P probability plots; Q-Q probability plots ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; WATER-QUALITY DATA; MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD; DATA SETS; PROBABILITY PLOTS; LIMITS; LESS; FIT; DISTRIBUTIONS; PARAMETERS AB This paper presents an analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) sediment and oyster contamination data collected at Murrells Inlet, South Carolina. Murrells Inlet is a high salinity estuary located in a heavily urbanized area south of Myrtle Beach, South Carolina. In the first part, lognormal and Weibull distributions are determined that best fit the data, as measured by P-P and Q-Q probability plots. The results indicate that the Weibull gives an adequate ht for almost all the PAH analytes considered. In fact, the Weibull almost always provides a better fit to the data than the lognormal distribution. The second part addresses issues associated with non-detection points, as they are regularly encountered in environmental analyses. In statistical terms, the existence of non-detection points corresponds to data that are left-censored. Several statistical methods for estimating the Weibull parameters from such left-censored data are explored. The overall result is in agreement with recent findings reported by other investigators: methods based on the underlying distribution of the data give more consistent results than those obtained by commonly used substitution methods. Copyright (C) 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Med Univ S Carolina, Dept Biometry & Epidemiol, Charleston, SC 29425 USA. NOAA, NOS Charleston Ctr Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RP Voit, EO (reprint author), Med Univ S Carolina, Dept Biometry & Epidemiol, 135 Rutledge Ave,POB 250551, Charleston, SC 29425 USA. NR 43 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 1 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 1180-4009 J9 ENVIRONMETRICS JI Environmetrics PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 11 IS 1 BP 99 EP 119 DI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-095X(200001/02)11:1<99::AID-ENV391>3.0.CO;2-4 PG 21 WC Environmental Sciences; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Statistics & Probability SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mathematics GA 298YL UT WOS:000086168600006 ER PT J AU Schwab, DJ Beletsky, D Lou, J AF Schwab, DJ Beletsky, D Lou, J TI The 1998 coastal turbidity plume in Lake Michigan SO ESTUARINE COASTAL AND SHELF SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE sediment transport; numerical model; coastal currents; wind waves; visualization ID SUSPENDED SEDIMENT TRANSPORT; WAVE PREDICTION MODEL; CURRENTS AB In this paper, numerical models of coastal circulation, wind-waves, and sediment transport are applied to the March 1998 turbidity plume event in Lake Michigan to investigate the role of wind-induced circulation in the offshore transport of sedimentary material in Lake Michigan. Computer visualization is used to compare model results to the evidence of cross-isobath transport suggested in satellite imagery. Model results showed that circulation in Lake Michigan is highly episodic since it is almost entirely wind-driven in early spring. The characteristic wind-driven circulation pattern in the lake consists of two counter-rotating gyres, a counterclockwise-rotating gyre to the right of the wind, and a clockwise-rotating gyre to the left. The gyres are separated by a convergence zone along the downwind shore with resulting offshore flow and a divergence zone along the upwind shore with onshore flow. This two-gyre circulation pattern with offshore flow was very clearly seen during a northerly wind event in March 1998 in southern Lake Michigan. The strongest sediment resuspension occurred in the southern lake and the shallow waters along the coastline. This is because of the larger waves in southern Lake Michigan due to the dominant northerly wind in this early spring period. The two most significant sediment resuspension events were detected in the model results during the two storm events. Although results from the sediment transport model agree qualitatively with satellite imagery, they fail to simulate the initial eddy-like structure of the plume. Visualization is shown to be an effective tool for interpreting the complex turbidity patterns in the satellite imagery of the turbidity plume. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Cooperat Inst Limnol & Ecosyst Res, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Naval Architecture & Marine Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Schwab, DJ (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Cooperat Inst Limnol & Ecosyst Res, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RI Schwab, David/B-7498-2012; OI Beletsky, Dmitry/0000-0003-4532-0588 NR 32 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0272-7714 J9 ESTUAR COAST SHELF S JI Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 50 IS 1 BP 49 EP 58 DI 10.1006/ecss.1999.0531 PG 10 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 292DM UT WOS:000085778900009 ER PT J AU Zimmerman, BE Pipes, DW AF Zimmerman, BE Pipes, DW TI Experimental investigation of the dependence of dose calibrator response on filling volumes for glass conical V-vials using Re-186 perrhenate SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Mallinckrodt Inc, St Louis, MO 63134 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0340-6997 J9 EUR J NUCL MED JI Eur. J. Nucl. Med. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 27 IS 1 MA 72 BP S100 EP S100 PG 1 WC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 272CB UT WOS:000084632000089 ER PT J AU Zimmerman, BE Unterweger, MP Brodack, JW AF Zimmerman, BE Unterweger, MP Brodack, JW TI Development of a radioactivity measurement standard for the radiotherapy nuclide Lu-177 SO EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Mallinckrodt Inc, St Louis, MO 63134 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0340-6997 J9 EUR J NUCL MED JI Eur. J. Nucl. Med. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 27 IS 1 MA 73 BP S101 EP S101 PG 1 WC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 272CB UT WOS:000084632000090 ER PT J AU Langer, SA Liu, AJ AF Langer, SA Liu, AJ TI Sheared foam as a supercooled liquid? SO EUROPHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID COMPRESSED EMULSIONS; BUBBLE DYNAMICS; GRANULAR FLOW; MODEL; TEMPERATURE; RELAXATION; ELASTICITY; MECHANICS; VISCOSITY; PATTERNS AB We conduct numerical simulations on a simple model of a two-dimensional steady-state sheared foam, and define a quantity Gamma that measures stress fluctuations in the constant-area system. This quantity reduces to the temperature in an equilibrium system. Wie find that the relation between the viscosity and Gamma is the same as that between viscosity and temperature in a very different system, namely a supercooled liquid. This is the first evidence of a common phenomenon linking these two systems. C1 NIST, Informat Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Chem & Biochem, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. RP Langer, SA (reprint author), NIST, Informat Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 27 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 4 PU E D P SCIENCES PI LES ULIS CEDEXA PA 7, AVE DU HOGGAR, PARC D ACTIVITES COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEXA, FRANCE SN 0295-5075 J9 EUROPHYS LETT JI Europhys. Lett. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 49 IS 1 BP 68 EP 74 DI 10.1209/epl/i2000-00121-4 PG 7 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 274TW UT WOS:000084782000011 ER PT J AU Gadzuk, JW Plihal, M AF Gadzuk, JW Plihal, M TI Introductory Lecture - Excited states at surfaces: Fano profiles in STM spectroscopy of adsorbates SO FARADAY DISCUSSIONS LA English DT Editorial Material ID ATOM POINT-SOURCE; METAL-SURFACES; KONDO RESONANCE; DYNAMICS; ELECTRONS; EMISSION; PHOTOEMISSION; RELAXATION; SCATTERING; MOLECULES AB The Fano-Anderson model for a discrete state embedded within a continuum is revisited within the context of excitation and decay processes which lead to some manifestations of Fano lineshape profiles. The phenomenon of resonance tunneling between an STM tip and a metal surface upon which there are isolated adsorbed atoms is discussed and the relationship between the spectroscopic signature of such systems and that of the Fano profile is taken up. Recent experimental studies of Kondo systems of magnetic adsorbates such as Co and Ce adsorbed on noble metal (111) surfaces have motivated this work. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gadzuk, JW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 68 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 2 U2 6 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD,, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0301-7249 J9 FARADAY DISCUSS JI Faraday Discuss. PY 2000 VL 117 BP 1 EP 13 DI 10.1039/b008695i PG 13 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 387YH UT WOS:000166150300001 ER PT S AU Vaudin, MD Fox, GR AF Vaudin, MD Fox, GR BE Schwartz, RW McIntyre, PC Miyasaka, Y Summerfelt, SR Wouters, D TI Measuring bimodal crystallographic texture in ferroelectric PbZrxTi1-xO3 thin films SO FERROELECTRIC THIN FILMS VIII SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Ferroelectric Thin Films VIII at the 1999 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 29-DEC 02, 1999 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc, Aixtron AG, ATMI, NEC Corp, Sharp, STMicroelectr AB A powder x-ray diffraction method has been developed to quantify textured volume fractions in thin films. It has been applied to {111}, {100} and randomly oriented PbZrxTi1-xO3 in 200 nm thick films used for ferroelectric random access memory applications. The integrated and peak intensities of 100, 110, 200 and 222 Bragg peaks from an untextured PZT film were determined by applying a thickness correction to a theta -2 theta scan obtained from random powder of the same composition as the film. X-ray scans were made on the same peaks from the PZT film specimens. The distributions of grain orientation for the {111} and {100} populations in the films were determined from omega scans which were obtained from the films using 100, 200 and 222 scattering angles and corrected for defocussing and absorption. To determine the total volume fraction of each population of grains, the ratios of the integrated film peak intensities to the corrected powder integrated peak intensities were multiplied by the integrals of the corrected w scans. C1 NIST, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Vaudin, MD (reprint author), NIST, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-504-8 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2000 VL 596 BP 363 EP 368 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA BR01U UT WOS:000165400000054 ER PT B AU Black, PE Okun, V Yesha, Y AF Black, PE Okun, V Yesha, Y GP IEEE COMPUTER SOCIETY IEEE COMPUTER SOCIETY TI Mutation operators for specifications SO FIFTEENTH IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON AUTOMATED SOFTWARE ENGINEERING, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 15th IEEE International Conference on Automated Software Engineering (ASE 2000) CY SEP 11-15, 2000 CL GRENOBLE, FRANCE SP Univ Joseph Fourier, IEEE Comp Soc, ACM SIGART, ACM SIGSOFT ID MODEL CHECKING AB Testing has a vital support role in the software engineering process, bur developing tests often takes significant resources. A formal specification is a repository of knowledge about a system, and a recent method uses such specifications to automatically generate complete test suites via mutation analysis. We define an extensive set of mutation operators for use with this method. We report the results of our theoretical and experimental investigation of the relationships between the classes of faults detected by the various operators. Finally we recommend sets of mutation operators which yield good test coverage at a reduced cost compared to using all proposed operators. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM paul.black@nist.gov; vokun1@cs.umbc.edu; yayesha@cs.umbe.edu NR 17 TC 33 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 0-7695-0710-7 PY 2000 BP 81 EP 88 DI 10.1109/ASE.2000.873653 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BQ87Y UT WOS:000089913800009 ER PT B AU Russakoff, D Herman, N AF Russakoff, D Herman, N GP IEEE COMPUTER SOCIETY IEEE COMPUTER SOCIETY TI Head tracking using stereo SO FIFTH IEEE WORKSHOP ON APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTER VISION, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th IEEE Workshop on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV 2000) CY DEC 04-06, 2000 CL PALM SPRINGS, CA SP IEEE Comp Soc AB Head tracking is an important primitive for smart environments and perceptual user interfaces where the poses and movements of body parts need to be determined. Most previous solutions to this problem are based on intensity images and, as a result, stiffer from a host of problems including sensitivity to background clutter and fighting variations. Our approach avoids these pitfalls by using stereo depth data together with a simple human torso model to create a head tracking system that is both fast and robust. We use stereo data to derive a depth model of the background which is then employed to provide accurate foreground segmentation. We then use directed local edge detectors on the foreground to find occluding edges which are used as features to fit to a torso model. Once we have the model parameters, the location and orientation of the head can be easily estimated. A useful side effect from using stereo data is the ability to trade head movement through a room in three dimensions. Experimental results on real image sequences are given. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Informat Access Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Russakoff, D (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Informat Access Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 6 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 0-7695-0813-8 PY 2000 BP 254 EP 260 DI 10.1109/WACV.2000.895430 PG 7 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BR28H UT WOS:000166004900036 ER PT B AU Flater, D AF Flater, D BE Tse, TH Chen, TY TI Testing for imperfect integration of legacy software components SO FIRST ASIA-PACIFIC CONFERENCE ON QUALITY SOFTWARE, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st Asia-Pacific Conference on Quality Software CY OCT 30-31, 2000 CL HONG KONG, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Univ Hong Kong, Software Engn Grp, Vocat Training Council, Software Technol Ctr, IEEE, Hong kong Sect, Comp Chapter, British Comp Soc, Hong Kong Sect, Software Dioxide QAI AB In the manufacturing domain, few new distributed systems are built ground-up; most contain,trapped legacy components. While the legacy components themselves are already well-tested, imperfect integration can introduce subtle faults that are outside the prime target area of generic integration and system tests. One might postulate that focused testing for integration faults could improve the yield of detected faults when used as part of a balanced integration and system test effort. We define such a testing strategy and describe a trial application to a prototype control system. The results suggest that focused testing does not add significant value over traditional black-box testing. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Flater, D (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 0-7695-0825-1 PY 2000 BP 156 EP 165 DI 10.1109/APAQ.2000.883789 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BQ97T UT WOS:000165216400018 ER PT S AU Katsaros, KB Pinker, RT AF Katsaros, KB Pinker, RT GP ESA ESA TI Algorithm improvement for novel applications in earth science research SO FIRST MSG RAO WORKSHOP SE ESA SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st MSG RAO Workshop CY MAY 17-19, 2000 CL BOLOGNA, ITALY SP European Space Agcy, EUMETSAT C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Katsaros, KB (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RI Pinker, Rachel/F-6565-2010 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ESA PUBLICATIONS DIVISION C/O ESTEC PI 2200 AG NOORDWIJK PA PO BOX 299, 2200 AG NOORDWIJK, NETHERLANDS SN 0379-6566 BN 92-9092-649-X J9 ESA SP PUBL PY 2000 VL 452 BP 103 EP 106 PG 4 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BR53E UT WOS:000166722400021 ER PT J AU Olla, BL Davis, MW Rose, C AF Olla, BL Davis, MW Rose, C TI Differences in orientation and swimming of walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma in a trawl net under light and dark conditions: concordance between field and laboratory observations SO FISHERIES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE behavior; bycatch; light; mortality; survival; vision ID FISH; SABLEFISH AB The success of modifications to fishing gear in reducing or eliminating bycatch mortality requires in many cases that escaping fish be able to use vision for volitional guiding out of gear. Light adequate for vision is often not present as fishing operations are commonly conducted at depths or at night when light quantity is below visual capability. Previous observations of walleye pollock behavior in the laboratory indicated that darkness inhibited their ability to respond and orient to trawling gear. The goal of the present study was to test this result in situ by comparing swimming and orientation capabilities of walleye pollock under light and dark conditions in commercial type trawl gear using infrared illumination and video cameras to monitor these behaviors. Under light conditions, fish swam actively and were oriented parallel to the principle axis of the trawl. In contrast, under dark conditions there was little or no active swimming and the fish showed a significant degree of deviation from the principle axis of the trawl. These results showed that vision plays a major role in trawl gear interactions for walleye pollock and points out the importance of measuring light quantity in field studies of bycatch processes and mortality. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Olla, BL (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NR 17 TC 43 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-7836 J9 FISH RES JI Fish Res. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 44 IS 3 BP 261 EP 266 DI 10.1016/S0165-7836(99)00093-4 PG 6 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 272LM UT WOS:000084651700006 ER PT J AU Govoni, JJ Stender, BW Pashuk, O AF Govoni, JJ Stender, BW Pashuk, O TI Distribution of larval swordfish, Xiphias gladius, and probable spawning off the southeastern United States SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID GULF-STREAM; THUNNUS-THYNNUS; FLORIDA CURRENT; BLUEFIN TUNA; ABUNDANCE; SHELF; SATELLITE; FISHES; WATERS; GROWTH AB The retrospective assignment of collections of larval swordfish, Xiphias gladius, taken from 1973 to 1980, to water types and area of the Gulf Stream front, as well as three sets of contemporary collections taken in 1984, 1988, and 1997, indicated that larvae were collected most frequently within the western Gulf Stream frontal zone. Larval swordfish accumulate by localized hydrodynamic convergence, rather than localized spawning, and thus these rare, surface-oriented larvae are found more frequently within the frontal zone. Lengths of larval swordfish taken from curatorial collections, from contemporary collections, and from published records from the Caribbean Sea, the Gulf of Mexico, and the western North Atlantic, as well as assumptions about growth rates and Gulf Stream transport, indicated that swordfish may spawn as far north as Cape Hatteras. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Beaufort Lab, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. Marine Resources Res Inst, S Carolina Wildlife & Marine Resources Dept, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RP Govoni, JJ (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Beaufort Lab, 101 Pivers Isl Rd, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. NR 40 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 98 IS 1 BP 64 EP 74 PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 287NV UT WOS:000085512900005 ER PT J AU Lenihan, HS Micheli, F AF Lenihan, HS Micheli, F TI Biological effects of shellfish harvesting on oyster reefs: resolving a fishery conflict by ecological experimentation SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID HARD CLAM; MANAGEMENT; PREDATION; PATTERNS; DENSITY; DECLINE; SIZE; CRAB AB We conducted a large-scale held experiment to test whether clam and oyster harvesting applied alone and in combination on intertidal oyster reefs have impacts on resident shellfish populations. This experiment was conducted to resolve a long-standing conflict between oyster (Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin, 1791)) and clam (Mercenaria mercenaria (Linneaus, 1758)) fishermen who contend that the other fishery causes high rates of mortality to their respective species. Intertidal oyster reefs located in two estuarine creeks near Wilmington, North Carolina, were harvested for clams only, oysters only, both clams and oysters, or were left undisturbed as controls. Experimental harvesting was conducted over a one-year period by a professional shellfisherman who used realistic fishing techniques (clam rakes and oyster tongs), intensity, and frequency. Harvesting impact on hard clam and oyster populations was assessed by sampling naturally occurring oysters before and after harvesting, and sampling both naturally occurring clams (all size classes) and transplanted, hatchery-raised clams (20-37 mm in length) alter harvesting. Clam and oyster harvesting had obvious negative effects on populations of oysters. There was a substantial decrease in the number of live oysters on clam-harvested and oyster-harvested reefs compared with unharvested, control reefs. Clam and oyster harvesting, applied together, reduced oyster densities and killed unharvested oysters ata level similar to that caused by each type of harvesting applied separately. The effects of the shellfish harvesting on populations of hard clams varied between the two sites (i.e. creeks). In both creeks, clam harvesting, alone and combined with oyster harvesting, significantly decreased the number of live, naturally occurring clams. Oyster harvesting alone decreased the number of live, naturally occurring clams only at one site. Clam harvesting also decreased the number of live, transplanted clams on reefs, but there was no effect of oyster harvesting, because the transplanted clams were juveniles too small to be harvested with oyster tongs. Overall, the combined effect of both types of harvesting applied together did not have a negative synergistic effect an clam and oyster populations. Consequently, both clamming and oyster harvesting should be permitted on some reefs, but maintaining large populations of oysters and clams on intertidal oyster reefs will require protection of some reefs from bath types of harvesting. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Beaufort Lab, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. Natl Ctr Ecol Anal & Synth, Santa Barbara, CA 93101 USA. RP Lenihan, HS (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Inst Marine Sci, 3431 Arendell St, Morehead City, NC 28557 USA. NR 31 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 8 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 98 IS 1 BP 86 EP 95 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 287NV UT WOS:000085512900007 ER PT J AU Stevenson, JT Secor, DH AF Stevenson, JT Secor, DH TI Age determination and growth of Hudson River Atlantic sturgeon, Acipenser oxyrinchus SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID WHITE STURGEON; MARINE FISHES; LAKE STURGEON; PATTERNS; MANAGEMENT; FULVESCENS; OTOLITHS; BIOLOGY AB Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus) are a large anadromous fish which is especially vulnerable to overharvesting owing to its late age of maturity and low rate of reproduction. Age determination methods and growth rates are poorly described for this species. Pectoral-fin spine sections and sagittal otolith sections were examined to determine whether one of these structures would be useful in estimating the age and growth of Atlantic sturgeon. Otoliths have been difficult to collect, process, and interpret. Interpretation of annuli in sectioned pectoral spines has proven to be an unbiased method for aging juvenile and adult Hudson River Atlantic sturgeon. Marginal increment analysis has indicated an annual cycle of annulus deposition. Microchemical analysis with an electron microprobe of the periphery of fin spines has shown seasonal patterns of calcium and phosphorus concentrations related to the translucent and opaque zones of the annuli. Formation of yearly annuli was verified in 4-year-old laboratory-reared sturgeon. Von Bertalanffy growth models (based upon fin-spine interpretations) were fitted for the Hudson River population. Models predicted a more rapid growth rate for males than for females (females: K=0.07, L(infinity)=251 cm; males: K=0.25, L(infinity)=180 cm). Females, however, attained a greater maximum age (42 yr) and size (TL=277 cm). We believe that exploitation has had a large but unquantifiable bias on growth estimates for male and female Atlantic sturgeon. As the Hudson River population recovers, age structure and growth rate estimates should be refined to predict population recovery rates more accurately in the absence of a directed fishery. C1 Univ Maryland, Chesapeake Biol Lab, Ctr Environm Sci, Solomons, MD 20688 USA. RP Stevenson, JT (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Highly Migratory Species Management Div, F-SF1,1315 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM jill.stevenson@noaa.gov RI Secor, D/D-4367-2012 OI Secor, D/0000-0001-6007-4827 NR 53 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 4 U2 17 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 98 IS 1 BP 153 EP 166 PG 14 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 287NV UT WOS:000085512900012 ER PT J AU Wetherbee, BM AF Wetherbee, BM TI Assemblage of deep-sea sharks on Chatham Rise, New Zealand SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID DEMERSAL ASSEMBLAGES; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; SQUALOID SHARKS; SOUTHERN AFRICA; WEST-COAST; SLOPE; DIVERSITY; PATTERNS; WATERS; FOOD AB The distribution and abundance of deep-sea sharks on Chatham Rise, New Zealand, are described. Sharks were collected as bycatch in two deep-water trawl fisheries at a total of 390 stations, which ranged in depth from 740 to 1503 m. Sixteen species of shark were caught; Deania calcea, Centroscymnus crepidater, Etmopterus granulosus, and Centroscymnus owstoni accounted for the largest portion of the shark catch. Species that would provide the highest yield of commercially important liver lipids were not abundant in trawls. All sharks combined formed only 4.2% of overall biomass captured in trawls. Depth is a major determinant of the composition of the shark assemblage; both density of sharks (kg/km(2)) and species diversity were inversely proportional to depth. Distributional patterns of the shark community varied with location on Chatham Rise, and species composition of the shark catch varied with the species of teleost targeted in deep-water trawls. C1 Univ Hawaii, Dept Zool, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Wetherbee, BM (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 28 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 32 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 98 IS 1 BP 189 EP 198 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 287NV UT WOS:000085512900014 ER PT S AU Payne, B Evans, DJ AF Payne, B Evans, DJ BE Tomasini, EP TI Errors in accelerometer calibration using laser interferometry due to harmonic distortion and cross motion in the applied motion SO FOURTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON VIBRATION MEASUREMENTS BY LASER TECHNIQUES: ADVANCES AND APPLICATIONS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Vibration Measurements by Laser Techniques CY JUN 21-23, 2000 CL ANCONA, ITALY SP Italian Assoc Laser Velocimetry, Univ Studi Ancona, Dept Meccan DE accelerometers; calibration; exciters; laser interferometry; shakers; and uncertainty AB The development of mechanical vibration generators (shakers) used in the precise calibration of accelerometers requires minimizing the amount of distortion and cross (transverse) motion present in the vibration of the moving element of the shaker. It is well known that both distortion and cross motion can introduce significant errors in the calibration of accelerometers. Potential effects on measured sensitivity due to the presence of harmonic distortion were determined experimentally. Varying amounts of harmonic distortion were systematically introduced into the drive signal of a shaker. Changes in the measured sensitivity of an accelerometer were noted for these varied amounts of distortion and compared with theoretical predictions. Measurements of the sensitivity of an accelerometer were also made using moving elements having varying amounts of cross motion in order to experimentally determine potential effects due to the presence of cross motion on measured sensitivity. The results of this study should be helpful in the development of error budgets for accelerometer calibration systems and in the design of shakers used as a part of such systems. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Payne, B (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr STOP 8221, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3709-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2000 VL 4072 BP 102 EP 105 DI 10.1117/12.386750 PG 4 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Instruments & Instrumentation; Mechanics; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Mechanics; Optics GA BQ54D UT WOS:000088696200011 ER PT B AU Gutman, SI Holub, KL AF Gutman, SI Holub, KL GP AMS AMS TI Ground-based GPS meteorology at the NOAA Forecast Systems Laboratory SO FOURTH SYMPOSIUM ON INTEGRATED OBSERVING SYSTEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th Symposium on Integrated Observing Systems CY JAN 09-14, 2000 CL LONG BEACH, CA SP Amer Meteorol Soc ID GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM; ATMOSPHERIC WATER-VAPOR; DELAY C1 NOAA, Forecast Syst Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Gutman, SI (reprint author), NOAA, Forecast Syst Lab, 325 Broadway R-FS3, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 2000 BP 1 EP 5 PG 5 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BS02X UT WOS:000168377700001 ER PT B AU Heim, RR Duchon, CE Baker, CB Leffler, RJ Horvitz, AH Mannarano, D Schaefer, G AF Heim, RR Duchon, CE Baker, CB Leffler, RJ Horvitz, AH Mannarano, D Schaefer, G GP AMS AMS TI Development of the US climate reference network SO FOURTH SYMPOSIUM ON INTEGRATED OBSERVING SYSTEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th Symposium on Integrated Observing Systems CY JAN 09-14, 2000 CL LONG BEACH, CA SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 Natl Climat Data Ctr, Sci Serv Div, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. RP Heim, RR (reprint author), Natl Climat Data Ctr, Sci Serv Div, 151 Patton Ave,Fed Bldg, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 2000 BP 6 EP 9 PG 4 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BS02X UT WOS:000168377700002 ER PT B AU Baker, CB Eskridge, RE AF Baker, CB Eskridge, RE GP AMS AMS TI Evaluation of aircraft (ACARS) data as a substitute for radiosonde data: Climate perspective SO FOURTH SYMPOSIUM ON INTEGRATED OBSERVING SYSTEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th Symposium on Integrated Observing Systems CY JAN 09-14, 2000 CL LONG BEACH, CA SP Amer Meteorol Soc ID TEMPERATURE C1 NOAA, Natl Climat Data Ctr, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. RP Baker, CB (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Climat Data Ctr, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 2000 BP 14 EP 20 PG 7 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BS02X UT WOS:000168377700004 ER PT B AU Thomas, RD Bower, CA AF Thomas, RD Bower, CA GP AMS AMS TI Overview of NWS radiosonde system replacement SO FOURTH SYMPOSIUM ON INTEGRATED OBSERVING SYSTEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th Symposium on Integrated Observing Systems CY JAN 09-14, 2000 CL LONG BEACH, CA SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Thomas, RD (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, 1325 E-W Highway,W-OSO14, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 2000 BP 26 EP 29 PG 4 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BS02X UT WOS:000168377700006 ER PT B AU Cunning, J AF Cunning, J GP AMS AMS TI Commercial aircraft provided weather data SO FOURTH SYMPOSIUM ON INTEGRATED OBSERVING SYSTEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th Symposium on Integrated Observing Systems CY JAN 09-14, 2000 CL LONG BEACH, CA SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, Forecast Syst Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Cunning, J (reprint author), NOAA, Forecast Syst Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 2000 BP 45 EP 48 PG 4 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BS02X UT WOS:000168377700011 ER PT B AU McMillin, LM Zhou, SS AF McMillin, LM Zhou, SS GP AMS AMS TI A procedure to use satellite measurements to determine differences between radiosonde types SO FOURTH SYMPOSIUM ON INTEGRATED OBSERVING SYSTEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th Symposium on Integrated Observing Systems CY JAN 09-14, 2000 CL LONG BEACH, CA SP Amer Meteorol Soc DE = C1 NOAA, NESDIS, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP McMillin, LM (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, 5200 Auth Rd,E-RA1 Room 810 WWB, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 2000 BP 55 EP 57 PG 3 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BS02X UT WOS:000168377700013 ER PT B AU Gutman, S Fang, P Bock, Y Bevis, M Businger, S Holub, K AF Gutman, S Fang, P Bock, Y Bevis, M Businger, S Holub, K GP AMS AMS TI Operational ground-based GPS water vapor observing system strategies SO FOURTH SYMPOSIUM ON INTEGRATED OBSERVING SYSTEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th Symposium on Integrated Observing Systems CY JAN 09-14, 2000 CL LONG BEACH, CA SP Amer Meteorol Soc ID GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM; METEOROLOGY C1 NOAA, Forecast Syst Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Gutman, S (reprint author), NOAA, Forecast Syst Lab, 325 Broadway R-FS3, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 2000 BP 58 EP 61 PG 4 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BS02X UT WOS:000168377700014 ER PT B AU MacDonald, AE Xie, YF AF MacDonald, AE Xie, YF GP AMS AMS TI On the use of slant observations from GPS to diagnose three dimensional water vapor using 3DVAR SO FOURTH SYMPOSIUM ON INTEGRATED OBSERVING SYSTEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th Symposium on Integrated Observing Systems CY JAN 09-14, 2000 CL LONG BEACH, CA SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, Forecast Syst Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP MacDonald, AE (reprint author), NOAA, Forecast Syst Lab, 325 Broadway,R-FS, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 9 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 2000 BP 62 EP 73 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BS02X UT WOS:000168377700015 ER PT B AU Reeves, RW Schultz, JR AF Reeves, RW Schultz, JR GP AMS AMS TI Development of a user-friendly, interactive Web guide to in situ observing system metadata using GIS technology SO FOURTH SYMPOSIUM ON INTEGRATED OBSERVING SYSTEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th Symposium on Integrated Observing Systems CY JAN 09-14, 2000 CL LONG BEACH, CA SP Amer Meteorol Soc AB The objective of the project is to assemble a Web-based guide to metadata for in situ observing systems utilizing the power of Geographic Information System (GIS) technology. The overall product is called The Global Environmental Observing Systems through GIS-User Interface for Display and Evaluation (GEOGUIDE). The first phase of the project was a feasibility demonstration (Reeves et al 1999) using a limited set of metadata from the Real-time Environmental Information Network and Analysis System (REINAS) Project. The second phase, reported on here, is a description of an operational Web site, and with a significant expansion of the metadata base. C1 NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Reeves, RW (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, 1325 E-W Highway,SSMC2,RM 13330, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 2000 BP 74 EP 77 PG 4 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BS02X UT WOS:000168377700016 ER PT B AU Girz, CMIR MacDonald, AE Anderson, RL Lachenmeier, T Caracena, F Jamison, BD Collander, RS AF Girz, CMIR MacDonald, AE Anderson, RL Lachenmeier, T Caracena, F Jamison, BD Collander, RS GP AMS AMS TI GAINS - An observing system for the 21st century SO FOURTH SYMPOSIUM ON INTEGRATED OBSERVING SYSTEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th Symposium on Integrated Observing Systems CY JAN 09-14, 2000 CL LONG BEACH, CA SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, FSL, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Girz, CMIR (reprint author), NOAA, FSL, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Jamison, Brian/M-1109-2015 NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 2000 BP 93 EP 93 PG 1 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BS02X UT WOS:000168377700020 ER PT B AU Goldberg, MD AF Goldberg, MD GP AMS AMS TI Advanced infrared sounding instruments for the next generation of polar orbiting satellites SO FOURTH SYMPOSIUM ON INTEGRATED OBSERVING SYSTEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th Symposium on Integrated Observing Systems CY JAN 09-14, 2000 CL LONG BEACH, CA SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Off Res & Applicat, Washington, DC 20233 USA. RP Goldberg, MD (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, 5200 Auth Rd,Room 810, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 2000 BP 98 EP 98 PG 1 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BS02X UT WOS:000168377700022 ER PT B AU Soreide, NN Woody, CE Holt, SM AF Soreide, NN Woody, CE Holt, SM GP AMS AMS TI Overview of ocean based buoys and drifters: Present applications and future needs SO FOURTH SYMPOSIUM ON INTEGRATED OBSERVING SYSTEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th Symposium on Integrated Observing Systems CY JAN 09-14, 2000 CL LONG BEACH, CA SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, OD, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Soreide, NN (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, OD, 7600 Sand Point Way NE,Route R-PMEL, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM nns@pmel.noaa.gov NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 2000 BP 119 EP 121 PG 3 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BS02X UT WOS:000168377700028 ER PT B AU Meindl, EA AF Meindl, EA GP AMS AMS TI An overview of National Data Buoy Center products and activities SO FOURTH SYMPOSIUM ON INTEGRATED OBSERVING SYSTEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th Symposium on Integrated Observing Systems CY JAN 09-14, 2000 CL LONG BEACH, CA SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 Natl Data Buoy Ctr, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. RP Meindl, EA (reprint author), Natl Data Buoy Ctr, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 2000 BP 122 EP 125 PG 4 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BS02X UT WOS:000168377700029 ER PT B AU Freitag, HP McPhaden, MJ AF Freitag, HP McPhaden, MJ GP AMS AMS TI TAO and PIRATA buoy networks in the tropical Pacific and Atlantic SO FOURTH SYMPOSIUM ON INTEGRATED OBSERVING SYSTEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th Symposium on Integrated Observing Systems CY JAN 09-14, 2000 CL LONG BEACH, CA SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, OD, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Freitag, HP (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, OD, 7600 Sand Point Way NE,Route R-PMEL, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 2000 BP 126 EP 127 PG 2 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BS02X UT WOS:000168377700030 ER PT B AU Swenson, MS AF Swenson, MS GP AMS AMS TI The Global Drifter Program SO FOURTH SYMPOSIUM ON INTEGRATED OBSERVING SYSTEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th Symposium on Integrated Observing Systems CY JAN 09-14, 2000 CL LONG BEACH, CA SP Amer Meteorol Soc ID SURFACE C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Swenson, MS (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 2000 BP 128 EP 129 PG 2 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BS02X UT WOS:000168377700031 ER PT B AU Gilhousen, DB Seim, HE Welsh, P AF Gilhousen, DB Seim, HE Welsh, P GP AMS AMS TI A cooperative effort to transmit real-time marine observations for meteorologists SO FOURTH SYMPOSIUM ON INTEGRATED OBSERVING SYSTEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th Symposium on Integrated Observing Systems CY JAN 09-14, 2000 CL LONG BEACH, CA SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 Natl Data Buoy Ctr, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. RP Gilhousen, DB (reprint author), Natl Data Buoy Ctr, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 2000 BP 159 EP 159 PG 1 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BS02X UT WOS:000168377700041 ER PT B AU Denbo, DW Windsor, CR AF Denbo, DW Windsor, CR GP AMS AMS TI Interactive access to distributed in situ data in a collaborative tool environment SO FOURTH SYMPOSIUM ON INTEGRATED OBSERVING SYSTEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th Symposium on Integrated Observing Systems CY JAN 09-14, 2000 CL LONG BEACH, CA SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, OCRD, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Denbo, DW (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, OCRD, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 2000 BP 165 EP 168 PG 4 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BS02X UT WOS:000168377700044 ER PT B AU Turnbull, WT AF Turnbull, WT GP AMS AMS TI Moving data and information from here to the future SO FOURTH SYMPOSIUM ON INTEGRATED OBSERVING SYSTEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th Symposium on Integrated Observing Systems CY JAN 09-14, 2000 CL LONG BEACH, CA SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, Off High Performance Comp & Commun, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Turnbull, WT (reprint author), NOAA, Off High Performance Comp & Commun, 1315 E-W Highway,Room 9636, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 2000 BP 169 EP 170 PG 2 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BS02X UT WOS:000168377700045 ER PT B AU Soreide, NN AF Soreide, NN GP AMS AMS TI Technology trends in distributed data access and visualization SO FOURTH SYMPOSIUM ON INTEGRATED OBSERVING SYSTEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th Symposium on Integrated Observing Systems CY JAN 09-14, 2000 CL LONG BEACH, CA SP Amer Meteorol Soc AB As computational power increases, and observation systems sample the environment more densely in space and time, environmental datasets have become increasingly large and more complex. Furthermore, environmental datasets, both observed data and model outputs, are geographically distributed across heterogeneous computing platforms. Our ability to understand these large, complex, distributed data sets depends upon the development of new methodologies for accessing and integrating the data sets with visualization and analysis technologies. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, OD, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Soreide, NN (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, OD, 7600 Sand Point Way NE,Route R-PMEL, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 2000 BP 171 EP 174 PG 4 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BS02X UT WOS:000168377700046 ER PT B AU Schwartz, B Benjamin, S AF Schwartz, B Benjamin, S GP AMS AMS TI Verification of RUC2 precipitation forecasts using the NCEP multisensor analysis SO FOURTH SYMPOSIUM ON INTEGRATED OBSERVING SYSTEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th Symposium on Integrated Observing Systems CY JAN 09-14, 2000 CL LONG BEACH, CA SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, Forecast Syst Lab, Boulder, CO USA. RP Schwartz, B (reprint author), 325 Broadway,R-E-F1, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Benjamin, Stan/C-5818-2015 OI Benjamin, Stan/0000-0002-5751-8236 NR 3 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 2000 BP 182 EP 185 PG 4 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BS02X UT WOS:000168377700048 ER PT B AU Toth, Z Szunyogh, I Majumdar, S Morss, R Etherton, B Bishop, C Lord, S Ralph, M Persson, C Pu, ZX AF Toth, Z Szunyogh, I Majumdar, S Morss, R Etherton, B Bishop, C Lord, S Ralph, M Persson, C Pu, ZX GP AMS AMS TI Targeted observations at NCEP: Toward an operational implementation SO FOURTH SYMPOSIUM ON INTEGRATED OBSERVING SYSTEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th Symposium on Integrated Observing Systems CY JAN 09-14, 2000 CL LONG BEACH, CA SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 EMC, NCEP, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Toth, Z (reprint author), EMC, NCEP, 5200 Auth Rd,Room 207, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RI Szunyogh, Istvan/G-9248-2012; Etherton, Brian/E-7419-2015; Toth, Zoltan/I-6624-2015 OI Etherton, Brian/0000-0002-2760-0095; Toth, Zoltan/0000-0002-9635-9194 NR 9 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 2000 BP 186 EP 193 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BS02X UT WOS:000168377700049 ER PT B AU Aberson, S AF Aberson, S GP AMS AMS TI The first three years of operational targeting with the NOAA G-IV SO FOURTH SYMPOSIUM ON INTEGRATED OBSERVING SYSTEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th Symposium on Integrated Observing Systems CY JAN 09-14, 2000 CL LONG BEACH, CA SP Amer Meteorol Soc ID INTENSITY FORECASTS; HURRICANE TRACK; IMPACT C1 Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Aberson, S (reprint author), Hurricane Res Div, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 2000 BP 198 EP 199 PG 2 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BS02X UT WOS:000168377700051 ER PT B AU Menne, MJ Duchon, CE AF Menne, MJ Duchon, CE GP AMS AMS TI Automatic monthly detection of maximum and minimum temperature errors and inhomogeneities in the NOAA/NWS cooperative observer network SO FOURTH SYMPOSIUM ON INTEGRATED OBSERVING SYSTEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th Symposium on Integrated Observing Systems CY JAN 09-14, 2000 CL LONG BEACH, CA SP Amer Meteorol Soc ID CLIMATE C1 Natl Clim Data Ctr, Sci Serv Div, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. RP Menne, MJ (reprint author), Natl Clim Data Ctr, Sci Serv Div, 151 Patton Ave, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 2000 BP 204 EP 208 PG 5 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BS02X UT WOS:000168377700053 ER PT B AU Weng, FH Zhu, T Zhang, D AF Weng, FH Zhu, T Zhang, D GP AMS AMS TI Applications of Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit to improving the analysis of atmospheric wind field in tropical cyclones SO FOURTH SYMPOSIUM ON INTEGRATED OBSERVING SYSTEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th Symposium on Integrated Observing Systems CY JAN 09-14, 2000 CL LONG BEACH, CA SP Amer Meteorol Soc ID MODELS C1 NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Off Res & Applicat, Washington, DC 20233 USA. RP Weng, FH (reprint author), 5200 Auth Rd,RM 601, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RI Weng, Fuzhong/F-5633-2010 OI Weng, Fuzhong/0000-0003-0150-2179 NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 2000 BP 209 EP 214 PG 6 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BS02X UT WOS:000168377700054 ER PT B AU Jalickee, JB Fellows, W Giraytys, J AF Jalickee, JB Fellows, W Giraytys, J GP AMS AMS TI What? Make changes to the upper air observing program? SO FOURTH SYMPOSIUM ON INTEGRATED OBSERVING SYSTEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th Symposium on Integrated Observing Systems CY JAN 09-14, 2000 CL LONG BEACH, CA SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, OSD5, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Jalickee, JB (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, OSD5, 1325 E-W Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 2000 BP 221 EP 225 PG 5 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BS02X UT WOS:000168377700056 ER PT B AU Toepfer, F Fellows, W Giraytys, J AF Toepfer, F Fellows, W Giraytys, J GP AMS AMS TI Operational potentials and realities of MDCRS SO FOURTH SYMPOSIUM ON INTEGRATED OBSERVING SYSTEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th Symposium on Integrated Observing Systems CY JAN 09-14, 2000 CL LONG BEACH, CA SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, OSD5, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Toepfer, F (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, OSD5, 1325 E-W Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 2000 BP 226 EP 228 PG 3 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BS02X UT WOS:000168377700057 ER PT B AU Schlatter, TW AF Schlatter, TW GP AMS AMS TI Progress in testing hypotheses for the North American Observing System (NAOS) Program SO FOURTH SYMPOSIUM ON INTEGRATED OBSERVING SYSTEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th Symposium on Integrated Observing Systems CY JAN 09-14, 2000 CL LONG BEACH, CA SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, Forecast Syst Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Schlatter, TW (reprint author), NOAA, Forecast Syst Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Schlatter, Thomas /E-7480-2015 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 2000 BP 229 EP 229 PG 1 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BS02X UT WOS:000168377700058 ER PT B AU Molinari, RL AF Molinari, RL GP AMS AMS TI Information management methodology for profiling float observations SO FOURTH SYMPOSIUM ON INTEGRATED OBSERVING SYSTEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th Symposium on Integrated Observing Systems CY JAN 09-14, 2000 CL LONG BEACH, CA SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Molinari, RL (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 2000 BP 231 EP 231 PG 1 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BS02X UT WOS:000168377700060 ER PT J AU Nalepa, TF Hartson, DJ Buchanan, J Cavaletto, JF Lang, GA Lozano, SJ AF Nalepa, TF Hartson, DJ Buchanan, J Cavaletto, JF Lang, GA Lozano, SJ TI Spatial variation in density, mean size and physiological condition of the holarctic amphipod Diporeia spp. in Lake Michigan SO FRESHWATER BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE lipid content; lipid classes; length-weight; Dreissena; Great Lakes ID NORTHERN BALTIC SEA; PONTOPOREIA-HOYI; LIPID-CONTENT; MONOPOREIA-AFFINIS; SEASONAL-CHANGES; FISH COMMUNITY; GREAT-LAKES; POPULATIONS; ONTARIO; MACROINVERTEBRATES AB 1. We examined spatial patterns in population characteristics (density, biomass,;mean body length) and physiological condition (lipid content, length-weight) of the amphipod Diporeia spp. in Lake Michigan by collecting samples at up to 85 sites in late summer 1994 and 1995. Variables were examined relative to water depth and three lake regions: south, central and north. Most major river systems are found in the south, and this region is more nutrient-enriched compared to the north. 2. Over all sites, mean density was 5240 m(-2), biomass was 4.1 g dry wt m(-2), and mean body length was 5 mm. While maximum densities were related to depth, with a peak at 30-70 m, greatest densities occurred on the west side of the lake, and low densities were found in the south-east, north-east and lower Green Bay. High densities in the west probably resulted from upwelling, and reduced densities in the south-east may reflect food competition with Dreissena polymorpha (zebra mussel). 3. Lipid content, weight per unit length, and mean length declined with increased water depth, but depth-related trends were most evident in the south. Overall, mean Lipid content and weight per unit length were significantly lower in the south (16.6% dry wt, 0.59 mg at 5 mm body length) compared to the north (23.7% dry wt, 0.78 mg at 5 mm body length). These regional differences may have resulted from greater diatom availability in the north and competition from D. polymorpha in the south. Triacylglycerols and phospholipids were the dominant lipid classes in all three regions. Although the mean proportion of triacylglycerols, the energy-storage lipid, was lower in the south than in the north, regional differences in proportions of lipid classes were not significant. 4. Mean lipid content and weight per unit length of Diporeia in the south were lower than values found in the late 1980s prior to the establishment of Dreissena. Mean lipid content of mature individuals is now at levels considered a minimum for successful reproduction. C1 NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Univ Michigan, Cooperat Inst Limnol & Ecosyst Res, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. US EPA, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. RP Nalepa, TF (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM nalepa@glerl.noaa.gov NR 48 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 9 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0046-5070 J9 FRESHWATER BIOL JI Freshw. Biol. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 43 IS 1 BP 107 EP 119 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2427.2000.00530.x PG 13 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 282VW UT WOS:000085242000008 ER PT S AU Gehring, PM Vakhrushev, SB Shirane, G AF Gehring, PM Vakhrushev, SB Shirane, G BE Cohen, RE TI Soft mode anomalies in the perovskite relaxor Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O-3 SO FUNDAMENTAL PHYSICS OF FERROELECTRICS 2000 SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Aspen-Center-for-Physics Winter Workshop on Fundamental Physics of Ferroelectrics CY FEB 13-20, 2000 CL ASPEN, CO SP USN, Off Res, Carnegie Inst Washington, DARPA, Aspen Ctr Phys ID GLASSY POLARIZATION BEHAVIOR; X-RAY-SCATTERING; FERROELECTRIC PBMG1/3NB2/3O3; LEAD MAGNONIOBATE; PHASE; CRYSTALS; ORDER AB Room temperature neutron inelastic scattering measurements of the polar transverse optic (TO) phonon mode in the cubic relaxor Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O-3 (PMN) reveal anomalous behavior. similar to that recently observed in Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)(0.92)Tio(0.08)Os(3) in which the optic branch appears to drop precipitously into the acoustic branch at a finite value of the momentum transfer q = 0.23 Angstrom (-1) measured from the zone center. By contrast, a recent neutron study indicates that PMN exhibits a normal TO phonon branch at much higher temperature (800 K). We thus speculate that this unusual feature is common to all relaxer materials at low temperatures, and is the result of the presence of nanometer-scale polarized domains in the cn stal that form below a temperature Td, which effectively prevent the propagation of long wavelength (q = 0) phanons. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gehring, PM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 16 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-959-9 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2000 VL 535 BP 314 EP 322 PG 9 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA BR27C UT WOS:000165986600036 ER PT S AU Suehle, JS AF Suehle, JS BE Gupta, DC Brown, GA TI Ultra-thin film dielectric reliability characterization SO GATE DIELECTRIC INTEGRITY: MATERIAL, PROCESS, AND TOOL QUALIFICATION SE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Gate Dielectric Integrity CY JAN 25, 1999 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP Amer Soc Testing & Mat, Comm F 1 Electr DE silicon oxide; reliability; accelerated stress tests; gate oxide integrity; dielectric breakdown ID BREAKDOWN AB The reliability of gate oxides is becoming a critical concern as oxide thickness is scaled below 4 nm in future technology. The breakdown detection algorithms in traditional reliability characterization techniques must be modified for sub-4 nm thick SiO2 films that exhibit excessive tunneling currents and soft breakdown. It becomes essential to fully understand the physical mechanism(s) responsible for gate oxide wearout and breakdown if reliability projections are based on the results of highly accelerated wafer-level GOI tests. Issues relating to the reliability testing of ultra-thin oxides are discussed with examples. C1 NIST, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Suehle, JS (reprint author), NIST, Div Semicond Elect, Bldg 225,Rm B360, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMERICAN SOCIETY TESTING AND MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DRIVE, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 1040-1695 BN 0-8031-2615-8 J9 AM SOC TEST MATER PY 2000 VL 1382 BP 27 EP 40 DI 10.1520/STP13481S PG 14 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA BP67H UT WOS:000085825500002 ER PT J AU Jackson, LF Swanson, P Duan, CM Fruchtman, S Sullivan, CV AF Jackson, LF Swanson, P Duan, CM Fruchtman, S Sullivan, CV TI Purification, characterization, and bioassay of prolactin and growth hormone from temperate basses, genus Morone SO GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article DE prolactin; growth hormone; temperate basses ID FACTOR-BINDING PROTEINS; STRIPED BASS; OREOCHROMIS-MOSSAMBICUS; IN-VITRO; MOLECULAR-CLONING; SALMON PROLACTIN; NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; PREGROWTH HORMONE; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; GONADOTROPIN-II AB Prolactin (PRL) and two variants of growth hormone (GH), purified from pituitaries of striped bass (Morone saxatilis) and its hybrid with white bass (M. saxatilis x M. chrysops) by gel filtration chromatography under alkaline conditions followed by reversed-phase high pressure liquid chromatography, appear similar between species. Both the minor (GH I) and the major (GH II) forms of purified GH appeared as single bands (M-r similar to 23,000) after sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, as did the purified PRL (M-r similar to 24,000). The molecular weights of GH II and PRL determined by MALDI TOF mass spectroscopy were 21.2 and 21.3 kDa, respectively. In Western blotting experiments, an antiserum against tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) 24K PRL specifically recognized Morone PRL, while an antiserum against tilapia GH specifically recognized Morone GH I and II. Chemical identities of the putative PRL and GH I were further confirmed by N-terminal peptide sequencing, while internal sequence analysis was performed on GH II because it was blocked at its N-terminus. Over a stretch of 29 amino acids, Morone PRL was found to be 76% identical to tilapia 24K PRL, 72% identical to tilapia 20K PRL, 72% identical to chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) PRL I, and 69% identical to eel (Anguilla japonica) PRL I. Alignment of the hybrid striped bass GH sequences with those of several other advanced marine teleosts indicated 75-85% sequence identity for GH I (40 amino acids) and 95-98% identity for GH II (45 amino acids). Biological activity of striped bass GH II was confirmed using a heterologous in vitro assay of insulinlike growth factor I mRNA production by coho salmon (On. kisutch) hepatocytes. An in vivo bioassay, involving hypophysectomy of hybrid striped bass and treatment of the fish maintained in fresh water with homologous PRL, confirmed that the purified striped bass PRL was also bioactive. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Zool, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Biol, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Sullivan, CV (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Zool, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RI Sullivan, Craig/B-3863-2014 OI Sullivan, Craig/0000-0002-3609-9458 NR 80 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0016-6480 J9 GEN COMP ENDOCR JI Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 117 IS 1 BP 138 EP 150 DI 10.1006/gcen.1999.7399 PG 13 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 285YU UT WOS:000085416600012 PM 10620430 ER PT S AU Hastings, DA Dunbar, PK Hittelman, AM AF Hastings, DA Dunbar, PK Hittelman, AM BE Schwarz, KP TI Assessing the global land one-km base elevation DEM SO GEODESY BEYOND 2000: THE CHALLENGES OF THE FIRST DECADE SE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GEODESY SYMPOSIA LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 35th General Assembly of the International-Association-of-Geodesy CY JUL 19-30, 1999 CL BIRMINGHAM, ENGLAND SP Int Assoc Geodesy DE digital elevation model AB The Global Land One-kilometer Base Elevation (GLOBE) digital elevation model is the most thoroughly designed, reviewed, and documented global digital elevation dataset to date. Developed by an international group of specialists, GLOBE comprises a global 30 are-second latitude-longitude array, with land areas populated with integer elevation data. GLOBE is available on the World Wide Web, and on CD-ROM in a format convenient for image processing and raster geographic information systems (GIS). Full GLOBE documentation accompanies the CD-ROM and appears on the Website (http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/seg/topo/globe.html). This paper summarizes some findings made during GLOBE's development. C1 NOAA, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, World Data Ctr A, Boulders Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Hastings, DA (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, World Data Ctr A, Boulders Ctr, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Symposia, IAG/K-2857-2012 NR 16 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0939-9585 BN 3-540-67002-5 J9 IAG SYMP PY 2000 VL 121 BP 101 EP 106 PG 6 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Remote Sensing SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Remote Sensing GA BQ14R UT WOS:000087305100016 ER PT S AU Smith, DA Roman, DR AF Smith, DA Roman, DR BE Schwarz, KP TI Recent advances in the acquisition and use of terrain data for geoid modelling over the United States SO GEODESY BEYOND 2000: THE CHALLENGES OF THE FIRST DECADE SE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GEODESY SYMPOSIA LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 35th General Assembly of the International-Association-of-Geodesy CY JUL 19-30, 1999 CL BIRMINGHAM, ENGLAND SP Int Assoc Geodesy DE geoid; elevation models; terrain effects AB For much of the past decade, high resolution geoid models have been produced at the National Geodetic Survey (NGS). The use of digital elevation models (DEMs) has been important to the computation of geoid models, but has also been one of the primary limitations of the geoid accuracy due to both poor data quality and a series of computational approximations. Recent steps have been taken at NGS to replace existing DEM data with data of finer resolution and higher quality. Additionally, new computational tools are being implemented which no longer rely on accuracy-reducing approximations. By moving toward more accurately computed terrain-induced gravity signals, errors in gravity anomalies exceeding tens of mGals have been removed, and subsequently centimeters of geoid accuracy have been gained. C1 NOAA, Natl Geodet Survey, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Smith, DA (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Geodet Survey, 1315 East West Highway,SSMC3,N-NGS5, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RI Symposia, IAG/K-2857-2012 NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0939-9585 BN 3-540-67002-5 J9 IAG SYMP PY 2000 VL 121 BP 107 EP 111 PG 5 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Remote Sensing SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Remote Sensing GA BQ14R UT WOS:000087305100017 ER PT J AU Rossby, T Benway, RL AF Rossby, T Benway, RL TI Slow variations in mean path of the Gulf Stream east of Cape Hatteras SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SCOTIAN SHELF; SALINITY VARIABILITY; TEMPERATURE AB The Gulf Stream between Cape Hatteras and the New England Seamounts varies in position over a wide range of time scales. We present evidence that interannual path changes may be governed by a time-varying outflow of waters from the Labrador Shelf region. When the shelf and Slope Waters south of New England turn cold and fresh, the-stream frequently assumes a more southerly track and conversely when the waters are warm and saline. These changes in path and surface water properties most likely result-from large variations in shelf transport and thus greater or less,dilution of the warm saline Gulf Stream waters that continually leak from the current into the Slope Sea. These observations point to a thermohaline rather than winddriven mechanism for governing the path of the Gulf Stream after it leaves the coast. C1 Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Kingston, RI 02881 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NOAA, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Rossby, T (reprint author), Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Kingston, RI 02881 USA. NR 13 TC 65 Z9 67 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JAN 1 PY 2000 VL 27 IS 1 BP 117 EP 120 DI 10.1029/1999GL002356 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 273QX UT WOS:000084719300031 ER PT J AU Mehta, VM Suarez, MJ Manganello, JV Delworth, TL AF Mehta, VM Suarez, MJ Manganello, JV Delworth, TL TI Oceanic influence on the North Atlantic Oscillation and associated Northern Hemisphere climate variations: 1959-1993 SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SST ANOMALIES; PRECIPITATION AB The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) exhibits variations at interannual to multidecadal time scales and is associated with climate variations over eastern North America, the North Atlantic, Europe, and North Africa. Therefore, it is very important to understand causes of these NAO variations and assess their predictability. It has been hypothesized, based on observations, that sea surface temperature (SST) and sea-ice variations in the North Atlantic Ocean influence the NAG. We describe results of an ensemble of Sixteen experiments with an atmospheric general circulation model in which we used observed SST and sea-ice boundary conditions globally during 1949-1993. We show that multiyear NAO and associated climate variations can be simulated reasonably accurately if results from a large number of experiments are averaged. We also show that the ambiguous results of previous NAO modeling studies were strongly influenced by the ensemble size, which was much smaller than that in the present study. The implications of these results for understanding and predictability of the NAO are discussed. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Meteorol, Earth Syst Sci Interdisciplinary Ctr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. SM&A Corp, Vienna, VA 22180 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Mehta, VM (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Meteorol, Earth Syst Sci Interdisciplinary Ctr, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RI Delworth, Thomas/C-5191-2014 NR 12 TC 111 Z9 113 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JAN 1 PY 2000 VL 27 IS 1 BP 121 EP 124 DI 10.1029/1999GL002381 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 273QX UT WOS:000084719300032 ER PT B AU Garcia, H Farnik, F AF Garcia, H Farnik, F BE Ramaty, R Mandzhavidze, N TI Quantifying the empirical relationship between loop length and duration of solar flares SO HIGH ENERGY SOLAR PHYSICS - ANTICIPATING HESSI SE ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY OF THE PACIFIC CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on High Energy Solar Physics - Anticipating HESSI CY OCT 18-20, 1999 CL UNIV MARYLAND, COLLEGE PK, MD SP Goddard Space Flight Ctr HO UNIV MARYLAND ID CORONAL LOOPS; SCALING LAW; YOHKOH AB A robust empirical relationship is found to exist between the length of a bright flare loop and the combined elements of the soft x-ray light curve, viz., rise time, decay time, and peak temperature. It is common knowledge that long duration (flare) events, LDEs, that have been observed by soft x-ray imaging telescopes, e.g., the Yohkoh SXT, exhibit unusually long loops. May it be inferred, therefore, that short duration flares have correspondingly short loops? The question of flare loop length vs, duration and temperature was addressed in a theory-based study by Hawley and coworkers and later by Metcalf and Fisher. A recent study was conducted by Garcia, utilizing the 1992-1993 SXT measurements of the latter authors establishing an empirical validation of the concept. The present work extends that data set with SXT measurements obtained during the present solar cycle. The present work also considers several special characteristics of soft x-ray loops: single loop topology; quasi-stationary status; diffuseness; anti-correlations with maximum temperature and with maximum x-ray intensity. C1 NOAA, SEC, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Garcia, H (reprint author), NOAA, SEC, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Farnik, Frantisek/G-9010-2014 NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA BN 1-58381-033-1 J9 ASTR SOC P PY 2000 VL 206 BP 252 EP 257 PG 2 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BQ80Q UT WOS:000089621000037 ER PT S AU Hastie, JW Bonnell, DW Schenck, PK AF Hastie, JW Bonnell, DW Schenck, PK BE Hilpert, K Froben, FW Singheiser, L TI Development and application of very high temperature mass spectrometry: Vapor pressure determinations over liquid refractories' SO HIGH TEMPERATURE MATERIALS CHEMISTRY, PTS I AND II, PROCEEDINGS SE SCHRIFTEN DES FORSCHUNGSZENTRUMS JULICH REIHE ENERGIETECHNIK LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Conference of the International-Union-of-Pure-and-Applied-Chemistry CY APR 10-14, 2000 CL RES CTR JULICH, JULICH, GERMANY SP Int Union Pure & Appl Chem HO RES CTR JULICH AB Existing thermodynamic and vaporization data for liquid refractories are based either on estimates or on data extrapolated from studies on the solids obtained at much lower temperatures. Previously, we have shown that pulsed laser heating, coupled with time-dependent mass spectrometry of the free-expansion vapor plume, can be used for semi-quantitative measurements of vaporization thermochemistry. The present work extends this approach with the development of (a) more direct, and more accurate, methods for determining the system temperature and pressure; (b) improved experimental and theoretical determinations of key parameters such as ionization cross sections, and (c) improved characterization of the gas dynamic expansion and thermal equilibration processes. Example material systems considered include C, SiC, Al2O3, ZrO2-7%Y2O3, and Y2O3 at temperatures and total pressures typically in the range of 3000 K to 5000 K and 0.01 bar to 10 bar, respectively (1 bar=10(5) Nm-1). C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hastie, JW (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 26 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU FORSCHUNGSZENTRUM JULICH GMBH PI JULICH PA CENT LIB, 52425 JULICH, GERMANY SN 1433-5522 BN 3-89336-277-0 J9 SCHR FZ JUL ENERG PY 2000 VL 15 BP 393 EP 402 PN 1 PG 10 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Applied; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Materials Science GA BU42W UT WOS:000175969300080 ER PT J AU Abdulagatov, IM Magomedov, UB AF Abdulagatov, IM Magomedov, UB TI Effect of temperature and pressure on the thermal conductivity of aqueous Cal(2) solutions SO HIGH TEMPERATURES-HIGH PRESSURES LA English DT Article ID 100 MPA; 473 K; NACL AB Measurements of the thermal conductivity of aqueous CaI2 solutions in the temperature range 293-473 K and pressures up to 100 MPa for concentrations between 0 and 25 wt% are described. The accuracy of the derived data is estimated to be within +/-1.6%. A guarded parallel-plate apparatus with a cylindrical thermal conductivity cell was used, with a gap of 301.0 +/-0.1 mum between the plates and temperature differences of 0.9-1.2 K. The effect of temperature, pressure, and concentration on the thermal conductivity behaviour was studied. The pressure and temperature coefficients of the behaviour of the thermal conductivity have been studied with the use of derived experimental thermal conductivity data. A new correlation for thermal conductivity of H2O + CaI2 solutions was developed which incorporates the correct temperature, pressure, and concentration behaviour. The data obtained have been used to test the prediction and estimation techniques developed by other authors. The thermal conductivity shows an almost linear dependence on pressure at all measured isotherms for each concentration. Along each isobar a given concentration shows the thermal conductivity maximum at temperatures between 405 K and 417 K. The effects of pressure and concentration on the thermal conductivity maximum temperatures have been studied. C1 Russian Acad Sci, Dagestan Sci Ctr, Inst Geothermal Res, Makhachkala 367030, Dagestan, Russia. RP Abdulagatov, IM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 34 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 1 PU PION LTD PI LONDON PA 207 BRONDESBURY PARK, LONDON NW2 5JN, ENGLAND SN 0018-1544 J9 HIGH TEMP-HIGH PRESS JI High Temp.-High Press. PY 2000 VL 32 IS 5 BP 599 EP 611 DI 10.1068/htrt203 PG 13 WC Thermodynamics; Mechanics; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Thermodynamics; Mechanics; Materials Science GA 367YJ UT WOS:000090089800011 ER PT J AU Hughen, KA Overpeck, JT Anderson, RF AF Hughen, KA Overpeck, JT Anderson, RF TI Recent warming in a 500-year palaeotemperature record from varved sediments, Upper Soper Lake, Baffin Island, Canada SO HOLOCENE LA English DT Article DE varved sediments; Canadian Arctic; palaeoclimate; global warming; climate change ID NORTHERN ELLESMERE ISLAND; ENVIRONMENTAL-CHANGE; CLIMATE-CHANGE; DEVON ISLAND; TEMPERATURE; ICE; DEPOSITION; GREENLAND; CENTURIES; ATLANTIC AB Laminated sediments from Upper Soper Lake on southern Baffin island provide a new 500-year record of temperature change in the Arctic. Radiometric dating, using Pb-210 and Pu, shows that the light- and dark-coloured laminae couplets are annually deposited varves. Dark laminae thickness is strongly correlated to average June temperature from Kimmirut (r = 0.82), reflecting the influence of temperature on snowmelt and fluxes of runoff and suspended sediment. This relationship allowed the construction of a palaeotemperature record that documents large-amplitude interannual to decadal variability superimposed on distinct century-scale trends, including 2 degrees C average warming and maximum temperatures during the 1900s. Similar patterns of change are seen in individual and regionally averaged palaeotemperature records from around the circum-Arctic. Upper Soper Lake records temperatures, rates of change and Variance during the twentieth century that are all anomalously high within the context of the last 500 years, and outside the observed range of natural variability. Comparisons of Upper Soper Lake and Arctic average palaeotemperature to proxy-records of hypothesized forcing mechanisms suggest that the recent warming trend is mostly due to anthropogenic emissions of atmospheric greenhouse gases. The magnitude of the warming and decade-scale variability throughout the records, however, indicate that natural forcing mechanisms such as changing solar irradiance and volcanic activity, as well as positive feedbacks within the Arctic environment, also play an important role. C1 Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Geol Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Paleoclimatol Program, NGDC, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. RP Hughen, KA (reprint author), Harvard Univ, EPS Dept, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. OI Anderson, Robert/0000-0002-8472-2494 NR 53 TC 89 Z9 91 U1 3 U2 11 PU ARNOLD, HODDER HEADLINE PLC PI LONDON PA 338 EUSTON ROAD, LONDON NW1 3BH, ENGLAND SN 0959-6836 J9 HOLOCENE JI Holocene PD JAN PY 2000 VL 10 IS 1 BP 9 EP 19 DI 10.1191/095968300676746202 PG 11 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 273HM UT WOS:000084701900002 ER PT S AU Libert, JM Stanger, L Watson, AB Rohaly, AM AF Libert, JM Stanger, L Watson, AB Rohaly, AM BE Rogowitz, BE Pappas, TN TI Toward developing a unit of measure and scale of digital video quality: IEEE Broadcast Technology Society Subcommittee on Video Compression Measurements SO HUMAN VISION AND ELECTRONIC IMAGING V SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Human Vision and Electronic Imaging V CY JAN 24-27, 2000 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP Soc Imaging Sci & Technol, SPIE DE video compression measurement; IEEE standards; video quality; video fidelity; numerical category scaling; JND AB Development of video quality metrics has taken support from experimental vision data mainly at two levels of abstraction. On the one hand are the carefully controlled tests of human visual response to well-defined, controlled visual stimuli, such as the ModelFest [15] study. On the other hand are experiments in which viewers rate the global quality of "natural" video sequences exhibiting impairments of loosely-controlled composition and amplitude, as in the Video Quality Experts Group study [8]. The IEEE Broadcast Technology Society Subcommittee on Video Compression Measurements has initiated an intermediate level approach to video quality assessment aimed toward developing a scale of video impairment and unit of measure by which to describe video distortion in both perceptual and engineering terms. The proposed IEEE study will attempt to define a scale of video impairment in terms of multiple measurements of the just-noticeable-difference (JND) of compression-induced video impairments. A paired comparison psychophysical method will be used to define a psychometric function of the visual sensitivity to compression-induced video impairments of various amplitudes. In this effort, quality assessment is related directly to visual perception of video impairments rather than to the more "atomic" visual stimuli as used in many human vision experiments. Yet the experimenters' control over the stimuli is greater than that used in much of contemporary video quality testing. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3577-5 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2000 VL 3959 BP 160 EP 165 DI 10.1117/12.387152 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BQ54R UT WOS:000088720800016 ER PT S AU Fenimore, C Libert, J Roitman, P AF Fenimore, C Libert, J Roitman, P BE Rogowitz, BE Pappas, TN TI Mosquito noise in MPEG-compressed video: test patterns and metrics SO HUMAN VISION AND ELECTRONIC IMAGING V SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Human Vision and Electronic Imaging V CY JAN 24-27, 2000 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP Soc Imaging Sci & Technol, SPIE DE digital video compression; quality metrics; test patterns; mosquito noise; FLATS; time dependent; stochastic process AB Mosquito noise is a time dependent video compression impairment in which the high frequency spatial detail in video images having crisp edges is aliased intermittently. A new synthetic test pattern of moving spirals or circles is described which generates mosquito noise (MN) under Motion Pictures Expert Group (MPEG) compression. The spiral pattern is one of several NIST-developed patterns designed to stress specific features of compression based on motion estimation and quantization. The "Spirals" pattern has several spirals or circles superimposed on a uniform background. The frames are filtered to avoid interline flicker which may be confounded with MN. Motion of the spirals and changing luminance of the background can be included to reduce the correlation between successive frames. Unexpectedly, even a static pattern of spirals can induce mosquito noise due to the stochastic character of the encoder. We consider metrics which are specific to the impairment being measured. For mosquito noise, we examine two separable detectors: each consists of a temporal (frame-to-frame) computation applied to the output of a spatial impairment detector which is applied to each frame. The two spatial detectors are: FLATS, which detects level 8x8-pixel image blocks; and the root-mean-square (RMS) applied to the image differences between original and compressed frames. The test patterns are encoded at low bit rates. We examine the measured mosquito noise as a function of the Group-of-Pictures (GOP) pattern in the MPEG-2 encoding and find that the GOP structure defines the periodicities of the MN. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Fenimore, C (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 12 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3577-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2000 VL 3959 BP 604 EP 612 DI 10.1117/12.387203 PG 9 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BQ54R UT WOS:000088720800059 ER PT S AU Poole-Kober, E AF Poole-Kober, E BE Markham, JW Duda, AL TI Atmospheric Science Librarians International (ASLI): Professional organization for atmospheric science librarians SO IAMSLIC 99: RECASTING THE NETS SE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF AQUATIC AND MARINE SCIENCE, LIBRARIES AND INFORMATION CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 25th Annual Conference of the International-Association-of-Aquatic-and-Marine-Science-Libraries-and-In formation-Centers CY OCT 16-22, 1999 CL WOODS HOLE, MA SP Int Assoc Aquat & Marine Sci Lib Informat Ctr C1 NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. RP Poole-Kober, E (reprint author), NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INT ASSOC MARINE SCIENCE LIBRARIES & INFORMATION CENTER PI FORT PIERCE PA C/O HBOI LIBRARY, 5600 OLD DIXIE HWY, FORT PIERCE, FL 34946 USA SN 8755-6332 J9 IAMSLIC C S PY 2000 BP 271 EP 271 PG 1 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Information Science & Library Science; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Computer Science; Information Science & Library Science; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA BQ36Q UT WOS:000088143000030 ER PT S AU Hefner, A Berning, D Lai, JS Liu, C Singh, R AF Hefner, A Berning, D Lai, JS Liu, C Singh, R GP IEEE IEEE TI Silicon carbide Merged PIN Schottky diode switching characteristics and evaluation for power supply applications SO IAS 2000 - CONFERENCE RECORD OF THE 2000 IEEE INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS CONFERENCE, VOLS 1-5 SE IEEE INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS SOCIETY ANNUAL MEETING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 35th IAS Annual Meeting and World Conference on Industrial Applications of Electrical Energy CY OCT 08-12, 2000 CL ROME, ITALY SP IEEE, IEEE, Ind Applicat Soc, AEI, Inst Elect Engineers, Inst Elect Engineers Japan, IEEE, Power Electr Soc, European Power Electr & Drives Assoc, Univ Rome La Sapineza, Univ Padova AB A newly developed Silicon Carbide (SiC) Merged PiN Schottky (MPS) diode combines the best features of both Schottky and PIN diodes to obtain low on-state voltage drop, low leakage in the off-state, fast switching, and good high temperature characteristics. In this paper, the switching characteristics of 1500-V, 0.5-A rated SiC MPS diodes are evaluated and compared to the fastest, similarly rated silicon diodes available. Experimental results indicate that the reverse recovery time and associated lasses are nearly zero for the SiC MPS diodes. By replacing the best silicon diodes available with a SiC MPS diode, the efficiency of a test-case power supply was found to increase from 89 % to 91.5 % for switching at 100 kilt, and from 82 % to 88 % at 186 kHz. A significant electromagnetic interference (EMI) reduction was also obtained with the SiC MPS diodes compared to the silicon diodes for the noise spectrum range from 70 MHz to 150 MHz. C1 NIST, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hefner, A (reprint author), NIST, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 7 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 0197-2618 BN 0-7803-6402-3 J9 IEEE IND APPLIC SOC PY 2000 BP 2948 EP 2954 PG 7 WC Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Industrial; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA BR32W UT WOS:000166107300445 ER PT S AU Choi, JS Golmie, N Su, D AF Choi, JS Golmie, N Su, D GP IEEE IEEE TI A bandwidth guaranteed multi-access protocol for WDM local networks SO ICC 2000: IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMMUNICATIONS, CONFERENCE RECORD, VOLS 1-3: GLOBAL CONVERGENCE THROUGH COMMUNICATIONS SE IEEE International Conference on Communications LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC 2000) CY JUN 18-22, 2000 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP IEEE Commun Soc, ICC Globecom, IEEE Networking World DE multiple access protocol; bandwidth guaranteed; QOS; WDM local network; contention and reservation protocol ID PASSIVE STAR TOPOLOGY; RESERVATION AB In this paper, we propose a. bandwidth guaranteed multi-access protocol for broadcast-and-select WDM local networks with a star topology. The proposed protocol is based on ct combination of contention and reservation mechanisms for time slotted WDM networks. Every node accesses the data channel by transmitting request packets in minislots on a separate control channel. There are two types of minislots; reservation minislots and contention minislots. Nodes requiring bandwidth guarantees, called guaranteed nodes, use reservation minislots that are assigned by the control node. The remaining nodes share contention minislots using a random access mechanism. Each node dynamically assigns data channels for the minislots successfully returned on a First-Cone-First-Served (FCFS) basis. Here, the number of reservation minislots is allocated by the control node. The remaining minislots are used for contention minislots. The reservation minislots can guarantee a minimum bandwidth for the guaranteed nodes. The contention minislots enable on-demand services at the optical layer and achieve good fairness for the remaining bandwidth. This protocol can be implemented with a simple distributed algorithm that efficiently utilizes the data channel. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Adv Network Technol Div, Informat Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Choi, JS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Adv Network Technol Div, Informat Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jschoi@nist.gov; golmie@nist.gov; dsu@nist.gov NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1550-3607 BN 0-7803-6283-7 J9 IEEE ICC PY 2000 BP 1270 EP 1276 PG 7 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Engineering; Telecommunications GA BQ63J UT WOS:000089018200249 ER PT B AU Rosenthal, L Stanford, V AF Rosenthal, L Stanford, V GP IEEE IEEE TI NIST Smart Space: Pervasive computing initiative SO IEEE 9TH INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOPS ON ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES: INFRASTRUCTURE FOR COLLABORATIVE ENTERPRISES, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th IEEE International Workshops on Enabling Technologies - Infrastructure for Collaborative Enterprises (WET ICE 2000) CY JUN 14-16, 2000 CL NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL, GAITHERSBURG, MD SP IEEE Comp Soc, W Virginia Univ, Concurrent Engn Res Ctr, Linkoping Univ, Sweden HO NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Informat Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Rosenthal, L (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Informat Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 0-7695-0798-0 PY 2000 BP 6 EP 11 DI 10.1109/ENABL.2000.883697 PG 2 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Computer Science GA BQ99P UT WOS:000165310400002 ER PT B AU Knutilla, AJ Steves, MP Allen, RH AF Knutilla, AJ Steves, MP Allen, RH GP IEEE IEEE TI Workshop on evaluating collaborative enterprises - Workshop report SO IEEE 9TH INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOPS ON ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES: INFRASTRUCTURE FOR COLLABORATIVE ENTERPRISES, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th IEEE International Workshops on Enabling Technologies - Infrastructure for Collaborative Enterprises (WET ICE 2000) CY JUN 14-16, 2000 CL NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL, GAITHERSBURG, MD SP IEEE Comp Soc, W Virginia Univ, Concurrent Engn Res Ctr, Linkoping Univ, Sweden HO NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL DE CSCW; groupware evaluation; collaborative enterprise evaluation AB The workshop, Evaluating Collaborative Enterprises,(1) explored the issues surrounding the evaluation of collaborative systems including methods and tools for evaluating collaborative software as well as application-specific evaluation experiences. This paper describes the workshop's mission, summarizes the workshop papers and discussions, and concludes with future research needs. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Knutilla Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Knutilla, AJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Knutilla Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Allen, Robert/A-3731-2010 NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 0-7695-0798-0 PY 2000 BP 79 EP 85 PG 5 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Computer Science GA BQ99P UT WOS:000165310400012 ER PT B AU Morse, E Steves, MP AF Morse, E Steves, MP GP IEEE IEEE TI CollabLogger: A tool for visualizing groups at work SO IEEE 9TH INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOPS ON ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES: INFRASTRUCTURE FOR COLLABORATIVE ENTERPRISES, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th IEEE International Workshops on Enabling Technologies - Infrastructure for Collaborative Enterprises (WET ICE 2000) CY JUN 14-16, 2000 CL NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL, GAITHERSBURG, MD SP IEEE Comp Soc, W Virginia Univ, Concurrent Engn Res Ctr, Linkoping Univ, Sweden HO NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL DE collaboration environments; software usability; visualization; exploratory sequential data analysis AB The CollabLogger is a visual tool that has been developed to support usability analyses of human-computer interaction in a ream environment. The participants in the computer-mediated activity were engaged in a small-scale manufacturing testbed project. Interactions of the group were mediated by Teamwave Workplace(1) and the members performed both synchronous and asynchronous activities depending on their availability, project requirements, and due to chance meetings in the collaborative space. The software was instrumented to log users' interactions with the system and each other. The CollabLogger addresses the problem Of helping investigators analyze the volumes of log data that groupware tools can generate. Visual tools are powerful when large amounts of diverse data present themselves. The place-based collaboration environment offered by Teamwave Workplace provided a level of organization that allowed us to create a visual interface with which to perform exploratory sequential data analysis. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Morse, E (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 11 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 0-7695-0798-0 PY 2000 BP 104 EP 109 DI 10.1109/ENABL.2000.883712 PG 4 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Computer Science GA BQ99P UT WOS:000165310400016 ER PT B AU Glenn, R Frankel, S Montgomery, D AF Glenn, R Frankel, S Montgomery, D GP IEEE IEEE TI IPsec WIT: The NIST IPsec Web-based interoperability test system SO IEEE 9TH INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOPS ON ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES: INFRASTRUCTURE FOR COLLABORATIVE ENTERPRISES, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th IEEE International Workshops on Enabling Technologies - Infrastructure for Collaborative Enterprises (WET ICE 2000) CY JUN 14-16, 2000 CL NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL, GAITHERSBURG, MD SP IEEE Comp Soc, W Virginia Univ, Concurrent Engn Res Ctr, Linkoping Univ, Sweden HO NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL DE interoperability testing; protocol testing; IPsec; IKE AB NIST is an active participant in the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) efforts to develop Internet Protocol Security (IPsec) technology. Our ultimate goal is to expedite the rapid commercialization and ubiquitous deployment of IPsec protocols. As initial IETF IPsec specifications began to emerge, it became apparent that the availability of interoperability testing would be the critical barrier to the rapid evolution of early prototypes into commercial products. In this paper we describe the design and development of the NIST IPsec Web-based Interoperability Tester (IPsec-WIT). IPsec-WIT is an experimental test system aimed at exploiting WWW technology to provide remote interoperability testing services anytime and anywhere without requiring any distribution of test system software, or relocation of the systems under test. We conclude with a discussion of the potential future evolution of the system based on observations gained through putting our experimental system on-line and providing IPsec and Internet Key Exchange (IKE) testing services to the IETF research and development community for several months. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Informat Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Glenn, R (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Informat Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 0-7695-0798-0 PY 2000 BP 147 EP 152 DI 10.1109/ENABL.2000.883719 PG 4 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Computer Science GA BQ99P UT WOS:000165310400024 ER PT B AU Zhang, W Moayeri, N AF Zhang, W Moayeri, N GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI Explicit expressions for the prediction of micro-cellular mobile radio propagation in urban street grid environments SO IEEE ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION SOCIETY INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-4: TRANSMITTING WAVES OF PROGRESS TO THE NEXT MILLENNIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2000 IEEE Antennas-and-Propagation-Society International Symposium CY JUL 16-21, 2000 CL SALT LAKE CITY, UT SP IEEE, Antennas & Propagat Soc, Agilent Technol, Hewlett Packard Co, Kennecott Utah Copper, L 3 Commun, Moog Inc, Motorola, Raytheon Syst Co ID MODEL; DIFFRACTION AB Two closed-form expressions for the prediction of micro-cellular mobile radio propagation in urban street grid environments are derived from the concepts of the conservation of energy and physical optics. The results suggest that the two prototype expressions open new possibilities for faster and more accurate propagation predictions, over existing techniques. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Wireless Commun Technol Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Zhang, W (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Wireless Commun Technol Grp, 100 Bur Dr Stop 8920, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-6370-1 PY 2000 BP 1118 EP 1121 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BQ87W UT WOS:000089912900272 ER PT B AU Marx, E AF Marx, E GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI Computation of light scattered into a detector SO IEEE ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION SOCIETY INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM, VOLS 1-4: TRANSMITTING WAVES OF PROGRESS TO THE NEXT MILLENNIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2000 IEEE Antennas-and-Propagation-Society International Symposium CY JUL 16-21, 2000 CL SALT LAKE CITY, UT SP IEEE, Antennas & Propagat Soc, Agilent Technol, Hewlett Packard Co, Kennecott Utah Copper, L 3 Commun, Moog Inc, Motorola, Raytheon Syst Co ID SURFACES C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Marx, E (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-6370-1 PY 2000 BP 2116 EP 2119 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA BQ87W UT WOS:000089912900520 ER PT J AU Van Brunt, RJ Nelson, TL Stricklett, KL AF Van Brunt, RJ Nelson, TL Stricklett, KL TI Early streamer emission lightning protection systems: An overview SO IEEE ELECTRICAL INSULATION MAGAZINE LA English DT Review DE air terminal; early streamer emission; Franklin rod; lightning protection; lightning rod ID LARGE AIR GAPS; FLASH CHARACTERISTICS; ATMOSPHERIC-PRESSURE; LEADER INCEPTION; SPARK BREAKDOWN; POSITIVE POINT; PLANE GAP; MODEL; CORONA; PROPAGATION C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Van Brunt, RJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 278 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0883-7554 J9 IEEE ELECTR INSUL M JI IEEE Electr. Insul. Mag. PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 16 IS 1 BP 5 EP 24 DI 10.1109/57.817418 PG 20 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA 343TQ UT WOS:000088718100002 ER PT J AU Smee, SA Gaitan, M Novotny, DB Joshi, Y Blackburn, DL AF Smee, SA Gaitan, M Novotny, DB Joshi, Y Blackburn, DL TI IC test structures for multilayer interconnect stress determination SO IEEE ELECTRON DEVICE LETTERS LA English DT Article DE CMOS; IC interconnect; mechanical stress; MEMS; micromachining; test structures ID THERMAL-STRESSES; ALUMINUM LINES AB A nem method for measuring strain in multilayer integrated circuit (IC) interconnects is presented. This method utilizes process compatible MEMS-based test structures and is applied to the determination of longitudinal interconnect stress in a standard dual-metal-layer CMOS process. Strain measurements are shown to be consistent for an array of similar test structures. Stress values, calculated from constitutive relations, are in good agreement with published results. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Mech Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Smee, SA (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Mech Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NR 11 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0741-3106 J9 IEEE ELECTR DEVICE L JI IEEE Electron Device Lett. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 21 IS 1 BP 12 EP 14 DI 10.1109/55.817437 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA 273FJ UT WOS:000084697000004 ER PT J AU Kolodzey, J Chowdhury, EA Adam, TN Qui, GH Rau, I Olowolafe, JO Suehle, JS Chen, Y AF Kolodzey, J Chowdhury, EA Adam, TN Qui, GH Rau, I Olowolafe, JO Suehle, JS Chen, Y TI Electrical conduction and dielectric breakdown in aluminum oxide insulators on silicon SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRON DEVICES LA English DT Article DE dielectric breakdown; MIS capacitors; MOS capacitors; semiconductor-insulator interfaces ID ALN THIN-FILMS; DIOXIDE FILMS; GATE; DEGRADATION; OXIDATION; STRESS; TEMPERATURE; SIO2-FILMS; COATINGS AB Leakage currents and dielectric breakdown were studied in MIS capacitors of metal-aluminum oxide-silicon, The aluminum oxide was produced by thermally oxidizing AIN at 800-1100 degrees C under dry O-2 conditions, The AlN films mere deposited by RF magnetron sputtering on p-type Si (100) substrates. Thermal oxidation produced Al2O3 with a thickness and structure that depended on the process time and temperature. The MIS capacitors exhibited the charge regimes of accumulation, depletion, and inversion on the Si semiconductor surface. The best electrical properties were obtained when all of the AlN was fully oxidized to Al2O3 with no residual AlN, The MIS flatband voltage was near 0 V, the net oxide trapped charge density, Q(ox) was less than 10(11) cm(-2), and the interface trap density, D-it, was less than 10(11) cm(-2) eV(-1). At an oxide electric field of 0.3 MV/cm, the leakage current density was less than 10(-7) A cm-2 with a resistivity greater than 10(12) Ohm-cm. The critical Acid for dielectric breakdown ranged from 4 to i MV/cm, The temperature dependence of the: current versus electric field indicated that the conduction mechanism was Frenked-Poole emission, which has the interesting property that higher temperatures reduce the current. This maybe important for the reliability of circuits operating under extreme conditions. The dielectric constant ranged from 3 to 9, The excellent electronic quality of aluminum oxide may be attractive for field effect transistor applications. C1 Univ Delaware, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Newark, DE 19716 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kolodzey, J (reprint author), Univ Delaware, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Newark, DE 19716 USA. NR 44 TC 118 Z9 121 U1 5 U2 55 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0018-9383 J9 IEEE T ELECTRON DEV JI IEEE Trans. Electron Devices PD JAN PY 2000 VL 47 IS 1 BP 121 EP 128 DI 10.1109/16.817577 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 273QF UT WOS:000084717800017 ER PT J AU Rosenfeld, S Grody, NC AF Rosenfeld, S Grody, NC TI Metamorphic signature of snow revealed in SSM/I measurements SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE brightness temperature; microwave radiation; snow signature; water equivalent ID STRONG FLUCTUATION THEORY; MICROWAVE RADIOMETRY; WATER EQUIVALENT; COVER; CLASSIFICATION; TEMPERATURE; RETRIEVAL; MEDIA AB Brightness temperatures (19, 22, 37, 85 GHz) measured by the special sensor microwave/imager (SSM/I) are analyzed using data from the snow monitoring network within the former Soviet Union during the 1987-1988 winter period. It is shown that in the beginning of winter, the SSM/I measurements display the classical snow scattering signature, i.e., the brightness temperatures decrease with increasing depth, and the largest decrease occurs at the highest frequency. Dramatic deviations from this pattern are observed in the middle of winter, where the brightness temperature approaches a minimum and then begins to increase despite the fact that the snow depth remains constant or continues to grow. The two-stream radiative transfer model is combined with results from dense media theory to help explain the phenomenon. Model results suggest that the increase in brightness temperature is due to a decrease of the single scattering albedo as the snowpack ages. This decrease of the albedo is related to changes in the snow crystalline structure due to metamorphism. Consequences for the interpretation of satellite measurements and development of algorithms for deriving snow water equivalent are discussed. C1 Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, NOAA Sci Ctr, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Rosenfeld, S (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, NOAA Sci Ctr, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. NR 37 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD JAN PY 2000 VL 38 IS 1 BP 53 EP 63 DI 10.1109/36.823901 PN 1 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 283XF UT WOS:000085300800006 ER PT J AU Skofronick-Jackson, GM Gasiewski, AJ AF Skofronick-Jackson, GM Gasiewski, AJ TI A nonlinear multispectral statistical CLEAN-based precipitation parameter-retrieval algorithm SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE CLEAN; ice content; radiometer; rain rate (RR); retrievals; spatial resolution ID MICROWAVE SIMULATIONS; RAINFALL; RESOLUTION; RADIOMETER; MESOSCALE; CLOUDS; MODEL; STORM AB An iterative algorithm incorporating CLEAN(1) deconvolution concepts for precipitation parameter retrieval using passive microwave imagery is presented. The CLEAN algorithm was originally designed to deconvolve single-channel radio astronomy images. In order to use CLEAN to retrieve precipitation parameters from multispectral passive-microwave imagery, extensions of the algorithm to accommodate nonlinear, multispectral, and statistical data mere designed and implemented. The primary advantage of the nonlinear multispectral statistical (NMS) CLEAN retrieval algorithm relative to existing algorithms is the use of high-resolution (high-frequency) imagery to guide the retrievals of precipitation parameters from lower resolution (low-frequency) imagery. The NMS-CLEAN retrieval algorithm was used to estimate rain rate (RR) and integrated ice content (IIC) using simulated imagery of oceanic convection as would be observed from six channels of the proposed Advanced Microwave-Scanning Radiometer, Both the accuracy and structural detail of the retrieved rain rate mere improved relative to the retrievals from a single-step, nonlinear, statistical algorithm. Reduced error and improved spatial resolution of a more minor magnitude was also seen in the integrated ice-content retrievals. This study also showed that spatially-simple storm structures resulted in better performance of the NMS-CLEAN retrieval algorithm. C1 Univ Space Res Assoc, Goddard Visiting Scientist Program, Seabrook, MD 20706 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, R E ET1, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Univ Space Res Assoc, Goddard Visiting Scientist Program, Seabrook, MD 20706 USA. EM gailsjackson@ieee.org RI Skofronick-Jackson, Gail/D-5354-2012 NR 28 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0196-2892 EI 1558-0644 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD JAN PY 2000 VL 38 IS 1 BP 226 EP 237 DI 10.1109/36.823915 PN 1 PG 12 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 283XF UT WOS:000085300800020 ER PT J AU Voronovich, AG Zavorotny, VU AF Voronovich, AG Zavorotny, VU TI The effect of steep sea-waves on polarization ratio at low grazing angles SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE sea surface electromagnetic scattering ID FORWARD-BACKWARD; BEAM SIMULATION; SCATTERING; SURFACE; BACKSCATTER; MODEL; PROPAGATION AB A backscattering numerical model based on a two-scale representation of surface roughness is developed for one-dimensional (1-D) sea surfaces at low grazing angles. The effect of the large-scale roughness component is accounted for by a numerical solution of the integral equation for surface field obtained in the forward-scattering approximation. The presence of the small-scale roughness responsible for backscattering is treated by the small-perturbation theory. The numerical simulations accomplished support the viewpoint that the significant difference between experimentally observed and numerically calculated values of polarization ratio for low grazing angles is most likely due to inadequate modeling of surface roughness. It is demonstrated that adding a few relatively minor steep-wave-like features to the surface with the standard Pierson-Moskowitz spectrum will change the average polarization ratio dramatically, bringing its theoretical values from about -20 dB to experimentally observed values of a few negative dB, Half of this increase is due to steepening of the front faces of the undulating waves. However, the other 10 dB of increase is due to diffraction effects, which enhance the scattering coefficient for the HH-polarization on the front faces of the steep waves. C1 NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Colorado, Environm Technol Lab, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Voronovich, AG (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 22 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD JAN PY 2000 VL 38 IS 1 BP 366 EP 373 DI 10.1109/36.823932 PN 2 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 283XH UT WOS:000085301000004 ER PT J AU Trokhimovski, YG Irisov, VG AF Trokhimovski, YG Irisov, VG TI The analysis of wind exponents retrieved from microwave radar and radiometric measurements SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE microwave remote sensing; sea wave spectrum ID CROSS-SECTION; OCEAN SURFACE; SEA-SURFACE; BACKSCATTER MEASUREMENTS; X-BAND; MODEL; WAVE; DEPENDENCE; SCATTERING; SPECTRUM AB The analysis of the dependence of gravity-capillary spectral density on wind speed is based on near-nadir microwave radiometric measurements and VV scatterometric measurements at view angles 30 degrees-60 degrees from nadir obtained by different investigators in field experiments during the last 25 years. Wind exponents estimated by a symmetric-regression technique for moderate wind speed are consistent both for radiometric and scatterometric measurements. Using Donelan and Pierson's approach, a parameterization of the exponent in the nonlinear dissipation term is derived. The results obtained can be used in model development for the purposes of microwave remote sensing of the ocean. C1 Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. RP Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. EM virisov@etl.noaa.gov NR 59 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0196-2892 EI 1558-0644 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD JAN PY 2000 VL 38 IS 1 BP 470 EP 479 DI 10.1109/36.823942 PN 2 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 283XH UT WOS:000085301000014 ER PT J AU Li, HP Doermann, D Kia, O AF Li, HP Doermann, D Kia, O TI Automatic text detection and tracking in digital video SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON IMAGE PROCESSING LA English DT Letter DE digital libraries; neural network; text detection; text tracking; video indexing AB Text that appears in a scene or is graphically added to video can provide an important supplemental source of index information as well as clues for decoding the video's structure and for classification. In this work, we present algorithms for detecting and tracking text in digital video. Our system implements a scale-spate feature extractor that feeds an artificial neural processor to detect text blocks. Our text tracking scheme consists of two modules: a sum of squared difference (SSD) -based module to find the initial position and a contour-based module to refine the position. Experiments conducted with a variety of video sources show that our scheme can detect and track text robustly. C1 Univ Maryland, Ctr Automat Res, Language & Media Proc Lab, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Univ Maryland, Ctr Automat Res, Language & Media Proc Lab, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM huiping@cfar.umd.edu; doermann@cfar.umd.edu NR 18 TC 290 Z9 343 U1 2 U2 11 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 1057-7149 EI 1941-0042 J9 IEEE T IMAGE PROCESS JI IEEE Trans. Image Process. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 9 IS 1 BP 147 EP 156 DI 10.1109/83.817607 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA 275DA UT WOS:000084803100014 PM 18255381 ER PT J AU Rizzo, ND Silva, TJ Kos, AB AF Rizzo, ND Silva, TJ Kos, AB TI Nanosecond magnetization reversal in high coercivity thin films SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th Annual Magnetic Recording Conference on Magnetic Recording Media (TMRC '99) CY AUG 09-11, 1999 CL UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO, SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA SP Univ Calif San Diego HO UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO DE coplanar waveguide; high speed magnetization reversal; Kerr microscope; thin-film media ID RECORDING MEDIA AB We used a wide-field Kerr microscope to measure magnetization reversal in high coercivity thin film media that were subjected to nanosecond field pulses. Coplanar waveguides were used as a held source. Two different samples of CoCr10Ta4 were measured. Sample A had a coercivity of 83 kA/m and sample B had a coercivity of 167 kA/m, For sample A, we find that after a step change in H, the magnetization initially relaxes exponentially with a time constant of 5 ns, and then relaxes logarithmically. We interpret this result as indicating a transition from dynamic reversal to thermal relaxation, In higher fields, the exponential relaxation time decreases according to tau = S-omega/(H - H-O), where S-omega =29.7 mu s . A . m(-1) (373 ns . Oe), For sample B, only logarithmic relaxation is observed, implying that the dynamic magnetization response time is subnanosecond. We observe correlated regions of reversed magnetization in our Kerr images of sample A with a typical correlation length of 1 mu m along the applied field direction. We propose a microscopic model of nucleation and growth of reversed regions by analogy to viscous domain wall motion. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Rizzo, ND (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Silva, Thomas/C-7605-2013 OI Silva, Thomas/0000-0001-8164-9642 NR 26 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0018-9464 J9 IEEE T MAGN JI IEEE Trans. Magn. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 36 IS 1 BP 159 EP 165 DI 10.1109/20.824442 PN 1 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 288NQ UT WOS:000085569500027 ER PT B AU Shaw, JA Cimini, D Westwater, ER Han, Y Zorn, H Churnside, JH AF Shaw, JA Cimini, D Westwater, ER Han, Y Zorn, H Churnside, JH BE Stein, TI TI Air-sea temperature differences measured with scanning radiometers during Nauru99 SO IGARSS 2000: IEEE 2000 INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOL I - VI, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 24-28, 2000 CL HONOLULU, HI SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Res, Nat Resources Canada, Canadian Space Agcy, Natl Space Dev Agcy Japan, Int Union Radio Sci C1 NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Shaw, JA (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Han, Yong/F-5590-2010; Cimini, Domenico/M-8707-2013 OI Han, Yong/0000-0002-0183-7270; Cimini, Domenico/0000-0002-5962-223X NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-6359-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2000 BP 111 EP 113 PG 3 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Physical Geography; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BT13Y UT WOS:000172046000038 ER PT B AU Reinking, RF Orr, BW Bissonnette, LR Roy, G Frisch, AS Matrosov, SY Ryerson, CC AF Reinking, RF Orr, BW Bissonnette, LR Roy, G Frisch, AS Matrosov, SY Ryerson, CC BE Stein, TI TI Remote sensing of cloud droplets during MWISP SO IGARSS 2000: IEEE 2000 INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOL I - VI, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 24-28, 2000 CL HONOLULU, HI SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Res, Nat Resources Canada, Canadian Space Agcy, Natl Space Dev Agcy Japan, Int Union Radio Sci AB The Mount Washington Icing Sensors Project (MWISP) of April 1999 was conducted to test remote sensing instruments for capabilities for detecting and sizing supercooled large droplets and measuring the dynamic processes such as gravity waves that may produce them. These drops are a primary aircraft icing hazard. Results from application of new radar and lidar technologies are examined. C1 NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Reinking, RF (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, R-E-ET6,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-6359-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2000 BP 187 EP 189 PG 3 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Physical Geography; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BT13Y UT WOS:000172046000063 ER PT B AU Angevine, WM AF Angevine, WM BE Stein, TI TI Atmospheric boundary layer height measurements with wind profilers: Successes and cautions SO IGARSS 2000: IEEE 2000 INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOL I - VI, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 24-28, 2000 CL HONOLULU, HI SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Res, Nat Resources Canada, Canadian Space Agcy, Natl Space Dev Agcy Japan, Int Union Radio Sci C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Angevine, WM (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, CIRES, 325 Broadway R-AL3, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Angevine, Wayne/H-9849-2013 OI Angevine, Wayne/0000-0002-8021-7116 NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-6359-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2000 BP 197 EP 198 PG 2 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Physical Geography; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BT13Y UT WOS:000172046000066 ER PT B AU Leuski, V Irisov, V Westwater, E Fedor, L Patten, B AF Leuski, V Irisov, V Westwater, E Fedor, L Patten, B BE Stein, TI TI Airborne measurements of the sea-air temperature difference by a scanning 5-mm wavelength radiometer SO IGARSS 2000: IEEE 2000 INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOL I - VI, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 24-28, 2000 CL HONOLULU, HI SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Res, Nat Resources Canada, Canadian Space Agcy, Natl Space Dev Agcy Japan, Int Union Radio Sci C1 Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Leuski, V (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, 325 Broadway R E ETI, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-6359-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2000 BP 260 EP 262 PG 3 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Physical Geography; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BT13Y UT WOS:000172046000085 ER PT B AU Leshkevich, GA Nghiem, SV Kwok, R AF Leshkevich, GA Nghiem, SV Kwok, R BE Stein, TI TI Monitoring Great Lakes ice cover with satellite synthetic aperture radar (SAR) SO IGARSS 2000: IEEE 2000 INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOL I - VI, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 24-28, 2000 CL HONOLULU, HI SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Res, Nat Resources Canada, Canadian Space Agcy, Natl Space Dev Agcy Japan, Int Union Radio Sci AB During the 1997 winter season, shipborne polarimetric backscatter measurements of Great Lakes ice types using the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) C-band scatterometer, together with surface-based ice physical characterization measurements and environmental parameters were acquired concurrently with RADARSAT and ERS-2 SAR data. Using a supervised classification algorithm, measured backscatter values (converted to dB) for three ice types and calm water were applied to an 8 x 8 pixel averaged ERS-2 calibrated SAR image. Certain assumptions were made on the local incidence angle, one of which was that any change in incidence angle across a distributed target was neglected, i.e. a distributed target corresponds to one average value of the incidence angle (23 degrees was used). Although the calculated overall uncertainty was about +/- 1 dB as a result of the averaging and incidence angle effect, an algorithm to correct for power loss and local incidence angle effect is applied in this study to the ERS-2 image, resulting in a more accurate classification. C1 NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Leshkevich, GA (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-6359-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2000 BP 478 EP 480 PG 3 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Physical Geography; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BT13Y UT WOS:000172046000157 ER PT B AU Chang, PS Connor, LN Carswell, JR Dunbar, RS AF Chang, PS Connor, LN Carswell, JR Dunbar, RS BE Stein, TI TI Operational scatterometry: High wind speed retrievals SO IGARSS 2000: IEEE 2000 INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOL I - VI, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 24-28, 2000 CL HONOLULU, HI SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Res, Nat Resources Canada, Canadian Space Agcy, Natl Space Dev Agcy Japan, Int Union Radio Sci ID KU-BAND; BACKSCATTER AB Near real-time ocean surface wind vector retrievals from the SeaWinds scatterometer on QuikSCAT promise to greatly improve upon the ocean surface information currently available to operational marine forecasting. The impressive 1800km-wide swath coverage and 25km resolution of SeaWinds wind vector retrievals are a vast improvement over currently available ocean surface wind vector measurements. In an operational forecasting environment, an understanding of a measured quantity's capabilities and limitations is just as important as its timeliness. The accuracy of high wind speed retrievals are important for determining the intensity of a storm as well as defining the gale force and storm force wind radii. The current Ku-band model function (NSCAT-2) appears to accurately predict the Normalized Radar Cross-Section (NRCS) up to around 30 m/s, which is about the upper wind speed limit contained in the matchup data sets used to empirically derive NSCAT-2. The C-band model function (CMOD4) departs from experimental data at around 19m/s. Several field experiments recently conducted by NOAA and the University of Massachusets have resulted in scatterometer measurements of the ocean surface in wind speeds up to 60 m/s. New model functions derived from these experiments are presented, and the impact of these new model functions on the scatterometer wind retrievals are evaluated for several cases. C1 NOAA, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Chang, PS (reprint author), NOAA, Off Res & Applicat, 5200 Auth Rd,Room 102,E-RA3, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RI Chang, Paul/F-5580-2010; Connor, Laurence/E-7930-2011 OI Chang, Paul/0000-0001-5113-0938; Connor, Laurence/0000-0002-5276-6257 NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-6359-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2000 BP 1045 EP 1047 PG 3 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Physical Geography; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BT13Y UT WOS:000172046000338 ER PT B AU Legeckis, R Chang, P AF Legeckis, R Chang, P BE Stein, TI TI Geostationary satellites reveal ocean surface dynamics SO IGARSS 2000: IEEE 2000 INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOL I - VI, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 24-28, 2000 CL HONOLULU, HI SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Res, Nat Resources Canada, Canadian Space Agcy, Natl Space Dev Agcy Japan, Int Union Radio Sci C1 Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Legeckis, R (reprint author), Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Off Res & Applicat, Rm 102,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RI Chang, Paul/F-5580-2010; Legeckis, Richard/F-5604-2010 OI Chang, Paul/0000-0001-5113-0938; NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-6359-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2000 BP 1090 EP 1091 PG 2 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Physical Geography; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BT13Y UT WOS:000172046000353 ER PT B AU Post, MJ Fairall, CW AF Post, MJ Fairall, CW BE Stein, TI TI Early results from the Nauru99 campaign on NOAA ship Ronald H. Brown SO IGARSS 2000: IEEE 2000 INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOL I - VI, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 24-28, 2000 CL HONOLULU, HI SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Res, Nat Resources Canada, Canadian Space Agcy, Natl Space Dev Agcy Japan, Int Union Radio Sci C1 NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Post, MJ (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-6359-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2000 BP 1151 EP 1153 PG 3 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Physical Geography; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BT13Y UT WOS:000172046000374 ER PT B AU Angevine, WM AF Angevine, WM BE Stein, TI TI Radio acoustic sounding system (RASS) applications and limitations SO IGARSS 2000: IEEE 2000 INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOL I - VI, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 24-28, 2000 CL HONOLULU, HI SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Res, Nat Resources Canada, Canadian Space Agcy, Natl Space Dev Agcy Japan, Int Union Radio Sci ID BOUNDARY-LAYER EXPERIMENTS; PROFILER; ERRORS C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Angevine, WM (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, CIRES, 325 Broadway R-AL3, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Angevine, Wayne/H-9849-2013 OI Angevine, Wayne/0000-0002-8021-7116 NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-6359-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2000 BP 1180 EP 1182 PG 3 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Physical Geography; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BT13Y UT WOS:000172046000382 ER PT B AU Ostashev, VE Voronovich, A Wilson, DK AF Ostashev, VE Voronovich, A Wilson, DK BE Stein, TI TI Acoustic tomography of the atmosphere SO IGARSS 2000: IEEE 2000 INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOL I - VI, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 24-28, 2000 CL HONOLULU, HI SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Res, Nat Resources Canada, Canadian Space Agcy, Natl Space Dev Agcy Japan, Int Union Radio Sci ID ANIMALS; LAYER AB Sodar and RASS are examples of remote sensing techniques used widely around the world today which are based on acoustic propagation and scattering. Acoustic tomography of the atmosphere, in comparison, has been used to a much lesser extent. However, acoustic tomography will probably be used more in the atmosphere in coming years. In this paper, we give a short overview of different schemes for acoustic tomography of the atmosphere. Furthermore, we propose a new scheme of acoustic tomography of a stratified moving atmosphere. The main idea of this scheme is to reconstruct vertical profiles of temperature and wind velocity vector up to heights of about 10 km above the ground by measuring the time delay of sound signals from commercial airplanes at microphones located on the ground. C1 NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Ostashev, VE (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Wilson, D. Keith/A-4687-2012 OI Wilson, D. Keith/0000-0002-8020-6871 NR 11 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-6359-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2000 BP 1186 EP 1188 PG 3 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Physical Geography; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BT13Y UT WOS:000172046000384 ER PT B AU Bedard, AJ AF Bedard, AJ BE Stein, TI TI Detection of infrasound from natural and civilization sources: Measurement of complex signal/noise environments SO IGARSS 2000: IEEE 2000 INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOL I - VI, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 24-28, 2000 CL HONOLULU, HI SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Res, Nat Resources Canada, Canadian Space Agcy, Natl Space Dev Agcy Japan, Int Union Radio Sci C1 NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Bedard, AJ (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Mail Code R-ET4,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-6359-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2000 BP 1195 EP 1197 PG 3 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Physical Geography; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BT13Y UT WOS:000172046000387 ER PT B AU Connor, LN Chang, PS Carswell, JR AF Connor, LN Chang, PS Carswell, JR BE Stein, TI TI Identification and possible correction of rain contamination in QuikScat/SeaWinds wind retrievals SO IGARSS 2000: IEEE 2000 INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOL I - VI, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 24-28, 2000 CL HONOLULU, HI SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Res, Nat Resources Canada, Canadian Space Agcy, Natl Space Dev Agcy Japan, Int Union Radio Sci ID SSM/I AB The excellent coverage and wind vector retrieval performance of the SeaWinds scatterometer on QuikSCAT promises to of great value to the operational marine forecasting community. However, recent validation efforts have revealed that rain can have a significant impact on the wind vector retrieval quality. Therefore, several rain flagging methods have been developed by the QuikSCAT calibration/validation team. and are being included in the initial release of QuikSCAT wind data to the scientific community. These rain flags will permit the user to at least identify the retrievals of questionable quality. An evaluation of these rain flags is carried out with the goal of improving our understanding and quantifying the physical mechanisms responsible for wind retrieval performance degradation, and refinements to the rain flags algorithms will be made as necessary. Precipitation products derived from the brightness temperature measurements of SSM/I and TMI are colocated with QuikSCAT retrievals to help quantify the propagation path losses and scattering effects on the QuikSCAT/SeaWinds measurements. An attempt is made to quantify the contributions of rain in the QuikSCAT/SeaWinds measurements, and thus, provide the basis for a possible correction scheme for the rain effects from the QuikSCAT/SeaWinds measurements. C1 NOAA, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Connor, LN (reprint author), NOAA, Off Res & Applicat, 5200 Auth Rd,Room 102,E-RA3, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RI Chang, Paul/F-5580-2010; Connor, Laurence/E-7930-2011 OI Chang, Paul/0000-0001-5113-0938; Connor, Laurence/0000-0002-5276-6257 NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-6359-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2000 BP 1238 EP 1240 PG 3 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Physical Geography; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BT13Y UT WOS:000172046000401 ER PT B AU Zavorotny, VU Voronovich, AG Katzberg, SJ Garrison, JL Komjathy, A AF Zavorotny, VU Voronovich, AG Katzberg, SJ Garrison, JL Komjathy, A BE Stein, TI TI Extraction of sea state and wind speed from reflected GPS signals: Modeling and aircraft measurements SO IGARSS 2000: IEEE 2000 INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOL I - VI, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 24-28, 2000 CL HONOLULU, HI SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Res, Nat Resources Canada, Canadian Space Agcy, Natl Space Dev Agcy Japan, Int Union Radio Sci ID SCATTERING AB Currently, the wind retrieval from GPS ocean reflections uses the geometric optics model. This model could be insufficient in situations when quasi-specular reflections are affected or dominated by Bragg scattering. A small-slope approximation of the lowest order that accounts for both mechanisms is used here for modeling of bistatic cross-section of a rough surface. The paper reports comparison between modeled and measured waveforms of the reflected GPS signal, and the impact of this factor on wind retrieval is discussed. C1 NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Zavorotny, VU (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-6359-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2000 BP 1507 EP 1509 PG 3 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Physical Geography; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BT13Y UT WOS:000172046000488 ER PT B AU Zrnic, DS Ryzhkov, A Straka, J Liu, YD Vivekanandan, J AF Zrnic, DS Ryzhkov, A Straka, J Liu, YD Vivekanandan, J BE Stein, TI TI Sensitivity of an automatic procedure for hydrometeor classification SO IGARSS 2000: IEEE 2000 INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOL I - VI, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 24-28, 2000 CL HONOLULU, HI SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Res, Nat Resources Canada, Canadian Space Agcy, Natl Space Dev Agcy Japan, Int Union Radio Sci C1 Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Zrnic, DS (reprint author), Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-6359-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2000 BP 1574 EP 1576 PG 3 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Physical Geography; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BT13Y UT WOS:000172046000509 ER PT B AU Ryzhkov, A Zrnic, D Hubbert, J Bringi, V Vivekanandan, J Brandes, E AF Ryzhkov, A Zrnic, D Hubbert, J Bringi, V Vivekanandan, J Brandes, E BE Stein, TI TI Interpretation of polarimetric radar covariance matrix for meteorological scatterers SO IGARSS 2000: IEEE 2000 INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOL I - VI, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 24-28, 2000 CL HONOLULU, HI SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Res, Nat Resources Canada, Canadian Space Agcy, Natl Space Dev Agcy Japan, Int Union Radio Sci C1 Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Ryzhkov, A (reprint author), 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. NR 4 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-6359-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2000 BP 1584 EP 1586 PG 3 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Physical Geography; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BT13Y UT WOS:000172046000512 ER PT B AU Zhao, TXP Stowe, LL AF Zhao, TXP Stowe, LL BE Stein, TI TI Global validation of the NOAA/NESDIS second generation aerosol retrieval algorithm with AERONET data SO IGARSS 2000: IEEE 2000 INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOL I - VI, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 24-28, 2000 CL HONOLULU, HI SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Res, Nat Resources Canada, Canadian Space Agcy, Natl Space Dev Agcy Japan, Int Union Radio Sci C1 NOAA, NESDIS, ORA, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Zhao, TXP (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, ORA, E-RA1,RM 711-C,WWBG,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-6359-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2000 BP 1625 EP 1627 PG 3 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Physical Geography; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BT13Y UT WOS:000172046000524 ER PT B AU Barnes, JE Hofmann, DJ AF Barnes, JE Hofmann, DJ BE Stein, TI TI Stratospheric aerosol measurements over Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii SO IGARSS 2000: IEEE 2000 INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOL I - VI, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 24-28, 2000 CL HONOLULU, HI SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Res, Nat Resources Canada, Canadian Space Agcy, Natl Space Dev Agcy Japan, Int Union Radio Sci C1 NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Mauma Loa Observ, Hilo, HI 96721 USA. RP Barnes, JE (reprint author), NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Mauma Loa Observ, POB 275, Hilo, HI 96721 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-6359-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2000 BP 1655 EP 1656 PG 2 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Physical Geography; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BT13Y UT WOS:000172046000534 ER PT B AU Pichel, WG Clemente-Colon, P Friedman, KS Li, XF Malaret, E AF Pichel, WG Clemente-Colon, P Friedman, KS Li, XF Malaret, E BE Stein, TI TI Analysis of ocean surface features with coincident SAR and radiometer data within the Alaska SAR demonstration SO IGARSS 2000: IEEE 2000 INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOL I - VI, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 24-28, 2000 CL HONOLULU, HI SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Res, Nat Resources Canada, Canadian Space Agcy, Natl Space Dev Agcy Japan, Int Union Radio Sci C1 NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Pichel, WG (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, E-RA3,Room 102 WWBG,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RI Clemente-Colon, Pablo/F-5581-2010; Pichel, William/F-5619-2010; Li, Xiaofeng/B-6524-2008 OI Pichel, William/0000-0001-6332-0149; Li, Xiaofeng/0000-0001-7038-5119 NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-6359-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2000 BP 1708 EP 1710 PG 3 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Physical Geography; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BT13Y UT WOS:000172046000552 ER PT B AU Iirisov, V Fedor, L Patten, B Leuski, V AF Iirisov, V Fedor, L Patten, B Leuski, V BE Stein, TI TI Sea wave parameter obtained from airborne polarimetric observations during the shoaling waves'99 experiment SO IGARSS 2000: IEEE 2000 INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOL I - VI, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 24-28, 2000 CL HONOLULU, HI SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Res, Nat Resources Canada, Canadian Space Agcy, Natl Space Dev Agcy Japan, Int Union Radio Sci ID OCEAN SURFACE; SPECTRUM; MODEL AB A microwave polarimetric radiometer offers the potential for measurement of the sea surface wind vector. This explains an increasing interest on the polarimetric observations of the ocean at various frequencies, viewing angles, and environmental conditions. The Environmental Technology Laboratory deployed a Ka-band cross-track scanning polarimeter on a Twin-Otter aircraft in the fall, 1999. The variation of brightness temperature as a function of viewing angle is sensitive to the gravity-capillary spectrum of sea surface waves and can be used to retrieve such a spectrum. A wide range of observation angles allowed us to measure the down-welling radiation from the atmosphere as well as the oceanic up-welling radiation. A high accuracy of the absolute measurement of the brightness temperature allowed us to determine the emissivity of the ocean surface. A retrieved spectrum of gravity-capillary waves is in reasonable agreement with model spectra. C1 Univ Colorado, NOAA, Environm Techol Lab, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Iirisov, V (reprint author), Univ Colorado, NOAA, Environm Techol Lab, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, 325 Broadway,R-E-ET1, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-6359-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2000 BP 1717 EP 1719 PG 3 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Physical Geography; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BT13Y UT WOS:000172046000555 ER PT B AU Warner, RA Catanzaro, D Boulon, R Rogers, C Hillis-Starr, Z Phillips, B Barry, D Henry, S Devine, B AF Warner, RA Catanzaro, D Boulon, R Rogers, C Hillis-Starr, Z Phillips, B Barry, D Henry, S Devine, B BE Stein, TI TI Analysis of USVI coastal feature products from the 1980s and 1990s SO IGARSS 2000: IEEE 2000 INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOL I - VI, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 24-28, 2000 CL HONOLULU, HI SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Res, Nat Resources Canada, Canadian Space Agcy, Natl Space Dev Agcy Japan, Int Union Radio Sci AB We have used color stereo photos along with a three-dimensional visualization photogrammetric software package, Socet Set, to produce orthophotometric-corrected mosaics of St. Croix, St. John, and St. Thomas. These mosaics are used for numerous applications such as characterization of the shallow water benthic habitat, terrestrial habitat characterizations, and development planning. Examples of the mosaics and products derived from the mosaics will be shown along with accuracy assessments and verification results. C1 NOAA, NOS, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Warner, RA (reprint author), NOAA, NOS, 325 Broadway,Code E-GC2, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-6359-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2000 BP 1901 EP 1903 PG 3 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Physical Geography; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BT13Y UT WOS:000172046000615 ER PT B AU Friedman, KS Wackerman, C Funk, F Rowell, K Pichel, WG Clemente-Colon, P Li, XF AF Friedman, KS Wackerman, C Funk, F Rowell, K Pichel, WG Clemente-Colon, P Li, XF BE Stein, TI TI Validation of an automatic vessel detection algorithm using SAR data and known vessel fleet distributions SO IGARSS 2000: IEEE 2000 INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOL I - VI, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 24-28, 2000 CL HONOLULU, HI SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Res, Nat Resources Canada, Canadian Space Agcy, Natl Space Dev Agcy Japan, Int Union Radio Sci AB The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Environmental, Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS) is conducting a two-year demonstration of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) derived products called the Alaska SAR Demonstration (AKDEMO). This demonstration provides near real-time SAR data and derived products to the U.S. government community working in the waters near Alaska. One of these products is a constant false alarm rate (CFAR) vessel detection algorithm developed by Veridian ERIM International. This algorithm derives vessel positions from SAR data and delivers them within the context of the AKDEMO to users such as the U.S. Coast Guard, National Marine Fisheries Service, and the Alaska Department of Fish & Game (ADF&G), for management and regulatory purposes. The ScanSAR Wide B mode on RADARSAT-1 has an image swath width of 480 km, which covers a much larger area than is practical from ship, aircraft, and helicopter platforms. During the AKDEMO, SAR swaths are taken up to twice a day in both the Bering Sea and the Gulf of Alaska. During events such as fishery openings, extra data are also collected. A validation of the CFAR algorithm is presented using RADARSAT-1 SAR data along with ship fleet locations and sizes collected by the ADF&G at times nearly coincident with the SAR data. C1 NOAA, Caelum Res Corp, WWBG, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Friedman, KS (reprint author), NOAA, Caelum Res Corp, WWBG, E-RA3,Room 102,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RI Clemente-Colon, Pablo/F-5581-2010; Pichel, William/F-5619-2010; Li, Xiaofeng/B-6524-2008 OI Pichel, William/0000-0001-6332-0149; Li, Xiaofeng/0000-0001-7038-5119 NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-6359-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2000 BP 2071 EP 2073 PG 3 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Physical Geography; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BT13Y UT WOS:000172046000671 ER PT B AU Leshkevich, GA Liu, S AF Leshkevich, GA Liu, S BE Stein, TI TI Internet access to Great Lakes CoastWatch remote sensing information SO IGARSS 2000: IEEE 2000 INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOL I - VI, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 24-28, 2000 CL HONOLULU, HI SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Res, Nat Resources Canada, Canadian Space Agcy, Natl Space Dev Agcy Japan, Int Union Radio Sci ID SATELLITE AB CoastWatch is a nationwide National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) program started as the result of an occurrence of Red Tide off the North Carolina coast in 1987. Within this program, the Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory (GLERL) functions as the Great Lakes CoastWatch regional node. In this capacity, GLERL obtains, produces, and delivers environmental data and products for near real-time monitoring of the Great Lakes to support environmental science, decision making, and supporting research. This is achieved by providing Internet access to near real-time and retrospective satellite observations, in-situ Great Lakes data, and derived products to Federal, state, and local agencies, academic institutions, and the public via the Great Lakes CoastWatch web site (http://coastwatch.glerl.noaa.gov). To make Great Lakes CoastWatch imagery and in situ data more useful, a new tool utilizing a JAVA applet is implemented on the web site. The JAVA applet (JAVA GIS) allows the interactive viewing and analysis of satellite surface temperature and visible imagery with data overlays such as bathymetry, gridded wind fields, and marine observation (buoy, CMAN, Coast Guard) data. C1 NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Leshkevich, GA (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-6359-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2000 BP 2077 EP 2079 PG 3 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Physical Geography; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BT13Y UT WOS:000172046000673 ER PT B AU McGinnis, DF Eng, FJ AF McGinnis, DF Eng, FJ BE Stein, TI TI NOAA remote sensing missions and frequency issues SO IGARSS 2000: IEEE 2000 INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOL I - VI, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 24-28, 2000 CL HONOLULU, HI SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Res, Nat Resources Canada, Canadian Space Agcy, Natl Space Dev Agcy Japan, Int Union Radio Sci C1 US Dept Commerce, NOAA, Suitland, MD 20746 USA. RP McGinnis, DF (reprint author), US Dept Commerce, NOAA, E-OSD,Room 3301,FB4,5200 Auth Rd, Suitland, MD 20746 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-6359-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2000 BP 2452 EP 2454 PG 3 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Physical Geography; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BT13Y UT WOS:000172046000797 ER PT B AU Warner, RA Elvidge, C Dietz, J Goddard, G AF Warner, RA Elvidge, C Dietz, J Goddard, G BE Stein, TI TI Use of NOAA photogrammetry for shallow coral reef mapping and bathymetry SO IGARSS 2000: IEEE 2000 INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOL I - VI, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 24-28, 2000 CL HONOLULU, HI SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Res, Nat Resources Canada, Canadian Space Agcy, Natl Space Dev Agcy Japan, Int Union Radio Sci AB As a component of the multi-agency United States coral reef task force, we are using color stereo photogrammetry to produce an initial product suite in a hierarchical data approach for shallow water benthic characterizations. Our initial regions have been coral reef communities in the U.S. Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico. We have used a three-dimensional visualization photogrammetric software package, Socet Set, to produce orthophotometric-corrected mosaics. These mosaics are then used by habitat specialists to characterize the shallow water benthos. We are evaluating and developing the techniques for radiometric balancing the images, preserving the rectification precision. Additionally implementing corrections for the refraction of light in water, we have produced subsurface digital elevation models (DEMs) of the coral reefs. We will illustrate the status of our work with a demonstration of the three dimensional workstation environment showing examples of our work. C1 NOAA, NOS, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Warner, RA (reprint author), NOAA, NOS, 325 Broadway,Code E-GC2, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Elvidge, Christopher/C-3012-2009 NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-6359-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2000 BP 2675 EP 2677 PG 3 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Physical Geography; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BT13Y UT WOS:000172046000870 ER PT B AU Wood, HM Lauritson, L AF Wood, HM Lauritson, L BE Stein, TI TI The CEOS Disaster Management Support Group SO IGARSS 2000: IEEE 2000 INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOL I - VI, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 24-28, 2000 CL HONOLULU, HI SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Res, Nat Resources Canada, Canadian Space Agcy, Natl Space Dev Agcy Japan, Int Union Radio Sci C1 NOAA, Suitland, MD 20746 USA. RP Wood, HM (reprint author), NOAA, Code E-SP,Room 1069,FB-4,5200 Auth Rd, Suitland, MD 20746 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-6359-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2000 BP 2690 EP 2692 PG 3 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Physical Geography; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BT13Y UT WOS:000172046000875 ER PT B AU Raizer, VY Gasiewski, AJ AF Raizer, VY Gasiewski, AJ BE Stein, TI TI Observations of ocean surface disturbances using high-resolution passive microwave imaging SO IGARSS 2000: IEEE 2000 INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOL I - VI, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 24-28, 2000 CL HONOLULU, HI SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Res, Nat Resources Canada, Canadian Space Agcy, Natl Space Dev Agcy Japan, Int Union Radio Sci AB The airborne multi-channel Polarimetric Scanning Radiometer (PSR) was used to obtain high-resolution images of the ocean surface at nadir incidence angles of 65 degrees and 58 degrees and five frequencies: 10.7, 18.7, 21.3, 37.0, 89.0 GHz. Both vertical and horizontal polarizations were measured simultaneously at resolutions of similar to1.1 km and 320 m. The experiments were conducted in 1997-1998 from the NASA P-3B and DC-8 aircraft over moderately stable conditions. Upon rendering and filtering it was found that the PSR images consist of a mosaic of "hot" and "cold" ocean thermal emission features. Some distinct radiometric signatures of specific texture, shape and size were detected in the mosaic. We hypothesize that these geometrical radiometric features are associated with hydrodynamic disturbances among which natural ocean surface slicks, wind inhomogeneities, and currents boundaries are the most probable causes. Textures of PSR ocean surface images and observed radiometric signatures are described in this paper. C1 NOAA, Sci & Technol Corp, Environm Technol Lab, Fairfax, VA 22032 USA. RP Raizer, VY (reprint author), NOAA, Sci & Technol Corp, Environm Technol Lab, 10281 Friendship Court, Fairfax, VA 22032 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-6359-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2000 BP 2748 EP 2749 PG 2 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Physical Geography; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BT13Y UT WOS:000172046000894 ER PT B AU Li, XF Clemente-Colon, P Pichel, W Vachon, P Friedman, K AF Li, XF Clemente-Colon, P Pichel, W Vachon, P Friedman, K BE Stein, TI TI Analysis of atmospheric vortex streets observed on SAR image SO IGARSS 2000: IEEE 2000 INTERNATIONAL GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING SYMPOSIUM, VOL I - VI, PROCEEDINGS SE IEEE International Symposium on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (IGARSS) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium CY JUL 24-28, 2000 CL HONOLULU, HI SP IEEE, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, NASA, NOAA, USN, Off Res, Nat Resources Canada, Canadian Space Agcy, Natl Space Dev Agcy Japan, Int Union Radio Sci ID LARGE ISLANDS AB The sea surface imprint of atmospheric vortex streets (AVS) observed on a RADARSAT SAR image of the Aleutian Islands in the western Gulf of Alaska acquired on December 22, 1999, is analyzed. The AVS is interpreted as the atmosphere analog of classic Von Karman vortex streets. The AVS length is about 220 km. There are several pairs of vortices within the AVS. The vortex shedding period is estimated to be about 36 minutes. The vortex tangential velocity and the energy dissipated during the vortex lifetime are estimated using the Von Karman vortex streets theory. C1 NOAA ERA3, WWBG, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Li, XF (reprint author), NOAA ERA3, WWBG, Room 102,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RI Clemente-Colon, Pablo/F-5581-2010; Pichel, William/F-5619-2010; Li, Xiaofeng/B-6524-2008 OI Pichel, William/0000-0001-6332-0149; Li, Xiaofeng/0000-0001-7038-5119 NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-6359-0 J9 INT GEOSCI REMOTE SE PY 2000 BP 2753 EP 2755 PG 3 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Physical Geography; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BT13Y UT WOS:000172046000896 ER PT S AU Stenbakken, GN Liu, D Starzyk, JA Waltrip, BC AF Stenbakken, GN Liu, D Starzyk, JA Waltrip, BC GP IEEE IEEE TI Nonrandom quantization errors in timebases SO IMTC/2000: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 17TH IEEE INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE: SMART CONNECTIVITY: INTEGRATING MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL SE IEEE INSTRUMENTATION & MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 17th IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference CY MAY 01-04, 2000 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP IEEE Instrumentat & Measurement Soc, Baltimore Sect IEEE, Washington Sect I&M Soc Chapter, Us Dept Commer, Natl Inst Standards & Technol, GEO-Ctrs Inc ID DATA-ACQUISITION CHANNELS; FITTING PROCEDURE; MODEL AB Timebase distortion causes nonlinear distortion of waveforms measured by sampling instruments. When such instruments are used to measure the rms amplitude of the sampled waveforms, such distortions result in errors in the measured rms values. This paper looks at the nature of the errors that result from nonrandom quantization errors in an instrument's timebase circuit. Simulations and measurements on a sampling voltmeter show that the errors in measured rms amplitude have a non-normal probability distribution, such that the probability of large errors is much greater than would be expected from the usual quantization noise model. A novel timebase compensation method is proposed which makes the measured rms errors normally distributed and reduces their standard deviation by a factor of 25 This compensation method was applied to a sampling voltmeter and the improved accuracy was realized. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20878 USA. RP Stenbakken, GN (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20878 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1091-5281 BN 0-7803-5890-2 J9 IEEE IMTC P PY 2000 BP 235 EP 240 DI 10.1109/IMTC.2000.846859 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BQ46B UT WOS:000088408100042 ER PT S AU Lee, K AF Lee, K GP IEEE IEEE TI IEEE 1451: A standard in support of smart transducer networking SO IMTC/2000: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 17TH IEEE INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE: SMART CONNECTIVITY: INTEGRATING MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL SE IEEE INSTRUMENTATION & MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 17th IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference CY MAY 01-04, 2000 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP IEEE Instrumentat & Measurement Soc, Baltimore Sect IEEE, Washington Sect I&M Soc Chapter, Us Dept Commer, Natl Inst Standards & Technol, GEO-Ctrs Inc AB The IEEE 1451 smart transducer interface standards provide the common interface and enabling technology for the connectivity of transducers to microprocessors, control and field networks, and data acquisition and instrumentation systems. The standardized TEDS specified by IEEE 1451.2 allows the self-description of sensors and the interfaces provide a standardized mechanism to facilitate the "plug and play" of sensors to networks. The network-independent smart transducer object model defined by IEEE 1451.1 allows sensor manufacturers to support multiple networks and protocols. Thus, transducer-to-network interoperability is on the horizon. The inclusion of P1451.3 and P1451.4 to the family of 1451 standards will meet the needs of the analog transducer users for high-speed applications. In the long run, transducer vendors and users, system integrators, and network providers can all benefit from the IEEE 1451 interface standards. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lee, K (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr Stop 8220, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 9 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1091-5281 BN 0-7803-5890-2 J9 IEEE IMTC P PY 2000 BP 525 EP 528 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BQ46B UT WOS:000088408100103 ER PT S AU Han, XL Stenbakken, GN Von Zuben, FJ Engler, H AF Han, XL Stenbakken, GN Von Zuben, FJ Engler, H GP IEEE IEEE TI Application of neural networks in the development of nonlinear error modeling and test point prediction SO IMTC/2000: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 17TH IEEE INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE: SMART CONNECTIVITY: INTEGRATING MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL SE IEEE INSTRUMENTATION & MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 17th IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference CY MAY 01-04, 2000 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP IEEE Instrumentat & Measurement Soc, Baltimore Sect IEEE, Washington Sect I&M Soc Chapter, Us Dept Commer, Natl Inst Standards & Technol, GEO-Ctrs Inc AB This paper explores a neural network approach for empirical nonlinear error modeling. For systems that have a significant amount of nonlinearity, nonlinear error models require fewer parameters compared to linear models and require fewer test points to achieve the same prediction accuracy. A neural network with a five-layer structure is investigated. The test point error predictions from nonlinear modeling are compared with the results of linear modeling for an artificial nonlinear model, a circuit with nonlinearity, and an instrument with suspected nonlinearity, The nonlinear modeling shows more improvement when the data set contains more nonlinearity. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Han, XL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. OI Engler, Hans/0000-0002-2085-8018 NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1091-5281 BN 0-7803-5890-2 J9 IEEE IMTC P PY 2000 BP 641 EP 646 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BQ46B UT WOS:000088408100125 ER PT S AU Larson, DR Paulter, NG AF Larson, DR Paulter, NG GP IEEE IEEE TI The effect of offset voltage on the kick-out pulses used in the nose-to-nose sampler impulse response characterization method SO IMTC/2000: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 17TH IEEE INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE: SMART CONNECTIVITY: INTEGRATING MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL SE IEEE INSTRUMENTATION & MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 17th IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference CY MAY 01-04, 2000 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP IEEE Instrumentat & Measurement Soc, Baltimore Sect IEEE, Washington Sect I&M Soc Chapter, Us Dept Commer, Natl Inst Standards & Technol, GEO-Ctrs Inc ID CALIBRATION PROCEDURE; OSCILLOSCOPES AB The amplitude and bandwidth of kick-out pulses used in the nose-to-nose sampler impulse response characterization method were measured as a function of offset voltage. The amplitude is almost linear for offset voltages from -500 mV to 500 mV except for values from about -50 mV to 50 mV. Slight changes in bandwidth were observed for offset voltages from -250 mV to 250 mV with significant bandwidth loss observed for offset voltages outside this range. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Larson, DR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bureau Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 5 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1091-5281 BN 0-7803-5890-2 J9 IEEE IMTC P PY 2000 BP 1425 EP 1428 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BQ46B UT WOS:000088408100271 ER PT S AU Waltrip, BC Laug, OB Stenbakken, GN AF Waltrip, BC Laug, OB Stenbakken, GN GP IEEE IEEE TI Improved time-base for waveform parameter estimation SO IMTC/2000: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 17TH IEEE INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE: SMART CONNECTIVITY: INTEGRATING MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL SE IEEE INSTRUMENTATION & MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 17th IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference CY MAY 01-04, 2000 CL BALTIMORE, MD SP IEEE Instrumentat & Measurement Soc, Baltimore Sect IEEE, Washington Sect I&M Soc Chapter, Us Dept Commer, Natl Inst Standards & Technol, GEO-Ctrs Inc ID JITTER AB An improved gated-oscillator time-base and associated auto-calibration algorithm for use in a high-accuracy sampling waveform acquisition system ave described. The time-base architecture consists of a stable 100 MHz gated-oscillator, 24-bit counter chain, and a clock period interpolator. The nominal, uncorrected linearity, of the time-base is approximately For All 30 ps. By using an iterative, sine-fit based algorithm, the linearity has been improved to < For All 5 ps. Details of the performance and major sources of error of the time-base and correction algorithm in an equivalent time sampling system are also discussed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Waltrip, BC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1091-5281 BN 0-7803-5890-2 J9 IEEE IMTC P PY 2000 BP 1518 EP 1522 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BQ46B UT WOS:000088408100287 ER PT J AU Kangiser, G Camell, D AF Kangiser, G Camell, D TI New antenna positioner improves NIST's capabilities SO INDUSTRIAL ROBOT LA English DT Article DE robots; radio; antenna; EMC AB Antenna and electric field probe calibration requires precise positioning and movement throughout a known RF field. Measurements are usually made in an anechoic chamber. A robotic six-axis antenna positioner was needed that would work in this environment at NIST. Discusses NIST's vendor-selection process for the new positioner and how the positioner has enhanced their capabilities. Also chronicles the design, technical challenges and manufacture of the positioner by Mek-A-Nize Engineering & Robotics, Inc., the vendor selected by NIST to provide the turnkey robotic antenna positioner. C1 Mek A Nize Engn & Robot Inc, Colorado Springs, CO USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Kangiser, G (reprint author), Mek A Nize Engn & Robot Inc, Colorado Springs, CO USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MCB UNIV PRESS LTD PI BRADFORD PA 60/62 TOLLER LANE, BRADFORD BD8 9BY, W YORKSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 0143-991X J9 IND ROBOT JI Ind. Robot PY 2000 VL 27 IS 1 BP 34 EP 38 DI 10.1108/01439910010304924 PG 5 WC Engineering, Industrial; Robotics SC Engineering; Robotics GA 300TT UT WOS:000086269200005 ER PT J AU Voorhees, EM AF Voorhees, EM TI The Sixth Text REtrieval Conference (TREC-6) SO INFORMATION PROCESSING & MANAGEMENT LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Voorhees, EM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Voorhees, Ellen/D-1755-2013 NR 2 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0306-4573 J9 INFORM PROCESS MANAG JI Inf. Process. Manage. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 36 IS 1 BP 1 EP 2 DI 10.1016/S0306-4573(99)00042-4 PG 2 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Information Science & Library Science SC Computer Science; Information Science & Library Science GA 265UX UT WOS:000084265200001 ER PT J AU Voorhees, EM Harman, D AF Voorhees, EM Harman, D TI Overview of the Sixth Text REtrieval Conference (TREC-6) SO INFORMATION PROCESSING & MANAGEMENT LA English DT Editorial Material AB The Text REtrieval Conference is a workshop series designed to encourage research on text retrieval for realistic applications by providing large test collections, uniform scoring procedures and a forum for organizations interested in comparing results. TREC contains two main retrieval tasks plus optional subtasks that allow participants to focus on particular common subproblems in retrieval. The emphasis on individual experiments evaluated in a common setting has proven to be very successful. In the six years since the beginning of TREC, the state of the art in retrieval effectiveness has approximately doubled, and technology transfer among research labs and between research systems and commercial products has accelerated. In addition, TREC has sponsored the first large-scale evaluations of Chinese language retrieval, retrieval of speech and retrieval across different languages. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Voorhees, EM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Voorhees, Ellen/D-1755-2013 NR 33 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0306-4573 J9 INFORM PROCESS MANAG JI Inf. Process. Manage. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 36 IS 1 BP 3 EP 35 DI 10.1016/S0306-4573(99)00043-6 PG 33 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Information Science & Library Science SC Computer Science; Information Science & Library Science GA 265UX UT WOS:000084265200002 ER PT S AU Klemme, BJ Jung, TM Carter, AC Shirley, EL Lorentz, SR Datla, RU AF Klemme, BJ Jung, TM Carter, AC Shirley, EL Lorentz, SR Datla, RU BE Dereniak, EL Sampson, RE TI A 1 cm collimated source for use in infrared calibrations SO INFRARED DETECTORS AND FOCAL PLANE ARRAYS VI SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th Conference on Infrared Detectors and Focal Plane Arrays CY APR 25-27, 2000 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE calibration; infrared; collimators C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Klemme, BJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3654-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2000 VL 4028 BP 411 EP 419 DI 10.1117/12.391756 PG 9 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BR35J UT WOS:000166173100044 ER PT S AU Carter, AC Lorentz, SR Jung, TM Klemme, BJ Datla, RU AF Carter, AC Lorentz, SR Jung, TM Klemme, BJ Datla, RU BE Dereniak, EL Sampson, RE TI NIST facility for spectral calibration of detectors: Calibration of arsenic doped silicon blocked impurity band detectors SO INFRARED DETECTORS AND FOCAL PLANE ARRAYS VI SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th Conference on Infrared Detectors and Focal Plane Arrays CY APR 25-27, 2000 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE arsenic-doped silicon; calibration; cryogenic; detectors; infrared; NIST; spectral AB The capability of the Low Background Infrared (LBIR) facility at the National Institute of Standards and Technology to spectrally calibrate infrared detectors was demonstrated with the spectral calibration of arsenic doped silicon blocked impurity band (BIB) detectors. The BIB detectors were calibrated over the 2 mum to 30 mum range, using light from a monochromator with a nominal 2 % bandwidth. Photon fluxes used for the calibration ranged from 10(13) photons/s/cm(2) to 10(14) photons/s/cm(2). The large area detectors (10mm(2)) calibrated in this paper were very linear up to 2.5 x 10(14) photons/s/cm(2), where they showed a 1 % drop in signal from linearity. The calibrations contained less than 6 1 % standard component of random noise uncertainty([1]), and there was about a 6 5% standard component of uncertainty arising from systematic effects that will be discussed in detail. The calibrations were performed in ultra-high vacuum in a 20 K background environment by making direct intercomparisons between the power measured by an absolute cryogenic radiometer and the response measured by a detector irradiated by the same beam. A detailed description of measurement methodology and system apparatus is given. Detector linearity and uniformity are also discussed. The LBIR facility can now provide calibrated BIB detectors as transfer standards as well as evaluate and calibrate customer's large area detectors and detector arrays provided the detectors stay within certain physical limitations. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Carter, AC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8441, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 3 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3654-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2000 VL 4028 BP 420 EP 425 DI 10.1117/12.391757 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Optics GA BR35J UT WOS:000166173100045 ER PT S AU Radebaugh, R AF Radebaugh, R BE Andresen, BF Fulop, GF Strojnik, M TI Pulse tube cryocoolers for cooling infrared sensors SO INFRARED TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS XXVI SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Infrared Technology and Applications XXVI CY JUL 30-AUG 03, 2000 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE cryocoolers; cryogenics; detectors; infrared; night vision; pulse tubes; refrigerators; review; sensors; Stirling ID REFRIGERATOR PERFORMANCE AB This paper reviews recent advances in pulse tube cryocoolers and their application for cooling infrared sensors. There are many advantages of pulse tube cryocoolers over Stirling cryocoolers associated with the absence of moving parts in the cold head. Efficiencies have been improved considerably in the last few years to where they equal or even exceed the efficiencies of Stirling cryocoolers. The use of inertance effects and double inlets to improve the efficiencies will be discussed. Pulse tube cryocoolers are now being used or considered for use in cooling infrared detectors for many space applications. One disadvantage of pulse tube coolers is the difficulty in scaling them down to sizes as small as 0.15 W at 80 K while maintaining high efficiency. A second disadvantage is the larger diameter cold finger required for the same refrigeration power because of the presence of the pulse tube. These two disadvantages have limited their use so far in cooling infrared sensors for many military tactical applications. Progress in overcoming these disadvantages is discussed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Radebaugh, R (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 36 TC 51 Z9 55 U1 1 U2 13 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3775-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2000 VL 4130 BP 363 EP 379 DI 10.1117/12.409878 PG 17 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Remote Sensing; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BR89F UT WOS:000167921500040 ER PT J AU Hermann, AM Veeraraghavan, B Balzar, D Fickett, FR AF Hermann, AM Veeraraghavan, B Balzar, D Fickett, FR TI Deposition and characterization of low-loss epitaxial non-linear dielectric thin films for microwave devices SO INTEGRATED FERROELECTRICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Ferroelectrics Workshop (FWPR 99) CY MAY 12-14, 1999 CL GUANTICA, PUERTO RICO DE BSTO; KTO; bulk; epitaxial thin film; tunable capacitor ID SUPERCONDUCTORS; FERROELECTRICS AB Oxide ferroelectric thin films fur frequency-tunable microwave devices, in which the dielectric constant of the non-linear dielectric is varied by application of electric fields, have been deposited using PLD. We have fabricated single phase epitaxial Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 and KTaO3 thin film capacitors for applications at 300K acid 77K, respectively. Single phase KTaO3 films were obtained only with excess potassium source in the target along with KTaO3; perovskite phase. The films have been characterized for structure and morphology by X-ray diffraction and AFM. The dielectric properties were measured in the low frequency range from 100 kHz to 10 MHz, using interdigitated capacitors. Low loss tangents (0.002 at 300K) were observed fur highly oriented Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 films. The importance of low losses for various devices is discussed and the dielectric constants, loss tangents and tunability of these films are reported in this gaper. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Hermann, AM (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 21 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING RG1 8JL, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 1058-4587 J9 INTEGR FERROELECTR JI Integr. Ferroelectr. PY 2000 VL 29 IS 1-2 BP 161 EP 173 DI 10.1080/10584580008222229 PG 13 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Physics GA 342MH UT WOS:000088648000015 ER PT S AU Kammer, R AF Kammer, R GP IEEE COMPUTER SOCIETY IEEE COMPUTER SOCIETY TI Software maintenance in the new millennium: Issues and challenges SO INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING, PROCEEDINGS SE PROCEEDINGS - IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOFTWARE MAINTENANCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Software Maintenance (ICSM 2000) CY OCT 11-14, 2000 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP IEEE, Comp Soc Techn Council Software Engn C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kammer, R (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA SN 1063-6773 BN 0-7695-0753-0 J9 PROC IEEE INT CONF S PY 2000 BP 2 EP 2 PG 1 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BR29D UT WOS:000166037900001 ER PT J AU Irwin, JS AF Irwin, JS TI Statistical evaluation of centreline concentration estimates by atmospheric dispersion models SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENT AND POLLUTION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th Workshop on Harmonization within Atmospheric Dispersion Modelling for Regulatory Purposes CY MAY 18-AUG 21, 1998 CL RHODES, GREECE SP Natl Ctr Sci Res Demokritos DE air dispersion modelling; model performance; statistical evaluation AB Within the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) a standard practice (26849Z(1)) is being developed to provide an objective statistical procedure for comparing air quality simulation modelling results with tracer field data. The practice is limited to steady state, local-scale transport from isolated point sources in simple terrain. Evaluation data having similar external conditions are grouped together, and comparisons are made of the model's ability to replicate without bias the average of the centreline maximum concentrations for each group. Centreline concentrations measured during three field studies are compared with estimates from three steady-state plume models: Industrial Source Complex (ISC), Hybrid Plume Dispersion Model (HPDM) and AMS/EPA Regulatory Model (AERMOD). These results combined with those presented in Irwin and Rosu (1998) provide a complete examination of the draft ASTM standard practice under development. It is concluded that the evaluation methodology is capable of objectively discerning differences in skill between models in their ability to estimate the centreline maximum concentration. C1 NOAA, Atmospher Sci Modelling Div, Air Resources Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Irwin, JS (reprint author), US EPA, Off Air Qual Planning & Stand, Washington, DC 20460 USA. NR 13 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU INDERSCIENCE ENTERPRISES LTD PI GENEVA AEROPORT PA WORLD TRADE CENTER BLDG 110 AVE LOUSIS CASAI CP 306, CH-1215 GENEVA AEROPORT, SWITZERLAND SN 0957-4352 J9 INT J ENVIRON POLLUT JI Int. J. Environ. Pollut. PY 2000 VL 14 IS 1-6 BP 28 EP 38 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 370DM UT WOS:000165108000005 ER PT J AU Zhang, JZ Fischer, CJ Ortner, PB AF Zhang, JZ Fischer, CJ Ortner, PB TI Comparison of open tubular cadmium reactor and packed cadmium column in automated gas-segmented continuous flow nitrate analysis SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE cadmium column; nitrate; nitrite; continuous flow analysis ID SEAWATER; NITRITE AB Detailed procedures are provided for preparing packed cadmium columns to reduce nitrate to nitrite. Experiments demonstrated the importance of conditioning both open tubular cadmium reactor (OTCR) and packed copper-coated cadmium columns to achieve 100% reduction efficiency. The effects of segmentation bubbles in the OTCR upon reduction efficiency and baseline noise in nitrate analysis are investigated using an auto-analyzer. Metal particles derived from segmentation bubbles in OTCR result in interference with continuous flow analyses. Therefore packed columns are recommended for determination of low level nitrate in natural waters. C1 Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Cooperat Inst Marine & Atmospher Studies, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Ocean Chem Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Zhang, JZ (reprint author), Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Cooperat Inst Marine & Atmospher Studies, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RI Zhang, Jia-Zhong/B-7708-2008; Fischer, Charles/A-3843-2017 OI Zhang, Jia-Zhong/0000-0002-1138-2556; NR 21 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 12 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING RG1 8JL, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0306-7319 J9 INT J ENVIRON AN CH JI Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. PY 2000 VL 76 IS 2 BP 99 EP 113 DI 10.1080/03067310008034123 PG 15 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Environmental Sciences SC Chemistry; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 333LT UT WOS:000088132100003 ER PT J AU Coakley, KJ Levenson, MS AF Coakley, KJ Levenson, MS TI Guest editorial: Advances in quantitative image analysis SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMAGING SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Coakley, KJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0899-9457 J9 INT J IMAG SYST TECH JI Int. J. Imaging Syst. Technol. PY 2000 VL 11 IS 4 BP 209 EP 209 DI 10.1002/ima.1005 PG 1 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 428CL UT WOS:000168443500001 ER PT J AU Norgard, J Will, J Stubenrauch, C AF Norgard, J Will, J Stubenrauch, C TI Quantitative images of antenna patterns using infrared thermography and microwave holography SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMAGING SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PHASE; ALGORITHMS; FIELDS AB I-n this paper, we apply microwave holography to infra-red (IR) thermal images of electromagnetic (EM) fields to measure near-field and far-field radiation patterns of antennas. The phase of the field is retrieved from IR thermograms (magnitude-only thermal images of the field measured in the near field of the antenna using microwave holography. One method to extract the phase is to use an iterative plane-to-plane (PTP) two-dimensional (2D) holographic phase retrieval method. After the phase is recovered, the near-field thermographic/holographic data can be processed to determine the complex intensity (magnitude and phase) of the field at any distance in front of the antenna under test (AUT). Of particular interest is the far-field radiation pattern of the antenna or, especially for phased array antennas, the aperture source-plane distribution. Numerical simulations were performed to determine the feasibility, accuracy, and sensitivity of these IR thermographic/holographic phase-retrieval techniques, The advantages and disadvantages of the technique are also discussed. To demonstrate the feasibility of the technique, actual IR thermograms were obtained at the Air Force Research laboratory/Rome Research Site (AFRL/RRS) in Rome, (New York) and holograms were derived from a simple planar 6 x 6 phased array patch antenna using the PTP technique. The phase-retrieval results are presented and compared with the known results for this antenna, as measured on the near-field range at the National Institute of Technology and Standards (NIST) using standard hard-wired probes. The agreement between the results for this antenna is very good. (C) 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. C1 Univ Colorado, Coll Engn, Colorado Springs, CO 80933 USA. Sun Microsyst Inc, Mt View, CA 94043 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Norgard, J (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Coll Engn, Colorado Springs, CO 80933 USA. NR 33 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0899-9457 J9 INT J IMAG SYST TECH JI Int. J. Imaging Syst. Technol. PY 2000 VL 11 IS 4 BP 210 EP 218 DI 10.1002/ima.1006 PG 9 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 428CL UT WOS:000168443500002 ER PT J AU Ali, MA Irikura, KK Kim, YK AF Ali, MA Irikura, KK Kim, YK TI Electron-impact total ionization cross sections of SFx(x=1-5) SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article DE electron impact ionization; ionization cross section; sulfur fluorides; SF6; theory ID CORRELATED MOLECULAR CALCULATIONS; GAUSSIAN-BASIS SETS; MODEL; SFN+; SF6 AB Total cross sections for electron impact ionization are necessary quantities for numerical modeling of plasma chemistry and for quantitative mass-spectrometric gas analysis. Theoretical cross sections for SF, SF2, SF3, SF4, and SF5 are calculated by the recently developed binary-encounter-Bethe (BEB) model. The BEB model combines a modified form of the Mott cross section and the Bethe cross section. The results are compared with experimental cross sections for SF3 and SF5 free radicals. In view of the success of the BEB method for SF6 and many other molecules, it is expected that the results presented here will provide reliable total ionization cross sections for SFx(x = 1-5). (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Howard Univ, Dept Chem, Washington, DC 20059 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Irikura, KK (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Irikura, Karl/A-4266-2009 OI Irikura, Karl/0000-0001-7515-6761 NR 34 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1387-3806 J9 INT J MASS SPECTROM JI Int. J. Mass Spectrom. PY 2000 VL 201 IS 1-3 BP 187 EP 195 DI 10.1016/S1387-3806(00)00211-6 PG 9 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Spectroscopy SC Physics; Spectroscopy GA 341RT UT WOS:000088603900017 ER PT J AU McLinden, MO Klein, SA Perkins, RA AF McLinden, MO Klein, SA Perkins, RA TI An extended corresponding states model for the thermal conductivity of refrigerants and refrigerant mixtures SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REFRIGERATION-REVUE INTERNATIONALE DU FROID LA English DT Article DE refrigerant; mixture; physical property; thermal conductivity; model; calculation; corresponding states ID TRANSPORT-PROPERTIES; CARBON-DIOXIDE; THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES; CRITICAL REGION; VISCOSITY; PREDICTION; PRESSURES; MPA; TEMPERATURE; EQUATION AB The extended corresponding states (ECS) model of Huber et al. (Huber M.L., Friend, D.G., Ely, J.F. Prediction of the thermal conductivity of refrigerants and refrigerant mixtures, Fluid Phase Equilibria 1992;80:249-61) for calculating the thermal conductivity of a pure fluid or fluid mixture is modified by the introduction of a thermal conductivity shape factor which is determined from experimental data. An additional empirical correction to the traditional Eucken correlation for the dilute-gas conductivity was necessary, especially for highly polar fluids. For pure fluids, these additional factors result in significantly improved agreement between the ECS predictions and experimental data. A further modification for mixtures eliminates discontinuities at the pure component limits. The method has been applied to 11 halocarbon refrigerants, propane, ammonia, and carbon dioxide as well as mixtures of these fluids. The average absolute deviations between the calculated and experimental values ranged from 1.08 to 5.57% for the 14 pure fluids studied. Deviations for the 12 mixtures studied ranged from 2.98 to 9.40%. Deviations increase near the critical point, especially for mixtures. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Solar Energy Lab, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP McLinden, MO (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 77 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0140-7007 J9 INT J REFRIG JI Int. J. Refrig.-Rev. Int. Froid PD JAN PY 2000 VL 23 IS 1 BP 43 EP 63 DI 10.1016/S0140-7007(99)00024-9 PG 21 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA 262PD UT WOS:000084074900005 ER PT J AU Assael, MJ Leipertz, A MacPherson, E Nagasaka, Y de Castro, CAN Perkins, RA Strom, K Vogel, E Wakeham, WA AF Assael, MJ Leipertz, A MacPherson, E Nagasaka, Y de Castro, CAN Perkins, RA Strom, K Vogel, E Wakeham, WA TI Transport property measurements on the IUPAC sample of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R134a) SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE R134a; dilute gas; refrigerant; saturation properties; 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane; thermal conductivity; transport properties; viscosity ID THERMAL-CONDUCTIVITY; THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES; VAPOR-PHASE; ROUND-ROBIN; REFRIGERANTS; HFC-134A; DIFFUSIVITY; VISCOSITY AB This paper reports the results of an international project coordinated by the Subcommittee on Transport Properties of Commission 1.2 of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. The project has been conducted to investigate the large discrepancies between the results reported by various authors fur the transport properties of R134a and culminates the effort which was initially described in 1995. The project has involved the remeasurement of the transport properties of a single sample of R134a in nine laboratories throughout the world in order to test the hypothesis that at least part of the discrepancy could be attributed to the purity of the samples. This paper provides an intercomparison of the new experimental results obtained for the viscosity and thermal conductivity in the vapor, liquid, and supercritical gas phases. The viscosity measurements were made with a variety of techniques including the vibrating wire, oscillating disk, capillary flow, and falling body. Thermal conductivity was measured using transient bare and anodized hut wires, steady-state anodized hut wires, and light scattering. Agreement between a variety of experimental techniques using the standard round-rubin sample is necessary to demonstrate that some of the discrepancies in earlier results were due to sample impurities. Identification of disagreement between data using one experimental technique relative to other techniques may suggest modifications that would lead to more accurate measurements on these highly petal refrigerant materials. It is anticipated that the new data which have been measured on this IUPAC round-robin sample will aid in the identification of the rt liable data sets in rhs literature and ultimately allow the refinement of the IUPAC reference-data correlations for the transport properties of R134a. C1 Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Chem Engn & Chem Technol, London SW7 2BY, England. Univ Erlangen Nurnberg, Lehrstuhl Tech Themodynam, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany. Natl Res Council Canada, Inst Environm Res & Technol, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada. Keio Univ, Dept Syst Design Engn, Kohoku Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2238522, Japan. Univ Lisbon, Fac Ciencias, Dept Quim & Bioquim, P-1749016 Lisbon, Portugal. Univ Lisbon, Fac Ciencias, Ctr Ciencia & Mol Mat, P-1749016 Lisbon, Portugal. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Chalmers Univ Technol, Dept Chem Engn, S-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden. Univ Rostock, Fachbereich Chem, D-18051 Rostock, Germany. Aristotelian Univ Salonika, Dept Chem Engn, GR-54006 Salonika, Greece. RP Assael, MJ (reprint author), Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Dept Chem Engn & Chem Technol, Prince Consort Rd, London SW7 2BY, England. RI Assael, Marc/K-5545-2012; Nieto de Castro, Carlos/B-7377-2011; OI Assael, Marc/0000-0003-1221-6899; Nieto de Castro, Carlos/0000-0001-9011-5132; Perkins, Richard/0000-0002-8526-6742 NR 23 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0195-928X J9 INT J THERMOPHYS JI Int. J. Thermophys. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 21 IS 1 BP 1 EP 22 DI 10.1023/A:1006690702100 PG 22 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Mechanics; Physics, Applied SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Mechanics; Physics GA 304VZ UT WOS:000086506000001 ER PT J AU Magee, JW AF Magee, JW TI Isochoric heat capacity measurements for binary refrigerant mixtures containing difluoromethane (R32), pentafluoroethane (R125), 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R134a), and trifluoroethane (R143a) from 200 to 345 K at pressures to 35 MPa SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE binary mixtures; difluoromethane; heat capacity; pentafluoroethane; R32; R125; R134a; R143a; 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane; trifluoroethane ID CONSTANT VOLUME; MOLAR AB Molar heat capacities at constant volume C-v were measured for binary refrigerant mixtures with an adiabatic calorimeter with gravimetric determinations of thc amount of substance. Temperatures ranged from 200 to 345 K, while pressures extended up to 35 MPa. Measurements were conducted on liquid samples with equimolar compositions for the following binary systems: R32, R134a, R32/R125, R125/R134a, and R125/R143a. The uncertainty is 0.002 K for the temperature rise and is 0.2% for the change-of-volume work, which is the principal source of uncertainty. The expanded relative uncertainty (with a coverage factor k =2 and thus a two-standard deviation estimate) for C-v is estimated to be 0.7%. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Magee, JW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Magee, Joseph/A-8496-2009 OI Magee, Joseph/0000-0002-9312-8593 NR 8 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0195-928X J9 INT J THERMOPHYS JI Int. J. Thermophys. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 21 IS 1 BP 95 EP 111 DI 10.1023/A:1006608921664 PG 17 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Mechanics; Physics, Applied SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Mechanics; Physics GA 304VZ UT WOS:000086506000008 ER PT J AU Magee, JW Haynes, WM AF Magee, JW Haynes, WM TI Isochoric p-rho-T measurements for binary refrigerant mixtures containing difluoromethane (R32), pentafluoroethane (R125), 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R134a), and 1,1,1-trifluoroethane (R143a) from 200 to 400 K at pressures to 35 MPa SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE density; difluoromethane; mixtures; p-rho-T data; pentafluoroethane; R32; R125; R134a; R143a; 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane; 1,1,1,-trifluoroethane ID LIQUID DENSITIES AB The p p T relationships were measured for binary refrigerant mixtures by an isochoric method with gravimetric determinations of the amount of substance. Temperatures ranged from 200 to 400 K, while pressures extended up to 35 MPa. Measurements were conducted on compressed gas and liquid samples with the following mole Fraction compositions: 0.4997 R32 + 0.5003 R134a, 0.3288 R32 + 0.6712 R134a, 0.4996 R32+0.5004 R125, 0.5001 R125+0.4999 R134a, and 0.5000 R125 + 0.5000 R143a. Most published p-p-T data are in good agreement with this study. The uncertainty is 0.03 K for temperature and is 0.01% for pressure at p > 3 M Pa and 0.05% at p < 3 M Pa. The principal source of uncertainty is the cell volume ( similar to 28.5 cm(3)), with a standard uncertainty of 0.003 cm(3) When all components of experimental uncertainty are considered, the expanded relative uncertainty (with a coverage factor k=2 and, thus, a two-standard deviation estimate of the density measurements is estimated to be 0.05 %. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Magee, JW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Magee, Joseph/A-8496-2009 OI Magee, Joseph/0000-0002-9312-8593 NR 14 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0195-928X J9 INT J THERMOPHYS JI Int. J. Thermophys. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 21 IS 1 BP 113 EP 150 DI 10.1023/A:1006660905734 PG 38 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Mechanics; Physics, Applied SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Mechanics; Physics GA 304VZ UT WOS:000086506000009 ER PT J AU Magee, JW AF Magee, JW TI Isochoric p-rho-T and heat capacity C-v measurements for ternary refrigerant mixtures containing difluoromethane (R32), pentafluoroethane (R125), and 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R134a) from 200 to 400 K at pressures to 35 MPa SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE density; difluoromethane; heat capacity; p rho T data; pentafluoroethane; R32; R125; R134a; ternary mixtures; 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane ID CONSTANT VOLUME; LIQUID AB The p p T relationships and constant volume heat capacity C-v were measured for ternary refrigerant mixtures by isochoric methods with gravimetric determinations of the amount of substance. Temperatures ranged from 200 to 400 K for p p T and from 203 to 345 K for C-v, while Fur both data types pressures extended to 35 MPa. Measurements of p-p-T were carried out on compressed gas and liquid samples with the following mole fraction compositions: 0.3337 R32+0.3333 R125+0.3330 R134a and 0.3808 R32+0.1798 R125+0.4394 R134a. Measurements of C-v were carried out on liquid samples for the same tale compositions. Published p p-T data are in good agreement with this study for the p p-T apparatus, the uncertainty is 0.03 K for temperature and is 0.01 % for pressure at p > 3 M Pa and 0.05 % at p < 3 M Pa. The principal source of uncertainty is the cell volume ( similar to 28.5 cm(3)), with a standard uncertainty of 0.003 cm(3). When all components of experimental uncertainty are considered, the expanded relative uncertainty (with a coverage factor k=2 and, thus, a two-standard deviation estimate) of the density measurements is estimated to be 0.05 %. For the C-v calorimeter, the uncertainty of the temperature rise is 0.002 K and For the change-of-volume work it is 0.2%; the latter is the principal source of uncertainty. When all components of experimental uncertainty are considered, thr expanded relative uncertainty of the heat capacity measurements is estimated to be 0.7%. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Magee, JW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Magee, Joseph/A-8496-2009 OI Magee, Joseph/0000-0002-9312-8593 NR 16 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0195-928X J9 INT J THERMOPHYS JI Int. J. Thermophys. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 21 IS 1 BP 151 EP 171 DI 10.1023/A:1006613022572 PG 21 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Mechanics; Physics, Applied SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Mechanics; Physics GA 304VZ UT WOS:000086506000010 ER PT J AU Hurly, JJ AF Hurly, JJ TI Thermophysical properties of gaseous tungsten hexafluoride from speed-of-sound measurements SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE equation of state; intermolecular potential; speed-of-sound; thermodynamic properties; transport properties; tungsten hexafluoride; virial coefficients; viscosity; WF6 ID THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES; ACOUSTIC MEASUREMENTS AB The speed of sound was measured in gaseous WF6 using a highly precise acoustic resonance technique. The data span the temperature range from 290 to 420 K and the pressure range from 50 kPa to the lesser of 300 kPa or 80% of the sample's vapor pressure. At 360 K and higher temperatures, the data were corrected for a slow chemical reaction of the WF6 within the apparatus. The speed-of-sound data have a relative standard uncertainty of 0.005%. The data acre analyzed to obtain the ideal-gas heat capacity as a function of the temperature with a relative standard uncertainty of 0.1 %. These heat capacities are in reasonable agreement with those determined From spectroscopic data. The speed-of-sound data were fitted by virial equations of state to obtain the temperature dependent density virial coefficients. Two virial coefficient models were employed, one based on square-well intermolecular potentials and the second based on a hard-core Lennard Jones intermolecular potential. The resulting virial equations reproduced the sound-speed data to within +/- 0.005% and may be used to calculate vapor densities with relative standard uncertainties of 0.1% or less. The hard-core Lennard-Jones potential was used to estimate the viscosity and the thermal conductivity of dilute WF6. The predicted viscosities agree with published data to within 5% and can be extrapolated reliably to higher temperatures. C1 NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hurly, JJ (reprint author), NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 26 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0195-928X J9 INT J THERMOPHYS JI Int. J. Thermophys. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 21 IS 1 BP 185 EP 206 DI 10.1023/A:1006617223481 PG 22 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Mechanics; Physics, Applied SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Mechanics; Physics GA 304VZ UT WOS:000086506000012 ER PT S AU Bruhwiler, L Tans, P Ramonet, M AF Bruhwiler, L Tans, P Ramonet, M BE Kasibhatla, P Heimann, M Rayner, P Mahowald, N Prinn, RG Hartley, DE TI A time-dependent assimilation and source retrieval technique for atmospheric tracers SO INVERSE METHODS IN GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES SE GEOPHYSICAL MONOGRAPH SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium Workshop on Inverse Modeling of Global Biogeochemical Cycles CY MAR, 1998 CL IRAKLION, GREECE SP European Union Training & Mobil Researchers (TMR) Program, German IGBP Secretariat ID SURFACE SOURCES; SCHEME; MODEL; FLUX AB A technique for time-dependent retrieval of CO2 source/sink distributions of atmospheric trace species such as CO2 is presented. This method has several significant advantages; it relies on minimal a priori information and is therefore less subject to errors resulting from use of such information, it gives assimilated tracer fields that are optimally consistent with observed atmospheric tracer abundances, and it does not require separate mass conservation constraints since it conserves mass in principle. An additional benefit of the scheme is that it is conceptually simple. The performance of the method for various network configurations, including the GLOBALVIEW network is examined for a simple test source distribution. Evenly-distributed networks with greater than about 100 stations result in reasonably good source/sink retrievals. On the other hand, for the GLOBALVIEW network, large errors occur for undersampled regions such as South America and Africa. These large errors are reduced by up to a factor of two if extra stations are added in the undersampled regions. In addition, the sensitivity of the scheme to realistic small-scale temporal and spatial variability is tested. The errors in the assimilated CO2 and retrieved sources may exceed a factor of two over undersampled continental regions, although they generally remain much smaller elsewhere. The neglect of spatial source variation in the inversion calculation results in significant increases in errors, nearly doubling near the source region itself with smaller changes in nearby regions. This suggests that incorporation of spatial source variation substantially improves the inverse calculations. C1 NOAA, Environm Res Lab, R E CG1, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Bruhwiler, L (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Res Lab, R E CG1, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 14 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0065-8448 BN 0-87590-097-6 J9 GEOPH MONOG SERIES PY 2000 VL 114 BP 265 EP 277 PG 13 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography GA BP49B UT WOS:000085292500020 ER PT S AU Baker, DF AF Baker, DF BE Kasibhatla, P Heimann, M Rayner, P Mahowald, N Prinn, RG Hartley, DE TI An inversion method for determining time-dependent surface CO2 fluxes SO INVERSE METHODS IN GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES SE GEOPHYSICAL MONOGRAPH SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium Workshop on Inverse Modeling of Global Biogeochemical Cycles CY MAR, 1998 CL IRAKLION, GREECE SP European Union Training & Mobil Researchers (TMR) Program, German IGBP Secretariat ID LATITUDINAL DISTRIBUTION; SINKS; MODEL AB An inversion method is presented for determining time-varying surface CO2 fluxes from CO2 concentration measurements from a global network of sites. An atmospheric tracer transport model is run forward in time to calculate the effect of month-long pulses of flux from pre-specified emission regions on the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere, and the magnitudes of these fluxes that give the best match to the concentration data are solved for using singular value decomposition (SVD) of a set of measurement and constraint equations. Because the equations to be inverted are ill-conditioned, the flux estimates are highly sensitive to random errors in the measurements - this sensitivity may be reduced by reducing the resolution of the solved-for fluxes. Three methods for reducing the sensitivity are presented, of which the SVD truncation technique is preferred. The SVD expansion should also be truncated to eliminate those components of the estimate most sensitive to systematic errors in the measurement model. As fewer basis functions are used to compose the estimate, however, biases in the estimate due to the assumed form of the basis functions grow and the measurements are fit less well. The best choice for the resolution of the solved-for fluxes must balance all these factors. These considerations are illustrated using error results from sample cases. C1 Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Baker, DF (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. NR 17 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0065-8448 BN 0-87590-097-6 J9 GEOPH MONOG SERIES PY 2000 VL 114 BP 279 EP 293 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography GA BP49B UT WOS:000085292500021 ER PT B AU Ohno, Y AF Ohno, Y GP IS&T IS&T TI CIE fundamentals for color measurements SO IS&T'S NIP16: INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON DIGITAL PRINTING TECHNOLOGIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Digital Printing Technologies CY OCT 15-20, 2000 CL VANCOUVER, CANADA SP Soc Imaging Sci & Technol, Adobe Corp, Agfa Gevaert Grp, Appl Sci Fict, Inc, AVECIA, Degussa Huls Corp, Eastman Kodak Co, Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd, Hewlett Packard Co, ImageXpert, Kodak Polychrome Graph, Konica Corp, Lexmark Int Inc, Polaroid Corp, Torrey Pines Res, TREK Inc, TREK Japan KK, Xeikon NV, Xerox Corp AB The paper first over-views the CIE system of colorimetry, covering CIE 1931 color matching functions, XYZ tristimulus values, x, y diagram, 1976,u', v' diagram, and evolvement of CIELUV and CIE]LAB color spaces and color difference formulae. The paper. then reviews the measurement of object colors introducing CIE standard illuminants and the CIE. terminology for color and reflectance measurements, then the measurement of light-source colors (including displays) with calculation of correlated color temperature and color rendering indices. The paper also discusses practical aspects of color measurements for imaging applications using spectroreflectometers, spectroradiometers, and tristimulus colorimeters. Overview is given for calibration and verification of instruments' accuracy, spectral irradiance and reflectance standards (available from national laboratories), and uncertainty components. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ohno, Y (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM ohno@nist.gov NR 21 TC 14 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 9 PU SOC IMAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PI SPRINGFIELD PA 7003 KILWORTH LANE, SPRINGFIELD, VA 22151 USA BN 0-89208-230-5 PY 2000 BP 540 EP 545 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Engineering; Materials Science; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BX01U UT WOS:000183951600142 ER PT B AU Read, DT Dally, JW AF Read, DT Dally, JW BE Lagarde, A TI Theory of moire fringe formation with an electron beam SO IUTAM SYMPOSIUM ON ADVANCED OPTICAL METHODS AND APPLICATIONS IN SOLID MECHANICS SE SOLID MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IUTAM Symposium on Advanced Optical Methods and Applications in Solid Mechanics CY AUG 31-SEP 04, 1998 CL POITIERS, FRANCE SP Int Union Theoret & Appl Mech, Conseil Reg Poitou Charentes, European Res Off, CNRS, Assoc Univ Mecan, Univ Poitiers, Fac Sci Fondamentales & Appl Poitiers, Kluwer Acad Publishers AB When a specimen surface carrying a high-frequency line grating is examined under a scanning electron microscope (SEM), moire fringes are observed at several different magnifications, The fringes are characterized by their spatial frequency, orientation, and contrast. These features depend on the spatial frequency mismatch between the specimen grating and the raster scan lines, the diameter of the electron beam, and the detailed topography of the lines on the specimen. A mathematical model of e-beam moire is developed that depicts the spatial dependence of the SEM image brightness as a product of the local intensity of the scanning beam and the local scattering function from the specimen grating. Equations are derived that show the spatial frequency of the moire fringes as functions of the microscope settings and the spatial frequency of the specimen grating. The model also describes the contrast of several different types of moire fringes observed at different magnifications. The different types of fringe patterns are divided into categories including: natural fringes, fringes of multiplication, and fringes of division. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Read, DT (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 0-7923-6604-2 J9 SOLID MECH APPL PY 2000 VL 82 BP 99 EP 108 PG 6 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics; Optics SC Engineering; Mechanics; Optics GA BR45G UT WOS:000166446000012 ER PT J AU Godin, OA Mikhin, DY Palmer, DR AF Godin, OA Mikhin, DY Palmer, DR TI Monitoring ocean currents in the coastal zone SO IZVESTIYA AKADEMII NAUK FIZIKA ATMOSFERY I OKEANA LA Russian DT Article ID ACOUSTIC TOMOGRAPHY; DIFFRACTION TOMOGRAPHY; FLOW; STRAITS; FLORIDA; RECONSTRUCTION; PROPAGATION; RADAR; FIELD AB A method proposed recently for remote monitoring of currents in coastal regions of the ocean is discussed and compared to alternative approaches. The new method, which is referred to as the method of matched nonreciprocity (MMN), represents further development of conventional acoustic tomography of currents as applied to shallow-sea conditions. In measurements of currents, low-frequency acoustic waves are employed as sounding signals. The MMN makes it possible to obtain real-time current charts in a region extending horizontally to tens or hundreds of kilometers and covering the whole depth of the water from the surface of the ocean to its bottom. Such charts are important in solving major scientific problems, in particular, monitoring of climate changes and verification of global-circulation models. It is shown that the MMN is free of limitations inherent in the monitoring methods proposed previously. The MMN is based on recent advances in the theory and mathematical modeling of acoustic propagation in inhomogeneous moving media and also in the use of the matched-field method for solving tomographic inverse problems. The physical basis of the MMN is a choice of an acoustic-field characteristic for measurements, which must be sensitive to current profiles and insensitive to both acoustic-speed variations and bottom topography. As a result, the MMN leads to a stable solution of the inverse problem for the vertical distribution of current velocity. The development of methods for current acoustic tomography is considered from the standpoint of their applicability to monitoring ocean dynamics in coastal regions. Possible applications of the MMN to solving other oceanographic problems are also discussed. C1 Univ Victoria, Sch Earth & Ocean Sci, POB 3055, Victoria, BC, Canada. Russian Acad Sci, PP Shirshov Oceanol Inst, Moscow 117851, Russia. Atlantic Ocean & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Univ Victoria, Sch Earth & Ocean Sci, POB 3055, Victoria, BC, Canada. EM dima@rav.sio.rssi.ru RI Godin, Oleg/E-6554-2011 OI Godin, Oleg/0000-0003-4599-2149 NR 40 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU MEZHDUNARODNAYA KNIGA PI MOSCOW PA 39 DIMITROVA UL., MOSCOW, 113095, RUSSIA SN 0002-3515 J9 IZV AN FIZ ATMOS OK+ JI Izv. Akad. Nauk. Fiz. Atmos. Okean. Biol. PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 36 IS 1 BP 141 EP 153 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography GA 292EU UT WOS:000085781800016 ER PT J AU Pichel, WG Clemente-Colon, P AF Pichel, WG Clemente-Colon, P TI NOAA CoastWatch SAR applications and demonstration SO JOHNS HOPKINS APL TECHNICAL DIGEST LA English DT Article DE CoastWatch; SAR; vessels; winds ID ERS-1 SAR AB The goal of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) CoastWatch Program is to provide satellite and other environmental data and products for near-real-time monitoring of U.S, coastal waters in support of environmental science, management, and hazard response. During the last few years, products available through CoastWatch have expanded beyond the original infrared, visible, and sea surface temperature images to include ocean color, scatterometer wind, and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. A NOAA research and development program with partners in government, academia, and industry has endeavored to develop coastal ocean SAR applications for CoastWatch. Some of these applications, in particular wind measurement and hard target (i.e., vessel) detection, were developed for a preoperational demonstration. Users include the NOAA National Weather Service, the Alaska Department of Fish and Game, and the U.S. Coast Guard. C1 NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD 20748 USA. RP Pichel, WG (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD 20748 USA. RI Clemente-Colon, Pablo/F-5581-2010; Pichel, William/F-5619-2010 OI Pichel, William/0000-0001-6332-0149 NR 6 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 2 PU JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV PI LAUREL PA APPLIED PHYSICS LABORATORY ATTN: MANAGING EDITOR JOHN HOPKINS RD, BLDG 1-E254, LAUREL, MD 20723-6099 USA SN 0270-5214 J9 J HOPKINS APL TECH D JI Johns Hopkins APL Tech. Dig. PD JAN-MAR PY 2000 VL 21 IS 1 BP 49 EP 57 PG 9 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering GA 283RN UT WOS:000085289300008 ER PT J AU Friedman, KS Li, XF AF Friedman, KS Li, XF TI Monitoring hurricanes over the ocean with wide swath SAR SO JOHNS HOPKINS APL TECHNICAL DIGEST LA English DT Article DE atmospheric expressions; hurricanes; storms; synthetic aperture radar ID RADAR; FEATURES AB One of the most unexpected new applications for wide swath synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is the monitoring of atmospheric expressions of storms over the ocean. SAR has an advantage over many sensors because it can pass through clouds and take images at any time of day. However, since SAR's detection capability is based on the modulation of the sea surface wind field, it can only observe storms over water. Hurricanes and other mesoscale storms are easily detected with existing observations, but SAR can contribute fine-resolution low-level information that cannot be seen below the cloud deck with Other sensors. Using Radarsat-1, we have imaged three hurricanes during the 1998 season. Two SAR images of Hurricane Bonnie separated by 1 day are presented, and observations from the SAR data are discussed. C1 NOAA, NESDIS, Camp Springs, MD 20748 USA. RP Friedman, KS (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, Camp Springs, MD 20748 USA. RI Li, Xiaofeng/B-6524-2008 OI Li, Xiaofeng/0000-0001-7038-5119 NR 12 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 4 PU JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV PI LAUREL PA APPLIED PHYSICS LABORATORY ATTN: MANAGING EDITOR JOHN HOPKINS RD, BLDG 1-E254, LAUREL, MD 20723-6099 USA SN 0270-5214 J9 J HOPKINS APL TECH D JI Johns Hopkins APL Tech. Dig. PD JAN-MAR PY 2000 VL 21 IS 1 BP 80 EP 85 PG 6 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering GA 283RN UT WOS:000085289300012 ER PT J AU Katsaros, KB Vachon, PW Black, PG Dodge, PP Uhlhorn, EW AF Katsaros, KB Vachon, PW Black, PG Dodge, PP Uhlhorn, EW TI Wind fields from SAR: Could they improve our understanding of storm dynamics SO JOHNS HOPKINS APL TECHNICAL DIGEST LA English DT Article DE hurricanes; roll vortices; SAR winds; surface features ID SYNTHETIC-APERTURE RADAR; BOUNDARY-LAYER; ROLLS; SATELLITE AB Four hurricane images obtained by Radarsat were examined. Strong variations in backscatter from the surface in and around convective cells associated with rain cells and rain bands were observed, coupled with increased backscatter in regions of high wind outflow. Long linear features of 3 to 6 km were also noted in three of the four hurricanes, probably due to secondary circulations in the atmospheric boundary layer (roll vortices). They occurred between convective rain bands, where the descending motion could produce a well-defined boundary layer. Although the origins and mechanisms producing the features are still not clear, the high-resolution wide swath coverage modes of synthetic aperture radar provide new insights and present important questions for further research. C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Katsaros, KB (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RI Uhlhorn, Eric/B-1336-2014; dodge, peter/A-9808-2017 OI Uhlhorn, Eric/0000-0002-4759-5342; NR 14 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 1 PU JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV PI LAUREL PA APPLIED PHYSICS LABORATORY ATTN: MANAGING EDITOR JOHN HOPKINS RD, BLDG 1-E254, LAUREL, MD 20723-6099 USA SN 0270-5214 J9 J HOPKINS APL TECH D JI Johns Hopkins APL Tech. Dig. PD JAN-MAR PY 2000 VL 21 IS 1 BP 86 EP 93 PG 8 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering GA 283RN UT WOS:000085289300013 ER PT J AU Clemente-Colon, P Yan, XH AF Clemente-Colon, P Yan, XH TI Low-backscatter ocean features in synthetic aperture radar imagery SO JOHNS HOPKINS APL TECHNICAL DIGEST LA English DT Article DE low backscatter; low wind; oil slicks; surfactant; upwelling ID SIR-C/X-SAR; SURFACE-FILMS AB Many ocean surface signatures in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery are characterized by relatively low normalized radar cross section values. Distinguishing among these signatures objectively can he very difficult, especially with only the single-band and single-polarization SAR imagery available from the European Remote Sensing satellites and the Canadian Radarsat-1. Nevertheless, distinctive patterns, when interpreted in the context of the geographic region, season, and local weather conditions, dan be extremely useful in properly identifying many of the observed low-backscatter features. Examples of such features presented here are interpreted based on the regional and temporal context of the SAR imagery as well as the morphology and temporal persistence of the features. C1 NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD 20748 USA. RP Clemente-Colon, P (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD 20748 USA. RI Clemente-Colon, Pablo/F-5581-2010 NR 11 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV PI LAUREL PA APPLIED PHYSICS LABORATORY ATTN: MANAGING EDITOR JOHN HOPKINS RD, BLDG 1-E254, LAUREL, MD 20723-6099 USA SN 0270-5214 J9 J HOPKINS APL TECH D JI Johns Hopkins APL Tech. Dig. PD JAN-MAR PY 2000 VL 21 IS 1 BP 116 EP 121 PG 6 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering GA 283RN UT WOS:000085289300017 ER PT J AU Li, XF Clemente-Colon, P Friedman, KS AF Li, XF Clemente-Colon, P Friedman, KS TI Estimating oceanic mixed-layer depth from internal wave evolution observed from Radarsat-1 SAR SO JOHNS HOPKINS APL TECHNICAL DIGEST LA English DT Article DE internal wave; SAR; two-layer model ID SPACE AB One Radarsat-1 SAR image acquired on 31 July 1998 was used to study internal wave characteristics off the northeastern coast of the United States. The image showed several trains of internal waves, with several wave packets in each train. By assuming that the local semidiurnal tide period is the generating source fur these waves, and by measuring tl-le distance between the wave packets, we were able to derive the group velocity of the internal waves from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images directly. If we also assume that the ocean is a two-layer finite depth model, we can then derive the mixed-layer depth by matching the group velocity measured from the SAR image with that simulated by the model. Results show reasonably good agreement between in situ conductivity-temperature-depth data and expendable bathythermograyhic climatology measurements. C1 NOAA, NESDIS, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Li, XF (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RI Clemente-Colon, Pablo/F-5581-2010; Li, Xiaofeng/B-6524-2008 OI Li, Xiaofeng/0000-0001-7038-5119 NR 14 TC 27 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 1 PU JOHNS HOPKINS UNIV PI LAUREL PA APPLIED PHYSICS LABORATORY ATTN: MANAGING EDITOR JOHN HOPKINS RD, BLDG 1-E254, LAUREL, MD 20723-6099 USA SN 0270-5214 J9 J HOPKINS APL TECH D JI Johns Hopkins APL Tech. Dig. PD JAN-MAR PY 2000 VL 21 IS 1 BP 130 EP 135 PG 6 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering GA 283RN UT WOS:000085289300019 ER PT J AU Plokhenko, Y Menzel, WP AF Plokhenko, Y Menzel, WP TI The effects of surface reflection on estimating the vertical temperature-humidity distribution from spectral infrared measurements SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID TERRESTRIAL MATERIALS; ATMOSPHERIC WINDOW; EMISSIVITY; VEGETATION AB To improve the accuracy of vertical profiles of temperature and moisture retrieved from infrared spectral measurements, the surface emissivity must be accounted for in the solution of the inverse problem (based upon the radiative transfer equation). A model that accounts for the emission and reflection on the lower atmospheric boundary and an algorithm of solution are presented. Results using spectral measurements from an airborne radiometer over land surfaces are discussed. The solution of the inverse problem includes the surface emissivity, the surface temperature, and the vertical temperature-humidity profile. It is shown that accounting for the surface emissivity in the solution of the inverse problem substantially and positively changes the meteorological profiles. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Cooperat Inst Meteorol Satellite Studies, Madison, WI 53706 USA. ROSHYDROMET, Res Ctr Planeta, Moscow, Russia. NOAA, NESDIS, Madison, WI USA. RP Plokhenko, Y (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Cooperat Inst Meteorol Satellite Studies, 1225 W Dayton St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RI Menzel, W. Paul/B-8306-2011 OI Menzel, W. Paul/0000-0001-5690-1201 NR 15 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8763 J9 J APPL METEOROL JI J. Appl. Meteorol. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 39 IS 1 BP 3 EP 14 DI 10.1175/1520-0450(2000)039<0003:TEOSRO>2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 280VR UT WOS:000085124900001 ER PT J AU Wood, VT Brown, RA AF Wood, VT Brown, RA TI Oscillations in mesocyclone signatures with range owing to azimuthal radar sampling SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article AB When a thunderstorm mesocyclone changes range relative to a Doppler radar the deduced core diameter and mean rotational velocity of the Doppler Velocity mesocyclone signature oscillate back and forth, even though the radar beam's physical width changes uniformly with range. The authors investigated the oscillations using a model mesocyclone and a simulated Doppler radar that collected data with an azimuthal sampling interval of 1 degrees. They found that the oscillations are a consequence of changing data point separation with range relative to the Doppler velocity peaks of the mesocyclone signature. C1 Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Wood, VT (reprint author), Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. NR 5 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 17 IS 1 BP 90 EP 95 DI 10.1175/1520-0426(2000)017<0090:OIMSWR>2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 277MK UT WOS:000084937200010 ER PT J AU Babb, DM Verlinde, J Rust, BW AF Babb, DM Verlinde, J Rust, BW TI The removal of turbulent broadening in radar Doppler spectra using linear inversion with double-sided constraints SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS; CLOUD; AIR; MOTIONS AB Remote sensing instruments have the ability to collect data over extensive temporal periods and spatial regions. A common thread between all these sensors is the need to relate the measured quantity to a meaningful observation of a system property. If the relationship between each measurement and the set of atmospheric quantities that influence that measurement is known, the problem can be reduced to a set of linear equations. Solving for the unknown atmospheric quantities then becomes a linear algebra problem, where the solution vector is equal to the inverse of the kernel matrix multiplied by the set of independent measurements. However, in most remote sensing applications, inversion of the kernel matrix is unstable, resulting in the amplification of measurement and computational uncertainties. Techniques to circumvent this error amplification have focused on methods of constraining the solution. In this paper, the authors adapt an existing technique to do such an inversion. Noise reduction is accomplished by the addition of double-sided inequality constraints for each unknown variable. The advantage of such a technique is the ability to individually adjust the solution space of each individual unknown, depending on a priori knowledge. The inversion algorithm is applied to the problem of retrieving radar Doppler spectra, which have been artificially broadened by turbulent air motions. First, to test the algorithm, radar Doppler spectra were simulated using known drop size and vertical air motion distributions. The simulated spectra were used as input to the retrieval algorithm, and the results were compared to the initial quiet-air spectrum. Results indicate that accurate retrievals can be performed despite the addition of moderate amounts of noise to the simulated spectra. Then, to demonstrate the practical retrieval of quiet-air Doppler spectra, the algorithm was used to process radar observations collected from continental stratocumulus. From these retrievals, a two-dimensional map of the large-scale vertical motions within the cloud was constructed as well as a profile of vertical velocity variance. In addition, a drop size distribution was also derived from an updraft region of the cloud. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Babb, DM (reprint author), Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, 503 Walker Bldg, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NR 29 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PY 2000 VL 17 IS 12 BP 1583 EP 1595 DI 10.1175/1520-0426(2000)017<1583:TROTBI>2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 385ED UT WOS:000165988900002 ER PT J AU Shen, WX Tuleya, RE Ginis, I AF Shen, WX Tuleya, RE Ginis, I TI A sensitivity study of the thermodynamic environment on GFDL model hurricane intensity: Implications for global warming SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID TROPICAL CYCLONES; CLIMATE-CHANGE; PREDICTION SYSTEM; ATMOSPHERE; INCREASE; SCHEME AB In this study, the effect of thermodynamic environmental changes on hurricane intensity is extensively investigated with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory hurricane model for a suite of experiments with different initial upper-tropospheric temperature anomalies up to +/-4 degrees C and sea surface temperatures ranging from 26 degrees to 31 degrees C given the same relative humidity profile. The results indicate that stabilization in the environmental atmosphere and sea surface temperature (SST) increase cause opposing effects on hurricane intensity. The offsetting relationship between the effects of atmospheric stability increase (decrease) and SST increase (decrease) is monotonic and systematic in the parameter space. This implies that hurricane intensity increase due to a possible global warming associated with increased CO2 is considerably smaller than that expected from warming of the oceanic waters alone. The results also indicate that the intensity of stronger (weaker) hurricanes is more (less) sensitive to atmospheric stability and SST changes. The model-attained hurricane intensity is found to be well correlated with the maximum surface evaporation and the large-scale environmental convective available potential energy. The model-attained hurricane intensity is highly correlated with the energy available from wet-adiabatic ascent near the eyewall relative to a reference sounding in the undisturbed environment for all the experiments. Coupled hurricane-ocean experiments show that hurricane intensity becomes less sensitive to atmospheric stability and SST changes since the ocean coupling causes larger (smaller) intensity reduction for stronger (weaker) hurricanes. This implies less increase of hurricane intensity related to a possible global warming due to increased CO2. C1 Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. RP Shen, WX (reprint author), Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 36 TC 59 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD JAN 1 PY 2000 VL 13 IS 1 BP 109 EP 121 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<0109:ASSOTT>2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 273LH UT WOS:000084708800007 ER PT J AU Ji, M Reynolds, RW Behringer, DW AF Ji, M Reynolds, RW Behringer, DW TI Use of TOPEX/Poseidon sea level data for ocean analyses and ENSO prediction: Some early results SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID DATA ASSIMILATION SYSTEM; WESTERN EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; TROPICAL PACIFIC; IMPACT; INITIALIZATION; SIMULATION; ALTIMETER; ATLANTIC; SALINITY; MODEL AB In this study, two sets of Pacific Ocean analyses for 1993-96 were analyzed. Both analyses were produced with the assimilation of subsurface temperature data from expendable bathythermographs and tropical atmosphere-ocean moorings. Tn addition one analysis also assimilated sea level data from TOPEX/Poseidon. Sea level variability in the two analyses agreed well with each other, and both agree with tide gauge and altimetry data for 1993-95. However, beginning in late 1995 through 1996, large sea level differences of 5-8 cm were found in the tropical western Pacific between the two analyses. Furthermore, large sea level discrepancies were also found between dynamic height estimated from TAO temperatures and tide gauge-altimetry observations in the same region during 1996. These discrepancies are consistent with the sea level differences between the two model based analyses. Historical conductivity-temperature-depth data along 165 degrees E near the equator were also analyzed and it was found that salinity variability on interannual timescale can result in a sea level variability of at least -5 dyn cm to +6 dyn cm. These results suggest that the sea level discrepancy in 1996 is likely due to inadequate salinity information bath in estimating dynamic height from TAO temperature and in the data assimilation system used here. which corrects only temperature held. The sea level error that resulted from inadequate salinity variability has a significant projection onto the second sea level anomaly EOF, which is linked to the onset phase of ENSO. This suggests that the error in the ocean initial conditions due to underestimate of interannual salinity variations in 1996 could impact the accuracy of ENSO prediction. Results from a twin experiment that uses two summer 1996 ocean initial conditions to hindcast for winter 1996/97 equatorial Pacific SST anomalies appear to support this hypothesis. The results also pointed to a weakness of the present univariate assimilation system, which corrects only temperature. The improved sea Level variability comes at the expense of reduced accuracy in temperature. A better solution would be a bivariate data assimilation system, which corrects both salinity and temperature, producing more accurate and consistent ocean initial conditions for ENSO prediction. C1 NOAA, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Washington, DC USA. RP Ji, M (reprint author), Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Climate Modeling Branch, 5200 Auth Rd,Rm 807, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. NR 31 TC 73 Z9 80 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD JAN 1 PY 2000 VL 13 IS 1 BP 216 EP 231 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<0216:UOTPSL>2.0.CO;2 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 273LH UT WOS:000084708800013 ER PT J AU Norris, JR Klein, SA AF Norris, JR Klein, SA TI Low cloud type over the ocean from surface observations. Part III: Relationship to vertical motion and the regional surface synoptic environment SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID MARINE BOUNDARY-LAYER; WAVE RADIATIVE STRUCTURE; SOUTHERN-OCEAN; STRATOCUMULUS CLOUDS; AIRCRAFT OBSERVATIONS; CUMULUS TRANSITION; NORTHEAST PACIFIC; STRATIFORM CLOUD; FLUXES; SCALE AB Composite large-scale dynamical fields contemporaneous with low cloud types observed at midlatitude Ocean Weather Station (OWS) C and eastern subtropical OWS N are used to establish representative relationships between low cloud type and the synoptic environment. The composites are constructed by averaging meteorological observations of surface wind and sea level pressure from volunteering observing ships (VOS) and analyses of sea level pressure, 1000-mb wind, and 700-mb pressure vertical velocity from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction-National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP-NCAR) reanalysis project on those dates and times of day when a particular low cloud type was reported at the OWS. VOS and NCEP results for OWS C during summer show that bad-weather stratus occurs with strong convergence and ascent slightly ahead of a surface low center and trough. Cumulus-under-stratocumulus and moderate and large cumulus occur with divergence and subsidence in the cold sector of an extratropical cyclone. Both sky-obscuring fog and no-low-cloud typically occur with southwesterly how from regions of warmer sea surface temperature and differ primarily according to slight surface convergence and stronger warm advection in the case of sky-obscuring fog or surface divergence and weaker warm advection in the case of no-low-cloud. Fair-weather stratus and ordinary stratocumulus are associated with a mixture of meteorological conditions, but differ with respect to vertical motion in the environment. Fair-weather stratus occurs most commonly in the presence of slight convergence and ascent, while stratocumulus often occurs in the presence of divergence and subsidence. Surface divergence and estimated subsidence at the top of the boundary layer are calculated from VOS observations. At both OWS C and OWS N during summer and winter these values are large for ordinary stratocumulus, less for cumulus-under-stratocumulus, and least (and sometimes slightly negative) for moderate and large cumulus. Subsidence interpolated from NCEP analyses to the top of the boundary layer does not exhibit such variation, but the discrepancy may be due to deficiencies in the analysis procedure or the boundary layer parameterization of the NCEP model. The VOS results suggest that decreasing divergence and subsidence in addition to increasing sea surface temperature may promote the transition from stratocumulus to trade cumulus observed over low-latitude oceans. C1 Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP Norris, JR (reprint author), Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RI Norris, Joel/A-9785-2008; Klein, Stephen/H-4337-2016 OI Norris, Joel/0000-0003-4384-0977; Klein, Stephen/0000-0002-5476-858X NR 38 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD JAN 1 PY 2000 VL 13 IS 1 BP 245 EP 256 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<0245:LCTOTO>2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 273LH UT WOS:000084708800015 ER PT J AU Sardeshmukh, PD Compo, GP Penland, C AF Sardeshmukh, PD Compo, GP Penland, C TI Changes of probability associated with El Nino SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; GCM SIMULATIONS; PRECIPITATION; TELECONNECTIONS; STATISTICS; FORECASTS; ENSEMBLE; PATTERNS; PROJECT; FIELD AB Away from the tropical Pacific Ocean, an ENSO event is associated with relatively minor changes of the probability distributions of atmospheric variables. It is nonetheless important to estimate the changes accurately for each ENSO event, because even small changes of means and variances can imply large changes of the likelihood of extreme values. The mean signals are not strictly symmetric with respect to El Nino and La Nina. They also depend upon the unique aspects of the SST anomaly patterns for each event. As for changes of variance and higher moments, little is known at present. This is a concern especially for precipitation, whose distribution is strongly skewed in areas of mean tropospheric descent. These issues are examined here in observations and GCM simulations of the northern winter (January-March, JFM). For the observational analysis, the 42-yr (1958-99) reanalysis data generated at NCEP are stratified into neutral, El Nino, and La Nina winters. The GCM analysis is based on NCEP atmospheric GCM runs made with prescribed seasonally evolving SSTs for neutral, warm, and cold ENSO conditions. A large number (180) of seasonal integrations, differing only in initial atmospheric states, are made each for observed climatological mean JFM SSTs, the SSTs for an observed warm event (JFM 1987), and the SSTs for an observed cold event (JFM 1989). With such a large ensemble, the changes of probability even in regions not usually associated with strong ENSO signals are ascertained. The results suggest a substantial asymmetry in the remote response to El Nino and La Nina, not only in the mean but also the variability. In general the remote seasonal mean geopotential height response in the El Nino experiment is stronger, but also more variable, than in the La Nina experiment. One implication of this result is that seasonal extratropical anomalies may not necessarily be more predictable during El Nino than La Nina. The stronger seasonal extratropical variability during El Nino is suggested to arise partly in response to stronger variability of rainfall over the central equatorial Pacific Ocean. The changes of extratropical variability in these experiments are large enough to affect substantially the risks of extreme seasonal anomalies in many regions. These and other results confirm that the remote impacts of individual tropical ENSO events can deviate substantially from historical composite El Nino and La Nina signals. They also highlight the necessity of generating much larger GCM ensembles than has traditionally been done to estimate reliably the changes to the full probability distribution, and especially the altered risks of extreme anomalies, during those events. C1 Univ Colorado, NOAA, CIRES, Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Sardeshmukh, PD (reprint author), Univ Colorado, NOAA, CIRES, Climate Diagnost Ctr, Mail Code R-CDC,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. OI COMPO, GILBERT/0000-0001-5199-9633 NR 31 TC 123 Z9 124 U1 2 U2 13 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PY 2000 VL 13 IS 24 BP 4268 EP 4286 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<4268:COPAWE>2.0.CO;2 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 385EF UT WOS:000165989100004 ER PT J AU Lau, NC Nath, MJ AF Lau, NC Nath, MJ TI Impact of ENSO on the variability of the Asian-Australian monsoons as simulated in GCM experiments SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE-TEMPERATURE; INDIAN-SUMMER MONSOON; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; EXTRATROPICAL SST ANOMALIES; NINO SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; EURASIAN SNOW COVER; EL-NINO; TROPICAL PACIFIC; INTERANNUAL VARIATIONS; INTERCOMPARISON PROJECT AB The influences of El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on the summer-and wintertime precipitation and circulation over the principal monsoon regions of Asia and Australia have been studied using a suite of 46-yr experiments with a 30-wavenumber, 14-level general circulation model. Observed monthly varying sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies for the 1950-95 period have been prescribed in the tropical Pacific in these experiments. The lower boundary conditions at maritime sites outside the tropical Pacific are either set to climatological values [in the Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere (TOGA) runs], predicted using a simple 50-m oceanic mixed layer (TOGA-ML runs), or prescribed using observed monthly SST variations. Four independent integrations have been conducted for each of these three forcing scenarios. The essential characteristics of the model climatology for the Asian-Australian sector compare well with the observations. Composites of the simulated precipitation data over the outstanding warm and cold ENSO events reveal that a majority of the warm episodes are accompanied by below-normal summer rainfall in India and northern Australia, and above-normal winter rainfall in southeast Asia. The polarity of these anomalies is reversed in the cold events. These relationships are particularly evident in the TOGA experiment. Composite charts of the simulated flow patterns at 850 and 200 mb indicate that the above-mentioned precipitation changes are associated with well-defined circulation features over the affected monsoon regions. Dry conditions are typically coincident with low-level anticyclonic anomalies, and vice versa. These circulation centers are situated to the northwest and southwest of a prominent precipitation anomaly situated near 120 degrees -150 degreesE at the equator, which corresponds to the western half of a dipolar heating pattern resulting from east-west displacements of the ascending branch of the Walker circulation during ENSO. The large-scale anomalous circulation over the monsoon regions is similar to that of a Rossby wave pattern associated with a condensational heat source or sink in the western equatorial Pacific. Diagnosis of the output from the TOGA-ML experiment reveals that variations in the circulation and cloud cover accompanying ENSO-induced monsoon anomalies could modulate the latent heat and shortwave radiative fluxes at the air-sea interface in the Indian Ocean, thereby changing the SST conditions in that basin. These simulated SST anomalies compare well with observational results. The local atmospheric response to these SST anomalies opposes the remote response of the south Asian monsoon flow to SST anomalies in the tropical Pacific, thus leading to a negative feedback loop in the air-sea coupled system. C1 Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Lau, NC (reprint author), Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. NR 65 TC 264 Z9 290 U1 4 U2 36 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PY 2000 VL 13 IS 24 BP 4287 EP 4309 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<4287:IOEOTV>2.0.CO;2 PG 23 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 385EF UT WOS:000165989100005 ER PT J AU Sun, B Groisman, PY Bradley, RS Keimig, FT AF Sun, B Groisman, PY Bradley, RS Keimig, FT TI Temporal changes in the observed relationship between cloud cover and surface air temperature SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID WATER-VAPOR; SNOW COVER; NORTHERN-HEMISPHERE; CLIMATE CHANGES; OCEAN SURFACE; HEAT-BALANCE; VARIABILITY; RADIATION; FLUXES; PRECIPITATION AB The relationship between cloud cover and near-surface air temperature and its decadal changes are examined using the hourly synoptic data for the past four to six decades from five regions of the Northern Hemisphere: Canada, the United States, the former Soviet Union, China, and tropical islands of the western Pacific. The authors define the normalized cloud cover-surface air temperature relationship, NOCET or dT/dCL, as a temperature anomaly with a unit (one-tenth) deviation of total cloud cover from its average value. Then mean monthly NOCET time series (night- and daytime, separately) are area-averaged and parameterized as functions of surface air humidity and snow cover. The day- and nighttime NOCET variations are strongly anticorrelated with changes in surface humidity. Furthermore, the daytime NOCET changes are positively correlated to changes in snow cover extent. The regionally averaged nighttime NOCET varies from -0.05 K tenth(-1) in the wet Tropics to 1.0 K tenth(-1) at midlatitudes in winter. The daytime regional NOCET ranges from -0.4 K tenth(-1) in the Tropics to 0.7 K tenth(-1) at midlatitudes in winter. The authors found a general strengthening of a daytime surface cooling during the post-World War II period associated with cloud cover over the United States and China, but a minor reduction of this cooling in higher latitudes. Furthermore, since the 1970s, a prominent increase in atmospheric humidity has significantly weakened the effectiveness of the surface warming (best seen at nighttime) associated with cloud cover. The authors apportion the spatiotemporal field of interactions between total cloud cover and surface air temperature into a bivariate relationship (described by two equations, one for daytime and one for nighttime) with surface air humidity and snow cover and two constant factors. These factors are invariant in space and time domains. It is speculated that they may represent empirical estimates of the overall cloud cover effect on the surface air temperature. C1 Natl Climat Data Ctr, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Geosci, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Groisman, PY (reprint author), Natl Climat Data Ctr, Fed Bldg,151 Patton Ave, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. RI Sun, Bomin/P-8742-2014 OI Sun, Bomin/0000-0002-4872-9349 NR 59 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PY 2000 VL 13 IS 24 BP 4341 EP 4357 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<4341:TCITOR>2.0.CO;2 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 385EF UT WOS:000165989100008 ER PT J AU Lenhart, JL van Zanten, JH Dunkers, JP Zimba, CG James, CA Pollack, SK Parnas, RS AF Lenhart, JL van Zanten, JH Dunkers, JP Zimba, CG James, CA Pollack, SK Parnas, RS TI Immobilizing a fluorescent dye offers potential to investigate the glass/resin interface SO JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE fluorescence; coupling agent; interface; sensor; dye ID EPOXY-RESIN; INTERPHASE FORMATION; CURE; RELAXATION; COMPOSITES; SILANE; COATINGS; POLYMERS AB Silane coupling agents are commonly applied to glass fibers to promote fiber/resin adhesion and enhance durability in composite parts. In this study, a coupling agent multilayer on glass was doped with trace levels of the dimethylaminonitrostilbene (DMANS) fluorophore. The fluorophore was immobilized on the glass surface by tethering the molecule to a triethoxy silane coupling agent, creating the DMANS/silane coupling agent molecule (DMSCA). DMSCA was then diluted with commonly used coupling agents and grafted to a glass microscope coverslip to create a model composite interface. A 53-nm blue shift in fluorescence from the immobilized DMSCA can be followed during cure of an epoxy resin overlayer, giving this technique potential to monitor the properties of the fiber/resin interface during composite processing. Contact angle measurements on these coupling agent layers were similar in the presence or absence of the DMSCA molecule, suggesting that trace levels of the fluorescent probe did not affect the structure of the layer. The immobilized DMSCA molecule behaved similarly to the DMANS precursor in solution. Both showed longer wavelength fluorescence in more polar environments. (C) 2000 Academic Press. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Howard Univ, Dept Chem, Washington, DC 20059 USA. Howard Univ, Polymer Sci & Engn Program, Washington, DC 20059 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Parnas, RS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Bldg 224,Rm B108,Rt 270 & Quince Orchard Rd, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 42 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 8 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0021-9797 J9 J COLLOID INTERF SCI JI J. Colloid Interface Sci. PD JAN 1 PY 2000 VL 221 IS 1 BP 75 EP 86 DI 10.1006/jcis.1999.6577 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 282PG UT WOS:000085226800008 ER PT J AU Campbell, CE Olson, GB AF Campbell, CE Olson, GB TI Systems design of high performance stainless steels I. Conceptual and computational design SO JOURNAL OF COMPUTER-AIDED MATERIALS DESIGN LA English DT Article DE materials design; case/core systems; martensitic transformation behavior; coherent carbide precipitation; microsegregation; aqueous corrosion resistance ID HETEROGENEOUS MARTENSITIC NUCLEATION; GENERAL MECHANISM; KINETICS; FCC->BCC; ALLOYS; TRANSFORMATIONS; PRECIPITATION; EMBRITTLEMENT; SEGREGATION; COATINGS AB Application of a systems approach to the computational materials design led to the development of a high performance stainless steel. The systems approach highlighted the integration of processing/structure/property/performance relations with mechanistic models to achieve desired quantitative property objectives. The mechanistic models applied to the martensitic transformation behavior included the Olson-Cohen model for heterogeneous nucleation and the Ghosh-Olson solid-solution strengthening model for interfacial mobility. Strengthening theory employed modeling of the coherent M2C precipitation in a BCC matrix, which is initially in a paraequilibrium with cementite condition. The calibration of the M2C coherency used available small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) data to determine a corn position-dependent strain energy and a composition-independent interfacial energy. Multicomponent pH-potential diagrams provided an effective tool for evaluating oxide stability. Constrained equilibrium calculations correlated oxide stability to Cr enrichment in the metastable spinel film, allowing more efficient use of alloy Cr content. The composition constraints acquired from multicomponent solidification simulations improved castability. Then integration of the models, using multicomponent thermodynamic and diffusion software programs, enabled the design of a carburizable, secondary-hardening martensitic stainless steel for advanced bearing applications. C1 Northwestern Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. RP Campbell, CE (reprint author), NIST, Div Met, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8555 Bldg,223 A153, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Olson, Gregory/B-7529-2009 NR 71 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 2 U2 14 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0928-1045 J9 J COMPUT-AIDED MATER JI J. Comput-Aided Mater. Des. PY 2000 VL 7 IS 3 BP 145 EP 170 DI 10.1023/A:1011808225838 PG 26 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Computer Science; Materials Science GA 480BK UT WOS:000171440400002 ER PT J AU Campbell, CE Olson, GB AF Campbell, CE Olson, GB TI Systems design of high performance stainless steels II. Prototype characterization SO JOURNAL OF COMPUTER-AIDED MATERIALS DESIGN LA English DT Article DE materials design; carburizing; anodic polarization; dilatometry; secondary-hardening; fracture-toughness ID FRACTURE-TOUGHNESS AB Within the framework of a systems approach, the design of a high performance stainless steel integrated processing/structure/property/performance relations with mechanistic computational models. Using multicomponent thermodynamic and diffusion software platforms. the models were integrated to design a carburizable, secondary-hardening, martensitic stainless steel for advanced gear and bearing applications. Prototype evaluation confirmed the predicted martensitic transformation temperature and the desired carburizing and tempering responses, achieving a case hardness of R-C 64 in the secondary-hardened condition without case primary carbides. Comparison with a commercial carburizing stainless steel demonstrated the advantage of avoiding primary carbides to resist quench cracking associated with a martensitic start temperature gradient reversal. Based on anodic polarization measurements and salt-spray testing. the prototype composition exhibited superior corrosion resistance in comparison to the 440C stainless bearing steel, which has a significantly higher alloy Cr concentration. C1 Northwestern Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. RP Campbell, CE (reprint author), NIST, Div Met, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8555, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Olson, Gregory/B-7529-2009 NR 21 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0928-1045 J9 J COMPUT-AIDED MATER JI J. Comput-Aided Mater. Des. PY 2000 VL 7 IS 3 BP 171 EP 194 DI 10.1023/A:1011834720387 PG 24 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Computer Science; Materials Science GA 480BK UT WOS:000171440400003 ER PT J AU McFadden, GB Coriell, SR Sekerka, RF AF McFadden, GB Coriell, SR Sekerka, RF TI Analytic solution for a non-axisymmetric isothermal dendrite SO JOURNAL OF CRYSTAL GROWTH LA English DT Article DE dendritic growth; supercooled liquids; non-axisymmetric dendrites; Ivantsov relation ID PATTERN SELECTION; GROWTH; TIP AB The Ivantsov solution for an isothermal paraboloid of revolution growing into a pure, supercooled melt provides a relation between the bulk supercooling and a dimensionless product (the Peclet number P) of the growth velocity and tip radius of a dendrite. Horvay and Cahn generalized this axisymmetric analytical solution to a paraboloid with elliptical cross-section. They found that as the deviation of the dendrite cross-section from a circle increases, the two-fold symmetry of the interface shape causes a systematic deviation from the supercooling/Peclet number relation of the Ivantsov solution. To model dendritic growth in cubic materials, we find approximate solutions for paraboloids having perturbations with four-fold axial asymmetry. These solutions are valid through second order in the perturbation amplitude. and provide self-consistent corrections through this order to the supercooling/Peclet number relation of the Ivantsov solution. Glicksman and colleagues have measured the shape and the supercooling/Peclet number relation for growth of succinonitrile dendrites in microgravity. For a Peclet number of P approximate to 0.004 and the experimentally observed shape, we calculate a correction corresponding to a 9% increase in the supercooling, in general agreement with the experimental results. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Phys & Math, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. RP McFadden, GB (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI McFadden, Geoffrey/A-7920-2008 OI McFadden, Geoffrey/0000-0001-6723-2103 NR 25 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0248 J9 J CRYST GROWTH JI J. Cryst. Growth PD JAN PY 2000 VL 208 IS 1-4 BP 726 EP 745 DI 10.1016/S0022-0248(99)00478-9 PG 20 WC Crystallography; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Crystallography; Materials Science; Physics GA 269PH UT WOS:000084486400094 ER PT J AU Vogel, GL Zhang, Z Carey, CM Ly, A Chow, LC Proskin, HM AF Vogel, GL Zhang, Z Carey, CM Ly, A Chow, LC Proskin, HM TI Composition of plaque and saliva following use of an alpha-tricalcium-phosphate-containing chewing gum and a subsequent sucrose challenge SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE gums; caries; plaque; saliva; enamel saturation ID CARIES-POSITIVE INDIVIDUALS; FLOW-RATE; FLUID; PH; CALCIUM; ENAMEL; RESPONSES; MEALS AB Previous studies demonstrated that the chewing of a 2.5% (mass fraction) alpha-tricalcium-phosphate-fortified (alpha-TCP) experimental chewing gum released sufficient calcium and phosphate to eliminate any fall in the tooth mineral saturation of plaque fluid after a sucrose rinse (Vogel et al., 1998). In contrast, the chewing of a conventional sugar-free gum did not eliminate this decrease in saturation. The purpose of this study was to examine if the release of ions from plaque calcium-phosphate pools induced by this gum could provide protection during subsequent exposure to cariogenic conditions. Fourteen subjects accumulated plaque for 48 hrs, fasted overnight, chewed a control or experimental gum for 15 min, and subsequently rinsed 1 min with a mass fraction 10% sucrose solution. Before gum chewing, and at 7 min and 15 min afterward, whole plaque, plaque fluid, and salivary samples were obtained and analyzed by micro-analytical techniques. Additional samples were collected and analyzed at 25 min (7 min after the sucrose rinse). Although the results confirmed the deposition of large amounts of calcium and phosphates in plaque seen in the previous study, only a small increase was seen in plaque-fluid-free calcium and phosphate before sucrose administration. This suggests that few of the mineral ions were mobilized under non-cariogenic conditions. However, 7 min after the sucrose rinsing, an increase in these concentrations was seen which, based on hydroxyapatite ion activity product calculations, indicated a decrease in the driving force for demineralization compared with that seen with the control gum. These results suggest that the chewing of the experimental gum deposits a labile mineral reservoir in plaque that can resist a subsequent cariogenic challenge. C1 NIST, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Howard M Proskin & Associates, Rochester, NY 14618 USA. RP Vogel, GL (reprint author), NIST, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Room A153,Bldg 224, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. FU NIDCR NIH HHS [DE05354, DE10840] NR 24 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 79 IS 1 BP 58 EP 62 PG 5 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 277XV UT WOS:000084959600011 PM 10690661 ER PT J AU Antonucci, JM Stansbury, JW Fowler, BO AF Antonucci, JM Stansbury, JW Fowler, BO TI Synthesis and characterization of ethyl alpha-hydroxymethylacrylate, a novel isomeric analog of HEMA. SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIDCR, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 2000 VL 79 SI SI MA 30 BP 147 EP 147 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 277MH UT WOS:000084937000032 ER PT J AU Berchtold, KA Stansbury, JW Bowman, CN AF Berchtold, KA Stansbury, JW Bowman, CN TI Structural effects on the cure characteristics of functionalized methacrylate monomers. SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Chem Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Bowman, Christopher/B-1490-2008 OI Bowman, Christopher/0000-0001-8458-7723 NR 0 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 2000 VL 79 SI SI MA 32 BP 147 EP 147 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 277MH UT WOS:000084937000033 ER PT J AU Hartzell, SL Stansbury, JW Schumacher, GE AF Hartzell, SL Stansbury, JW Schumacher, GE TI Comparison of Bis-GMA/HEMA and UDMA/HEMA adhesive resins. SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USN, Sch Dent, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. FRC, ADAHF, Gaithersburg, MD USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 2000 VL 79 SI SI MA 31 BP 147 EP 147 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 277MH UT WOS:000084937000029 ER PT J AU Khatri, CA Antonucci, JM Stansbury, JW AF Khatri, CA Antonucci, JM Stansbury, JW TI Synthesis and characterization of urethane derivatives of Bis-GMA. SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, Dent & Med Mat Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 2000 VL 79 SI SI MA 29 BP 147 EP 147 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 277MH UT WOS:000084937000028 ER PT J AU McDonough, WG Antonucci, JM Schumacher, GE Shimada, Y Chiang, M He, J Dunkers, JP AF McDonough, WG Antonucci, JM Schumacher, GE Shimada, Y Chiang, M He, J Dunkers, JP TI Improvements of a micro shear test for the study of adhesion SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. FRC, ADAHF, Gaithersburg, MD USA. Tokyo Med & Dent Univ, Tokyo, Japan. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 2000 VL 79 SI SI MA 28 BP 147 EP 147 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 277MH UT WOS:000084937000031 ER PT J AU Lovell, LG Lu, H Stansbury, JW Bowman, CN AF Lovell, LG Lu, H Stansbury, JW Bowman, CN TI The effect of cure rate on the mechanical properties of dental resins SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Chem Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Bowman, Christopher/B-1490-2008 OI Bowman, Christopher/0000-0001-8458-7723 NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 2000 VL 79 SI SI MA 33 BP 148 EP 148 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 277MH UT WOS:000084937000034 ER PT J AU Chow, LC Takagi, S Markovic, M AF Chow, LC Takagi, S Markovic, M TI Hydrolysis of tetracalcium phosphate and dicalcium phosphate at pH 7.4. SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, ADAHF, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 2000 VL 79 SI SI MA 73 BP 153 EP 153 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 277MH UT WOS:000084937000073 ER PT J AU Grant, GT Kelly, JR AF Grant, GT Kelly, JR TI Failure behavior of human cranial bone and development calcium phosphate implants. SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USN, Inst Dent Res, Great Lakes, IL USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 2000 VL 79 SI SI MA 100 BP 156 EP 156 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 277MH UT WOS:000084937000102 ER PT J AU Kelly, JR Berninghaus, ME Antonucci, JM AF Kelly, JR Berninghaus, ME Antonucci, JM TI Failure behavior and modeling of all-ceramic FPD connectors. SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USN, Dent Res Inst, Great Lakes, IL USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 2000 VL 79 SI SI MA 165 BP 164 EP 164 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 277MH UT WOS:000084937000163 ER PT J AU Hunter, BT Kelly, JR AF Hunter, BT Kelly, JR TI Simulating clinical failure during in vitro testing of all-ceramic crowns. SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USN, Dent Res Inst, Great Lakes, IL USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 2000 VL 79 SI SI MA 234 BP 173 EP 173 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 277MH UT WOS:000084937000237 ER PT J AU Walker, RJ Eichmiller, FC AF Walker, RJ Eichmiller, FC TI The effect of amorphous calcium phosphate application on Dentin/Enamel adhesion. SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USN, Sch Postgrad Dent, Bethesda, MD 20084 USA. NIST, ADA Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 2000 VL 79 SI SI MA 415 BP 195 EP 195 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 277MH UT WOS:000084937000412 ER PT J AU Fitzpatrick, KT Antonucci, JM Schumacher, GE AF Fitzpatrick, KT Antonucci, JM Schumacher, GE TI Effect of photoinitiator concentration in a dentin bonding system. SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USN, Sch Dent, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. ADAHF, PRC, Gaithersburg, MD USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 2000 VL 79 SI SI MA 849 BP 250 EP 250 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 277MH UT WOS:000084937000847 ER PT J AU Komatsu, K Wu, ES Wang, FW Nemoto, K AF Komatsu, K Wu, ES Wang, FW Nemoto, K TI Polymer network structure of bonding resin by fluorescence microscopy. SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Nihon Univ, Chiba, Japan. Univ Maryland, Cantonsville, MD USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 2000 VL 79 SI SI MA 1010 BP 270 EP 270 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 277MH UT WOS:000084937001011 ER PT J AU Dickens, SH Dickens, B Floyd, CJE AF Dickens, SH Dickens, B Floyd, CJE TI Estimating the water concentration in dental polymers by NIR absorptivity. SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 2000 VL 79 SI SI MA 1098 BP 281 EP 281 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 277MH UT WOS:000084937001096 ER PT J AU Flaim, GM Dickens, SH Takagi, S AF Flaim, GM Dickens, SH Takagi, S TI Effect of H2O concentrations on physical properties of Ca-PO4 resin cements. SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 2000 VL 79 SI SI MA 1120 BP 283 EP 283 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 277MH UT WOS:000084937001115 ER PT J AU Markovic, M Takagi, S Chow, LC AF Markovic, M Takagi, S Chow, LC TI Effects of calcium phosphate additives on calcium phosphate cement hardening. SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Paffenberger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 2000 VL 79 SI SI MA 1269 BP 302 EP 302 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 277MH UT WOS:000084937001262 ER PT J AU Tung, MS Skrtic, S Chang, C AF Tung, MS Skrtic, S Chang, C TI Infrared spectra of calcium-phosphates: Effects of composition, structure and crystallinity. SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 2000 VL 79 SI SI MA 1267 BP 302 EP 302 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 277MH UT WOS:000084937001261 ER PT J AU Markovic, M Sieck, BA Takagi, S Chow, LC Majeti, S AF Markovic, M Sieck, BA Takagi, S Chow, LC Majeti, S TI Diffusion of hydrogen peroxide through sound tooth enamel. SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, PRC, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Procter & Gamble Co, Cincinnati, OH USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 2000 VL 79 SI SI MA 1290 BP 305 EP 305 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 277MH UT WOS:000084937001288 ER PT J AU Hirayama, S Chow, LC Takagi, S Parry, E AF Hirayama, S Chow, LC Takagi, S Parry, E TI Effects of applied pressure on strengths of calcium phosphate cement. SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Nihon Univ, Chiba, Japan. NIST, ADAHF PRC, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 2000 VL 79 SI SI MA 1706 BP 357 EP 357 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 277MH UT WOS:000084937001704 ER PT J AU Takagi, S Sugawara, A Hirayama, S Chow, LC AF Takagi, S Sugawara, A Hirayama, S Chow, LC TI Properties of premixed calcium phosphate cement. SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, ADAHF, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Nihon Univ, Tokyo 102, Japan. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 2000 VL 79 SI SI MA 1707 BP 357 EP 357 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 277MH UT WOS:000084937001701 ER PT J AU Xu, HHK Eichmiller, FC Giuseppetti, AA AF Xu, HHK Eichmiller, FC Giuseppetti, AA TI Calcium-phosphate cement reinforcement: Effect of fiber type, length and fraction. SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, ADAHF PRC, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 2000 VL 79 SI SI MA 1708 BP 357 EP 357 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 277MH UT WOS:000084937001705 ER PT J AU Carey, CM Bright, A Spencer, M Shore, NA AF Carey, CM Bright, A Spencer, M Shore, NA TI pH influences fluoride release from glass ionomer cement. SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, ADA Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. USN, Sch Postgrad Dent, Bethesda, MD 20084 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 2000 VL 79 SI SI MA 1714 BP 358 EP 358 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 277MH UT WOS:000084937001712 ER PT J AU Skrtic, D Antonucci, JM Eichmiller, FC Stansbury, JW AF Skrtic, D Antonucci, JM Eichmiller, FC Stansbury, JW TI Polymerization shrinkage and methacrylate conversion in amorphous calcium phosphate composites. SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, Div Polymer, Gaithersburg, MD USA. ADAHF, PRC, Gaithersburg, MD USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 2000 VL 79 SI SI MA 1781 BP 366 EP 366 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 277MH UT WOS:000084937001774 ER PT J AU Burke, TC Dickens, SH Floyd, CJE AF Burke, TC Dickens, SH Floyd, CJE TI Cure properties of experimental urethane dimethacrylate-based dental resins. SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Union Univ, Jackson, TN 38305 USA. NIST, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 2000 VL 79 SI SI MA 1786 BP 367 EP 367 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 277MH UT WOS:000084937001784 ER PT J AU Floyd, CJE Dickens, SH AF Floyd, CJE Dickens, SH TI Measurement of leachable components from experimental dental resins. SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 2000 VL 79 SI SI MA 1791 BP 367 EP 367 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 277MH UT WOS:000084937001783 ER PT J AU Hussain, LA Dickens, SH Bowen, RL AF Hussain, LA Dickens, SH Bowen, RL TI Polymerization shrinkage of methacrylated beta-cyclodextrin formulations. SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 2000 VL 79 SI SI MA 1790 BP 367 EP 367 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 277MH UT WOS:000084937001786 ER PT J AU Tanaka, J Stansbury, JW Antonucci, JM AF Tanaka, J Stansbury, JW Antonucci, JM TI New hydrophobic diluent monomers for UDMA and/or Bis-GMA. SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, Div Polymer, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Okayama Univ, Okayama, Japan. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 2000 VL 79 SI SI MA 1788 BP 367 EP 367 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 277MH UT WOS:000084937001785 ER PT J AU Xu, HHK Giuseppetti, AA Eichmiller, FC Antonucci, JM Schumacher, GE Flaim, GM AF Xu, HHK Giuseppetti, AA Eichmiller, FC Antonucci, JM Schumacher, GE Flaim, GM TI Composites containing ceramic whiskers and precured glass ionomer particles. SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, PRC, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 2000 VL 79 SI SI MA 1787 BP 367 EP 367 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 277MH UT WOS:000084937001781 ER PT J AU Xie, B Dickens, SH Giuseppetti, AA AF Xie, B Dickens, SH Giuseppetti, AA TI Microtensile bond strength and micromorphology of two one-bottle dentin adhesives. SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, PRC, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Kunming Med Coll, Kunming, Peoples R China. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 2000 VL 79 SI SI MA 1841 BP 374 EP 374 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 277MH UT WOS:000084937001836 ER PT J AU Bowen, RL AF Bowen, RL TI Computer-modeled assemblies of hydrophilic portions of dental (type 1) collagen. SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 2000 VL 79 SI SI MA 2195 BP 418 EP 418 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 277MH UT WOS:000084937002188 ER PT J AU Alfano, SG Kelly, FR AF Alfano, SG Kelly, FR TI Strength of bioactive calcium phosphate cement as a function of processing variables. SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USN, Dent Res Inst, Great Lakes, IL USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 2000 VL 79 SI SI MA 2317 BP 433 EP 433 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 277MH UT WOS:000084937002309 ER PT J AU Hotta, Y Komatsu, K Wang, FW AF Hotta, Y Komatsu, K Wang, FW TI Fluorescent probe for cure monitoring of hydrosilation-curable silicones SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Showa Univ, Tokyo, Japan. Nihon Univ, Chiba, Japan. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 2000 VL 79 SI SI MA 2426 BP 447 EP 447 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 277MH UT WOS:000084937002423 ER PT J AU Daehnhardt, JE Dickens, SH Kobes, LWR AF Daehnhardt, JE Dickens, SH Kobes, LWR TI Reducing monomer evaporation from a cold curing dental repair resin. SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, ADAHF, PRC, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Gottingen, D-3400 Gottingen, Germany. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 2000 VL 79 SI SI MA 2457 BP 451 EP 451 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 277MH UT WOS:000084937002451 ER PT J AU Vogel, GL Chow, LC AF Vogel, GL Chow, LC TI Pyrophosphate inhibits loss of CaF2 in simulation plaque SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, PRC, ADAHF, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 2000 VL 79 SI SI MA 2579 BP 466 EP 466 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 277MH UT WOS:000084937002572 ER PT J AU Stansbury, JW Tanaka, J Antonucci, JM AF Stansbury, JW Tanaka, J Antonucci, JM TI Photopolymerization studies and polymer properties of methacrylate/vinyl ester resins. SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Okayama Univ, Sch Dent, Okayama 700, Japan. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 2000 VL 79 SI SI MA 2896 BP 505 EP 505 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 277MH UT WOS:000084937002890 ER PT J AU Fujikawa, K Sugawara, A Kusama, K Nishiyama, M Ito, K Takagi, S Chow, LC AF Fujikawa, K Sugawara, A Kusama, K Nishiyama, M Ito, K Takagi, S Chow, LC TI Fluorescent labeling analysis election probe microanalysis for alveolar ridge augmentation using calcium phosphate cement. SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, PRC, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Nihon Univ, Sch Dent, Tokyo 101, Japan. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 2000 VL 79 SI SI MA 2940 BP 511 EP 511 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 277MH UT WOS:000084937002936 ER PT J AU Shimada, Y Antonucci, JM Schumacher, GE McDonough, WG Tagami, J AF Shimada, Y Antonucci, JM Schumacher, GE McDonough, WG Tagami, J TI Micro-shear bond strength of resin bonding systems to enamel surfaces SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Tokyo Med & Dent Univ, Tokyo, Japan. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 2000 VL 79 SI SI MA 3629 BP 597 EP 597 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 277MH UT WOS:000084937003619 ER PT J AU Xu, HHK Smith, DT Schumacher, GE Eichmiller, FC Antonucci, JM Stansbury, JW AF Xu, HHK Smith, DT Schumacher, GE Eichmiller, FC Antonucci, JM Stansbury, JW TI Whisker-reinforced composites: Effects of filler level, heat-cure temperature and time. SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Smith, Douglas/I-4403-2016 OI Smith, Douglas/0000-0002-9358-3449 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 2000 VL 79 SI SI MA 3640 BP 598 EP 598 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 277MH UT WOS:000084937003632 ER PT J AU Mueller, HJ AF Mueller, HJ TI Time-dependent strain or CPC: Porosity and applied stress consideration. SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Amer Dent Assoc, Hlth Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCH PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PY 2000 VL 79 SI SI MA 3799 BP 618 EP 618 PG 1 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 277MH UT WOS:000084937003788 ER PT J AU Sogard, SM Olla, BL AF Sogard, SM Olla, BL TI Endurance of simulated winter conditions by age-0 walleye pollock: effects of body size, water temperature and energy stores SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE temperature stress; starvation; overwinter mortality; fish condition; lipids ID THERAGRA-CHALCOGRAMMA PALLAS; PERCH PERCA-FLAVESCENS; VERTICAL-DISTRIBUTION; MENIDIA-MENIDIA; RAINBOW-TROUT; YELLOW PERCH; ATLANTIC SILVERSIDE; OVERWINTER SURVIVAL; SEASONAL-CHANGES; SOCKEYE-SALMON AB Survival of age-0 walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma in the absence of food followed simple bioenergetic models, with large body size, high initial condition, and cold temperatures all increasing survival rates. High survival after >200 days at cold temperatures (<3.0 degrees C) indicated extended tolerance of extreme cold, as long as sufficient body size and condition are attained during the summer growth period. Analysis of body constituents demonstrated a substantial increase in tissue water and depletion of lipid during starvation. Survivors had significantly higher lipid stores than mortalities, and larger fish had higher levels of lipid than smaller fish among experimental survivors, laboratory fish that were never starved, and wild fish. Fish returned to warm temperatures and high rations following 205 days of food deprivation displayed nearly complete recovery, with rapid increases in length, weight, and condition and minimal mortality (6.8%) during the subsequent 3 months. Age-0 walleye pollock collected in September in the Bering Sea were substantially smaller and generally had lower lipid levels than fish used in laboratory starvation experiments, suggesting they are susceptible to size- and condition-dependent mortality during the winter. The results are interpreted with respect to field distributions of age-0 walleye pollock, overwinter survival, and synergistic effects of food and temperature under varying models of climate change. (C) 2000 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles. C1 Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Sogard, SM (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM susan.sogard@hmsc.orst.edu NR 62 TC 80 Z9 82 U1 6 U2 26 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 56 IS 1 BP 1 EP 21 PG 21 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 279FX UT WOS:000085034700001 ER PT J AU Majack, TJ Rust, MB Massee, KC Kissil, GW Hardy, RW Peterson, ME AF Majack, TJ Rust, MB Massee, KC Kissil, GW Hardy, RW Peterson, ME TI Bioencapsulation of erythromycin using adult brine shrimp, Artemia franciscana (Latreille) SO JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES LA English DT Article ID BACTERIAL KIDNEY-DISEASE; SALMON ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; INTRA-OVUM INFECTION; RENIBACTERIUM-SALMONINARUM; VERTICAL TRANSMISSION; EGGS; FOOD AB Live adult brine shrimp, Artemia franciscana (Latreille), were enriched with erythromycin to determine if Artemia could accumulate therapeutic levels for subsequent feeding to young fish. Three trials were conducted to determine the erythromycin incorporation and survival rates of enriched Artemia when fed either liposomes containing erythromycin or various erythromycin suspensions. Erythromycin concentration in Artemia fed a liposome suspension was low (similar to 5 mu g mL(-1)) relative to Artemia fed the direct suspension (greater than or equal to 100 mu g mL(-1)) over the same time period. When enriched with suspensions up to 1 g erythromycin L-1 sea water for 14 h, Artemia survival was not significantly affected (P greater than or equal to 0.05) relative to controls. Using a suspension of 1 g L-1, tissue erythromycin concentrations of 109 +/- 16 mu g erythromycin mL(-1) Artemia homogenate (mean +/- SEM) were achieved after 12 h. Concentrations above 170 mu g mL(-1) were obtained using suspensions of 2-5 g L-1, but Artemia survival significantly (P < 0.05) decreased. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Resource Enhancement & Utilizat Technol Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Fisheries, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Israel Oceanog & Limnol Res, Natl Ctr Mariculture, Eilat, Israel. RP Rust, MB (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Resource Enhancement & Utilizat Technol Div, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. NR 24 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA P O BOX 88, OSNEY MEAD, OXFORD OX2 0NE, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0140-7775 J9 J FISH DIS JI J. Fish Dis. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 23 IS 1 BP 71 EP 76 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2761.2000.00210.x PG 6 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Veterinary Sciences GA 302RE UT WOS:000086378400010 ER PT J AU Ahn, BH Kroehl, HW Kamide, Y Kihn, EA AF Ahn, BH Kroehl, HW Kamide, Y Kihn, EA TI Universal time variations of the auroral electrojet indices SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID IONOSPHERIC ELECTRODYNAMICS; COUPLING FUNCTION; MAGNETIC ACTIVITY; INDEXES; FIELD AB Using the hourly mean AE indices for the past 20 years, amounting to a total of 175,296 hours, we examine how the longitudinal station gaps of the present AE network affect the ability to monitor accurately the auroral electrojets. The latitudinal shift of the auroral electrojet location with magnetic activity also affects the reliability of the AE indices, These combined effects would result in pronounced universal time (UT) variations of the AE indices. By counting the number of occurrences recorded during the given ranges of activity, say every 100 and 200 nT for the AU and AL indices, respectively, for each hour of universal time, the UT variations of the two indices are examined separately. The result demonstrates clearly that they are strongly dependent upon UT. Furthermore, it is noted that the equatorward expansion of the auroral electrojets is more responsible for the UT variation than are the longitudinal station gaps. For the range of the magnetic activity levels examined in this study, i.e., 0 to 500 nT and 0 to -1000 nT for the AU and AL indices, the centers of the eastward and westward electrojets seem to be located within the latitudinal ranges of 71 degrees-65 degrees and 68 degrees-62 degrees, respectively. The seasonal change of ionospheric conductance also contributes to the UT variation, particularly that of the AL index. While maintaining a similar variation pattern, the amplitude of the variation increases during winter and decreases during summer. It indicates that the UT variation of the AL index is more serious during winter than summer. With more RE stations being located within the former range than the latter, it is easily understood why the AL index is more strongly dependent on UT than is the AU index. Considering such a latitudinal distribution, it is highly probable that the present AL indices often underestimate disturbed conditions during specific universal time intervals, particularly 0200-0800 UT. C1 Kyungpook Natl Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Taegu 702701, South Korea. Nagoya Univ, Solar Terr Environm Lab, Toyokawa 442, Japan. NOAA, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, High Altitude Observ, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP Ahn, BH (reprint author), Kyungpook Natl Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Taegu 702701, South Korea. RI Kihn, Eric/A-8204-2009 NR 21 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD JAN 1 PY 2000 VL 105 IS A1 BP 267 EP 275 DI 10.1029/1999JA900364 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 275AF UT WOS:000084796700022 ER PT J AU Pothoven, SA Nalepa, TF Brandt, SB AF Pothoven, SA Nalepa, TF Brandt, SB TI Age-0 and age-1 yellow perch diet in southeastern Lake Michigan SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE yellow perch; fish diets; Lake Michigan ID MUSSEL DREISSENA-POLYMORPHA; BYTHOTREPHES-CEDERSTROEMI; ONTARIO; BIOMASS; MACROINVERTEBRATES; POPULATIONS; PREDATION; MYSIS; FISH; SIZE AB Age-0 yellow perch (Perca flavescens) were collected during October 1998 and age-1 yellow perch were collected during June 1999 from southeastern Lake Michigan off St. Joseph and Muskegon, Michigan, to evaluate diets relative to recent ecosystem changes. Size range of yellow perch examined was 72 to 118 mm. In October at a 15-m site off Muskegon, both Gammarus spp. and Isopoda were found in nearly 71% of age-0 yellow perch stomachs,and accounted for 71 and 26% of the diet by weight respectively. The following spring at the 15-m site (June 1999). Gammarus spp. and Isopoda were only a small part of age-1 yellow perch diet, and Chironomidae and Mysis relicta dominated the diet. In October at depths of 25 to 35 m, M. relicta, was found in 100 and 80% of the age-0 yellow perch containing food off Muskegon and St. Joseph, respectively, and comprised over 96% of the diet by weight. Gammarus spp. Isopoda, and M. relicta were eaten in higher numbers than would be expected based on their low abundance in the environment. The high occurrence of Gammarus spp. and Isopoda in yellow perch diet may indicate ongoing changes in the nearshore benthic community. C1 Univ Michigan, GLERL, Lake Michigan Field Stn, Cooperat Inst Limnol & Ecosyst Res, Muskegon, MI 49441 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Pothoven, SA (reprint author), Univ Michigan, GLERL, Lake Michigan Field Stn, Cooperat Inst Limnol & Ecosyst Res, 1431 Beach St, Muskegon, MI 49441 USA. OI Pothoven, Steven/0000-0002-7992-5422 NR 22 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 3 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2205 COMMONWEALTH BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 2000 VL 26 IS 2 BP 235 EP 239 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 327WR UT WOS:000087817600010 ER PT J AU Breneman, D Richards, C Lozano, S AF Breneman, D Richards, C Lozano, S TI Environmental influences on benthic community structure in a Great Lakes embayment SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE benthic macroinvertebrates; contaminants; dredging; Lake Superior; sediment ID ACID-VOLATILE SULFIDE; NEW-BEDFORD HARBOR; TEMPORAL VARIATION; ESTUARINE INFAUNA; MYTILUS-EDULIS; DETROIT RIVER; SEDIMENTS; DISTURBANCE; PCB; BIOACCUMULATION AB Biological and chemical measurements of sediment ape useful parameters when establishing long-term assessment and monitoring tools for designated areas of concern (AOCs) in the Great Lakes. An intensified Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) sampling grid in the St. Louis River estuary of western Lake Superior was used to assess the relationship between surficial sediment characteristics and benthic community structure. Ninety sites within two habitat classes (< 5.5 m and > 5.5 m depth) were randomly sampled. Sediment for chemical analysis was collected with a cylindrical drop core while benthic macroinvertebrate abundance and composition were determined from petite Ponar grab samples. Taxa richness was variable (1 to 25 taxa) among sites in the St. Louis River AOC. Oligochaeta were the most abundant taxa while Chironomidae larvae provided a majority of the taxa richness with 43 genera. Results from multivariate redundancy analysis (RDA) on 13 environmental parameters revealed that the majority of variation in benthic community structure was attributed to water depth and site distance from the headwaters. Although physical habitat alterations occur over large spatial scales and are more subtle than those conditions associated with chemically impacted sites, only a small portion of the variability in benthic community structure was explained by sediment chemistry variables. Variability in benthic community structure during this survey was best explained by physical habitat features and must first be quantified prior to understanding benthic response to contaminated sediments. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Lab, Mid Continent Ecol Div, Duluth, MN 55804 USA. Univ Minnesota, Nat Resources Res Inst, Duluth, MN 55811 USA. RP NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM crichard@d.umn.edu NR 59 TC 11 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 2000 VL 26 IS 3 BP 287 EP 304 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 358KK UT WOS:000089557100004 ER PT J AU Lofgren, BM Zhu, YC AF Lofgren, BM Zhu, YC TI Surface energy fluxes on the Great Lakes based on satellite-observed surface temperatures 1992 to 1995 SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE surface energy flux; climate; energy budget; Great Lakes AB Accurate estimates of surface energy exchange components are critical for understanding many physical processes of large lakes and their atmospheric environment. In this paper, the seasonal cycle of latent, sensible, and total heat flux from the surface of the Great Lakes is estimated. Lake surface temperatures derived from the NOAA/AVHRR satellite, along with meteorological data from surface station observations are incorporated in order to estimate spatial distributions of fluxes. Several well-known features are evident. Among these are the very high outgoing fluxes of latent and sensible heat during the late fall and early winter, which drive strong cooling of the lake surface and consequent convective mixing within the lake column. Another is greater seasonal variation of surface temperature and fluxes in shallower waters than in deeper waters. Due to strong static stability of the overlying atmospheric boundary layer during the spring, both the magnitude and the spatial variations of latent and sensible heat fluxes are small during the spring and to a lesser degree, during the summer. The annual cycles of latent and sensible heat flux over the Great Lakes are roughly opposite in phase to the same fluxes over land, indicating a large exchange of energy via atmospheric advection between the lake and land surfaces. A major weakness of the method used here is that heat fluxes are calculated on the basis of an ice-free surface, making the derived fluxes for January through March roughly estimated. C1 NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Univ Michigan, Cooperat Inst Limnol & Ecosyst Res, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Lofgren, BM (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. OI Lofgren, Brent/0000-0003-2189-0914 NR 14 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 15 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2205 COMMONWEALTH BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 2000 VL 26 IS 3 BP 305 EP 314 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 358KK UT WOS:000089557100005 ER PT J AU Pothoven, SA Fahnenstiel, GL Vanderploeg, HA Luttenton, M AF Pothoven, SA Fahnenstiel, GL Vanderploeg, HA Luttenton, M TI Population dynamics of Mysis relicta in southeastern Lake Michigan, 1995-1998 SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Mysis relicta; population dynamics; zooplankton; Lake Michigan ID FISH COMMUNITY; LIFE-HISTORY; ONTARIO; FOOD; PRODUCTIVITY; TEMPERATURE; ABUNDANCE; SHIFTS; SIZE; PREY AB The abundance and life history characteristics of Mysis relicta were evaluated at an offshore (110-m) and a nearshore (40 to 45-m) station during 1995, 1996, and 1998. Data were collected ro monitor mysids relative to ongoing ecological changes in Lake Michigan and as a comparison to studies from the 1970s and 1980s. Mean densities of M. relicta during May through September each year were higher offshore (210/m(2) to 373/m(2)) compared to nearshore (41/m(2) to 168/m(2)). Growth rates ranged between 0.026 to 0.041 mm/day and did not differ between stations or with age. Juvenile mysids (< 10 mm) dominated the population, and accounted for 30 to 90% of the catch. The size distribution of M. relicta suggested that reproduction occurred year-round with the most consistent influxes of juveniles in the spring (April through June) each year; winter (February and March) and summer (July through September) influxes of juveniles did nor occur consistently each year. Mean length of females with broods differed between nearshore (14 mm) and offshore (16 mm). Brood size and the proportion of females with broods did not differ between stations. Abundance estimates were equal or higher and life history characteristics were similar to reported data from the 1970s and 1980s. However ongoing declines in the benthic macroinvertebrate Diporeia may result in higher fish predation pressure on M. relicta in the near future. C1 Univ Michigan, Cooperat Inst Limnol & Ecosyst Res, GLERL, Lake Michigan Field Stn, Muskegon, MI 49441 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Lake Michigan Field Stn, Muskegon, MI 49441 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Grand Valley State Univ, Allendale, MI 49401 USA. RP Pothoven, SA (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Cooperat Inst Limnol & Ecosyst Res, GLERL, Lake Michigan Field Stn, 1431 Beach St, Muskegon, MI 49441 USA. OI Pothoven, Steven/0000-0002-7992-5422; Vanderploeg, Henry/0000-0003-1358-8475 NR 30 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 5 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2205 COMMONWEALTH BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 2000 VL 26 IS 4 BP 357 EP 365 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 388AQ UT WOS:000166155600002 ER PT J AU Landrum, PF Gossiaux, DC Nalepa, TF Fanslow, DL AF Landrum, PF Gossiaux, DC Nalepa, TF Fanslow, DL TI Evaluation of Lake Michigan sediment for causes of the disappearance of Diporeia spp. in southern Lake Michigan SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Diporeia spp.; population decline; toxicity bioassay; avoidance/preference testing; Lake Michigan ID MICROCYSTIS-AERUGINOSA; ZEBRA MUSSEL; SAGINAW BAY; DAPHNIA; WATER; CYANOBACTERIA; DREISSENA; SURVIVAL; HURON; ERIE AB The amphipod, Diporeia spp., the dominant benthic macroinvertebrate in the Great Lakes offshore waters, has exhibited a substantial decline in recent years. This decline occurred after the invasion and colonization of the lakes by the zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha. It has been hypothesized that the decline is a direct result of the competition by the zebra mussel decreasing the amount of food available. This study examined the potential of other stressors, e.g., the presence of toxic materials, as the contributing or main cause of the decline. Bioassays were performed with sediments from stations currently devoid of Diporeia (St. Joseph, MI) and with those still having Diporeia populations. In 28-d mortality bioassays, no mortality was observed with any of the sediments tested. However, in avoidance/preference rests, sediments from St. Joseph, that are now devoid of Diporeia, were avoided compared to sediments from Saugatuck, Grand Haven, and Muskegon, which still have a population. This avoidance was nor changed by the addition of either Spirulina Plus(R) or Terramin(R) flakes to the sediment as a food source bur was reversed by a fresh layer of the diatom, Fragillaria crotonensis, on the sediment. These studies suggest that despite the high carbon content of the St. Joseph sediment, the nutritional content of the sediment was limited. C1 NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Landrum, PF (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. NR 17 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 7 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2205 COMMONWEALTH BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 2000 VL 26 IS 4 BP 402 EP 407 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 388AQ UT WOS:000166155600005 ER PT J AU Hawley, N AF Hawley, N TI Sediment resuspension near the Keweenaw Peninsula, Lake Superior during the fall and winter 1990-1991 SO JOURNAL OF GREAT LAKES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Lake Superior; sediment resuspension; sediment transport ID MICHIGAN; CURRENTS; FURROWS; EVENTS AB During the winter of 1990-1991 time series measurements of current velocity, temperature, and attenuation (a measure of water transparency) were made at a sire in 91 m of water near Copper Harbor, MI. The observations show that bottom resuspension occurred several rimes during the unstratified period. The resuspension is the result of the interaction between high bottom current velocities and surface waves generated by strong winds. Transport during the storms was almost entirely alongshore, although some offshore transport of material occurred. Calculations show that suspended material could have been transported eastward several hundred km during the unstratified period. C1 NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Hawley, N (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. NR 15 TC 19 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 2 PU INT ASSOC GREAT LAKES RES PI ANN ARBOR PA 2205 COMMONWEALTH BLVD, ANN ARBOR, MI 48105 USA SN 0380-1330 J9 J GREAT LAKES RES JI J. Gt. Lakes Res. PY 2000 VL 26 IS 4 BP 495 EP 505 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 388AQ UT WOS:000166155600013 ER PT J AU Jin, M Fread, DL Lewis, JM AF Jin, M Fread, DL Lewis, JM TI Application of relaxation scheme to wave-propagation simulation in open-channel network SO JOURNAL OF HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Off Hydrol, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Hydrol Res Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Jin, M (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Hydrol Res Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA SN 0733-9429 J9 J HYDRAUL ENG-ASCE JI J. Hydraul. Eng.-ASCE PD JAN PY 2000 VL 126 IS 1 BP 89 EP 91 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2000)126:1(89) PG 3 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 265NN UT WOS:000084250400012 ER PT J AU Janech, MG Chen, R Paul, RV McFee, W Ploth, DW Fitzgibbon, WR AF Janech, MG Chen, R Paul, RV McFee, W Ploth, DW Fitzgibbon, WR TI Identification of a putative renal urea transporter in the pilot whale, Globicephala macrorhynchus. SO JOURNAL OF INVESTIGATIVE MEDICINE LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Med Univ S Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425 USA. USDOC, NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, CCEHBR,Dept Med,Div Nephrol, Charleston, SC 29425 USA. USVA Med Ctr, Charleston, SC USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1081-5589 J9 J INVEST MED JI J. Invest. Med. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 48 IS 1 SU S MA 709 BP 132A EP 132A PG 1 WC Medicine, General & Internal; Medicine, Research & Experimental SC General & Internal Medicine; Research & Experimental Medicine GA 302CD UT WOS:000086346600709 ER PT J AU Feng, SC AF Feng, SC TI Manufacturing planning and execution software interfaces SO JOURNAL OF MANUFACTURING SYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE interface specification; manufacturing activity models; manufacturing execution; manufacturing systems integration; object modeling; process planning AB Process planning and manufacturing execution systems provide two major functions in a product development cycle. Industries require the systems that support these two functions to be able to integrate with other related manufacturing systems, such as design, resource planning, production scheduling, and equipment control. However, there are information barriers to the integration of commercial systems in these areas. This paper presents an activity model for manufacturing execution and a set of foundation interfaces, identified in an object model, that have been developed to cope with the problem. The interfaces are intended to be a base from which they evolve as the new technology and industrial practices emerge. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Engn Lab, Mfg Syst Integrat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Feng, SC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Engn Lab, Mfg Syst Integrat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 17 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 8 PU SOC MANUFACTURING ENGINEERS PI DEARBORN PA ONE SME DRIVE, PO BOX 930, DEARBORN, MI 48121-0930 USA SN 0278-6125 J9 J MANUF SYST JI J. Manuf. Syst. PY 2000 VL 19 IS 1 BP 1 EP 17 DI 10.1016/S0278-6125(00)88886-X PG 17 WC Engineering, Industrial; Engineering, Manufacturing; Operations Research & Management Science SC Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science GA 320GE UT WOS:000087392800001 ER PT J AU Bischel, MS Vanlandingham, MR Eduljee, RF Gillespie, JW Schultz, JM AF Bischel, MS Vanlandingham, MR Eduljee, RF Gillespie, JW Schultz, JM TI On the use of nanoscale indentation with the AFM in the identification of phases in blends of linear low density polyethylene and high density polyethylene SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID ATOMIC-FORCE MICROSCOPE; NANOMECHANICAL PROPERTIES; MICROHARDNESS; FILMS AB The microstructures generated by blends of linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) and high density polyethylene (HDPE) following isothermal crystallization from the melt have been studied using several techniques. The traditional methods of electron microscopy, wide angle X-ray scattering, and differential scanning calorimetry were used to examine the superstructures, lattice spacings, and thermal properties, respectively. In addition, nanoindentation of specific moieties within the microstructure was performed using the atomic force microscope (AFM). The indentation measurements were used to generate values for the relative elastic moduli of the crystalline features and to identify phases within the superstructures. The AFM results were compared to results obtained from the aforementioned techniques and to microhardness measurements. (C) 2000 Kluwer Academic Publishers. C1 Univ Delaware, Mat Sci Program, Newark, DE 19716 USA. Univ Delaware, Ctr Composite Mat, Newark, DE 19716 USA. NIST, Bldg Mat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bischel, MS (reprint author), Univ Delaware, Mat Sci Program, Newark, DE 19716 USA. EM bischel@me.udel.edu NR 35 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 8 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0022-2461 J9 J MATER SCI JI J. Mater. Sci. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 35 IS 1 BP 221 EP 228 DI 10.1023/A:1004781725300 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 258CD UT WOS:000083819800032 ER PT J AU Nagarajan, VS Hockey, BJ Jahanmir, S Thompson, VP AF Nagarajan, VS Hockey, BJ Jahanmir, S Thompson, VP TI Contact wear mechanisms of a dental composite with high filler content SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID RESTORATIVE MATERIALS; FRACTURE-TOUGHNESS; SILICON-NITRIDE; DENTISTRY; BEHAVIOR; CERAMICS; ALUMINA; MODEL; WATER AB The contact wear behavior of a dental ceramic composite containing 92 wt % silica glass and alumina filler particles in a polymeric resin matrix was examined. Because this composite is used for dental restorations, the tests were conducted under contact conditions that were relevant to those that exist in the mouth. Wear tests were conducted on a pin-on-disk tribometer with water as a lubricant. Results on wear volume as a function of load indicated two distinct regimes of wear. The wear volume increased slightly as the load was increased from 1 to 5 N. As the load was further increased to 10 N, the wear volume increased by one order of magnitude. At loads above 10 N (up to a maximum of 20 N), the wear volume was found to be independent of load. Examination of the wear tracks by SEM revealed that a surface film had formed on the wear tracks at all loads. Examination of these films by TEM showed that the films contained a mixture of small gamma-Al2O3 crystallites and glass particles. FTIR analysis of the adhered films indicated the presence of hydrated forms of silica and alumina, suggesting reaction of filler particles with water. Chemical analysis by ICP-MS of water samples collected after the wear tests confirmed the presence of Al and other elemental constituents of the filler particles. It is proposed that three simultaneous processes occur at the sliding contact: tribochemical reactions and film formation, dissolution of the reacted products, and mechanical removal of the film by microfracture. At low loads, wear occurs primarily by a tribochemical mechanism, i.e., formation and dissolution of the reaction products. At higher loads, wear occurs by a combination of tribochemical processes and mechanical detachment of the surface film. (C) 2000 Kluwer Academic Publishers. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103 USA. RP Nagarajan, VS (reprint author), Lucent Technol, Norcross, GA 30071 USA. OI Thompson, Van P/0000-0003-0033-0344 NR 33 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-2461 J9 J MATER SCI JI J. Mater. Sci. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 35 IS 2 BP 487 EP 496 DI 10.1023/A:1004787921822 PG 10 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 277QA UT WOS:000084943200032 ER PT J AU Napolitano, RE Schaefer, RJ AF Napolitano, RE Schaefer, RJ TI The convergence-fault mechanism for low-angle boundary formation in single-crystal castings SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID NICKEL-BASE SUPERALLOY; DIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION; GROWTH AB A set of nickel-based superalloy single-crystal investment castings was evaluated for crystal perfection. Defect structures near the seed emergence point and other geometric features were examined using X-ray topography. Topographic images were compared with metallographically observed dendritic structures to establish a convergence-fault criterion for the location of low-angle boundaries. To support the phenomenological description of low-angle boundary formation through convergence-faulting, a tip-growth model for simulation of the growth of the dendritic network was developed. This model predicts the local primary growth direction from among three possible [001] directions and identifies regions of convergent growth. A connectivity parameter is defined and used to map the locations where convergence-fault formation is most likely. Predictions are compared with experimental observation. (C) 2000 Kluwer Academic Publishers. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Napolitano, RE (reprint author), Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Ames Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 12 TC 44 Z9 46 U1 6 U2 36 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-2461 J9 J MATER SCI JI J. Mater. Sci. PY 2000 VL 35 IS 7 BP 1641 EP 1659 DI 10.1023/A:1004747612160 PG 19 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 281XP UT WOS:000085187000010 ER PT J AU Lemmon, EW Goodwin, ARH AF Lemmon, EW Goodwin, ARH TI Critical properties and vapor pressure equation for alkanes CnH2n+2: Normal alkanes with n <= 36 and isomers for n=4 through n=9 SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL REFERENCE DATA LA English DT Review DE alkane isomers; branched alkanes; critical pressure; critical temperature; hydrocarbons; normal alkanes; vapor pressure ID EQUILIBRIUM-PHASE PROPERTIES; LIQUID CRITICAL PROPERTIES; CARBON DIOXIDE SYSTEM; GIBBS FREE-ENERGIES; CHAIN NORMAL-ALKANES; BINARY-SYSTEMS; CRITICAL CONSTANTS; NORMAL-BUTANE; N-ALKANES; NORMAL-PENTANE AB A correlation for estimating the vapor pressure of normal alkanes from methane through n-hexatriacontane and isomers of butane to nonane is reported, This work extends the correlation for normal alkanes (CnH2n+2), with n less than or equal to 20, reported by Ambrose, to both normal alkanes with n less than or equal to 36 and their isomers with n less than or equal to 9. This vapor pressure equation was based on the Wagner equation and is similar to that used by Ambrose. Literature vapor pressure measurements have been reviewed. Tables are given that list the type of apparatus, measurement range and precision, and chemical purity. These criteria were initially used to select measurements for inclusion in the regression analyses to determine the coefficients of the correlation, Vapor pressures estimated from the correlation were compared with all vapor pressure (p(1+g)) measurements reviewed in this work. At pressures greater than 1 kPa, the vapor pressure equation presented here has the following accuracies: 0.0001.p(1+g) for methane, 0.001.p(1+g) for ethane, propane, and n-butane, 0.002.p(1+g) for n-pentane through n-octane, 2-methylpropane, and 2-methylbutane, 0.005.p(1+g) for 2,2-dimethylpropane, n-nonane, n-decane, and the isomers of hexane through nonane, 0.01.p(1+g) for n-undecane to n-hexadecane, 0.02.p(1+g) for n-heptadecane to n-eicosane, 0.05.p(1+g) for n-heneicosane to n-octacosane, and 0.10.p(1+g) for n-nonacosane to n-hexatriacontane, Equations for the critical temperatures and pressures of the normal alkanes as functions of the carbon number are also reported. (C) 2000 American Institute of Physics. [S0047-2689(90)00201-X]. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Idaho, Ctr Appl Thermodynam Studies, Moscow, ID 83844 USA. RP Lemmon, EW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 360 TC 106 Z9 110 U1 1 U2 35 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0047-2689 J9 J PHYS CHEM REF DATA JI J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 29 IS 1 BP 1 EP 39 DI 10.1063/1.556054 PG 39 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Physics GA 301GP UT WOS:000086302600001 ER PT J AU Shirai, T Sugar, J Musgrove, A Wiese, WL AF Shirai, T Sugar, J Musgrove, A Wiese, WL TI Spectral data for highly ionized atoms: Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Kr, and Mo SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL REFERENCE DATA LA English DT Review ID X-RAY-SPECTRA; I-ISOELECTRONIC SEQUENCE; 2SM2PN-2SM-12PN+1 INTERSYSTEM TRANSITIONS; EXPERIMENTAL LEVEL VALUES; PRINCETON LARGE TORUS; FUSION-TEST-REACTOR; CONFIGURATION-INTERACTION CALCULATIONS; DIELECTRONIC SATELLITE SPECTRUM; INNER-SHELL TRANSITIONS; LASER-PRODUCED PLASMAS C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Shirai, T (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 497 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0047-2689 J9 J PHYS CHEM REF DATA JI J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data PY 2000 BP 3 EP + PG 622 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Physics GA 342AN UT WOS:000088623200001 ER PT J AU Tester, PA Turner, JT Shea, D AF Tester, PA Turner, JT Shea, D TI Vectorial transport of toxins from the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium breve through copepods to fish SO JOURNAL OF PLANKTON RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID RED-TIDE DINOFLAGELLATE; CALANUS-PACIFICUS; FOOD-CHAIN; BLOOM; ZOOPLANKTON; KILLS; LARVAE; IMPACT AB Toxins from the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium breve were traced through experimental food chains from dinoflagellates, through copepod grazers, to juvenile fish. The generality of this food web transfer was demonstrated using three different combinations of copepods and juvenile fish during different seasons. Fish were not exposed directly to the toxic dinoflagellates but were fed toxin-laden copepods in order to examine sublethal vectorial intoxication. Toxins were shown to move from fish viscera to muscle tissue within periods of 2-6 h to 25 h. A new toxin detection method was used in this first stepwise demonstration of multi-trophic-level intoxication of a planktonic food chain by G. breve. Micellar electrokinetic capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence allowed measurements of toxins at trace levels and nanoliter-sized volumes critical for planktonic food web transfer studies. C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. Univ Massachusetts Dartmouth, Ctr Marine Sci & Technol, New Bedford, MA 02744 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Coll Agr & Life Sci, Dept Toxicol, Raleigh, NC 27607 USA. RP Tester, PA (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, 101 Pivers Isl Rd, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. NR 52 TC 77 Z9 82 U1 0 U2 3 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0142-7873 J9 J PLANKTON RES JI J. Plankton Res. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 22 IS 1 BP 47 EP 61 DI 10.1093/plankt/22.1.47 PG 15 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 276XP UT WOS:000084903900004 ER PT J AU Bauer, BJ Ramzi, A Liu, DW Scherrenberg, RL Froehling, P Joosten, J AF Bauer, BJ Ramzi, A Liu, DW Scherrenberg, RL Froehling, P Joosten, J TI Blends of fatty-acid-modified dendrimers with polyolefins SO JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART B-POLYMER PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE dendrimer; fatty acid; SANS; phase separation ID BUILDING-BLOCKS; CHEMISTRY; SHAPE AB Blends were made by solution and melt-mixing fatty-acid-modified dendrimers with various polyolefins. Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) was used to determine the miscibility of the blends. Poly(propylene imine) (PPI) dendrimers G1, G3, and G5 [DAB-dendr-(NH2)gamma] with gamma = 4, 16, and 64, were reacted with stearic acid or stearic acid-d(35) forming amide bonds. The modified dendrimers were then blended with high-density polyethylene (HDPE), high-density polyethylene-d(4) (HDPE-d(4)), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), amorphous polypropylene (PP), or an ethylene-butylene copolymer (E-co-B). Limiting power law behavior shows that all of the blends are immiscible. It is likely that the dendrimers form a second phase, being finely dispersed, but thermodynamically immiscible. (C) 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. DSM Res, NL-6160 MD Geleen, Netherlands. RP Bauer, BJ (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, Bldg 224,Room 314,Route 270 & Quince Orchard Rd,M, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 23 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 8 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0887-6266 J9 J POLYM SCI POL PHYS JI J. Polym. Sci. Pt. B-Polym. Phys. PD JAN 1 PY 2000 VL 38 IS 1 BP 95 EP 100 PG 6 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 263UM UT WOS:000084143700012 ER PT J AU Birnbaum, G Buechele, A Jiang, T Orton, GS Hadzibabic, Z John, GR AF Birnbaum, G Buechele, A Jiang, T Orton, GS Hadzibabic, Z John, GR TI Absorption in the troughs of the far infrared spectra of NH3 and mixtures of NH3 and H-2 SO JOURNAL OF QUANTITATIVE SPECTROSCOPY & RADIATIVE TRANSFER LA English DT Article ID BANDS; SHAPE; TEMPERATURE; AMMONIA AB The absorption coefficients in the troughs between the J-multiplets of the far infrared rotation-inversion spectrum of NH3 and NH3 broadened by H-2 were measured at 296 K in the region from about 65-230 cm(-1). Wave numbers were selected in the troughs that are removed from nearby weak absorption lines, and measurements of the absorption versus the density of NH3 and of H-2 verified that the absorption was due to the wings of distant rather than nearby spectral lines. These measurements were compared with computations of the absorption arising from binary collisions of NH3-NH3 and NH3-H-2 for uncoupled Lorentz lines. Except at the lowest and highest frequencies, the measured continuum absorption in the troughs was less than the computed absorption, a discrepancy that increased with increasing frequency. An improved representation of the measured absorption was obtained by fitting the Rosenkrantz line shape with the Ben-Reuven formulation of the line coupling coefficient of the inversion J-doublets. The application of these results to the spectrum of Jupiter shows clear differences between the spectrum of the above model and the Lorentz line shape, with the largest differences occurring in the dearest troughs. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Catholic Univ Amer, Vitreous State Lab, Washington, DC 20064 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Div Earth & Space Sci, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Catholic Univ Amer, Dept Phys, Washington, DC 20064 USA. RP Birnbaum, G (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8500, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Hadzibabic, Zoran/B-8102-2011 OI Hadzibabic, Zoran/0000-0002-0118-9285 NR 29 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-4073 J9 J QUANT SPECTROSC RA JI J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 64 IS 1 BP 47 EP 65 DI 10.1016/S0022-4073(99)00008-4 PG 19 WC Optics; Spectroscopy SC Optics; Spectroscopy GA 236HT UT WOS:000082594700006 ER PT J AU Paul, RL Lindstrom, RM AF Paul, RL Lindstrom, RM TI Prompt gamma-ray activation analysis: Fundamentals and applications SO JOURNAL OF RADIOANALYTICAL AND NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY LA English DT Review ID NEUTRON-CAPTURE; ANALYSIS FACILITY; VIBRATIONAL SPECTROSCOPY; MULTIELEMENT ANALYSIS; BIOLOGICAL-MATERIALS; TITANIUM-ALLOYS; COLD; HYDROGEN; SCATTERING; BORON AB Prompt gamma-ray activation analysis (PGM) is an important nuclear analytical technique that complements conventional neutron activation analysis (NAA). When a target is placed in a beam of neutrons, gamma-rays emitted upon neutron capture are measured by a shielded germanium detector, yielding quantitative elemental analysis. The radiation is penetrating and the analysis both nondestructive and independent of the chemical form of the element(s) being measured. The technique is most useful for measurement of light elements (H, B, C, N, Si, P, S, Cl) which can not be easily measured by other methods. Best sensitivity is achieved with neutron beams from research reactors. Although sample preparation is minimal, care must be taken to select proper standards and blanks, and numerous corrections must sometimes be applied to the data from the complex spectra. PGAA has proven useful for multielement analysis of a wide variety of different materials spanning a broad range of scientific disciplines. Of particular importance has been the measurement of hydrogen in materials. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Paul, RL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 119 TC 69 Z9 72 U1 3 U2 25 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0236-5731 EI 1588-2780 J9 J RADIOANAL NUCL CH JI J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 243 IS 1 BP 181 EP 189 DI 10.1023/A:1006796003933 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Nuclear Science & Technology GA 338JA UT WOS:000088414700024 ER PT J AU Deslattes, RD AF Deslattes, RD TI High resolution gamma-ray spectroscopy: the first 85 years SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on the Applications of High Precision (GAMMA)-Spectroscopy CY JUL 01-03, 1998 CL UNIV NOTRE DAME, NOTRE DAME, IN SP Univ Notre Dame, Grad Sch, Univ Notre Dame, Coll Sci, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys HO UNIV NOTRE DAME DE crystal diffraction; gamma-ray spectra; instrumentation; precision measurement AB This opening review attempts to follow the main trends in crystal diffraction spectrometry of nuclear gamma rays from its 1914 beginning in Rutherford's laboratory to the ultra-high resolution instrumentation realized in the current generation of spectrometers at the Institute Laue Langeven (ILL). My perspective is that of an instrumentalist hoping to convey a sense of our intellectual debt to a number of predecessors, each of whom realized a certain elegance in making the tools that have enabled much good science, including that to which the remainder of this workshop is dedicated. This overview follows some of the main ideas along a trajectory toward higher resolution at higher energies, thereby enabling not only the disentangling of dense spectra, but also allowing detailed study of aspects of spectral profiles sensitive to excited state lifetimes and interatomic potentials. The parallel evolution toward increasing efficiency while preserving needed resolution is also an interesting story of artful compromise that should not be neglected. Finally, it is the robustness of the measurement chain connecting gamma-ray wavelengths with optical wavelengths associated with the Rydberg constant that only recently has allowed gamma-ray data to contribute to determination of particle masses and fundamental constants, as will be described in more detail in other papers from this workshop. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Deslattes, RD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 28 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 105 IS 1 BP 1 EP 9 DI 10.6028/jres.105.002 PG 9 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 309JN UT WOS:000086764900002 PM 27551582 ER PT J AU Dewey, MS Kessler, EG AF Dewey, MS Kessler, EG TI Precision measurement of fundamental constants using GAMS4 SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on the Applications of High Precision (GAMMA)-Spectroscopy CY JUL 01-03, 1998 CL UNIV NOTRE DAME, NOTRE DAME, IN SP Univ Notre Dame, Grad Sch, Univ Notre Dame, Coll Sci, Univ Notre Dame, Dept Phys HO UNIV NOTRE DAME DE atomic masses; binding energy; crystal diffraction; fundamental constants; gamma rays; molar Planck constant; neutron mass ID FINE-STRUCTURE CONSTANT; ATOMIC MASS; SILICON; JOSEPHSON; FREQUENCY; NEUTRON AB We discuss the connection of high-energy gamma-ray measurements with precision atomic mass determinations. These rather different technologies, properly combined, are shown to lead to new values for the neutron mass and the molar Planck constant. We then proceed to describe the gamma-ray measurement process using the GAMS4 facility at the Institut Laue-Langevin and its application to a recent measurement of the 2.2 MeV deuteron binding energy and the neutron mass. Our paper concludes by describing the first crystal diffraction measurement of the 8.6 MeV Cl-36 binding energy. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Dewey, MS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 15 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 5 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 105 IS 1 BP 11 EP 23 DI 10.6028/jres.105.003 PG 13 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 309JN UT WOS:000086764900003 PM 27551583 ER PT J AU Zhang, NF AF Zhang, NF TI Statistical control charts for monitoring the mean of a stationary process SO JOURNAL OF STATISTICAL COMPUTATION AND SIMULATION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Modeling of Processes in Science and Industry CY AUG 12-14, 1999 CL UNIV BLACKSBURG, BLACKSBURG, VIRGINIA SP Virginia Polytechnic Inst & State Univ HO UNIV BLACKSBURG DE autocorrelated data; average run length; exponentially weighted moving average; process mean shift; statistical process control AB Recently, statistical process control (SPC) methodologies have been developed to accommodate autocorrelated data. A primary method to deal with autocorrelated data is the use of residual charts. Although this methodology has the advantage that it can be applied to any autocorrelated data, it needs time series modeling efforts. In addition, for a X residual chart, the detection capability is sometimes small compared to the X chart and EWMA chart. Zhang (1998) proposed the EWMAST chart, which is constructed by charting the EWMA statistic for stationary processes to monitor the process mean. The performance of the EWMAST chart, the X chart, the X residual chart, and other charts were compared in Zhang (1998). In this paper, comparisons are made among the EWMAST chart, the CUSUM residual chart, and EWMA residual chart as well as the X residual chart and X chart via the average run length. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Zhang, NF (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 11 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING RG1 8JL, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0094-9655 J9 J STAT COMPUT SIM JI J. Stat. Comput. Simul. PY 2000 VL 66 IS 3 BP 249 EP 258 DI 10.1080/00949650008812025 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Statistics & Probability SC Computer Science; Mathematics GA 345BL UT WOS:000088795500006 ER PT J AU Uang, CM Yu, QS Noel, S Gross, J AF Uang, CM Yu, QS Noel, S Gross, J TI Cyclic testing of steel moment connections rehabilitated with RES or welded haunch SO JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article AB The effectiveness of using the reduced beam section (RBS) and welded haunch for seismic rehabilitation of pre-Northridge steel moment connections was investigated through cyclic testing of six full-scale specimens-three of them incorporated lightweight concrete slabs. Test results showed that, unless the low-toughness E70T-4 groove weld was replaced by notch-tough weld metal, introducing RES to the beam bottom flange alone could not prevent brittle fracture in the groove weld of the top flange. The presence of a concrete slab or removing steel backing only improved the cyclic performance slightly. Although two RES specimens with weld replacement performed well, a new type of ductile fracture along the "k" line of the beam was observed. With E70T-4 groove welds in place, however, the welded haunch specimens performed better than the RES specimens. No brittle fracture occurred when the slab was present. The composite slab only increased the beam positive flexural strength by about 10%. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Struct Engn, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Degenkolb Engineers, San Francisco, CA 94104 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Uang, CM (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Struct Engn, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. NR 10 TC 54 Z9 64 U1 1 U2 3 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA SN 0733-9445 J9 J STRUCT ENG-ASCE JI J. Struct. Eng.-ASCE PD JAN PY 2000 VL 126 IS 1 BP 57 EP 68 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2000)126:1(57) PG 12 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA 265NP UT WOS:000084250500010 ER PT J AU Yu, QS Uang, CM Gross, J AF Yu, QS Uang, CM Gross, J TI Seismic rehabilitation design of steel moment connection with welded haunch SO JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article AB This paper describes a design procedure for the seismic rehabilitation of pre-Northridge steel moment connections using a welded haunch. Experimental results from cyclic testing of full-scale specimens demonstrated that welding a triangular haunch beneath the beam's bottom flange significantly improved the seismic performance of steel moment connections. The welded haunch drastically changed the beam shear force transfer mechanism, which assisted in reducing the demands at the beam flange groove welds. Analytical studies further showed that the tensile stress in the existing beam flange groove weld can be reduced to a reasonable level if the flange of the haunch is designed to provide sufficient stiffness and strength. However, traditional beam theory cannot provide a reliable prediction of the beam's flexural stress distribution near the column face. A simplified model that allows the designer to predict the stress level in the beam flange groove welds is presented. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Struct Engn, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Yu, QS (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Struct Engn, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. NR 17 TC 27 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 2 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA SN 0733-9445 J9 J STRUCT ENG-ASCE JI J. Struct. Eng.-ASCE PD JAN PY 2000 VL 126 IS 1 BP 69 EP 78 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2000)126:1(69) PG 10 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA 265NP UT WOS:000084250500011 ER PT J AU Finneran, JJ Oliver, CW Schaefer, KM Ridgway, SH AF Finneran, JJ Oliver, CW Schaefer, KM Ridgway, SH TI Source levels and estimated yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) detection ranges for dolphin jaw pops, breaches, and tail slaps SO JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID AGGREGATIONS; PACIFIC AB Tuna fishers in the eastern Pacific Ocean often exploit an association between a few genus of dolphin (Stenella and Delphinus) and yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) to locate and capture the tuna. Identification of a mechanism which facilitates the tuna/dolphin bond may provide a means of exploiting the bond and capturing tuna without catching dolphin. To investigate if tuna may be attracted to low-frequency sounds produced by dolphins, source levels of bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) jaw pops, breaches, and tail slaps were experimentally measured and used to estimate the maximum range at which yellowfin could detect similar sounds produced by pelagic species. The effective acoustic stimulus to the tuna was defined as the maximum one-third-octave level between 200 and 800 Hz, the frequency range where T. albacares is most sensitive. Spherical spreading was assumed to predict transmission loss with range. Breaches and jaw pops produced maximum one-third-octave source levels between 200 and 800 Hz of 153 (+/-4) and 163 (+/-2) dB re. 1 mu Pa-m, respectively, which resulted in estimated detection ranges of 340-840 and 660-1040 m, respectively. Tail slaps had lower source levels [max. 141 (+/-3) dB re: 1 mu Pa-m] and a maximum detection range of approximately 90-180 m. [S0001-4966(00)03001-0]. C1 USN, Biosci Div, Space & Naval Warfare Syst Ctr, San Diego, CA 92152 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NOAA, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. Scripps Inst Oceanog, Inter Amer Trop Tuna Commiss, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Finneran, JJ (reprint author), USN, Biosci Div, Space & Naval Warfare Syst Ctr, PL-BS,D3503,49620 Beluga Rd, San Diego, CA 92152 USA. NR 36 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0001-4966 J9 J ACOUST SOC AM JI J. Acoust. Soc. Am. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 107 IS 1 BP 649 EP 656 DI 10.1121/1.428330 PG 8 WC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology SC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology GA 282NX UT WOS:000085225900058 PM 10641673 ER PT J AU Wandishin, MS Nielsen-Gammon, JW Keyser, D AF Wandishin, MS Nielsen-Gammon, JW Keyser, D TI A potential vorticity diagnostic approach to upper-level frontogenesis within a developing baroclinic wave SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID 3-DIMENSIONAL AGEOSTROPHIC CIRCULATIONS; PRESIDENTS DAY CYCLONE; NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS; LIFE-CYCLE; CYCLOGENESIS; INVERSION; SYSTEMS; DISTURBANCES; MODELS; TROUGH AB The process of tropopause folding is studied in the context of the life cycle of baroclinic waves. Previous studies of upper-level frontogenesis have emphasized the role of the vertical circulation in driving stratospheric air down into the midtroposphere. Here, a potential vorticity-based approach is adopted that focuses on the generation of a folded tropopause. To facilitate comparison of the two approaches, the diagnosis is applied to the upper-level front previously simulated and studied by Rotunno et al. The potential vorticity approach clarifies the primary role played by the horizontal nondivergent wind in producing a fold and explains why folding should be a common aspect of baroclinic development. Between the trough and upstream ridge, prolonged subsidence within a region of weak system-relative flow generates a tropopause depression oriented at an angle to the large-scale flow. The large-scale vertical shear then locally increases the slope of the tropopause, eventually leading to a tropopause fold. In contrast, tropopause folding in the base of the trough is caused by the nondivergent cyclonic circulation associated with the surface thermal wave. The winds associated with the thermal wave amplify the potential vorticity wave aloft, and these winds, which decrease with height, rapidly generate a tropopause fold within the trough. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, College Stn, TX USA. SUNY Albany, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, Albany, NY 12222 USA. RP Wandishin, MS (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RI Nielsen-Gammon, John/G-9771-2012 OI Nielsen-Gammon, John/0000-0001-5336-2409 NR 44 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PY 2000 VL 57 IS 24 BP 3918 EP 3938 DI 10.1175/1520-0469(2001)058<3918:APVDAT>2.0.CO;2 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 385EG UT WOS:000165989200002 ER PT J AU Hendon, HH AF Hendon, HH TI Impact of air-sea coupling on the Madden-julian oscillation in a general circulation model SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID TROPICAL WESTERN PACIFIC; INTRASEASONAL OSCILLATIONS; SURFACE TEMPERATURE; TOGA COARE; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; INDIAN OCEANS; MIXED-LAYER; LIFE-CYCLE; WARM POOL; VARIABILITY AB The impact of air-sea coupling on the dynamics of the tropical Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO) is investigated with an atmospheric general circulation model (GCM) coupled to an ocean mixed layer model. In the uncoupled GCM, where climatological sea surface temperature (SST) is specified, realistic space-time spectra of near-equatorial zonal wind and precipitation are produced, with power concentrated at eastward wavenumbers 1-3 with periods of 35-90 days. However, the simulated MJO is roughly 50% stronger than observed, largely resulting from enormous activity during northern summer. Furthermore, during southern summer, when the observed MJO is most dominant across the Indian and western Pacific Oceans, intraseasonal variance in the uncoupled model is overly concentrated to the north and east of Australia with little activity extending into the equatorial Indian Ocean. Contrary to other recent modeling studies, coupling did not alleviate either of these problems nor did it have any other appreciable impact on the model's MJO. Feedback of the SST anomalies onto the MJO, both observed and diagnosed in other coupled models, appears to result from correlation of positive equatorial SST anomalies across the warm pool with surface low pressure to the east of the convective anomaly. This feedback is insignificant in the present coupled model because the SST anomalies, besides being too weak and not spatially coherent, do not systematically exhibit the requisite phasing with the surface pressure. The observed SST anomalies result from a combination of shortwave radiation and latent heat flux, whereby reduced shortwave radiation associated with enhanced convection slightly leads enhanced latent heat flux associated with increased surface westerlies. The model does produce realistic shortwave radiation anomalies, but its latent heat flux anomalies are too weak and do not constructively add with the shortwave radiation anomalies. It is concluded that coupling is not a panacea for problems of simulating the MJO in uncoupled GCMs and that coupling, if it is important, depends critically on the structure of the surface fluxes produced by the MJO. C1 Climate Diagnost Ctr, NOAA, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Hendon, HH (reprint author), Climate Diagnost Ctr, NOAA, CIRES, Mail Code R-E-CD,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 30 TC 109 Z9 113 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PY 2000 VL 57 IS 24 BP 3939 EP 3952 DI 10.1175/1520-0469(2001)058<3939:IOASCO>2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 385EG UT WOS:000165989200003 ER PT J AU Browning, GL Kreiss, HO Schubert, WH AF Browning, GL Kreiss, HO Schubert, WH TI The role of gravity waves in slowly varying in time tropospheric motions near the Equator SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID DIFFERENTIAL-EQUATIONS; TRANSIENT-RESPONSE; FIELD BEHAVIOR; CIRCULATION; SYSTEMS; SCALES; INITIALIZATION; CONVECTION; TROPICS; WATER AB A mathematical theory was recently developed on the relationship between the dominant and gravity wave components of the slowly varying in time solutions (solutions varying on the advective timescale) corresponding to midlatitude mesoscale motions forced by cooling and heating. Here it will be shown that slowly varying in time equatorial motions of any length scale satisfy the same balance between the vertical velocity and heating as in the midlatitude mesoscale case. Thus any equatorial gravity waves that are generated will have the same time- and depth scales and the same size of pressure perturbations as the corresponding dominant component, a horizontal length scale an order of magnitude larger than that of the heat source, and an order of magnitude smaller velocity than the corresponding dominant component. In particular, in the large-scale equatorial case, when the heating has a timescale O(1 day), horizontally propagating gravity waves with a timescale O(1 day) and a length scale O(10 000 km) can be generated. But in the large-scale equatorial case when the heating has a timescale O(10 days), balanced pressure oscillations with a timescale O(10 days) are generated. It is also shown that if a solution of the diabatic system describing equatorial flows (and hence equatorial observational data in the presence of heating) is written in terms of a series of the modes of the linear adiabatic system for those flows, then a major portion of the dominant solution is projected onto gravity wave modes, and this result can explain the confusion over the relative importance of equatorial gravity waves. C1 NOAA, Forecast Syst Lab, Boulder, CO USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Math, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. Colorado State Univ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Browning, GL (reprint author), Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, David Skaggs Res Ctr 3B906, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 29 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PY 2000 VL 57 IS 24 BP 4008 EP 4019 DI 10.1175/1520-0469(2001)058<4008:TROGWI>2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 385EG UT WOS:000165989200007 ER PT J AU Materer, N Goodman, RS Leone, SR AF Materer, N Goodman, RS Leone, SR TI Temperature dependence of neutral and positively charged Si and SiCl etch products during argon-ion-enhanced etching of Si(100) by Cl-2 SO JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY B LA English DT Article ID SI(111) 7X7; CHLORINE; ENERGY; SILICON; SURFACE; MASS; POLYSILICON; IONIZATION AB The temperature dependence of neutral and positively charged Si and SiCl etch products produced during argon-ion-enhanced etching of Si(100) in a molecular-chlorine background are measured over a temperature range between 323 and 923 K. The neutral Si and SiCl product fluxes, detected by laser ionization mass spectroscopy, undergo a monotonic decrease in intensity with increasing temperature. A model based on the temperature dependence of the molecular chlorine sticking probability successfully explains the observed results. In contrast to the neutral species, the yields of the positively charged etch products, Si+ and SiCl+ exhibit a more complex temperature dependence. The ion yields first decrease with increasing temperature, then increase to a maximum at approximately 800 K. As the temperature is further increased to 923 K, both ionic products rapidly decrease. The initial decrease in ionic products mimics the decrease in the neutral products and is likely to be due to the decreasing sticking coefficient of molecular chlorine. A second mechanism, possibly the changing electronic properties of the silicon substrate with increasing temperature, is required to explain the local maximum in the product yield at 800 K. (C) 2000 American Vacuum Society. [S0734-211X(00)02901-2]. C1 Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Materer, N (reprint author), Oklahoma State Univ, Dept Chem, Stillwater, OK 74078 USA. NR 25 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 1071-1023 J9 J VAC SCI TECHNOL B JI J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 18 IS 1 BP 191 EP 196 DI 10.1116/1.591171 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Physics GA 285DZ UT WOS:000085375600034 ER PT J AU Kopanski, JJ Marchiando, JF Rennex, BG AF Kopanski, JJ Marchiando, JF Rennex, BG TI Carrier concentration dependence of the scanning capacitance microscopy signal in the vicinity of p-n junctions SO JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY B LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Workshop on Measurement, Characterization, and Modeling of Ultra-Shallow Doping Profiles in Semiconductors (USJ 99) CY MAR 28-31, 1999 CL RES TRIANGLE PK, NORTH CAROLINA ID 2-DIMENSIONAL DOPANT PROFILES AB Scanning capacitance microscopy (SCM) was used to image (1) boron dopant gradients in p-type silicon and (2) identical boron dopant gradients in n-type silicon. The bias voltage dependence of the apparent p-n junction location in the (SCM) images was measured. The theoretical, bias voltage dependence of the apparent p-n junction location of the same structures was determined using a two-dimensional, numerical Poisson equation solver. The simulations confirm that, for symmetric step p-n junctions, the apparent junction coincides with the electrical junction when the bias voltage is midway between the voltage that produces the peak SCM response on the p-type side and the voltage that produces the peak response on the n-type side. This rule is only approximately true for asymmetrically doped junctions. We also specify the extent of the region on the junction high and low sides from which valid carrier profiles may be extracted with a simple model. [S0734-211X(00)06701-9]. C1 NIST, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kopanski, JJ (reprint author), NIST, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 14 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 1071-1023 J9 J VAC SCI TECHNOL B JI J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 18 IS 1 BP 409 EP 413 DI 10.1116/1.591243 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Physics GA 285DZ UT WOS:000085375600070 ER PT J AU Marchiando, JF Kopanski, JJ Albers, J AF Marchiando, JF Kopanski, JJ Albers, J TI Limitations of the calibration curve method for determining dopant profiles from scanning capacitance microscope measurements SO JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY B LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Workshop on Measurement, Characterization, and Modeling of Ultra-Shallow Doping Profiles in Semiconductors (USJ 99) CY MAR 28-31, 1999 CL RES TRIANGLE PK, NORTH CAROLINA AB The calibration or conversion curve method (CCM) refers here to using a database of calculations of the capacitance done for a matrix set of model parameters, such as oxide thickness, uniform dopant density, etc., as one method for interpreting scanning capacitance microscope (SCM) measurements. The method was originally intended to help analyze SCM data for slowly varying dopant profiles, where the condition of quasi charge neutrality could be suitably maintained during SCM measurement. However, when the dopant gradient becomes sufficiently large, the quasi,charge neutrality condition becomes less satisfied, and the CCM becomes less accurate (unless the gradient is taken into account in some manner). To help evaluate the Limitations of the CCM (without gradient correction) in extracting two-dimensional dopant profiles from. simulated SCM data, we analyze two representative ion-implanted steep-gradient dopant profiles currently used in device fabrication. The dopant profiles are derived from Monte Carlo simulation, not from secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) data. Depending upon the magnitude of the dopant gradient, the CCM results show the dopant profile peak to be both underestimated and displaced. The error in estimating the dopant concentration could be as large as 50% for these representative profiles. The calculations are done for two dimensions. [S0734-211X(00)02201-0]. C1 NIST, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Marchiando, JF (reprint author), NIST, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 12 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 1071-1023 J9 J VAC SCI TECHNOL B JI J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 18 IS 1 BP 414 EP 417 DI 10.1116/1.591244 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Physics GA 285DZ UT WOS:000085375600071 ER PT J AU Gillen, G Walker, M Thompson, P Bennett, J AF Gillen, G Walker, M Thompson, P Bennett, J TI Use of an SF5+ polyatomic primary ion beam for ultrashallow depth profiling on an ion microscope secondary ion mass spectroscopy instrument SO JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY B LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Workshop on Measurement, Characterization, and Modeling of Ultra-Shallow Doping Profiles in Semiconductors (USJ 99) CY MAR 28-31, 1999 CL RES TRIANGLE PK, NORTH CAROLINA ID SPECTROMETRY; RESOLUTION; ENERGY; BOMBARDMENT AB A magnetic sector secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) instrument has been fitted with a modified hot filament duoplasmatron ion source for generation of SF5+ primary ion beams for SIMS depth profiling applications. The SF5+ primary ion beam has been evaluated by depth profiling of several low energy boron ion implants, baron delta-doped structures and a Ni/Cr metal multilayer depth profiling standard reference material. Using 3.0 keV impact SF5+ bombardment at a 52 degrees impact angle with oxygen flooding gives a trailing edge decay length (Ile) for the baron implants and delta-doped layers of 1.3 nm. Under the same conditions, O-2(+) bombardment gives a trailing edge decay length (1/e) of 2.3 nm. The use of the SF5+ beam without oxygen flooding gives a substantial increase in decay length that is related to the formation of ripples as determined by atomic force microscopy. In the case of the Ni/Cr reference material, a significant reduction in sputter-induced topography is observed with SF5+ bombardment. (C) 2000 American Vacuum Society. [S0734-211X(00)01101-X]. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. SEMATECH, Austin, TX 78741 USA. RP Gillen, G (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 15 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 1071-1023 J9 J VAC SCI TECHNOL B JI J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 18 IS 1 BP 503 EP 508 DI 10.1116/1.591221 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Physics GA 285DZ UT WOS:000085375600089 ER PT S AU Linsky, JL Wood, BE AF Linsky, JL Wood, BE BE DaSilva, L Spite, M DeMedeiros, JR TI Deuterium observations in our Galaxy - View A SO LIGHT ELEMENTS AND THEIR EVOLUTION SE IAU SYMPOSIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 198th Symposium of the International-Astronomical-Union CY NOV 21-27, 1999 CL NATAL, BRAZIL SP Int Astronim Union ID LOCAL INTERSTELLAR-MEDIUM; D/H RATIO; ALPHA-CENTAURI; HOT GAS; HYDROGEN; SIGHT; SPECTROGRAPH; ABSORPTION; ABUNDANCES; SPECTRA AB Accurate measurements of the D/H ratio in our Galaxy provide critical tests of Galactic chemical evolution and constrain the primordial value of D/H. Very high quality ultraviolet spectra from the GHRS and STIS instruments on HST have been analyzed for lines of sight toward both early and late-type stars and hot white dwarfs. We will summarize the results that are being obtained for D/H along sightlines through the Local Interstellar Cloud (LIC) and other nearby warm clouds. All sightlines through the LIC are consistent with D/H = (1.53 +/- 0.18) x 10(-5). Whether or not significantly different values of D/H are present in other clouds within 100 pc of the Sun is not yet settled, but there is evidence that D/H is significantly lower in Orion (500 pc). We will describe the likely sources of systematic errors in determining D/H that must be understood and quanitified when analyzing such ultraviolet spectra. C1 Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NIST, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Linsky, JL (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 29 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASTRONOMICAL SOC PACIFIC PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 390 ASHTON AVE, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94112 USA SN 0074-1809 BN 1-58381-048-X J9 IAU SYMP PY 2000 IS 198 BP 141 EP 150 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BU35S UT WOS:000175748500019 ER PT B AU Valincius, G Reipa, V AF Valincius, G Reipa, V BE Taylor, SR Hillier, AC Seo, M TI Surface stress of tin oxide electrode SO LOCALIZED IN-SITU METHODS FOR INVESTIGATING ELECTROCHEMICAL INTERFACES SE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Localized In-Situ Methods for Investigating Electrochemical Interfaces CY OCT 20-21, 1999 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Electrochem Soc, Corros Div AB The surface stress measurements carried out on n-tin oxide semiconductor electrode reveals the apparent inconsistency between the charge density and differential surface stress in the space charge region. The differential surface stress does not depend on applied bias potential difference across the interface. This is in contradiction with the classical Lippmann's equation. The differential surface stress curve starts tracking charge density in the potential range, where the electrode capacitance deviates from the Mott-Schottky relationship. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Valincius, G (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 S MAIN ST, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534-2839 USA BN 1-56677-251-6 J9 ELEC SOC S PY 2000 VL 99 IS 28 BP 370 EP 376 PG 3 WC Electrochemistry SC Electrochemistry GA BQ24K UT WOS:000087714600029 ER PT S AU Fuller-Rowell, TJ Araujo-Pradere, E Codrescu, MV AF Fuller-Rowell, TJ Araujo-Pradere, E Codrescu, MV BE Rawer, KM Bilitza, DK Oyama, KI Singer, W TI An empirical ionospheric storm-time correction model SO LOWER IONOSPHERE: MEASUREMENTS AND MODELS SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH-SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT C4 1 Symposium of COSPAR Scientific Commission C Held at the 32nd COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY JUL 12-19, 1998 CL NAGOYA, JAPAN SP COSPAR, Int Union Radio Sci, Int Union Geodesy & Geophys, Int Assoc Geomagnetism & Aeron, Comm Space Res ID GEOMAGNETIC STORMS; THERMOSPHERE; F2-LAYER AB An empirical model for F-region peak ionospheric storm-time changes has been developed based on understanding from theoretical modeling of geomagnetic storms. The model is designed to scale climatology, or monthly-medians, based on the strength of a storm, as a function of geomagnetic latitude, season, and local time. The model is driven by an index derived from the previous thirty hours of auroral or geomagnetic activity, suitably weighted by a filter. The model is particularly effective in capturing the ionospheric storm negative phase in summer mid latitudes, where it reduces the root-mean-square error by more than a factor of two. The winter mid-latitude F region typically experiences a positive phase during a storm accompanied by a high degree of variability. The model does less well in these circumstances but still makes a significant reduction in the variance. The ionospheric storm-time model can be used to scale monthly median values or a quiet time model such as the International Reference Ionosphere. (C) 1999 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Mexico, Inst Geofis, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. RP Fuller-Rowell, TJ (reprint author), Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 11 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON PRESS LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD LANGFORD LANE KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES-SERIES PY 2000 VL 25 IS 1 BP 139 EP 146 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(99)00911-4 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BP43G UT WOS:000085119800021 ER PT J AU Dong, X Yin, L Jahanmir, S Ives, LK Rekow, ED AF Dong, X Yin, L Jahanmir, S Ives, LK Rekow, ED TI Abrasive machining of glass-ceramics with a dental handpiece SO MACHINING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE abrasive machining; dental materials; glass-ceramics; diamond machining; diamond burs; surface roughness; surface integrity ID CUTTING EFFICIENCY; HERTZIAN CONTACTS; DAMAGE TOLERANCE; MATERIAL-REMOVAL; MICROSTRUCTURE; MICA; WEAR; MECHANISMS; BURS AB Dental restorations are commonly prepared from machinable glass-ceramics using modern dental CAD/CAM systems. Unfortunately, little is understood about the influence of machining parameters on material removal rates and any damage which could be introduced into the restoration during the abrasive machining processes employed with these systems. These effects are investigated for three experimental machinable glass-ceramics with varying microstructure and one closely related commercial material. Abrasive machining is performed with dental burs containing coarse and fine diamond particles. The results show that the microstructure of the glass-ceramic, the size of diamond grit in the burs, and the load applied to the burs during machining have significant effects on the machining behavior. By increasing the size of the mica platelets within the glass-ceramics or by increasing the load on the burs, material removal rate increases. However, chipping damage at groove edges increases as either the load is increased or as the size of the mica platelets is decreased. The use of coarse burs does not necessarily result in high material removal rates but increases the extent of chipping damage. Surface roughness is found to be relatively independent of the microstructure or applied load but is strongly dependent upon coarseness of the diamond particles in the burs. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Med & Dent New Jersey, Newark, NJ USA. RP Dong, X (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 31 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 10 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 1091-0344 J9 MACH SCI TECHNOL JI Mach. Sci. Technol. PY 2000 VL 4 IS 2 BP 209 EP 233 DI 10.1080/10940340008945707 PG 25 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 370BJ UT WOS:000165102000003 ER PT J AU Ivester, RW Kennedy, M Davies, M Stevenson, R Thiele, J Furness, R Athavale, S AF Ivester, RW Kennedy, M Davies, M Stevenson, R Thiele, J Furness, R Athavale, S TI Assessment of machining models: Progress report SO MACHINING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd CIRP International Workshop on Modeling of Maching Operations CY AUG, 2000 CL UNIV NEW S WALES, SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA SP CIRP HO UNIV NEW S WALES ID TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTIONS; PREDICTION; GEOMETRY AB Progress in developing and assessing predictive modeling of machining processes has been hindered by the extremely localized nonlinear physical phenomena that occur in machining and the many different types of models ranging from theoretical to empirical. The difficulty in assessing models has been cited by industry as the major barrier to use of modern machining models. Current practice in industry is to machine and change tools conservatively, or to conduct costly empirical studies for a limited selection of tools and coolants. The Assessment of Machining Models project will assess the ability of modern machining models to predict the outputs of machining processes based upon a consistent, well measured calibration data set. The data set is nearly complete and is to be used in benchmarking the predictive capability of machining models in blind tests. This paper presents the project motivation, goals, and representative calibration data set results. The next steps in the effort include release of the calibration data, solicitation and collection of predictions, and evaluation and reporting of results. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ivester, RW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 84 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 3 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 1091-0344 J9 MACH SCI TECHNOL JI Mach. Sci. Technol. PY 2000 VL 4 IS 3 BP 511 EP 538 DI 10.1080/10940340008945720 PG 28 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 393QJ UT WOS:000166480900007 ER PT J AU Foster, MD Greenberg, CC Teale, DM Turner, CM Corona-Galvan, S Cloutet, E Butler, PD Hammouda, B Quirk, RP AF Foster, MD Greenberg, CC Teale, DM Turner, CM Corona-Galvan, S Cloutet, E Butler, PD Hammouda, B Quirk, RP TI Effective chi and surface segregation in blends of star and linear polystyrene SO MACROMOLECULAR SYMPOSIA LA English DT Article ID ANGLE NEUTRON-SCATTERING; BINARY POLYMER MIXTURES; FILM THICKNESS; MICROSTRUCTURE; POLYBUTADIENE; ARCHITECTURE; MISCIBILITY; ENRICHMENT; BEHAVIOR; MODEL AB The existence in blends of linear and star branched polystyrenes (PS) of a bulk thermodynamic interaction due to differences in macromolecular architecture has been demonstrated with small angle neutron scattering measurements. It has also been demonstrated that a regularly star-branched polystyrene material segregates preferentially to the surface, of a blend of star and linear molecules. C1 Univ Akron, Inst Polymer Sci, Akron, OH 44325 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Foster, MD (reprint author), Univ Akron, Inst Polymer Sci, Akron, OH 44325 USA. RI Butler, Paul/D-7368-2011; Cloutet, Eric/B-3487-2014 OI Cloutet, Eric/0000-0002-5616-2979 NR 24 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 15 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA MUHLENSTRASSE 33-34, D-13187 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1022-1360 J9 MACROMOL SYMP JI Macromol. Symp. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 149 BP 263 EP 268 DI 10.1002/1521-3900(200001)149:1<263::AID-MASY263>3.0.CO;2-0 PG 6 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 307UN UT WOS:000086672700038 ER PT S AU Tonooka, H Matsumoto, R Miyaji, S Martin, SF Canfield, RC Reardon, K McAllister, A Shibata, K AF Tonooka, H Matsumoto, R Miyaji, S Martin, SF Canfield, RC Reardon, K McAllister, A Shibata, K BE Shibata, K Hoshino, M TI Simultaneous H alpha and X-ray observations of prominence eruption and disappearance SO MAGNETIC RECONNECTION PROCESSES IN THE SOLAR ATMOSPHERE SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT E2 3 Symposium of COSPAR Scientific Commission E Held at the 32nd COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY JUL 12-19, 1998 CL NAGOYA, JAPAN SP Comm Space Res AB Prominence eruptions or disappearances observed with an H alpha limb filtergraph call be classified into 3 categories, the eruptive prominence, the quasi-eruptive prominence, and the disappearing prominence. We investigated their mechanism by comparing the results of simultaneous observations by Yohkoh SXT and H alpha. We found that soft X-ray features change in both eruptive prominences and quasi-eruptive prominences, whereas no significant change takes place in disappearing prominences. In one prominence eruption event soft X-ray cusp structure suggests that the reconnection point is just below the H alpha prominence. (C) 2000 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Chiba Univ, Dept Phys, Chiba 2638522, Japan. Montana State Univ, Helio Res, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. Montana State Univ, Dept Phys, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. Osservatorio Astron Capodimonte, Naples, Italy. NOAA, Space Environm Lab, Washington, DC 20230 USA. RP Tonooka, H (reprint author), Chiba Univ, Dept Phys, 1-33 Yayoi Cho, Chiba 2638522, Japan. NR 8 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON PRESS LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD LANGFORD LANE KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2000 VL 26 IS 3 BP 473 EP 476 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(99)01108-4 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BP89K UT WOS:000086533400016 ER PT J AU Heintz, RA Rice, SD Wertheimer, AC Bradshaw, RF Thrower, FP Joyce, JE Short, JW AF Heintz, RA Rice, SD Wertheimer, AC Bradshaw, RF Thrower, FP Joyce, JE Short, JW TI Delayed effects on growth and marine survival of pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha after exposure to crude oil during embryonic development SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE Exxon Valdez; PAH; pink salmon; toxicity testing; oil pollution; delayed effects ID EXXON-VALDEZ OIL; PRINCE-WILLIAM-SOUND; FISH EMBRYOS; SPILL; DAMAGE; SENSITIVITY; HYDROCARBONS; MORTALITY; SEDIMENTS; TOXICITY AB We report delayed effects on the growth and marine survival of pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, which were exposed to oil as embryos under conditions similar to those observed after the 'Exxon Valdez' oil spill. Pink salmon eggs were incubated in water that became contaminated with polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) after percolating through gravel coated with weathered oil. Weathering ensured that the PAH composition of the water was dominated by alkyl-substituted naphthalenes and larger compounds. Most survivors of the exposures appeared healthy, and were released to the marine environment with coded-wire tags. Their survival was evaluated when they returned at maturity 2 yr later. Other survivors, also healthy in appearance, were retained in net pens to measure delayed effects on growth during the early juvenile stage. Pink salmon exposed to an initial concentration of total PAH equal to 5.4 ppb experienced a 15 % decrease in marine survival compared to unexposed salmon. A delayed effect on growth was measured in juvenile salmon that survived embryonic exposure to doses as low as 18 ppb PAH. Reductions in juvenile growth could account for the reduced marine survival observed in the released fish. The demonstration of delayed effects on growth and survival support claims of delayed effects in pink salmon after the 'Exxon Valdez' oil spill, and indicate the potential for population-level effects resulting from embryonic exposure to oil. C1 US Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Heintz, RA (reprint author), US Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auke Bay Lab, 11305 Glacier Hwy, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. EM ron.heintz@noaa.gov NR 34 TC 133 Z9 136 U1 7 U2 52 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2000 VL 208 BP 205 EP 216 DI 10.3354/meps208205 PG 12 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 393AX UT WOS:000166447900017 ER PT J AU Scharf, FS Juanes, F Rountree, RA AF Scharf, FS Juanes, F Rountree, RA TI Predator size - prey size relationships of marine fish predators: interspecific variation and effects of ontogeny and body size on trophic-niche breadth SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE predator-prey; body size; piscivorous fish; trophic niche; gape size ID THE-YEAR BLUEFISH; SELECTIVE PREDATION; LARGEMOUTH BASS; CAPTURE SUCCESS; HANDLING TIMES; LARVAL FISH; PISCIVORY; PATTERNS; DIET; ZOOPLANKTON AB We utilized a long-term data base collected over a broad geographic range to examine predator size-prey size relationships for 18 species of marine fish predators from continental shelf waters off the northeast US coast. Regression analysis was used to illustrate interspecific variation in ontogenetic patterns of prey size use, gape allometries, and ratio-based trophic niche breadths. Size-based feeding strategies were assessed through comparison of frequency distributions of relative prey sizes eaten and were related to general predator feeding tactics and gape morphology. The results demonstrated that the range of prey sizes eaten expanded with increasing predator body size for each of the marine predators examined, leading to asymmetric predator size-prey size distributions. Absolute maximum prey size and slopes of maximum prey size versus predator size varied widely among predator taxa. Distinct size-based feeding strategies were evident, as diets of some predators were dominated by prey that were 10 to 20% of predator size, whereas other predators frequently consumed prey >50 % of predator size. Gape sizes and allometric relationships with body size were also diverse among predators and often were closely associated with maximum prey sizes. Ratio-based trophic-niche breadths generally did not expand with predator ontogeny and tended to narrow for the largest predators, which may be common for animal taxa. C1 Univ Massachusetts, Dept Nat Resources Conservat, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Grad Program Organism & Evolutionary Biol, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NEFSC, Woods Hole Marine Lab, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Scharf, FS (reprint author), NOAA, NEFSC, NMFS, James J Howard Marine Lab, 74 Magruder Rd, Highlands, NJ 07732 USA. EM fred.scharf@noaa.gov NR 75 TC 332 Z9 340 U1 7 U2 80 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2000 VL 208 BP 229 EP 248 DI 10.3354/meps208229 PG 20 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 393AX UT WOS:000166447900019 ER PT J AU Sullivan, MC Cowen, RK Able, KW Fahay, MP AF Sullivan, MC Cowen, RK Able, KW Fahay, MP TI Spatial scaling of recruitment in four continental shelf fishes SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE recruitment; scale; essential fish habitat; continental shelf; New York Bight; Limanda ferruginea; Citharichthys arctifrons; Hippoglossina oblonga; Merluccius bilinearis ID MIDDLE ATLANTIC BIGHT; GREAT-BARRIER-REEF; MARINE FISH; TEMPERATE REEF; GEORGES-BANK; GRAND BANK; VARIABILITY; ABUNDANCE; MORTALITY; PATTERNS AB With the recent decline of several exploited populations of northwest Atlantic fishes,. effort has been directed toward understanding the scales at which recruitment varies along with the deterministic processes underlying this variability. Using surveys from 3 research submersible cruises (1994, 1997, 1998), we examined the distributions of 4 species of recently settled groundfish in relation to spatial scale on the New York Eight region of the continental shelf (USA). A hierarchical sampling design was used to calculate the percent variability in abundance partitioned over 4 nested scales: submersible transect (similar to 100 m), site (similar to 10 km), shelf zone (similar to 25 km), and sampling line (similar to 100 km). For all years, early juveniles of Limanda ferruginea (yellowtail flounder) were highly concentrated at the shelf-zone scale, where abundance followed the thermal contours of a mid-shelf cold pool of remnant winter water. Conversely, Hippoglossina oblonga (fourspot flounder) and Citharichthys arctifrons (Gulf Stream flounder) were highly site-dependent, bounding the distribution of L. ferruginea at inner and outer shelf sites, respectively. Merluccius bilinearis (silver hake) exhibited moderate to high variability partitioned over several scales. For all species, the absence of sampling-line variability suggested that settlement patterns were consistent across the breadth of the shelf, while substantial residual. variance suggested that microscale-level processes generated additional variability. Annual settlement of these early juveniles is highly specialized and cued to distinct aspects of the physical and biological setting of the New York Eight. Conceptually, these local habitat parameters can be used to link nodes of high variability with the possible deterministic processes modifying recruitment. Our results underscore the critical contribution juvenile nursery habitats may have to the subsequent survival and growth of continental shelf species. C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Marine Sci Res Ctr, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, Marine Field Stn, Tuckerton, NJ 08857 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Sandy Hook Lab, Highlands, NJ 07732 USA. RP Sullivan, MC (reprint author), Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Div Marine Biol & Fisheries, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM msullivan@rsmas.miami.edu NR 89 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 4 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2000 VL 207 BP 141 EP 154 DI 10.3354/meps207141 PG 14 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 388GE UT WOS:000166168900013 ER PT J AU Humphreys, RL AF Humphreys, RL TI Otolith-based assessment of recruitment variation in a North Pacific seamount population of armorhead Pseudopentaceros wheeleri SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE recruitment variation; characteristics of recruits; pelagic duration; recruit size; otolith-increment width; armorhead; Pseudopentaceros wheeleri; seamounts ID ENGRAULIS-MORDAX; OCEAN; FISHERIES; SALMON; PENTACEROTIDAE; VARIABILITY; ANCHOVY; GROWTH; LARVAL; ALASKA AB An investigation into armorhead Pseudopentaceros wheeleri recruitment variation at Southeast Hancock Seamount (in the central North Pacific) focused on the examination of recruit characteristics, primarily those derived from otolith-increment analysis. Otoliths from recruits were sampled from years representing relatively strong (509 metric tons [t] in 1980), moderate (58 t in 1986), and weak (1 t in 1989) recruitment biomass. Recruit body length was also examined among these 3 years and from 10 additional years, providing even higher recruitment contrast. Transverse sections of sagittal otoliths were prepared, and yielded information on the mean and variability in pre-recruit pelagic duration and increment-width profiles. Mean length of female recruits, and to a lesser extent of mean pelagic duration, decreased with increasing recruitment strength. Although generally similar in shape, the mean increment-width sequence spanning the first 1.8 yr of the 2+ yr pelagic phase differed among recruit years. Transitions in sequential increment-width (inflection points) were exhibited among all recruit years and occurred primarily within the first pelagic year interval. The weak 1989 recruit year was most distinct among recruit years in exhibiting lower increment widths at each of these inflection points. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu Lab, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Humphreys, RL (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu Lab, 2570 Dole St, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM robert.humphreys@noaa.gov NR 40 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2000 VL 204 BP 213 EP 223 DI 10.3354/meps204213 PG 11 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 365GW UT WOS:000089943900018 ER PT J AU Garrison, LP Link, JS AF Garrison, LP Link, JS TI Diets of five hake species in the northeast United States continental shelf ecosystem SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE food habits; hakes; northwest Atlantic fisheries; trophic dynamics ID CANONICAL CORRESPONDENCE-ANALYSIS; MERLUCCIUS-PRODUCTUS; STOMACH CONTENTS; PACIFIC HAKE; WEST-COAST; ENVIRONMENT; CAPENSIS AB We examined the diets of 5 hake species in the continental shelf ecosystem of the northeast USA: offshore hake Merluccius albidus, silver hake M. bilinearis, white hake Urophycis tenuis, red hake U. chuss, and spotted hake U. regia. We conducted a multivariate analysis of stomach contents from bottom-trawl surveys to assess the major factors that determine diet composition, to compare and contrast diets between species, and to compare the trophic role of the hakes in the northwest Atlantic to hakes in other ecosystems. These fish consume pelagic invertebrates (e.g. euphausiids and other shrimps) and pelagic fish prey, including conspecifics. The incidence of piscivory generally increases with increasing size. Regional and temporal (seasonal and yearly) variation in hake diets generally reflects differences in prey availability. Hakes are among the most abundant. predators in continental shelf ecosystems worldwide. Fish prey consumption by hakes can be high and may be a primary source of mortality for economically important pelagic species. Hake predation plays an important role in the dynamics of both the US northeast continental shelf ecosystem and generally on a global scale. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Food Web Dynam Program, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Garrison, LP (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Food Web Dynam Program, 166 Water St, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM lance.garrison@noaa.gov NR 31 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 2 U2 19 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2000 VL 204 BP 243 EP 255 DI 10.3354/meps204243 PG 13 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 365GW UT WOS:000089943900020 ER PT J AU Turner, JT Doucette, GJ Powell, CL Kulis, DM Keafer, BA Anderson, DM AF Turner, JT Doucette, GJ Powell, CL Kulis, DM Keafer, BA Anderson, DM TI Accumulation of red tide toxins in larger size fractions of zooplankton assemblages from Massachusetts Bay, USA SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE red tide; harmful algal blooms; zooplankton; copepods; algal toxins; vectorial intoxication; Massachusetts Bay; Gulf of Maine ID ALEXANDRIUM-TAMARENSE; DINOFLAGELLATE TOXINS; NORTH-ATLANTIC; PHYTOPLANKTON; FINMARCHICUS; BEHAVIOR; BLOOM; KILLS AB Phytoplankton toxins undergo trophic transport and accumulation in marine food webs, causing vectorial intoxication of upper-level consumers such as fishes, seabirds, and marine mammals. An entry point for phytoplankton toxins into these pelagic trophic pathways is frequently the herbivorous zooplankton. During the 1995 spring-summer red tide season in Massachusetts Bay, we examined accumulation of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins from the dinoflagellate Alexandrium spp. in various plankton size fractions (20-64, 6$-100, 100-200, 200-500, and >500 I-lm), and identified the relative composition of the zooplankton in these size fractions. Toxin levels were estimated by both high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and a receptor-binding assay, the latter based on sample toxic potency. Although no PSP toxicity was detected in nearshore shellfish by routine monitoring programs using the mouse bioassay, positive responses were detected in zooplankton size fractions with the more sensitive HPLC and the receptor assay methods. The toxin signal was disproportionately concentrated in the larger zooplankton size fraction, frequently dominated by large copepods such as Calanus finmarchicus and Centropages typicus, which comprised only a small portion of total zooplankton abundance in quantitative samples obtained with 100 mu m mesh nets. By comparison, signal levels were low or undetectable in the smaller size fraction, which contained the overwhelmingly most-abundant zooplankters such as protists, copepod nauplii and copepodites and adults of small copepods such as Oithona similis, Paracalanus parvus, and Pseudocalanus spp. The larger toxin-accumulating copepods could provide a direct trophic linkage for vectorial intoxication of baleen whales that are known to feed upon such copepods. C1 Univ Massachusetts, Ctr Marine Sci & Technol, New Bedford, MA 02744 USA. NOAA, NOS, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Marine Biotoxins Program, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Med Univ S Carolina, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Biol, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Turner, JT (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, Ctr Marine Sci & Technol, 706 S Rodney French Blvd, New Bedford, MA 02744 USA. EM jturner@umassd.edu RI Doucette, Gregory/M-3283-2013 NR 32 TC 60 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 16 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2000 VL 203 BP 95 EP 107 DI 10.3354/meps203095 PG 13 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 360HV UT WOS:000089661100007 ER PT J AU Garrison, LP Link, JS AF Garrison, LP Link, JS TI Dietary guild structure of the fish community in the Northeast United States continental shelf ecosystem SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE community structure; fisheries; feeding ecology; ontogeny; resource partitioning; trophic groups ID ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES; DESERT LIZARDS; NICHE; ORGANIZATION; COMPETITION; MANAGEMENT; GROWTH; SYSTEM; SHIFTS AB Trophic guild analysis identifies groups of species that use similar resources within a community. We evaluated the trophic guild structure in an assemblage of 40 fish species in the Northeast United States shelf ecosystem using a 25 yr database of food habits. We explicitly accounted for ontogenetic diet shifts by separating predator species into size classes. There were 14 significant trophic guilds. These distinguished predators based upon prey size and location in the water column (i.e., benthic to pelagic feeding). Ontogenetic diet shifts were important in guild structure, particularly within dominant piscivores. The mean dietary overlap both between and within guilds was notably lower than in other fish communities due to the broad spatial and temporal scale of the study, the diversity of prey types consumed, and the generalist nature of predators in this system. The guild concept is a useful framework to simplify highly connected, complex ecosystems like the Northeast US continental shelf and identify ecologically similar functional units. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Garrison, LP (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 166 Water St, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM lance.garrison@noaa.gov NR 41 TC 137 Z9 149 U1 2 U2 23 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2000 VL 202 BP 231 EP 240 DI 10.3354/meps202231 PG 10 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 354VF UT WOS:000089349800018 ER PT J AU Stoner, AW Ray-Culp, M AF Stoner, AW Ray-Culp, M TI Evidence for Allee effects in an over-harvested marine gastropod: density-dependent mating and egg production SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE conservation; depensation; fisheries management; reproduction; spawning; Strombus gigas ID STROMBUS-GIGAS; QUEEN CONCH; FERTILIZATION SUCCESS; STOCK ENHANCEMENT; FISH STOCKS; BAHAMAS; DEPENSATION; ABUNDANCE AB Conservation programs often focus on studying extinction risks encountered by small populations and determining minimum population sizes below which they cannot recover. In certain cases, per capita rates of population growth become negative at low population density. This 'Allee effect' (or 'depensation') is rarely considered in marine systems. We conducted surveys of adult density, reproductive behavior, and spawning in natural populations of Caribbean queen conch Strombus gigas at 2 locations in the Exuma Gays, Bahamas, to test for Allee effects. Mating never occurred when density was <56 conch ha(-1), and spawning never occurred at <48 conch ha(-1), clearly demonstrating the operation of depensatory mechanisms. Reproductive behavior then increased rapidly to asymptotes at densities near 200 conch ha(-1). Heavily exploited populations of queen conch in the Caribbean have been slow to recover despite fishery closures. Failure to recover could result from spawning stock densities that are reduced to the point at which Allee effects begin to operate on reproductive behavior. C1 Caribbean Marine Res Ctr, Lee Stocking Isl Field Stn, Exuma Cays, Bahamas. RP Stoner, AW (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Fisheries Behav Ecol Program, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2030 S Marine Sci Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM al.stoner@hmsc.orst.edu NR 36 TC 104 Z9 112 U1 4 U2 20 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2000 VL 202 BP 297 EP 302 DI 10.3354/meps202297 PG 6 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 354VF UT WOS:000089349800025 ER PT J AU Landry, MR Ondrusek, ME Tanner, SJ Brown, SL Constantinou, J Bidigare, RR Coale, KH Fitzwater, S AF Landry, MR Ondrusek, ME Tanner, SJ Brown, SL Constantinou, J Bidigare, RR Coale, KH Fitzwater, S TI Biological response to iron fertilization in the eastern equatorial Pacific (IronEx II). I. Microplankton community abundances and biomass SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE diatom; bloom; phytoplankton pigments; carbon : chlorophyll; size structure; heterotrophic protists ID OPEN-OCEAN; PHYTOPLANKTON PHOTOSYNTHESIS; NORTH-ATLANTIC; CELL-VOLUME; LIMITATION; CARBON; ENRICHMENT; SEA; HYPOTHESIS; ECOSYSTEMS AB During the IronEx II experiment in the eastern equatorial Pacific (May to June 1995), the response of the microplankton community to mesoscale iron fertilization was followed using a combination of marker-pigment, microscopical and flow cytometric techniques. Phytoplankton standing stock bloomed dramatically over a period of 6 d following 3 iron additions of 2 and 1 nM, respectively. Carbon biomass in the patch increased by a factor of 4, chlorophyll a by about a factor of 16 and diatoms by >70-fold relative to contemporaneous levels in the ambient community. The bloom then plateaued sharply and remained at a more or less constant level for 4 d, despite the addition of more iron (1 nM) and physiological indices (low C:chl. a ratio and elevated photochemical quantum efficiency) suggesting that the cells were healthy and growing rapidly. Relatively large pennate diatoms (Nitzschia spp., median length 20 to 24 mu m) dominated the patch bloom, with smaller pennate species and centric diatoms declining in relative importance. Heterotrophic bacteria increased at a slow rate (0.08 d(-1)) for >10 d during the experiment, as did heterotrophic nanoflagellates. There were also indications of enhanced cell size, cellular pigment content and possibly growth rates of small phytoplankton. Nonetheless, Little difference was observed between the ambient community and the peak patch bloom with respect to the size composition of auto- and heterotrophic populations <10 mu m in cell size. The relative constancy of the smaller size fractions, the sharp curtailment of net growth of the bloom after 6 d, and >3-fold increase in large heterotrophic dinoflagellates and ciliates suggest that protistan grazers may have played an active role in controlling the phytoplankton response to increased iron availability. C1 Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Oceanog, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NOAA, DOC, NESDIS, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Moss Landing Marine Labs, Moss Landing, CA 96039 USA. Hawaii Inst Marine Biol, Kaneohe, HI 96744 USA. MBARI, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. RP Landry, MR (reprint author), Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Oceanog, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM landry@soest.hawaii.edu RI Ondrusek, Michael/F-5617-2010 OI Ondrusek, Michael/0000-0002-5311-9094 NR 48 TC 79 Z9 82 U1 0 U2 18 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2000 VL 201 BP 27 EP 42 DI 10.3354/meps201027 PG 16 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 348YE UT WOS:000089013400003 ER PT J AU Landry, MR Constantinou, J Latasa, M Brown, SL Bidigare, RR Ondrusek, ME AF Landry, MR Constantinou, J Latasa, M Brown, SL Bidigare, RR Ondrusek, ME TI Biological response to iron fertilization in the eastern equatorial Pacific (IronEx II). III. Dynamics of phytoplankton growth and microzooplankton grazing SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE marker pigments; production; iron-limitation; grazing regulation; ciliates; dinoflagellates; diatoms ID COPEPOD CALANUS-PACIFICUS; MICROBIAL FOOD-WEB; COASTAL WATERS; TROPHIC INTERACTIONS; AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS; POSITIVE FEEDBACK; BIOGENIC CARBON; ARABIAN-SEA; OPEN-OCEAN; LIMITATION AB Phytoplankton growth and microzooplankton grazing were investigated during the IronEx II mesoscale enrichment experiment using the seawater dilution technique combined with group-specific pigment markers. Growth rate estimates for the phytoplankton community increased greater than or equal to 2-fold, from 0.6 d(-1) in the ambient environment to 1.2-1.6 d(-1) in the iron-enhanced bloom. Grazing lagged growth, allowing phytoplankton biomass to accumulate at a high rate (similar to 0.8 d(-1)) initially. However, grazing mortality ultimately increased 3- to 4-fold to 1.2-1.4 d(-1), largely balancing growth by Day 6 of the experiment. Increased rates were broadly distributed among phytoplankton taxa, but they differed in timing. Whereas picophytoplankton showed more of a steady balance between growth and grazing, increasing grazing pressure on diatoms followed a 3-5-fold increase in larger (>20 mu m) heterotrophic dinoflagellates and ciliates, which grew in response to enhanced diatom biomass. In the ambient environment, phytoplankton production was 15 to 20 mu g C l(-1) d(-1), with diatoms accounting for 17 % of growth and 7 % of grazing losses. Total phytoplankton production increased to 150-200 mu g C l(-1) d(-1) at the peak of the patch bloom, where 79 % of growth and 55 % of microzooplankton grazing involved diatoms. Phytoplankton grazing mortality was significantly correlated with grazer biovolume, and high carbon-specific grazing estimates at the bloom peak indicated growth rates similar to 1.0 d(-1) for the heterotrophic community and up to 1.4 d(-1) for >20 mu m heterotrophs. During several days when high phytoplankton biomass was relatively constant in the patch bloom, the pennate diatom dominated the community and remained physiologically healthy and growing at a fast rate, even though nutrient conditions were suboptimal. Efficient cropping of diatoms by large protistan grazers and rapid remineralization of iron and biogenic silica were required to maintain this dynamic balance. Contrary to expectations, the carbon export ratio did not increase with the iron-induced diatom bloom. Thus, mesoscale iron-enrichment of high-nutrient, low chlorophyll waters in the eastern equatorial Pacific clearly demonstrated that phytoplankton growth rates and standing stocks were iron-limited. However, the food web also demonstrated a remarkable resiliency to environmental perturbation by establishing a new balance in which the essential features of a microzooplankton-dominated, low export system were maintained. C1 Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Oceanog, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Inst Ciencias Mar, E-08039 Barcelona, Spain. Hawaii Inst Marine Biol, Kaneohe, HI 96744 USA. NOAA, DOC, NESDIS, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Landry, MR (reprint author), Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Oceanog, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM landry@soest.hawaii.edu RI Latasa, Mikel/B-1705-2008; Ondrusek, Michael/F-5617-2010; Latasa, Mikel/D-2202-2011 OI Ondrusek, Michael/0000-0002-5311-9094; Latasa, Mikel/0000-0002-8202-0923 NR 69 TC 147 Z9 154 U1 3 U2 21 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2000 VL 201 BP 57 EP 72 DI 10.3354/meps201057 PG 16 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 348YE UT WOS:000089013400005 ER PT J AU Wainright, SC Weinstein, MP Able, KW Currin, CA AF Wainright, SC Weinstein, MP Able, KW Currin, CA TI Relative importance of benthic microalgae, phytoplankton and the detritus of smooth cordgrass Spartina alterniflora and the common reed Phragmites australis to brackish-marsh food webs SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE stable isotopes; delta C-13; delta N-15; delta S-34; Fundulus heteroclitus; food web ID FUNDULUS-HETEROCLITUS PISCES; ORGANIC-MATTER FLOW; STABLE ISOTOPES; FRESH-WATER; DELAWARE ESTUARY; SALT MARSHES; TIDAL CREEK; CARBON; NITROGEN; MARINE AB We conducted a study to determine the trophic pathways leading to juvenile fish in 2 mesohaline tidal marshes bordering Delaware Bay. The relative roles of the major primary producers in supplying energy, ultimately, to the mummichog Fundulus heteroclitus were assessed by measuring the stable isotopic compositions of juveniles (21 to 56 mm total length, TL; most of which were young-of-the-year) and those of macrophyte vegetation, phytoplankton, and benthic microalgae at each site. We collected samples of primary producers and F. heteroclitus, the dominant fish species in this and other marshes along the east coast of the USA, in June and August 1997, at 2 study sites (upstream and downstream) within Mad Horse Creek (a Spartina alterniflora-dominated site) and Alloway Creek (a Phragmites australis-dominated site), for a total of 4 study sites. Our results indicate that F. heteroclitus production is based on a mixture of primary producers, but the mixture depends on the relative abundance of macrophytes. In S. alterniflora-dominated marshes, C and S isotope ratios indicate that F. heteroclitus production is supported by S, alterniflora production (ca 39%, presumably via detritus), while in P. australis-dominated marshes, secondary production is based upon P. australis (73%). To our knowledge, this finding provides the first evidence that P. australis may contribute to aquatic food webs in tidal marshes. Benthic microalgae also contribute to the food chain that leads to F. heteroclitus in both marsh types, while phytoplankton may be of lesser importance. Benthic microalgal biomass was lower in the P, australis-dominated system, consistent with a greater effect of shading in P, australis- versus S. alterniflora-based creek systems. Based on the difference in nitrogen isotope values between F. heteroclitus and the primary producers, the trophic level of F. heteroclitus appears to be similar in the 2 marsh types, despite the differing vegetation types. In summary, the relative roles of the primary producers in supplying energy to F. heteroclitus varies locally and, in particular, with respect to the type of marsh macrophyte vegetation. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. New Jersey Marine Sci Consortium, Ft Hancock, NJ 07732 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Marine Field Stn, Tuckerton, NJ 08087 USA. NOAA, Beaufort Lab, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Wainright, SC (reprint author), US Coast Guard Acad, Dept Sci, 27 Mohegan Ave, New London, CT 06320 USA. EM swainright@cga.uscg.mil RI Ross, Donald/F-7607-2012 OI Ross, Donald/0000-0002-8659-3833 NR 64 TC 121 Z9 125 U1 2 U2 37 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2000 VL 200 BP 77 EP 91 DI 10.3354/meps200077 PG 15 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 342NM UT WOS:000088651400007 ER PT J AU Maxwell, MR Hanlon, RT AF Maxwell, MR Hanlon, RT TI Female reproductive output in the squid Loligo pealeii: multiple egg clutches and implications for a spawning strategy SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE cephalopod; ecology; fecundity; fishery; life history; reproduction; squid; Loligo pealeii ID SEXUAL SELECTION; SOUTHERN PORTUGAL; MATING SYSTEMS; CEPHALOPODA; VULGARIS; LOLIGINIDAE; FORBESI; GROWTH; FECUNDITY AB We examined actual and potential reproductive output with particular attention to the females' abilities to lay multiple clutches of eggs. Combining the results of 2 summer spawning seasons, 28 of 47 females that laid eggs in captivity produced substantial clutches (i.e., 5 or more egg capsules per clutch) at least twice. Multiply-ovipositing females exhibited a variety of patterns of oviposition, ranging from relatively small clutches at short intervals to large clutches several weeks apart. Actual reproductive output varied greatly between females. In both years, the number of egg capsules and ova laid showed a negative relationship with the combined mass of the ovary and oviduct at the time of death. Separate correlations between the number of ova laid and the combined number of oocytes and ova remaining in the reproductive tract at death revealed a similarly negative, although statistically weaker, relationship in both years. Most importantly the number of ova laid in captivity (mean = 11800 in 1993 and mean = 15 293 in 1998) exceeded the combined number of ova and oocytes remaining at death (mean ca 4500 in both years) by roughly 3 x, providing an indication of the extent to which only counting remaining oocytes and ova can underestimate fecundity. The ages of ovipositing females spanned 4 to 6 mo, Interestingly, neither age nor mantle length consistently affected reproductive output, i.e., short young females could be just as fecund as longer older females. A supplementary feeding experiment failed to demonstrate an effect of feeding regime on captive Lifespan or reproductive output. The females in one year (1998) were maintained in isolation without access to males; these females laid fertilized eggs, some over periods of 15 or more days, demonstrating the use of stored sperm. For females that had oviposited in both years, the oocytes remaining in the ovary always ranged greatly in size and structure. Thus, the 'spawning strategy' of Loligo pealeii appears to involve multiple ovipositions over weeks or months, with oocytes possibly being developed continually. Placing the results of this study in a larger context, reproduction by females in this and other loliginids most likely entails copulation with multiple males and the laying of multiple clutches of eggs, possibly in different locations. C1 Marine Resources Ctr, Biol Marine Lab, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Univ Calif San Diego, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, POB 271, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. EM mmaxwell@sgilj.ucsd.edu RI Hanlon, Roger/Q-8687-2016 OI Hanlon, Roger/0000-0003-0004-5674 NR 45 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 9 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 EI 1616-1599 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2000 VL 199 BP 159 EP 170 DI 10.3354/meps199159 PG 12 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 338TA UT WOS:000088434300013 ER PT J AU Browman, HI Rodriguez, CA Beland, F Cullen, JJ Davis, RF Kouwenberg, JHM Kuhn, PS McArthur, B Runge, JA St-Pierre, JF Vetter, RD AF Browman, HI Rodriguez, CA Beland, F Cullen, JJ Davis, RF Kouwenberg, JHM Kuhn, PS McArthur, B Runge, JA St-Pierre, JF Vetter, RD TI Impact of ultraviolet radiation on marine crustacean zooplankton and ichthyoplankton: a synthesis of results from the estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Review DE Atlantic cod; Gadus morhua; Calanus finmarchicus; UV-B; UV-A; dissolved organic carbon; underwater optics; radiometry; attenuation coefficients; ozone depletion; biological weighting functions; DNA damage; cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers ID COD GADUS-MORHUA; UV-B RADIATION; CULTURED FISH CELLS; NM INDUCED MORTALITY; INDUCED DNA-DAMAGE; OZONE DEPLETION; VERTICAL-DISTRIBUTION; DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID; CALANUS-FINMARCHICUS; NORTHERN ANCHOVY AB The objectives of the research program reported upon here were (1) to measure ambient levels of UV radiation and determine which variables most strongly affected its attenuation in the waters of the estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada; and (2) to investigate the potential direct impacts of UV radiation on species of crustacean zooplankton and fish whose early life stages are planktonic. In this geographic region, productivity-determining biophysical interactions occur in the upper 0 to 30 m of the water column. Measurements of the diffuse attenuation coefficients forultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B, 280 to 320 nm) at various locations in this region indicated maximum 10% depths (the depth to which 10% of the surface energy penetrates at a given wavelength) of 3 to 4 m at a wavelength of 310 nm. Organisms residing in this layer-including the eggs and larvae of Calanus finmarchicus and Atlantic cod Gadus morhua- are exposed to biologically damaging levels of UV radiation. As a result of these physical and biological characteristics, this system offered a relevant opportunity to assess the impacts of UV on subarctic marine ecosystem. Eggs of C. finmarchicus were incubated under the sun, with and without the W-B and/or UV-A (320 to 400 nm) wavebands. UV-exposed eggs exhibited low percent hatching compared to those protected from UV: UV radiation had a strong negative impact on C. finmarchicus eggs. Further, percent hatching in UV-B-exposed eggs was not significantly lower than that in eggs exposed to UV-A only: under natural sunlight, UV-A radiation appeared to be more detrimental to C. finmarchicus embryos than was UV-B. In analogous experiments with Atlantic cod eggs, exposure to UV-B produced a significant negative effect. However, W-A had no negative effect on cod eggs. Additional experiments using a solar simulator (SS) revealed high wavelength-dependent mortality in both C, finmarchicus and cod embryos exposed to UV. The strongest effects occurred under exposures to wavelengths below 312 nm. At the shorter wavelengths (<305 nm) W-B-induced mortality was strongly dose-dependent, but (for both C, finmarchicus and cod) not significantly influenced by dose-rate. Thus, at least within the Limits of the exposures under which the biological weighting functions (BWFs) were generated, reciprocity held. The BWFs derived for UV-B-induced mortality in C. finmarchicus and cod eggs were similar in shape to the action spectrum for UV-B effects on naked DNA. Further, the wavelength-dependence of DNA damage was similar to that for the mortality effect. These observations suggest that W-induced mortality in C, finmarchicus and cod eggs is a direct result of DNA damage. There was no evidence of a detrimental effect of UV-A radiation in these SS-derived results. A mathematical model that includes the BWFs, vertical mixing of eggs, meteorological and hydrographic conditions, and ozone depletion, indicates that UV-induced mortality in the C, finmarchicus egg population could be as high as 32.5%, while the impact on the cod egg population was no more than 1.2%. Variability in cloud cover, water transparency (and the variables that affect it), and vertical distribution and displacement of planktonic organisms within the mixed layer can all have a greater effect on the flux of W-B radiation to which they are exposed than will ozone layer depletion at these latitudes. Our observations indicate that C. finmarchicus and cod eggs present in the first meter of the water column (likely only a small percentage of the total egg populations) are susceptible to UV radiation. However, although exposure to UV can negatively impact crustacean zooplankton and ichthyoplankton populations, these direct effects are Likely minimal within the context of all the other environmental factors that produce the very high levels of mortality typically observed in their planktonic early Life stages. The impact of indirect effects - which may well be of much greater import - has yet to be evaluated. C1 Univ Quebec, Dept Oceanog, Rimouski, PQ G5L 3A1, Canada. Dalhousie Univ, Dept Oceanog, Ctr Environm Observat Technol & Res, Halifax, NS B3H 3J1, Canada. Environm Canada, Atomospher Environm Serv, Expt Studies Div, Toronto, ON M3H 5T4, Canada. NOAA, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. Inst Maurice Lamontagne, Prod & Recruitment Proc Sect 2, Div Ocean Sci,Sci Branch, Dept Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Mont Joli, PQ G5H 3Z4, Canada. RP Browman, HI (reprint author), Inst Marine Res, Aquaculture Ctr, Austevoll Aquaculture Res Stn, 5392 Storebo, N-5392 Storebo, Norway. EM howard.browman@imr.no RI Cullen, John/B-6105-2008; Browman, Howard/B-4441-2009 OI Cullen, John/0000-0002-7740-0999; Browman, Howard/0000-0002-6282-7316 NR 134 TC 75 Z9 83 U1 1 U2 17 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 EI 1616-1599 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2000 VL 199 BP 293 EP 311 DI 10.3354/meps199293 PG 19 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 338TA UT WOS:000088434300024 ER PT J AU Bailey, KM AF Bailey, KM TI Shifting control of recruitment of walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma after a major climatic and ecosystem change SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE climate change; recruitment; regime shift; ecosystem; Gulf of Alaska; population dynamics ID GULF-OF-ALASKA; WESTERN GULF; SHELIKOF-STRAIT; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; OCEAN VARIABILITY; BERING SEA; LARVAL; FISH; MORTALITY; JUVENILE AB The critical stage in the life history of walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma at which recruitment is largely determined has shifted in the Gulf of Alaska population. This change follows a major environmental regime-shift in the late 1970s and subsequent dominance of the ecosystem by long-lived predatory flatfishes and cod. An exploratory life table of data on stage-specific abundances was constructed to analyze decadal-scale changes in population demographics. Prior to the mid-1980s, recruitment was correlated with larval mortality, which was largely influenced by environmental conditions. After the mid-1980s, the larval mortality/recruitment relationship eroded, and there was a trend for greater juvenile mortality coinciding with an increase in the abundance of predatory flatfishes and cod. Control of recruitment appears to have shifted in recent years from environmental effects on larvae to biological control of juveniles. Ecosystem change and regime status need to be considered when evaluating mechanisms underlying fish-population dynamics. C1 NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Bailey, KM (reprint author), NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM kevin.bailey@noaa.gov NR 54 TC 96 Z9 100 U1 0 U2 10 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2000 VL 198 BP 215 EP 224 DI 10.3354/meps198215 PG 10 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 332XR UT WOS:000088100100020 ER PT J AU Rozas, LP Zimmerman, RJ AF Rozas, LP Zimmerman, RJ TI Small-scale patterns of nekton use among marsh and adjacent shallow nonvegetated areas of the Galveston Bay Estuary, Texas (USA) SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE fishery species; Gulf of Mexico; habitat comparisons; habitat selection; nursery areas; penaeid shrimps; tidal marsh; restoration ID CALLINECTES-SAPIDUS RATHBUN; SHRIMP PENAEUS-AZTECUS; JUVENILE BLUE CRABS; SALT-MARSH; BROWN SHRIMP; NORTH-CAROLINA; DECAPOD CRUSTACEANS; NATANT MACROFAUNA; INTERTIDAL CREEK; SOUTH-CAROLINA AB We quantified and compared nekton and infaunal densities among vegetated (edge Spartina alterniflora, inner Spartina alterniflora, Scirpus maritimus, Juncus roemerianus, and Spartina patens marsh) and shallow nonvegetated (marsh pond, marsh channel, cove, and shallow bay) areas of upper Galveston Bay and East Bay, Texas. in 2 seasons (spring and fall) of high nekton abundance, and over 2 yr, we collected 267 quantitative samples (upper Galveston Bay, 1993 = 127 and East Bay, 1994 = 140) using a 1 m(2) drop sampler. The vegetated marsh surface consistently contained more species (i.e, higher species richness) and total numbers of decapod crustaceans than nonvegetated areas. In contrast, fish species richness and densities of total fishes on the marsh and in nonvegetated areas were not significantly different in most comparisons. Most numerically dominant species of nekton seemed to exhibit at least some degree of habitat selection. Within vegetation, 2 factors, elevation and proximity to open water, were most important in influencing the distribution of nekton. Low marsh edge dominated by Spartina alterniflora or Scirpus maritimus was apparently selected by most species that used the marsh surface including brown shrimp Farfantepenaeus aztecus, blue crab Callinectes sapidus, and daggerblade grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio. White shrimp Litopenaeus setiferus and striped mullet Mugil cephalus also were concentrated in low edge marsh; although in one comparison, densities of these 2 species in edge and inner S, alterniflora were not significantly different. In contrast, gulf killifish Fundulus grandis and sheepshead minnow Cyprinodon variegatus were most abundant on inner S. alterniflora or S, patens marsh. Other fishes (gulf menhaden Brevoortia patronus, spot Leiostomus xanthurus, bay anchovy Anchoa mitchilli, blackcheek tonguefish Symphurus plagiusa, and Atlantic croaker Micropogonias undulatus) had higher densities over nonvegetated bottoms than on the marsh surface. Specific habitat types that these pelagic species seemed to favor were marsh channels (gulf menhaden, bay anchovy), marsh ponds (spot), and coves (Atlantic croaker, blackcheek tonguefish). Overall, marsh-surface and adjacent nonvegetated habitat types contained much higher densities of most nekton than the shallow bay. Infaunal densities were estimated from sediment cores, and taxa (mainly annelids, crustaceans, molluscs, and insects) were most abundant in nonvegetated areas contiguous with marsh in the spring. Factors that influenced infaunal abundance are complex and may include predation, flooding patterns, elevation, and distance to edge. Our study has important implications for designing marsh-creation projects. Based on our results, we recommend creating a variety of marsh and contiguous shallow-water areas to enhance nekton biodiversity. To maximize fishery habitat, priority should be given to constructing low marsh edge by creating large areas of low marsh interspersed with a dense network of shallow channels and interconnected ponds. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Galveston, TX 77551 USA. RP Rozas, LP (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 4700 Ave U, Galveston, TX 77551 USA. EM lawrence.rozas@noaa.gov NR 66 TC 95 Z9 100 U1 3 U2 37 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2000 VL 193 BP 217 EP 239 DI 10.3354/meps193217 PG 23 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 298AA UT WOS:000086115400021 ER PT J AU Pinckney, JL Paerl, HW Haugen, E Tester, PA AF Pinckney, JL Paerl, HW Haugen, E Tester, PA TI Responses of phytoplankton and Pfiesteria-like dinoflagellate zoospores to nutrient enrichment in the Neuse River Estuary, North Carolina, USA SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE phytoplankton; mesocosm; growth; nutrient; estuary; North Carolina ID PERFORMANCE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; AMBUSH-PREDATOR DINOFLAGELLATE; PREY SIZE SELECTION; PHANTOM DINOFLAGELLATE; ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROLS; TOXIC DINOFLAGELLATE; BLOOM DYNAMICS; FISH KILLS; GROWTH; BEHAVIOR AB The recently described toxic dinoflagellate Pfiesteria piscicida and morphologically similar Pfiesteria-like dinoflagellates have become a major water quality issue with possible fish mortality and reported human health implications. The linkages between accelerated nutrient loading, eutrophication, and the proliferation of this group of dinoflagellates, however, are not well established for natural systems. Phytoplankton primary production may provide a key link between nutrient inputs and potential outbreaks of Pfiesteria-like biflagellated zoospores in the Neuse River Estuary, North Carolina. The impacts of nutrient (NO3--nitrogen and PO43--phosphorus) supply rates, sediment-water column exchange, water column mixing, and phytoplankton prey on the abundance of Pfiesteria-like non-toxic biflagellated zoospores were examined seasonally over 18 mo in a region of the Neuse River Estuary where fish-kills attributed to P, piscicida have been reported. Phytoplankton community responses to the manipulated variables indicated that biomass and productivity were consistently N Limited. Dominant phytoplankton taxa, including chlorophytes, diatoms, and cyanobacteria, exhibited significant biomass increases in response to N (as NO3-) additions. Phosphate (as PO43-) enrichments did not additionally influence the relative growth and abundance of individual algal groups. Pfiesteria-like zoospores did not exhibit significant increases in abundance in response to mixing, sediment, or nutrient-addition treatments. Seasonally, the number of Pfiesteria-like zoospores was positively correlated with phytoplankton biomass and productivity. The abundance of Pfiesteria-like zoospores followed general trends in phytoplankton biomass and production in the estuary, suggesting that the source of organic nutrition supporting growth is likely phytoplankton based. Lowering of phytoplankton growth and bloom potentials through proposed nutrient-input reduction strategies should translate into broad-based water quality improvement, including declines in the frequency and magnitudes of nuisance algal blooms, O-2 depletion, and associated fish and shellfish mortality in the Neuse River Estuary. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Oceanog, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Univ N Carolina, Inst Marine Sci, Morehead City, NC 28557 USA. NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res Beaufort, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Pinckney, JL (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Oceanog, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. EM pinckney@ocean.tamu.edu NR 54 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 8 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2000 VL 192 BP 65 EP 78 DI 10.3354/meps192065 PG 14 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 288RX UT WOS:000085578000005 ER PT J AU Dziak, RP Fox, CG Embley, RW Nabelek, JL Braunmiller, J Koski, RA AF Dziak, RP Fox, CG Embley, RW Nabelek, JL Braunmiller, J Koski, RA TI Recent tectonics of the Blanco Ridge, eastern blanco transform fault zone SO MARINE GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCHES LA English DT Article DE Blanco transform fault zone; earthquakes; ridge formation; submersible ID DE-FUCA RIDGE; PLATE BOUNDARY; FRACTURE-ZONES; OCEANIC-CRUST; PACIFIC; EARTHQUAKES; DEFORMATION; MORPHOLOGY; CLIPPERTON; MECHANISM AB Bathymetric, hydro-acoustic, seismic, submersible, and gravity data are used to investigate the active tectonics of the eastern Blanco Transform Fault Zone (BTFZ). The eastern BTFZ is dominated by the similar to 150 km long transform-parallel Blanco Ridge (BR) which is a right-lateral strike-slip fault bordered to the east and west by the Gorda and Cascadia Depressions. Acoustic locations, fault-parameter information, and slip vector estimates of 43 earthquakes (M(w)greater than or equal to3.8) that occurred along the eastern BTFZ over the last 5 years reveal that the Blanco Ridge is a high-angle right-lateral strike-slip fault, with a small component of dip-slip motion, where the Juan de Fuca plate is the hanging wall relative to the Pacific plate. Furthermore, the Cascadia and Gorda basins are undergoing normal faulting with extension predominantly oblique to the transform trend. Seafloor submersible observations agree with previous hypotheses that the active transform fault trace is the elongate basin that runs the length of the BR summit. Brecciated and undeformed basalt, diabase, and gabbro samples were collected at the four submersible survey sites along the Blanco Ridge. These petrologic samples indicate the Blanco Ridge is composed of an ocean crustal sequence that has been uplifted and highly fractured. The petrologic samples also appear to show an increase in elevation of the crustal section from east to west along the Blanco Ridge, with gabbros exposed at a shallower depth farther west along the southern (Pacific plate side) BR ridge flank. Further supporting evidence for BR uplift exists in the seismic reflection profiles across the BR showing uplift of turbidite sequences along the north and south ridge base, and gravity and magnetics profiles that indicate possible basement uplift and a low-density zone centered on the ridge's Pacific plate side. The BR formation mechanism preferred here is first, uplift achieved partially through strike-slip motion (with a small dip-slip component). Second, seawater penetration along the fault into the lower crust upper mantle, which then enhanced formation and intrusion of a mantle-derived serpentinized-peridotite diapir into the shallow ocean crust, causing further uplift along the fault. C1 Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Cooperat Inst Marine Resources Studies, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. US Geol Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA. RP Dziak, RP (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Cooperat Inst Marine Resources Studies, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RI Wright, Dawn/A-4518-2011 OI Wright, Dawn/0000-0002-2997-7611 NR 47 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 3 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA SPUIBOULEVARD 50, PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3235 J9 MAR GEOPHYS RES JI Mar. Geophys. Res. PY 2000 VL 21 IS 5 BP 423 EP 450 DI 10.1023/A:1026545910893 PG 28 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Oceanography SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Oceanography GA 382EC UT WOS:000165809000002 ER PT J AU Pinedo, MC Hohn, AA AF Pinedo, MC Hohn, AA TI Growth layer patterns in teeth from the franciscana, Pontoporia blainvillei: Developing a model for precision in age estimation SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Pontoporia blainvillei; franciscana; age estimation; aging; age model; growth layers; teeth; GLGs; marine mammal; cetacean; dolphin AB A model for estimating age from teeth of the franciscana, Pontaporia blainvillei, was developed using teeth from 72 specimens taken incidentally in fishing nets in Brazil and Uruguay. The goal of the model was to allow for accurate and precise age estimates for a larger sample of specimens. Growth-layer characteristics were selected on the basis of similarities in growth layers among various species of cetaceans, including those whose growth layers have been calibrated for time, and on length groups in the franciscana, which calves seasonally. Growth-layer patterns, including relative size and appearance, in both dentine and cementum did not vary by sex but did vary by the orientation of the tooth when it was sectioned. The model developed proved useful in providing guidelines for consistency in age estimation for biological studies of the larger sample of animals. We recommend the development of this type of model for other species to facilitate standardizing age estimation. C1 Fdn Univ Rio Grande, Dept Oceanog, BR-96201900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SEFSC, Beaufort Lab, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Pinedo, MC (reprint author), Fdn Univ Rio Grande, Dept Oceanog, CP 474, BR-96201900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil. RI Hohn, Aleta/G-2888-2011 OI Hohn, Aleta/0000-0002-9992-7062 NR 16 TC 31 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 4 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 16 IS 1 BP 1 EP 27 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2000.tb00901.x PG 27 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 275GP UT WOS:000084812700001 ER PT J AU Dahlheim, M York, A Towell, R Waite, J Breiwick, J AF Dahlheim, M York, A Towell, R Waite, J Breiwick, J TI Harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) abundance in Alaska: Bristol Bay to Southeast Alaska, 1991-1993 SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE harbor porpoise; Phocoena phocoena; abundance; Alaska ID CALIFORNIA; WASHINGTON; OREGON; AERIAL AB Between 1991 and 1993, Alaska harbor porpoise (Phocoena phacoena) abundance was investigated during aerial surveys throughout much of the coastal and offshore waters from Bristol Bay in the eastern Bering Sea to Dixon Entrance in Southeast Alaska. Line-transect methodology was used, and only those observations made during optimal conditions were analyzed. Survey data indicated densities of 4.48 groups/100 km(2), or approximately 3,531 harbor porpoises (95% C.I. 2,206-5,651) in Bristol Bay and 0.54 groups/100 km(2), or 136 harbor porpoises (35% C.I. 11-1,645) for Cook Inlet. Efforts off Kodiak Island resulted in densities of 1.85 groups/100 km(2), or an abundance estimate of 740 (95% C.I. 253-2,115). Surveys off the south side of the Alaska Peninsula found densities of 2.03 groups/100 km2 and an abundance estimate of 551 (95% C.I. 423-713). Surveys of offshore waters from Prince William Sound to Dixon Entrance yielded densities of 4.02 groups/100 km(2) and an abundance estimate of 3,382 (35% C.I. 2,567-6,177). Combining all years and areas yielded an uncorrected density estimate of 3.82 porpoises per 100 km(2), resulting in an abundance estimate of 8,340 porpoises (CV = 13.8%) with a 95% confidence interval of 6,746-11,848. Using correction factors from other studies to adjust for animals missed by observers, the total number of Alaska harbor porpoises is probably three times this number. C1 Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Dahlheim, M (reprint author), Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Wat NE,BIN C15700, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM marilyn.dahlheim@noaa.gov NR 28 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 4 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 16 IS 1 BP 28 EP 45 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2000.tb00902.x PG 18 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 275GP UT WOS:000084812700002 ER PT J AU Melin, SR DeLong, RL Thomason, JR VanBlaricom, GR AF Melin, SR DeLong, RL Thomason, JR VanBlaricom, GR TI Attendance patterns of California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) females and pups during the non-breeding season at San Miguel Island SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE California sea lion; Zalophus californianus; attendance pattern; El Nino; weaning; maternal behavior; non-breeding season ID ANTARCTIC FUR SEALS; FORAGING CHARACTERISTICS; PREY AB The attendance patterns of California sea lions were studied during the non-breeding seasons from 1991 to 1994. Lactating females frequented the rookery to nurse their pups until weaning; most non-lactating females left the rookery for the season. Females spent over 70% of their time at sea except in 1993 when they spent 59% of their time at sea. The mean foraging trip length in the winter and spring ranged from 3.3 to 4.6 d; the mean nursing visit ranged from 1.2 to 1.4 d. The duration of foraging trips and nursing visits was variable over the season for individuals but no pattern of change was detected. Interannual and seasonal differences were not significant for time at sea, visits ashore, or foraging-trip duration before, during, or after the 1992-1993 El Nino event. Pups spent an average of 66.6% of their time ashore and up to three days away from the rookery during their mother's absence. Most females and pups stayed associated until April or May. The results suggest that seasonal movement of prey is more important in determining attendance patterns late in the lactation period than increasing energy demands of the pup. C1 Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Fisheries, Washington Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, US Geol Survey,Biol Resources Div, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Melin, SR (reprint author), Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE,Bldg 4, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 34 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 14 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 16 IS 1 BP 169 EP 185 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2000.tb00911.x PG 17 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 275GP UT WOS:000084812700011 ER PT J AU Zorn, HM Churnside, JH Oliver, CW AF Zorn, HM Churnside, JH Oliver, CW TI Laser safety thresholds for cetaceans and pinnipeds SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE laser safety; cetaceans; pinnipeds; marine mammals; oceanographic lidar; visual acuity ID GANGLION-CELLS; TURSIOPS-TRUNCATUS; FINE-STRUCTURE; VISUAL-ACUITY; PEAK DENSITY; VISION; DOLPHIN; RETINA; LIDAR; SEAL AB An increase in the use of oceanographic lidar has raised concern over laser safety for marine mammals. We were able to address some of these concerns by combining information about current laser safety standards, retinal damage mechanisms for humans, and research on eye anatomy for humans, cetaceans, and pinnipeds. To estimate the irradiance at the retina, the image size at the retina and pupil diameter must be known. We estimate the smallest spot size using retinal resolution or visual acuity far six species of cetaceans and five species of pinnipeds. A sensitivity ratio was calculated for each species using the ratio of the irradiance at the retina of the marine mammal to the irradiance at the retina of humans. The sensitivity ratio was used to suggest exposure limits for the various species. Because the human eye is more sensitive than either the cetacean or pinniped eye, we conclude that laser energies that are eye-safe for humans will also be safe for marine mammals, and higher laser irradiances may be permissible if illumination of humans is avoided. C1 Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NOAA, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. RP Zorn, HM (reprint author), Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Churnside, James/H-4873-2013 NR 48 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 5 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 16 IS 1 BP 186 EP 200 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2000.tb00912.x PG 15 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 275GP UT WOS:000084812700012 ER PT J AU Pearce, JB AF Pearce, JB TI The New York Bight SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article AB This provides an overview of the major physical, hydrographic, and chemical conditions in the New York Bight, as well as details of the principal shallow waters, embayments, and coastal habitats adjacent to the Bight, based on historical and recent data. Given these data, living resources at risk and the factors affecting them are reviewed. The principal conclusions are that, although the Bight and ancillary waters were once heavily contaminated, the ending of ocean disposal, upgrading of sewage treatment, and general overall improvement in the handling of wastes have resulted in significant improvement in habitat quality. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NOAA, NE Fisheries Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Buzzards Bay Marine Lab, 54 Upland Rd, Falmouth, MA 02540 USA. EM buzbay@cape.com NR 87 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD JAN-JUN PY 2000 VL 41 IS 1-6 BP 44 EP 55 DI 10.1016/S0025-326X(00)00101-6 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 383XY UT WOS:000165911000004 ER PT J AU Boyer, D Cole, J Bartholomae, C AF Boyer, D Cole, J Bartholomae, C TI Southwestern Africa: Northern Benguela Current region SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID UPWELLING SYSTEM; HYDROGRAPHIC FEATURES; SATELLITE IMAGERY; FISH POPULATIONS; SOUTHERN-AFRICA; ATLANTIC-OCEAN; LARGE-SCALE; WEST-COAST; ECOSYSTEM; NAMIBIA C1 Natl Marine Informat & Res Ctr, Swakopmund, Namibia. NOAA, Pacific Fisheries Environm Lab, NMFS, SWFSC, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. RP Natl Marine Informat & Res Ctr, POB 912, Swakopmund, Namibia. NR 90 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 2 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD JAN-JUN PY 2000 VL 41 IS 1-6 BP 123 EP 140 DI 10.1016/S0025-326X(00)00106-5 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 383XY UT WOS:000165911000011 ER PT J AU O'Connor, TP Paul, JF AF O'Connor, TP Paul, JF TI Misfit between sediment toxicity and chemistry SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; CHEMICAL CONCENTRATIONS; MARINE; GUIDELINES AB In the United States, the EPA EMAP-Estuaries Program and the NOAA Bioeffects Surveys provide large data sets with which to test proposed relationships between sediment chemistry and toxicity. The conclusion is that no chemical measurement reliably predicts sediment toxicity. These findings challenge the use of chemical data to imply biological hazard and the way toxicity data are used in sediment management. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 NOAA, N SCI1, Natl Status & Trends Program, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP NOAA, N SCI1, Natl Status & Trends Program, 1305 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM tom.oconnor@noaa.gov NR 32 TC 54 Z9 56 U1 2 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 40 IS 1 BP 59 EP 64 DI 10.1016/S0025-326X(99)00153-8 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 289GT UT WOS:000085612700018 ER PT S AU Booth, JC Vale, LR Ono, RH AF Booth, JC Vale, LR Ono, RH BE Jia, QX Miranda, FA Oates, DE Xi, XX TI Broadband determination of microwave permittivity and loss in tunable dielectric thin film materials SO MATERIALS ISSUES FOR TUNABLE RF AND MICROWAVE DEVICES SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Materials Issues for Tunable RF and Microwave Devices CY NOV 30-DEC 02, 1999 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB We demonstrate a new method for determining the frequency-dependent dielectric properties of thin-film materials at microwave frequencies using coplanar waveguide (CPW) transmission line measurements. The technique makes use of the complex propagation constant determined from multiline thru-reflect-line (TRL) calibrations for CPW transmission lines to determine the distributed capacitance and conductance per unit length. By analyzing data from CPW transmission lines of different geometries, we are able to determine the complex permittivity of the dielectric thin film under study as a function of frequency from 1 to 40 GHz. By performing these measurements under an applied bias voltage, we are able in addition to determine the tuning and figure of merit that are of interest for voltage-tunable dielectric materials over the frequency range 1 to 26.5 GHz. We demonstrate this technique with measurements of the permittivity, loss tangent, tuning, and figure of merit for a 0.4 mu m film of Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3 at room temperature. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Booth, JC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 15 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-511-0 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2000 VL 603 BP 253 EP 264 PG 12 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA BQ82C UT WOS:000089705600033 ER PT J AU Khalifah, P Huang, Q Lynn, JW Erwin, RW Cava, RJ AF Khalifah, P Huang, Q Lynn, JW Erwin, RW Cava, RJ TI Synthesis and crystal structure of La3RuO7 SO MATERIALS RESEARCH BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE inorganic compounds; oxides; magnetic materials; chemical synthesis; crystal structure ID M = NB; RARE-EARTH; FLUORITE; SC; SB; TA AB The synthesis mettled and crystal structure refinement of La3RuO7 are reported. Powder neutron diffraction data show that La3RuO7 crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Cmcm (no. 63) with a unit cell of a = 11.2093(1), b = 7.4617(1), and c = 7.60771(8) Angstrom. This is the only structure known to have isolated one-dimensional chains of corner-sharing RuO6 octahedra within a nonmagnetic lattice environment. Although the RuO6 octahedra are very regular, sharp bending in the chains results in a Ru-O-Ru angle of 145 degrees, (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Chem, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. Princeton Univ, Princeton Mat Inst, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat & Nucl Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Khalifah, P (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Dept Chem, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. NR 13 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 15 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-5408 J9 MATER RES BULL JI Mater. Res. Bull. PD JAN 1 PY 2000 VL 35 IS 1 BP 1 EP 7 DI 10.1016/S0025-5408(00)00188-4 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 316KM UT WOS:000087166200001 ER PT B AU Pratt, MJ AF Pratt, MJ BE Cipolla, R Martin, R TI Modelling of material property variation for layered manufacturing SO MATHEMATICS OF SURFACES IX LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th IMA Conference on the Mathematics of Surfaces CY SEP 04-07, 2000 CL UNIV CAMBRIDGE, CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND HO UNIV CAMBRIDGE AB Layered manufacturing (LM), alias solid freeform fabrication or rapid prototyping, is an important emerging manufacturing technique. It builds up a manufactured artefact by depositing successive layers of material under computer control. Until recently, objects manufactured by LM methods have been regarded as composed of homogeneous material. However, new methods of optimal design specify 'functionally graded' or inhomogeneous materials. Layered manufacturing provides a means for producing such variable material distributions. Furthermore, methods are under development for embedding reinforcing fibres in the deposited material, and additional means are therefore needed for the representation of material nonisotropy. The problem reduces essentially to that of parametrizing the interior of a boundary representation solid model, ideally in terms of the surfaces involved in its boundary. The paper surveys several methods with the potential for representing 3D material distributions, and examines their compatibility with ISO 10303 (STEP) an international standard for the representation of product life-cycle data. Some consideration is also given to the related problem of representing the microstructure resulting from the deposition of the material (in most LM methods) in strands or filaments. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Syst Integrat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Pratt, MJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Syst Integrat Div, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 8262, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 25 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG LONDON LTD PI GODALMING PA SWEETAPPLE HOUSE CATTESHALL RD FARNCOMBE, GODALMING GU7 1NH, SURREY, ENGLAND BN 1-85233-358-8 PY 2000 BP 486 EP 500 PG 7 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Mathematics, Applied SC Computer Science; Mathematics GA BR25C UT WOS:000165948000029 ER PT J AU Delin, M McKenna, GB AF Delin, M McKenna, GB TI The craze growth response in stress relaxation conditions for a styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer during physical aging SO MECHANICS OF TIME-DEPENDENT MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE craze growth; crazing; physical aging; stress relaxation; styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer ID LARGE-DEFORMATION; POLYMERS; POLYCARBONATE; TEMPERATURE; KINETICS; CREEP AB Craze growth in a styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN) was studied as a function of time after a quench (physical aging) at four different temperatures between 22 and 60 degreesC. The craze growth experiments were performed in stress relaxation conditions. The craze length was found to grow linearly on a logarithmic loading time scale. A transition in the logarithmic growth rate was found to occur on the logarithmic aging time scale. The transition was observed as a change in rate from high to approximately five times slower and occurred over a relatively narrow range of aging times. The growth rate in the slow growth regime was relatively insensitive to temperature for all four temperatures studied. The transition was found to move to shorter aging times as temperature increases. Although the craze length between crazes in a sample could differ to a large extent, the growth rates themselves, were found to vary only within a +/- 20% band. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymer, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP McKenna, GB (reprint author), Texas Tech Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. EM Greg.McKenna@coe.ttu.edu RI McKenna, Gregory/O-1134-2013 OI McKenna, Gregory/0000-0002-5676-9930 NR 25 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 4 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1385-2000 J9 MECH TIME-DEPEND MAT JI Mech. Time-Depend. Mater. PY 2000 VL 4 IS 3 BP 231 EP 255 DI 10.1023/A:1009826600060 PG 25 WC Mechanics; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Mechanics; Materials Science GA 404MH UT WOS:000167103400003 ER PT S AU Rao, DV Seltzer, SM Hubbell, JH AF Rao, DV Seltzer, SM Hubbell, JH BE Dobbins, JT Boone, JM TI Importance of photon interaction data for medical imaging and images of soft materials using X-ray microtomography SO MEDICAL IMAGING 2000: PHYSICS OF MEDICAL IMAGING SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Medical Imaging 2000 Conference CY FEB 13-17, 2000 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE, Merge Technologies Inc, Amer Assoc Physicists Med, Amer Physiol Soc, FDA Ctr Devices & Radiol Hlth, IEEE, Soc Imaging Sci & Technol, Natl Elect Mfg Assoc, Diagnost Imaging & Therapy Syst Div, Radiol Soc N Amer, Soc Comp Applicat Radiol DE photon interaction cross sections; biological materials; microtomography; Monte Carlo methods ID INTENSIFIER; SYSTEM; TUBE AB Photon interaction cross sections for a few biological materials are calculated at 60 keV using non-relativistic form factors and the incoherent scattering function approximation. Compton, Rayleigh and total scattering cross sections were estimated in the momentum transfer region 0 to 5A(o-l) for simulation and compilation purposes. Rayleigh scattering cross sections for water are estimated using the molecular form factors of Morin at low photon energies. Computed tomographic images of a few soft materials are obtained using a tomographic system based on an image intensifier. It consists of a charged coupled device camera and an acquisition board. The charge coupled device and the acquisition board allows image processing, filtration and restoration. A reconstruction programme, written in PASCAL is able to give the reconstruction matrix of the linear attenuation coefficients, and simulates the matrix and the related tomography. X-ray imaging is a well established technique of detecting strongly attenuating materials as distinguished from weakly attenuating materials. The image contrast between the weakly attenuating materials can be enhanced by optimum selection of the X-ray energy and improving the spatial resolution. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ionizing Radiat Div, Photon & Charged Particle Data Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Rao, DV (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ionizing Radiat Div, Photon & Charged Particle Data Ctr, 100 Bur Dr Stop 8463, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 10 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3594-5 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2000 VL 3977 BP 488 EP 497 DI 10.1117/12.384524 PG 10 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Optics; Physics, Applied; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Engineering; Optics; Physics; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA BQ28C UT WOS:000087785900050 ER PT J AU Falkovich, A Lord, S Treadon, R AF Falkovich, A Lord, S Treadon, R TI A new methodology of rainfall retrievals from indirect measurements SO METEOROLOGY AND ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID TOGA COARE; PRECIPITATION; CLOUD; CLIMATOLOGY; SSM/I; MODEL; GATE AB A new methodology for rainfall retrievals from indirect measurements ii proposed and illustrated using IR brightness temperature and radar rainfall observations collected during TOGA-COARE. Since (1) rain rate has a mixed distribution with a delta-function for a zero rain and lognormal distribution for nonzero and (2) the least squares method which is used to calculate regression coefficients gives a priori consistent estimates only for normally distributed data. it is proposed to convert the rain rate to a normally distributed set and only after that to develop a retrieval method and estimate the skill of this method. Consideration of the physics of clouds and cloud ensembles, the goal to minimize errors in the radar data, and the desire to remove the influence of cirrus clouds lead us to use: a) minimum of IR brightness temperatures over a 1 degrees x 1 degrees area and a 3 hour interval as a predictor, and b) radar rainfall, averaged over 3 hours over a 1 degrees x 1 degrees area, with the radar in its center, as the truth. Results using the TOGA-COARE data show that the correlation of the rain rate transformed to normal distribution is significantly higher with minimum temperature than with the fraction of area covered by high clouds. The sizes of heavy rainfall areas obtained using the new methodology are reasonable. The regression coefficients should change with latitude, season and location. Taken together, the results indicate that it is possible, in principle, to retrieve rainfall from IR satellite observations and obtain reliable rainfall data. To realize this goal it is necessary to process radar and IR data using the new methodology for different latitudes, seasons, over land and ocean. C1 Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Environm Modeling Ctr, Washington, DC USA. RP Falkovich, A (reprint author), Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Environm Modeling Ctr, WWB, Room 209,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. NR 46 TC 2 Z9 4 U1 3 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG WIEN PI VIENNA PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0177-7971 J9 METEOROL ATMOS PHYS JI Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. PY 2000 VL 75 IS 3-4 BP 217 EP 232 DI 10.1007/s007030070005 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 398NL UT WOS:000166762500005 ER PT J AU Doyle, JD Shapiro, MA AF Doyle, JD Shapiro, MA TI A multi-scale simulation of an extreme downslope windstorm over complex topography SO METEOROLOGY AND ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID WASHINGTON CASCADE MOUNTAINS; 3 SPATIAL DIMENSIONS; WESTERN SIDE; COLD FRONTS; MODEL; WAVES; MESOSCALE; DYNAMICS; EVENT; EVOLUTION AB A severe localized windstorm, with near-surface winds > 60 ms(-1), occurred in an isolated valley within the Alpine mountains (>1800 m) of central Norway on 31 January 1995. A multi-scale numerical simulation of the event was performed with the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL)'s Coupled Ocean/Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS), configured with four nested grids telescoping down to 1-km horizontal resolution. The windstorm occurred in response to topographic blocking and deformation of a lower-tropospheric warm front and attendant jet (> 35 ms(-1) at 2 km). The key findings are: i) mountain wave resonance and amplification arising from the interaction of the surface-based front and jet with complex orography, ii) sensitivity of the wave response to differential diabatic heating (vertical) gradients above the front, and iii) trapped response within the layer of large frontal stratification in the lower troposphere and subsequent amplification consistent with the theoretically-established two-layer windstorm analogue of Durran (1986). C1 USN, Res Lab, Marine Meteorol Div, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, NOAA, ERL, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. RP USN, Res Lab, Marine Meteorol Div, 7 Grace Hopper Ave, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. EM doyle@nrlmry.navy.mil NR 50 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER WIEN PI WIEN PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 WIEN, AUSTRIA SN 0177-7971 EI 1436-5065 J9 METEOROL ATMOS PHYS JI Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. PY 2000 VL 74 IS 1-4 BP 83 EP 101 DI 10.1007/s007030070027 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 334LQ UT WOS:000088188300008 ER PT J AU Lambe, RP Saunders, R Gibson, C Hollandt, J Tegeler, E AF Lambe, RP Saunders, R Gibson, C Hollandt, J Tegeler, E TI A CCPR international comparison of spectral radiance measurements in the air-ultraviolet SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article ID RADIOMETER AB An international comparison of the spectral radiance scales of the National Physical Laboratory (NPL), the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) was carried out in 1993 and 1994, under the auspices of the Comite Consultatif de Photometrie et Radiometrie (CCPR) of the Comite International des Poids et Mesures (CIPM). The comparison covered the spectral range 200 nm to 350 nm. The transfer standards were deuterium discharge lamps, with examples of the lamps used at each of the participating laboratories included in the comparison to aid in the identification of systematic errors and to gather information on their relative performance. The scales of the laboratories agreed within the combined uncertainties. However, the combined uncertainties were high (an expanded uncertainty with a coverage factor of k = 2 of up to 8 %), and further work is required to reduce the uncertainties associated with the spectral radiance scales of each laboratory. Little difference was observed in the performance of the three different transfer standard sources used. C1 Natl Phys Lab, Teddington TW11 0LW, Middx, England. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Phys Tech Bundesanstalt, Inst Berlin, D-10587 Berlin, Germany. RP Lambe, RP (reprint author), Natl Phys Lab, Queens Rd, Teddington TW11 0LW, Middx, England. RI Hollandt, Jorg/A-2124-2014 NR 7 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 2000 VL 37 IS 1 BP 51 EP 54 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/37/1/6 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 331QJ UT WOS:000088029500006 ER PT J AU Delahaye, F Witt, TJ Elmquist, RE Dziuba, RF AF Delahaye, F Witt, TJ Elmquist, RE Dziuba, RF TI Comparison of quantum Hall effect resistance standards of the NIST and the BIPM SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article ID CURRENT COMPARATOR BRIDGE AB An on-site comparison of the quantum Hall effect (QHE) resistance standards of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and of the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) was made in April 1999. Measurements of a 100 Omega standard in terms of the conventional value of the von Klitzing constant, RK-90, agreed to 12 parts in 10(10) with a relative combined standard uncertainty u(c) = 20 x 10(-10). Measurements of 10000 Omega/100 Omega and 100 Omega/1 Omega ratios agreed to 59 parts in 10(10) with u(c) = 55 x 10(-10) and to 38 parts in 10(10) with u(c) = 31 x 10(-10), respectively. C1 Bur Int Poids & Mesures, F-92312 Sevres, France. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Delahaye, F (reprint author), Bur Int Poids & Mesures, Pavillon Breteuil, F-92312 Sevres, France. NR 7 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 2000 VL 37 IS 2 BP 173 EP 176 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/37/2/10 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 342NU UT WOS:000088652400010 ER PT J AU Viliesid, M Gutierrez-Munguia, M Galvan, CA Castillo, HA Madej, A Hall, JL Stone, J Chartier, A Chartier, JM AF Viliesid, M Gutierrez-Munguia, M Galvan, CA Castillo, HA Madej, A Hall, JL Stone, J Chartier, A Chartier, JM TI International comparisons of He-Ne lasers stabilized with I-127(2) at lambda approximate to 633 nm - Part VII: Comparison of NORAMET I-127(2)-stabilized He-Ne lasers at lambda approximate to 633 nm SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article ID SEPTEMBER 1995; JULY 1993; LAMBDA-APPROXIMATE-TO-633 NM; EUROPEAN LASERS; IODINE CELLS; STANDARDS; BIPM AB This paper reports the seventh set of results of a series of grouped laser comparisons from national laboratories undertaken by the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) at the request of the Comite Consultatif pour la Definition du Metre (CCDM, now the Consultative Committee for Length, CCL), during the periods July 1993 to September 1995 and March to July 1997. The results of this comparison, involving six lasers from three countries of North America and from the BIPM, meet the goals set by the CCDM in 1992 and adopted by the Comite International des Poids et Mesures (CIPM) the same year. The standard uncertainty (1 sigma) of the frequency of the He-Ne laser stabilized on the saturated absorption of I-127(2) at lambda approximate to 633 nm is reduced to a level of 12 kHz (2.5 x 10(-11)) when the lasers compared meet the recommended values of the parameters. The lasers were first compared with the BIPMP3 laser, with all the lasers set to the parameter values normally used in each laboratory; the results then ranged from -10.1 kHz to 19.0 kHz. After checking and correcting the values of all the parameters, the range was reduced to -10.6 kHz to +2.6 kHz. Under the latter conditions, the average frequency difference of the group of lasers, with respect to the BIPM4 laser, was +0.3 kHz with a standard uncertainty (1 sigma) of 5.3 kHz. The best relative frequency stabilities, with Allan standard deviations of about 6.2 x 10(-12), 5.1 x 10(-13) and 1.4 x 10(-13), were observed with sampling times of 1 s, 100 s and 1000 s, respectively. The overall best value was 9.1 x 10(-14) for a sampling time of 10 000 s. C1 Ctr Nacl Metrol, Queretaro 76900, Mexico. Natl Res Council Canada, Inst Natl Measurement Stand, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada. Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Bur Int Poids & Mesures, F-92312 Sevres, France. RP Viliesid, M (reprint author), Ctr Nacl Metrol, Km 4-5 Carretera Los Cues,Municipio Marques, Queretaro 76900, Mexico. NR 16 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 2000 VL 37 IS 4 BP 317 EP 322 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/37/4/9 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 374FC UT WOS:000165333600009 ER PT J AU Tikhomirov, SV Glazov, AI Kozatchenco, ML Kravtsov, VE Svetlichny, AB Vayshenker, I Scott, TR Franzen, DL AF Tikhomirov, SV Glazov, AI Kozatchenco, ML Kravtsov, VE Svetlichny, AB Vayshenker, I Scott, TR Franzen, DL TI Comparison of reference standards for measurements of optical-fibre power SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article AB National reference standards for determining optical-fibre power maintained by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST, USA) and the All-Russian Research Institute for Optophysical Measurements (VNIIOFI, Russian Federation) were compared at wavelengths near 1300 nm and 1550 nm at a power level of 0.5 mW. Instruments from both laboratories are based on thermal detectors capable of electrical calibration. The comparisons indicate relative differences of 2 parts in 10(3) or less, which is easily within the combined uncertainty of the two laboratories. C1 All Russian Res Inst Optophys Measurements, Moscow 103031, Russia. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Tikhomirov, SV (reprint author), All Russian Res Inst Optophys Measurements, Rozhdestvenka 27, Moscow 103031, Russia. RI Vayshenker, Igor/H-9793-2013 OI Vayshenker, Igor/0000-0002-7098-3781 NR 2 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 2000 VL 37 IS 4 BP 347 EP 348 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/37/4/14 PG 2 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 374FC UT WOS:000165333600014 ER PT J AU Vayshenker, I Haars, H Li, X Lehman, JH Livigni, DJ AF Vayshenker, I Haars, H Li, X Lehman, JH Livigni, DJ TI Comparison of optical-power meters between the NIST and the PTB SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article AB We describe the results of a comparison of optical-power meters undertaken by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST, USA) and the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB, Germany) at nominal wavelengths of 1300 nm and 1550 nm. Both laboratories used thermal detectors as reference standards, which were compared using a germanium trap detector as a transfer standard. Measurement results showed differences of less than 1 part in 10(3), well within the combined uncertainty for both laboratories. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Optoelect, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Phys Tech Bundesanstalt, Appl Radiometry Sect, D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany. RP Vayshenker, I (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Optoelect, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Vayshenker, Igor/H-9793-2013 OI Vayshenker, Igor/0000-0002-7098-3781 NR 4 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 2000 VL 37 IS 4 BP 349 EP 350 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/37/4/15 PG 2 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 374FC UT WOS:000165333600015 ER PT J AU Randa, J AF Randa, J TI Noise temperature of coaxial (GPC-7) sources SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Randa, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 2000 VL 37 IS 4 BP 351 EP 352 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/37/4/16 PG 2 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 374FC UT WOS:000165333600016 ER PT J AU Arp, U Friedman, R Furst, ML Makar, S Shaw, PS AF Arp, U Friedman, R Furst, ML Makar, S Shaw, PS TI SURF III - an improved storage ring for radiometry SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Conference on Radiometry CY OCT 25-27, 1999 CL MADRID, SPAIN ID SYNCHROTRON RADIATION; OPTICAL RESOLUTION; BEAM; ENERGY; BESSY; UV AB The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) operates the newly upgraded Synchrotron Ultraviolet Radiation Facility (SURF III) mainly as a light source for radiometry. SURF III provides continuum radiation from the far-infrared to the soft X-ray spectral range and has its peak output in the extreme ultraviolet. SURF III is a circular-orbit, weak-focusing (single dipole magnet) storage ring, a feature which is advantageous if the synchrotron radiation output is calculated. We report the improvements achieved during a recent upgrade from SURF II to SURF III and our strategy to accurately determine the magnetic flux density, radio frequency (RF), beam current, and beam size, which are the parameters necessary to characterize the source completely. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP NIST, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8410, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Arp, Uwe/C-2854-2009; OI Arp, Uwe/0000-0002-6468-9455 NR 19 TC 45 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0026-1394 EI 1681-7575 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 2000 VL 37 IS 5 BP 357 EP 360 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/37/5/2 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 403WX UT WOS:000167066700002 ER PT J AU Yoon, HW Sperfeld, P Yousef, SG Metzdorf, J AF Yoon, HW Sperfeld, P Yousef, SG Metzdorf, J TI NIST-PTB measurements of the radiometric temperatures of a high-temperature black body using filter radiometers SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Conference on Radiometry CY OCT 25-27, 1999 CL MADRID, SPAIN AB Filter radiometers were used in a bilateral comparison of the radiometric temperatures of a high-temperature black body from 2100 K to 3100 K. The measurements took place over a ten-day period in October 1998 at the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB, Braunschweig, Germany) using filter radiometers from the PTB and from the National institute of Standards and Technology (NIST, Gaithersburg, USA). The comparison revealed that the radiometric temperatures determined using the NIST and the PTB filter radiometers differed progressively from 2.4 K at 2200 K to 5.1 K at 3200 K, with the NIST temperature values always lower than the PTB values. Differences in the measurements of absolute spectral responsivity were the main cause of the observed temperature differences. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. PTB, D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany. RP Yoon, HW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 12 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0026-1394 EI 1681-7575 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 2000 VL 37 IS 5 BP 377 EP 380 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/37/5/7 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 403WX UT WOS:000167066700007 ER PT J AU Pollock, DB Murdock, TL Datla, RU Thompson, A AF Pollock, DB Murdock, TL Datla, RU Thompson, A TI Radiometric standards in space: the next step SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Conference on Radiometry CY OCT 25-27, 1999 CL MADRID, SPAIN ID SPECTRAL IRRADIANCE; CALIBRATION AB The lack of accurate calibration sources is preventing current sensor technology from achieving the minimum possible uncertainty levels in remote-sensing radiometric measurements. This has been established in a recent study undertaken at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) following the identification of the problem at the Calibration Source Requirements Workshop at the NIST in 1997. This paper presents the concept of establishing high-accuracy calibration sources in space, utilizing the International Space Station (ISS) as a platform. For example, a retrievable total solar irradiance radiometer standard could be deployed on the ISS in order to establish the Sun as a calibration source of the required accuracy. Periodic measurements of solar irradiance with this radiometer standard would help to establish the Sun as a radiometric standard with the accuracy needed for various radiometric sensors on other platforms in space. As the radiometer on the ISS would be retrievable, its traceability to the International System of Units (SI) could be maintained by periodically bringing it down for calibration with SI-traceable standards maintained in ground laboratories. Other suitable radiometric standards on the ISS could also establish the Moon, the stars and various ground sites as calibration sources. C1 Univ Alabama, Huntsville Ctr Appl Opt, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. Frontier Technol Inc, Beverly, MA USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Pollock, DB (reprint author), Univ Alabama, Huntsville Ctr Appl Opt, OB422,301 Sparkman Dr, Huntsville, AL 35899 USA. NR 7 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 2000 VL 37 IS 5 BP 403 EP 406 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/37/5/12 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 403WX UT WOS:000167066700012 ER PT J AU Johnson, BC Brown, SW Yoon, HW AF Johnson, BC Brown, SW Yoon, HW TI Radiometric calibration history of visible and near-infrared portable radiometers SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Conference on Radiometry CY OCT 25-27, 1999 CL MADRID, SPAIN ID NM AB The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), with the support of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), has built several transfer radiometers that are used in radiometric measurement comparisons to validate spectral-radiance levels assigned to integrating-sphere sources by the end user. The transfer radiometers are characterized and calibrated at the NIST, and function as direct links in the spectral radiance measurement chain. This paper presents a historical analysis of a calibration method that utilizes a broadband source. Previously observed discrepancies between two radiometers are reconciled as a result. C1 NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Johnson, BC (reprint author), NIST, Opt Technol Div, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8441, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 11 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 2000 VL 37 IS 5 BP 423 EP 426 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/37/5/17 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 403WX UT WOS:000167066700017 ER PT J AU Yoon, HW Gibson, CE AF Yoon, HW Gibson, CE TI Comparison of the absolute detector-based spectral radiance assignment with the current NIST-assigned spectral radiance of tungsten strip lamps SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Conference on Radiometry CY OCT 25-27, 1999 CL MADRID, SPAIN ID TEMPERATURE AB Using a high-temperature black body (HTBB) and filter radiometers calibrated for absolute spectral power responsivity, the spectral output of the black body, whose radiance temperature was determined using the filter radiometers, was used to assign spectral radiance to tungsten strip lamps with a prism-grating monochromator. The spectral radiance of the HTBB was also determined using signal ratios to a tungsten strip lamp calibrated using a scale derived from the radiometric temperature determination of a gold-freezing-point black body. The radiance temperatures found using the two methods were in agreement to 0.5 K near 2900 K, and from 260 nm to 1050 nm, the spectral radiance of the HTBB did not differ more than 0.5 % in radiance from a single-temperature Planck's law as determined using the tungsten strip lamp. C1 NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Yoon, HW (reprint author), NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 11 TC 7 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0026-1394 EI 1681-7575 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 2000 VL 37 IS 5 BP 429 EP 432 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/37/5/18 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 403WX UT WOS:000167066700018 ER PT J AU Rice, JP AF Rice, JP TI An electrically substituted bolometer as a transfer-standard detector SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Conference on Radiometry CY OCT 25-27, 1999 CL MADRID, SPAIN ID PYROELECTRIC DETECTOR; CALIBRATION; RADIOMETER AB An electrically substituted bolometer (ESB) has been developed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to serve as a portable transfer-standard detector over the wavelength range 200 nm to 20 mum The ESB is designed to provide a direct transfer of the optical power scale from the NIST High Accuracy Cryogenic Radiometer (HACR) to the NIST spectral-comparator facilities in the infrared region, where silicon-photodiode trap detectors cannot he used and where the noise of pyroelectric detectors currently limits the uncertainty. The noise floor of the 8 mm diameter active area ESB approaches 10 pW/Hz(1/2) at 15 Hz, corresponding to a detectivity of the order of 10(11) cm Hz(1/2)/W. This is an improvement by a factor of almost 1000 on that attainable from a similar-sized room-temperature electrically calibrated pyroelectric radiometer (ECPR). The ESB is linear from the noise floor to 1 mW (the power range of the HACR), whereas previous helium-cooled bolometers developed at the NIST have a similar noise floor but are non-linear above about 10 muW and so cannot be directly calibrated against the HACR. Because of its low noise, linearity over a wide dynamic range, and the spectral and spatial flatness of its response, the ESB is finding other applications beyond that which motivated its development. C1 NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Rice, JP (reprint author), NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 10 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 1 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 2000 VL 37 IS 5 BP 433 EP 436 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/37/5/19 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 403WX UT WOS:000167066700019 ER PT J AU Li, X Scott, TR Cromer, CL Keenan, D Brandt, F Mostl, K AF Li, X Scott, TR Cromer, CL Keenan, D Brandt, F Mostl, K TI Power measurement standards for high-power lasers: comparison between the NIST and the PTB SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Conference on Radiometry CY OCT 25-27, 1999 CL MADRID, SPAIN AB We report the results of the first laser high-power measurement comparison between the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB, Germany), and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST, USA). Laser power transfer standards were calibrated at both national standards laboratories between 82 W and 127 W at 1.06 mum and between 85 W and 554 W at 10.6 mum. Relative agreement between the standards of the two laboratories was demonstrated to lie between 5 x 10(-3) and 7 x 10(-3), which is well within the combined uncertainties. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. PTB, D-38116 Braunschweig, Germany. RP Li, X (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 5 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 1 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 2000 VL 37 IS 5 BP 445 EP 447 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/37/5/22 PG 3 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 403WX UT WOS:000167066700022 ER PT J AU Lehman, JH Cromer, CL AF Lehman, JH Cromer, CL TI Optical tunnel-trap detector for radiometric measurements SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Conference on Radiometry CY OCT 25-27, 1999 CL MADRID, SPAIN AB We have designed and evaluated an optical trap detector that is simple to fabricate and convenient to use. The trap geometry is a triangular tube similar to a kaleidoscope, with two photodiodes in place of a mirror on each side. One version incorporates six 10 mm x 10 mm silicon photodiodes in a detector having a 7 mm diameter. aperture. Spectral responsivity measurement results indicate that the quantum efficiency, evaluated at 10 nm increments from 450 nm to 950 nm, is greater than 99 %. Another version incorporates six 18 mm x 18 mm silicon photodiodes in a detector having a 12 mm diameter aperture. Spectral responsivity measurement results from this instrument are similar to those from the other one, but the quantum efficiency is lower. Spatial uniformity measurement results for the larger detector indicate that, over the 12 mm diameter area, response variations are less than 0.05 %. We have evaluated several fields-of-view and confirmed that, in a special case, the detector geometry will accommodate an input beam having a divergence as large as 14 degrees. Design considerations are briefly described and may be used to create similar, scaled versions with other photodiode types and sizes. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Sources & Detectors Grp, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Lehman, JH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Sources & Detectors Grp, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 3 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 2000 VL 37 IS 5 BP 477 EP 480 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/37/5/29 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 403WX UT WOS:000167066700029 ER PT J AU Racz, M Eppeldauer, GP AF Racz, M Eppeldauer, GP TI Correction of directional errors for radiometric and photometric standard detectors SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Conference on Radiometry CY OCT 25-27, 1999 CL MADRID, SPAIN ID CRYOGENIC RADIOMETERS; ACCURACY AB Changes in beam geometry during the calibration and subsequent testing of optical detector standards can cause errors which appear as uncertainties in the responsivities of the detectors. These uncertainties, caused by non-ideal detector input characteristics and changes in input beam geometry, can be decreased significantly if the detector response is always corrected to a reference beam geometry such as a collimated beam normally incident on the detector surface. An integral directional error can be determined for radiant power, luminous flux, irradiance and illuminance detectors by calculating the weighted integral of the product of the measured source radiance and the directional error over the solid angle produced by the light source. A conical directional error is introduced, and used to describe the case of circular and uniform radiant sources (e.g. exit port of an integrating sphere) and circularly symmetric detectors. An evaluation is presented of the conical directional error, a directional response correction factor, the results of directional response measurements, and directional response correction factors for some practical standard detectors (such as diffuser-input InGaAs and integrating-sphere-input silicon irradiance meters, silicon photodiodes, and pyroelectric radiant power and irradiance measuring detectors). C1 Hungarian Acad Sci, Inst Tech Phys & Mat Sci, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary. Hungarian Acad Sci, Konkoly Observ, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Racz, M (reprint author), Hungarian Acad Sci, Inst Tech Phys & Mat Sci, POB 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 2000 VL 37 IS 5 BP 489 EP 492 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 403WX UT WOS:000167066700032 ER PT J AU Eppeldauer, GP Brown, SW Larason, TC Racz, M Lykke, KR AF Eppeldauer, GP Brown, SW Larason, TC Racz, M Lykke, KR TI Realization of a spectral radiance responsivity scale with a laser-based source and Si radiance meters SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Conference on Radiometry CY OCT 25-27, 1999 CL MADRID, SPAIN ID ACCURACY CRYOGENIC RADIOMETER; NATIONAL-INSTITUTE; STANDARDS AB A spectral radiance responsivity (SRR) scale derived from the spectral irradiance responsivity scale has been realized on the newly developed NIST facility for Spectral Irradiance and Radiance Responsivity Calibrations with Uniform Sources (SIRCUS). The scales were directly derived from the primary standard cryogenic radiometer using transfer standard irradiance trap detectors and laser-based uniform sources. Silicon radiance meters of standards quality have been developed to hold the SRR scale. The radiance meters were characterized and optimized fur size-of-source effects. The optimized meters were calibrated for SRR against the monochromatic uniform source. In addition to the SIRCUS calibrations, preliminary tests were also made on the Spectral Comparator Facility (SCF) of the NIST. These relative SRR tests were made in both imaging and non-imaging measurement modes. The results of the different SRR calibrations are compared and evaluated. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Eppeldauer, GP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 10 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 2000 VL 37 IS 5 BP 531 EP 534 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/37/5/41 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 403WX UT WOS:000167066700041 ER PT J AU Shaw, PS Gupta, R Germer, TA Arp, U Lucatorto, T Lykke, KR AF Shaw, PS Gupta, R Germer, TA Arp, U Lucatorto, T Lykke, KR TI Characterization of materials using an ultraviolet radiometric beamline at SURF PII SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Conference on Radiometry CY OCT 25-27, 1999 CL MADRID, SPAIN ID SYNCHROTRON-RADIATION C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Shaw, PS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Arp, Uwe/C-2854-2009; OI Arp, Uwe/0000-0002-6468-9455 NR 8 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 2000 VL 37 IS 5 BP 551 EP 554 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/37/5/47 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 403WX UT WOS:000167066700047 ER PT J AU Brown, SW Eppeldauer, GP Lykke, KR AF Brown, SW Eppeldauer, GP Lykke, KR TI NIST facility for spectral irradiance and radiance responsivity calibrations with uniform sources SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Conference on Radiometry CY OCT 25-27, 1999 CL MADRID, SPAIN ID STANDARDS-AND-TECHNOLOGY; RADIOMETER AB A laser-based facility has been developed to provide high-flux, monochromatic, Lambertian radiation over the spectral range 0.2 mum to 18 mum The facility was designed to reduce the uncertainties in a variety of radiometric applications, including irradiance and radiance responsivity calibrations. The operational characteristics of the facility are discussed and the results of detector responsivity calibrations over the spectral range 0.406 mum to 0.920 mum are presented. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Brown, SW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 13 TC 69 Z9 72 U1 2 U2 3 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 2000 VL 37 IS 5 BP 579 EP 582 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/37/5/53 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 403WX UT WOS:000167066700053 ER PT J AU Ohno, Y Kohler, R Stock, M AF Ohno, Y Kohler, R Stock, M TI An ac/dc technique for the Absolute Integrating-Sphere Method SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Conference on Radiometry CY OCT 25-27, 1999 CL MADRID, SPAIN ID REALIZATION AB For over sixty years, the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) has maintained the results of international comparisons of luminous intensity and luminous flux as "world-mean" values, in the form of groups of lamps. It was recently decided that this is no longer a satisfactory and reliable means of maintaining the photometric units of the international System of Units (SI). To maintain the luminous-flux unit, an attempt was made at the BIPM to use the Absolute Integrating-Sphere Method developed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). A new technique (ac/dc) employing a chopper for the external source, which allows simultaneous measurement of the internal and external sources, has been developed to overcome an unexpected problem with die characteristics of the BIPM sphere, in that the heat from the lamp affected the sphere coating. The ac/dc technique allows absolute calibration of the integrating sphere while the internal lamp is operating and being measured. Having implemented this technique and replaced the sphere coating, experiments on the derivation of the unit are in progress at the BIPM and the NIST, the preliminary results of which are reported. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Bur Int Poids & Mesures, F-92312 Sevres, France. RP Ohno, Y (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 7 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 2000 VL 37 IS 5 BP 583 EP 586 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/37/5/54 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 403WX UT WOS:000167066700054 ER PT J AU Fowler, JB Saunders, RD Parr, AC AF Fowler, JB Saunders, RD Parr, AC TI Summary of high-accuracy aperture-area measurement capabilities at the NIST SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Conference on Radiometry CY OCT 25-27, 1999 CL MADRID, SPAIN AB The determination of the geometrical and effective area for optical-quality apertures is one of the fundamental sources of uncertainty in many radiometric and photometric measurements. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has developed two non-contact instruments for measuring the area of these optical apertures. Some details of the instruments and their capabilities are presented. Both instruments can be used to measure the area of apertures with diameters ranging from 3.5 mm to 25 mm. The measurements using the absolute instrument result in k = 2 relative uncertainties ranging from 3 x 10(-5) for 25 mm diameter apertures to 5 x 10(-5) for 3.5 mm diameter apertures. The uncertainty depends to some extent on the quality of the edge and the diameter of the aperture. The measurements using the relative instrument result in k = 2 relative uncertainties ranging from 2 x 10(-4) for 25 mm diameter apertures to 3 x 10(-4) for 3.5 mm diameter apertures, assuming adequate optical-edge quality. For apertures with an edge of very poor quality, the difference between geometrical and effective area can be as high as 0.3 %, The increased uncertainty largely arises from scattering from the edge. Both instruments play a major role in the Consultative Committee for Photometry and Radiometry (CCPR) key comparison on aperture area, which began in 1999. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Fowler, JB (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 6 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 1 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 2000 VL 37 IS 5 BP 621 EP 623 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/37/5/63 PG 3 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 403WX UT WOS:000167066700063 ER PT J AU Weiss, MA Ashby, N AF Weiss, MA Ashby, N TI Relativistic red shift with 1x10(-16) uncertainty at the NIST, Boulder SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article AB The relativistic red shift for the new caesium fountain at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) at Boulder, USA, has been estimated using two independent methods. Method 1 uses the EGM96 geopotential model to estimate the geopotential number, C, and subsequently the frequency offset. -C/c(2) (C being the speed of light), obtaining the value 1797.8 x 10(-16) with an estimated standard uncertainty of 1.1 x 10(-16) Method 2. uses the geopotential number from the National Geodetic Survey data sheet for the NIST marker and gives a frequency offset of 1798.9 x 10(-16), with an estimated standard uncertainty of 0.2 x 10(-16). C1 Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Weiss, MA (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. NR 12 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 2 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 2000 VL 37 IS 6 BP 715 EP 717 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/37/6/10 PG 3 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 420RF UT WOS:000168017400010 ER PT S AU Postek, MT Vladar, AE Zhang, NF Larrabee, RD AF Postek, MT Vladar, AE Zhang, NF Larrabee, RD BE Sullivan, NT TI Potentials of on-line scanning electron microscope performance analysis using NIST Reference Material 8091 SO METROLOGY, INSPECTION, AND PROCESS CONTROL FOR MICROLITHOGRAPHY XIV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Metrology, Inspection, and Process Control for Microlithography XIV CY FEB 28-MAR 02, 2000 CL SANTA CLARA, CA SP Int Soc Opt Engn, Semiconduct Equipment & Mat Int, Int SEMATECH DE scanning electron microscope; SEM Monitor; kurtosis; standards; reference material; image analysis ID IMAGE SHARPNESS MEASUREMENT; METROLOGY AB On-line instrument testing can be employed by the analysis of sharpness using either the commercial product SEM Monitor or the public domain method referred to as kurtosis analysis. Both of these software programs require an appropriate sample artifact for the analysis. This paper discusses NIST Reference Material (RM) 8091 and its application to these programs. RM 8091 is intended primarily for use in checking the sharpness performance of scanning electron microscopes. It is composed of a granular tungsten layer deposited on a silicon wafer. The procedure for fabrication is provided if the user wishes to manufacture a full-wafer standard. This reference material is fully compatible with state-of-the-art integrated circuit technology. Optimization parameters and some data on the use of sharpness analysis in the semiconductor fab will be included in the presentation. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Postek, MT (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3616-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2000 VL 3998 BP 28 EP 37 PG 10 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BQ59Z UT WOS:000088918400003 ER PT S AU Postek, MT Vladar, AE Villarrubia, J AF Postek, MT Vladar, AE Villarrubia, J BE Sullivan, NT TI Is a production level scanning electron microscope linewidth standard possible? SO METROLOGY, INSPECTION, AND PROCESS CONTROL FOR MICROLITHOGRAPHY XIV SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Metrology, Inspection, and Process Control for Microlithography XIV CY FEB 28-MAR 02, 2000 CL SANTA CLARA, CA SP Int Soc Opt Engn, Semiconduct Equipment & Mat Int, Int SEMATECH DE scanning electron microscope; standard reference material; SRM; atomic force microscope; AFM; polysilicon; critical dimension; linewidth; metrology ID MONTE-CARLO SIMULATION; DIMENSIONAL METROLOGY; INSULATOR SUBSTRATE; MASK METROLOGY; LINE; SEM AB Metrology will remain a principal enabler for the development and manufacture of future generations of semiconductor devices. With the potential of 130 nm and 100 nm linewidths and high aspect ratio structures, the scanning electron microscope (SEM) remains an important metrology tool. This instrument is also extensively used in many phases of semiconductor manufacturing throughout the world. A challenge was recently posed in an article in Semiconductor International. That challenge was to have an accurate, production level, linewidth standard for critical dimension scanning electron microscopes available to the semiconductor industry. The potential for meeting this challenge is explored in this paper. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Postek, MT (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 24 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3616-X J9 PROC SPIE PY 2000 VL 3998 BP 42 EP 56 PG 15 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BQ59Z UT WOS:000088918400005 ER PT S AU Cresswell, MW Bonevich, JE Headley, TJ Allen, RA Giannuzzi, LA Everist, SC Ghoshtagore, RN Shea, PJ AF Cresswell, MW Bonevich, JE Headley, TJ Allen, RA Giannuzzi, LA Everist, SC Ghoshtagore, RN Shea, PJ BE Sullivan, NT TI Comparison of electrical CD measurements and cross-section lattice-plane counts of sub-micrometer features replicated in (100) silicon-on-insulator material SO METROLOGY, INSPECTION, AND PROCESS CONTROL FOR MICROLITHOGRAPHY XIV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Metrology, Inspection, and Process Control for Microlithography XIV CY FEB 28-MAR 02, 2000 CL SANTA CLARA, CA SP Int Soc Opt Engn, Semiconduct Equipment & Mat Int, Int SEMATECH DE silicon-on-insulator; cross-bridge resistor; electrical CD; SEM; HRTEM; traceability; standards; linewidth; silicon micro-machining; BESOI ID MONOCRYSTALLINE FILMS; LINEWIDTH AB Electrical test structures of the type known as cross-bridge resistors have been patterned in (100) epitaxial silicon material that was grown on bonded and etched-back silicon-on-insulator (BESOI) substrates. The critical dimensions (CDs) of a selection of their reference segments have been measured electrically and by lattice-plane counting and they have been inspected by scanning-electron microscopy (SEM) cross-section imaging. The lattice-plane counting is performed on phase-contrast images made by high-resolution transmission-electron microscopy (HRTEM). The reference-segment features were aligned with < 110 > directions in the BESOI surface material. They were defined by a silicon micro-machining process which results in their sidewalls being nearly atomically planar and smooth and inclined at 54.737 degrees to the surface (100) plane of the substrate. This (100) implementation may usefully complement the attributes of the previously reported vertical-sidewall implementation for selected reference-material applications. The HRTEM, and electrical CD (ECD) linewidth measurements that are made on BESOI features of various drawn dimensions on the same substrate are being investigated to determine the feasibility of a CD traceability path that combines the low cost, robustness, and repeatability of the ECD technique and the absolute measurement of the HRTEM lattice-plane counting technique. Other novel aspects of the (100) Silicon-On-Insulator (SOI) implementation that are reported here are the ECD test-structure architecture and the making of HRTEM lattice-plane counts from both cross-sectional, as well as top-down, imaging of the reference features. This paper describes the design details and the fabrication of the cross-bridge resistor test structure. The long-term goal is to develop a technique for the determination of the absolute dimensions of the trapezoidal cross sections of the cross-bridge resistors' reference segments, as a prelude to making them available for dimensional reference applications. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Cresswell, MW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 16 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3616-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2000 VL 3998 BP 74 EP 83 DI 10.1117/12.386479 PG 10 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BQ59Z UT WOS:000088918400008 ER PT S AU Villarrubia, JS Vladar, AE Lowney, JR Postek, MT Allen, RA Cresswell, MW Ghoshtagore, RN AF Villarrubia, JS Vladar, AE Lowney, JR Postek, MT Allen, RA Cresswell, MW Ghoshtagore, RN BE Sullivan, NT TI Linewidth measurement intercomparison on a BESOI sample SO METROLOGY, INSPECTION, AND PROCESS CONTROL FOR MICROLITHOGRAPHY XIV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Metrology, Inspection, and Process Control for Microlithography XIV CY FEB 28-MAR 02, 2000 CL SANTA CLARA, CA SP Int Soc Opt Engn, Semiconduct Equipment & Mat Int, Int SEMATECH DE critical dimension (CD); linewidth metrology; electrical critical dimension (ECD); scanning electron microscopy (SEM) ID SCANNED PROBE MICROSCOPY; TIP GEOMETRY AB The effect of the instrument on the measurement must be known in order to generate an accurate linewidth measurement. Although instrument models exist for a variety of techniques, how does one assess the accuracy of these models? Intercomparisons between techniques which rely upon fundamentally different measurement physics can play an important role in model verification. We report here such an intercomparison. The average linewidth of a test pattern on a BESOI (Bonded and Etched-back Silicon on Insulator) sample, which is single crystal silicon with a buried insulating oxide, was measured using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electrical critical dimension (ECD) techniques. The higher conductivity of the BESOI sample compared to a previously measured SIMOX (another silicon on insulator technology) sample reduced the ECD uncertainty. Unexpected features in the SEM image were fit by modeling the cross sectional geometry of the line as a skewed trapezoid with deviations of a few tenths of a degree from the expected 90 degrees angles. The SEM and ECD results differed by 0.67 % of the electrical tap spacing, a nominal difference of 55 nm. This is larger than can be accounted for by known sources of measurement uncertainty. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Villarrubia, JS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 15 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3616-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2000 VL 3998 BP 84 EP 95 DI 10.1117/12.386488 PG 12 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BQ59Z UT WOS:000088918400009 ER PT S AU Dixson, R Koning, R Fu, J Vorburger, T Renegar, B AF Dixson, R Koning, R Fu, J Vorburger, T Renegar, B BE Sullivan, NT TI Accurate dimensional metrology with atomic force microscopy SO METROLOGY, INSPECTION, AND PROCESS CONTROL FOR MICROLITHOGRAPHY XIV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Metrology, Inspection, and Process Control for Microlithography XIV CY FEB 28-MAR 02, 2000 CL SANTA CLARA, CA SP Int Soc Opt Engn, Semiconduct Equipment & Mat Int, Int SEMATECH DE SPM; AFM; standards; metrology; pitch; scale calibration; linewidth; step height; nanotube AB Atomic force microscopes (AFMs) generate three dimensional images with nanometer level resolution and, consequently, are used in the semiconductor industry as tools for sub-micrometer dimensional metrology. Measurements commonly performed with AFMs are feature spacing (pitch), feature height (or depth), feature width (critical dimension), and surface roughness. To perform accurate measurements, the scales of an AFM must be calibrated. We have designed and developed the calibrated AFM (C-AFM) to calibrate physical standards for other AFMs. The C-AFM has displacement metrology for all three axes traceable to the 633 nm wavelength of the Iodine-stabilized He-Ne laser. This is accomplished through the integration of a flexure x-y translation stage, heterodyne laser interferometers, and a z-axis piezoelectric actuator with an integrated capacitance sensor. This capacitance sensor is calibrated with a third interferometer. We have performed both pitch and height measurements for external customers. Recently, we performed pitch measurements on holographic gratings as part of an ongoing international comparison driven by BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Measures). We have also completed a preliminary design of a prototype pitch/height standard and are evaluating preliminary test samples. Additionally, we are working toward the development of linewidth standards through the comparison of C-AFM width measurements with values obtained from other methods. Our step height and linewidth measurements are in good agreement with those obtained by other methods, and we are working to improve the lateral resolution and hence the uncertainty of our probe-based linewidth measurements by studying the use of nanotubes and other types of sharp tips as linewidth probes. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Dixson, R (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 12 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3616-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2000 VL 3998 BP 362 EP 368 DI 10.1117/12.386492 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BQ59Z UT WOS:000088918400038 ER PT S AU Potzick, J AF Potzick, J BE Sullivan, NT TI The Neolithography Consortium SO METROLOGY, INSPECTION, AND PROCESS CONTROL FOR MICROLITHOGRAPHY XIV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Metrology, Inspection, and Process Control for Microlithography XIV CY FEB 28-MAR 02, 2000 CL SANTA CLARA, CA SP Int Soc Opt Engn, Semiconduct Equipment & Mat Int, Int SEMATECH DE microlithography; micropatterning; process control; process optimization; simulation; neolithography; photomask; metrology ID ERROR; IMPACT AB The role of process simulation in microlithography is becoming an increasingly important part of process control as wafer feature sizes become smaller than the exposure wavelength, because the pattern transfer from photomask to wafer is nonlinear. An important factor hindering the increased use of simulation applications, however, is their inclination to be standalone applications not easily integrated into the overall process. These observations have led to the concept of The Neolithography Consortium. Neolithography is a realization and acceptance that the pattern on the photomask is not replicated exactly on the wafer because of diffraction effects, subresolution mask features and imperfections, and other effects. It is characterized by the full integration of process simulation and metrology into the IC microlithography process, leading to a comprehensive and logical approach to photomask design and wafer exposure. All of the relevant optical projection, resist exposure and development, and etch parameters, and resolution enhancement techniques, are optimized and incorporated into the photomask design before the first wafer is printed. The Neolithography Consortium is being formed for the purpose of accelerating the adoption of neolithography, by identifying impediments to the integration of simulation and metrology tools into the microlithography process and finding solutions to remove these impediments. It is comprised of companies who create or use commercial IC microlithography simulation software, or who supply metrology or production tools which will interface with simulation software. Any company or organization with a legitimate interest is welcome to join. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Potzick, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3616-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2000 VL 3998 BP 472 EP 479 DI 10.1117/12.386503 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BQ59Z UT WOS:000088918400048 ER PT B AU Shull, RD AF Shull, RD BE Michel, B Winkler, T Werner, M Fecht, H TI Giant magnetoresistance: basics and applications SO MICRO MATERIALS, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Micro Materials Conference CY APR 17-JUL 19, 2000 CL BERLIN, GERMANY SP Fraunhofer Inst Reliabil & Microintegrat, DVM, Tech Univ Berlin, Fed Inst Mat Res & Testing, VDI, VDE IT, IEEE, CMPT, Amer Soc Mech Engineers, Robot Soc Japan, European Commiss, Informat Soc, European Network High Temp Electr, Int Microelectr & Packaging Soc, Fraunhofer Gesell, DFG, Assoc Francaise Mech, German Soc Nondestruct Testing, Fachverban Sensorike eV, ZVEI, Innovat Relay Ctr N Germany, Int Soc Technol Law & Insurance, European Soc Struct Integr, Soc Francaise Met & Mat, Soc Exptl Mech, Saxon Soc Mech, Siemens AG, Robert Bosch GmbH, Philips Kassel, Deutsch Bank Berlin, Senate of Berlin, British Embassy Berlin, Commercial Sect, ONRIFO, European Off Aerosp Res & Dev, CWM GmbH Chemnitz, Zwick Roell GmbH Ulm, Druckhaus Dresden GmbH C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Magnet Mat Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Shull, RD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Magnet Mat Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Shull, Robert/F-5971-2013 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU DDP GOLDENBOGEN SIGURD GOLDENBOGEN PI DRESDEN PA WEISSE GASSE 6, 01067 DRESDEN, GERMANY BN 3-932434-15-3 PY 2000 BP 762 EP 762 PG 1 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA BS08G UT WOS:000168584000162 ER PT B AU Barker, SLR Tarlov, MJ Branham, M Xu, J MacCrehan, W Gaitan, M Locascio, LE AF Barker, SLR Tarlov, MJ Branham, M Xu, J MacCrehan, W Gaitan, M Locascio, LE BE VandenBerg, A Bergveld, P Olthuis, W TI Derivatization of plastic microfluidic devices with polyelectrolyte multilayers SO MICRO TOTAL ANALYSIS SYSTEMS 2000, PROCEEDINGS SE MESA MONOGRAPHS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Symposium on Micro Total Analysis Systems ((mu)TAS 2000) CY MAY 14-18, 2000 CL ENSCHEDE, NETHERLANDS SP MESA+, Analyt Chem, Microcosm, Jenoptik, Hewlett Packard, 3T, Cepheid, Twente MicroProd, Univ Twente DE polyelectrolyte multilayers; plastic microchannels; imprinting; surface modification; electro-osmotic flow ID ELECTROPHORETIC SEPARATIONS; SYSTEMS AB Microchannels fabricated in plastic materials by room temperature imprinting demonstrate large variability in surface charge as a result of the fabrication procedure. Surface charged groups are primarily localized on the channel walls and not on the channel floor resulting in differences in adsorption properties in the channel. Polyelectrolyte multilayers can be used to effectively coat the plastic microchannel surface with high reproduciblity and excellent stability. We show that polyelectrolyte multilayers can be used to alter both direction and rate of flow in plastic microchannel devices. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Barker, SLR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 0-7923-6387-6 J9 MESA MG PY 2000 BP 67 EP 70 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Chemistry, Analytical; Engineering, Mechanical; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Chemistry; Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BR72M UT WOS:000167335400014 ER PT B AU Locascio, LE Gaitan, M AF Locascio, LE Gaitan, M BE VandenBerg, A Bergveld, P Olthuis, W TI Integrated silicon microheating elements using silicon-on-plastic drop-in functionality SO MICRO TOTAL ANALYSIS SYSTEMS 2000, PROCEEDINGS SE MESA MONOGRAPHS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Symposium on Micro Total Analysis Systems ((mu)TAS 2000) CY MAY 14-18, 2000 CL ENSCHEDE, NETHERLANDS SP MESA+, Analyt Chem, Microcosm, Jenoptik, Hewlett Packard, 3T, Cepheid, Twente MicroProd, Univ Twente DE microheaters; silicon elements; plastic microchannels; flow sensor; integration ID DNA AB Resistive IC-based thin film microheating elements of polysilicon encapsulated in glass are coupled with polymeric microfluid channels. These microheating elements have several advantages over other resistive heating elements including high thermal isolation and good chemical compatibility due to the fact that they are encapsulated in glass. The microheating elements have been aligned and permanently bonded to plastic imprinted microfluid channels. The first demonstration of the utility of integrated microheating elements is their use as integrated microflow sensors. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Locascio, LE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 0-7923-6387-6 J9 MESA MG PY 2000 BP 131 EP 134 PG 4 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Chemistry, Analytical; Engineering, Mechanical; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Chemistry; Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BR72M UT WOS:000167335400030 ER PT B AU Locascio, LF Gaitan, M Hong, J Eldefrawi, M AF Locascio, LF Gaitan, M Hong, J Eldefrawi, M BE Harrison, DJ VanDenBerg, A TI Plastic microfluid devices for clinical measurements SO MICRO TOTAL ANALYSIS SYSTEMS '98 SE MESA MONOGRAPHS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Symposium on Micro-Total Analysis Systems (mu-TAS'98) CY OCT 13-16, 1998 CL BANFF, CANADA DE plastic; imprinting; liposomes; immunoassay; morphine ID DNA C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Locascio, LF (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 0-7923-5322-6 J9 MESA MG PY 2000 BP 367 EP 370 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Chemistry; Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BP68E UT WOS:000085854700087 ER PT S AU Etz, ES Hurst, WS Choquette, SJ AF Etz, ES Hurst, WS Choquette, SJ BE Williams, DB Shimizu, R TI Raman intensity calibration with glass luminescence standards SO MICROBEAM ANALYSIS 2000, PROCEEDINGS SE INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Conference of the International-Union-of-Microbeam-Analysis-Societies CY JUL 09-14, 2000 CL KAILUA KONA, HAWAII SP Australian Microbeam Anal Soc, Brasilian Soc Microscopy & Microanal, Microscopy Soc Canada, China Joint Comm Microbeam Anal, European Microbeam Anal Soc, Japan Soc Promot Sci, Comm 141 Microbeam Anal, Korean Soc Electron Microscopy, Microbeam Anal Soc ID INSTRUMENT C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Etz, ES (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 3 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 4 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TECHNO HOUSE, REDCLIFFE WAY, BRISTOL, ENGLAND BS1 6NX SN 0951-3248 BN 0-7503-0685-8 J9 INST PHYS CONF SER PY 2000 IS 165 BP 121 EP 122 PG 2 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Microscopy; Physics, Multidisciplinary; Spectroscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Microscopy; Physics; Spectroscopy GA BR57H UT WOS:000166835400061 ER PT S AU Wollman, DA Newbury, DE Nam, SW Hilton, GC Irwin, KD Rudman, DA Deiker, S Bergren, NF Martinis, JM AF Wollman, DA Newbury, DE Nam, SW Hilton, GC Irwin, KD Rudman, DA Deiker, S Bergren, NF Martinis, JM BE Williams, DB Shimizu, R TI Microcalorimeter EDS for low voltage microanalysis SO MICROBEAM ANALYSIS 2000, PROCEEDINGS SE INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Conference of the International-Union-of-Microbeam-Analysis-Societies CY JUL 09-14, 2000 CL KAILUA KONA, HAWAII SP Australian Microbeam Anal Soc, Brasilian Soc Microscopy & Microanal, Microscopy Soc Canada, China Joint Comm Microbeam Anal, European Microbeam Anal Soc, Japan Soc Promot Sci, Comm 141 Microbeam Anal, Korean Soc Electron Microscopy, Microbeam Anal Soc ID X-RAY-MICROANALYSIS; HIGH-RESOLUTION; SPECTROMETER C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wollman, DA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TECHNO HOUSE, REDCLIFFE WAY, BRISTOL, ENGLAND BS1 6NX SN 0951-3248 BN 0-7503-0685-8 J9 INST PHYS CONF SER PY 2000 IS 165 BP 125 EP 126 PG 2 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Microscopy; Physics, Multidisciplinary; Spectroscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Microscopy; Physics; Spectroscopy GA BR57H UT WOS:000166835400063 ER PT S AU Small, JA Michael, JR Newbury, DE AF Small, JA Michael, JR Newbury, DE BE Williams, DB Shimizu, R TI Improving the accuracy of particle analysis SO MICROBEAM ANALYSIS 2000, PROCEEDINGS SE INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Conference of the International-Union-of-Microbeam-Analysis-Societies CY JUL 09-14, 2000 CL KAILUA KONA, HAWAII SP Australian Microbeam Anal Soc, Brasilian Soc Microscopy & Microanal, Microscopy Soc Canada, China Joint Comm Microbeam Anal, European Microbeam Anal Soc, Japan Soc Promot Sci, Comm 141 Microbeam Anal, Korean Soc Electron Microscopy, Microbeam Anal Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Small, JA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TECHNO HOUSE, REDCLIFFE WAY, BRISTOL, ENGLAND BS1 6NX SN 0951-3248 BN 0-7503-0685-8 J9 INST PHYS CONF SER PY 2000 IS 165 BP 305 EP 306 PG 2 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Microscopy; Physics, Multidisciplinary; Spectroscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Microscopy; Physics; Spectroscopy GA BR57H UT WOS:000166835400153 ER PT S AU Gillen, G AF Gillen, G BE Williams, DB Shimizu, R TI Secondary ion mass spectrometry using polyatomic and cluster primary ion beams SO MICROBEAM ANALYSIS 2000, PROCEEDINGS SE INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Conference of the International-Union-of-Microbeam-Analysis-Societies CY JUL 09-14, 2000 CL KAILUA KONA, HAWAII SP Australian Microbeam Anal Soc, Brasilian Soc Microscopy & Microanal, Microscopy Soc Canada, China Joint Comm Microbeam Anal, European Microbeam Anal Soc, Japan Soc Promot Sci, Comm 141 Microbeam Anal, Korean Soc Electron Microscopy, Microbeam Anal Soc ID SF5+ C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gillen, G (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TECHNO HOUSE, REDCLIFFE WAY, BRISTOL, ENGLAND BS1 6NX SN 0951-3248 BN 0-7503-0685-8 J9 INST PHYS CONF SER PY 2000 IS 165 BP 339 EP 340 PG 2 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Microscopy; Physics, Multidisciplinary; Spectroscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Microscopy; Physics; Spectroscopy GA BR57H UT WOS:000166835400170 ER PT S AU Wight, SA Gillen, G Saupe, GB AF Wight, SA Gillen, G Saupe, GB BE Williams, DB Shimizu, R TI Characterization of the electron beam specimen interaction in the ESEM with SIMS imaging SO MICROBEAM ANALYSIS 2000, PROCEEDINGS SE INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Conference of the International-Union-of-Microbeam-Analysis-Societies CY JUL 09-14, 2000 CL KAILUA KONA, HAWAII SP Australian Microbeam Anal Soc, Brasilian Soc Microscopy & Microanal, Microscopy Soc Canada, China Joint Comm Microbeam Anal, European Microbeam Anal Soc, Japan Soc Promot Sci, Comm 141 Microbeam Anal, Korean Soc Electron Microscopy, Microbeam Anal Soc ID ION; MICROSCOPY; MONOLAYERS C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Proc Measurements Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wight, SA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TECHNO HOUSE, REDCLIFFE WAY, BRISTOL, ENGLAND BS1 6NX SN 0951-3248 BN 0-7503-0685-8 J9 INST PHYS CONF SER PY 2000 IS 165 BP 351 EP 352 PG 2 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Microscopy; Physics, Multidisciplinary; Spectroscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Microscopy; Physics; Spectroscopy GA BR57H UT WOS:000166835400176 ER PT S AU Small, JA AF Small, JA BE Williams, DB Shimizu, R TI Activities of the international organization for standardization technical committee 202 microbeam analysis SO MICROBEAM ANALYSIS 2000, PROCEEDINGS SE INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Conference of the International-Union-of-Microbeam-Analysis-Societies CY JUL 09-14, 2000 CL KAILUA KONA, HAWAII SP Australian Microbeam Anal Soc, Brasilian Soc Microscopy & Microanal, Microscopy Soc Canada, China Joint Comm Microbeam Anal, European Microbeam Anal Soc, Japan Soc Promot Sci, Comm 141 Microbeam Anal, Korean Soc Electron Microscopy, Microbeam Anal Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surg & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Small, JA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surg & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TECHNO HOUSE, REDCLIFFE WAY, BRISTOL, ENGLAND BS1 6NX SN 0951-3248 BN 0-7503-0685-8 J9 INST PHYS CONF SER PY 2000 IS 165 BP 397 EP 398 PG 2 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Microscopy; Physics, Multidisciplinary; Spectroscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Microscopy; Physics; Spectroscopy GA BR57H UT WOS:000166835400199 ER PT S AU Marinenko, RB AF Marinenko, RB BE Williams, DB Shimizu, R TI Status of microanalysis standards at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) SO MICROBEAM ANALYSIS 2000, PROCEEDINGS SE INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Conference of the International-Union-of-Microbeam-Analysis-Societies CY JUL 09-14, 2000 CL KAILUA KONA, HAWAII SP Australian Microbeam Anal Soc, Brasilian Soc Microscopy & Microanal, Microscopy Soc Canada, China Joint Comm Microbeam Anal, European Microbeam Anal Soc, Japan Soc Promot Sci, Comm 141 Microbeam Anal, Korean Soc Electron Microscopy, Microbeam Anal Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Microanal Res Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Marinenko, RB (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Microanal Res Grp, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8371, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TECHNO HOUSE, REDCLIFFE WAY, BRISTOL, ENGLAND BS1 6NX SN 0951-3248 BN 0-7503-0685-8 J9 INST PHYS CONF SER PY 2000 IS 165 BP 405 EP 406 PG 2 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Microscopy; Physics, Multidisciplinary; Spectroscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Microscopy; Physics; Spectroscopy GA BR57H UT WOS:000166835400203 ER PT S AU Newbury, DE AF Newbury, DE BE Williams, DB Shimizu, R TI Quantitative electron probe microanalysis of rough, bulk samples SO MICROBEAM ANALYSIS 2000, PROCEEDINGS SE INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Conference of the International-Union-of-Microbeam-Analysis-Societies CY JUL 09-14, 2000 CL KAILUA KONA, HAWAII SP Australian Microbeam Anal Soc, Brasilian Soc Microscopy & Microanal, Microscopy Soc Canada, China Joint Comm Microbeam Anal, European Microbeam Anal Soc, Japan Soc Promot Sci, Comm 141 Microbeam Anal, Korean Soc Electron Microscopy, Microbeam Anal Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Newbury, DE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TECHNO HOUSE, REDCLIFFE WAY, BRISTOL, ENGLAND BS1 6NX SN 0951-3248 BN 0-7503-0685-8 J9 INST PHYS CONF SER PY 2000 IS 165 BP 427 EP 428 PG 2 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Microscopy; Physics, Multidisciplinary; Spectroscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Microscopy; Physics; Spectroscopy GA BR57H UT WOS:000166835400214 ER PT S AU Armstrong, JT AF Armstrong, JT BE Williams, DB Shimizu, R TI Optimal methods for the quantitative analysis of individual microparticles and irregular surfaces SO MICROBEAM ANALYSIS 2000, PROCEEDINGS SE INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS CONFERENCE SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Conference of the International-Union-of-Microbeam-Analysis-Societies CY JUL 09-14, 2000 CL KAILUA KONA, HAWAII SP Australian Microbeam Anal Soc, Brasilian Soc Microscopy & Microanal, Microscopy Soc Canada, China Joint Comm Microbeam Anal, European Microbeam Anal Soc, Japan Soc Promot Sci, Comm 141 Microbeam Anal, Korean Soc Electron Microscopy, Microbeam Anal Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20879 USA. RP Armstrong, JT (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20879 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TECHNO HOUSE, REDCLIFFE WAY, BRISTOL, ENGLAND BS1 6NX SN 0951-3248 BN 0-7503-0685-8 J9 INST PHYS CONF SER PY 2000 IS 165 BP 429 EP 430 PG 2 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Microscopy; Physics, Multidisciplinary; Spectroscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Microscopy; Physics; Spectroscopy GA BR57H UT WOS:000166835400215 ER PT S AU Moreland, J Kabos, P Jander, A Lohndorf, M McMichael, R Lee, CG AF Moreland, J Kabos, P Jander, A Lohndorf, M McMichael, R Lee, CG BE Peeters, E Paul, O TI Micromechanical detectors for ferromagnetic resonance spectroscopy SO MICROMACHINED DEVICES AND COMPONENTS VI SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Micromachined Devices and Components VI CY SEP 18-19, 2000 CL SANTA CLARA, CA SP SPIE, Semicond Equipment & Mat Int, SolidState Technol, Sandia Natl Labs DE MEMS; micromechanical detector; ferromagnetic resonance (FMR); M-H loops; bimaterial calorimeter; torque magnetometer; atomic force microscope (AFM); microwave instrumentation ID TORQUE MAGNETOMETRY; CANTILEVER; FILMS AB We demonstrate micromechanical detection of ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) in thin magnetic films. FMR spectroscopy is performed on nanometer scale samples integrated with a micromachined silicon cantilever. We present several techniques by which the FMR signal is coupled to a mechanical response of the cantilever. Cantilevers with low spring constants and high mechanical Q are essential for these measurements. Sub-nanometer displacements of the cantilever are detected using a laser beam-bounce system typical of many atomic force microscopes (AFM). The high sensitivities achieved by integrating the sample with the detector allow magnetic measurements on samples with total magnetic moments smaller than detectable with conventional magnetometers. Metrology applications for micromachined magnetometers include ultra-thin film material characterization, magnetic field microscopy, microwave field imaging, and deposition process monitors. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Moreland, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mail Stop 814-05, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI McMichael, Robert/J-8688-2012; OI McMichael, Robert/0000-0002-1372-664X NR 29 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3832-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2000 VL 4176 BP 84 EP 95 DI 10.1117/12.395644 PG 12 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Materials Science; Optics; Physics GA BR14P UT WOS:000165733700009 ER PT B AU Brown, KH AF Brown, KH GP JSAP JSAP JSAP JSAP TI Moore's law - Is there more? SO MICROPROCESSES AND NANOTECHNOLOGY 2000, DIGEST OF PAPERS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Microprocesses and Nanotechnology Conference CY JUL 11-13, 2000 CL UNIV TOKYO, KOMABA CAMPUS, TOKYO, JAPAN SP Japan Soc Appl Phys, IEEE, Electr Devices Soc, Amer Vacuum Soc, Assoc Super Adv Electr Technol, Inst Elect Engineers Japan, Inst Electr, Informat & Commun Engineers, Japanese Soc Synchrotron Radiat Res, Japanese Soc Electron Microscopy, Surface Sci Soc Japan, Vacuum Soc Japan HO UNIV TOKYO, KOMABA CAMPUS C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Brown, KH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BUSINESS CENTER ACADEMIC SOC JAPAN PI TOKYO PA 5-16-9, HONKOMAGOME, 5-CHOME, BUNKYO-KU, TOKYO, 113-8622, JAPAN BN 4-89114-004-6 PY 2000 BP 2 EP 3 DI 10.1109/IMNC.2000.872595 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BR55L UT WOS:000166793600001 ER PT B AU Kopanski, JJ Marchiando, JF Rennex, BG AF Kopanski, JJ Marchiando, JF Rennex, BG GP JSAP JSAP JSAP JSAP TI Scanning Capacitance Microscopy for measuring device carrier profiles beyond the 100 nm generation SO MICROPROCESSES AND NANOTECHNOLOGY 2000, DIGEST OF PAPERS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Microprocesses and Nanotechnology Conference CY JUL 11-13, 2000 CL UNIV TOKYO, KOMABA CAMPUS, TOKYO, JAPAN SP Japan Soc Appl Phys, IEEE, Electr Devices Soc, Amer Vacuum Soc, Assoc Super Adv Electr Technol, Inst Elect Engineers Japan, Inst Electr, Informat & Commun Engineers, Japanese Soc Synchrotron Radiat Res, Japanese Soc Electron Microscopy, Surface Sci Soc Japan, Vacuum Soc Japan HO UNIV TOKYO, KOMABA CAMPUS C1 NIST, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kopanski, JJ (reprint author), NIST, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BUSINESS CENTER ACADEMIC SOC JAPAN PI TOKYO PA 5-16-9, HONKOMAGOME, 5-CHOME, BUNKYO-KU, TOKYO, 113-8622, JAPAN BN 4-89114-004-6 PY 2000 BP 250 EP 251 DI 10.1109/IMNC.2000.872740 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BR55L UT WOS:000166793600122 ER PT S AU Williams, CR Gage, KS AF Williams, CR Gage, KS BE Wilheit, TT Masuko, H Wakabayashi, H TI Hydrometeor size distributions retrieved from vertical pointing UHF and S-band profilers during the TRMM Ground Validation Program SO MICROWAVE REMOTE SENSING OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND ENVIRONMENT II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Microwave Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Environment II CY OCT 09-12, 2000 CL SENDAI, JAPAN SP SPIE, Natl Space Dev Agcy Japan, Tohoku Inst Technol, NASA Langley Res Ctr, Natl Polar Orbiting Operat Environm Satellite Syst, TRW DE rain drop size distribution (DSD); hydrometeor; profiler; Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) ID MESOSCALE CONVECTIVE SYSTEMS; DROP-SIZE; WIND PROFILER; DOPPLER RADAR; RAINDROP SPECTRA; PRECIPITATING CLOUD; REFLECTIVITY FACTOR; AIR MOTIONS; DISDROMETER; PARAMETERS AB With their high vertical and temporal resolution, vertically-pointing profilers offer valuable information about the vertical structure of precipitating cloud systems(1,2,3,4). The observed vertical structure of the precipitating cloud is related to the latent heating profile in the cloud system. The different precipitation regimes (e.g., convective, stratiform, and transitional precipitation) can be identified by diagnosing the profiler resolved vertical structure of reflectivity, mean Doppler velocity, and turbulence(5,6,7). The classifications based on these vertical profiles are important for estimating the frequency and percent occurrence of the precipitation regimes. While the vertical structure throughout the depth of the precipitating cloud is related to the precipitation regime, the Doppler velocity spectra obtained at each range gate provides information on the rain drop size distribution (DSD) in each pulse volume. Through analysis of the Doppler velocity spectra, the rain drop size distribution can be estimated in the vertical column above the profiler. Vertically-pointing profilers provide an opportunity to diagnose the vertical evolution of the rain drop size distribution and their variations over the different life cycles of the precipitation processes. This proceeding reviews the different profiler DSD estimation methods presented in the literature and compares profiler and surface disdrometer DSD estimates for one rain event in central Florida. C1 Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Williams, CR (reprint author), Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 53 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3805-7 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2000 VL 4152 BP 54 EP 61 DI 10.1117/12.410623 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BR89W UT WOS:000167975400006 ER PT J AU Jargon, JA DeGroot, DC AF Jargon, JA DeGroot, DC TI NIST unveils status of PIM testing SO MICROWAVES & RF LA English DT Article C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Radio Frequency Technol Div, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Radio Frequency Technol Div, 325 Broadway,M-S 813-01, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM jjargon@nist.gov NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PENTON MEDIA, INC PI NEW YORK PA 249 W 17TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011 USA SN 0745-2993 EI 2162-1411 J9 MICROWAVES RF JI Microw. RF PD JAN PY 2000 VL 39 IS 1 BP 72 EP + PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA 275GY UT WOS:000084813500020 ER PT B AU Jones, CA Grosvenor, JH Weil, CM AF Jones, CA Grosvenor, JH Weil, CM GP TRI TRI TI RF material characterization using a large-diameter (76.8 mm) coaxial air line SO MIKON-2000, VOLS 1 & 2, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 13th International Conference on Microwaves, Radar and Wireless Communications (MIKON-2000) CY MAY 22-24, 2000 CL WROCLAW, POLAND SP Telecommunicat Res Inst, Warsaw Univ Technol, Wroclaw Unic Technol, Polish Acad Sci, State Comm Sci Res, IEEE Soc, MTT Soc, AES Soc, ED Soc, AES, IEEE Poland Sect, AP, IEEE Poland Sect, MTT, IEEE Poland Sect AB We report on the development of a 76.84 mm (3.025 inn) diameter coaxial air line system whose purpose is to measure the dielectric and magnetic properties of bulk dielectric and fete materials over a frequency range of approximately 0.3 - 1500 MHz. We summarize the relative advantages and disadvantages of using large-diameter coaxial air lines for material characterization and we discuss the particular problems associated with calibrating vector network analyzers in this form of transmission line. We also present broadband measurement data on two lossy materials, including a ferrite-loaded polymer and carbon-loaded concrete. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Radio Frequency Technol Div, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Jones, CA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Radio Frequency Technol Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU PIT-TELECOMMUNICATIONS RES INSTITUTE PI WARSAW PA UL POLIGONOWA 30, 04-051 WARSAW, POLAND BN 83-906662-0-0 PY 2000 BP 417 EP 420 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications GA BS93R UT WOS:000171438100095 ER PT S AU Marbukh, V Subbarao, MW AF Marbukh, V Subbarao, MW GP IEEE IEEE TI Framework for maximum survivability routing for a MANET SO MILCOM 2000: 21ST CENTURY MILITARY COMMUNICATIONS CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1 AND 2: ARCHITECTURES & TECHNOLOGIES FOR INFORMATION SUPERIORITY SE IEEE Military Communications Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE 21st Century Military Communications Conference (MILCOM 2000) CY OCT 22-25, 2000 CL LOS ANGELES, CA SP IEEE, COMSOC, AFCEA AB In this paper, we develop a framework for Maximum Survivability Routing (MSR) for wireless Mobile Ad hoc NETworks (MANET). The routing is aimed at preserving network connectivity by choosing routing paths according to the remaining battery life of nodes along the route. While the remaining battery power P(i) at node i is a well-defined parameter that can be easily measured, the remaining battery life tau (i) = P(i)/r(i) depends on the unknown future power-draining rate r(i). Accurate prediction of these future power-draining rates r(i) is crucial for good performance of the MSR. We present simulation results that demonstrate superior performance of MSR as compared to some other known routing protocols when the power-draining rate is quasi-stationary and consequently, can be easily estimated from the historical data. Future research will be concentrated on adaptation techniques for highly transient scenarios. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Wireless Commun Technol Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Marbukh, V (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Wireless Commun Technol Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2155-7578 BN 0-7803-6521-6 J9 IEEE MILIT COMMUN C PY 2000 BP 282 EP 286 PG 5 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Information Systems; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Engineering; Telecommunications GA BR85L UT WOS:000167781800054 ER PT S AU Roux, N Pegon, JS Subbarao, MW AF Roux, N Pegon, JS Subbarao, MW GP IEEE IEEE TI Cost adaptive mechanism to provide network diversity for MANET reactive routing protocols SO MILCOM 2000: 21ST CENTURY MILITARY COMMUNICATIONS CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, VOLS 1 AND 2: ARCHITECTURES & TECHNOLOGIES FOR INFORMATION SUPERIORITY SE IEEE Military Communications Conference LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE 21st Century Military Communications Conference (MILCOM 2000) CY OCT 22-25, 2000 CL LOS ANGELES, CA SP IEEE, COMSOC, AFCEA AB We develop a Cost Adaptive Mechanism (CAM) that can be used with any MANET reactive routing protocol employing a route discovery mechanism. Through CAM, various link cost metrics are gathered, including transmission power required on a link, remaining battery life, and traffic load of each node. A route selection time window is introduced to allow the destination node and the source node to select among viable routes according to current network needs, thereby providing a level of network diversity. We evaluate the performance of CAM and present our preliminary results. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Wireless Commun Technol Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Roux, N (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Wireless Commun Technol Grp, 100 Bureau Dr Stop 8920, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM nroux@enst.fr; pegon@eurecom.fr; msubbara@cisco.com NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 2155-7578 BN 0-7803-6521-6 J9 IEEE MILIT COMMUN C PY 2000 BP 287 EP 291 PG 5 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Information Systems; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Engineering; Telecommunications GA BR85L UT WOS:000167781800055 ER PT S AU Chow, LC AF Chow, LC BE Li, PJ Calvert, P Kokubo, T Levy, R Scheid, C TI Calcium phosphate cements: Chemistry, properties, and applications SO MINERALIZATION IN NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC BIOMATERIALS SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Mineralization in Natural and Synthetic Biomaterials CY NOV 29-DEC 01, 1999 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc ID ROOT-CANAL SEALER; HYDROXYAPATITE CEMENT; SOLUBILITY; RECONSTRUCTION; DEFECTS; OBLITERATION; SURGERY; REPAIR; SYSTEM AB This paper reviews recent studies on self-setting calcium phosphate cements (CPC). Discussions are focused on the cement setting reactions, the products formed, those properties of the cements that contribute to their clinical efficacy, and areas of future improvements that could make CPC useful in a wider range of applications. The strengths of CPC are considerably lower than ceramic calcium phosphate biomaterials and are also lower than some of the dental cements. On the other hand, the combination of self-setting capability and high biocompatibility makes CPC a unique biomaterial. Near perfect adaptation of the cement to the tissue surfaces in a defect, and a gradual resorption followed by new bone formation are some of the distinctive advantages of CPC. In its present state CPC appears to be suitable for a number of applications. Much remains to be done to further improve its properties to meet the requirements for different applications. C1 NIST, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Chow, LC (reprint author), NIST, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 42 TC 59 Z9 60 U1 5 U2 20 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-507-2 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2000 VL 599 BP 27 EP 37 PG 11 WC Materials Science, Biomaterials; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Materials Science GA BQ82B UT WOS:000089704700003 ER PT J AU Kamitakahara, WA Wada, N AF Kamitakahara, WA Wada, N TI Dynamics of intercalated water molecules synthetic layered silicates SO MOLECULAR CRYSTALS AND LIQUID CRYSTALS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Symposium on Intercalation Compounds (ISIC 10) CY MAY 30-JUN 03, 1999 CL OKAZAKI CONF CTR, OKAZAKI, JAPAN SP Inoue Fdn Sci, Izumi Sci & Technol Fdn, Ogasawara Fdn Promot Sci & Engn HO OKAZAKI CONF CTR DE water dynamics; neutron scattering; clay; layered silicates; hydration ID NEUTRON-SCATTERING AB Diffusional motions of water molecules in a synthetic fluorinated layered silicate have been studied by neutron scattering. Motions in a one-water-layer hydration state are slower than in those in a two-water-layer hydration state. Good Fits to the data were obtained with the Kohlrausch-Williams-Watt lineshape that is often applied to disordered systems. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Toyo Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Kawagoe, Saitama 3508585, Japan. RP Kamitakahara, WA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING RG1 8JL, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 1058-725X J9 MOL CRYST LIQ CRYST JI Mol. Cryst. Liquid Cryst. PY 2000 VL 341 BP 1307 EP 1312 PG 6 WC Crystallography SC Crystallography GA 352CA UT WOS:000089195900082 ER PT B AU Fuller, J Carlin, RT AF Fuller, J Carlin, RT BE Trulove, PC DeLong, HC Stafford, GR Deki, S TI Ionic liquid-polymer impregnated nafion electrolytes SO MOLTEN SALTS XII, PROCEEDINGS SE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th International Symposium on Molten Salts CY OCT 17-22, 1999 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Electrochem Soc, Div Phys Electrochem, Electrochem Soc, Div High Temp Mat, Electrochem Soc, Div Electrodeposit, USAF, Off Sci Res, European Off Aersp Res & Dev AB Increased interest in the use of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells at elevated temperature has prompted the exploration of the incorporation of ionic liquids into Nafion membranes. Nafion has superior performance characteristics at lower temperatures; however its performance degrades as the membrane loses water at elevated temperatures. The incorporation of ionic liquids may serve several functions including acting as a plastizer or serving to increase the thermal stability of the Nafion composite material. Preliminary results on the conductivity of ionic liquid-Nafion composites at elevated temperatures are reported. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Fuller, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 2310, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 S MAIN ST, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534-2839 USA BN 1-56677-264-8 J9 ELEC SOC S PY 2000 VL 99 IS 41 BP 27 EP 31 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Electrochemistry SC Chemistry; Electrochemistry GA BQ13W UT WOS:000087280700004 ER PT B AU Stafford, GR Jovic, VD Moffat, TP Zhu, Q Jones, S Hussey, CL AF Stafford, GR Jovic, VD Moffat, TP Zhu, Q Jones, S Hussey, CL BE Trulove, PC DeLong, HC Stafford, GR Deki, S TI The electrodeposition of Al-Cu alloys from room temperature chloroaluminate electrolytes SO MOLTEN SALTS XII, PROCEEDINGS SE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 12th International Symposium on Molten Salts CY OCT 17-22, 1999 CL HONOLULU, HI SP Electrochem Soc, Div Phys Electrochem, Electrochem Soc, Div High Temp Mat, Electrochem Soc, Div Electrodeposit, USAF, Off Sci Res, European Off Aersp Res & Dev ID COBALT-ALUMINUM ALLOYS; IN-SITU STM; MOLTEN-SALT; ELECTROCHEMISTRY; EQUILIBRIA; CU(111); MELT AB The electrodeposition of Cu-Al alloys, as well as the underpotential deposition (UPD) of Al onto Cu(111), were investigated in acidic aluminum chloride/1-methyl-3-ethylimidazolium chloride ambient temperature molten salt. It was shown that it is possible to produce Cu-AL alloy deposits at potentials positive of that corresponding to the electrodeposition of bulk Al. The onset of Al codeposition was found to occur at approximately 0.30 V versus the Al(III)/Al couple, and the Cu-Al alloy composition was found to be independent of the Cu(I) concentration, reaching a maximum value of 43 % atomic fraction Al at 0 V. Alloy deposition potentials based on free energy calculations are in good agreement with those observed experimentally for Zn-Al, Cu-Al, Co-Al, and Fe-Al deposited at room temperature and Ni-Al deposited at 150 degrees C from an aluminum chloride/sodium chloride melt. Cyclic voltammograms recorded on Cu(111) clearly indicate that UPD of Al commences at about 0.30 V vs. Al and is characterized by two distinct surface processes. In-situ scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) examination indicates that an ordered ad-layer appears on the Cu(111) surface at potentials positive of the first UPD wave. A possible model representing this structure corresponds to a layer of tetrachloroaluminate ions, oxidatively adsorbed on the Cu(lll) surface, with the face of the tetrahedra adjacent to the copper surface. C1 NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Stafford, GR (reprint author), NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 2 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 S MAIN ST, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534-2839 USA BN 1-56677-264-8 J9 ELEC SOC S PY 2000 VL 99 IS 41 BP 535 EP 548 PG 14 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Electrochemistry SC Chemistry; Electrochemistry GA BQ13W UT WOS:000087280700058 ER PT J AU Hendon, HH Liebmann, B Newman, M Glick, JD Schemm, JE AF Hendon, HH Liebmann, B Newman, M Glick, JD Schemm, JE TI Medium-range forecast errors associated with active episodes of the Madden-Julian oscillation SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID TROPICAL INTRASEASONAL OSCILLATION; ROSSBY-WAVE DYNAMICS; AIR-SEA INTERACTION; CIRCULATION ANOMALIES; NORTHERN WINTER; WESTERN PACIFIC; FGGE YEAR; CONVECTION; MODEL; FLOW AB Systematic forecast errors associated with active episodes of the tropical Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO) are examined using five winters of dynamical extended range forecasts from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction reanalysis model. Active episodes of the MJO are identified as those periods when the amplitude of either of the first two empirical orthogonal functions of intraseasonally filtered outgoing longwave radiation, which efficiently capture the MJO, is large. Forecasts initialized during active episodes of the MJO are found not to capture the eastward propagation of the tropical precipitation and circulation anomalies associated with the MJO. Rather, the MJO-induced anomalies of precipitation and winds are systematically forecast to weaken and even retrograde. By about day 7 of the forecast the convectively coupled. tropical circulation anomalies produced by the MJO are largely gone. Systematic errors in the extratropical 200-mb streamfunction also fully develop by day 10. The initial development of these errors is argued to result from the collapse of the tropical divergence forcing produced by the MJO and, thus, the lack of correct Rossby wave source. Forecast skill in the Tropics and Northern Hemisphere extratropics is found to be systematically reduced during active periods of the MJO as compared to quiescent times. This reduced skill is suggested to result because the MJO is the dominant mode of convective variability and not because the model is better able to forecast intraseasonal convection unrelated to the MJO. C1 NOAA, Climate Diagnost Ctr, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NOAA, NWS, NCEP, Climate Predict Ctr, Boulder, CO USA. RP Hendon, HH (reprint author), NOAA, Climate Diagnost Ctr, CIRES, Mail Code R-CDC1,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Newman, Matthew /F-8336-2010 OI Newman, Matthew /0000-0001-5348-2312 NR 29 TC 96 Z9 113 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 128 IS 1 BP 69 EP 86 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2000)128<0069:MRFEAW>2.0.CO;2 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 271TJ UT WOS:000084609300004 ER PT J AU Rasmussen, EN Richardson, S Straka, JM Markowski, PM Blanchard, DO AF Rasmussen, EN Richardson, S Straka, JM Markowski, PM Blanchard, DO TI The association of significant tornadoes with a baroclinic boundary on 2 June 1995 SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID VORTEX-95; COLORADO; ROTATION; STORMS; KANSAS AB On 2 June 1995, the large-scale environment of eastern New Mexico and western Texas was generally favorable for the occurrence of supercells because of the presence of strong deep shear and storm-relative helicity, as well as sufficient convective available potential energy (CAPE). Indeed, many supercells occurred, but the only storms to produce tornadoes were those supercells that crossed, or developed and persisted on the immediate cool side of a particular outflow boundary generated by earlier convection. Surface conditions, vertical vorticity, and horizontal vorticity near this boundary are documented using conventional and special observations from the VORTEX field program. It is shown that the boundary was locally rich in horizontal vorticity, had somewhat enhanced Vertical vorticity, and enhanced CAFE. Theoretical arguments indicate that the observed horizontal vorticity (around 1 x 10(-2) s(-1)), largely parallel to the boundary, can he readily produced with the type of buoyancy contrast observed. It is hypothesized that such local enhancement of horizontal vorticity often is required for the occurrence of significant (e.g., F2 or stronger) tornadoes, even in large-scale environments that appear conducive to tornado occurrence without the aid of local influences. C1 Univ Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Natl Severe Storms Lab, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK USA. Univ Oklahoma, Ctr Anal & Predict Storms, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Sch Meteorol, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Rasmussen, EN (reprint author), 3450 Mitchell Lane,Bldg 3,Rm 2034, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. OI Markowski, Paul/0000-0002-4295-3390 NR 20 TC 59 Z9 61 U1 3 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 128 IS 1 BP 174 EP 191 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2000)128<0174:TAOSTW>2.0.CO;2 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 271TJ UT WOS:000084609300010 ER PT J AU Lee, WC Jou, BJD Chang, PL Marks, FD AF Lee, WC Jou, BJD Chang, PL Marks, FD TI Tropical cyclone kinematic structure retrieved from single-Doppler radar observations. Part III: Evolution and structures of Typhoon Alex (1987) SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID VELOCITY TRACK DISPLAY; INNER CORE STRUCTURE; HURRICANE ALICIA; CIRCULATIONS AB This paper is the third of a series that focuses on the applications of the ground-based velocity track display (GBVTD) technique and the GBVTD-simplex center finding algorithm developed in the previous two papers to a real tropical cyclone (TC). The evolution and structure of Typhoon Alex (1987), including full tangential winds, mean radial winds, one component of the mean flow, and their derived axisymmetric angular momentum and perturbation pressure fields are reconstructed from 16 volume scans (6.5 h of data with a 2-h gap) from the Civil Aeronautic Administration (CAA) Doppler radar while Typhoon Alex moved across the mountainous area in northern Taiwan. This analysis retrieves a plausible and physically consistent three-dimensional primary circulation of a land-falling TC using a single ground-based Doppler radar. Highly asymmetric wind structures were resolved by the GBVTD technique where the maximum relative tangential wind at z = 2 km evolved from 52 m s(-1) (before landfall), to less than 40 m s(-1) (after landfall), to less than 35 m s(-1) (entering the East China Sea). Alex's eye began to fill with precipitation while its intensity decreased rapidly after landfall, a characteristic of circulations disrupted by terrain. The mean radial wind field revealed a layer of low-level inflow in agreement with past TC observations. The outward slope of the eyewall reflectivity maximum was consistent with the constant angular momentum contours within the eyewall. After Alex entered the East China Sea, its circulation became more axisymmetric. The axisymmetric perturbation pressure field was retrieved using the gradient wind approximation, which, when used in conjunction with one or more surface pressure measurements within the analysis domain, can estimate the central pressure. The retrieved perturbation pressure fields at two time periods were compared with surface pressures reported in northern Taiwan. Considering the assumptions involved and the influence of terrain, good agreement (only 1-2-mb deviation) was found between them. This agreement indicates the relative quality of the GBVTD-retrieved axisymmetric circulation and suggests GBVTD-retrieved quantities can be useful in operational and research applications. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Natl Taiwan Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Taipei 10764, Taiwan. NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Lee, WC (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RI Marks, Frank/A-5733-2011; OI Marks, Frank/0000-0003-0371-5514; JOU, BEN JONG DAO/0000-0001-5715-042X NR 36 TC 29 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PY 2000 VL 128 IS 12 BP 3982 EP 4001 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2000)129<3982:TCKSRF>2.0.CO;2 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 386AQ UT WOS:000166038300003 ER PT J AU Zhang, S Zou, X Ahlquist, J Navon, IM Sela, JG AF Zhang, S Zou, X Ahlquist, J Navon, IM Sela, JG TI Use of differentiable and nondifferentiable optimization algorithms for variational data assimilation with discontinuous cost functions SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID PRECIPITATION DATA; MODEL; ADJOINT AB Cost functions formulated in four-dimensional variational data assimilation (4DVAR) are nonsmooth in the presence of discontinuous physical processes (i.e., the presence of "on-off'' switches in NWP models). The adjoint model integration produces values of subgradients, instead of gradients, of these cost functions with respect to the model's control variables at discontinuous points. Minimization of these cost functions using conventional differentiable optimization algorithms may encounter difficulties. In this paper an idealized discontinuous model and an actual shallow convection parameterization are used, both including on-off switches, to illustrate the performances of differentiable and nondifferentiable optimization algorithms. It was found that (i) the differentiable optimization, such as the limited memory quasi-Newton (L-BFGS) algorithm, may still work well for minimizing a nondifferentiable cost function, especially when the changes made in the forecast model at switching points to the model state are not too large; (ii) for a differentiable optimization algorithm to find the true minimum of a nonsmooth cost function, introducing a local smoothing that removes discontinuities may lead to more problems than solutions due to the insertion of artificial stationary points; and (iii) a nondifferentiable optimization algorithm is found to be able to find the true minima in cases where the differentiable minimization failed. For the case of strong smoothing, differentiable minimization performance is much improved, as compared to the weak smoothing cases. C1 Florida State Univ, Dept Meteorol, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Zou, X (reprint author), Florida State Univ, Dept Meteorol, 404 Love Bldg, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. RI Navon, Ionel/A-5173-2008 OI Navon, Ionel/0000-0001-7830-7094 NR 25 TC 19 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PY 2000 VL 128 IS 12 BP 4031 EP 4044 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2000)129<4031:UODANO>2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 386AQ UT WOS:000166038300006 ER PT J AU Mo, KC AF Mo, KC TI The association between intraseasonal oscillations and tropical storms in the Atlantic basin SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID SEASONAL HURRICANE FREQUENCY; OUTGOING LONGWAVE RADIATION; EL-NINO; VARIABILITY; CIRCULATION; RAINFALL; INTENSE AB Tropical intraseasonal variations in the Pacific are related to the tropical storm activity in the Atlantic basin using outgoing longwave radiation anomalies (OLRAs) and circulation anomalies from the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis. Tropical storms are most likely to develop and maintain in the Atlantic, when enhanced convection associated with the tropical intraseasonal oscillations (TIOs) is located over the Indian Ocean and convection in the Pacific is suppressed. Tropical storm activity decreases when the TIO shifts to the opposite phase. The dominant signal associated with the TIO is the Madden-Julian oscillation. The atmospheric response in the Tropics is a dipole pattern in the 200-hPa streamfunction anomalies just north of the equator. Positive OLRA propagates eastward from the Indian Ocean to the central Pacific. The dipole moves eastward in concert with OLRAs. When enhanced convection is located in the Indian Ocean and convection in the Pacific is suppressed, positive 200-hPa streamfunction anomalies as a part of the dipole extend from Central America to the central Atlantic. There are more upper-tropospheric easterly wind anomalies over the Caribbeans and the tropical Atlantic. The vertical wind shear decreases. These conditions are favorable for tropical storms to development and enhance. When the TIO shifts to the opposite phase with enhanced convection in the Pacific, the wind shear in the tropical Atlantic increases and the occurrence of tropical storms decreases. C1 NOAA, Climate Predict Ctr, NCEP, NWS, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Mo, KC (reprint author), NOAA, Climate Predict Ctr, NCEP, NWS, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. NR 25 TC 51 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PY 2000 VL 128 IS 12 BP 4097 EP 4107 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2000)129<4097:TABIOA>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 386AQ UT WOS:000166038300011 ER PT J AU Schultz, DM Schumacher, PN Doswell, CA AF Schultz, DM Schumacher, PN Doswell, CA TI The intricacies of instabilities SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID WEATHER AB In response to Sherwood's comments and in an attempt to restore proper usage of terminology associated with moist instability, the early history of moist instability is reviewed. This review shows that many of Sherwood's concerns about the terminology were understood at the time of their origination. Definitions of conditional instability include both the lapse-rate definition (i.e., the environmental lapse rate lies between the dry- and the moist-adiabatic lapse rates) and the available-energy definition (i.e., a parcel possesses positive buoyant energy; also called latent instability), neither of which can be considered an instability in the classic sense. Furthermore, the lapse-rate definition is really a statement of uncertainty about instability. The uncertainty can be resolved by including the effects of moisture through a consideration of the available-energy definition (i.e., convective available potential energy) or potential instability. It is shown that such misunderstandings about conditional instability were likely due to the simplifications resulting from the substitution of lapse rates for buoyancy in the vertical acceleration equation. Despite these valid concerns about the value of the lapse-rate definition of conditional instability, consideration of the lapse rate and moisture separately can be useful in some contexts (e.g., the ingredients-based methodology for forecasting deep, moist convection). It is argued that the release of potential (or convective) instability through layer lifting may occur in association with fronts, rather than with isolated convection, the terminology "convective'' being an unfortunate modifier. The merits and demerits of slantwise convective available potential energy are discussed, with the hope of improving diagnostic methodologies for assessing slantwise convection. Finally, it is argued that, when assessing precipitation events, undue emphasis may appear to be placed on instability, rather than the forcing for ascent, which should be of primary importance. C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Natl Weather Serv, NOAA, Sioux Falls, SD USA. RP Schultz, DM (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. EM schultz@nssl.noaa.gov RI Doswell III, Charles/E-7662-2010; Schultz, David M./A-3091-2010 OI Schultz, David M./0000-0003-1558-6975 NR 30 TC 24 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PY 2000 VL 128 IS 12 BP 4143 EP 4148 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2000)129<4143:TIOI>2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 386AQ UT WOS:000166038300017 ER PT S AU Gajewski, DA Guyer, JE Kopanski, JJ Pellegrino, JG AF Gajewski, DA Guyer, JE Kopanski, JJ Pellegrino, JG BE Millunchick, JM Barabasi, AL Modine, NA Jones, ED TI Real-time pseudodielectric function of low-temperature-grown GaAs SO MORPHOLOGICAL AND COMPOSITIONAL EVOLUTION OF HETEROEPITAXIAL SEMICONDUCTOR THIN FILMS SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium K on Morphological and Compositional Evolution of Heteroepitaxial Semiconductor Thin Films held at the 2000 MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 24-27, 2000 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc, Natl Sci Fdn, EPI MBE Products Grp, RHK Techno, SVT Associates, kSpace Associates ID MOLECULAR-BEAM EPITAXY; DIFFUSE-REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; IN-SITU; ELLIPSOMETRY; LAYERS; 200-DEGREES-C; PARAMETERS; THICKNESS; DEFECTS AB We present the real-time pseudodielectric function <(E)> of low-temperature-grown GaAs (LT-GaAs) thin films during the growth as a function of growth temperature T-g and thickness. We obtained accurate measurements of the real-time <(E)> by using in situ spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) in conjunction with active feedback control of the substrate temperature using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. We show that for epitaxial LT-GaAs layers, the peak in the imaginary pseudodielectric function <(2)(E)> decreases in amplitude and sharpness systematically with decreasing T-g. We also revealed an abrupt change in <(E)> near the critical epitaxial thickness h(epi), the value of which decreases with decreasing T-g. Above h(epi), the LT-GaAs grows polycrystalline (amorphous) above (below) T-g similar to 190 degreesC. We also simultaneously monitored the surface roughness and crystallinity by using real-time reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED). These results represent progress in obtaining realtime control over the composition and morphology of LT-GaAs. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gajewski, DA (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Guyer, Jonathan/M-5165-2016 OI Guyer, Jonathan/0000-0002-1407-6589 NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-526-9 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2000 VL 618 BP 243 EP 248 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA BR94F UT WOS:000168127800033 ER PT S AU Levine, LE Long, GG Black, DR AF Levine, LE Long, GG Black, DR BE Robertson, IM Lassila, DH Devincre, B Phillips, R TI Complementary experimental techniques for multi-scale modeling of plasticity SO MULTISCALE PHENOMENA IN MATERIALS-EXPERIMENTS AND MODELING SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Multiscale Phenomena in Materials-Experiments and Modeling at the 1999 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 30-DEC 02, 1999 CL BOSTON, MA SP Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Univ Illinois, CNRS, ONERA, Brown Univ, Mat Res Soc ID COPPER SINGLE-CRYSTALS; TRANSMISSION ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS SIMULATIONS; RANGE INTERNAL-STRESSES; BCC TRANSITION-METALS; X-RAY-SCATTERING; SCREW DISLOCATIONS; MESOSCOPIC SCALE; DEFORMATION; ALUMINUM AB Some recently-developed experimental techniques, such as in situ ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering (USAXS), have demonstrated a capability for measuring aspects of dislocation structure evolution that are inaccessible to other experimental methods. However, no single technique can provide the entire range of information required by theoretical and computational researchers. It is only through the synergy of several experimental techniques (such as USAXS, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction imaging) that much of the required quantitative information can be obtained. Ultimately, the development of additional new experimental techniques will also be required. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Levine, LE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI USAXS, APS/D-4198-2013 NR 69 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-486-6 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2000 VL 578 BP 73 EP 85 PG 13 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA BQ74R UT WOS:000089399800011 ER PT S AU Turner, S AF Turner, S BE Komarneni, S Parker, JC Hahn, H TI Characterization of voids in rutile nanoparticles by transmission electron microscopy SO NANOPHASE AND NANOCOMPOSITE MATERIALS III SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Nanophase and Nanocomposite Materials III held at the 1999 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 29-DEC 02, 1999 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc ID HOLOGRAPHY; PARTICLES; TIO2 AB Rutile nanoparticles containing voids or cavities have been characterized using transmission electron microscopy. The general morphology of the voids has been determined from images of nanoparticles in different orientations. In general, the longest dimension is along the c axis of rutile. Many of the voids show a prismatic morphology with dipyramid terminations. The prism consists of primarily four {110} faces with rounded or faceted corners between the primary faces. The pyramidal terminations can appear ovoid or faceted. A major facet plane of the pyramids is {101}. A model consistent with the morphology of many voids in rutile nanoparticles is proposed. C1 NIST, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Turner, S (reprint author), NIST, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 5 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-489-0 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2000 VL 581 BP 467 EP 472 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science GA BQ34P UT WOS:000088059300074 ER PT B AU Voorhees, EM Harman, D AF Voorhees, EM Harman, D BE Williams, ME TI The eighth Text Retrieval Conference (TREC-8) SO NATIONAL ONLINE MEETING, PROCEEDINGS 2000 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 21st National Online Meeting CY MAY 16-18, 2000 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Informat Today Inc, Lexis Nexis AB The eighth Text REtrieval Conference (TREC-8) was held at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) on November 16-19, 1999. Sixty-six groups including participants from 16 different countries met to discuss their results on the various tasks being evaluated in TREC-8. These included the traditional ad hoc retrieval task, but also tasks in cross-language retrieval, filtering, interactive searching, question-answering, web retrieval and spoken "document" retrieval. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INFORMATION TODAY INC PI MEDFORD PA 143 OLD MARLTON PIKE, MEDFORD, NJ 08055 USA BN 1-57387-102-8 PY 2000 BP 461 EP 471 PG 11 WC Information Science & Library Science SC Information Science & Library Science GA BR04Z UT WOS:000165502800046 ER PT S AU Fong, E Ivezic, N Rhodes, T Peng, Y AF Fong, E Ivezic, N Rhodes, T Peng, Y BE Berry, NM TI Agent-based services for b2b electronic commerce SO NETWORK INTELLIGENCE: INTERNET-BASED MANUFACTURING SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Network Intelligence: Internet-based Manufacturing CY NOV 08, 2000 CL BOSTON, MA SP SPIE DE b2b e-commerce; manufacturing; multi-agent systems; standards AB The potential of agent-based systems has not been realized yet, in part, because of the lack of understanding of how the agent technology supports industrial needs and emerging standards. The area of business-to-business electronic commerce (b2b e-commerce) is one of the most rapidly developing sectors of industry with huge impact on manufacturing practices. In this paper, we investigate the current state of agent technology and the feasibility of applying agent-based computing to b2b e-commerce in the circuit board manufacturing sector. We identify critical tasks and opportunities in the b2b e-commerce area where agent-based services can best be deployed. We describe an implemented agent-based prototype system to facilitate the bidding process for printed circuit board manufacturing and assembly. These activities are taking place within the Internet Commerce for Manufacturing (ICM) project, the NIST-sponsored project working with industry to create an environment where small manufacturers of mechanical and electronic components may participate competitively in virtual enterprises that manufacture printed circuit assemblies. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Fong, E (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3873-1 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2000 VL 4208 BP 106 EP 113 DI 10.1117/12.411775 PG 8 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Engineering, Manufacturing SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science; Engineering GA BR86T UT WOS:000167874700011 ER PT J AU Marzban, C AF Marzban, C TI A neural network for tornado diagnosis: Managing local minima SO NEURAL COMPUTING & APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article ID VERIFICATION; PREDICTION AB There exist radar-based algorithms designed to detect circulations in the atmosphere. Not all detected circulations, however, are associated with tornados on the ground. Outlined herein is the development of a multi-layered perceptron designed to classify the two types of circulations - nontornadic and tornadic - based on various attributes of the circulations. Special emphasis is placed on the role of local minima in determining the optimal architecture via bootstrapping, and on the performance of the network in terms of probabilistic measures. C1 Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale & Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Dept Phys, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Marzban, C (reprint author), Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale & Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. NR 22 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0941-0643 J9 NEURAL COMPUT APPL JI Neural Comput. Appl. PY 2000 VL 9 IS 2 BP 133 EP 141 DI 10.1007/s005210070024 PG 9 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA 340RE UT WOS:000088547900008 ER PT B AU Crescenti, GH Clawson, KL Reese, BR Walker, DW Behymer, WJ Jensen, A AF Crescenti, GH Clawson, KL Reese, BR Walker, DW Behymer, WJ Jensen, A GP AMS AMS TI The Idaho environmental monitoring program SO NINTH SYMPOSIUM ON EDUCATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th Symposium on Education held at the 80th Annual Meeting of the American-Meteorological-Society CY JAN 09-14, 2000 CL LONG BEACH, CA SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Field Res Div, Idaho Falls, ID 83402 USA. RI Clawson, Kirk/C-5910-2016 OI Clawson, Kirk/0000-0002-8789-9607 NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 2000 BP 28 EP 30 PG 3 WC Education & Educational Research; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Education & Educational Research; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BS17M UT WOS:000168978800012 ER PT B AU Troutman, TW Decker, DM AF Troutman, TW Decker, DM GP AMS AMS TI Using public education and disaster mitigation campaigns to develop a disaster resistant community SO NINTH SYMPOSIUM ON EDUCATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th Symposium on Education held at the 80th Annual Meeting of the American-Meteorological-Society CY JAN 09-14, 2000 CL LONG BEACH, CA SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, NWS Melbourne, Melbourne, FL 32935 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 2000 BP 33 EP 36 PG 4 WC Education & Educational Research; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Education & Educational Research; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BS17M UT WOS:000168978800014 ER PT B AU Spayd, L AF Spayd, L GP AMS AMS TI The NWS training and education program: Meeting user requirements and ensuring proficiency SO NINTH SYMPOSIUM ON EDUCATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th Symposium on Education held at the 80th Annual Meeting of the American-Meteorological-Society CY JAN 09-14, 2000 CL LONG BEACH, CA SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, Meteorol Off, NWS, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 2000 BP 47 EP 48 PG 2 WC Education & Educational Research; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Education & Educational Research; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BS17M UT WOS:000168978800021 ER PT B AU Aberson, S AF Aberson, S GP AMS AMS TI Women's trends: The changing status of women in the profession/society SO NINTH SYMPOSIUM ON EDUCATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th Symposium on Education held at the 80th Annual Meeting of the American-Meteorological-Society CY JAN 09-14, 2000 CL LONG BEACH, CA SP Amer Meteorol Soc ID MEMBERSHIP C1 AOML, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 2000 BP 70 EP 71 PG 2 WC Education & Educational Research; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Education & Educational Research; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BS17M UT WOS:000168978800029 ER PT B AU Friedman, HA Horsfall, F AF Friedman, HA Horsfall, F GP AMS AMS TI PIPELINE: What does the future hold for the society and the profession as we access those in the educational pipeline? SO NINTH SYMPOSIUM ON EDUCATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th Symposium on Education held at the 80th Annual Meeting of the American-Meteorological-Society CY JAN 09-14, 2000 CL LONG BEACH, CA SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 2000 BP 75 EP 75 PG 1 WC Education & Educational Research; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Education & Educational Research; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BS17M UT WOS:000168978800031 ER PT B AU Scofield, RA Weldon, R AF Scofield, RA Weldon, R GP AMS AMS TI Exciting uses of satellite data for daily weather discussions, classroom weather education, and science projects SO NINTH SYMPOSIUM ON EDUCATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th Symposium on Education held at the 80th Annual Meeting of the American-Meteorological-Society CY JAN 09-14, 2000 CL LONG BEACH, CA SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, NESDIS, ORA, Hydrol Team, Camp Springs, MD USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 2000 BP 115 EP 118 PG 4 WC Education & Educational Research; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Education & Educational Research; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BS17M UT WOS:000168978800046 ER PT B AU Ross, TF Godfrey, CS Heim, RR AF Ross, TF Godfrey, CS Heim, RR GP AMS AMS TI The National Climatic Data Center's (NCDC) new climate monitoring group products, reports and analyses applicable to the study of earth science SO NINTH SYMPOSIUM ON EDUCATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th Symposium on Education held at the 80th Annual Meeting of the American-Meteorological-Society CY JAN 09-14, 2000 CL LONG BEACH, CA SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, Natl Climat Data Ctr, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 2000 BP 152 EP 155 PG 4 WC Education & Educational Research; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Education & Educational Research; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BS17M UT WOS:000168978800058 ER PT S AU Hurley, DC Balzar, D Purtscher, PT AF Hurley, DC Balzar, D Purtscher, PT BE Baaklini, GY Meyendorf, N Matikas, TE Gilmore, RS TI Nonlinear ultrasonic parameter in precipitate-hardened steels SO NONDESTRUCTIVE METHODS FOR MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Nondestructive Methods for Materials Characterization held at the 1999 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 29-30, 1999 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc ID MATRIX; MISFIT AB We have investigated several specimens of ASTM A710 steel containing copper-rich precipitates with variations in the final aging treatment. X-ray diffraction line-broadening and small-angle neutron-scattering experiments revealed the existence of the precipitates and associated coherency strain. We determined the nonlinear ultrasonic parameter beta for each specimen by harmonic-generation experiments and measured the ultrasonic longitudinal velocity nu(L) and attenuation at. Although nu(L) and alpha(L) showed no consistent trends, beta increased with increasing strain. This con elation is compared to a microstructural model for harmonic generation that includes a contribution from precipitate-pinned dislocations. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Hurley, DC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-499-8 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2000 VL 591 BP 129 EP 134 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA BQ35B UT WOS:000088094200018 ER PT S AU Paul, RL Chen-Mayer, HH Lindstrom, RM Blaauw, M AF Paul, RL Chen-Mayer, HH Lindstrom, RM Blaauw, M BE Baaklini, GY Meyendorf, N Matikas, TE Gilmore, RS TI Characterization of hydrogen in concrete by cold neutron prompt gamma-ray activation analysis and neutron incoherent scattering SO NONDESTRUCTIVE METHODS FOR MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Nondestructive Methods for Materials Characterization held at the 1999 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 29-30, 1999 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc AB A combination of cold neutron prompt gamma-ray activation analysis (PGAA) and neutron incoherent scattering (NIS) has been used for nondestructive characterization of hydrogen as a function of position in slabs of wet concrete of different compositions. Hydrogen was determined by PGAA by scanning each sample across a 5 mm diameter neutron beam in 10 mm increments, and measuring the 2223 keV prompt gamma ray. NIS measurements were performed by scanning the sample across a 5 mm diameter neutron beam at 5 mm increments and detecting scattered neutrons. The measurements demonstrate the feasibility of the techniques for 2D compositional mapping of hydrogen and other elements in materials, and indicate the potential of these methods for monitoring the uniformity of drying concrete. C1 NIST, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Paul, RL (reprint author), NIST, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 5 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-499-8 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2000 VL 591 BP 175 EP 180 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA BQ35B UT WOS:000088094200025 ER PT S AU Ostrovsky, LA Johnson, PA Shankland, TJ AF Ostrovsky, LA Johnson, PA Shankland, TJ BE Lauterborn, W Kurz, T TI The mechanism of strong nonlinear elasticity in earth solids SO NONLINEAR ACOUSTICS AT THE TURN OF THE MILLENNIUM SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 15th International Symposium on Nonlinear Acoustics CY SEP 01-04, 1999 CL GOTTINGEN, GERMANY SP Int Union Pure & Appl Phys, Deutsch Forsch Gemeinsch, WE Heraeus Stiftung, State Niedersachsen AB This work describes several physical models of the mechanical properties of rocks resulting in macroscopic nonlinear behavior due to their mesoscopic-scale structure. Theoretical models include Hertzian grain contacts with multiple scales and hysteretic properties. A significant addition to the highly nonlinear response in these materials are fluids contained in the soft bond system. C1 Univ Colorado, CIRES, NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Ostrovsky, LA (reprint author), Univ Colorado, CIRES, NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 13 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-945-9 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2000 VL 524 BP 75 EP 84 PG 10 WC Acoustics; Mechanics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Acoustics; Mechanics; Physics GA BQ75G UT WOS:000089403000008 ER PT S AU Naugolnykh, KA Esipov, IB Matveev, KA AF Naugolnykh, KA Esipov, IB Matveev, KA BE Lauterborn, W Kurz, T TI Nonlinear propagation of laser-generated sound pulses in a granular medium SO NONLINEAR ACOUSTICS AT THE TURN OF THE MILLENNIUM SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 15th International Symposium on Nonlinear Acoustics CY SEP 01-04, 1999 CL GOTTINGEN, GERMANY SP Int Union Pure & Appl Phys, Deutsch Forsch Gemeinsch, WE Heraeus Stiftung, State Niedersachsen AB Nonlinear propagation of finite amplitude acoustic pulses in a water-saturated granular medium is considered. A laser sound source was used to generate acoustical pulses of amplitude up to 3 MPa and duration of about 1 mu s in water. Specific acoustical features of the crust such as nonlinear sound pulse distortion and the frequency dependance of attenuation, varying with the amplitude, are considered. A theoretical interpretation of the results is given. C1 Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Naugolnykh, KA (reprint author), Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Environm Technol Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-945-9 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2000 VL 524 BP 295 EP 298 PG 4 WC Acoustics; Mechanics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Acoustics; Mechanics; Physics GA BQ75G UT WOS:000089403000053 ER PT S AU Simsarian, JE Band, Y Clark, CW Collins, LA Cubizolles, J Deng, L Denschlag, J Feder, DL Hagley, EW Helmerson, K Julienne, PS Reinhardt, WP Rolston, SL Schneider, BI Trippenbach, M Wen, J Phillips, WD AF Simsarian, JE Band, Y Clark, CW Collins, LA Cubizolles, J Deng, L Denschlag, J Feder, DL Hagley, EW Helmerson, K Julienne, PS Reinhardt, WP Rolston, SL Schneider, BI Trippenbach, M Wen, J Phillips, WD GP OSA OSA OSA TI Non-linear atom optics: solitons and four-wave-mixing in a Bose-Einstein condensate SO NONLINEAR OPTICS: MATERIALS, FUNDAMENTALS, AND APPLICATIONS SE OSA TRENDS IN OPTICS AND PHOTONICS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Nonlinear Optics: Materials, Fundamentals, and Applications, Technical Digest CY AUG 06-10, 2000 CL KAUA I-LIHUE, HI SP Opt Soc Amer, IEEE, Lasers & ElectroOpt Soc ID BRAGG SCATTERING; CREATION AB With the discovery of Bose-Einstein condensation we now have a dense source of coherent matter-waves which has made possible the observation of solitons and four-wave mixing. Both are manifestations of nonlinear atom optics. OCIS codes: (000.0000) General. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Simsarian, JE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Clark, Charles/A-8594-2009; Hecker Denschlag, Johannes/B-6047-2008; Hagley, Edward/B-4285-2012; Helmerson, Kristian/E-3683-2013; Julienne, Paul/E-9378-2012; rolston, steven/L-5175-2013 OI Clark, Charles/0000-0001-8724-9885; Hecker Denschlag, Johannes/0000-0003-1984-4994; Julienne, Paul/0000-0002-5494-1442; rolston, steven/0000-0003-1671-4190 NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU OPTICAL SOC AMERICA PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1094-5695 BN 1-55752-646-X J9 OSA TRENDS OPT PHOTO PY 2000 VL 46 BP 281 EP 283 DI 10.1109/NLO.2000.883649 PG 3 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Optics; Physics GA BR02P UT WOS:000165407100089 ER PT S AU Ostrovsky, L Gorshkov, K AF Ostrovsky, Lev Gorshkov, Konstantin BE Christiansen, PL Sorensen, MP Scott, AC TI Perturbation Theories for Nonlinear Waves SO NONLINEAR SCIENCE AT THE DAWN OF THE 21ST CENTURY SE Lecture Notes in Physics LA English DT Article; Book Chapter ID KORTEWEG-DEVRIES EQUATION; DE-VRIES EQUATION; SOLITARY WAVE; NONSINUSOIDAL WAVES; DISPERSIVE MEDIA; AVERAGING METHOD; SOLITONS; PROPAGATION; SYSTEMS; PRINCIPLE AB Some ideas and theories developed since 1960s to describe nonlinear waves with slowly varying parameters (modulated waves) are outlined. These theories are associated with different versions of the asymptotic perturbation method. In this framework, both quasi-periodic and solitary waves (solitons) can be treated. A scheme for reduction of a quasi-hyperbolic system to one or more evolution equations is also presented. Some challenges for the theory are briefly discussed. C1 [Ostrovsky, Lev] Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. [Gorshkov, Konstantin] Russian Acad Sci, Inst Appl Phys, Nizhnii Novgorod 603006, Russia. RP Ostrovsky, L (reprint author), Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Environm Technol Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 57 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0075-8450 BN 978-3-540-66918-0 J9 LECT NOTES PHYS PY 2000 VL 542 BP 47 EP 65 D2 10.1007/3-540-46629-0 PG 19 WC Optics; Physics, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Mathematical SC Optics; Physics GA BSE15 UT WOS:000284263600002 ER PT J AU Stanka, MB Adams, JM Eisenhauer, CM AF Stanka, MB Adams, JM Eisenhauer, CM TI Proton recoil measurements of the Cf-252 fission neutron leakage spectrum from an iron sphere SO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING LA English DT Article AB Proton recoil measurements of the Cf-252 fission neutron leakage spectrum from a 50-cm-diam iron sphere are performed as a means of checking the degree to which the ENDF/B-VI iron inelastic scattering cross section resolves the well-known discrepancy between predicted and observed neutron transport. These measurements were performed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology using a rotating proton-recoil spectrometer over an energy range of 50 keV to 4.5 MeV. In addition, Monte Carlo neutron transport calculations were performed of the iron-moderated neutron spectrum generated in the experiment. Below 1 MeV the spectral measurements are in good agreement with a corresponding calculation for the iron-moderated neutron leakage spectrum obtained using the ENDF/B-VI cross-section library. However, the calculation continues to underpredict the neutron fluence above 1 MeV by as much as 11%, which is greater than the average statistical uncertainty of the measured data. Finally, the measurements are compared with those obtained from a similar set of experiments made by two different laboratories in the Czech Republic. The results compare favorably with both of these measurements and indicate the best agreement with the Monte Carlo transport calculations with respect to the integral neutron fluence. C1 USA, Aberdeen Pulse Radiat Facil, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Stanka, MB (reprint author), USA, Aberdeen Pulse Radiat Facil, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005 USA. NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER NUCLEAR SOCIETY PI LA GRANGE PK PA 555 N KENSINGTON AVENUE, LA GRANGE PK, IL 60525 USA SN 0029-5639 J9 NUCL SCI ENG JI Nucl. Sci. Eng. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 134 IS 1 BP 68 EP 76 PG 9 WC Nuclear Science & Technology SC Nuclear Science & Technology GA 267EW UT WOS:000084345200005 ER PT S AU Froyd, KD Lovejoy, ER AF Froyd, KD Lovejoy, ER BE Hale, BN Kulmala, M TI Thermodynamics of cluster ions containing NH3 and H2SO4 SO NUCLEATION AND ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS 2000 SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 15th International Conference on Nucleation and Atmospheric Aerosols (ICNAA) CY AUG 06-11, 2000 CL UNIV MISSOURI ROLLA, ROLLA, MO SP Int Assoc Metrol & Atmospher Sci, Int Commiss Clouds & Precipitat, Comm Nucleat & Atmospher Aerosols, World Meteorol Org, Cloud & Aerosols Sci Lab, Natl Sci Fdn, Univ Missouri Rolla Phys Dept HO UNIV MISSOURI ROLLA ID PARTICLE NUCLEATION; H2O AB The stability of cluster ions of the form NH4+ (NH3)(X) (H2SO4)(Y) and HSO4- (NH3)(x) (H2SO4)(y) was studied with an ion-molecule flow reactor coupled to a quadrupole mass spectrometer. Equilibrium constants for the association of NH3 with these species were measured and Gibbs free energy changes were derived. The binding of NH3 appears to be enhanced by the presence H2SO4, and vice versa. These stable cluster ions may be important precursors for atmospheric aerosols. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Froyd, KD (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Froyd, Karl/H-6607-2013 NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-958-0 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2000 VL 534 BP 327 EP 330 PG 4 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Physics GA BQ78Z UT WOS:000089526000080 ER PT J AU Berman, HM Westbrook, J Feng, Z Gilliland, G Bhat, TN Weissig, H Shindyalov, IN Bourne, PE AF Berman, HM Westbrook, J Feng, Z Gilliland, G Bhat, TN Weissig, H Shindyalov, IN Bourne, PE TI The Protein Data Bank SO NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID NUCLEIC-ACIDS; GEOMETRIC PARAMETERS; CLASSIFICATION; BASES; FILE AB The Protein Data Bank (PDB; http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/) is the-single worldwide archive of structural data of biological macromolecules. This paper describes the goals of the PDB, the systems in place for data deposition and access, how to obtain further information, and near-term plans for the future development of the resource. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Dept Chem, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Res Collab Struct Bioinformat, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, San Diego Supercomp Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Pharmacol, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Burnham Inst, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Berman, HM (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Dept Chem, 610 Taylor Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. RI Bourne, Philip/C-2073-2008; de Sousa, Miguel/A-3877-2009; Cheng, Yushao/E-6256-2011 NR 36 TC 15800 Z9 16176 U1 51 U2 434 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0305-1048 J9 NUCLEIC ACIDS RES JI Nucleic Acids Res. PD JAN 1 PY 2000 VL 28 IS 1 BP 235 EP 242 DI 10.1093/nar/28.1.235 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 276UT UT WOS:000084896300069 PM 10592235 ER PT B AU Burns, TJ Davies, MA Evans, CJ AF Burns, TJ Davies, MA Evans, CJ BE Doedel, E Tuckerman, LS TI On the bifurcation from continuous to segmented chip formation in metal cutting SO NUMERICAL METHODS FOR BIFURCATION PROBLEMS AND LARGE-SCALE DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS SE IMA VOLUMES IN MATHEMATICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Numerical Methods for Large-Scale Dynamical Systems CY SEP 29-OCT 03, 1997 CL MINNEAPOLIS, MN DE singular Hopf bifurcation; relaxation oscillations; plasticity; adiabatic shear bands; machining ID SINGULAR HOPF-BIFURCATION; ADIABATIC SHEAR BANDS; RELAXATION OSCILLATIONS; PLASTIC-DEFORMATION; CRITERION; STEEL AB We describe a new approach to modeling chip formation in orthogonal machining. Metal cutting is interpreted as a nonlinear dynamical process with thermomechanical feedback, that is similar in many ways to an open chemical reactor. As the cutting speed is increased, there is a bifurcation from steady-state to periodic oscillatory behavior in the stress and temperature fields in the workpiece material at the tooltip, which explains the observed change from continuous to segmented chip formation. We argue that this change in behavior corresponds to a singular Poincare-Andronov-Hopf bifurcation in the material flow. C1 NIST, Informat Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Burns, TJ (reprint author), NIST, Informat Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 32 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES BN 0-387-98970-6 J9 IMA V MATH PY 2000 VL 119 BP 67 EP 83 PG 17 WC Mathematics, Applied SC Mathematics GA BS24K UT WOS:000169154600003 ER PT J AU Bookman, CA AF Bookman, CA TI Town meeting on America's coastal future: using the Internet to promote coastal stewardship SO OCEAN & COASTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article AB Ten national organizations developed a comprehensive vision for America's coastal future and then conducted a national dialogue about coastal futures over the Internet. Using the Internet town meeting, more than 7000 participants shared their views and perspectives about alternative coastal futures over a six-month period. This paper describes the development and implementation of the Internet town meeting and draws lessons for using the Internet to communicate at the grassroots level. It reports the results of the Internet town meeting and considers their implications for National Ocean and coastal management efforts. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Seattle, WA 98119 USA. RP Bookman, CA (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, C-O 1816 9th Ave W, Seattle, WA 98119 USA. NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0964-5691 J9 OCEAN COAST MANAGE JI Ocean Coastal Manage. PY 2000 VL 43 IS 10-11 BP 937 EP 951 DI 10.1016/S0964-5691(00)00065-X PG 15 WC Oceanography; Water Resources SC Oceanography; Water Resources GA 363ZG UT WOS:000089867100005 ER PT J AU Griffies, SM Boning, C Bryan, FO Chassignet, EP Gerdes, R Hasumi, H Hirst, A Treguier, AM Webb, D AF Griffies, Stephen M. Boening, Claus Bryan, Frank O. Chassignet, Eric P. Gerdes, Ruediger Hasumi, Hiroyasu Hirst, Anthony Treguier, Anne-Marie Webb, David TI Developments in ocean climate modelling SO OCEAN MODELLING LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; EDDY-INDUCED ADVECTION; ISOPYCNIC COORDINATE MODEL; SHALLOW-WATER EQUATIONS; LARGE-SCALE CIRCULATION; BOTTOM BOUNDARY-LAYER; PRESSURE-GRADIENT FORMULATION; DIFFERENCE NUMERICAL-MODELS; MERIDIONAL HEAT-TRANSPORT; FLUX-CORRECTED TRANSPORT AB This paper presents some research developments in primitive equation ocean models which could impact the ocean component of realistic global coupled climate models aimed at large-scale, low frequency climate simulations and predictions. It is written primarily to an audience of modellers concerned with the ocean component of climate models, although not necessarily experts in the design and implementation of ocean model algorithms. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Griffies, Stephen M.] NOAA, GFDL, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. [Boening, Claus] Univ Kiel, Inst Meereskunde, Kiel, Germany. [Bryan, Frank O.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [Chassignet, Eric P.] Univ Miami, RSMAS MPO, Miami, FL USA. [Gerdes, Ruediger] Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, Bremerhaven, Germany. [Hasumi, Hiroyasu] Univ Tokyo, Ctr Climate Syst Res, Tokyo, Japan. [Hirst, Anthony] CSIRO Atmospher Res, Aspendale, Vic, Australia. [Treguier, Anne-Marie] IFREMER, Lab Phys Oceans, Plouzane, France. [Webb, David] Southampton Oceanog Ctr, Southampton, Hants, England. RP Griffies, SM (reprint author), NOAA, GFDL, POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM smg@gfdl.gov; boening@ifm.uni-kiel.de; bryan@ncar.ucar.edu; echassignet@rsmas.miami.edu; rgerdes@awi-bremerhaven.de; hasumi@ccsr.u-tokyo.ac.jp; ach@atmos.dar.csiro.au; treguier@ifremer.fr; david.webb@soc.soton.ac.uk RI Hirst, Anthony/E-2756-2013; Boening, Claus/B-1686-2012; Hirst, Anthony/N-1041-2014; Treguier, Anne Marie/B-7497-2009; Bryan, Frank/I-1309-2016 OI Boening, Claus/0000-0002-6251-5777; Treguier, Anne Marie/0000-0003-4569-845X; Bryan, Frank/0000-0003-1672-8330 NR 357 TC 183 Z9 191 U1 3 U2 18 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1463-5003 EI 1463-5011 J9 OCEAN MODEL JI Ocean Model. PY 2000 VL 2 IS 3-4 BP 123 EP 192 DI 10.1016/S1463-5003(00)00014-7 PG 70 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography GA V27OE UT WOS:000208621700003 ER PT J AU Molinari, RL Festa, JF AF Molinari, RL Festa, JF TI Effect of subjective choices on the objective analysis of sea surface temperature data in the tropical Atlantic and Pacific oceans SO OCEANOLOGICA ACTA LA English DT Article DE objective analysis; sea surface temperature; structure function; statistical analysis; objective interpolation ID NETWORK AB Many subjective choices are required to perform an objective interpolation (OI) analysis of environmental variables. Herein, we consider the effects on the statistical analysis of sea surface temperature (SST) using (1) a structure function or covariance analysis, (2) different analytical expressions to represent the statistics of the raw data, and (3) different historical SST data sets. The historical data sets are the well-sampled Comprehensive Ocean-Atmospheric Data Set (COADS) and the poorly sampled historical expendable bathythermograph (XBT) data set. Results from these analyses are used to generate error maps for a poorly-sampled, two month XBT array and a proposed well-sampled profiling float array. For the relatively data-rich GOADS analysis, decorrelation scales are the same using either the structure function or covariance analyses. Results differ for the data-poor XBT analysis. Representative decorrelation scales in the Pacific (Atlantic) are about 11-14 (6-10) degrees in the zonal direction and 4-7 (3-6) degrees in the meridional direction. As GOADS SST data are less precise than XBT SST data, error and signal variances are greater for the former. The choice of analytical fit to the raw data (needed to generate error maps) has a dramatic effect on-the resulting uncertainty fields. Gaussian fits, because of their parabolic shape near the origin, result in smaller errors than exponential fits for the same observing array. Finally, the proposed float array can achieve the accuracies needed to resolve satisfactory upper layer heat content changes over larger areas than the present XBT network. (C) 2000 Ifremer/CNRS/IRD/Editions scientifiques et medicales Elsevier SAS. C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Phys Oceanog Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Molinari, RL (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Phys Oceanog Div, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RI Festa, John/C-3179-2014 OI Festa, John/0000-0002-5944-8219 NR 18 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU GAUTHIER-VILLARS/EDITIONS ELSEVIER PI PARIS PA 23 RUE LINOIS, 75015 PARIS, FRANCE SN 0399-1784 J9 OCEANOL ACTA JI Oceanol. Acta PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 23 IS 1 BP 3 EP 14 DI 10.1016/S0399-1784(00)00108-0 PG 12 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 304TZ UT WOS:000086501400001 ER PT B AU Ruberg, SA Eadie, BJ AF Ruberg, SA Eadie, BJ GP IEEE IEEE TI Remotely deployable water sampler SO OCEANS 2000 MTS/IEEE - WHERE MARINE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MEET, VOLS 1-3, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MTS/IEEE Oceans Conference and Exhibition on Where Marine Science and Technology Meet CY SEP 11-14, 2000 CL PROVIDENCE, RI SP Marine Technol Soc, IEEE, OES ID LAKE-MICHIGAN AB Episodic events can exert major influences on ecosystems. Paradoxically, it is during these major events when it is least possible to collect samples from ships, thus unreliable extrapolations of system dynamics have been made. In order to collect samples for constituent analyses during these critical times, a remotely deployable water sampler has been designed, built, and is currently being tested by NOAA/GLERL, in Lake Michigan to meet this need. The system can be configured to sample from various depths and has the capacity to collect up to 24 discrete, one-liter samples. Individual samples are collected based on a programmed schedule driven by a real-time clock or will be collected based on external events such as changes in temperature, turbidity, fluorescence or wave height. The system as currently configured includes a 32-bit single board computer for data collection and control functions,;a peristaltic pump for line purging and metered sample collection, and 24 separately actuated valves. The software allows entry of a sample schedule and controls line purging, valve actuation, and bottle fill. A subsequent version of the software, employing a decision theory multiple sensor hypothesis testing approach, is presently in development. C1 NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Ruberg, SA (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. OI Ruberg, Steven/0000-0001-8809-5689 NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-6552-6 PY 2000 BP 113 EP 117 PG 5 WC Engineering, Marine; Engineering, Civil; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA BR32X UT WOS:000166107400018 ER PT B AU Stalin, SE Milburn, HB Meinig, C AF Stalin, SE Milburn, HB Meinig, C GP IEEE IEEE TI NeMONet: A near real-time deep ocean observatory SO OCEANS 2000 MTS/IEEE - WHERE MARINE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MEET, VOLS 1-3, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MTS/IEEE Oceans Conference and Exhibition on Where Marine Science and Technology Meet CY SEP 11-14, 2000 CL PROVIDENCE, RI SP Marine Technol Soc, IEEE, OES AB The New Millennium Observatory Network (NeMONet) system was deployed, by NOAA/PMEL, in the NE Pacific along the Juan de Fuca Ridge in September 1999. This system is one of the first remote underwater, near real-time observatories implemented with the capability of bringing scientific data directly from ocean depths to the desktop. Located approximately 300 miles offshore and 1500 meters underwater, the assemblage was positioned adjacent to a hydrothermal vent near an underwater volcano with the ability to collect and transmit near real-time images of vent activity and temperature measurements at specific intervals for approximately one year. The basic design goal was proof of concept and to accommodate a broad spectrum of scientific applications ranging from chemical to biological to geographical data collection in future deployments. The NeMONet consists of a sub-sea unit that was strategically positioned on the seafloor with a Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) and a taut-line surface mooring that was deployed nearby. Communication from the seafloor to the surface is made possible by using commercial acoustic modems and from the buoy to shore via a geostationary satellite. All buoy and sub-sea communications are handled by carefully programmed controllers with hardware designed for low power and data compression to fit the narrow bandwidth of the transmission paths. The images and data are placed on the Web shortly after being received ashore. The successful operation of the NeMONet system with the first deployment has given encouragement to develop a follow-on system and make plans for future enhancements to the Observatory. The next efforts will include the use of two-way communication from the desktop for direct remote interaction with seafloor instruments with a deployment planned for summer 2000. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Stalin, SE (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way Ne, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-6552-6 PY 2000 BP 583 EP 587 PG 5 WC Engineering, Marine; Engineering, Civil; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA BR32X UT WOS:000166107400089 ER PT B AU Armstrong, AA Mayer, L AF Armstrong, AA Mayer, L GP IEEE IEEE TI The NOAA/UNH Joint Hydrographic Center and the UNH Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping: An educational and research partnership of the Federal Government, the University of New Hampshire and Ocean Industry. SO OCEANS 2000 MTS/IEEE - WHERE MARINE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MEET, VOLS 1-3, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MTS/IEEE Oceans Conference and Exhibition on Where Marine Science and Technology Meet CY SEP 11-14, 2000 CL PROVIDENCE, RI SP Marine Technol Soc, IEEE, OES AB Ocean mapping technology is becoming an increasingly important tool in the full range of ocean-related enterprise. Moving well beyond its initial base in hydrographic surveying and nautical charting, ocean mapping has become a critical component of offshore oil exploration and development, submarine cable routing and installation, and geologic and essential fish habitat mapping. The technology of ocean mapping has blossomed rapidly in the past decade with the introduction of multibeam sonar, high-resolution side scan sonar, airborne lidar bathymeters, and laser line scan recorders. The next decade will likely see increased demand for ocean mapping data and continued demand for even more sophisticated ocean mapping technology. In response to this increased demand for ocean mapping data and the increasing complexity of ocean mapping technology, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the University of New Hampshire (UNH) have established the complementary Joint Hydrographic Center (JHC) and Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping (C-COM). The JHC is a NOAA/UNH partnership, and C-COM is a University organization with growing private sector participation. To provide NOAA and other program sponsors with the technology needed to meet their hydrographic and ocean mapping responsibilities, JHC and C-COM have developed a multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary program of research. The research program of the Centers has begun with principal themes encompassing ocean and electrical engineering, computer science, and earth science. Research topics will focus on sonar system capabilities and limitations; data processing, visualization, and presentation; seafloor characterization; and other new applications of seafloor mapping technology and data. Meeting the challenges of developing and deploying new ocean mapping tools will require not only extensive research and development activity, but also an increased cadre of hydrographers and ocean mapping professionals. For this reason, these new Centers will have the mission of hydrographic/ocean mapping education as well as research and development. Through these Centers, the University will offer masters and doctoral level ocean mapping degree programs in both Earth Sciences and in Ocean Engineering. Several of the new graduate level courses will be open to upper-level undergraduates. This could lead to the establishment of an undergraduate minor in ocean mapping, and will provide a mechanism to interest undergraduate engineers and earth scientist in hydrographic and ocean mapping careers or graduate school. To meet the needs of practicing professionals in the hydrographic and ocean mapping fields, the Centers will offer both basic and advanced short courses and seminars. C1 Univ New Hampshire, NOAA, Joint Hydrog Ctr, Ctr Coastal & Ocean Mapping, Durham, NH 03824 USA. RP Armstrong, AA (reprint author), Univ New Hampshire, NOAA, Joint Hydrog Ctr, Ctr Coastal & Ocean Mapping, 24 Colovos Rd, Durham, NH 03824 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 3 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-6552-6 PY 2000 BP 705 EP 709 PG 5 WC Engineering, Marine; Engineering, Civil; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA BR32X UT WOS:000166107400106 ER PT B AU Seaman, R Finkbeiner, M Worthy, LD AF Seaman, R Finkbeiner, M Worthy, LD GP IEEE IEEE TI Application of single-beam acoustics to macro-algae bloom management SO OCEANS 2000 MTS/IEEE - WHERE MARINE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MEET, VOLS 1-3, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MTS/IEEE Oceans Conference and Exhibition on Where Marine Science and Technology Meet CY SEP 11-14, 2000 CL PROVIDENCE, RI SP Marine Technol Soc, IEEE, OES C1 Technol Planning & Management Corp, NOAA, Natl Coastal Serv Ctr, Charleston, SC 29405 USA. RP Seaman, R (reprint author), Technol Planning & Management Corp, NOAA, Natl Coastal Serv Ctr, 2234 S Hobson Ave, Charleston, SC 29405 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-6552-6 PY 2000 BP 1703 EP 1705 PG 3 WC Engineering, Marine; Engineering, Civil; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA BR32X UT WOS:000166107400265 ER PT B AU Turek, JG AF Turek, JG GP IEEE IEEE TI Science and technology needs for marine fishery habitat restoration SO OCEANS 2000 MTS/IEEE - WHERE MARINE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MEET, VOLS 1-3, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MTS/IEEE Oceans Conference and Exhibition on Where Marine Science and Technology Meet CY SEP 11-14, 2000 CL PROVIDENCE, RI SP Marine Technol Soc, IEEE, OES AB Habitat restoration is the re-establishment of functional attributes of an ecological community or ecosystem to the level of the system that existed prior to a discrete impact or degradation. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Restoration Center (RC) is responsible for restoration of living marine resources (LMR) and their habitats primarily through litigation-related damage settlement monies resulting from oil spills and other contaminant releases, and our community-based partnership funding program. Objectives of the RC are to advance the relevant interdisciplinary sciences and improve and transfer technology in the industry to increase marine habitat restoration success. Restoration generally involves an inter-related series of tasks including resource impact assessment, pre-restoration mapping and monitoring, restoration alternatives analysis, preliminary and final restoration design, regulatory permitting, project construction, post-construction monitoring and success evaluation, and project modification, as needed. The RC is routinely involved in restoration projects including: Salt marsh restoration by tidal hydrology alteration and physical removal of structural barriers, Phragmites and other nuisance plant species; Anadromous fish passage by installing fishways over darns and/or removing or partially removing darns; Restoration of eelgrass beds and other submerged aquatic vegetation; Reefs for increasing production and growth of lobsters, oysters and finfish; and Benthic substrate restoration and enhancement for shellfish bed restoration. The focus of this presentation is to identify and discuss current technical issues affecting the cost-effectiveness, timeliness, and degree of success of marine restoration. The RC is both providing suggestions on advancing the relevant sciences and technology, and seeking input from industry, academia, and other governmental agencies to better achieve successful restoration projects. These science and technology advances include: Improved assessment methods for evaluating injuries to and determining restoration needs for NOAA trust resources; Readily repeatable, non-intrusive techniques for collecting baseline and post-construction physico-chemical and biological data at restoration and/or reference sites; GIS and GPS-based mapping techniques to characterize restoration sites at a refined, estuarine or riparian community scale; Cost-effective, user-friendly modeling software for assessing salt marsh, estuarine, and riverine hydrology and proposed restoration alternatives; Environmental-friendly equipment for sediment contaminant sampling, and contaminant and debris removal; Innovative design for low-maintenance, durable fishway facilities, including designs that maintain aesthetic values for designated historic sites; Procedures and construction equipment for efficiently removing dam structures, while protecting LMR from temporary construction impacts; Aquaculture techniques for finfish and shellfish stock enhancement; Economical and readily installable geotextiles and other products for stabilizing restored riparian and coastal banks and substrates; and Products including recycled materials and their transport to create and restore reefs for finfish and shellfish. C1 NOAA, Restorat Ctr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Turek, JG (reprint author), NOAA, Restorat Ctr, 28 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 5 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-6552-6 PY 2000 BP 1707 EP 1712 PG 6 WC Engineering, Marine; Engineering, Civil; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA BR32X UT WOS:000166107400266 ER PT B AU Kohler, CA Hansen, W AF Kohler, CA Hansen, W GP IEEE IEEE TI Design and performance of the hurricanes-at-landfall equipment SO OCEANS 2000 MTS/IEEE - WHERE MARINE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MEET, VOLS 1-3, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MTS/IEEE Oceans Conference and Exhibition on Where Marine Science and Technology Meet CY SEP 11-14, 2000 CL PROVIDENCE, RI SP Marine Technol Soc, IEEE, OES AB The National Data Buoy, Center (NDBC) designed, fabricated, and installed meteorological "black boxes" (MBB) at nine Coastal-Marine Automated Network (C-MAN) stations around the southeast U.S. as part of the Hurricanes-at-Landfall (HAL) project. HAL was funded in cooperation with the Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory/Hurricane Research Division (AOML/HRD) to develop the capability to retrieve high-quality meteorological data during the approach and passage of land-falling tropical storms and hurricanes to improve the analyses and forecasts of the pattern, extent, and intensity, of damaging winds associated I with them. The project also included photographic documentation of these nine stations to determine influences of upstream wind disturbances in the vicinity of these stations. During the hurricane season of 1999, data were recovered from the MBBs at three C-MAN stations following the passages of Hurricanes Dennis, Floyd, and Irene. The data are currently being analyzed by AOML/HRD. A sample of the data are provided in this paper. C1 Natl Data Buoy Ctr, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. RP Kohler, CA (reprint author), Natl Data Buoy Ctr, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-6552-6 PY 2000 BP 1723 EP 1725 PG 3 WC Engineering, Marine; Engineering, Civil; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA BR32X UT WOS:000166107400269 ER PT J AU Wilson, S AF Wilson, S TI Launching the Argo Armada SO OCEANUS LA English DT Article AB The Argo program proposes to disperse 3,000 floats, like the one below, throughout the oceans To collect datal on oceanic conditions that can be periodically transmitted to shore via satellite. C1 NOAA, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Wilson, S (reprint author), NOAA, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 0 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 2 PU WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INST PI WOODS HOLE PA OCEANUS MAGAZINE, WOODS HOLE, MA 02543 USA SN 0029-8182 J9 OCEANUS JI Oceanus PY 2000 VL 42 IS 1 BP 17 EP 19 PG 3 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 286QX UT WOS:000085457600006 ER PT S AU Michaels, CA Richter, LJ Cavanagh, RR Stranick, SJ AF Michaels, CA Richter, LJ Cavanagh, RR Stranick, SJ BE Andrews, DL Asakura, T Jutamulia, S Kirk, WP Lagally, MG Lal, RB Trolinger, JD TI Chemical imaging with scanning near-field infrared microscopy and spectroscopy. SO OPTICAL DEVICES AND DIAGNOSTICS IN MATERIALS SCIENCE SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Devices and Diagnostics in Materials Science CY AUG 01-04, 2000 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE near-field scanning optical microscopy; infrared microscopy; chemical imaging; vibrational spectroscopy ID FREE-ELECTRON LASER; OPTICAL MICROSCOPE; RAMAN-SPECTROSCOPY; ARTIFACTS; CONTRAST; FIBERS; MODE AB The development of a scanning near-field microscope that utilizes infrared absorption as the optical contrast mechanism is described. This instrument couples the nanoscale spatial resolution of a scanning probe microscope with the chemical specificity of vibrational spectroscopy. This combination allows the in situ mapping of chemical functional groups with subwavelength spatial resolution. Key elements of this infrared microscope include: a broadly tunable infrared light source producing ultrafast pulses with a FWHM bandwidth of 150 cm(-1), an infrared focal plane array-based spectrometer allows parallel detection of the entire pulse bandwidth with 8 cm(-1) resolution, and a single mode fluoride glass fiber probe which supports transmission from 2200 to 4500 cm(-1). A novel chemical etching protocol for the fabrication of near-field aperture probes is described. Infrared transmission images of a micropatterned thin gold film are presented that demonstrate spatial resolution of lambda /8 at 2900 cm(-1), in the absence of artifacts due to topography induced contrast. Images of thin film polymer blends and nanocomposites acquired in the C-H stretching region are used to benchmark the chemical imaging capabilities of this microscope, focusing particularly on the absorption sensitivity of the spectrometer. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Michaels, CA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Richter, Lee/N-7730-2016 OI Richter, Lee/0000-0002-9433-3724 NR 25 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3749-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2000 VL 4098 BP 102 EP 109 DI 10.1117/12.401616 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Optics SC Materials Science; Optics GA BR09B UT WOS:000165629200011 ER PT S AU Michaels, CA Dentinger, CEJ Richter, LJ Chase, DB Cavanagh, RR Stranick, SJ AF Michaels, CA Dentinger, CEJ Richter, LJ Chase, DB Cavanagh, RR Stranick, SJ BE Andrews, DL Asakura, T Jutamulia, S Kirk, WP Lagally, MG Lal, RB Trolinger, JD TI An assessment of sensitivity advances in near-field Raman spectroscopy SO OPTICAL DEVICES AND DIAGNOSTICS IN MATERIALS SCIENCE SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Devices and Diagnostics in Materials Science CY AUG 01-04, 2000 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE near-field scanning optical microscopy; Raman microscopy; chemical imaging; vibrational spectroscopy ID RESOLUTION; MICROSCOPE; SILICON; PROBES; STRESS AB Near-field Raman spectroscopy can be used to obtain images with both chemical specificity and the subwavelength spatial resolution of near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM), In the absence of signal intensification factors, such as 'surface enhancement' or electronic resonance in the specimen, Raman scattering suffers from a small cross section (sigma = 10(-28) cm(2) to 10(-31) cm(2)). Since most reports of Raman-NSOM to date involve exploitation of a specimen-specific intensification, an assessment of the general applicability of Raman-NSOM to a wider variety of "un-enhanced" samples is of great interest. We report here on several approaches to increasing the sensitivity of near-field Raman spectroscopy that do not rely on specimen properties. The use of chemically etched aperture probes as an illumination source has been investigated and compared to probes fabricated by the traditional heat and pull method, Raman spectra of a single crystal diamond specimen were recorded as a function of tip-to-sample separation (Z). The exponential decay of the Raman signal with Z yields information about the lateral extent of the aperture, allowing for meaningful comparisons between probes with equivalent aperture dimensions. Novel probe structures that utilize plasmon excitation to enhance the near-field Raman signal have also been explored, A Raman spectral image of a dye cast on a thin silver island film is used to illustrate the present chemical imaging capabilities of Raman -NSOM. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Michaels, CA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Richter, Lee/N-7730-2016 OI Richter, Lee/0000-0002-9433-3724 NR 23 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3749-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2000 VL 4098 BP 152 EP 159 DI 10.1117/12.401636 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Optics SC Materials Science; Optics GA BR09B UT WOS:000165629200018 ER PT S AU Kaplan, SG Hanssen, LM Early, EA Nadal, M AF Kaplan, SG Hanssen, LM Early, EA Nadal, M BE Hanssen, LM TI Intercomparison of regular spectral transmittance and reflectance measurements with FTIR- and monochromator-based spectrophotometers SO OPTICAL DIAGNOSTIC METHODS FOR INORGANIC MATERIALS II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Diagnostic Methods for Inorganic Materials II CY AUG 03-04, 2000 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE reflectance; transmittance; infrared; Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer; standard reference material AB We have performed regular spectral transmittance and reflectance measurements over the 1 mum to 2.5 mum wavelength region on several different types of materials using three different spectrophotometer systems. Two of the systems employ grating-based monochromators and InGaAs photovoltaic detectors. The beam at the sample position is nearly collimated. The other system uses an FTIR (Fourier-Transform Infrared) spectrophotometer as a source and a diffuse Au-coated integrating sphere with a photoconductive HgCdTe detector. In this system, the sample is placed at the focus of an f/6 converging beam. Measurements are performed on transmissive materials as well as either highly reflective or absorptive mirrors and the results are compared, taking into account any differences in beam geometry and polarization among the different systems. C1 NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kaplan, SG (reprint author), NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3743-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2000 VL 4103 BP 53 EP 61 DI 10.1117/12.403570 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Optics SC Materials Science; Optics GA BR08X UT WOS:000165616000006 ER PT S AU Zhu, CJ Hanssen, LM AF Zhu, CJ Hanssen, LM BE Hanssen, LM TI Comparison and development of absorption peak determination algorithms for wavelength standards SO OPTICAL DIAGNOSTIC METHODS FOR INORGANIC MATERIALS II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Diagnostic Methods for Inorganic Materials II CY AUG 03-04, 2000 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE peak determination method; wavelength or wavenumber standard; centroid or center of gravity; extrapolated centroid; peak maxima or minima; extrapolated bisecting; IR; NIR; FT-IR; polynomial curve fit AB Several peak determination algorithms are described and compared using the spectra of a NIST wavelength / wavenumber standard reference material (SRM). These methods are the (1) centroid (or center of gravity) (with fraction value 0.5), (2) extrapolated centroid, (3) extrapolated bisecting, (4) polynomial curve fit, and (5) absolute maximum (minimum) methods. Comparisons are made of the peak wavelength value accuracy and reproducibility, versatility and other aspects of the peak determination methods. Optimization studies of the centroid, extrapolated centroid and extrapolated bisecting peak determination methods, used for several NIST SRM's, have found that the peak value accuracy and precision can be improved by careful selection of peak fraction, spectral data density and polynomial fitting order (for extrapolated algorithms). C1 NIST, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Zhu, CJ (reprint author), NIST, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3743-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2000 VL 4103 BP 62 EP 68 DI 10.1117/12.403571 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Optics SC Materials Science; Optics GA BR08X UT WOS:000165616000007 ER PT S AU Kaplan, SG Hanssen, LM AF Kaplan, SG Hanssen, LM BE Hanssen, LM TI Angle-dependent absolute infrared reflectance and transmittance measurements SO OPTICAL DIAGNOSTIC METHODS FOR INORGANIC MATERIALS II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Diagnostic Methods for Inorganic Materials II CY AUG 03-04, 2000 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE reflectance; transmittance; infrared; polarization; index of refraction AB A goniometric system is used in conjuction with an FT-IR (Fourier-Transform Infrared) spectrophotometer to perform reflectance and transmittance measurements as a function of angle of incidence from 12 degrees to 80 degrees. The input beam is polarized using a high-quality Ge reflective Brewster-angle polarizer, and is focussed onto the sample with an approximately f/50 geometry. The average angle of incidence is controlled to within +/- 0.05 degrees, and spectra are recorded for both s- and p-polarization over a wavelength range of 1.6 mum to 5.2 mum, using a photoconductive InSb detector. Measurement results are compared to the predictions of the Fresnel equations in order to assess the accuracy of the instrument. C1 NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kaplan, SG (reprint author), NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 7 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3743-3 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2000 VL 4103 BP 75 EP 84 DI 10.1117/12.403573 PG 10 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Optics SC Materials Science; Optics GA BR08X UT WOS:000165616000009 ER PT S AU Burnett, JH Gupta, R Griesmann, U AF Burnett, JH Gupta, R Griesmann, U BE Progler, CJ TI Absolute index of refraction and its temperature dependence of calcium fluoride, barium fluoride, and strontium fluoride near 157 nm SO OPTICAL MICROLITHOGRAPHY XIII, PTS 1 AND 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Microlithography XIII CY FEB 27-MAR 03, 2000 CL SANTA CLARA, CA SP SPIE, Semiconductor Equipment & Mat Int, Int SEMATECH DE index of refraction; refractive index; calcium fluoride; CaF2; strontium fluoride; SrF2; barium fluoride; BaF2; 157 nm AB We have made accurate measurements near 157 nm of the absolute index of refraction, the index dispersion, and the temperature dependence of the index, for the cubic-symmetry, group-II fluorides: calcium fluoride, strontium fluoride, and barium fluoride. Accurate measurements of these quantities for calcium fluoride are needed for designs of lens systems for 157 nm excimer-laser-based exposure tools for photolithography. Measurements of these quantities for other isotropic materials highly transmissive near 157 nm, such as strontium fluoride and barium fluoride, are needed for designs which include secondary materials in addition to calcium fluoride to correct for chromatic aberrations. These optical properties were measured with precision goniometers on prisms of the materials in a nitrogen atmosphere using the minimum deviation method. The relative refractive indices were converted to absolute indices by using values of the index of nitrogen obtained by independent interferometric measurements near 157 nm. Values of the absolute refractive indices for these materials were obtained with an accuracy of 6 x 10(6). A key result is that the dispersion of barium fluoride near 157 nm is similar to 68% larger (more negative) than that of calcium fluoride, which makes barium fluoride a potentially useful material for combination with calcium fluoride for chromatic aberration correction near 157 nm. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Burnett, JH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 12 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3618-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2000 VL 4000 BP 1503 EP 1509 DI 10.1117/12.388989 PN 1&2 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Materials Science; Optics; Physics GA BQ74V UT WOS:000089400800153 ER PT S AU Watson, CI Grother, PJ Casasent, DP AF Watson, CI Grother, PJ Casasent, DP BE Casasent, DP Chao, TH TI Distortion-tolerant filter for elastic-distorted fingerprint matching SO OPTICAL PATTERN RECOGNITION XI SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optical Pattern Recognition XI CY APR 26-27, 2000 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE distortion-tolerant filter; elastic distortion; fingerprint; MINACE; NIST Special Database 24 ID MINIMUM NOISE AB This paper gives results for using distortion tolerant filters to improve performance of fingerprint correlation matching. Three types of distortion tolerant filters were tested: summation, weighted, and MINACE. A set of 55 fingers were used from NIST Special Database 24 [1] to evaluate the filters. Our results show performance was improved from 49% correct, using one training fingerprint, to 100% correct, using multiple training fingerprints and a distortion-tolerant MINACE filter, with no false alarms. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Watson, CI (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mail Stop 8940, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 8 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3669-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2000 VL 4043 BP 166 EP 174 DI 10.1117/12.381591 PG 9 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Optics SC Computer Science; Optics GA BQ19B UT WOS:000087421100019 ER PT J AU Ovchinnikov, YB AF Ovchinnikov, YB TI A temporal imaging and microscopy of atoms SO OPTICS COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article ID RESONANCE-RADIATION PRESSURE; TIME-DOMAIN; OPTICS; INTERFEROMETRY; BEAM; LENS AB A way of temporal imaging of neutral atoms by means of pulsed gradient light potentials is considered. The possibility of producing 1D, 2D and 3D images of an atomic sample with resolution of about 0.1 nm and magnification up to 10(7) is shown. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ovchinnikov, YB (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, PHYS A-167, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 24 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0030-4018 J9 OPT COMMUN JI Opt. Commun. PD JAN 1 PY 2000 VL 173 IS 1-6 BP 275 EP 284 DI 10.1016/S0030-4018(99)00640-9 PG 10 WC Optics SC Optics GA 286CD UT WOS:000085425300034 ER PT J AU Little, BE Laine, JP Lim, DR Haus, HA Kimerling, LC Chu, ST AF Little, BE Laine, JP Lim, DR Haus, HA Kimerling, LC Chu, ST TI Pedestal antiresonant reflecting waveguides for robust coupling to microsphere resonators and for microphotonic circuits SO OPTICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID WHISPERING-GALLERY; EXCITATION; FIBER AB Strip-line pedestal antiresonant reflecting waveguides are high-confinement, silica integrated optical waveguides in which the optical modes are completely isolated from the substrate by thin high-index layers. These waveguides are particularly well suited for whispering-gallery mode excitation in high-Q microspheres. They can also be used in microphotonic circuits, such as for microring resonators. The theory and design of these structures are highlighted. Experiments that show high coupling efficiency to microspheres are also demonstrated. (C) 2000 Optical Society of America. C1 MIT, Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Elect Res Lab, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. MIT, Dept Mat Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Little, BE (reprint author), MIT, Dept Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Elect Res Lab, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RI Chu, Sai /D-3312-2014; OI CHU, Sai Tak /0000-0001-8263-8507 NR 10 TC 60 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 8 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0146-9592 J9 OPT LETT JI Opt. Lett. PD JAN 1 PY 2000 VL 25 IS 1 BP 73 EP 75 DI 10.1364/OL.25.000073 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA 269PZ UT WOS:000084487900025 PM 18059786 ER PT J AU Nash, SG AF Nash, SG TI A multigrid approach to discretized optimization problems SO OPTIMIZATION METHODS & SOFTWARE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Nonlinear Programming and Variational Inequalities CY DEC 15-18, 1998 CL CITY UNIV HONG KONG, HONG KONG, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Croucher Fdn, K C Wong Ltd, Hong Kong Pei Hua Educ Fdn Ltd, Hong Kong Math Soc, City Univ Hong Kong, Liu Bie Ju Ctr Math Sci HO CITY UNIV HONG KONG DE nonlinear programming; multigrid methods; large-scale optimization; truncated-Newton methods ID MULTILEVEL ALGORITHMS AB Many large optimization problems represent a family of models of varying size, corresponding to different discretizations. An example is optimal control problems where the solution is a function that is approximated by its values at finitely many points. We discuss optimization techniques suitable for nonlinear programs of this type, with an emphasis on algorithms that guarantee global convergence. The goal is to exploit the similar structure among the subproblems, using the solutions of smaller subproblems to accelerate the solution of larger, more refined subproblems. C1 George Mason Univ, Syst Engn & Operat Res Dept, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Informat Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM snash@gmu.edu OI Nash, Stephen/0000-0002-7412-1791 NR 22 TC 63 Z9 63 U1 0 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 2-4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OR14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1055-6788 EI 1029-4937 J9 OPTIM METHOD SOFTW JI Optim. Method Softw. PY 2000 VL 14 IS 1-2 BP 99 EP 116 DI 10.1080/10556780008805795 PG 18 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science; Mathematics, Applied SC Computer Science; Operations Research & Management Science; Mathematics GA 373ZZ UT WOS:000165321100006 ER PT S AU Paek, EG Im, YS Choe, JY Oh, TK AF Paek, EG Im, YS Choe, JY Oh, TK BE Park, YS Chen, RT TI WDM-based 2D multiple beam steering with an Acoustically STeered and ROtated (ASTRO) true time delay generator SO OPTOELECTRONIC INTEGRATED CIRCUITS IV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Optoelectronic Integrated Circuits IV CY JAN 26-27, 2000 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE DE optical interconnection; phased array antennas; true time delays; beam steering; Fiber Bragg gratings; acousto-optic beam deflectors; optical information processing; optoelectronics; wavelength division multiplexing ID PROGRAMMABLE DISPERSION MATRIX; PHASED-ARRAY ANTENNAS; FIBEROPTIC CONTROL; TRANSMITTER AB We propose a method for 2D multiple beam generation without causing extraneous beams in the ASTRO architecture. By simply adding a circular light block (spatial filter) at the center of the polygon mirror in the ASTRO true time delay generator, all the extraneous beams can be removed without requiring additional hardware. Experimental results to prove the concepts will be described with related analyses. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. Naval Res Naval Surface Warfare Ctr, Dahlgren, VA 22192 USA. RP Paek, EG (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3567-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2000 VL 3950 BP 266 EP 272 DI 10.1117/12.382171 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BQ27Z UT WOS:000087783700030 ER PT J AU Silliman, JE Meyers, PA Ostrom, PH Ostrom, NE Eadie, BJ AF Silliman, JE Meyers, PA Ostrom, PH Ostrom, NE Eadie, BJ TI Insights into the origin of perylene from isotopic analyses of sediments from Saanich Inlet, British Columbia SO ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE PAH; n-alkanes; n-alkanoic acids; delta C-13 values; compound-specific delta C-13 values; Perylene; Saanich inlet ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; RECENT LAKE-SEDIMENTS; EARLY DIAGENESIS; ORGANIC-MATTER; MARINE-SEDIMENTS; REDUCING FJORD; CARBON; MICHIGAN; BASIN; WATER AB Perylene is an abundant and common polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in sedimentary settings, yet its origin remains puzzling. We have investigated the relation of perylene to the amount and type of organic matter in the sediments of Saanich Inlet, a coastal marine anoxic basin. Organic matter is predominantly marine in origin, but the proportions of marine and land-derived components have varied. Perylene concentrations generally increase with sediment depth, relative to TOC, which indicates continued formation of this compound by microbially mediated diagenesis. Perylene delta C-13 values range between -27.7 and -23.6 parts per thousand, whereas TOC delta C-13 values vary narrowly from -21.7 to -21.2 parts per thousand over the same sediment depth interval. The Variation in isotopic difference suggests that perylene originates from more than one precursor material, both aquatic and continental organic matter, different microbial processes, or some combination of these possibilities. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Geol Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Geol Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Meyers, PA (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Dept Geol Sci, 1006 CC Little Bldg, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. OI Meyers, Philip/0000-0002-9709-7528 NR 46 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 10 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0146-6380 J9 ORG GEOCHEM JI Org. Geochem. PY 2000 VL 31 IS 11 BP 1133 EP 1142 DI 10.1016/S0146-6380(00)00120-0 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 379RU UT WOS:000165656900007 ER PT B AU Courson, M Mink, A Marcais, G Traverse, B AF Courson, M Mink, A Marcais, G Traverse, B BE Chaudhry, G Sha, E TI Performance measurement environment for cluster computing SO PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING SYSTEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 13th International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Computing Systems CY AUG 08-10, 2000 CL LAS VEGAS, NV SP Int Soc Comp & Their Applicat DE cluster computing; database; data collection; performance measurement; performance analysis; queuing ID PARALLEL AB A number of factors promote frequent running of performance measurement codes for the evaluation and tuning of both applications and cluster based platforms. NIST is developing a prototype for an automated software measurement toolset to reduce the manual effort in running and analyzing the results of such experiments. Our toolset consists of 3 main modules. A Data Collection and Storage module handles the collection of performance data and implements a central repository for such data. Another module provides an integrated mechanism to analyze and visualize the data stored in the repository. An Experiment Design and Control module assists the user in designing and executing experiments. To reduce the development effort this toolset is built around existing tools and is designed to be easily extensible to support the addition of tools and other platforms. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Courson, M (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY COMPUTER S & THEIR APPLICATIONS (ISCA) PI RALEIGH PA 8820 SIX FORKS ROAD, RALEIGH, NC 27615 USA BN 1-880843-34-X PY 2000 BP 124 EP 130 PG 7 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BV69C UT WOS:000179773600021 ER PT B AU Mink, A Carpenter, RJ Courson, M AF Mink, A Carpenter, RJ Courson, M BE Chaudhry, G Sha, E TI Time synchronized measurements in cluster computing systems SO PARALLEL AND DISTRIBUTED COMPUTING SYSTEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 13th International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Computing Systems CY AUG 08-10, 2000 CL LAS VEGAS, NV SP Int Soc Comp & Their Applicat DE autolock; cluster computing; GPS; MultiKron; NTP; time synchronization AB We describe hardware time synchronization instrumentation that we have developed which achieves time synchronization of better than one microsecond. The purpose of this instrumentation is for Quality of Service characterization of parallel and distributed computing and of network communications. Using this instrumentation we measure the accuracy achieved by the NIST Autolock time synchronization algorithm, built upon the well-known Network Time Protocol (NTP) time exchange, and the various factors contributing to its performance for both local and remote computing clusters. We show that such software algorithms, once their parameters are tuned for the expected delays, can achieve accuracy close to single digit microseconds. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Informat Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Mink, A (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Informat Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY COMPUTER S & THEIR APPLICATIONS (ISCA) PI RALEIGH PA 8820 SIX FORKS ROAD, RALEIGH, NC 27615 USA BN 1-880843-34-X PY 2000 BP 243 EP 249 PG 7 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BV69C UT WOS:000179773600039 ER PT S AU Siewert, TA Manahan, MP McCowan, CN Holt, JM Marsh, FJ Ruth, EA AF Siewert, TA Manahan, MP McCowan, CN Holt, JM Marsh, FJ Ruth, EA BE Siewert, TA Manahan, MP TI The history and importance of impact testing SO PENDULUM IMPACT TESTING: A CENTURY OF PROGRESS SE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Pendulum Impact Testing: A Century of Progress held in Conjunction with the Standards Development Meetings CY MAY 19-20, 1999 CL SEATTLE, WA SP Amer Soc Testing & Mat Comm, E 28 Mech Testing, Amer Soc Testing & Mat Comm, Subcomm E 28 7 Impact Testing DE absorbed energy; Charpy impact testing; history; impact testing; pendulum impact AB Charpy impact testing is a low-cost and reliable test method which is commonly required by the construction codes for fracture-critical structures such as bridges and pressure vessels. Yet, it took from about 1900 to 1960 for impact-test technology and procedures to reach levels of accuracy and reproducibility such that the procedures could be broadly applied as standard test methods. This paper recounts the early history of the impact test and reports some of the improvements in the procedures (standard specimen shape, introduction of a notch, correlation to structural performance in service, and introduction of shrouds) that led to this broad acceptance. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Siewert, TA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 19 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMERICAN SOCIETY TESTING AND MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DRIVE, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 1040-1695 BN 0-8031-2864-9 J9 AM SOC TEST MATER PY 2000 IS 1380 BP 3 EP 16 DI 10.1520/STP14384S PG 14 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA BR64U UT WOS:000167067000001 ER PT S AU McCowan, CN Pauwels, J Revise, G Nakano, H AF McCowan, CN Pauwels, J Revise, G Nakano, H BE Siewert, TA Manahan, MP TI International comparison of impact verification programs SO PENDULUM IMPACT TESTING: A CENTURY OF PROGRESS SE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Pendulum Impact Testing: A Century of Progress held in Conjunction with the Standards Development Meetings CY MAY 19-20, 1999 CL SEATTLE, WA SP Amer Soc Testing & Mat Comm, E 28 Mech Testing, Amer Soc Testing & Mat Comm, Subcomm E 28 7 Impact Testing DE Charpy impact verification; impact testing; verification testing; verification specimens AB A horizontal comparison is made between the four laboratories that certify Charpy impact verification specimens. The participants in this study were Japan (NRLM), France (LNE), the European Commission (IRMM), and the United States (NIST). The exercise was conducted to show how the impact verification programs, specimens, and test procedures compare with each other. Results for both 8 and 2 mm strikers were compared. The study showed the following: (1) The certified energies of impact verification specimens distributed by these four metrological authorities often agreed within 1% of the average values determined in this study; (2) the variation in energy for the specimens was low, typically bracketed by a coefficient of variation of between 0.02 and 0.04; and (3) the energies measured for the tests performed with 2 and 8 mm strikers on the 4340 steel specimens were nearly equivalent, but a trend of slightly higher energy for the 2 mm tests is indicated. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP McCowan, CN (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMERICAN SOCIETY TESTING AND MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DRIVE, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 1040-1695 BN 0-8031-2864-9 J9 AM SOC TEST MATER PY 2000 IS 1380 BP 73 EP 89 DI 10.1520/STP14387S PG 17 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA BR64U UT WOS:000167067000004 ER PT S AU Vigliotti, DP Siewert, TA McCowan, CN AF Vigliotti, DP Siewert, TA McCowan, CN BE Siewert, TA Manahan, MP TI Maintaining the accuracy of Charpy impact machines SO PENDULUM IMPACT TESTING: A CENTURY OF PROGRESS SE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Pendulum Impact Testing: A Century of Progress held in Conjunction with the Standards Development Meetings CY MAY 19-20, 1999 CL SEATTLE, WA SP Amer Soc Testing & Mat Comm, E 28 Mech Testing, Amer Soc Testing & Mat Comm, Subcomm E 28 7 Impact Testing DE absorbed energy; Charpy V-notch; impact test; machine repair; misalignment; verification testing; worn anvils AB The quality of the data developed by impact machines tends to degrade over time, due to the effects of wear and vibration that are inherent in the test. This is the reason that impact standards specify periodic direct and indirect verification tests. Each year, we provide reference specimens for indirect verification of over 800 machines around the world. From evaluation of the absorbed energies and the fractured specimens, we are able to deduce the origin of energies that are outside the allowed ranges, and report these observations back to the machine owners. This report summarizes the basis for these observations and will allow, it is hoped, machines to be maintained at higher levels of accuracy. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Vigliotti, DP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMERICAN SOCIETY TESTING AND MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DRIVE, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 1040-1695 BN 0-8031-2864-9 J9 AM SOC TEST MATER PY 2000 IS 1380 BP 134 EP 145 DI 10.1520/STP14391S PG 12 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA BR64U UT WOS:000167067000008 ER PT S AU McCowan, CN Vigliotti, DP Siewert, TA AF McCowan, CN Vigliotti, DP Siewert, TA BE Siewert, TA Manahan, MP TI Evaluation of ABS plastic impact verification specimens SO PENDULUM IMPACT TESTING: A CENTURY OF PROGRESS SE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Pendulum Impact Testing: A Century of Progress held in Conjunction with the Standards Development Meetings CY MAY 19-20, 1999 CL SEATTLE, WA SP Amer Soc Testing & Mat Comm, E 28 Mech Testing, Amer Soc Testing & Mat Comm, Subcomm E 28 7 Impact Testing DE Charpy impact testing; impact testing; Izod impact testing; plastic impact specimens; plastic impact verification specimens AB Valid comparison of impact test energies reported by various laboratories and over time depends on consistent performance of impact test machines. To learn what information verification specimens might reveal about the impact machines used to test plastics, and to learn the critical parameters that must be controlled to minimize the scatter in the data, we tested a batch of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene plastic (ABS plastic) specimens. Both Charpy and Izod sample configurations were tested. We concentrated on determining the variability in impact strength, but also studied the effects of room temperature aging, exposure to sunlight, and clamping pressure (for Izod testing) on the impact strength of the ABS plastic specimens. We conclude that: (1) the variability in impact strength for the ABS plastic impact specimens is comparable to metal specimens which are now used as verification specimens to test large capacity impact machines; (2) the ABS plastic specimens did not show significant signs of aging during our tests; and (3) clamping pressures will have to be specified for verification testing of ABS plastic Izod specimens. C1 NIST, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP McCowan, CN (reprint author), NIST, Div Mat Reliabil, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMERICAN SOCIETY TESTING AND MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DRIVE, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 1040-1695 BN 0-8031-2864-9 J9 AM SOC TEST MATER PY 2000 IS 1380 BP 210 EP 219 DI 10.1520/STP14396S PG 10 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA BR64U UT WOS:000167067000013 ER PT S AU Rao, DV Seltzer, SM Hubbell, JH AF Rao, DV Seltzer, SM Hubbell, JH BE Doty, FP Barber, HB Roehrig, H Morton, EJ TI Measurements of elastic and inelastic scattering cross-sections using monoenergetic K alpha radiation SO PENETRATING RADIATION SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Penetrating Radiation Systems and Applications II CY AUG 02-03, 2000 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE elastic and inelastic scattering cross-sections; monoenergetic radiation; secondary target; monochromaticity; geometrical effects and applications ID ANOMALOUS DISPERSION; FORM-FACTORS AB Elastic and inelastic scattering cross-sections for low, medium and high Z atoms are measured in vacuum using an X-ray tube with a secondary target as an excitation source. Monoenergetic K alpha radiation emitted from the secondary target is used to excite the sample. Monoenergetic radiation is also produced using two secondary targets coupled to an X-ray tube and the radiation from the second target of the system is used to excite the sample. Elastic and inelastic scattering of K alpha X-ray line energies of the secondary target by the sample are recorded with Hp Ge and Si(Li) detectors. Using this system the degree of monochromaticity of the secondary emission and the geometrical effects of the measuring system is estimated. The efficiency is larger because the secondary target acts as a converter. Experimental results based on this system will be presented and compared with theoretical estimates. The importance of the data and the potential use of the system for few applications in the field of medicine and archaeometry will also be presented. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Photon & Charged Particle Data Ctr, Ionizing Radiat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Rao, DV (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Photon & Charged Particle Data Ctr, Ionizing Radiat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 18 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3787-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2000 VL 4142 BP 124 EP 135 DI 10.1117/12.410577 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA BR89V UT WOS:000167975100015 ER PT S AU Cook, LP Wong-Ng, W AF Cook, LP Wong-Ng, W BE WongNg, W Holesinger, T Riley, G Guo, R TI Vapor pressure of the SrPbO3 perovskite phase SO PEROVSKITE OXIDES FOR ELECTRONIC, ENERGY CONVERSION, AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY APPLICATIONS SE CERAMIC TRANSACTIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Focused Session on Perovskite Oxides for Electronic, Energy Conversion, and Energy Efficiency Applications at the 101st Annual Meeting of the American-Ceramic-Society CY APR 25-28, 1999 CL INDIANAPOLIS, IN SP Amer Ceram Soc, Electr Div ID PB; VAPORIZATION; SYSTEM; TL; BA; SR; CA AB The perovskite phase SrPbO3 is important as a buffer and indicator of PbO chemical potential (at fixed p(O2)) according to the reaction: 2 SrPbO3 --> Sr2PbO4 + PbO(g) + 1/2 O-2 (g), where the term PbO(g) includes several Pb-containing gaseous species. Total vapor pressures over SrPbO3 were investigated by Knudsen cell vacuum thermogravimetry in the range 650 - 950 degreesC, using pure PbO as a calibrant. Results indicate that within this range, vapor pressures for SrPbO3, vary from similar to 12% of those for pure PbO at the high temperature limit to similar to 21% at the low temperature limit of the range studied. Vapor pressures for SrPbO3, are higher than those reported for the perovskite phases PbTiO3, and PbZrO3, by factors of similar to 20 to 50 and similar to2 to 4, respectively. The slopes of the d(log p) vs. 1/T data are similar for all three perovskites, indicating similar enthalpies of vaporization. The measured SrPbO3, vapor pressures represent the maximum vapor pressures to be expected over phase assemblages with (Pb,Bi)-Sr-Ca-Cu-O (BSCCO) high T-c superconductors. C1 NIST, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Cook, LP (reprint author), NIST, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 11 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-8720 USA SN 1042-1122 BN 1-57498-091-2 J9 CERAM TRANS PY 2000 VL 104 BP 61 EP 69 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA BR45L UT WOS:000166449200004 ER PT S AU Cook, LP Wong-Ng, W AF Cook, LP Wong-Ng, W BE WongNg, W Holesinger, T Riley, G Guo, R TI Phase equilibria of Ag with (Bi,Pb)-Sr-Ca-Cu-O (BSCCO) oxides and with superconducting Pb2223 under various oxygen pressures. SO PEROVSKITE OXIDES FOR ELECTRONIC, ENERGY CONVERSION, AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY APPLICATIONS SE CERAMIC TRANSACTIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Focused Session on Perovskite Oxides for Electronic, Energy Conversion, and Energy Efficiency Applications at the 101st Annual Meeting of the American-Ceramic-Society CY APR 25-28, 1999 CL INDIANAPOLIS, IN SP Amer Ceram Soc, Electr Div ID PBO-AG; SYSTEM; CUO; DIAGRAMS; FIELD AB The partial phase diagrams of Ag with the constituent oxides of the Pb-BSCCO system (Pb,Bi:Sr:Ca:Cu:O) have been investigated, with emphasis on initial melting. These diagrams include the binary systems Ag-SrO, Ag-CaO, Ag-CuO, Ag-Bi2O3, Ag-PbO, and the pseudo-binary system Ag-Pb2223.In the latter system, dissolution of Ag into the Pb-BSCCO liquid occurs at a mole fraction of 2.8% under 7.5 % volume fraction O-2 for the bulk composition investigated. A total mole fraction of 3% - 4% metal oxides was found to dissolve into Ag in contact with the Pb2223 liquid during one-hour experiments. The amount of dissolution appears to increase slightly with increasing oxygen partial pressure. These interactions could lead to significant chemical modification at the Ag/Pb2223 superconductor interface. C1 NIST, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Cook, LP (reprint author), NIST, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-8720 USA SN 1042-1122 BN 1-57498-091-2 J9 CERAM TRANS PY 2000 VL 104 BP 87 EP 95 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA BR45L UT WOS:000166449200007 ER PT S AU Wong-Ng, W Cook, LP AF Wong-Ng, W Cook, LP BE WongNg, W Holesinger, T Riley, G Guo, R TI Melting equilibria of the 2223 ([Bi,Pb]-Sr-Ca-Cu) high T-c superconductor in oxygen SO PEROVSKITE OXIDES FOR ELECTRONIC, ENERGY CONVERSION, AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY APPLICATIONS SE CERAMIC TRANSACTIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Focused Session on Perovskite Oxides for Electronic, Energy Conversion, and Energy Efficiency Applications at the 101st Annual Meeting of the American-Ceramic-Society CY APR 25-28, 1999 CL INDIANAPOLIS, IN SP Amer Ceram Soc, Electr Div ID PHASE-EQUILIBRIA; COMPOSITE CONDUCTORS; ALIGNMENT; SYSTEM AB Melting information on the Pb-doped 2223 high T-c phase in the Bi(Pb)-Sr-CaCu-O system is important for the superconducting wire and tape industry. This paper examines the melting equilibria of a composition Bi1.8Pb0.4Sr2Ca2.2Cu3Ox under oxygen. The subsolidus multiphase volume consists of 2223, (Ca,Sr)(2)PbO4 (1x20), 2212, (Sr,Ca)(14)Cu24O41 (014x24), and (Ca,Sr)(2)CuO3 (0x21). This multiphase volume is also one member of the 29 five-phase volume set prepared under 7.5 % O-2 that contains 2223 A procedure which involves the combined use of DTA/TGA, He/Liquid N-2 quenching, powder x-ray diffraction, SEM/EDS, and a wicking technique to capture the melt for performing quantitative microchemical analysis was employed for this investigation. C1 NIST, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wong-Ng, W (reprint author), NIST, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-8720 USA SN 1042-1122 BN 1-57498-091-2 J9 CERAM TRANS PY 2000 VL 104 BP 97 EP 106 PG 10 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA BR45L UT WOS:000166449200008 ER PT S AU Haugan, T Wong-Ng, W Cook, LP Swartzendruber, L Brown, HJ Shaw, DT AF Haugan, T Wong-Ng, W Cook, LP Swartzendruber, L Brown, HJ Shaw, DT BE WongNg, W Holesinger, T Riley, G Guo, R TI Flux-pinning of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+delta high T-c superconducting tapes utilizing (Sr,Ca)(14)Cu24O41+delta and Sr2CaAl2O6 defects SO PEROVSKITE OXIDES FOR ELECTRONIC, ENERGY CONVERSION, AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY APPLICATIONS SE CERAMIC TRANSACTIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Focused Session on Perovskite Oxides for Electronic, Energy Conversion, and Energy Efficiency Applications at the 101st Annual Meeting of the American-Ceramic-Society CY APR 25-28, 1999 CL INDIANAPOLIS, IN SP Amer Ceram Soc, Electr Div ID SILVER AB Efforts to improve the magnetic flux-pinning properties of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8-deltaAg (2212/Ag) tape conductors utilizing (Sr1-xCax)(14)Cu24O41+delta and Sr2CaAl2O6 defects are described. Precursor powders with composition (2212 + N% volume fraction Sr10Ca4Cu24O41+delta; N = 0, 7, 15) were prepared by solid-state reaction to obtain subsolidus phase equilibrium at 860 OC, as measured by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Nanophase (15 +/- 5 nm) Al2O3 was added (1.1% mass fraction) to N = 0 and 15 fully reacted powders. Brush-on coated tapes (13 mum to 17 mum 2212 thickness) were processed by a partial-melt growth method in air with variable melting from 865 degreesC to 890 degreesC, and slow-cool recrystallization from 856 degreesC to 847 degreesC. The effect of different melt temperatures and compositions on film properties (phase assemblages, orientations, and compositions, and defect sizes) was studied by XRD, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Higher N increased the amount of (Sr1-xCax)CuO2+delta and (Sr1-xCax)(14)Cu24O41+delta defects observed in processed films. Addition of 1.1% mass fraction Al2O3 for N = 0, 15 powders and melt temperatures 870 degreesC to 900 degreesC had two main effects: (1) Al2O3 reacted within less than or equal to 0-4 minutes of melting to produce defects with primary composition Sr2CaAl2O6+delta as verified by XRD and EDS, and (2) dramatically shifted the phase assemblages toward increasing (Sr1-xCax)(14)Cu24O41+delta and decreasing (Sr1-xCax)CuO2+delta defects, The Sr2CaAl2O6 defects increased to (1-5) mum size by coarsening with increasing melting temperatures approximate to (880 to 895) degreesC. Magnetic critical current density (J(c)) of (N=15+alum powder) tapes showed improvement for 1T applied fields in the (20 to 30) K range. Transport J(c) (4.2 K, 0T) of N=15 and N=15+alum composition tapes were approximate to 30% and approximate to 5%, respectively, of N=0 tapes. C1 NIST, Div Ceram, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Haugan, T (reprint author), NIST, Div Ceram, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, 100 Bur Dr Stop 8520, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, WESTERVILLE, OH 43081-8720 USA SN 1042-1122 BN 1-57498-091-2 J9 CERAM TRANS PY 2000 VL 104 BP 163 EP 175 PG 13 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA BR45L UT WOS:000166449200014 ER PT J AU Krabill, WB Wright, CW Swift, RN Frederick, EB Manizade, SS Yungel, JK Martin, CF Sonntag, JG Duffy, M Hulslander, W Brock, JC AF Krabill, WB Wright, CW Swift, RN Frederick, EB Manizade, SS Yungel, JK Martin, CF Sonntag, JG Duffy, M Hulslander, W Brock, JC TI Airborne laser mapping of Assateague National Seashore beach SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article AB Results are presented from topographic surveys of the Assateague Island National Seashore using an airborne scanning laser altimeter and kinematic Global Positioning System (GPS) technology. The instrument used was the Airborne Topographic Mapper (ATM), developed by the NASA Arctic Ice Mapping (AIM) group from the Goddard Space Flight Center's Wallops Flight Facility. In November, 1995, and again in May, 1996, these topographic surveys were flown as a functionality check prior to conducting missions to measure the elevation of extensive sections of the Greenland Ice Sheet as part of NASA's Global Climate Change program. Differences between overlapping portions of both surveys are compared for quality control. An independent assessment of the accuracy of the ATM survey is provided by comparison to surface surveys which were conducted using standard techniques. The goal of these projects is to make these measurements to an accuracy of +/- 10 cm. Differences between the fall 1995 and 1996 surveys provides an assessment of net changes in the beach morphology over an annual cycle. C1 NASA, Lab Hydrospher Proc, Wallops Flight Facil, Wallops Island, VA 23337 USA. EG&G Serv, Wallops Island, VA 23337 USA. EG&G Serv, Gaithersburg, MD 20878 USA. Natl Pk Serv, Assateague Isl Nat Seashore, Berlin, MD 21811 USA. NOAA, Coastal Serv Ctr, Charleston, SC 29407 USA. RP Krabill, WB (reprint author), NASA, Lab Hydrospher Proc, Wallops Flight Facil, Wallops Island, VA 23337 USA. NR 13 TC 54 Z9 58 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 66 IS 1 BP 65 EP 71 PG 7 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 270KL UT WOS:000084534500007 ER PT B AU Bauer, M Pawlik, S Aeschlimann, M AF Bauer, M Pawlik, S Aeschlimann, M BE Rothberg, L TI Snapshots of electronic surface excitation: Observing adsorbate dynamics with femtosecond time-resolution SO PHOTOINDUCED CHARGE TRANSFER LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Conference on Photoinduced Charge Transfer CY JUL 26-29, 1999 CL UNIV ROCHESTER, ROCHESTER, NY SP Natl Sci Fdn Ctr, Eastman Kodak Corp, Xerox Corp HO UNIV ROCHESTER ID METAL-SURFACES; PHOTOEMISSION SPECTROSCOPY; 2-PHOTON PHOTOEMISSION; INDUCED DESORPTION; BAND-STRUCTURE; ENERGY; STATE; CHEMISORPTION; NO/PT(111); RELAXATION AB We explored the dynamics of photoexcited alkali states chemisorbed on two low index surfaces of copper by means of two photon photoemission (2PPE) and time-resolved two photon photoemission (TR2PPE). The observed decay-times of these excitations range between less than 4 fs for sodium up to at least 12 +/-3 fs in the case of Cs/Cu(111). Intra-atomic hybridization and the specific bandstructure of the substrate in combination with the symmetry of the alkali state are found to be responsible for these remarkably large lifetimes. Also the importance of specific adsorption sites of the adsorbate for the dynamical properties are discussed. C1 Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Tech Chem Lab, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. RP Bauer, M (reprint author), Univ Colorado, NBS, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80302 USA. EM ma@ilp.physik.uni-essen.de RI Aeschlimann, Martin/D-7141-2011 OI Aeschlimann, Martin/0000-0003-3413-5029 NR 25 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA PO BOX 128 FARRER RD, SINGAPORE 9128, SINGAPORE BN 981-02-4267-0 PY 2000 BP 201 EP 211 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA BR96Y UT WOS:000168220500016 ER PT J AU Najafi, B Araghi, R Rainwater, JC Alavi, S Snider, RF AF Najafi, B Araghi, R Rainwater, JC Alavi, S Snider, RF TI Prediction of the thermal conductivity of gases based on the Rainwater-Friend theory and a new corresponding states function SO PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE thermal conductivity; high-pressure thermal conductivity; second thermal conductivity virial coefficient; Rainwater-Friend theory ID INITIAL DENSITY-DEPENDENCE; POTENTIAL-ENERGY CURVE; TRANSPORT-PROPERTIES; PHYSICAL-PROPERTIES; POLYATOMIC GASES; CARBON-DIOXIDE; ZERO DENSITY; NOBLE-GASES; ARGON; TEMPERATURE AB The Rainwater-Friend theory is used for the evaluation of the initial density dependence of the thermal conductivity of the noble gases using accurate realistic potentials. This theory, which was originally developed for spherically symmetric potentials, is adapted for the calculation of the initial density dependence of the translational contribution of the thermal conductivity of polyatomic gases. The internal state contribution is evaluated using a combination of Mason-Monchick theory and hard-sphere Enskog theory. At high density, beyond the range of the Rainwater-Friend theory, a deviation thermal conductivity function has been presented. With the help of this function, an easily usable corresponding-states function for the calculation of the thermal conductivity of supercritical gases has been developed, which is valid over a wide temperature range and for pressures up to 400 MPa. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ British Columbia, Dept Chem, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada. Isfahan Univ Technol, Dept Chem, Esfahan 84154, Iran. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Univ British Columbia, Dept Chem, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada. EM snider@theory.chem.ubc.ca NR 52 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4371 EI 1873-2119 J9 PHYSICA A JI Physica A PD JAN 1 PY 2000 VL 275 IS 1-2 BP 48 EP 69 DI 10.1016/S0378-4371(99)00413-6 PG 22 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 270GX UT WOS:000084528200005 ER PT J AU Della Torre, E Swartzendruber, L Bennett, LH Rugkwamsook, P AF Della Torre, E Swartzendruber, L Bennett, LH Rugkwamsook, P TI Experimental test of the Preisach-Arrhenius model with temperature SO PHYSICA B LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Symposium on Hysteresis Modeling and Micromagnets (HMM 99) CY JUN 07-09, 1999 CL UNIV PERUGIA, PERUGIA, ITALY SP Univ Perugia HO UNIV PERUGIA DE magnetic viscosity; magnetic recording; Preisach model ID RECORDING MEDIA; TIME-DEPENDENCE; PARTICLE AB The magnetic aftereffect was measured for a magnetic particle tape over a temperature range of 10-380 K. Data were obtained for the saturation magnetization, the coercive held, and the remanent coercive held as a function of temperature. Switching field distributions and other Preisach parameters were also determined as a function of temperature. Based on these data, the Preisach-Arrhenius (PA) model predicts that the decay rate, S, should decrease monotonically as the temperature is reduced. It was found that, for the material studied, S is nearly proportional to temperature, T, for T between about 150 and 380 K, in good agreement with the PA model, but that there is considerable deviation for T < 150 K and a temperature range exists over which S increases with decreasing temperature. A modification of the PA model is required to explain this low-temperature behavior is briefly noted. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. George Washington Univ, Washington, DC 20052 USA. RP Swartzendruber, L (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stop 8552,100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4526 J9 PHYSICA B JI Physica B PD JAN PY 2000 VL 275 IS 1-3 BP 183 EP 186 DI 10.1016/S0921-4526(99)00742-5 PG 4 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 276CN UT WOS:000084858200037 ER PT J AU Fry, RA Reimers, A Bennett, LH Della Torre, E AF Fry, RA Reimers, A Bennett, LH Della Torre, E TI Preisach modeling of aftereffect in a magneto-optical medium with perpendicular magnetization SO PHYSICA B-CONDENSED MATTER LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Symposium on Hysteresis Modeling and Micromagnets (HMM 99) CY JUN 07-09, 1999 CL UNIV PERUGIA, PERUGIA, ITALY SP Univ Perugia HO UNIV PERUGIA DE magneto-optics Co/Pt; magnetic aftereffect; Preisach model ID BEAM-EPITAXIAL-GROWTH; 111 AXES; BEHAVIOR AB The aftereffect of Co/Pt multilayer films with perpendicular magnetization has been measured with a magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE) magnetometer and calculated with a newly developed Preisach model. Compared to materials such as traditional magnetic recording media, Go/Pt multilayer films show a more complete picture of the progression of aftereffect because the magnetization of this material decays from saturation almost all the way to a ground state in a reasonable length of time. The magnetization measurements for times equal to negative and positive infinity are asymptotically horizontal, with a transition region that is linear on a logarithmic time scale. In contrast, typical published aftereffect analyses exhibit only a very small percentage of the total aftereffect that could be observed if time were not a factor in making measurements. A Preisach-Arrhenius model is used to calculate the magnetic aftereffect in the Go/Pt multilayer. Comparisons of the model to experimental results show not only the validity of the model, but also its value in predicting very short-time and long-time aftereffect behavior, and low levels of aftereffect occurring in noisy data, all of which are difficult to observe experimentally. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 George Washington Univ, Inst Magnet Res, Ashburn, VA 20147 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Fry, RA (reprint author), George Washington Univ, Inst Magnet Res, Ashburn, VA 20147 USA. EM richfry@seas.gwu.edu NR 14 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4526 J9 PHYSICA B JI Physica B PD JAN PY 2000 VL 275 IS 1-3 BP 50 EP 54 DI 10.1016/S0921-4526(99)00696-1 PG 5 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 276CN UT WOS:000084858200011 ER PT J AU Anderson, DM McFadden, GB Wheeler, AA AF Anderson, DM McFadden, GB Wheeler, AA TI A phase-field model of solidification with convection SO PHYSICA D-NONLINEAR PHENOMENA LA English DT Article DE phase-field; convection; solidification; diffuse interface ID INTERFACIAL TRANSPORT PROCESSES; ORDER-PARAMETER; ANISOTROPIC SURFACES; CRYSTAL-GROWTH; VECTOR THERMODYNAMICS; TRANSITIONS; COMPUTATION; EQUATIONS; BOUNDARY; KINETICS AB We develop a phase-field model for the solidification of a pure material that includes convection in the liquid phase. The model permits the interface to have an anisotropic surface energy, and allows a quasi-incompressible thermodynamic description in which the densities in the solid and liquid phases may each be uniform. The solid phase is modeled as an extremely viscous liquid, and the formalism of irreversible thermodynamics is employed to derive the governing equations. We investigate the behavior of our model in two important simple situations corresponding to the solidification of a planar interface at constant velocity: density change flow and a shear flow. In the former case we obtain a non-equilibrium form of the Clausius-Clapeyron equation and investigate its behavior by both a direct numerical integration of the governing equations, and an asymptotic analysis corresponding to a small density difference between the two phases. In the case of a parallel sheer flow we are able to obtain an exact solution which allows us to investigate its behavior in the sharp interface limit, and for large values of the viscosity ratio. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Math & Comp Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Math, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ Southampton, Fac Math Studies, Southampton SO17 1BJ, Hants, England. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Math & Comp Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI McFadden, Geoffrey/A-7920-2008 OI McFadden, Geoffrey/0000-0001-6723-2103 NR 64 TC 110 Z9 110 U1 3 U2 26 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-2789 EI 1872-8022 J9 PHYSICA D JI Physica D PD JAN 1 PY 2000 VL 135 IS 1-2 BP 175 EP 194 DI 10.1016/S0167-2789(99)00109-8 PG 20 WC Mathematics, Applied; Physics, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Mathematical SC Mathematics; Physics GA 268AU UT WOS:000084392600010 ER PT J AU Reid, JP Qian, CXW Leone, SR AF Reid, JP Qian, CXW Leone, SR TI Probing the cyclic transition state in the reaction O(P-3) plus alkyl iodides to form HOI: electronic, steric and thermodynamic factors influencing the reaction pathway SO PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID TRANSFORM INFRARED-EMISSION; GAS-PHASE REACTIONS; DYNAMICS; ATOMS; RADICALS; ENERGY; CHEMILUMINESCENCE; DISTRIBUTIONS; COEFFICIENTS; ELIMINATION AB Electronic, steric and thermodynamic factors governing the reaction of O(P-3) with alkyl iodides to yield HOI are probed by time-resolved Fourier transform infrared emission spectroscopy. The reaction to produce HOI is known to proceed through a cyclic 5-membered transition state. Steric effects are examined by studying the nascent vibrational distribution of the HOI product in the reactions of O(P-3) with cyclopentyl iodide and cyclohexyl iodide. Little effect of steric hindrance is observed with either of these reactants. A CF3 electron withdrawing group on the carbon in the beta-position to the iodine atom, probed by studying the precursor CH2ICH2CF3, weakens the C-H bond participating in the cyclic transition state and therefore diminishes the partitioning of vibrational energy into the HOI product. The cyclic 5-membered transition state occurs not only with saturated hydrocarbon chains, but also when either the H atom or the I atom is abstracted from an olefinic carbon site to yield an allene or acetylene product. This is explored by probing the reactions of O(P-3) with CH(2)2CHI and CH(2)2CHCH(2)I, vinyl and allyl iodide, respectively. The energetic driving force for these reactions is the formation of the carbon-carbon multiple bond in the corresponding product. If a strongly doubly bound product pathway is not available, such as in the reaction of O(P-3) with trimethyliodosilane, (CH3)(3)SiI, the reaction exothermicity is not sufficient to form vibrationally excited HOI. Preferential reaction through a 5-membered cyclic transition state to abstract an H atom from a carbon atom, rather than through a 6-membered ring by abstraction of an H atom from an oxygen atom, appears to be the mechanism in the reaction of O(P-3) with 2-iodoethanol, CH2ICH2OH. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Quantum Phys Div, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Reid, JP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Reid, Jonathan/D-9411-2013 NR 27 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD,, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1463-9076 J9 PHYS CHEM CHEM PHYS JI PCCP Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. PY 2000 VL 2 IS 4 BP 853 EP 860 DI 10.1039/a907721i PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 281JD UT WOS:000085154400054 ER PT J AU Gilles, MK Ravishankara, AR AF Gilles, MK Ravishankara, AR TI Upper limit for the rate coefficient for the reaction of OH with N2O5 SO PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID RATE CONSTANTS; STRATOSPHERE; KINETICS; CLO AB An upper limit for the rate coefficient for the reaction of OH+N2O5 --> products; k(1) (1) was measured to be 5.7x10(-15) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1) at 240 K. OH radicals were produced via pulsed photolysis of a mixture of O-3 and H-2, via the reaction of O(D-1) with H-2, in the presence of an excess of N2O5 with SF6 as the bath gas. The temporal profiles of OH, which followed pseudo-first order kinetics, were monitored by laser induced fluorescence. Concentrations of N2O5 were determined by UV/visible absorption. Using this limit for k(1), the potential role of N2O5 loss and conversion to HNO3 due to reaction (1) in the stratosphere is deduced to be negligible relative to known pathways. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Gilles, MK (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Ravishankara, Akkihebbal/A-2914-2011 NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD,, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1463-9076 J9 PHYS CHEM CHEM PHYS JI Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. PY 2000 VL 2 IS 18 BP 4045 EP 4048 DI 10.1039/b004184j PG 4 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 353RK UT WOS:000089289100015 ER PT J AU Carter, RW Archer, DG AF Carter, RW Archer, DG TI Heat capacity of NaNO3(aq) in stable and supercooled states. Ion association in the supercooled solution SO PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SINGULARITY-FREE INTERPRETATION; THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES; PHASE-DIAGRAM; WATER; NACL(AQ); BEHAVIOR AB The heat capacity of NaNO3(aq) from 0.1 to 10 mol kg(-1) was measured from 285 to 236 K, or lower temperatures, at 0.1 MPa, with a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). A cooling scan method permitted supercooling of the aqueous solutions well below their normal freezing points. The uncertainties of temperature calibration and instrument heat calibration of the DSC were +/-0.08 K and +/-0.3% respectively. The heat capacity of dilute NaNO3(aq) increases with decreasing temperature below 270 K, qualitatively similar to the effect observed for water and for dilute NaCl(aq). At larger concentrations of NaNO3(aq), this behavior reverses and the heat capacity only decreases with decreasing temperature, qualitatively similar to the behavior observed for concentrated NaCl(aq). The present measurements and thermodynamic properties derived therefrom are compared to previous thermodynamic properties for NaCl(aq). This comparison shows that the anomalous effects for the two solutes are quite similar and suggests that the effects observed are general for strong univalent electrolytes. A multiple equilibrium model was fitted to selected measurements for NaNO3(aq) to determine whether there are significant changes in ion association in the supercooled solution. A completely quantitative representation of the measurements was not obtained with this model. Nonetheless, the association constants for ion-pairing, obtained from the thermodynamic properties, increased significantly in the supercooled solution. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Archer, DG (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 36 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 7 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD,, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1463-9076 J9 PHYS CHEM CHEM PHYS JI Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. PY 2000 VL 2 IS 22 BP 5138 EP 5145 DI 10.1039/b006232o PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 371AA UT WOS:000165154400020 ER PT J AU Jones, KM Lett, PD Tiesinga, E Julienne, PS AF Jones, KM Lett, PD Tiesinga, E Julienne, PS TI Fitting line shapes in photoassociation spectroscopy of ultracold atoms: A useful approximation SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID LONG-RANGE MOLECULES; LASER-COOLED ATOMS; RADIATIVE LIFETIME; RETARDATION; COLLISIONS; RESOLUTION; SODIUM; STATE; GAS AB Line shapes observed in photoassociation spectroscopy of ultracold (T < 1 mK) atoms are asymmetric and the peak of the line is shifted by a temperature-dependent amount from the zero-temperature threshold. In principle, calculating the line shape requires a full knowledge of both the ground- and excited-state potentials. We demonstrate here that an approximation based on the Wigner threshold law for scattering yields a relatively simple expression which allows one to extract line positions and linewidths directly from the data. The formula contains a few parameters (threshold frequency, linewidth, temperature, height) and does not require a detailed knowledge of the molecular potentials involved. We illustrate the utility of this approach with examples for Na photoassociation at 500 mu K and also discuss the limitations of the approach. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Atom Phys, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Williams Coll, Dept Phys, Williamstown, MA 01267 USA. RP Jones, KM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Atom Phys, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Julienne, Paul/E-9378-2012 OI Julienne, Paul/0000-0002-5494-1442 NR 26 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD JAN PY 2000 VL 61 IS 1 BP art. no. EP 012501 PG 11 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 281PA UT WOS:000085168800030 ER PT J AU Feder, DL Clark, CW Schneider, BI AF Feder, DL Clark, CW Schneider, BI TI Nucleation of vortex arrays in rotating anisotropic Bose-Einstein condensates SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID THOMAS-FERMI APPROXIMATION; SUPERFLUID HE-4; GAS; VORTICES; EXCITATIONS; LINES AB The nucleation of vortices and the resulting structures of vortex arrays in dilute, trapped, zero-temperature Bose-Einstein condensates are investigated numerically. Vortices are generated by rotating a three-dimensional, anisotropic harmonic atom trap. The condensate ground state is obtained by propagating the Gross-Pitaevskii equation in imaginary time. Vortices first appear at a rotation frequency significantly larger than the critical frequency for vortex stabilization, consistent with a critical velocity mechanism for vortex nucleation. At higher frequencies, the structures of the vortex arrays are strongly influenced by trap geometry. C1 Univ Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PU, England. US Dept Commerce, Technol Adm, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Electron & Opt Phys, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Sci Fdn, Div Phys, Arlington, VA 22230 USA. RP Feder, DL (reprint author), Univ Oxford, Parks Rd, Oxford OX1 3PU, England. RI Clark, Charles/A-8594-2009 OI Clark, Charles/0000-0001-8724-9885 NR 43 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD JAN PY 2000 VL 61 IS 1 AR 011601 PG 4 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 281PA UT WOS:000085168800014 ER PT J AU Gygax, FN Solt, G Amato, A Anderson, IS Pinkpank, M Schenck, A Udovic, TJ AF Gygax, FN Solt, G Amato, A Anderson, IS Pinkpank, M Schenck, A Udovic, TJ TI Light hydrogen isotope mu(+) in Sc and alpha-ScHx solid solutions SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID SPIN-LATTICE RELAXATION; NEUTRON-SCATTERING; QUANTUM DIFFUSION; LOW-TEMPERATURE; ULTRASONIC MEASUREMENTS; ANELASTIC RELAXATION; MU+ LOCALIZATION; SINGLE-CRYSTALS; POSITIVE MUONS; Y-H AB The response of Sc and alpha-ScHx, systems (0 less than or equal to x less than or equal to 0.25) to the implantation of positive muons, i.e., light H isotopes, has been studied by mu(+)SR spectroscopy in high and low transverse magnetic field, and in zero field (ZF). The investigation covered a temperature range from 300 K down to 2 K, for various orientations of the single-crystal samples with respect to the field or initial mu(+) polarization. Below 30 K the positive muons occupy, in pure Sc, a localized "fast-tunneling" state, extending over two adjacent, interstitial-tetrahedral (T) sites above and below the ab-atomic plane of the hcp lattice. In alpha-ScHx, a fraction of the muons stays in this tunneling state, while for the other part, the muons pair with a H atom, to form the analog of the T-pair state H-Sc-H aligned along the c axis, specific to the alpha* phase. The electric-field gradients, of muonic as well as intrinsic-crystalline origin, acting on the nuclei near the mu(+) influence the results at low and zero magnetic fields. Their characteristics and the H-concentration dependences are evaluated. For the ZF-data analysis a newly developed uniaxial version of the Kubo-Toyabe formula was applied. Above 30 K the long-range diffusion of positive muons becomes noticeable; a two-state model explains very well the data. It assumes the mu(+) to be, alternatively, in a state of free diffusion between localized-tunneling states or in a mu(+)-Sc-H trap. The model describes the repeated mu(+)-capture and release processes with three characteristic correlation times, which follow Arrhenius laws. The parameters, e.g., activation energies and preexponential factors, are compared to the parameters of the H and D dynamics in alpha-ScH(D)(x). From mu SR measurements in a deuterated sample (alpha-ScD0.10) one infers very similar behaviors of the mu(+) in D and H solid solutions in the Sc host. C1 Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Paul Scherrer Inst, Inst Teilchenphys, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland. Inst Max Von Laue Paul Langevin, F-38042 Grenoble 9, France. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Swiss Fed Inst Technol, Paul Scherrer Inst, Inst Teilchenphys, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland. EM gygax@psi.ch RI Amato, Alex/H-7674-2013 OI Amato, Alex/0000-0001-9963-7498 NR 60 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9950 EI 2469-9969 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD JAN 1 PY 2000 VL 61 IS 1 BP 168 EP 183 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.61.168 PG 16 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 283NJ UT WOS:000085281400037 ER PT J AU Bailey, WE Wang, SX Tsymbal, EY AF Bailey, WE Wang, SX Tsymbal, EY TI Electronic scattering from Co/Cu interfaces: In situ measurement and comparison with theory SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID GIANT MAGNETORESISTANCE; TRANSPORT-PROPERTIES; SPIN VALVES; MULTILAYERS; CONDUCTANCE; CU(111); COBALT; GROWTH; FILMS; GMR AB The full thickness-dependent electrical conductivity of polycrystalline NiO/Co/Cu/Co spin-valve structures was measured in situ during ion-beam deposition and compared with calculations based on realistic band structure. We have found striking features in the experimental conductivity which are unexpected from widely used semiclassical free-electron models. Addition of similar to 1 ML Co to a NiO/Co/Cu surface causes the net film conductance to decrease: the reverse case of Cu on NiO/Co shows a strong positive curvature of the thickness-dependent conductance, indicating a reduction of the conductivity in Cu near the interface with Co. Quantitative agreement is found between the experimental thickness-dependent film conductance and multiband tight-binding model calculations using a single constant parameter for on-site atomic disorder. The experimental data are consistent with strong scattering of conduction electrons in Cu at the interfaces with Co. Comparison with theory suggests that most of the observed interface scattering may be considered to be intrinsic, arising from the placement of a high density of empty Co d states at the Cu boundaries. C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Univ Oxford, Dept Mat, Oxford OX1 3PH, England. RP Bailey, WE (reprint author), NIST, Mail Code 814-05,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM baileyw@boulder.nist.gov; sxwang@ee.stanford.edu RI Tsymbal, Evgeny/G-3493-2013 NR 25 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 EI 1550-235X J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD JAN 1 PY 2000 VL 61 IS 2 BP 1330 EP 1335 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.61.1330 PG 6 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 291VU UT WOS:000085760000074 ER PT J AU Leitinger, R Jakowski, N Davies, K Hartmann, GK Feichter, E AF Leitinger, R Jakowski, N Davies, K Hartmann, GK Feichter, E TI Ionospheric electron content and space weather: Some examples SO PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF THE EARTH PART A-SOLID EARTH AND GEODESY LA English DT Article AB Space Weather effects influence the atmosphere of the Earth, among others stratospheric ozone. One other region of the upper atmosphere which shows very strong Space Weather dependence is the ionosphere. It is a very important region because it affects satellite communication and navigation. On the other hand the ionization is a good tracer and indicator for various Space Weather influences. In this respect the ionosphere has no predictive capabilities and cannot support early warning but it provides one link between the sun, the solar wind, the magnetosphere and the neutral atmosphere. Solar EUV induced inospheric effects are coupled to solar radiation related events in the neutral atmosphere and therefore ionospheric effects give some qualitative hints at possible effects on stratospheric ozone. Ionospheric Space Weather effects can be observed continously from the ground by means of propagation effects on radio waves. Electron content (TEC) is a very important descriptive quantity for the ionosphere of the Earth. TEC is gained by means of "propagation effects" which are observed on received radio signals which are transmitted from artificial satellites. TEC data have been collected in Europe systematically and on a longterm basis since 1965. The data are used to investigate "geophysical events", e.g., the Space Weather related (magnetic) storm effects. They are also used to formulate empirical models which describe the large scale and longterm behaviour of average TEC data, usually of monthly medians. We show examples for "instantaneous" TEC data, for a monthly median TEC model and for TEC maps produced on a regular basis for application purposes. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Graz Univ, Inst Geophys Astrophys & Meteorol, Graz, Austria. DLR, IKN Navigat & Leitsyst 554, Neustrelitz, Germany. NOAA, SEC, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Max Planck Inst Aeron, Katlenburg Lindau, Germany. RP Leitinger, R (reprint author), Graz Univ, Inst Geophys Astrophys & Meteorol, Graz, Austria. NR 8 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1464-1895 J9 PHYS CHEM EARTH PT A JI Phys. Chem. Earth Pt. A-Solid Earth Geod. PY 2000 VL 25 IS 8 BP 629 EP 634 DI 10.1016/S1464-1895(00)00096-X PG 6 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 374YB UT WOS:000165371500006 ER PT J AU Protat, A Lemaitre, Y Bouniol, D Black, R AF Protat, A Lemaitre, Y Bouniol, D Black, R TI Microphysical observations during FASTEX from airborne Doppler radar and in-situ measurements SO PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF THE EARTH PART B-HYDROLOGY OCEANS AND ATMOSPHERE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st European Conference on Radar Meterology CY SEP 04-08, 2000 CL BOLOGNA, ITALY AB A major objective of FASTEX is to document the three-dimensional dynamic and microphysical structure of the North-Atlantic frontal cyclones in their mature stage at different scales of motion. In this paper, we combine the airborne Doppler radar and microphysical 2D-C and 2D-P probes data to recover the 3D microphysical and radiative properties of the IOP16 and IOP12 frontal cyclones (terminal fall velocity, cloud and precipitation water contents, precipitation fall rate, effective radius). The first step is to derive statistical relationships between the microphysical quantities and reflectivity from the 2D-P and 2D-C probes. Then, the Doppler-derived 3D reflectivity field is combined with these statistical relationships to access the 3D microphysical fields. However, before completing these steps, it is mandatory (i) to get an absolute calibration of the radar, and (ii) to determine the type of ice particles. For this purpose, we developed a new statistical method to retrieve statistical relationships between terminal fall speed and reflectivity from Doppler radar data. It is shown that the comparison between the radar-derived and in-situ reflectivities and statistical relationships in liquid and ice phases permit to overcome those two problems. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Ctr Etud Environm Terr & Planetaires, UVSQ, CNRS, F-78140 Velizy, France. NOAA, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Protat, A (reprint author), Ctr Etud Environm Terr & Planetaires, UVSQ, CNRS, 10-12 Ave Europe, F-78140 Velizy, France. NR 5 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1464-1909 J9 PHYS CHEM EARTH PT B JI Phys. Chem. Earth Pt B-Hydrol. Oceans Atmos. PY 2000 VL 25 IS 10-12 BP 1097 EP 1102 DI 10.1016/S1464-1909(00)00159-3 PG 6 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Water Resources GA 356ZD UT WOS:000089473300055 ER PT J AU Vaida, V Tuck, AF Ellison, GB AF Vaida, V Tuck, AF Ellison, GB TI Optical and chemical properties of atmospheric organic aerosols SO PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF THE EARTH PART C-SOLAR-TERRESTIAL AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID CAPE GRIM; SULFURIC-ACID; PARTICLES; FILMS; WATER; VAPOR AB In the light of recent field and laboratory measurements we developed a structural and chemical model for organic atmospheric aerosols. The model organic aerosol consists of an aqueous core surrounded by a hydrophobic organic layer of biological origin. The role of organic aerosols is to concentrate organic materials at the surface and transport these organic molecules in the atmosphere. The nascent hydrophobic organic aerosol is not expected to nucleate clouds efficiently. Processing by atmospheric radicals creates hydrophilic sites on the surface. The processed, aged organic aerosol is expected to accommodate water and form cloud condensation nuclei. Processing of organic atmospheric aerosols implicates them in atmospheric radiative transfer. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Vaida, V (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Campus Box 215, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Tuck, Adrian/F-6024-2011; Vaida, Veronica/N-6069-2014 OI Tuck, Adrian/0000-0002-2074-0538; Vaida, Veronica/0000-0001-5863-8056 NR 37 TC 19 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1464-1917 J9 PHYS CHEM EARTH PT C JI Phys. Chem. Earth Pt. C-Solar-Terr. Planet. Sci. PY 2000 VL 25 IS 3 BP 195 EP 198 DI 10.1016/S1464-1917(00)00005-2 PG 4 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 296WX UT WOS:000086050700004 ER PT J AU Donaldson, DJ Tuck, AF Vaida, V AF Donaldson, DJ Tuck, AF Vaida, V TI Enhancement of HOx at high solar zenith angles by overtone-induced dissociation of HNO3 and HNO4 SO PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF THE EARTH PART C-SOLAR-TERRESTIAL AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID VIBRATIONAL OVERTONES; NITRIC-ACID; INTENSITIES AB At high solar zenith angles (SZA's) in the lower stratosphere there is a sudden increase in the measured [HOx] which is not well simulated by models. At high solar zenith angles, the intensity of solar UV radiation is very close to zero, due to absorption by ozone. Since HOx formation via O(D-1) reactions requires solar UV radiation for O(D-1) production, some other, long wavelength photolytic HOx source is indicated. Significant enhancements to the photodissociation rates of HNO3 and HNO4 can result from visible wavelength excitation of OH overtone vibrations containing sufficient energy to cleave the O-O and N-O bonds. We have performed laboratory measurements and ab-initio calculations of the overtone absorption cross sections of these molecules to quantify the contribution from this source. These results have been incorporated in several models, which reproduce the measured high SZA burst of HOx ;but not its magnitude. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Toronto, Dept Chem, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada. Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada. Univ Toronto, Scarborough Coll, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Donaldson, DJ (reprint author), Univ Toronto, Dept Chem, 80 St George St, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada. RI Tuck, Adrian/F-6024-2011; Vaida, Veronica/N-6069-2014; Donaldson, James/G-7120-2012 OI Tuck, Adrian/0000-0002-2074-0538; Vaida, Veronica/0000-0001-5863-8056; Donaldson, James/0000-0002-5090-3318 NR 11 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1464-1917 J9 PHYS CHEM EARTH PT C JI Phys. Chem. Earth Pt. C-Solar-Terr. Planet. Sci. PY 2000 VL 25 IS 3 BP 223 EP 227 DI 10.1016/S1464-1917(00)00009-X PG 5 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 296WX UT WOS:000086050700008 ER PT J AU Bollinger, JJ Mitchell, TB Huang, XP Itano, WM Tan, JN Jelenkovic, BM Wineland, DJ AF Bollinger, JJ Mitchell, TB Huang, XP Itano, WM Tan, JN Jelenkovic, BM Wineland, DJ TI Crystalline order in laser-cooled, non-neutral ion plasmas SO PHYSICS OF PLASMAS LA English DT Article ID ONE-COMPONENT PLASMA; MONTE-CARLO CALCULATIONS; MELTING TRANSITION; PHASE-TRANSITIONS; PENNING TRAP; N-DEPENDENCE; STATE; THERMODYNAMICS; DIFFRACTION; EQUILIBRIA AB Laser-cooled trapped ions can be strongly coupled and form crystalline states. In this paper we review experimental studies that measure the spatial correlations of Be(+) ion crystals formed in Penning traps. Both Bragg scattering of the cooling-laser light and spatial imaging of the laser-induced ion fluorescence are used to measure these correlations. In spherical plasmas with more than 2 X 10(5) ions, body-centered-cubic (bcc) crystals, the predicted bulk structure, are the only type of crystals observed. The orientation of the ion crystals can be phase locked to a rotating electric-field perturbation. With this "rotating wall'' technique and stroboscopic detection, images of individual ions in a Penning trap are obtained. The rotating wall technique also provides a precise control of the time-dilation shift due to the plasma rotation, which is important for Penning trap frequency standards. [S1070-664X(00)01501-9]. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Bollinger, JJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 40 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 1070-664X J9 PHYS PLASMAS JI Phys. Plasmas PD JAN PY 2000 VL 7 IS 1 BP 7 EP 13 DI 10.1063/1.873818 PG 7 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA 282VH UT WOS:000085240400003 ER PT J AU Poster, DL De Alda, MJL Wise, SA Chuang, JC Mumford, JL AF Poster, DL De Alda, MJL Wise, SA Chuang, JC Mumford, JL TI Determination of PAHs in combustion-related samples and in SRM 1597, complex mixture of PAHs from coal tar SO POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC COMPOUNDS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 17th International Symposium on Polycyclic AromatiC Compounds (ISPAC 17) CY OCT 25-29, 1999 CL BORDEAUX, FRANCE SP Int Soc Polycycl Aromat Compounds, Univ Boreeaux I, CNRS DE PAHs; combustion; Standard Reference Materials ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; EMISSIONS; DIESEL AB Three types of Combustion sample extracts, smokeless coal, smoky coal, and wood, were analyzed for a range of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polycyclic aromatic sulfur heterocycles (PASH). Standard Reference Material (SRM) 1597, Complex Mixture of PAHs from Coal Tar, was also analyzed as a control sample and for the determination of a larger number of PAHs relative to those determined previously Target analytes included many alkyl-substituted PAHs such as dimethylphenanthrenes, methylfluoranthenes, and methylpyrenes. The analytical methods included sample clean-up and the selection of specific stationary phases to accomplish unique separations of PAHs. Clean-up involved the use of normal-phase liquid chromatographic isolation of PAHs based on the number of aromatic carbons and a total PAH fraction. PAHs in the resulting fractions were separated by gas chromatography using two stationary phases with different selectivities and analyzed using mass spectrometry. These methods are discussed below and results are presented with an emphasis on the relative concentrations and distribution of PAHs in the combustion samples. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Battelle Columbus Operat, Columbus, OH 43201 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Poster, DL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Lopez de Alda, Miren/E-3357-2014 OI Lopez de Alda, Miren/0000-0002-9347-2765 NR 21 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 2 U2 7 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING RG1 8JL, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 1040-6638 J9 POLYCYCL AROMAT COMP JI Polycycl. Aromat. Compd. PY 2000 VL 20 IS 1-4 BP 79 EP 95 DI 10.1080/10406630008034777 PG 17 WC Chemistry, Organic SC Chemistry GA 388TM UT WOS:000166199200007 ER PT J AU Schantz, MM Porter, BJ Wise, SA AF Schantz, MM Porter, BJ Wise, SA TI Stability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in frozen mussel tissue SO POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC COMPOUNDS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 17th International Symposium on Polycyclic AromatiC Compounds (ISPAC 17) CY OCT 25-29, 1999 CL BORDEAUX, FRANCE SP Int Soc Polycycl Aromat Compounds, Univ Boreeaux I, CNRS DE mussel tissue; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs); specimen banking; standard reference material (SRM); storage stability ID TRACE ORGANIC-CONSTITUENTS; REFERENCE MATERIAL SRM; CERTIFICATION; EXPERIENCES; PROGRAM AB The stability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in frozen mussel tissue (stored at -80 degreesC and -120 degreesC was assessed by analyzing samples of SRM 1974 and SRM 1974a, Organics in Mussel Tissue (Mytilus edulis), since the initial certification analyses. Results of analyses of SRM 1974 and SRM 1974a after 10 years and 6 years of storage, respectively, indicate that the PAH concentrations have not changed. Comparison of results from the analyses of frozen versus freeze-dried mussel tissue samples indicate significant losses of the more volatile PAH such as naphthalene and methylnaphthalenes during the freeze-drying process. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Schantz, MM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 10 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING RG1 8JL, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 1040-6638 J9 POLYCYCL AROMAT COMP JI Polycycl. Aromat. Compd. PY 2000 VL 19 IS 1-4 BP 253 EP 262 DI 10.1080/10406630008034738 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Organic SC Chemistry GA 388TK UT WOS:000166199000021 ER PT J AU Wise, SA Benner, BA De Alda, MJL Porter, BJ Poster, DL Sander, LC Schantz, MM AF Wise, SA Benner, BA De Alda, MJL Porter, BJ Poster, DL Sander, LC Schantz, MM TI Recent developments in NIST standard reference materials for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in environmental matrices SO POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC COMPOUNDS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 17th International Symposium on Polycyclic AromatiC Compounds (ISPAC 17) CY OCT 25-29, 1999 CL BORDEAUX, FRANCE SP Int Soc Polycycl Aromat Compounds, Univ Boreeaux I, CNRS DE air particulate matter; diesel particulate matter; marine sediment; mussel tissue; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs); standard reference materials (SRMs) ID LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHIC DETERMINATION; CERTIFICATION; OIL AB The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has recently issued several new environmental matrix SRMs, including air and diesel particulate matter, marine sediment, and mussel tissue with certified and reference concentrations for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). New marine-related SRMs include: SRM 1944 New York/New Jersey Waterway Sediment, SRM 2974 Organics in Freeze-dried Mussel Tissue, SRM 2977 Mussel Tissue (Organic Contaminants and Trace Elements). and SRM 2978 Mussel Tissue (Organic Contaminants - Raritan Bay. New Jersey). SRM 2975 Diesel Particulate Matter (Industrial Forklift) and SRM 1975 Diesel Particulate Extract (a dichloromethane extract of the particulate matter used for SRM 2975) represent two new diesel particulate-related materials. In addition two existing materials, SRM 1649a Urban Dust and SRM 1650a Diesel Particulate Matter were recently reissued with certified and reference values for over 40 PAHs. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wise, SA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Lopez de Alda, Miren/E-3357-2014 OI Lopez de Alda, Miren/0000-0002-9347-2765 NR 20 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU GORDON BREACH SCI PUBL LTD PI READING PA C/O STBS LTD, PO BOX 90, READING RG1 8JL, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 1040-6638 J9 POLYCYCL AROMAT COMP JI Polycycl. Aromat. Compd. PY 2000 VL 19 IS 1-4 BP 297 EP 313 DI 10.1080/10406630008034741 PG 17 WC Chemistry, Organic SC Chemistry GA 388TK UT WOS:000166199000024 ER PT J AU Clough, RB Fields, RJ AF Clough, RB Fields, RJ TI Effects of bond strength on densification and flow of powder compacts SO POWDER METALLURGY LA English DT Article ID YIELD BEHAVIOR; DEFORMATION AB Plastic flow surfaces for metal and metal/composite powder compacts with variable cohesive strength are derived using the Beltrami total strain energy criterion, modified to permit asymmetric yielding. The present theory thus includes the domains of both soil mechanics and powder metallurgy, covering both granular and porous microstructures of varying bond strengths over all possible densities. A quantitative theory of the expansion of non-bonded particle compacts under certain combinations of applied shear stress and pressure is given. Physical models of the failure mechanisms are provided, their applicability depending on the particle interface strength. If the particle interface lacks strength, the flow surface is identical to that of the 'critical state' criterion of soil mechanics. The flow ellipse lies entirely within the negative pressure domain and failure occurs at the particle interface by various mechanisms including frictional slip. At the other extreme, if the particle interfaces are as strong in shear as the particles, failure occurs by plastic shear of the particles and the flow ellipse is centred at the origin. Density-stress and density-aspect ratio maps are shown which define these domains. Theoretical predictions compare well with the results of data compiled from the literature as well as data from tests performed in this study on cold pressed Al and Al/SiC powder compacts. PM/0879. (C) 2000 IoM Communications Ltd. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Clough, RB (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 28 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 4 PU MANEY PUBLISHING PI LEEDS PA STE 1C, JOSEPHS WELL, HANOVER WALK, LEEDS LS3 1AB, W YORKS, ENGLAND SN 0032-5899 J9 POWDER METALL JI Powder Metall. PY 2000 VL 43 IS 3 BP 263 EP 269 DI 10.1179/003258900666032 PG 7 WC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 366TF UT WOS:000090020100033 ER PT S AU Nava, JFG Nelson, CW Walls, FL AF Nava, JFG Nelson, CW Walls, FL GP IEEE IEEE TI Cross correlation techniques applied to the measurement of PM and AM noise in pulsed amplifiers SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2000 IEEE/EIA INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM & EXHIBITION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/EIA International Frequency Control Symposium and Exhibition CY JUN 07-09, 2000 CL KANSAS CITY, MO SP IEEE, Ultrason, Ferroelect, & Frequency Control Soc, EIA Electr Components Assemblies & Mat Assoc AB This paper describes a very fast, automated two-channel cross-correlation based system for measuring phase noise and amplitude noise in pulsed amplifiers. The system uses in-situ calibration to achieve an uncertainty of less than 1 dB for a 10% duty cycle. A typical single-sideband (SSB) noise floor at X-band is -158 dB below the carrier in a 1 Hz bandwidth (-158 dBc/Hz) for a 10% duty cycle and a measurement time of 30 a; The SSB noise floor for a 2% duty cycle is approximately -148 dBc/Hz. C1 NIST, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Nava, JFG (reprint author), NIST, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 5 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1075-6787 BN 0-7803-5839-2 J9 P IEEE INT FREQ CONT PY 2000 BP 506 EP 510 DI 10.1109/FREQ.2000.887408 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science; Physics GA BR19M UT WOS:000165838900087 ER PT S AU Zhang, VS Parker, TE Weiss, MA Vannicola, FM AF Zhang, VS Parker, TE Weiss, MA Vannicola, FM GP IEEE IEEE TI Multi-channel GPS/GLONASS common-view between NIST and USNO SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2000 IEEE/EIA INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM & EXHIBITION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/EIA International Frequency Control Symposium and Exhibition CY JUN 07-09, 2000 CL KANSAS CITY, MO SP IEEE, Ultrason, Ferroelect, & Frequency Control Soc, EIA Electr Components Assemblies & Mat Assoc AB Both National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST):and United States Naval Observatory (USNO) now operate a commercial Ii-channel common-view receiver. The receiver tracks the GPS (Global Positioning System) satellites and the GLONASS (Global Navigation Satellite System) satellites. In this paper, we evaluate the receiver's performance using the common-clock, common-view calibration data. We also study the performance of multichannel GPS/GLONASS common-view between NIST and USNO. The common-clock, common-views using multichannel GLONASS CIA (Coarse/Acquisition) code and single-channel GLONASS P-code (precise code) contained very little transfer noise. A diurnal effect was noticed in the multi-channel GPS C/A code common-clock, common-view calibration. For the common-view comparison between NIST and USNO, the increased number of daily common-view tracks and the more precise measurements with GLONASS P-code reduced the transfer noise in short term. The multi-channel GPS/GLONASS common-view was influenced by some periodic systematic errors in long term. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO USA. RP Zhang, VS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO USA. NR 6 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1075-6787 BN 0-7803-5839-2 J9 P IEEE INT FREQ CONT PY 2000 BP 598 EP 606 DI 10.1109/FREQ.2000.887422 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science; Physics GA BR19M UT WOS:000165838900101 ER PT S AU Nelson, LM Levine, J Hetzel, P AF Nelson, LM Levine, J Hetzel, P GP IEEE IEEE TI Comparing primary frequency standards at NIST and PTB SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2000 IEEE/EIA INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM & EXHIBITION SE IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/EIA International Frequency Control Symposium and Exhibition CY JUN 07-09, 2000 CL KANSAS CITY, MO SP IEEE, Ultrason, Ferroelect, & Frequency Control Soc, EIA Electr Components Assemblies & Mat Assoc AB We have constructed a link between the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) in Braunschweig, Germany-and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in Boulder, Colorado using carrier-phase: Global:Positioning System (GPS) receivers. The link provides a direct measurement of the frequency difference between hydrogen maser H2(PTB) and UTC(NIST), and can also be used to provide a direct comparison between the primary frequency standards at the two laboratories. Based on our previous work with this method, we expect to be able to realize the frequency comparisons with an uncertainty of about 2 x 10(-15) using several days of averaging. This uncertainty is smaller than the combined uncertainties of the primary frequency standards in both laboratories, and it therefore supports comparison of these primary frequency standards without degrading their capabilities with the noise of the transfer system. C1 NIST, Boulder, CO USA. RP NIST, Boulder, CO USA. NR 7 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1075-6787 BN 0-7803-5838-4; 0-7803-5839-2 J9 P IEEE INT FREQ CONT PY 2000 BP 622 EP 628 DI 10.1109/FREQ.2000.887426 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science; Physics GA BR19M UT WOS:000165838900105 ER PT S AU Weiss, MA AF Weiss, MA GP IEEE IEEE TI Long term effects of antenna cables on GPS timing receivers SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2000 IEEE/EIA INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM & EXHIBITION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/EIA International Frequency Control Symposium and Exhibition CY JUN 07-09, 2000 CL KANSAS CITY, MO SP IEEE, Ultrason, Ferroelect, & Frequency Control Soc, EIA Electr Components Assemblies & Mat Assoc AB We report efforts to minimize the effect of reflected signals in GPS antenna cables on the delay stability of common-view time-transfer receivers. The dday stability of interest is at long-term time intervals from five days to about one year. We measured cables for a commercial receiver with the signal transmitted from the antenna to the receiver at the L-band frequency. In a typical system the lock point of the receiver could change almost 60 ns with cable lengths and temperature variations. This would occur if the reflected signal was 25 dB below the direct signal, and the electrical length of the cable was 217 ns and changed 165 ps, or about 5 cm. By terminating the antenna cable with good 50 Omega matching, the reflection loss was 50 dB below the direct signal. This reflection loss, along with the use of phase-stable cables with delays under 120 ns, should keep the lock point change due to coherent reflections in the cable below 200 ps, A common-clock common-view experiment using 90 days of data showed stabilities of the differential delays below 100 ps for averaging times from 1 to 10 days. Whereas before the matching, stabilities were worse than 300 ps. C1 NIST, Boulder, CO USA. RP Weiss, MA (reprint author), NIST, Mail Stop 847,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1075-6787 BN 0-7803-5839-2 J9 P IEEE INT FREQ CONT PY 2000 BP 637 EP 641 DI 10.1109/FREQ.2000.887428 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science; Physics GA BR19M UT WOS:000165838900107 ER PT S AU Heavner, TP Hollberg, L Jefferts, SR Kitching, J Klipstein, WM Meekhof, DM Robinson, HG AF Heavner, TP Hollberg, L Jefferts, SR Kitching, J Klipstein, WM Meekhof, DM Robinson, HG GP IEEE IEEE TI Characterization of a cold cesium source for PARCS: primary atomic reference clock in space SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2000 IEEE/EIA INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM & EXHIBITION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/EIA International Frequency Control Symposium and Exhibition CY JUN 07-09, 2000 CL KANSAS CITY, MO SP IEEE, Ultrason, Ferroelect, & Frequency Control Soc, EIA Electr Components Assemblies & Mat Assoc AB The PARCS (Primary Atomic Reference Clock in Space) project: is a joint NIST-JPL-University of Colorado venture aimed at placing a cesium (Cs) atomic clock aboard the International Space Station (ISS). This orbiting clock will achieve high accuracy, in part due to the long Ramsey times afforded by-the microgravity environment, and allow for precision tests of fundamental physics including relativity theory. As part of this effort, we are evaluating the characteristics of a prototype cold Cs source based on launching atoms from an optical molasses. The apparatus described here will be used to develop other PARCS components such as the microwave cavity structure and detection systems, and to investigate two-dimensional cooling schemes for future Cs fountains and space clocks. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Heavner, TP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 3 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1075-6787 BN 0-7803-5839-2 J9 P IEEE INT FREQ CONT PY 2000 BP 656 EP 658 DI 10.1109/FREQ.2000.887431 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science; Physics GA BR19M UT WOS:000165838900110 ER PT S AU Kitching, J Vukicevic, N Hollberg, L Knappe, S Affolderbach, C Wynands, R Weidemann, W AF Kitching, J Vukicevic, N Hollberg, L Knappe, S Affolderbach, C Wynands, R Weidemann, W GP IEEE IEEE TI Microwave frequency reference based on VCSEL-driven dark-line resonances in Cs vapor SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2000 IEEE/EIA INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM & EXHIBITION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/EIA International Frequency Control Symposium and Exhibition CY JUN 07-09, 2000 CL KANSAS CITY, MO SP IEEE, Ultrason, Ferroelect, & Frequency Control Soc, EIA Electr Components Assemblies & Mat Assoc ID RUBIDIUM ATOMIC CLOCK; LASER PHASE NOISE; SEMICONDUCTOR-LASER; RAMAN TRANSITION; RESOLUTION SPECTROSCOPY; POPULATION-INVERSION; AMPLITUDE NOISE; RAMSEY FRINGES; EMISSION; CESIUM C1 NIST, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO USA. RP Kitching, J (reprint author), NIST, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO USA. NR 30 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1075-6787 BN 0-7803-5839-2 J9 P IEEE INT FREQ CONT PY 2000 BP 687 EP 693 DI 10.1109/FREQ.2000.887438 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science; Physics GA BR19M UT WOS:000165838900117 ER PT S AU Heavner, TP Meekhof, DM Kujundzic, D Jefferts, SR AF Heavner, TP Meekhof, DM Kujundzic, D Jefferts, SR GP IEEE IEEE TI Development of a miniature laser-cooled Cs fountain frequency standard at NIST SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2000 IEEE/EIA INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM & EXHIBITION SE IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/EIA International Frequency Control Symposium and Exhibition CY JUN 07-09, 2000 CL KANSAS CITY, MO SP IEEE, Ultrason, Ferroelect, & Frequency Control Soc, EIA Electr Components Assemblies & Mat Assoc AB We are developing a small laser-cooled Cs fountain at NIST with the goal of achieving exceptional short-term stability of sigma (y)(tau) approximate to 2x10(-14)tau (-1/2) with a long-term stability of approximate to 10(-15). Although this device is not designed to achieve the accuracy of the NIST primary frequency standard NIST-F1, this small, portable system will prove valuable as a local oscillator with intermediate accuracy. Here we discuss the performance goals of this frequency standard, the design philosophy, the existing physics package, and future directions. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 2 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1075-6787 BN 0-7803-5838-4; 0-7803-5839-2 J9 P IEEE INT FREQ CONT PY 2000 BP 711 EP 713 DI 10.1109/FREQ.2000.887442 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science; Physics GA BR19M UT WOS:000165838900121 ER PT S AU Jefferts, SR Meekhof, DM Shirley, JH Stepanovic, M Parker, TE AF Jefferts, SR Meekhof, DM Shirley, JH Stepanovic, M Parker, TE GP IEEE IEEE TI Accuracy results from NISR-F1 laser-cooled cesium primary frequency standard SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2000 IEEE/EIA INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM & EXHIBITION SE IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE/EIA International Frequency Control Symposium and Exhibition CY JUN 07-09, 2000 CL KANSAS CITY, MO SP IEEE, Ultrason, Ferroelect, & Frequency Control Soc, EIA Electr Components Assemblies & Mat Assoc C1 NIST, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO USA. RP NIST, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO USA. NR 9 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1075-6787 BN 0-7803-5838-4; 0-7803-5839-2 J9 P IEEE INT FREQ CONT PY 2000 BP 714 EP 717 DI 10.1109/FREQ.2000.887443 PG 2 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science; Physics GA BR19M UT WOS:000165838900122 ER PT B AU McLean, C Riddick, F AF McLean, C Riddick, F BE Joines, JA Barton, RR Kang, K Fishwick, PA TI The IMS mission architecture for distributed manufacturing simulation SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2000 WINTER SIMULATION CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2000 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC '00) CY DEC 10-13, 2000 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Assoc Comp Machinery, Special Interest Grp Simulat, Amer Stat Assoc, IEEE, Comp Soc, IEEE, Syst, Man, & Cybernet Soc, Inst Ind Engineers, Inst Operat Res & Management Sci, Coll Simulat, NIST, Soc Comp Simulat Int AB This paper presents an overview of a neutral reference architecture for integrating distributed manufacturing simulation systems with each other, with other manufacturing software applications, and with manufacturing data repositories. Other manufacturing software applications include, but are not limited to systems used to: 1) design products, 2) specify processes, 3) engineer manufacturing systems, and 4) manage production. The architecture identifies the software building blocks and interfaces that will facilitate the integration of distributed simulation systems and enable the integration of those systems with other manufacturing software applications. The architecture is being developed as part of the international intelligent Manufacturing Systems (IMS) MISSION project. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP McLean, C (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 6 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-6580-1 PY 2000 BP 1539 EP 1548 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA BR62V UT WOS:000166981000212 ER PT B AU Klouda, GA Lewis, CW Rasmussen, RA Stiles, DC Ellenson, WD Marolf, JL AF Klouda, GA Lewis, CW Rasmussen, RA Stiles, DC Ellenson, WD Marolf, JL BE Stevenson, NR TI Isotopic (C-14) and chemical composition of atmospheric volatile organic compound fractions - Precursors to ozone formation SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 3RD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ISOTOPES: ISOTOPE PRODUCTION AND APPLICATIONS IN THE 21ST CENTURY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Isotopes (3ICI) CY SEP 06-10, 1999 CL TRIUMF, VANCOUVER, CANADA SP MDS Nordion Inc, Atom Energy Corp S Africa, Inst Natl Radioelements, Informat Sci & Technol Agcy British Colombia, Trace Sci Int, Chemgas, Reviss Serv (UK) Ltd, Isoflex, TRIUMF, Int Isotope Soc, Canadian Chapter HO TRIUMF ID RADIOCARBON MEASUREMENTS; BIOGENIC CONTRIBUTION; CARBONYL-COMPOUNDS; ATLANTA AB Atmospheric volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are an important factor in the production of ozone near ground level [3]. Many hydrocarbons originate from auto exhaust. However, a number of VOCs, e.g., isoprene, are known to be natural in origin. To develop reliable models for understanding how ozone levels might be controlled, it has been recognized that a key variable is the fractional amount of fossil vs, non-fossil (biogenic, uncontrollable) VOCs [1]. These two source categories are uniquely discriminated from each other based on the C-14 abundance of VOC fractions. Combining isotopic measurements with chemical information will yield greater confidence in source estimates. Over the last 8 years, NIST, OGI and the U.S. EPA have explored sampling methods and analytical procedures to collect enough carbon from atmospheric nonmethane VOC fractions to measure the C-14 composition [4,9]. In doing so, this work also provided an opportunity to enhance the sensitivity of GC-FID and CC-MS for chemical identification and quantification. This paper will briefly describe the methods studied acid present preliminary C-14 and chemical results from Azusa, CA, Houston, TX, and Nashville, TN, USA. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Klouda, GA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA PO BOX 128 FARRER RD, SINGAPORE 9128, SINGAPORE BN 981-02-4200-X PY 2000 BP 289 EP 294 PG 6 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA BR60P UT WOS:000166934500064 ER PT J AU Zhu, JY Choi, MY Mulholland, GW Gritzo, LA AF Zhu, JY Choi, MY Mulholland, GW Gritzo, LA TI Soot scattering measurements in the visible and near-infrared spectrum SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMBUSTION INSTITUTE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 28th International Symposium on Combustion CY JUL 30-AUG 04, 2000 CL UNIV EDINBURGH, EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND HO UNIV EDINBURGH ID OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; MODEL AB Scattering to extinction cross-section ratios, p(se), were measured using the NIST Large Agglomerate Optics Facility for soot produced from ethene and acetylene laminar diffusion flames. Measurements were performed using light sources at 543.5 nm, 632.8 nm, and 856 nm. The average scattering to extinction cross-section ratios for these wavelengths are equal to 0.245, 0.195, and 0.195 for ethene and 0.311, 0.228, and 0.237 for acetvlene. The 856 nm measurements represent the longest wavelength for which accurate scattering measurements have been performed for soot. The size distribution and fractal properties of the two soots were determined to assess the effects of limited acceptance angle range, finite size of the sensor and departure from cosine response on the uncertainty ill the measurement of p(se), The expanded relative uncertainty (95% confidence level) was found to be +/-6% at the two visible wavelengths and +/-8% at 856 nm. Both the magnitude and wavelength dependence of p(se), for the present experiments are significantly different From those reported by Krishman et al. [7] for overfire soot produced using a turbulent flame. The results are compared with the predictions of fractal optics. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Engn Mech, Chicago, IL 60607 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Zhu, JY (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Engn Mech, Chicago, IL 60607 USA. NR 13 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 1 PU COMBUSTION INST PI PITTSBURGH PA 5001 BAUM BOULEVARD, STE 635, PITTSBURGH, PA 15213-1851 USA SN 0082-0784 J9 P COMBUST INST JI Proc. Combust. Inst. PY 2000 VL 28 BP 439 EP 446 PN 1 PG 8 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 451HQ UT WOS:000169795900056 ER PT J AU Baum, HR Mell, WE AF Baum, HR Mell, WE TI Radiation and velocity fields induced by localized temperature fluctuations SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMBUSTION INSTITUTE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 28th International Symposium on Combustion CY JUL 30-AUG 04, 2000 CL UNIV EDINBURGH, EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND HO UNIV EDINBURGH ID DIFFUSION FLAMES; ATMOSPHERE AB A theory describing the coupling between radiative transport, thermal conduction, and velocity fluctuations in postcombustion gases is described. The emission and absorption of radiant energy are taken to be dominated by soot, distributed uniformly in space. The theory is local in the sense that the gas is assumed to be unbounded. However, die temperature, velocity, and radiation fields can be both three-dimensional and time-dependent. Moreover, the model can be thought of as describing any postcombustion scenario in which the absorption coefficient is spatially uniform. Within the framework of the low Mach number combustion equations. an exact representation of the velocity and radiation fields instantaneously induced by fluctuations of any magnitude in the temperature is presented. This result is used to derive a single scalar integro-differential equation for die temperature that incorporates the conservation of mass and energy, together with an exact solution of the radiative transport equation. Some consequences of the theory are illustrated by studying the response generated by a spherically burning fuel mass. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Utah, Dept Chem & Fuels Engn, Salt Lake City, UT 84412 USA. RP Baum, HR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 13 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU COMBUSTION INST PI PITTSBURGH PA 5001 BAUM BOULEVARD, STE 635, PITTSBURGH, PA 15213-1851 USA SN 0082-0784 J9 P COMBUST INST JI Proc. Combust. Inst. PY 2000 VL 28 BP 473 EP 479 PN 1 PG 7 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 451HQ UT WOS:000169795900060 ER PT J AU Avedisian, CT Callahan, BJ AF Avedisian, CT Callahan, BJ TI Experimental study of nonane/hexanol mixture droplet combustion without natural or forced convection SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMBUSTION INSTITUTE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 28th International Symposium on Combustion CY JUL 30-AUG 04, 2000 CL UNIV EDINBURGH, EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND HO UNIV EDINBURGH ID REDUCED-GRAVITY; MICROGRAVITY; HEPTANE; PRESSURE; SOOT AB In this paper we present new data on the combustion of stationary nonane/hexanol mixture droplets burning in microgravity to promote spherical symmetry. Compositions of 10%. 25%, 40%, 60%, and 80% (volume percent hexanol! were examined in a drop tower to create an environment whereby droplets could burn without a strong influence of buoyancy. The evolution of droplet, soot shell, and flame diameter were measured, and photographs are presented to show sooting trends as composition was varied. Droplets with initial diameters between 0.46 mm and 0.57 mm were studied. The results show that dilution of nonane by hexanol reduces soot formation and decreases the droplet burning rate, the latter of which was found to be time dependent. Mechanisms for this effect which are considered include soot formation, the potential for absorption of combustion products in the droplets as they burn, and droplet heating. Because of die similarity of the boiling points of the mixture components, preferential vaporization did not occur. The droplets burned to completion, and extinction was not observed because of minimal radiative losses for the small droplet sizes examined and Low propensity for water to condense on the droplet surface and dissolve in it for nonane and hexanol. A soot shell was not visible for hexanol loadings above 10%. The flame and soot shell standoff ratios increased continuously during burning. The flame diameter showed no sign of a quasi-steady behavior at any time during the combustion process. As hexanol concentration was increased, the flame moved toward the droplet. C1 Cornell Univ, Sibley Sch Mech & Aerosp Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Avedisian, CT (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Sibley Sch Mech & Aerosp Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 40 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 2 PU COMBUSTION INST PI PITTSBURGH PA 5001 BAUM BOULEVARD, STE 635, PITTSBURGH, PA 15213-1851 USA SN 0082-0784 J9 P COMBUST INST JI Proc. Combust. Inst. PY 2000 VL 28 BP 991 EP 997 PN 1 PG 7 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 451HQ UT WOS:000169795900121 ER PT J AU Franz, B Roth, P AF Franz, B Roth, P TI Injection of a H2O2/water solution into the combustion chamber of a direct injection diesel engine and its effect on soot removal SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMBUSTION INSTITUTE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 28th International Symposium on Combustion CY JUL 30-AUG 04, 2000 CL UNIV EDINBURGH, EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND HO UNIV EDINBURGH AB Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) dissolved in water was injected into the combustion chamber of a direct injection (DI) diesel engine at different crank angles. Its effect on the general combustion characteristics was followed by crank angle (CA) resolved pressure and OH radiation measurements inside the combustion chamber. The influence on soot mass in the exhaust gas flow was measured by the Bosch Smoke Number, which is the standard measurement technique in internal combustion engine research. Additionally the concentrations of unburned hydrocarbons (HC) and nitric oxides (NOx) were recorded by a gas analyzer. For both, the spray of H2O2/water and pure water, a clear decrease in soot emission was observed for early injection at crank angles -40 degrees < CA < - 10 degrees before top dead center (BTDC), which is associated with an increase in the exhaust gas HC concentration. For these renditions, the soot removal is mainly an effect of compressed air coding, which increases the induction time of the diesel spray, thus resulting in a shift toward more premixed combustion. At injection crank angles CA > + 10 degrees, the water and the H2O2/ water sprays show an opposite behavior with respect to the exhaust gas soot. The in-cylinder measurements clearly show an increase of OH radiation during cycles with H2O2/water injection compared to the standard engine conditions. The H2O2 decomposition product OH influences the chemistry of the in-cylinder soot oxidation, which results in a decrease of the soot mass in the engine exhaust gas flow. Concentrations of HC and NOx are not significantly affected. The addition of pure water causes an increase in the exhaust gas soot for spray injection crank angles CA > + 100. C1 Gerhard Mercator Univ Duisburg, Inst Verbrennung & Gasdynam, D-47048 Duisburg, Germany. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Franz, B (reprint author), Gerhard Mercator Univ Duisburg, Inst Verbrennung & Gasdynam, D-47048 Duisburg, Germany. NR 14 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU COMBUSTION INST PI PITTSBURGH PA 5001 BAUM BOULEVARD, STE 635, PITTSBURGH, PA 15213-1851 USA SN 0082-0784 J9 P COMBUST INST JI Proc. Combust. Inst. PY 2000 VL 28 BP 1219 EP 1225 PN 1 PG 7 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 451HQ UT WOS:000169795900148 ER PT J AU Tsang, W Mokrushin, V AF Tsang, W Mokrushin, V TI Mechanism and rate constants for 1,5-butadiene decomposition SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMBUSTION INSTITUTE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 28th International Symposium on Combustion CY JUL 30-AUG 04, 2000 CL UNIV EDINBURGH, EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND HO UNIV EDINBURGH ID THERMAL-ACTIVATION REACTIONS; HIGH-TEMPERATURE PYROLYSIS; MASTER EQUATION ANALYSIS; SHOCK-WAVES; REVERSIBLE ISOMERIZATION; 1,3-BUTADIENE; ATOMS; RADICALS; VINYL; 1,2-BUTADIENE AB Data on the decomposition of 1,3-butadiene have been analyzed. The numerous isomerization processes that have recently been proposed as additional channels for decomposition have been considered. Energy transfer effects have been taken into account through the solution of the time-dependent master equation. We confirm recent supposition that direct formation of ethylene and acetylene is a major reaction channel during the thermal decomposition of 1,2-butadiene. The isomerization to 1,2-butadiene and its subsequent decomposition to form propargyl and methyl is the next most important process. Almost no vinyl radicals are produced. The formation of the isomerization products, in contrast to those from the initial reactant, is generally characterized by long transients before the attainment of a steady state. Standard methods of treating processes where such reactions are important must be carefully analyzed. The calculations are calibrated with experimental results. It proved not to be possible to fit simultaneously all the experimental observations with the model. Rate expressions for the major decomposition and isomerization channels are presented. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Tsang, W (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 31 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 4 PU COMBUSTION INST PI PITTSBURGH PA 5001 BAUM BOULEVARD, STE 635, PITTSBURGH, PA 15213-1851 USA SN 0082-0784 J9 P COMBUST INST JI Proc. Combust. Inst. PY 2000 VL 28 BP 1717 EP 1723 PN 2 PG 7 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 452QN UT WOS:000169870400031 ER PT J AU Dai, Z Faeth, GM AF Dai, Z Faeth, GM TI Hydrodynamic suppression of soot formation in laminar coflowing jet diffusion flames SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMBUSTION INSTITUTE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 28th International Symposium on Combustion CY JUL 30-AUG 04, 2000 CL UNIV EDINBURGH, EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND HO UNIV EDINBURGH ID ACETYLENE; ETHYLENE; AIR; COUNTERFLOW; SHAPES AB Effects: of flow (hydrodynamic! properties on limiting conditions for soot-free laminar non-premised hydrocarbon/air Flames (called laminar soot-point conditions) were studied, emphasizing non-buovant laminar coflowing jet diffusion flames, Effects of air/fuel-stream velocity ratios were of particular interest: therefore, the experiments were carried out at reduced pressures to minimize effects of flow acceleration due to the intrusion of buoyancy. Test conditions included reactant temperatures of 300 K: ambient pressures of 3.7-49.8 kPa: methane-, acetylene-. ethylene-, propane-, and methane-fueled flames burning in coflowing air with fuel-port diameters of 1.7, 3.2, and 8.4 mm: fuel jet Reynolds numbers of 18-121; air coflow; velocities of 0-6 m/s: and air/fuel-stream velocity ratios of 0.003-70 Measurements numbers 18-121; air soot-point flame lengths, laminar soot-point fuel flow rates, and laminar liftoff conditions. The measurements show. that laminar soot-point flame lengths and fuel flow rates call be increased. broadening the range of Fuel flow rates where the flames remain soot free, by increasing air/fuel-stream velocity ratios. The mechanism of this effect involves time magnitude and direction of flow velocities relative to the flame sheet where increased air/fuel-stream velocity ratios cause progressive reduction of flame residence times in the fuel-rich soot-formation region. The range of soot-free conditions is limited by both liftoff, particularly at low pressures, and the intrusion of effects of buoyancy oil effective air/fuel-stream velocity ratios, particularly at high pressures. Effective correlations of laminar soot- and smoke-point flame lengths were also Found in terms of a corrected fuel flow rate parameter, based on simplified analysis of laminar jet diffusion flame structure. The results show that laminar smoke-point flame lengths ill coflowing air environments are roughly twice as long as soot-free (blue) flames under comparable conditions due to the presence of luminous soot particles under fuel-lean conditions when smoke-point conditions are approached. This is very similar to earlier findings concerning differences between laminar smoke- and soot-point flame lengths in still environments. C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Aerosp Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Dai, Z (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Dept Aerosp Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. OI Ismail, Mostafa/0000-0001-7530-9764 NR 28 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU COMBUSTION INST PI PITTSBURGH PA 5001 BAUM BOULEVARD, STE 635, PITTSBURGH, PA 15213-1851 USA SN 0082-0784 J9 P COMBUST INST JI Proc. Combust. Inst. PY 2000 VL 28 BP 2085 EP 2092 PN 2 PG 8 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 452QN UT WOS:000169870400076 ER PT J AU Maruta, K Muso, K Takeda, K Niioka, T AF Maruta, K Muso, K Takeda, K Niioka, T TI Reaction zone structure in flameless combustion SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMBUSTION INSTITUTE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 28th International Symposium on Combustion CY JUL 30-AUG 04, 2000 CL UNIV EDINBURGH, EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND HO UNIV EDINBURGH ID EXTINCTION LIMIT AB We present a study of the combustion limit and reaction zone structure of non-premixed counterflow flames of highly preheated air and methane diluted with nitrogen. First. we measured the flammable region experimentally in the range of air temperatures up to 800 K;. In the case of flame stretch rates smaller than 20 s(-1). experiments were conducted under microgravity. All the microgravity tests were conducted at the JAMIC drop tower facility in Hokkiado. Japan. The results show that the extinction limits become broader with increasing air temperature. All the extinction curves are C-shaped and exhibit the radiation extinction branch. That is, the configurations of the extinction curves are the same as most conventional combustion at air temperatures from 300 K to 800 K, Second. we compared the. flammable region and reaction zone structure of these flames by using the conventional one dimensional flame code with detailed chemistry. The flammable regions obtained by experiment agree with the computated ones. This shows that the present computation could also represent the phenomena well for high-temperature air combustion. Based on this, computation was extended to higher air temperatures (up to 1900 K) at 1300K microgravity experimentation is not possible. When the air temperature was higher than 1300 K, extinction limits disappeared. In this temperature range, combustion continues even under extremely fuel-lean conditions such as 1% methane in nitrogen. Reaction zones without any temperature peaks were observed. Methane and oxygen leakage through thew flame occurred and they coexisted there. This is like the Linan's premixed flame regime, in other words, a reaction-time-dominated reaction zone structure. In these regions. NOx emission is very low and this may lead to the low levels of NOx emission of high-temperature air combustion. C1 Akita Univ, Fac Syst Sci & Technol, Akita 0150055, Japan. Tohoku Univ, Inst Fluid Sci, Sendai, Miyagi 9808577, Japan. Univ Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Maruta, K (reprint author), Akita Univ, Fac Syst Sci & Technol, 84-4 Tsuchiya Ebinokuchi, Akita 0150055, Japan. RI maruta, kaoru/J-4201-2013 NR 20 TC 40 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 14 PU COMBUSTION INST PI PITTSBURGH PA 5001 BAUM BOULEVARD, STE 635, PITTSBURGH, PA 15213-1851 USA SN 0082-0784 J9 P COMBUST INST JI Proc. Combust. Inst. PY 2000 VL 28 BP 2117 EP 2123 PN 2 PG 7 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 452QN UT WOS:000169870400080 ER PT J AU Williams, A Pourkashanian, M Jones, JM AF Williams, A Pourkashanian, M Jones, JM TI The combustion of coal and some other solid fuels SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMBUSTION INSTITUTE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 28th International Symposium on Combustion CY JUL 30-AUG 04, 2000 CL UNIV EDINBURGH, EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND HO UNIV EDINBURGH ID PULVERIZED-COAL; CHAR COMBUSTION; NOX FORMATION; PYROLYSIS; MODEL; KINETICS; REACTIVITY; PARTICLES; CARBON; TEMPERATURE AB This paper outlines some of the key issues currently being debated regarding the combustion of coal and of some biomass materials. It attempts to summarize the present approaches toward the quantification of the fundamental processes of solid fuel combustion for use in computer models. Some aspects of the various chemical and physical processes are included, such as heating-up of particles, devolatilization, and subsequent char formation. Of particular interest is the prediction of char properties, such as composition, surface areas, and morphology, since these impact on char combustion. The available models for devolatilization, char formation, and heterogeneous oxidation are considered for application to both coal and biomass, and a description in terms of the fundamental molecular processes of a coal particle is explored. Char combustion models, including global intrinsic reaction rates, are outlined. The latter has clear advantages, but requires inputs of char physical properties which, at present, cannot be predicted a priori. Intimately linked with the processes of devolatilization and char combustion are NO(x) formation and carbon burnout,:and special attention is given to these important factors. Finally, the general methods for modeling coal reaction processes are outlined, and illustrative examples are given with regard to the current situation in the application of these submodels to computer modeling of pulverized and coal bed combustion. C1 Univ Leeds, Dept Fuel & Energy, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. Cranfield Univ, Cranfield MK43 0AL, Beds, England. McGill Univ, Montreal, PQ H3A 2T5, Canada. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Williams, A (reprint author), Univ Leeds, Dept Fuel & Energy, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. RI Jones, Jenny/O-7491-2015 OI Jones, Jenny/0000-0001-8687-9869 NR 114 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 1540-7489 J9 P COMBUST INST JI Proc. Combust. Inst. PY 2000 VL 28 BP 2141 EP 2162 PN 2 PG 22 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 452QN UT WOS:000169870400083 ER PT J AU Babushok, V Tsang, W Noto, T AF Babushok, V Tsang, W Noto, T TI Propargyl-type radicals as precursors for polychlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons during incineration SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMBUSTION INSTITUTE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 28th International Symposium on Combustion CY JUL 30-AUG 04, 2000 CL UNIV EDINBURGH, EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND HO UNIV EDINBURGH ID DIBENZO-P-DIOXIN; OXIDATION; FLAME; COMBUSTION; INHIBITION; MIXTURES; WASTE AB A gas-phase mechanism for the formation of polychlorinated benzene, in systems where chlorine concentration need not be high, is presented. The kev features are the quenching and mixing of lean and rich mixtures and the involvement of propargyl radicals as a key intermediate. It is dependent on the resistance of this radical to oxidation and the formation of chlorine in lean mixtures as a result of the oxidation of HCl. Results are derived on the basis of simulation studies using data on the combustion and chlorination of small hydrocarbons. Carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the effluent stream catalyze the release of chlorine from HCl. These results may have implications on dioxin formation mechanisms since they suggest that even in the absence of surface processes there may be a residual contribution purely from gas-phase reactions. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Nippon Kokan KK, Kawasaki Ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210, Japan. RP Babushok, V (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 28 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 2 PU COMBUSTION INST PI PITTSBURGH PA 5001 BAUM BOULEVARD, STE 635, PITTSBURGH, PA 15213-1851 USA SN 0082-0784 J9 P COMBUST INST JI Proc. Combust. Inst. PY 2000 VL 28 BP 2691 EP 2699 PN 2 PG 9 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 452QN UT WOS:000169870400148 ER PT J AU De Ris, JL Wu, PK Heskestad, G AF De Ris, JL Wu, PK Heskestad, G TI Radiation fire modeling SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMBUSTION INSTITUTE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 28th International Symposium on Combustion CY JUL 30-AUG 04, 2000 CL UNIV EDINBURGH, EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND HO UNIV EDINBURGH ID DIFFUSION AB The concept of radiation fire modeling is developed. It allows one to reproduce the behavior of large scale fires using model-scale fires at elevated pressure, It preserves large-scale fire heat fluxes and burn times by increasing the ambient pressure while maintaining the length-scale pressure-squared product e(.)P(2), invariant. The payer discusses the full range of modeled and non-modeled quantities. The radiation fire modeling hypothesis is based on two assumptions: (1) the flame heat flux comes primarily from soot radiation, and (2) soot formation in diffusion flames is second order in pressure and is characterized by the fuel smoke point. The radiation and second-order pressure dependence of soot formation in diffusion flames is carefully argued in the paper The modeling concept was tested and confirmed by a series of model-scale pool-fire experiments performed in Factory Mutual Research's large pressure vessel at pressures up to 2.5 atm. These experiments are compared to pool-fire measurements performed at atmospheric pressure at diameters up to 1.2 m. The square exponent on pressure provides the treat fit to the data. These pool-fire experiments between the optically thin and optically thick limits, were specifically chosen to offer die most severe challenge to the modeling concept. C1 Factory Mutual Res, Norwood, MA USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Brigham Young Univ, Provo, UT 84602 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Purdue Univ, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. CSIRO, Clayton, Vic 3168, Australia. RP De Ris, JL (reprint author), Factory Mutual Res, 1151 Boston Providence Tpk, Norwood, MA USA. NR 24 TC 45 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 6 PU COMBUSTION INST PI PITTSBURGH PA 5001 BAUM BOULEVARD, STE 635, PITTSBURGH, PA 15213-1851 USA SN 0082-0784 J9 P COMBUST INST JI Proc. Combust. Inst. PY 2000 VL 28 BP 2751 EP 2759 PN 2 PG 9 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 452QN UT WOS:000169870400155 ER PT J AU Fujita, O Takahashi, J Ito, K AF Fujita, O Takahashi, J Ito, K TI Experimental study on radiative ignition of a paper sheet in microgravity SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMBUSTION INSTITUTE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 28th International Symposium on Combustion CY JUL 30-AUG 04, 2000 CL UNIV EDINBURGH, EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND HO UNIV EDINBURGH ID SOLID-FUEL AB An experimental study of radiative ignition of sheet paper has been performed in microactivity to determine the events occurring in ignition processes in a quiescent field. Experiments were conducted on filter paper using a CO2 laser with a mean incident flux of about 5.8 W/cm(2) in various oxygen concentrations (0%-35%) and at various pressures (0.5-2 atm). The laser beam was irradiated perpendicular to the sample surface. The ignition delay was measured for various experimental conditions with high-speed video images or HI-R video images taken in microgravity. The gas-phase and solid-surface temperature changes were observed by a Mach-Zehnder interferometer and an infrared camera. The results showed that the ignition delay became shorter with increases in oxygen concentration, and it was observed that the gas-phase temperature increased more than that of the solid surface. Further, the increase in gas-phase temperature was larger with oxygen that without oxygen, though there were increases in the gas-phase temperature even without oxygen. The results showed that chemical processes, such as gas-phase reactions are essential in the ignition mechanism, as are physical processes, such as heating the solid material, and gas-phase laser absorption. The research clearly showed the importance of each process by utilizing a non-convective flow field where gravitational forces were not acting. C1 Hokkaido Univ, Div Mech Sci, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0608628, Japan. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. RP Fujita, O (reprint author), Hokkaido Univ, Div Mech Sci, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0608628, Japan. RI Fujita, Osamu/D-6797-2012 NR 13 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU COMBUSTION INST PI PITTSBURGH PA 5001 BAUM BOULEVARD, STE 635, PITTSBURGH, PA 15213-1851 USA SN 0082-0784 J9 P COMBUST INST JI Proc. Combust. Inst. PY 2000 VL 28 BP 2761 EP 2767 PN 2 PG 7 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 452QN UT WOS:000169870400156 ER PT J AU Shih, HY Tien, JS AF Shih, HY Tien, JS TI Modeling concurrent flame spread over a thin solid in a low-speed flow tunnel SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMBUSTION INSTITUTE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 28th International Symposium on Combustion CY JUL 30-AUG 04, 2000 CL UNIV EDINBURGH, EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND HO UNIV EDINBURGH ID MECHANISMS; FUEL AB A three-dimensional model of concurrent flame spread over a thin solid in a law-speed flow tunnel in microgravity was formulated and numerically solved. In a parametric study varying the flow velocity, oxygen level, and tunnel and solid fuel widths. two distinctive types of flame behavior were noted. In high-oxygen-percentage and/or higher-speed flows, the flames were long and far away from the quenching limit. In such cases, three-dimensional effects were dominated by heat loss to the wall in the downstream portion of the flame. In low-oxygen and low-speed Rows, the flames were short and in the region near the quenching limit. These near-limit flames were controlled by the oxygen supply rate. Oxygen-side diffusion in the crosswind direction became a dominant mechanism exhibiting large effects on the narrow three-dimensional flames. A number of trend reversals on spread rates and extinction limits were discovered for these near-limit flames. Aided by the detailed flame profiles obtained in the computations, an explanation for the reversal phenomena is offered in the paper. C1 Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. CSIRO, Clayton, Vic 3168, Australia. RP Shih, HY (reprint author), Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. OI Shih, Hsin-Yi/0000-0003-1053-2169 NR 22 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 6 PU COMBUSTION INST PI PITTSBURGH PA 5001 BAUM BOULEVARD, STE 635, PITTSBURGH, PA 15213-1851 USA SN 0082-0784 J9 P COMBUST INST JI Proc. Combust. Inst. PY 2000 VL 28 BP 2777 EP 2784 PN 2 PG 8 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 452QN UT WOS:000169870400158 ER PT J AU Mell, WE Kashiwagi, T AF Mell, WE Kashiwagi, T TI Effects of finite sample width on transition and flame spread in microgravity SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMBUSTION INSTITUTE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 28th International Symposium on Combustion CY JUL 30-AUG 04, 2000 CL UNIV EDINBURGH, EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND HO UNIV EDINBURGH ID ENVIRONMENT; IGNITION; FUEL AB In most microgravity studies of flame spread, the flame is assumed to be two-dimensional, and two-dimensional models are used to aid data interpretation. However, since limited space is available in microgravity facilities, the flames are limited in size. It is important, therefore, to investigate the significance of three-dimensional effects. Three-dimensional and two-dimensional simulations of ignition and subsequent transition to flame spread were performed on a thermally thin cellulosic sample. Ignition occurred by applying a radiant heat flux in a strip across the center of the sample. The sample was bounded by an inert sample holder. Heat loss effects at the interface of the sample and the sample holder were tested by varying the thermal-physical properties of the sample holder. Simulations were also conducted with samples of different widths and with different ambient wind speeds (i.e., different levels of oxygen supply.) The width of the sample affected both the duration of the flame transition period and the post-transition flame spread rate. Finite width effects were most significant when the ambient wind was relatively small (limited oxygen supply). In such environments, the velocity due to thermal expansion reduced the net inflow of oxygen enough to significantly affect flame behavior. For a given sample width, the influence of thermal expansion on the net incoming oxygen supply decreased as the ambient wind speed increased. Thus, both the transition and flame spread behavior of the three-dimensional flame (along the centerline) tended to that of the two-dimensional flame with increasing ambient wind speed. Heat losses to the sample holder ere found to affect the flame spread rate in the case of the narrowest sample with the slowest ambient wind. C1 Univ Utah, Dept Mech Engn, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. NIST, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Mell, WE (reprint author), Univ Utah, Dept Mech Engn, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. NR 11 TC 15 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU COMBUSTION INST PI PITTSBURGH PA 5001 BAUM BOULEVARD, STE 635, PITTSBURGH, PA 15213-1851 USA SN 0082-0784 J9 P COMBUST INST JI Proc. Combust. Inst. PY 2000 VL 28 BP 2785 EP 2792 PN 2 PG 8 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 452QN UT WOS:000169870400159 ER PT J AU Delichatsios, MA Altenkirch, RA Bundy, MF Bhattacharjee, S Tang, L Sacksteder, K AF Delichatsios, MA Altenkirch, RA Bundy, MF Bhattacharjee, S Tang, L Sacksteder, K TI Creeping flame spread along fuel cylinders in forced and natural flows and microgravity SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMBUSTION INSTITUTE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 28th International Symposium on Combustion CY JUL 30-AUG 04, 2000 CL UNIV EDINBURGH, EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND HO UNIV EDINBURGH ID OPPOSED FLOW AB Semianalytical expressions are developed for creeping flame spread parallel to a fuel cylinder axis so that spread rates measured or predicted for Rat surfaces over the same material can be directly used for cylindrical surfaces. Two phenomena are identified that cause an increased flame spread rate in the cylindrical over the Flat surface geometry: (1) increased heal transfer from the gas phase and (2) faster temperature increase of the solid phase Analytical expressions from approximate solution to a conserved scaler equation are developed For the flame spread rate by simplifying the flowfield using an Oseen approximation for the opposing flow. The spread rate expression for the fuel cylinder is rho (s)c(s)(T-v - T-o)VrhoLsy ( 1 - L-sy/2R(o) ) = C(L-g/R-o)E-FL/ln( 1 + C L-s/R-o) - L(g)epsilon sigma (T-v(4) - T-o(4)) in which the terms containing the constant C account for the enhanced gas-to-surface heat transfer because of die cylindrical curvature, and those containing L-sy the heated layer depth in the solid, account for a reduction in the solid volume preheated in the cylindrical compared to the Rat geometry. The expression is tuned by comparison with complete numerical solutions to the flame spread problem from which the Flame energy E-FL. is determined from the flat surface geometry and the constant C chosen from heat transfer correlations. Results compare favorably with numerical solutions for cylindrical spread in forced and natural flows and microgravity and with experiments on downward flame spread on cylindrical rods in normal gravity and microgravity. C1 CSIRO, DBCE, Fire Safety Engn Div, Fire Sci & Technol Lab, N Ryde, NSW 1670, Australia. Mississippi State Univ, NSF, Engn Res Ctr, Dept Mech Engn, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. San Diego State Univ, Dept Mech Engn, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. RP Delichatsios, MA (reprint author), CSIRO, DBCE, Fire Safety Engn Div, Fire Sci & Technol Lab, N Ryde, NSW 1670, Australia. OI DELICHATSIOS, Michael/0000-0002-3160-0573 NR 24 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU COMBUSTION INST PI PITTSBURGH PA 5001 BAUM BOULEVARD, STE 635, PITTSBURGH, PA 15213-1851 USA SN 0082-0784 J9 P COMBUST INST JI Proc. Combust. Inst. PY 2000 VL 28 BP 2835 EP 2842 PN 2 PG 8 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 452QN UT WOS:000169870400165 ER PT J AU Mell, WE Olson, SL Kashiwagi, T AF Mell, WE Olson, SL Kashiwagi, T TI Flame spread along free edges of thermally thin samples in microgravity SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMBUSTION INSTITUTE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 28th International Symposium on Combustion CY JUL 30-AUG 04, 2000 CL UNIV EDINBURGH, EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND HO UNIV EDINBURGH ID ENVIRONMENT; FUEL; TRANSITION; QUIESCENT; IGNITION AB The effects of imposed flow velocity on flame spread along open edges of a thermally thin cellulosic sample in microgravity were studied experimentally and theoretically. In this study, the sample was ignited locally at the middle of the 4 cm wide sampler and subsequent flame spread reached both open edges of the sample along the direction of the flow. The following flame behaviors were observed in the experiments and predicted by the numerical calculation in order of increased imposed flow velocity : (1) ignition but subsequent flame spread was not attained. (2) flame spread upstream (opposed mode) without any downstream stream flame, and (3) the upstream flame and two separate downstream flames traveled along the two open edges (concurrent mode). Generally, the upstream and downstream edge flame spread rates were faster than the central flame spread rate for an imposed flow velocity of up to 5 cm/s. This was due to greater oxygen supply from the outer free stream to the edge flames and more efficient heat transfer from the edge flames to the sample surface than the central flames. For the upstream edge flame, flame spread rate was nearly independent of, or decreased gradually with the imposed flow velocity. The spread rate of the downstream edge, however, increased significantly with the imposed flow velocity. C1 Univ Utah, Chem & Fuels Engn Dept, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Micrograv Combust Sci Branch, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fires Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Mell, WE (reprint author), Univ Utah, Chem & Fuels Engn Dept, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. NR 12 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU COMBUSTION INST PI PITTSBURGH PA 5001 BAUM BOULEVARD, STE 635, PITTSBURGH, PA 15213-1851 USA SN 0082-0784 J9 P COMBUST INST JI Proc. Combust. Inst. PY 2000 VL 28 BP 2843 EP 2849 PN 2 PG 7 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 452QN UT WOS:000169870400166 ER PT J AU Lazzarini, AK Krauss, RH Chelliah, HK Linteris, GT AF Lazzarini, AK Krauss, RH Chelliah, HK Linteris, GT TI Extinction conditions of non-premixed flames with fine droplets of water and water/NaOH solutions SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMBUSTION INSTITUTE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 28th International Symposium on Combustion CY JUL 30-AUG 04, 2000 CL UNIV EDINBURGH, EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND HO UNIV EDINBURGH ID AIR DIFFUSION FLAMES; COUNTERFLOW AB Interactions of fine droplets of water and water/NaOH solutions with a steady, laminar counterflow methane/air nonpremixed flame are investigated experimentally and numerically. A water atomizer generating a polydisperse distribution of droplet sizes with a median diameter of 20 mum is used in experiments with steady feed rate. Comparisons of the measured flame extinction condition as a function of droplet mass fraction in the air stream indicate a trend similar to that predicted previously using 20 mum monodisperse water droplets. The hybrid Eulerian-Lagrangian numerical model previously developed is generalized to include polydisperse distribution of drop sizes: however, the differences seen between experiments and the numerical predictions at high water mass fractions could not be attributed to variation in size distribution alone. Present experiments support the conclusions of an earlier modeling work that on a mass basis, fine water mist can be as effective as the now-banned gaseous fire suppressant halon 1301. Inclusion of NaOH in water (up to 17.5% by mass) is shown to significantly enhance the fire suppression ability of water by complementing its thermal effects with chemical catalytic radical recombination effects of NaOH. C1 Univ Virginia, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lazzarini, AK (reprint author), Univ Virginia, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Charlottesville, VA 22903 USA. NR 21 TC 38 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 3 PU COMBUSTION INST PI PITTSBURGH PA 5001 BAUM BOULEVARD, STE 635, PITTSBURGH, PA 15213-1851 USA SN 0082-0784 J9 P COMBUST INST JI Proc. Combust. Inst. PY 2000 VL 28 BP 2939 EP 2945 PN 2 PG 7 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 452QN UT WOS:000169870400178 ER PT J AU Saso, Y Joboji, H Koda, S Saito, N Nishioka, M AF Saso, Y Joboji, H Koda, S Saito, N Nishioka, M TI Response of counterflow diffusion flame stabilized on a methanol pool to suppressant doping SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMBUSTION INSTITUTE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 28th International Symposium on Combustion CY JUL 30-AUG 04, 2000 CL UNIV EDINBURGH, EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND HO UNIV EDINBURGH ID SHOCK-TUBE; EXTINCTION; TEMPERATURE; COMBUSTION; INHIBITION; CHEMISTRY; CF3BR AB Response of a counterflow diffusion flame over a methanol pool to suppressant doping was investigated to understand inhibition processes. Experimentally, flame temperatures, locations, and fuel gasification rates were measured as a function of nitrogen concentration added to air, while flame-extinguishing concentrations of nitrogen, CHF3, amid C3HF7 were measured as a function of oxidizer velocity, with two different thermal conditions of the fuel pool. Computations were performed using a counterflow flame model with fuel gasification and heat gain/loss at the pool surface and with detailed chemistry and transport in time gas phase. Flame responses to nitrogen, CO2, CHF3, C3HF7, and CF3Br addition were computed at constant oxidizer velocities. The model well predicts the measured flame-extinguishing concentrations. The maximum flame temperature was reduced monotonically with the addition of nitrogen in both the experiment and computation, while no remarkable reduction was computed with CHF3, C3HF7, or CF3Br doping, resulting ill significant difference in the flame temperature at extinction. Nevertheless, die condition of the vaporizing pool was insensitive to the suppressant variation. The computation further shows that the addition of CHF3 and C3HF7 promotes dominant chain branching reaction on the oxidizer side of the flame, while simultaneously inhibiting it in the fuel oxidation region. None of local flame parameters such as peak H, O, or OH concentration reflects universally the suppressant performance in the flame, while the total integrated amount of these flame radicals is reduced linearly over the entire range of the suppressant concentrations and shows excellent agreement at the extinction turning points. A concept of Limit integrated amount of the reactive flame radicals is suggested. Difference between the suppressants in the sensitivity of the flame-extinguishing concentrations to the heat balance at the fuel pool is also demonstrated and interpreted based on the flame temperature effect on the suppressant performance. C1 Natl Res Inst Fire & Disaster, Tokyo 1818633, Japan. Univ Tokyo, Dept Chem Syst Engn, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138656, Japan. Univ Tsukuba, Inst Engn Mech & Syst, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058573, Japan. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Saso, Y (reprint author), Natl Res Inst Fire & Disaster, 14-1 Nakahara 3 Chome, Tokyo 1818633, Japan. NR 34 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU COMBUSTION INST PI PITTSBURGH PA 5001 BAUM BOULEVARD, STE 635, PITTSBURGH, PA 15213-1851 USA SN 0082-0784 J9 P COMBUST INST JI Proc. Combust. Inst. PY 2000 VL 28 BP 2947 EP 2955 PN 2 PG 9 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 452QN UT WOS:000169870400179 ER PT J AU Grosshandler, W Hamins, A McGrattan, K Charagundla, SR Presser, C AF Grosshandler, W Hamins, A McGrattan, K Charagundla, SR Presser, C TI Suppression of a non-premixed flame behind a step SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMBUSTION INSTITUTE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 28th International Symposium on Combustion CY JUL 30-AUG 04, 2000 CL UNIV EDINBURGH, EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND HO UNIV EDINBURGH AB Because of its many positive attributes, halon 1301, or trifluorobromomethane (CF3Br), has been used as a fire extinguishing agent in many applications, including aircraft, ships, and specialized structures. Due to its high ozone depletion potential, however, world-wide production was halted in 1994. In the search for a Long-range replacement, novel types of extinguishing agents and delivery mechanisms are under development. To gauge the suitability of a replacement agent, methods are needed to evaluate the materials suppression effectiveness under conditions that relate to field applications. In this study, a laboratory-scale facility has been developed to screen the suppression effectiveness of agents that are delivered ill a transient fashion, such as solid propellant gas generators. The facility features a pool fire stabilized behind all obstruction, which is known to be a highly challenging suppression configuration. The character of the flame and the impact of the air flow, propane flow obstruction geometry, and rate of agent addition on the amount of material needed for suppression are examined for N-2 and CF3Br, The impact of the injection process on the flowfield and the transport of the agent downstream are examined. A simple mixing model is useful to explain the observed trend of decreasing suppressant mass fraction with increasing injection duration, even for agents as different as CF,Br and Nz. Direct numerical simulation of the suppression event is shown to successfully predict the quantity and rate of N2 required to extinguish die flame based upon a published global reaction rate for premixed propane/air flame propagation. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. RP Grosshandler, W (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 14 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 2 PU COMBUSTION INST PI PITTSBURGH PA 5001 BAUM BOULEVARD, STE 635, PITTSBURGH, PA 15213-1851 USA SN 0082-0784 J9 P COMBUST INST JI Proc. Combust. Inst. PY 2000 VL 28 BP 2957 EP 2964 PN 2 PG 8 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 452QN UT WOS:000169870400180 ER PT J AU Linteris, GT Rumminger, MD Babushok, V Tsang, W AF Linteris, GT Rumminger, MD Babushok, V Tsang, W TI Flame inhibition by ferrocene and blends of inert and catalytic agents SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMBUSTION INSTITUTE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 28th International Symposium on Combustion CY JUL 30-AUG 04, 2000 CL UNIV EDINBURGH, EDINBURGH, SCOTLAND HO UNIV EDINBURGH ID METHANE-AIR FLAMES; IRON PENTACARBONYL; DIFFUSION FLAMES; FUEL ADDITIVES; HYDROCARBONS; SUPPRESSION; COMBUSTION; RETARDANCY; CARBON AB The production of the fire suppressant CF3Br has been banned, and finding a replacement with all of its desirable properties is proving difficult. Iron pentacarbonyl has been found to be up to several orders of magnitude more effective than CF3Br, but it is flammable and highly toxic. Ferrocene [Fe(C5H5)(2)], which is much less toxic and flammable than Fe(CO)(5), can also be used to introduce iron into a flame. We present the first experimental data and numerical modeling for flame inhibition by ferrocene and find it to behave similarly to Fe(CO)(5). A ferrocene mole fraction of 200 ppm reduced the burning velocity of slightly preheated premixed methane/air flames by a factor of two, and the effectiveness dropped off sharply at higher mole fractions. For air with a higher oxygen mole fraction, the burning velocity reduction was less. We also present experimental data and modeling for flames with ferrocene blended with CO, or CF3H. The combination of the thermally acting agent CO2 with ferrocene mitigated the loss of effectiveness experienced by ferrocene alone at higher mole fractions. An agent consisting of 1.5% ferrocene in 98.5% CO2 performed as effectively as CF3Br in achieving a 50% reduction in burning velocity Likewise, four times less CO2 was required to achieve the 50% reduction if 0.35% ferrocene was added to the CO2. In contrast, addition of 0.35% ferrocene to the hydrofluorocarbon CF3H reduced the CF3H required to achieve the 50% reduction in burning velocity by only about 25%. Thermodynamic equilibrium calculations predict that the formation of iron/fluoride compounds can reduce the concentrations of the iron-species oxide and hydroxide intermediates which are believed to be responsible for the catalytic radical recombination cycles. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. Univ Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. RP Linteris, GT (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 40 TC 37 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 8 PU COMBUSTION INST PI PITTSBURGH PA 5001 BAUM BOULEVARD, STE 635, PITTSBURGH, PA 15213-1851 USA SN 0082-0784 J9 P COMBUST INST JI Proc. Combust. Inst. PY 2000 VL 28 BP 2965 EP 2972 PN 2 PG 8 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 452QN UT WOS:000169870400181 ER PT B AU Harper, K Damazo, B Donmez, A AF Harper, K Damazo, B Donmez, A GP ASPE ASPE TI Development of a linear motor drive testbed and initial thermal behavior results SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR PRECISION ENGINEERING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 15th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Precision-Engineering CY OCT 22-27, 2000 CL SCOTTSDALE, AZ SP Amer Soc Precis Engn, Elsevier Sci, European Soc Precis Engn & Nanotechnol, Japan Soc Precis Engn C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Automated Prod Technol Div, Mfg Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Harper, K (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Automated Prod Technol Div, Mfg Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PRECISION ENGINEERING PI RALEIGH PA 401 OBERLIN RD, SUITE 108, PO BOX 10826, RALEIGH, NC 27605-0826 USA BN 1-887706-24-0 PY 2000 BP 199 EP 202 PG 4 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BU29J UT WOS:000175586200050 ER PT B AU Amatucci, E Dagalakis, NG Kramar, JA Scire, FE AF Amatucci, E Dagalakis, NG Kramar, JA Scire, FE GP ASPE ASPE TI Performance evaluation of a parallel cantilever biaxial micropositioning stage SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR PRECISION ENGINEERING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 15th Annual Meeting of the American-Society-for-Precision-Engineering CY OCT 22-27, 2000 CL SCOTTSDALE, AZ SP Amer Soc Precis Engn, Elsevier Sci, European Soc Precis Engn & Nanotechnol, Japan Soc Precis Engn C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Amatucci, E (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PRECISION ENGINEERING PI RALEIGH PA 401 OBERLIN RD, SUITE 108, PO BOX 10826, RALEIGH, NC 27605-0826 USA BN 1-887706-24-0 PY 2000 BP 571 EP 574 PG 4 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BU29J UT WOS:000175586200145 ER PT B AU Pace, RM Anderson, DR Shively, S AF Pace, RM Anderson, DR Shively, S GP EAFWA EAFWA EAFWA EAFWA TI Sources and patterns of black bear mortality in Louisiana SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTY-FOURTH ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF THE SOUTHEASTERN ASSOCIATION OF FISH AND WILDLIFE AGENCIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 54th Annual Conference of the Southeastern-Association-of-Fish-and-Wildlife-Agencies CY OCT 28-NOV 01, 2000 CL BATON ROUGE, LA SP SE Assoc Fish & Wildlife Agencies AB Louisiana black bears (Ursus americanus luteolus) are protected under the Endangered Species Act and live in 3 isolated geographic areas thought to encompass nearly all breeding individuals for that subspecies. Management strategies to recover these bears continue to evolve without knowledge of any differences in demographic patterns among these populations. We summarized data on Louisiana black bear deaths to see if any evidence existed for differences in mortality patterns among the 3 subpopulations. Since June 1992, 34 of 75 (45 +/- 6 [SE]%) verified losses (72 deaths plus 3 live removals) were caused by vehicular collisions, including road kills (27), farm equipment (5), and train (2), which was the most common cause of death. Although this bear subspecies has been protected under the Endangered Species Act since 1992, at least 12 (16 +/- 4%) have been illegally shot. Nearly two-thirds of verified deaths have come from the coastal population, which is not believed to be as abundant as the population in northeast Louisiana. Also, mortalities in the coastal population were predominantly adult females, whereas subadult males dominated mortalities in northeast Louisiana. Given the frequency with which adult females have been lost from the coastal population, the geographic limits of suitable bear habitat, and increasing development, long-term viability of this population is precarious. Patterns of observed mortalities alone suggest that conservation agencies must develop area-specific management strategies for these 3 isolated populations. C1 NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Pace, RM (reprint author), NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 166 Water St, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 19 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 5 PU SOUTHEASTERN ASSOCIATION FISH & WILDLIFE AGENCIES (SEAFWA) PI TALLAHASSEE PA 8005 FRESHWATER FARMS RD, TALLAHASSEE, FL 32308 USA PY 2000 BP 365 EP 373 PG 9 WC Ecology; Fisheries; Ornithology; Veterinary Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Fisheries; Zoology; Veterinary Sciences GA BU26T UT WOS:000175525900039 ER PT B AU Coombs, D Murphy, K Lacaze, A Legowik, S AF Coombs, D Murphy, K Lacaze, A Legowik, S GP IEEE IEEE TI Driving autonomously offroad up to 35 km/h SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE INTELLIGENT VEHICLES SYMPOSIUM 2000 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium CY OCT 03-05, 2000 CL DEARBORN, MI SP IEEE, IEEE, Intelligent Transportat Syst Council DE offroad driving; path planning; obstacle avoidance; vehicle control ID VISION AB A robotic HMMWV (a.k.a. "humvee") drives autonomously offroad at speeds up to 35 km/h (10 m/s, 20 mph). Key features of the implementation that enable driving at these speeds are (I)planning the next 20 m with dynamically feasible trajectories, and (2) increasing the lateral clearance to obstacles at higher speeds. Clothoid trajectories are used in planning the vehicle's immediate path. The speed-indexed clearance requirement improves the safety margin for the vehicle over a range of speeds while retaining the ability to maneuver in close quarters when necessary. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Intelligent Syst Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Coombs, D (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Intelligent Syst Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 10 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-6363-9 PY 2000 BP 186 EP 191 DI 10.1109/IVS.2000.898339 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Transportation Science & Technology SC Engineering; Transportation GA BR43P UT WOS:000166402100032 ER PT S AU VanLandingham, M Villarrubia, J Meyers, G AF VanLandingham, M Villarrubia, J Meyers, G GP SEM SEM TI Recent progress in nanoscale indentation of polymers using the AFM SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SEM IX INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON EXPERIMENTAL MECHANICS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON EXPERIMENTAL MECHANICS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT SEM 9th International Congress on Experimental Mechanics CY JUN 05-08, 2000 CL ORLANDO, FL SP British Soc Strain Measurement, Chinese Soc Mech Engineers, Japan Soc Mech Engineers Mat & Mech Div, Machinery Failure Pervent Technol Soc, Korean Soc, Mech Engineers, Mat & Fracture Div, SEM Republic China Local Sect, Shock & Vibrat Informat Analy Ctr, strain Soc South Africa ID PROBE MICROSCOPY; SYSTEMS; FILMS AB For reliable indentation measurements, knowledge of the shape of the indenter tip is required. For indentation measurements involving sub-micrometer scale contacts, accurate characterization of the tip shape is difficult. In this paper, a technique referred to as blind reconstruction is used to measure the tip shapes of two probes used with the atomic force microscope (AFM) to indent polymeric materials, This method has the potential for material independent calibration of indenter tips. Initial results from blind reconstruction are compared to results of a tip shape calibration method in which a reference material of known modulus is indented using a range of applied loads. Discrepancies between the two sets of results are discussed in terms of experimental uncertainties. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP VanLandingham, M (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 12 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU SOC EXPERIMENTAL MECHANICS INC PI BETHEL PA 7 SCHOOL ST, BETHEL, CT 06801 USA SN 1046-672X BN 0-91205-369-0 J9 P INT CONG EXPERIT M PY 2000 BP 912 EP 915 PG 2 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Mechanics; Physics GA BU51C UT WOS:000176203100245 ER PT S AU Butler, JM AF Butler, JM BE Sensabaugh, GF Lincoln, PJ Olaisen, B TI MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry SO PROGRESS IN FORENSIC GENETICS 8 SE INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 18th Congress of the International-Society-for-Forensic-Haemogenetics (ISFH) CY AUG 17-21, 1999 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Calif Assoc Criminlists, Amer Assoc Blood Banks, PE Appl Biosyst, Hitachi Genet Syst, Promega Corp, Int Soc Forens Haemogenet ID ASSISTED LASER-DESORPTION; FLIGHT; MATRIX C1 GeneTrace Syst Inc, Alameda, CA 94502 USA. RP Butler, JM (reprint author), NIST, Div Biotechnol, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 8311, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0531-5131 BN 0-444-50303-X J9 INT CONGR SER PY 2000 IS 1193 BP 15 EP 18 PG 4 WC Genetics & Heredity; Medicine, Legal SC Genetics & Heredity; Legal Medicine GA BP92T UT WOS:000086639200003 ER PT J AU Overland, JE Adams, JM Mofjeld, HO AF Overland, JE Adams, JM Mofjeld, HO TI Chaos in the North Pacific: spatial modes and temporal irregularity SO PROGRESS IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on the Nature and Impacts of North Pacific Climate Regime Shifts at the 8th Annual Meeting of PICES CY OCT 15, 1999 CL VLADIVOSTOK, RUSSIA SP PICES Sci Board ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION; HEMISPHERE WINTER; FLOW REGIMES; CLIMATE; VARIABILITY; OCEAN; FREQUENCY; PRESSURE; HEIGHT AB The small amount of North Pacific SST variance explained by the first two organized modes, as well as the irregular nature of the decadal-interdecadal variability of SSTs and spatial atmospheric forcing, suggest that a low order, nonlinear, chaotic system of atmospheric/oceanic variability may be acting in the North Pacific. Systems, which visit many states yet tend to return to the vicinity of previously observed patterns, have properties similar to mathematical chaos. Wavelet analyses of the wintertime Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Aleutian Low intensity from 1900, and Sitka air temperatures from 1832 suggest broad-banded time series with irregular oscillatory behavior. The different frequency bands do not appear to be independent: their alignment has resulted in major shifts around 1847, 1880?, 1925, 1945, 1977, and minor shifts in 1958 and 1989. Although the observational time series are too short to prove that the coupled atmosphere and ocean in the North Pacific is chaotic, the notion that it is stable for decadal periods and then exhibits rapid transitions is the basis for our conceptual model. This model suggests that the North Pacific system is less sensitive to external forcing when it is near one of its stable states. At other times the system is more responsive to short-term extreme events such as ENSO, Siberian snow cover, hemispheric atmospheric modes, or local SST anomalies. Increased interannual variability is expected around the times of interdecadal shifts. Recent persistence of La Nina as well as enhanced interannual variability in several other time series, are consistent with a possible shift of the PDO in 1999. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Oceans, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way Ne, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM overland@pmel.noaa.gov NR 50 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0079-6611 J9 PROG OCEANOGR JI Prog. Oceanogr. PY 2000 VL 47 IS 2-4 BP 337 EP 354 DI 10.1016/S0079-6611(00)00041-0 PG 18 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 368TZ UT WOS:000090134800011 ER PT J AU Belkin, IM Levitus, S Antonov, J Malmberg, SA AF Belkin, IM Levitus, S Antonov, J Malmberg, SA TI "Great Salinity Anomalies" in the North Atlantic (vol 41, pg 1, 1998) SO PROGRESS IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Correction ID FRESH-WATER C1 NOAA, Ocean Climate Lab, Natl Oceanog Data Ctr, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Russian Acad Sci, Shirshov Oceanol Inst, Moscow 117851, Russia. Univ Corp Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Marine Res Inst, IS-121 Reykjavik, Iceland. RP Belkin, IM (reprint author), NOAA, Ocean Climate Lab, Natl Oceanog Data Ctr, E-OC5,1315 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0079-6611 J9 PROG OCEANOGR JI Prog. Oceanogr. PY 2000 VL 45 IS 1 BP 107 EP 108 DI 10.1016/S0079-6611(00)00003-3 PG 2 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 299DV UT WOS:000086181200004 ER PT S AU Boynton, PA Kelley, EF Highnote, S Hurtado, R AF Boynton, PA Kelley, EF Highnote, S Hurtado, R BE Wu, MH TI Diagnostics for light measuring devices in flying-spot display measurements SO PROJECTION DISPLAYS 2000: SIXTH IN A SERIES SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Projection Displays 2000 - 6th in a Series CY JAN 24-25, 2000 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE, Soc Imaging Sci & Technol DE display measurement; flying-spot displays; laser displays; light-measuring devices; measurement diagnostic; pulsed-pixel displays AB Flying-spot displays scan an image across the display screen using a high-energy beam. Each pixel can be a narrow, submicrosecond pulse. When such displays are measured with conventional light-measuring devices (LMDs), such as luminance or illuminance meters, there is concern that the LMD may not accurately measure the display light output because of the unique characteristics of the source. The LMD may be unable to properly integrate the narrow pulses, or the high-energy signal may saturate the detector. As in all areas of metrology, it is essential to verify that the instruments used are providing the desired information. A diagnostic has been developed that allows for an evaluation of LMDs for use in measuring flying-spot and similar displays. This method tests for both integration and saturation errors using a bipartite comparator and a neutral density filter. Errors resulting from the saturation of the LMD by the flying-spot display are demonstrated. The construction and procedure of the diagnostic is described. Limitations of the technique as well as sources of error are presented. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Boynton, PA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3572-4 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2000 VL 3954 BP 42 EP 51 DI 10.1117/12.383383 PG 10 WC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BQ31V UT WOS:000087917900006 ER PT S AU Notarianni, KA Fischbeck, PS AF Notarianni, KA Fischbeck, PS BE Kondo, S Furuta, K TI Application of uncertainty analysis to a complex computer simulation model: Use in fire protection engineering design SO PSAM 5: PROBABILISTIC SAFETY ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT, VOLS 1-4 SE FRONTIERS SCIENCE SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Conference on Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management CY NOV 27-DEC 01, 2000 CL OSAKA, JAPAN SP Amer Inst Chem Engineers, Amer Nucl Soc, Architectural Inst Japan, Atom Energy Soc Japan AB This paper presents a brief overview of an analytical method developed for the treatment of uncertainty in the application of a fire model to the process of conducting an engineering design. Internationally, with the increased usage of performance standards, there has been a corresponding increase in fire protection engineering designs conducted and approved through application of large, complex, deterministic fire models. The unifying aspect of these deterministic fire models is that the physical conditions that determine progress and outcome of the fire are fixed by the set of user-specified input parameters. Collectively this set of parameters is called the fire scenario or input scenario. Thus, for all deterministic fire models the formulation of the Fire scenario is of critical importance. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Notarianni, KA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 8651, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIVERSAL ACADEMY PRESS, INC PI TOKYO PA C P O BOX 235, TOKYO, 100-8691, JAPAN SN 0915-8502 BN 4-946443-64-9 J9 FRONT SCI SERIES PY 2000 IS 34 BP 1911 EP 1917 PG 7 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Operations Research & Management Science; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Computer Science; Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science; Nuclear Science & Technology GA BT17N UT WOS:000172150100249 ER PT J AU French, JR Vali, G Kelly, RD AF French, JR Vali, G Kelly, RD TI Observations of microphysics pertaining to the development of drizzle in warm, shallow cumulus clouds SO QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE coalescence; cumulus; drizzle; entrainment; microphysics ID CONTINENTAL CUMULUS; DROPLET SPECTRA; EVOLUTION; CONDENSATION AB The evolution of drizzle in small cumulus clouds in a subtropical environment was studied. Observations were made using three instrumented aircraft, a ground-based radar, and a 95 GHz airborne Doppler radar during the Small Cumulus Microphysics Study in east central Florida in summer 1995. Data from six clouds, from two days, are examined in this paper. Both sets of clouds were less than 2 km in depth at observation times; in-cloud temperatures were > 10 degrees C, Droplet spectra observed in these clouds were generally bi-modal. The sizes of the droplets within the large mode are consistent with growth through condensation. It remains unclear how droplets within the small mode formed, but their existence appears to be tied to entrainment and mixing. Drizzle drops (drops with diameters > 50 mu m) were found at all levels in the clouds. The penetration-averaged concentrations of drizzle drops were less than 15 L-1, except in the uppermost regions of clouds on one of the days where drizzle drop concentrations exceeded 100 L-1. In general, the presence of drizzle drops in the upper regions of the clouds is consistent with models of droplet growth through condensation and stochastic collection. The existence of drizzle at low and mid-levels may be due to collection initiated by ultra-giant aerosols, or to the redistribution of drizzle drops from neighbouring or earlier cloud elements. C1 Univ Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP French, JR (reprint author), NOAA, ARL Field Res Div, 1750 Foote Dr, Idaho Falls, ID 83402 USA. NR 39 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 5 PU ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI READING PA 104 OXFORD ROAD, READING, BERKS, ENGLAND RG1 7LJ SN 0035-9009 J9 Q J ROY METEOR SOC JI Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 126 IS 563 BP 415 EP 443 DI 10.1256/smsqj.56303 PN B PG 29 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 297NF UT WOS:000086088400003 ER PT J AU McNally, AP Derber, JC Wu, W Katz, BB AF McNally, AP Derber, JC Wu, W Katz, BB TI The use of TOVS level-1b radiances in the NCEP SSI analysis system SO QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE data assimilation; numerical weather prediction; satellite data; variational analysis ID VARIATIONAL ANALYSIS; ASSIMILATION; INFORMATION; SOUNDER AB A methodology is described for the direct assimilation of TOVS (TIROS-N (Television Infra-Red Observation Satellite) Operational Vertical Sounder) radiance data that have not undergone the pre-processing (such as limb adjustment and cloud clearing) that is usually applied to make radiances suitable for use in linear retrieval algorithms, inherent nonlinearities in the observations can be treated successfully within a variational analysis scheme such as spectral Statistical Interpolation (SSI) thus making radiance pre-processing unnecessary. The benefit of using unprocessed (or level-1b) data is demonstrated in terms of an improved ability to quality control and bias correct the observations within the analysis. The assimilation of level-lb radiance data in the SSI has shown a significant positive impact on the quality of the analysis compared with the use of pre-processed radiances, and a significant improvement in forecast skill for the tropics and southern hemisphere. C1 European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England. Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Washington, DC USA. Gen Sci Corp, Arlington, VA 22202 USA. RP McNally, AP (reprint author), European Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, Shinfield Pk, Reading RG2 9AX, Berks, England. NR 25 TC 87 Z9 93 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0035-9009 J9 Q J ROY METEOR SOC JI Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 126 IS 563 BP 689 EP 724 DI 10.1002/qj.49712656315 PN B PG 36 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 297NF UT WOS:000086088400014 ER PT J AU Markgraf, V Baumgartner, TR Bradbury, JP Diaz, HF Dunbar, RB Luckman, BH Seltzer, GO Swetnam, TW Villalba, R AF Markgraf, V Baumgartner, TR Bradbury, JP Diaz, HF Dunbar, RB Luckman, BH Seltzer, GO Swetnam, TW Villalba, R TI Paleoclimate reconstruction along the Pole-Equator-Pole transect of the Americas (PEP 1) SO QUATERNARY SCIENCE REVIEWS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st PAGES Open Science Meeting CY APR 19-23, 1998 CL UNIV LONDON, LONDON, ENGLAND HO UNIV LONDON ID MILLENNIAL TIME SCALES; SANTA-BARBARA BASIN; SIERRA-NEVADA; GLACIAL SEQUENCE; NORTH-ATLANTIC; 20TH CENTURIES; SOUTH-AMERICA; YR BP; LAST; VARIABILITY AB Examples are presented of inter-hemispheric comparison of instrumental climate and paleoclimate proxy records from the Americas for different temporal scales. Despite a certain symmetry of seasonal precipitation patterns along the PEP 1 transect, decadal variability of winter precipitation shows different characteristics in terms of amplitude and frequency in both the last 100 and last 1000 years. Such differences in variability are also seen in a comparison of time series of different El Nino/Southern Oscillation proxy records from North and South America, however, these differences do not appear to affect the spatial correlation with Pacific sea surface temperature patterns. Local and regional differences in response to climate change are even more pronounced for records with lower temporal resolution, and inter-hemispheric synchroneity may or may not be indicative of the same forcing. This aspect is illustrated in an inter-hemispheric comparison of the last 1000 years of glacier variability, and of the full- and lateglacial lake level history. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. US Geol Survey, Denver Fed Ctr, Denver, CO 80225 USA. NOAA, Climat Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Geol & Environm Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Univ Western Ontario, Dept Geog, London, ON N6A 5C2, Canada. Syracuse Univ, Dept Earth Sci, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA. Univ Arizona, Tree Ring Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. IANIGLA CRICYT, Tree Ring Lab, RA-5500 Mendoza, Argentina. RP Markgraf, V (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. OI Villalba, Ricardo/0000-0001-8183-0310 NR 46 TC 56 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0277-3791 J9 QUATERNARY SCI REV JI Quat. Sci. Rev. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 19 IS 1-5 BP 125 EP 140 DI 10.1016/S0277-3791(99)00058-X PG 16 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 268PV UT WOS:000084425500010 ER PT J AU Manabe, S Stouffer, RJ AF Manabe, S Stouffer, RJ TI Study of abrupt climate change by a coupled ocean-atmosphere model SO QUATERNARY SCIENCE REVIEWS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st PAGES Open Science Meeting CY APR 19-23, 1998 CL UNIV LONDON, LONDON, ENGLAND HO UNIV LONDON ID ATLANTIC THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION; YOUNGER DRYAS EVENT; FRESH-WATER INPUT; SEA-LEVEL RECORD; NORTH-ATLANTIC; MELTWATER DISCHARGE; DEEP CIRCULATION; TEMPERATURE; SIMULATION; ANTARCTICA AB This study examines the responses of the simulated modern climate of a coupled ocean-atmosphere model to the discharge of freshwater into the North Atlantic Ocean. Two numerical experiments were conducted. In the first numerical experiment in which freshwater is discharged into high North Atlantic latitudes over the period of 500 years, the thermohaline circulation (THC) in the Atlantic Ocean weakens. This weakening reduces surface air temperature over the northern North Atlantic Ocean and Greenland and, to a lesser degree, over the Arctic Ocean, the Scandinavian peninsula, and the Circumpolar Ocean and the Antarctic Continent of the Southern Hemisphere. Upon termination of the water discharge at the 500th year, the THC begins to reintensify, gaining its original intensity in a few hundred years. As a result, the climate of the northern North Atlantic and surrounding regions resumes its original distribution. However, in the Pacific sector of the Circumpolar Ocean of the Southern Hemisphere, the initial cooling and recovery of surface air temperature is delayed by a few hundred years. In addition, the sudden onset and the termination of the discharge of freshwater induces a multidecadal variation in the intensities of the THC and convective activities, which generate large multidecadal fluctuations of both sea surface temperature and salinity in the northern North Atlantic. Such oscillation yields almost abrupt changes of climate with rapid rise and fall of surface temperature in a few decades. In the second experiment, in which the same amount of freshwater is discharged into the subtropical North Atlantic over the period of 500 years, the THC and climate evolve in a manner qualitatively similar to the first experiment. However, the magnitude of the THC response is 4-5 times smaller. It appears that freshwater is much less effective in weakening the THC if it is discharged outside high North Atlantic latitudes. The results from numerical experiments conducted earlier indicate that the intensity of the THC could also weaken in response to a future increase of atmospheric CO2, thereby moderating the CO2-induced warming over the northern North Atlantic and surrounding regions. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Frontier Res Syst Global Change, Inst Global Change Res, Minato Ku, Tokyo 1056791, Japan. Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Manabe, S (reprint author), Frontier Res Syst Global Change, Inst Global Change Res, Minato Ku, 7F SEAVANS N Bldg,Shibaura 1-2-1, Tokyo 1056791, Japan. EM sm@frontier.esto.or.jp; rjs@gfdl.gov NR 48 TC 57 Z9 64 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0277-3791 J9 QUATERNARY SCI REV JI Quat. Sci. Rev. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 19 IS 1-5 BP 285 EP 299 DI 10.1016/S0277-3791(99)00066-9 PG 15 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Physical Geography; Geology GA 268PV UT WOS:000084425500019 ER PT J AU Nagy, V Puhl, JM Desrosiers, MF AF Nagy, V Puhl, JM Desrosiers, MF TI Advancements in accuracy of the alanine dosimetry system. Part 2. The influence of the irradiation temperature SO RADIATION PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE alanine; EPR dosimetry; temperature coefficient ID POLYSTYRENE DOSIMETERS; DEPENDENCE AB Systematic measurements of the temperature coefficient for alanine electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) response have been performed for irradiation in the temperature range (10-50)degrees C and in the absorbed dose range (1-100) kGy at the dose rate 9.5 kGy/h. During the Co-60(.)-ray irradiation, (.)-L-alanine dosimeters were kept in a sealed aluminum holder that provided an effective heat exchange with the temperature-controlled environment. The time between the irradiation and signal measurements was standardized, and a reference sample fixed in the resonant cavity was used to correct the signals for small variations in the spectrometer sensitivity. The temperature coefficient for each dose was determined from approximately 30 experimental points processed by the weighted least-squares technique after the necessary statistical tests were done. The temperature coefficients thus determined were considerably lower than previously reported. The dose dependence of the temperature coefficient features a minimum at (20-30) kGy (about 0.135%/K) with higher values at 1 kGy (0.17%/K) and at 100 kGy ((0.175-0.19) %/K). With the exception of very high doses, no significant distinction was found between the temperature coefficients of Bruker and NIST dosimeters, which differ in shape and binder content. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ionizing Radiat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Nagy, V (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ionizing Radiat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 18 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0969-806X J9 RADIAT PHYS CHEM JI Radiat. Phys. Chem. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 57 IS 1 BP 1 EP 9 DI 10.1016/S0969-806X(99)00339-4 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 275RF UT WOS:000084833400001 ER PT J AU Shobe, J Klemic, G AF Shobe, J Klemic, G TI The US approach to environmental radiological monitoring SO RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Environmental Dosimetry CY NOV 22-24, 1999 CL AVIGNON, FRANCE AB Environmental monitoring is performed to assess the dose to the general public as a result of radiological activities. All source pathways must be considered when assessing the total effective dose to the public. Comparison programmes exist, but accreditation programmes are not yet in place for most environmental processes. Several bodies are working on the development of accreditation protocols. This could become a vital issue with the increase in the number of sites undergoing decontamination and decommissioning efforts. Pilot testing is complete, and an American National Standards Institute standard for the testing of environmental dosemeters, which could lead to an accreditation programme, will be submitted for approval. The various standards and programmes available in the United States at this time and the efforts to establish traceability for environmental-level radiation measurements are presented. Finally, a discussion on the US emergency preparedness for nuclear accidents is presented. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. US DOE, Environm Measurements Lab, New York, NY 10014 USA. RP Shobe, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8460, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 20 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY PUBL PI ASHFORD PA PO BOX 7, ASHFORD TN23 1YW, KENT, ENGLAND SN 0144-8420 J9 RADIAT PROT DOSIM JI Radiat. Prot. Dosim. PY 2000 VL 92 IS 1-3 BP 115 EP 121 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 361KU UT WOS:000089722900019 ER PT J AU Irisov, VG AF Irisov, VG TI Azimuthal variations of the microwave radiation from a slightly non-Gaussian sea surface SO RADIO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID BRIGHTNESS TEMPERATURES; OCEAN SURFACE; MODEL; WAVES; SPECTRUM; BACKSCATTERING; RADIOMETERS; MODULATION; LONG AB Microwave radiation from the ocean rough surface is considered using a small slope expansion. The emphasis is on azimuthal variations of the brightness temperature, related to the anisotropy of wind-generated sea waves. The first and second harmonics, describing the upwind-downwind and upwind-crosswind differences, respectively, are considered using existing models of the sea spectrum. For modeling of the first harmonic the small deviation from Gaussian statistics of the sea surface is introduced to estimate the effect of longwave asymmetry and the distribution of ripples over the long waves. Numerical analysis shows that the longwave asymmetry cannot explain the observed values of the first harmonic in azimuthal variations of the brightness temperature. The ripple modulation by long waves is a possible mechanism explaining the first harmonic in moderate winds, although foam and wave breaks have to be included in electromagnetic modeling to achieve a quantitative agreement with experiments. C1 NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Irisov, VG (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, 325 Broadway,REET1, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM virisov@etl.noaa.gov NR 28 TC 38 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0048-6604 J9 RADIO SCI JI Radio Sci. PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 35 IS 1 BP 65 EP 82 DI 10.1029/1999RS900104 PG 18 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications GA 281LF UT WOS:000085161000007 ER PT J AU Chau, JL Doviak, RJ Muschinski, A Holloway, CL AF Chau, JL Doviak, RJ Muschinski, A Holloway, CL TI Tropospheric measurements of turbulence and characteristics of Bragg scatterers using the Jicamarca VHF radar SO RADIO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID ANTENNA WIND PROFILERS; SPACED-ANTENNA; CROSS CORRELATIONS; SPECTRA; MODEL; AIR AB We apply the Holloway et al. [1997a] spaced antenna (SA) method to data collected with the Jicamarca VHF radar. Measurements are presented of an indicator of turbulent intensity (i.e., the standard deviation of the velocity fluctuation) and the parameters (orientation and correlation lengths) of horizontally anisotropic Bragg scatterers at tropospheric heights. We compare SA indicators of turbulence intensity to concurrent measurements obtained with a very narrow vertical beam (similar to 0.8 degrees). This comparison results in a very good agreement. We also show that the Jicamarca observations are due to a Fresnel scattering mechanism rather than a reflecting one. Finally, we find an L-shaped regression between the correlation lengths of Bragg scatterers and the indicators of turbulent intensity. When turbulence is weak (sigma(t) < 0.1 m s(-1)), the horizontal correlation lengths have a large spread of relatively large valves (i.e., large aspect sensitivity), but when turbulence is strong, the horizontal correlation lengths are much smaller. C1 Radio Observ Jicamarca, Inst Geofis, Lima, Peru. NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO USA. Natl Telecommun & Informat Adm, Inst Telecommun Sci, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Piura, Fis Lab, Piura, Peru. RP Chau, JL (reprint author), Radio Observ Jicamarca, Inst Geofis, Apartado 13-0207, Lima, Peru. RI Chau, Jorge/C-7568-2013 OI Chau, Jorge/0000-0002-2364-8892 NR 42 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0048-6604 J9 RADIO SCI JI Radio Sci. PD JAN-FEB PY 2000 VL 35 IS 1 BP 179 EP 193 DI 10.1029/1999RS002163 PG 15 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications GA 281LF UT WOS:000085161000014 ER PT J AU Currie, LA AF Currie, LA TI Evolution and multidisciplinary frontiers of C-14 aerosol science SO RADIOCARBON LA English DT Article ID ACCELERATOR MASS-SPECTROMETRY; RESIDENTIAL WOOD COMBUSTION; CARBON SAMPLES; SYSTEM; PERFORMANCE; VALIDATION; NOSAMS AB A review is given of some critical events in the development of radiocarbon aerosol science, and the profound influence of radiocarbon accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) on its current applications and future prospects. The birth of this discipline occurred shortly after the initial development of C-14 dating. Unlike dating, which is founded on the continual decay of C-14 and the resulting full range of C-14/C-12 ratios in once-living matter, C-14 applications to atmospheric aerosol research relate primarily to the determination of mixing ratios of fossil and biomass components. Such determinations have come to have major importance in work ranging from the resolution of woodburning and motor vehicle components of urban particulate pollution, to the apportionment of radiation-forcing (black) particulate carbon from natural wildfires and anthropogenic regional plumes. The development of this area has paralleled that of AMS itself, with the one or the other alternately serving as the driving force, in a sort of counterpoint. The remarkable million-fold improvement in sensitivity made possible by AMS has become critical in meeting rapidly emerging societal concerns with the origins and effects of individual carbonaceous species on health and climate. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Currie, LA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8370, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 40 TC 51 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 8 PU UNIV ARIZONA DEPT GEOSCIENCES PI TUCSON PA RADIOCARBON 4717 E FORT LOWELL RD, TUCSON, AZ 85712 USA SN 0033-8222 J9 RADIOCARBON JI Radiocarbon PY 2000 VL 42 IS 1 BP 115 EP 126 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 322TM UT WOS:000087524900025 ER PT J AU Weissenbok, RH Currie, LA Grollert, C Kutschera, W Marolf, J Priller, A Puxbaum, H Rom, W Steier, P AF Weissenbok, RH Currie, LA Grollert, C Kutschera, W Marolf, J Priller, A Puxbaum, H Rom, W Steier, P TI Accelerator mass spectrometry analysis of non-soluble carbon in aerosol particles from high alpine snow (Mt. Sonnblich, Austria) SO RADIOCARBON LA English DT Article ID ENVIRONMENTAL-RESEARCH ACCELERATOR; C-14 MEASUREMENTS; VIENNA; VERA AB With an elaborate accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) technique radiocarbon measurements have been performed with aerosol carbon filtered from high alpine snow samples gathered consecutively at the high-altitude research station Sonnblick (3106 m, Eastern Alps, Austria) during a snow storm in April 1997. The concentration of the water-insoluble carbonaceous material in the molten snow was on the average 310 mug Cn and the total sample amounts for analysis were in the range of 35 mug to 60 mug C. Using a special background correction procedure tested on similar amounts of an urban particulate standard sample the accuracy of the corrected and normalized C-14/C-12 isotopic ratios of the snow aerosol samples was in the order of 4% to 14% of the measured ratios. The water-insoluble carbonaceous material of five samples from Mt. Sonnblick exhibited a weighted mean of 74 pMC (percent Modern Carbon) with a range of 64 pMC to 88 pMC. Thus, it appears that about 64% of non-soluble carbon in high alpine snow from Sonnblick was of biogenic origin. The temporal variations of the C-14/C-12 isotopic ratios of the snow aerosol samples were statistically significant, suggesting alterations in the contribution of specific aerosol sources. C1 Univ Vienna, Vienna Environm Res Accelerator, Vienna, Austria. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD USA. Tech Univ Vienna, Inst Analyt Chem, A-1060 Vienna, Austria. RP Weissenbok, RH (reprint author), Tech Univ Vienna, Inst Atom, Austrian Univ, Vienna, Austria. OI Priller, Alfred/0000-0002-5008-2089 NR 19 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV ARIZONA DEPT GEOSCIENCES PI TUCSON PA RADIOCARBON 4717 E FORT LOWELL RD, TUCSON, AZ 85712 USA SN 0033-8222 J9 RADIOCARBON JI Radiocarbon PY 2000 VL 42 IS 2 BP 285 EP 294 PG 10 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 365VK UT WOS:000089971000012 ER PT S AU Akman, SA O'Connor, TR Rodriguez, H AF Akman, SA O'Connor, TR Rodriguez, H BE Chiueh, CC TI Mapping oxidative DNA damage and mechanisms of repair SO REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES: FROM RADIATION TO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY: A FESTSCHRIFT IN HONOR OF DANIEL L GILBERT SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Reactive Oxygen Species from Radiation to Molecular Biology in honor of Daniel L Gilbert CY JUL 02, 1998 CL NIH, ROS INTEREST GRP, BETHESDA, MARYLAND SP NIH Labs, Oxygen Club HO NIH, ROS INTEREST GRP ID BASE EXCISION-REPAIR; COLI ENDONUCLEASE-III; HUMAN HOMOLOG; SUBSTRATE-SPECIFICITY; NUCLEOTIDE RESOLUTION; IONIZING-RADIATION; COCKAYNE-SYNDROME; POLYMERASE-BETA; SKIN-CANCER; HUMAN-CELLS AB We developed a method to map oxidative-induced DNA damage at the nucleotide level using ligation-mediated polymerase chain reaction (LMPCR) technology. In vivo and in vitro DNA base modification patterns inflicted by reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the human P53 and PGK1 gene were nearly identical in vitro and in vivo. In human male fibroblasts, these patterns are independent of the transition metal used (Cu (II), Fe(II), or Cr(VI)), Therefore, local probability of H2O2 mediated DNA base damage Is determined primarily by DNA sequence, Moreover, in cells undergoing severe oxidative stress, extranuclear sites contribute metals that enhance nuclear DNA damage. The role of the base excision repair pathway in human cells responsible for the repair of the majority of ROS base damage is also discussed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Wake Forest Univ, Dept Canc Biol, Ctr Comprehens Canc, Winston Salem, NC 27157 USA. City Hope Natl Med Ctr, Beckman Res Inst, Dept Biol, Duarte, CA 91010 USA. RP Rodriguez, H (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8311, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 47 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-238-X J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 2000 VL 899 BP 88 EP 102 PG 15 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA BQ52C UT WOS:000088609100007 PM 10863531 ER PT B AU Han, WH McKenna, GB AF Han, WH McKenna, GB BE Cardon, AH Fukuda, H Reifsnider, KL Verchery, G TI The influence of moisture on the physical aging response of epoxy: Experimental results and modeling considerations SO RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN DURABILITY ANALYSIS OF COMPOSITE SYSTEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Durability Analysis of Composite Systems (DURACOSYS99) CY JUL 11-14, 1999 CL BRUSSELS, BELGIUM SP Free Univ Brussels, Fdn SCi Res, Flemish Reg, Virginia Polytechn Inst & State Univ, USN, Off Res, USA, European Res Off, Sci Univ Tokyo, Univ Bourgogne ID STRUCTURAL RELAXATION AB We have investigated the hygrothermal effects in thin epoxy films (c.a. 50 mu m thick) using mass uptake, swelling, and uniaxial creep compliance measurements inside a dew formation-free transparent chamber capable of arbitrary relative humidity and temperature controls. We show that the physical aging behavior in humidity down-jumps is equivalent to temperature down-jumps such that the time-aging time superposition principle holds for both cases. Furthermore, we demonstrate that moisture-jump experiments exhibit memory and asymmetry of approach similar to those found in temperature-jump experiments. A modified form of the TNM-KAHR model of structural recovery is proposed to account for the observations. C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Han, WH (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI McKenna, Gregory/O-1134-2013 OI McKenna, Gregory/0000-0002-5676-9930 NR 15 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU A A BALKEMA PUBLISHERS PI LEIDEN PA SCHIPHOLWEG 107C, PO BOX 447, 2316 XC LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS BN 90-5809-103-1 PY 2000 BP 153 EP 158 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Composites SC Materials Science GA BP89E UT WOS:000086522100017 ER PT S AU Nesbitt, DJ Davis, S Anderson, DT AF Nesbitt, DJ Davis, S Anderson, DT BE Xantheas, SS TI High resolution inter- and intramolecular spectroscopy of hydrogen-bonded clusters: Benchmark tests of theory SO RECENT THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL ADVANCES IN HYDROGEN BONDED CLUSTERS SE NATO Science Series II-Mathematics Physics and Chemistry LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference of the NATO Advanced-Study-Institute on Recent Theoretical and Experimental Advances in Hydrogen Bonded Clusters CY JUN 22-JUL 04, 1997 CL ELOUNDA, GREECE SP NATO ID POTENTIAL-ENERGY SURFACE; HF DIMER; VIBRATIONAL PREDISSOCIATION; INTERMOLECULAR MODES; FLUORIDE DIMER; MONTE-CARLO; (HF)2; SPECTRA; COMPLEXES; DYNAMICS AB The combination of i) cw tunable-difference frequency generation, ii) shot-noise limited direct absorption and iii) long path length, slit supersonic expansions provides a powerfully general experimental tool for sub-Doppler near-IR spectroscopic study of hydrogen-bonded clusters under jet-cooled conditions. The sensitivity of the method is sufficient to study not only the high frequency intramolecular modes, but also the low frequency intermolecular modes associated with large amplitude vibrational motion of the hydrogen bond. In this paper, we describe efforts to map out all six inter- and intramolecular vibrations in HF-HF and DF-DF, which represents the first complete characterization of all vibrational degrees of freedom for any hydrogen-bonded system. These data on HF-HF and DF-DF are used in conjunction with exact 6D quantum calculations for nuclear motion to provide rigorous "benchmark" tests of ab initio and semiempirical potential surfaces for this prototypical hydrogen-bonded species. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Nesbitt, DJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 39 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1568-2609 BN 0-7923-6703-0 J9 NATO SCI SER II-MATH PY 2000 VL 561 BP 267 EP 280 PG 14 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA BR92X UT WOS:000168052300018 ER PT S AU Jayaraman, A Ramachandran, S AF Jayaraman, A Ramachandran, S BE Igarashi, T Nakamura, K Shimoda, H Tanaka, T Burrows, JP Nakajima, T Talagrand, O Naeije, MC TI In situ study of aerosol characteristics over the Arabian sea and the Indian Ocean of relevance to correction of satellite remote sensed data SO REMOTE SENSING AND APPLICATIONS: EARTH, ATMOSPHERE AND OCEANS SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT A0 1, A0 3, A1 2 and A2 1 Symposium of COSPAR Scientific Commission A Held at the 32nd COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY JUL 12-19, 1998 CL NAGOYA, JAPAN SP IGARSS, Int Soc Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing, IEEE, Comm Space Res, NASA, NOAA, US EPA, RSSJ, Ctr European Rech & Format Avancee Calcul Sci, European Space Agcy, European Org Exploitat Meterol Satellites, Natl Space Dev Agcy Japan, NAOO, World Meterol Org, Ctr Natl Etudes Spatiales AB Aerosol optical depth in five spectral bands from 400 to 1050-nm using a sun-photometer and aerosol mass concentration in ten size ranges from 0.05 to 25 mu m diameter using a sensitive quartz crystal cascade impactor system are measured in five ship cruises over the Arabian sea and the Indian Ocean during the winter months in 1996 and 1997. The results show high values of aerosol concentration with systematic latitude gradient produced mainly by the sub-micron particles of size less than about 0.2 mu m. (C) 2000 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Phys Res Lab, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India. NOAA, GFDL, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Jayaraman, A (reprint author), Phys Res Lab, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India. NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU PERGAMON PRESS LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD LANGFORD LANE KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2000 VL 25 IS 5 BP 1045 EP 1049 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(99)00471-8 PG 5 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BP57U UT WOS:000085558100023 ER PT S AU Kogan, FN Wei, G AF Kogan, FN Wei, G BE Gupta, RK TI Using AVHRR data for detection of El Nino/La Nina impacts on land ecosystems SO REMOTE SENSING FOR LAND SURFACE CHARACTERISATION SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT A3 1 and A3 2 Symposia of COSPAR Scientific Commission A held at the 32nd COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY JUL 12-19, 1998 CL NAGOYA, JAPAN SP NASA, Indian Space Res Org, European Space Agcy, NOAA, Natl Space Dev Agcy Japan, Int Geosphere Biosphere Programme, World Meteorol Org, UN Environm Programme, UN Food & Agr Org, Int Soc Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing, Third World Acad Sci, Comm Sci & Technol Dev Countries, Int Biosci Networks, CEU, RSS, NRCT, UN Off Outer Space Affairs, World Climate Res Programme, Comm Space Res ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; VEGETATION; AFRICA; AREAS; INDEX AB El Nine/La Nina consequences for land ecosystem were examined using the new AVHRR-based three-channel vegetation index (VT), widely used for monitoring drought. A typical pattern of vegetation conditions was identified around the world during the recent events. Features and trends of the 1997/98 El Nino including its intensity, extent, and impact on vegetation are also discussed. (C) 2000 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Kogan, FN (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Rm 712,WWB,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RI Kogan, Felix/F-5600-2010; Guo, Wei/E-7934-2011 OI Kogan, Felix/0000-0001-8216-900X; Guo, Wei/0000-0003-3253-9441 NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON PRESS LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD LANGFORD LANE KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2000 VL 26 IS 7 BP 1165 EP 1168 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(99)01141-2 PG 4 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Remote Sensing GA BQ23J UT WOS:000087680700026 ER PT S AU Seiler, RA Kogan, F Wei, G AF Seiler, RA Kogan, F Wei, G BE Gupta, RK TI Monitoring weather impact and crop yield from NOAA AVHRR data in Argentina SO REMOTE SENSING FOR LAND SURFACE CHARACTERISATION SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT A3 1 and A3 2 Symposia of COSPAR Scientific Commission A held at the 32nd COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY JUL 12-19, 1998 CL NAGOYA, JAPAN SP NASA, Indian Space Res Org, European Space Agcy, NOAA, Natl Space Dev Agcy Japan, Int Geosphere Biosphere Programme, World Meteorol Org, UN Environm Programme, UN Food & Agr Org, Int Soc Photogrammetry & Remote Sensing, Third World Acad Sci, Comm Sci & Technol Dev Countries, Int Biosci Networks, CEU, RSS, NRCT, UN Off Outer Space Affairs, World Climate Res Programme, Comm Space Res ID HIGH-RESOLUTION RADIOMETER; GLOBAL DROUGHT-WATCH; NDVI DATA; VEGETATION INDEX; SENEGALESE SAHEL; DATA SET; TEMPERATURE; CALIBRATION; CHANNELS AB Satellite observations over the last two decades have contributed to improve the understanding of climate variations and the physical and biological relations of the environment. In this study the application of NOAA-AVHRR satellite data for monitoring weather conditions and corn yield in the main cropping area of Argentina was analyzed. The results have shown that images of VCI and TCI are an effective tool for monitoring regional weather conditions, droughts and their evolution, providing greater and on time spatial and temporal coverage than the one is possible from ground-based measurements. Corn yield developed models based on VCI and TCI can provide reliable and timely yield estimates of regional agricultural production. Yield estimates can be made about two months before harvesting. (C) 2000 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Univ Nacl Rio Cuarto, CONICET, RA-5800 Rio Cuarto, Argentina. NOAA, NESDIS, Satellite Res Lab, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Seiler, RA (reprint author), Univ Nacl Rio Cuarto, CONICET, Ruta Nac 36,Km 601, RA-5800 Rio Cuarto, Argentina. RI Kogan, Felix/F-5600-2010 OI Kogan, Felix/0000-0001-8216-900X NR 35 TC 22 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON PRESS LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD LANGFORD LANE KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2000 VL 26 IS 7 BP 1177 EP 1185 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(99)01144-8 PG 9 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Remote Sensing GA BQ23J UT WOS:000087680700029 ER PT S AU Marks, DG AF Marks, DG BE Atluri, V Hale, J TI Enforcing integrity while maintaining secrecy SO RESEARCH ADVANCES IN DATABASE AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS SECURITY SE INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION FOR INFORMATION PROCESSING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 13th Annual Working Conference on Database Security CY JUL 25-28, 1999 CL SEATTLE, WA SP Off Naval Res, Int Federat Informat Processing, TC 11, Int Federat Informat Processing, WG 11 3 DE integrity; secrecy AB We consider the role of constraints in maintaining both secrecy and integrity in a multilevel secure database. In a multilevel database, certain integrity and classification constraints create a secrecy problem since data additions, deletions or modifications require accessing data at higher levels. In many cases, however, these constraints may be approximated by a series of simpler constraints, called level-valid constraints. Level-valid constraints do not require access to any data that is classified higher than the data to be modified. Moreover, they meet the integrity requirements since any database state that satisfies the level-valid constraints also satisfies the multilevel constraints. Simple tests are developed to ensure the validity of proposed level-valid constraints and these constraints are derived for common cases of multilevel constraints. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Comp Secur Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Marks, DG (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Comp Secur Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS PI NORWELL PA 101 PHILIP DRIVE, ASSINIPPI PARK, NORWELL, MA 02061 USA SN 1571-5736 BN 0-7923-7848-2 J9 INT FED INFO PROC PY 2000 VL 43 BP 237 EP 251 PG 15 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA BR81R UT WOS:000167659100016 ER PT J AU Qaddoumi, N Ranu, E McColskey, JD Mirshahi, R Zoughi, R AF Qaddoumi, N Ranu, E McColskey, JD Mirshahi, R Zoughi, R TI Microwave detection of stress-induced fatigue cracks in steel and potential for crack opening determination SO RESEARCH IN NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION LA English DT Article ID SURFACE CRACKS; WAVE-GUIDE; METALS; MODES AB Fatigue crack detection in metals is an important practical issue in many industries. In this paper the results of detecting fatigue cracks, using the dominant mode approach, employing flange-mounted, open-ended, rectangular waveguides at several microwave frequencies are presented. The goal of this investigation has been to demonstrate the capability of this approach for detecting stress-induced cracks under various static loads. In addition, a correlation between the features of the measured crack characteristic signals and crack opening has been sought. The results show that at all of the investigated frequencies, cracks from being nearly closed to having openings of up to 0.0508 mm are detected effectively. Furthermore, it is found that the interaction of the flange edge with a crack results in features that can be used to enhance crack detection robustness significantly (i.e., increased probability of detection). Several features associated with these measured crack characteristic signals are shown to correlate linearly with crack opening. Such simple correlations may then be used to estimate a crack opening closely after it has been detected using this approach. A complete discussion of the results is also provided in this paper. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Appl Microwave Nondestruct Testing Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Zoughi, R (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Appl Microwave Nondestruct Testing Lab, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 17 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0934-9847 J9 RES NONDESTRUCT EVAL JI Res. Nondestruct. Eval. PY 2000 VL 12 IS 2 BP 87 EP 103 DI 10.1080/09349840008968164 PG 17 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA 320NV UT WOS:000087408000002 ER PT S AU Xiang, D Hsu, NN Blessing, GV Wu, T AF Xiang, D Hsu, NN Blessing, GV Wu, T BE Thompson, DO Chimenti, DE TI Case hardening measurement with quantitative surface acoustic microscopy SO REVIEW OF PROGRESS IN QUANTITATIVE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION, VOLS 19A AND 19B SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation CY JUL 25-30, 1999 CL MONTREAL, CANADA SP Iowa State Univ, Ctr NDE, Ind Mat Inst, Natl Res Council Canada, US DOE, Ames Lab, Amer Soc Nondestruct Testing, NASA, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Fed Aviat Adm, Natl Sci Fdn Ind, Univ Cooperat Res Ctr ID CASE DEPTH; DISPERSION; GRADIENTS; TIME C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Automated Prod Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Xiang, D (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Automated Prod Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-930-0 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2000 VL 509 BP 1471 EP 1478 PG 8 WC Acoustics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Physics, Applied SC Acoustics; Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA BQ87X UT WOS:000089913700189 ER PT S AU Prask, HJ Gnaupel-Herold, T Clark, AV Hehman, CS Nguyen, TN AF Prask, HJ Gnaupel-Herold, T Clark, AV Hehman, CS Nguyen, TN BE Thompson, DO Chimenti, DE TI Neutron and ultrasonic determination of residual stress in an aluminum ring-plug SO REVIEW OF PROGRESS IN QUANTITATIVE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION, VOLS 19A AND 19B SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation CY JUL 25-30, 1999 CL MONTREAL, CANADA SP Iowa State Univ, Ctr NDE, Ind Mat Inst, Natl Res Council Canada, US DOE, Ames Lab, Amer Soc Nondestruct Testing, NASA, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Fed Aviat Adm, Natl Sci Fdn Ind, Univ Cooperat Res Ctr C1 NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Prask, HJ (reprint author), NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-930-0 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2000 VL 509 BP 1629 EP 1636 PG 8 WC Acoustics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Physics, Applied SC Acoustics; Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA BQ87X UT WOS:000089913700209 ER PT S AU Panetta, PD Johnson, W AF Panetta, PD Johnson, W BE Thompson, DO Chimenti, DE TI Determination of internal friction using ultrasonic diffuse field and resonance techniques SO REVIEW OF PROGRESS IN QUANTITATIVE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION, VOLS 19A AND 19B SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 26th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation CY JUL 25-30, 1999 CL MONTREAL, CANADA SP Iowa State Univ, Ctr NDE, Ind Mat Inst, Natl Res Council Canada, US DOE, Ames Lab, Amer Soc Nondestruct Testing, NASA, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Fed Aviat Adm, Natl Sci Fdn Ind, Univ Cooperat Res Ctr C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Panetta, PD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, 325 Broadway Div 853, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Panetta, Paul/P-5339-2014 OI Panetta, Paul/0000-0001-6974-1112 NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 1-56396-930-0 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2000 VL 509 BP 1763 EP 1770 PG 8 WC Acoustics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Physics, Applied SC Acoustics; Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA BQ87X UT WOS:000089913700226 ER PT S AU Meador, JP AF Meador, JP BE Ware, GW TI Predicting the fate and effects of tributyltin in marine systems SO REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY, VOL 166 SE Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology LA English DT Review ID WATER PARTITION-COEFFICIENT; TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; MINNOWS PHOXINUS-PHOXINUS; NORMAL-BUTYLTIN CHLORIDE; TRI-N-BUTYLTIN; YOLK-SAC FRY; ACUTE TOXICITY; FRESH-WATER; TRIPHENYLTIN CHLORIDE; ORGANOTIN COMPOUNDS C1 NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Environm Conservat Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Meador, JP (reprint author), NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Environm Conservat Div, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. NR 120 TC 32 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 10 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING STREET, NEW YORK, NY 10013, UNITED STATES SN 0179-5953 BN 0-387-95029-X J9 REV ENVIRON CONTAM T JI Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PY 2000 VL 166 BP 1 EP 48 PG 48 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA BQ42S UT WOS:000088353400001 PM 10868075 ER PT B AU Latimer, DT AF Latimer, DT BE Stone, WC TI Construction metrology standards in orbiting facility construction, maintenance, and operation SO ROBOTICS 2000, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference and Exposition/Demonstration on Robotics for Challenging Situations and Environments CY FEB 27-MAR 02, 2000 CL ALBUQUERQUE, NM SP Amer Soc Civil Engineers, Aerosp Div, Amer Astronaut Soc, NASA, Sandia Natl Labs, Natl Space Soc, Int Assoc Automat & Robot Construct, Univ New Mexico, Dept Civil Engn, Space Daily, Spacenews Com AB Space based construction metrology has a great potential for monetary and effort savings through the creation and use of open industry standards to support construction automation in space. Current technology for construction automation in space requires either one vendor to provide an entire solution, or an organization, such as NASA, to coordinate the efforts of vendors in tightly integrated projects that lock vendors in for the life of a facility. Open space based construction metrology standards could provide a means to promote competition over the life of a facility by supporting interoperability. LiveView is being designed to meet the goal of construction metrology automation, and may be applicable to special issues arising in an orbital environment. C1 NIST, Construct Metrol & Automat Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Latimer, DT (reprint author), NIST, Construct Metrol & Automat Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0476-3 PY 2000 BP 9 EP 14 PG 6 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Civil SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering GA BQ36E UT WOS:000088122200002 ER PT B AU Stone, WC Pfeffer, L Furlani, K AF Stone, WC Pfeffer, L Furlani, K BE Stone, WC TI Automated part tracking on the construction job site SO ROBOTICS 2000, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference and Exposition/Demonstration on Robotics for Challenging Situations and Environments CY FEB 27-MAR 02, 2000 CL ALBUQUERQUE, NM SP Amer Soc Civil Engineers, Aerosp Div, Amer Astronaut Soc, NASA, Sandia Natl Labs, Natl Space Soc, Int Assoc Automat & Robot Construct, Univ New Mexico, Dept Civil Engn, Space Daily, Spacenews Com AB Efforts are underway at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to develop a webbased system for rapid tracking, identifying, and locating manufactured components on the construction jobsite. The approach involves the use of RFID and barcode identification systems, 3D long range coordinate measurement technologies, portable/wearable computers, wireless communications, high speed networking, temporal project databases, web-based data analysis, and 3D user interfaces to provide as-is and as-built component data at the actual construction site. These same techniques may prove useful for planning and execution of construction operations on other planets. Present research is Focused on developing compact, rugged, wireless part status managers, interoperability protocols for data transmission, and 3D site visualizers which reflect the current state of tracked components on the construction site. Ultimately, these field measurements will be used to generate automated material acceptance and payment transactions, damaged component rejection notices, and production rate change requests to fabricators. This paper discusses the methods employed to achieve this capability in a prototype system. C1 NIST, Construct Metrol & Automat Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Stone, WC (reprint author), NIST, Construct Metrol & Automat Grp, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8611, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0476-3 PY 2000 BP 96 EP 103 PG 8 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Civil SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering GA BQ36E UT WOS:000088122200012 ER PT B AU Stone, WC Cheok, G Lipman, R AF Stone, WC Cheok, G Lipman, R BE Stone, WC TI Automated earthmoving status determination SO ROBOTICS 2000, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference and Exposition/Demonstration on Robotics for Challenging Situations and Environments CY FEB 27-MAR 02, 2000 CL ALBUQUERQUE, NM SP Amer Soc Civil Engineers, Aerosp Div, Amer Astronaut Soc, NASA, Sandia Natl Labs, Natl Space Soc, Int Assoc Automat & Robot Construct, Univ New Mexico, Dept Civil Engn, Space Daily, Spacenews Com AB Efforts are underway at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to develop automated non-intrusive production measurement systems and procedures for monitoring the status of general earthmoving operations at typical construction sites. The approach involves the use of autoregistered Lidar range sensing systems, wireless communications, high speed networking, temporal project databases, web-based data analysis and 3D user interfaces to provide useful derivative quantities to the earthmoving contractor while at the actual construction site. These same techniques may prove useful for planning and execution of remote, autonomous excavation on other planets. Present research is focused on developing methods for automated registration of independent 2-1/2D range data, automated volumetric calculations, including cut/fill requirements and amounts of raw material removed or placed, and web-based 3D site simulators which reflect the instant terrain geometry. This paper discusses the methods employed to achieve this capability and plans currently underway for daily construction monitoring at a $6M process plant in the spring of 2000. C1 NIST, Construct Metrol & Automat Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Stone, WC (reprint author), NIST, Construct Metrol & Automat Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 9 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA UNITED ENGINEERING CENTER, 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2398 USA BN 0-7844-0476-3 PY 2000 BP 111 EP 119 PG 9 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Civil SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering GA BQ36E UT WOS:000088122200014 ER PT S AU Burden, DL Kasianowicz, JJ AF Burden, DL Kasianowicz, JJ BE Nie, S Tamiya, E Yeung, ES TI Interrogating unsupported lipid bilayers with scanning confocal single-molecule fluorescence microscopy SO SCANNING AND FORCE MICROSCOPIES FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS II SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Conference on Scanning and Force Microscopies for Biomedical Applications CY JAN 23-24, 2000 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE, Int Biomed Opt Soc DE planar lipid bilayer membrane; lipid diffusion; single-molecule fluorescence; confocal microscopy; optical trap ID BIASED DIFFUSION; MEMBRANES AB We describe the use of scanning confocal fluorescence microscopy to probe the structure and temporal dynamics of unsupported planar lipid bilayer membranes. At high fluorescent label concentration, the shape and stability of the membranes are evaluated with submicron spatial resolution. At low label concentration, we observe individual molecules moving into and out of the confocal laser beam in real time. Lipid diffusion coefficients are measured via fluctuation correlation spectroscopy (FCS) and indicate nominal values of (1.0 +/- 0.2) x 10(-7) cm(2)/sec homogeneously distributed over the central portion of the bilayer. We also compare the real-time single-molecule fluorescence signatures to simulated photon emission patterns generated by a two-dimensional random-walk model. interestingly, analysis of the interval between fluorescence events suggests the presence of a diffusion bias that can be explained by a weak optical trapping mechanism. The trap causes labeled lipids to return to the confocal detection region more frequently than pure Einsteinian diffusion predicts. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Burden, DL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM daniel.burden@nist.gov NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3538-4 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2000 VL 3922 BP 27 EP 36 DI 10.1117/12.383357 PG 4 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Microscopy; Optics SC Engineering; Microscopy; Optics GA BQ27U UT WOS:000087779800004 ER PT S AU Germer, TA Rinder, T Rothe, H AF Germer, TA Rinder, T Rothe, H BE Gu, ZH Maradudin, AA TI Polarized light scattering measurements of polished and etched steel surfaces SO SCATTERING AND SURFACE ROUGHNESS III SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Scattering and Surface Roughness III CY JUL 31-AUG 02, 2000 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE ellipsometry; optical scatter; permittivity; polarimetry; roughness; steel ID SUBSURFACE DEFECTS; SPHERE; PERMITTIVITY; MATRIX AB The directional dependence of the intensity and polarization of Light scattered by a series of steel surfaces was measured. The samples differ by polishing procedure. Theories for light scattering from microroughness and permittivity variations are reviewed and used to interpret the results. It is shown that the experimental data can be fit to a combination of the two scattering mechanisms, whereby the relative amplitude of the two scattering sources and the complex degree of correlation are treated as adjustable parameters. The fits show a low degree of correlation between the two sources of scatter at low spatial frequencies, with a higher degree of correlation at high spatial frequencies. This correlation has a characteristic phase, common for all of the samples. Comparison of the fitted roughness power spectral density (PSD) functions with those obtained by atomic force microscopy (AFM) showed reasonable but not perfect agreement. This study demonstrates how measurements of the polarization of scattered light can be used to quantify the scatter from two different scattering sources. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Germer, TA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 18 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-3745-X J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2000 VL 4100 BP 148 EP 155 DI 10.1117/12.401654 PG 8 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA BR61X UT WOS:000166962100016 ER PT S AU Rosov, N Rathgeber, S Monkenbusch, M AF Rosov, N Rathgeber, S Monkenbusch, M BE Cebe, P Hsiao, BS Lohse, DJ TI Neutron Spin Echo spectroscopy at the NIST Center for Neutron Research SO SCATTERING FROM POLYMERS: CHARACTERIZATION BY X-RAYS, NEUTRONS, AND LIGHT SE ACS Symposium Series LA English DT Review CT 216th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY AUG 21-27, 1998 CL BOSTON, MA SP Amer Chem Soc, Div Polymer Mat, Sci & Engn Inc, Div Polymer Mat, Exxon Res & Engn Co, Amer Chem Soc, Petr Res Fund, Amer Chem Soc, Div Fluorine Chem, Amer Chem Soc, Div Organ Chem, Amer Chem Soc, Corp Associates, Dow Agrosci, Monsanto Co, Eastman Kodak Co, Schering Plough, Merck Res Labs, Cent Glass Int Inc, Daikin Ind, Kanto Denka Kogyo Co, Asahi Glass Co, Div Agr & Food Chem ID DYNAMICS; SPECTROMETER AB A Neutron Spin Echo (NSE) spectrometer is nearing completion at the NIST Center for Neutron Research. NSE spectroscopy measures the pair correlation function with respect to wavevector transfer and time, unlike other neutron spectrometers, which measure the scattering as a function of wave-vector and energy transfer. The NIST NSE spectrometer can measure wave vector transfers from 0.01 Angstrom(-1) to 2 Angstrom(-1). The accessible time range fcr a particular setting of the spectrometer extends to nearly 10(-7) s at the longest accessible wavelengths. We discuss here the expected properties of the NIST NSE spectrometer, provide a description of the strengths of NSE spectroscopy, and give some detail of the considerations necessary for designing a successful NSE experiment. C1 NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, NCNR, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Forschungszentrum Julich, IFF, D-52425 Julich, Germany. RP Rosov, N (reprint author), NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, NCNR, Bldg 235-E151,100 Bur Dr,Stop 8562, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 19 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 3 U2 9 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3644-5 J9 ACS SYM SER JI ACS Symp. Ser. PY 2000 VL 739 BP 103 EP 116 PG 14 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Polymer Science; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Polymer Science; Spectroscopy GA BP75S UT WOS:000086074200007 ER PT S AU Nakatani, AI AF Nakatani, AI BE Cebe, P Hsiao, BS Lohse, DJ TI Phase separation kinetics during shear in compatibilized polymer blends SO SCATTERING FROM POLYMERS: CHARACTERIZATION BY X-RAYS, NEUTRONS, AND LIGHT SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 216th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY AUG 21-27, 1998 CL BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS SP Amer Chem Soc, Div Polymer Mat, Sci & Engn Inc, Div Polymer Mat, Exxon Res & Engn CO, Amer Chem Soc, Petr Res Fund, Amer Chem Soc, Div Fluorine Chem, Amer Chem Soc, Div Organ Chem, Amer Chem Soc, Corp Associates, Dow Agrosci, Monsanto Co, Eastman Kodak Co, Schering Plough, Merck Res Labs, Cent Glass Int Inc, Daikin Ind, Kanto Denka Kogyo Co, Asahi Glass Co, Div Agr & Food Chem ID INTERFACIAL MODIFICATION; BINARY BLEND; MORPHOLOGY; COALESCENCE; COPOLYMER; POLYCARBONATE; EXTRUDER AB The effect of a diblock copolymer on the phase separation behavior of a polymer blend during shear was examined by light scattering. The phase: separation process in the mixtures was initiated by a slow cooling of the sample from the one-phase region into the two-phase region and various shear rates were applied to the samples simultaneously. These studies were designed to imitate behavior which may be encountered during injection molding or other manufacturing processes where mechanical deformation and phase separation may be superimposed on one another, thereby influencing the resultant blend morphology. Results were obtained for a model polystyrene and polybutadiene blend as a function of shear rate for two different final temperatures (shallow and deep quenches) in the two-phase region. Similar experiments were performed on a blend with a mass fraction of 2.5 percent of a symmetric diblock copolymer added. For the shallow quench, the pure blend exhibited an enhancement of the coarsening rate during shear over the quiescent coarsening rate while the modified blend showed ii suppressed coarsening rate during shear compared to the zero shear coarsening behavior. For the deeper quench, the pure blend exhibited a crossover in the coarsening from shear induced droplet breakup at low shear rates to shear enhanced coalescence at higher shear rates. The opposite behavior was observed for the modified blend, namely, shear enhanced coalescence at low shear rates, and shear induced droplet breakup (or suppressed coalescence) at higher shear rates. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Nakatani, AI (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 24 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3644-5 J9 ACS SYM SER PY 2000 VL 739 BP 405 EP 434 PG 30 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Polymer Science; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Polymer Science; Spectroscopy GA BP75S UT WOS:000086074200026 ER PT J AU Baker, DJ AF Baker, DJ TI NOAA: Looking at stewardship, solutions & partnerships SO SEA TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article C1 NOAA, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Baker, DJ (reprint author), NOAA, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU COMPASS PUBL INC PI ARLINGTON PA SUITE 1000 1117 N 19 ST, ARLINGTON, VA 22209 USA SN 0093-3651 J9 SEA TECHNOL JI Sea Technol. PD JAN PY 2000 VL 41 IS 1 BP 10 EP 11 PG 2 WC Engineering, Ocean SC Engineering GA 280CP UT WOS:000085084900003 ER EF