FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Chen, DH Dowell, ML Cromer, CL Zhang, ZM AF Chen, DH Dowell, ML Cromer, CL Zhang, ZM TI Thermal response and inequivalence of pulsed ultraviolet-laser calorimeters SO JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS AND HEAT TRANSFER LA English DT Article AB This work investigates the thermal response of calorimeters that are used for measuring pulsed-laser energies at a wavelength of 193 nm, based on finite element models, and evaluates the inequivalence between laser heating and electrical heating. An axisymmetric model is built to study the thermal response of the cavity under both pulsed-laser heating and average-power (laser) heating. The small relative differences between pulsed-laser heating and average-power heating establish the feasibility of predicting calorimeter's thermal behavior for pulsed-laser heating by using the corresponding average-power heating. A three-dimensional finite element model of the entire cavity is developed and then used to predict the thermal response for average-power laser heating and electrical heating. The calibration factors (i.e., sensitivity factors) are obtained, and the inequivalence of the 193-nm laser calorimeter is calculated to be approximately 0.4%. The theoretical prediction provides a good reference for experimentally evaluating the inequivalence of the 193-nm pulsed-excimer-laser calorimeters. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Engn Mech, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Sources & Detectors Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Chen, DH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 23 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091 USA SN 0887-8722 J9 J THERMOPHYS HEAT TR JI J. Thermophys. Heat Transf. PD JAN-MAR PY 2002 VL 16 IS 1 BP 36 EP 42 DI 10.2514/2.6649 PG 7 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA 513ZB UT WOS:000173410200005 ER PT J AU Litorja, M Buntin, SA AF Litorja, M Buntin, SA TI Oxidation of deuterium-, acetylene-, and ethylene-terminated Si(100) by atomic oxygen SO JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY A-VACUUM SURFACES AND FILMS LA English DT Article ID SCANNING-TUNNELING-MICROSCOPY; SI(001) SURFACE; INITIAL OXIDATION; SILICON SURFACES; DYNAMIC DISPLACEMENT; PASSIVE OXIDATION; SI(111) SURFACES; FIRST-PRINCIPLES; HYDROGEN; ADSORPTION AB The oxidation of deuterium-, acetylene-, and ethylene-terminated Si(100) by gas-phase atomic oxygen is evaluated using Auger electron spectroscopy (AES). The atomic oxygen is generated by the 157 nm laser photolysis of O-2, which results in nominally a 50/50 mix of the ground (P-3) and electronically excited (D-1) state species. O atom adsorption probabilities for oxygen coverages in the 1-3 ML regime are estimated to be on the order of 0.1 for these adlayer systems. For both C2H2 and C2H4 adlayers no effective loss of surface carbon is observed, indicating that there first must be extensive oxidation of the near-surface region of silicon (greater than about 3 ML) prior to the removal of chemisorbed carbon on Si(100). The O/Si AES ratio for the 0 atom oxidation for oxygen coverages of about 1-3 NIL in the near-surface regime is found to be linear with 0 atom exposure for all three adlayers, with the propensity for reaction being given by the relative slopes of 1.0:1.4:2.0 for D-, C2H2-, and C2H4-terminated Si(100), respectively. The relatively low rate for O atom oxidation of D-terminated Si(100) suggests that the presence of defects facilitates the oxidation. While the difference in the oxidation rates for the C2H2 and C2H4 adlayers is statistically significant, this is most likely not due to initial adlayer coverage effects the specific cause(s) of this difference, however, is not established. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Buntin, SA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 67 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 2 PU A V S AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE,, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0734-2101 J9 J VAC SCI TECHNOL A JI J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A-Vac. Surf. Films PD JAN-FEB PY 2002 VL 20 IS 1 BP 76 EP 83 DI 10.1116/1.1421598 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 517YJ UT WOS:000173638000012 ER PT J AU Marx, E Malik, IJ Strausser, YE Bristow, T Poduje, N Stover, JC AF Marx, E Malik, IJ Strausser, YE Bristow, T Poduje, N Stover, JC TI Power spectral densities: A multiple technique study of different Si wafer surfaces SO JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY B LA English DT Article ID INTERFACE ROUGHNESS; SI-SIO2 INTERFACE; LIGHT-SCATTERING; SILICON-WAFERS; MICROROUGHNESS; MICROSCOPY; DEPENDENCE; MOBILITY; SCALE AB Power spectral densities (PSDs) were used to characterize a set of surfaces over a wide range of lateral as well as perpendicular dimensions. Twelve 200-mm-diameter Si wafers were prepared and the surface finishes ranged from as-ground wafers to epitaxial wafers. The wafer surfaces were then measured with different methods: atomic force microscopy, angle-resolved light scatter, interferometric microscopy, optical profiling, stylus profiling, and capacitance-based wafer thickness gaging. The data were used to compute one-dimensional PSDs and the curves were plotted as functions of spatial frequencies, comparing results for different samples or for different instruments. The useful frequency range for each method is indicated and differences in the calculated PSD values in the overlapping region of two or more methods are discussed. The method used to convert two-dimensional PSDs to one-dimensional ones is presented. (C) 2002 American Vacuum Society. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Silicon Genesis Corp, Campbell, CA 95008 USA. Veeco Metrol, Santa Barbara, CA 93117 USA. Chapman Instruments, Rochester, NY 14623 USA. ADE Corp, Westwood, MA 02090 USA. RP Marx, E (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 43 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 3 PU A V S AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE,, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 1071-1023 J9 J VAC SCI TECHNOL B JI J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B PD JAN-FEB PY 2002 VL 20 IS 1 BP 31 EP 41 DI 10.1116/1.1428267 PG 11 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Physics GA 523YQ UT WOS:000173985500007 ER PT J AU Parkas, J Paulsson, M VanderHart, DL Westermark, U AF Parkas, J Paulsson, M VanderHart, DL Westermark, U TI Accelerated light-induced aging of alpha-, beta-, and gamma-(13)C-enriched cell wall-dehydrogenation polymers studied with solid state (13)C NMR spectroscopy SO JOURNAL OF WOOD CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SIDE-CHAIN CARBONS; NUCLEAR-MAGNETIC-RESONANCE; MICROBIAL LIGNIN DEGRADATION; HIGH-YIELD PULPS; STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION; LIGNIFICATION; ENRICHMENT; CONIFERIN; ALCOHOL; MODELS AB Light-induced aging of lignocellulosic materials has been studied with a new technique involving selectively (alpha-, beta-, and gamma- (13)C-enriched cell wall-dehydrogenation polymers (CW-DHPs) and solid state (13)CNMR spectroscopy. The results from cross-polarization magic angle spinning (CP/MAS) (13)CNMR experiments of unirradiated and irradiated CW-DHP have revealed mainly a decrease in the amount of end-groups of both coniferaldehyde and coniferyl alcohol type. The results suggest that these end-groups become saturated and that the terminal functionalites, i.e., gamma-aldehyde and gamma-hydroxymethyl groups, at least to some extent, are retained. The results indicate further that no detectable cleavage of the beta-O-4 bonds occurs in the examined lignocellulosic model. In terms of proposed mechanisms of yellowing, there is marginal evidence that up to 2% of the alpha-labeled sites. are converted by irradiation to alpha-carbonyls (aldehyde or ketones); moreover, we cannot dismiss the possibility that the precursor structures giving rise to these few alpha-carbonyls are beta-O-4 structures. The (13)C-enriched CW-DHP was formed directly on spruce (Picea abies) wood tissue (differentiating xylem) by administering selectively (13)C-labeled coniferin at pH 6.0 in the presence of glucose oxidase and beta-glucosidase, i.e., no phenol-oxidizing enzyme was added and the wood cells' own enzymes polymerized the precursor. C1 Chalmers, Dept Forest Prod & Chem Engn, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Lulea Univ Technol, Dept Wood Mat Sci, SE-93187 Skelleftea, Sweden. RP Parkas, J (reprint author), Chalmers, Dept Forest Prod & Chem Engn, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden. EM parkas@sikt.chalmers.se NR 39 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0277-3813 J9 J WOOD CHEM TECHNOL JI J. Wood Chem. Technol. PY 2002 VL 22 IS 4 BP 199 EP 218 DI 10.1081/WCT-120016258 PG 20 WC Materials Science, Paper & Wood SC Materials Science GA 622ZR UT WOS:000179678800002 ER PT J AU Johnson, TJ Locascio, LE AF Johnson, TJ Locascio, LE TI Characterization and optimization of slanted well designs for microfluidic mixing under electroosmotic flow SO LAB ON A CHIP LA English DT Article ID CAPILLARY-ELECTROPHORESIS; DEVICES; SYSTEMS; MICROCHANNELS; IMMUNOASSAY; DNA AB Recently, a series of slanted wells on the floor of a microfluidic channel were experimentally shown to successfully induce off-axis transport and mixing of two confluent streams when operating under electroosmotic (EO) flow. This paper will further explore, through numerical simulations, the parameters that affect off-axis transport under EO flow with an emphasis on optimizing the mixing rate of (a) two confluent streams in steady-state or (b) the transient scenario of two confluent plugs of material, which simulates mixing after an injection. For the steady- state scenario, the degree of mixing was determined to increase by changing any of the following parameters: (1) increasing the well depth, (2) decreasing the well angle relative to the axis of the channel, and (3) increasing the EO mobility of the well walls relative to the mobility of the main channel. Also, it will be shown that folding of the fluid can occur when the well angle is sufficiently reduced and/or when the EO mobility of the wells is increased relative to the channel. The optimum configuration for the transient problem of mixing two confluent plugs includes shallow wells to minimize the well residence time, and an increased EO mobility of the well walls relative to the main channel as well as small well angles to maximize off-axis transport. The final design reported here for the transient study reduces the standard deviation of the concentration across the channel by 72% while only increasing the axial dispersion of the injected plug by 8.6% when compared to a plug injected into a channel with no wells present. These results indicate that a series of slanted wells on the wall of a microchannel provides a means for controlling and achieving a high degree of off-axis transport and mixing in a passive manner for micro total analysis system (muTAS) devices that are driven by electroosmosis. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Johnson, TJ (reprint author), Tecan Boston, Boston, MA USA. NR 32 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 3 U2 8 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1473-0189 J9 LAB CHIP JI Lab Chip PY 2002 VL 2 IS 3 BP 135 EP 140 DI 10.1039/b202631g PG 6 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 594CJ UT WOS:000178030900004 PM 15100823 ER PT S AU Sherman, K Kane, J Murawski, S Overholtz, W Solow, A AF Sherman, K Kane, J Murawski, S Overholtz, W Solow, A BE Sherman, K Skjodal, HR TI The US northeast shelf large marine ecosystem: Zooplankton trends in fish biomass recovery SO LARGE MARINE ECOSYSTEMS OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC: CHANGING STATES AND SUSTAINABILITY SE LARGE MARINE ECOSYSTEMS (SERIES) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Chaning States of North Atlantic Large Marine Ecosystems (LMEs) CY JUN, 1999 CL BERGEN, NORWAY SP World Conservat Union, Inst Marine Sci, US Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Int Council Explorat Sea ID ENVIRONMENT; ABUNDANCE AB As the application of ecosystem-based management of marine fish and fisheries evolves, it will be necessary to extend the scope of stock assessment methodologies to include indicators of trends in lower level food chain components of ecosystems. Zooplankton as a ubiquitous food chain component can be used as an indicator of changing trends in ecosystem states pertinent to ecosystem effects on fish management actions. Spatial and temporal biomass and species diversity of zooplankton have been examined in a continental shelf ecosystem for indications of variability in abundance levels associated with effort reduction management actions for the recovery and sustainable maintenance of depleted bottom fish stocks. Analyses were conducted on 19,000 zooplankton samples collected seasonally over two decades from the U.S. Northeast Shelf ecosystem (1977 to 1999). Fish stock results were obtained from the Northeast Fisheries Science Center's bottom trawl survey indices of spawning biomass of selected demersal (cod, haddock, yellowtail flounder) and pelagic (herring and mackerel) fish species. The emerging pattern of the zooplankton component of the ecosystem showed biomass values close to or above the 22-year median from the late 1980s through the 1990s, during the recovery of herring and mackerel in the mid-1980s, and the initiation of recovery of demersal stocks as indicated by strong year-classes of haddock and yellowtail flounder in the late 1990s following reductions in fishing effort. The zooplankton component of the ecosystem has not undergone any significant decline during the rebuilding of the fish stocks and is being used as an indicator of stability in the lower trophic levels of the NE Shelf ecosystem food web during the fish-stock recovery period. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NEFSCI, USDOC,Narragansett Lab, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Sherman, K (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NEFSCI, USDOC,Narragansett Lab, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 47 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA SARA BURGERHARTSTRAAT 25, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1570-0461 BN 0-444-51011-7 J9 LAR MAR ECOSYST PY 2002 BP 195 EP 215 PG 21 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA BX21M UT WOS:000184644900006 ER PT S AU Laabs, H Jones, R Cromer, C Dowell, M Liberman, V AF Laabs, H Jones, R Cromer, C Dowell, M Liberman, V BE Exarhos, G Guenther, AH Lewis, KL Soileau, MJ Stolz, CJ TI Damage testing of partial reflectors for 157 nm laser calorimeters SO LASER-INDUCED DAMAGE IN OPTICAL MATERIALS: 2001 PROCEEDINGS SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 33rd Annual Boulder Damage Symposium on Optical Materials for High-Power Lasers CY OCT 01-02, 2001 CL NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL, BOULDER, CO SP Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, QinetiQ, Univ New Mexico, Ctr High Technol Mat, Univ Cent Florida, Off Res & Sch Opt, Cierra Photon Inc, Pacific NW Natl Lab, SPIE HO NATL INST STAND & TECHNOL AB We determined the damage thresholds and lifetimes of several materials using 157 and 193 nm excimer lasers and a beam profile technique similar to that described in ISO 11254-2. We made these measurements to select an appropriate absorbing material for use in our primary standard laser calorimeter for 157 nm excimer laser energy measurements. The materials we tested were nickel-plated sapphire, chemically-vapor-deposited silicon carbide (CVD SiC), nickel-plated copper, and polished copper. Applied pulse energy densities (or dose) ranged from 80 to 840 mJ/cm(2). We determined the applied dose from a series of laser beam profile measurements. Silicon carbide had the highest damage threshold: 730 mJ/cm(2) per pulse. For this reason, and because of its high thermal and electrical conductivities, we have chosen silicon carbide as the absorber material for the 157 nm calorimeter. We also conducted long-term exposure studies in cooperation with MIT Lincoln Laboratory at a pulse energy density of 5 mJ/cm2 to simulate typical calorimeter operating conditions. No aging effects or other surface changes were not observed at these dose levels after 500 million pulses, corresponding to a projected calorimeter lifetime of 50 years. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Optoelect, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Laabs, H (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Optoelect, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM laabs@boulder.nist.gov; vlad@ll.mit.edu NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4418-9 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2002 VL 4679 BP 332 EP 338 DI 10.1117/12.461726 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BU66B UT WOS:000176632200037 ER PT S AU Glotzer, SC Gebremichael, Y Lacevic, N Schroder, TB Starr, FW AF Glotzer, SC Gebremichael, Y Lacevic, N Schroder, TB Starr, FW BE Fourkas, JT TI Spatially heterogeneous dynamics in liquids near their glass transition SO LIQUID DYNAMICS: EXPERIMENT, SIMULATION, AND THEORY SE ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on the Study of Dynamics in Liquid held at the 220th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY AUG 20-24, 2000 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Amer Chem Soc ID TRANSLATION-ROTATION PARADOX; FORMING POLYMER MELT; LENNARD-JONES LIQUID; SUPERCOOLED LIQUIDS; STRUCTURAL RELAXATION; PARTICLE DISPLACEMENTS; ENERGY LANDSCAPE; T-G; DIFFUSION; SIMULATION AB Liquids near their glass transition are dynamically heterogeneous, and experiments and simulations have uncovered much about the rich and complex nature of this heterogeneity. This paper highlights key results from our computer simulation studies of spatially heterogeneous dynamics (SHD) in supercooled liquids near their glass transtion. We speculate on the relationship between SHD and other phenomena ubiquitous to glasses and their liquids, and outline several outstanding questions in this Field. C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Chem Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Roskilde Univ Ctr, IMFUFA, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Glotzer, SC (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Dept Chem Engn, 2300 Hayward St, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RI Starr, Francis/C-7703-2012 NR 44 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 SIXTEENTH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0097-6156 BN 0-8412-3762-X J9 ACS SYM SER PY 2002 VL 820 BP 214 EP 227 PG 14 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA BW14V UT WOS:000180991400016 ER PT S AU Irwin, KD Vale, LR Bergren, NE Deiker, S Grossman, EN Hilton, GC Nam, SW Reintsema, CD Rudman, DA Huber, ME AF Irwin, KD Vale, LR Bergren, NE Deiker, S Grossman, EN Hilton, GC Nam, SW Reintsema, CD Rudman, DA Huber, ME BE Porter, FS McCammon, D Galeazzi, M Stahle, CK TI Time-division SQUID multiplexers SO LOW TEMPERATURE DETECTORS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 9th International Workshop on Low Temperature Detectors CY JUL 22-27, 2001 CL UNIV WISCONSIN, MADISON, WI SP NASA Gooddard Space Flight Ctr HO UNIV WISCONSIN ID SENSORS; ARRAYS AB SQUID multiplexers make it possible to build arrays of thousands of low-temperature bolometers and microcalori meters based on superconducting transition-edge sensors with a manageable number of readout channels. We discuss the technical tradeoffs between proposed time-division multiplexer and frequency-division multiplexer schemes and motivate our choice of time division. Our first-generation SQUID multiplexer is now in use in an astronomical instrument. We describe our second-generation SQUID multiplexer, which is based on a new architecture that significantly reduces the dissipation of power at the first stage, allowing thousands of SQUIDs to be operated at the base temperature of a cryostat. C1 NIST, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Irwin, KD (reprint author), NIST, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Huber, Martin/B-3354-2011 NR 4 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0049-0 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2002 VL 605 BP 301 EP 304 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA BU53Q UT WOS:000176260300069 ER PT J AU Schmitz, TL Medicus, K Dutterer, B AF Schmitz, TL Medicus, K Dutterer, B TI Exploring once-per-revolution audio signal variance as a chatter indicator SO MACHINING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE milling; stability; chatter; variance ID PREDICTION; STABILITY AB The purpose of this study is an evaluation of the statistical variance in the once-per-revolution sampled audio signal during milling as a chatter indicator. It is shown that, due to the synchronous and asynchronous nature of stable and unstable cuts, respectively, once-per-revolution sampling leads to a tight distribution of values for stable cuts, with a corresponding low variance, and a wider sample distribution for unstable cuts, with an associated high variance. A comparison of stability maps developed using: 1) analytic techniques, and 2) the variance from once-per-revolution sampled time-domain simulations is provided and good agreement is shown. Experimental agreement between the well-known Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) chatter detection method, that analyzes the content of the FFT spectrum for chatter frequencies, and the new variance-based technique is also demonstrated. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 37 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 5 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1091-0344 EI 1532-2483 J9 MACH SCI TECHNOL JI Mach. Sci. Technol. PY 2002 VL 6 IS 2 BP 215 EP 233 DI 10.1081/MST.120005957 PG 19 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 595UV UT WOS:000178127900004 ER PT J AU Quinn, JB Yen, J Katz, RN Lloyd, IK AF Quinn, JB Yen, J Katz, RN Lloyd, IK TI Subjective ceramic machinability and material properties SO MACHINING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ceramic machining; machinability; grindability; ceramic material properties ID INDENTATION AB Nine different ceramic materials were subjectively evaluated, on a scale from 1 to 100, for machinability by experienced machinists. The property values of hardness, fracture toughness and elastic modulus were also obtained for the materials. Correlations were sought between the material properties and subjective machinability results. A grindability parameter and a model predicting material removal rates were included in the correlation analyses. Trends were noted between the subjective machinability evaluations and both hardness and grindability, although the grindability parameter did not correlate with either hardness or the material removal rate model. C1 NIST, ADA Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Worcester Polytech Inst, Dept Engn Mech, Worcester, MA 01609 USA. Univ Maryland, Engn Mat Program, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Quinn, JB (reprint author), NIST, ADA Paffenbarger Res Ctr, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Lloyd, Isabel/B-1513-2012 NR 18 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 3 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 1091-0344 J9 MACH SCI TECHNOL JI Mach. Sci. Technol. PY 2002 VL 6 IS 2 BP 291 EP 299 DI 10.1081/MST-120014358 PG 9 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 595UV UT WOS:000178127900008 ER PT J AU Ivester, RW Kennedy, M AF Ivester, RW Kennedy, M TI Accelerated wear tests for the Assessment of Machining Models calibration data SO MACHINING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE accelerated wear; crater wear; flank wear; metal cutting; performance assessment; machining performance; simulation; modeling; calibration data; machining experiments; measurement uncertainty AB This paper documents the release of the accelerated wear tests for the Assessment of Machining Models (AMM) calibration data set, including some brief background material and a summary of previously published results. Measurements and results for the accelerated wear tests are summarized and a representative plot is given. Sources of uncertainty associated with the accelerated wear test measurements are discussed. The paper closes with a brief discussion of the wear test data and the complete data files, which are available through the project web site at http://www.nist.gov/amm/. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ivester, RW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 16 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 1 PU MARCEL DEKKER INC PI NEW YORK PA 270 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 1091-0344 J9 MACH SCI TECHNOL JI Mach. Sci. Technol. PY 2002 VL 6 IS 3 BP 487 EP 494 DI 10.1081/MST-120016286 PG 8 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 631NM UT WOS:000180173900011 ER PT S AU Vaudin, MD Fox, GR Kowach, GR AF Vaudin, MD Fox, GR Kowach, GR BE DeHaven, PW Field, DP Harkness, SD Sutliff, JA Szpunar, JA Tang, L Thomson, T Vaudin, MD TI Accuracy and reproducibility of X-ray texture measurements on thin films SO MAGNETIC AND ELECTRONIC FILMS-MICROSTRUCTURE, TEXTURE AND APPLICATION TO DATA STORAGE SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposia on Texture and Microstructure in Electronic and Magnetic Films/Nanostructural Magnetic Materials For Data Storage CY APR 01-04, 2002 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc ID CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC TEXTURE AB Rocking curve texture measurements were made on thin films of zinc oxide (ZnO) and platinum (Pt) using a powder x-ray diffractometer, and, in the case of ZnO, an area detector. The intensity corrections for defocussing and other geometric factors were made using a technique and associated software (Texture Plus) developed at NIST. In both thin film systems, the texture was axisymmetric (fiber) and sharp, with full width at half maximum values of about 2.5degrees. Care was taken in the Pt case to ensure that the linear range of the x-ray detector was used to measure the intensities; for the ZnO data the degree of detector non-linearity was determined, and. corrections were applied where necessary. The suitability of the Pt films for thin film texture standards was studied. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Vaudin, MD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-657-5 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2002 VL 721 BP 17 EP 22 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA BV34R UT WOS:000178622900002 ER PT J AU Richards, WJ Jones, DL AF Richards, WJ Jones, DL TI Preliminary classification of the gurnards (Triglidae : Scorpaeniformes) SO MARINE AND FRESHWATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th Indo-Pacific Fish Conference CY MAY 20-25, 2001 CL DURBAN, SOUTH AFRICA ID GENUS BELLATOR PISCES AB The triglid fishes, commonly known as gurnards or searobins, are found in tropical and temperate waters of the world's oceans. This preliminary classification recognizes 8 genera and similar to125 species, of which similar to15 species are undescribed. This classification is based on 11 morphological characters, most of which are osteological. The tribes and genera are as follows. Prionotini (Prionotus and Bellator) is the most primitive: 26 vertebrae, lateral line ending at caudal base and not bifurcate on caudal fin, basihyal present, and no expansion of distal part of the proximal pterygiophores. Pterygotriglini (Bovitrigla, Pterygotrigla, and Uradia): 27 vertebrae, lateral line ending at caudal base and not bifurcate on caudal fin, basihyal absent, and no expansion of distal end of the proximal pterygiophores or expansion of only those next to the first dorsal fin. Triglini (Trigla, Chelidonichthys and Lepidotrigla): all the distal ends of the proximal pterygiophores expanded and exposed along the first and second dorsal fin bases, basihyal absent, lateral line bifurcate on caudal fin, and 29-35 vertebrae. Examples of the characters are discussed in relation to the difficulties in assigning character states in light of reversals and multiple reversals. C1 NOAA Fisheries, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Richards, WJ (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, 75 Virginia Beach Dr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NR 25 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 5 PU C S I R O PUBLISHING PI COLLINGWOOD PA 150 OXFORD ST, PO BOX 1139, COLLINGWOOD, VICTORIA 3066, AUSTRALIA SN 1323-1650 J9 MAR FRESHWATER RES JI Mar. Freshw. Res. PY 2002 VL 53 IS 2 BP 275 EP 282 DI 10.1071/MF01128 PG 8 WC Fisheries; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 538XY UT WOS:000174841500023 ER PT J AU Kiesling, TL Wilkinson, E Rabalais, J Ortner, PB McCabe, MM Fell, JW AF Kiesling, TL Wilkinson, E Rabalais, J Ortner, PB McCabe, MM Fell, JW TI Rapid identification of adult and naupliar stages of copepods using DNA hybridization methodology SO MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE DNA hybridization; rRNA; copepod; nauplii; Florida bay; PCR ID INTERNAL TRANSCRIBED SPACERS; SUBUNIT RIBOSOMAL-RNA; SEQUENCE VARIATION; PHYLOGENY; CALANOIDA; CALANUS; YEASTS; POLYMORPHISM; SYSTEMATICS; ALLOZYME AB Larval stages of common marine invertebrates and their ecological roles within their respective communities are frequently ignored because they are hard to identify. Morphological characters are often insufficient to differentiate between genera, much less species. To overcome the obstacles associated with species identification of copepod larvae, we developed a microtiter plate-based hybridization assay. Species-specific probes based on rDNA sequences were bound to microplates and used to capture target DNA. A novel method of linking the probes to the plate with poly-T tail ensured the probes were positioned above the plate surface and available for hybridization; this significantly increased the sensitivity of the assay. Target DNA extracted from individual copepods was amplified with biotin-labeled primers. The labeled target DNA bound to the probe specific for that species and produced a colorimetric change in the assay. The assay can be rapidly performed on freshly caught or ethanol preserved samples and the results visually interpreted. C1 Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Genet Vectors Inc, Miami, FL 33166 USA. Louisiana Univ Marine Consortium, Chauvin, LA 70344 USA. NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Fell, JW (reprint author), Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, 4600 Rickenbacker CSWY, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NR 31 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 7 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 1436-2228 J9 MAR BIOTECHNOL JI Mar. Biotechnol. PD JAN-FEB PY 2002 VL 4 IS 1 BP 30 EP 39 DI 10.1007/s10126-001-0077-3 PG 10 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 526JV UT WOS:000174128000005 PM 14961286 ER PT J AU Fiedler, PC AF Fiedler, PC TI Environmental change in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean: review of ENSO and decadal variability SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Review DE eastern tropical Pacific Ocean; decadal variability; ENSO; climate change; regime shift ID NINO-SOUTHERN-OSCILLATION; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; CALIFORNIA CURRENT SYSTEM; 1982-83 EL-NINO; INTERDECADAL CLIMATE VARIABILITY; LONG-TERM CHANGES; GULF-OF-ALASKA; NORTH PACIFIC; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY AB Interannual variability of the physical environment in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean (ETP) and biological effects of this variability are reviewed and compared to variability in the northeastern Pacific. El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) scale variability of 2 to 7 yr periods is dominant in the eastern equatorial Pacific and decadal scale variability of 10 to 30 yr periods is dominant in the northeastern Pacific. In the eastern Pacific warm pool at the center of the ETP, temporal variability at any scale is relatively low. ENSO warm (El Nino) and cold (La Nina) events have had a variety of effects on marine populations and ecosystems, but these effects are generally followed by recovery within a few years. El Nino effects such as mortality or reproductive failure are most severe on populations dependent on local feeding or breeding grounds in coastal waters or around islands. Decadal variability has also caused change in populations and ecosystems. Most of these effects have been observed in the California Current, Gulf of Alaska, and other well studied regions of the Pacific.. The 1976-1977 phase change or 'regime shift' is the most well known case of decadal variability. It affected the physical environment throughout the Pacific Ocean and had major effects on North Pacific ecosystems. No regime shift has been detected in the ETP since 1977. However, ENSO variability continues, an unusually persistent warming prevailed in the early 1990s and the thermocline has shoaled in the ETP warm pool area since 1980. Potential population effects on dolphin stocks are discussed. Interaction of environmental changes with other factors, such as fishery stress or mortality, may also induce population effects. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. RP Fiedler, PC (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, POB 271, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. EM pfiedler@ucsd.edu NR 139 TC 83 Z9 85 U1 8 U2 34 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2002 VL 244 BP 265 EP 283 DI 10.3354/meps244265 PG 19 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 635AH UT WOS:000180374300024 ER PT J AU Hovel, KA Fonseca, MS Myer, DL Kenworthy, WJ Whitfield, PE AF Hovel, KA Fonseca, MS Myer, DL Kenworthy, WJ Whitfield, PE TI Effects of seagrass landscape structure, structural complexity and hydrodynamic regime on macrofaunal densities in North Carolina seagrass beds SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE abundance; epifauna; habitat fragmentation; landscape ecology; relative wave exposure index; seagrass; structural complexity ID HABITAT FRAGMENTATION; NEST PREDATION; FOREST FRAGMENTATION; DECAPOD CRUSTACEANS; AQUATIC VEGETATION; INFAUNAL BIVALVE; PATCH SIZE; COMMUNITIES; BAY; DECLINE AB Seagrass habitats exhibit high structural variability at local (<1 to 10s of in) and landscape (100 to 1000s of in) scales, which is closely linked with physical setting. In this study, we conducted 2 spring and 2 fall field surveys in 1991 and 1992 over a 25 km long portion of Core and Back Sounds, North Carolina, USA, to relate macrofaunal abundance to measures of seagrass landscape structure and associated ecological variables. Independent variables included seagrass bed structure (percent cover and total linear edge), local-scale ecological attributes (shoot density, shoot biomass, percent sediment organic matter) and elements of physical setting (water depth and energy regime as estimated by a relative wave exposure index [REI]). Seagrass beds were composed of eelgrass (Zostera marina: fall/spring-dominant), shoalgrass (Halodule wrightii: summer-dominant), some widgeongrass (Ruppia maritima) and minor amounts of macroalgae. Seagrass coverage ranged from highly patchy (13 % cover) dune-like beds to continuous (100 % cover) low-relief beds within 18 replicate 50 x 50 in plots. Twelve species (8 decapods and 4 fishes) made up 95 % or more of the catch, and densities of nearly all varied significantly between seasons and years. Multiple regression analysis indicated that relationships between faunal densities and environmental variables varied greatly between species and between collection periods. In addition, species-specific correlations between faunal density and environmental variables generally were not consistent among the 4 collection periods. REI and seagrass shoot biomass appeared to have the greatest influence on species' densities, with REI having more influence on densities in 1991 and shoot biomass having more influence on densities in 1992. Seagrass percent cover and total linear edge explained little of the variation in species' densities. Only blue crab Callinectes sapidus, density was (positively) correlated with seagrass percent cover in the spring of 1992. In principal components analyses, species groupings were inconsistent between collection periods, though grouping by relative abundance was evident in some collection periods. There was little separation between crustaceans and fishes in principal component space, but sites of high faunal abundance were distinct from sites of low faunal abundance. Sites with consistently high faunal abundance generally were found in western Core and Back Sounds, whereas sites with consistently low faunal abundance were found in eastern Core Sound, suggesting that processes operating at larger than landscape spatial scales (e.g. larval delivery by currents) may influence faunal community patterns in these seagrass landscapes. The influence of a variety of covarying factors on fauna operating over a range of spatial scales highlights fundamental differences in the relationship between landscape structure and animal abundance in seagrass versus terrestrial habitats. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Hovel, KA (reprint author), San Diego State Univ, Dept Biol, 5500 Campanile Dr, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. EM hovel@sciences.sdsu.edu NR 61 TC 73 Z9 76 U1 8 U2 46 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2002 VL 243 BP 11 EP 24 DI 10.3354/meps243011 PG 14 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 623DZ UT WOS:000179689200002 ER PT J AU Sogard, SM Olla, BL AF Sogard, SM Olla, BL TI Contrasts in the capacity and underlying mechanisms for compensatory growth in two pelagic marine fishes SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE ecological trade-offs; swimming performance; behavior; walleye pollock; sablefish ID JUVENILE ATLANTIC SALMON; TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; ENERGY ACQUISITION RATES; COD GADUS-MORHUA; SWIMMING PERFORMANCE; INTRINSIC GROWTH; MENIDIA-MENIDIA; RAINBOW-TROUT; INDIVIDUAL VARIATION; POMATOMUS SALTATRIX AB The widespread capacity for teleost fishes to engage in compensatory growth suggests there are costs or trade-offs that constrain normal growth to sub-maximal rates. Some potential trade-offs include behavioral conflicts between foraging and avoiding predators, and physiological aspects of energy allocation between synthesis of new tissue and functional demands of metabolism and maintenance. We examined the capacity for compensation and some potential underlying mechanisms in juveniles of 2 northern Pacific fish species, walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma and sablefish Anoplopoma fimbria. Fish were deprived of food for 2 to 3 wk, then returned to ad libitum rations. Growth rates were subsequently compared to those for continually fed fish for up to 16 wk, and potential trade-offs in behavior (food consumption, routine swimming speeds, and response to a predator) and physiology (indexed by critical swimming speeds) were examined during 3 time periods: immediately after deprivation, after 4 wk of ad libitum rations, and after 9 wk. We distinguished between routine swimming speeds, which indicate volitional motor activity, and critical swimming speeds, which estimate physiological capacity by forcing fish to swim to exhaustion against an increasing current. Previously deprived walleye Pollock exhibited a clear, sustained capacity for accelerated growth, allowing them to quickly catch up in size to continually fed fish, Sablefish, however, exhibited only a minor level of growth compensation. Underlying mechanisms of compensatory growth also differed between the 2 species. Previously deprived walleye Pollock increased food consumption to levels 3 to 4x greater than those of control fish and reduced energy expenditure by lowering routine swimming speeds. Compensating sablefish did not differ from control fish in consumption rates or routine swimming, but had lower critical swimming speeds than control fish, suggesting a trade-off in energy allocation. Responses to a simulated predator threat did not differ between previously deprived and continually fed fish of either species. The experimental results are suggestive of different mechanisms, behaviorally based for walleye pollock and physiologically based for sablefish, associated with accelerated growth. The differences between the 2 species in integrated processes of growth, behavior, and physiology are likely to be a function of their contrasting life history strategies and different baseline growth rates. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Sogard, SM (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM susan.sogard@noaa.gov NR 33 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 12 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2002 VL 243 BP 165 EP 177 DI 10.3354/meps243165 PG 13 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 623DZ UT WOS:000179689200015 ER PT J AU Duffy-Anderson, JT Bailey, KM Ciannelli, L AF Duffy-Anderson, JT Bailey, KM Ciannelli, L TI Consequences of a superabundance of larval walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma in the Gulf of Alaska in 1981 SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE walleye pollock; larvae; food habits; mortality; Gulf of Alaska ID TURBOT SCOPHTHALMUS-MAXIMUS; SMALL-SCALE TURBULENCE; EDDY-RESOLVING MODEL; SHELIKOF-STRAIT; WESTERN GULF; OF-ALASKA; FEEDING CONDITIONS; COPEPOD NAUPLII; EGG-PRODUCTION; FISH AB Abundances of larval walleye pollock in Shelikof Strait, Gulf of Alaska, in 1981 were far greater than any recorded estimates before that time or since (some patch estimates exceeded 100000 larvae per 10 m). In spite of this extraordinary input, the ensuing 1981 year class was relatively poor. An examination of the feeding habits of larvae collected from inside and outside dense larval patches revealed that in 1981, larval walleye pollock consumed significantly more invertebrate eggs ((x) over bar = 66.7 % of the total diet) and fewer copepod nauplii ((x) over bar = 13.6 %) inside of larval patches relative to outside ((x) over bar = 11.4 and 63.2 %, respectively). These observations suggest that density dependent competition inside patches may have locally depleted the primary food source, copepod nauplii, prompting a diet switch to a lower quality but more abundant prey resource, invertebrate eggs. Results from a bioenergetics simulation support this theory, indicating that dense patches of walleye pollock larvae in 1981 were capable of exhausting naupliiar prey resources in Shelikof Strait in a relatively short period of time (14 to 40 d). Our observations contrast with other studies that suggest that ichthyoplankton exert little or no influence on microzooplankton standing stocks. Rather, we present evidence that, in certain unusual circumstances, particularly dense aggregations of larvae are capable of locally depleting the prey community. Such events may weaken larval condition and exacerbate natural death rates, which may have contributed to the poor recruitment success of the 1981 year class. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Duffy-Anderson, JT (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM janet.duffy-anderson@noaa.gov NR 49 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 4 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2002 VL 243 BP 179 EP 190 DI 10.3354/meps243179 PG 12 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 623DZ UT WOS:000179689200016 ER PT J AU Bjorkstedt, EP Rosenfeld, LK Grantham, BA Shkedy, Y Roughgarden, J AF Bjorkstedt, EP Rosenfeld, LK Grantham, BA Shkedy, Y Roughgarden, J TI Distributions of larval rockfishes Sebastes spp. across nearshore fronts in a coastal upwelling region SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE larval fish distribution; coastal upwelling; upwelling fronts; recruitment mechanisms; rockfishes; Sebastes ID MISSISSIPPI RIVER PLUME; COD GADUS-MORHUA; CALIFORNIA CURRENT SYSTEM; NORTHERN CALIFORNIA; GENUS SEBASTES; FISH LARVAE; VERTICAL-DISTRIBUTION; SPATIAL-DISTRIBUTION; FAMILY SCORPAENIDAE; SCOTIAN SHELF AB We sampled larval fishes along cross-shelf transects off Granite Canyon, California, USA, during the upwelling seasons of 1993 and 1994 to determine whether coastal upwelling fronts affect the cross-shelf distribution of larval rockfishes Sebastes spp. during the earliest period of planktonic life. Rockfish larvae occurred in relatively high densities near surface fronts and were distributed in patches oriented along sloping pycnoclines contiguous with surface fronts. Qualitative comparisons between observed distributions of larval rockfishes in relation to hydrographic structure and predictions from models of plankton distributions at convergent fronts support the hypothesis that convergent circulation contributes to observed distributions. Our results indicate that (1) coastal upwelling fronts influence larval rockfishes at an earlier life history stage than has previously been documented, and (2) the influence of upwelling fronts on distributions of larval rockfishes is similar to the influence of hydrographic fronts on distributions of larval fish reported for a variety of oceanographic settings. In light of the plausible effects of upwelling fronts on larval transport and ecology, our findings suggest that upwelling fronts merit further investigation for their potential role in translating variability in upwelling dynamics into fluctuations in recruitment to coastal rockfish populations along the west coast of North America. C1 NOAA, Santa Cruz Lab, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. Monterey Bay Aquarium Res Inst, Pacific Grove, CA 93935 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Bjorkstedt, EP (reprint author), NOAA, Santa Cruz Lab, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. EM eric.bjorkstedt@noaa.gov NR 81 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 6 U2 14 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2002 VL 242 BP 215 EP 228 DI 10.3354/meps242215 PG 14 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 619EZ UT WOS:000179463800019 ER PT J AU Seminoff, JA Resendiz, A Nichols, WJ AF Seminoff, JA Resendiz, A Nichols, WJ TI Home range of green turtles Chelonia mydas at a coastal foraging area in the Gulf of California, Mexico SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE Eastern Pacific Ocean; Sea of Cortez; black turtle; wildlife telemetry; fixed kernel density estimator; minimum convex polygon ID ASCENSION ISLAND; HABITAT USE; MOVEMENTS; BEHAVIOR; ESTIMATORS; TELEMETRY; PATTERNS AB The green turtle Chelonia mydas is a circumglobal species that is susceptible to overexploitation as a food resource and incidental mortality in fisheries. Efforts to recover regional green turtle populations have been hampered by a lack of information on their biology. In particular, turtle movements and home ranges in neritic foraging habitats are not well understood. Thus, wildlife managers cannot accurately determine the habitat needs of green turtle populations. To address these understudied aspects, we carried out the first ever investigation of green turtle home range in neritic foraging habitats of the eastern Pacific Ocean. Twelve turtles, ranging from 50.9 to 82.5 cm in straight carapace length and from 17 to 70 kg in mass, were tracked with radio and sonic telemetry for 34 to 96 d at the Bahia de los Angeles foraging area in the Gulf of California, Mexico. Home range areas determined with minimum convex polygon and fixed kernel density estimator methods ranged from 584 to 3908 ha (mean = 1662 +/- 324 ha) and 409 to 3231 ha (mean = 1537 +/- 280 ha), respectively. There was no evidence that straight carapace length, mass, sex, tracking duration or number of re-sightings influenced the size of the home range. Green turtle home ranges contained from 1 to 3 activity centers ranging from 3.8 to 642.2 ha in area (mean = 178.8 +/- 62.0 ha). Turtles were re-sighted in all depth-class regions (0 to 10 m to 40+ m) in the study area but were not found with equal frequency among these regions. The distribution of re-sightings among depth classes varied significantly between diurnal (05:00 to 18:59 h) and nocturnal (19:00 to 04:59 h) periods. While the greatest frequency of diurnal re-sightings occurred in the 10 to 20 m depth class, nocturnal encounters were most frequent in the 0 to 10 m depth class. This study shows that Bahia de los Angeles remains an important feeding ground; thus, underscoring the need to develop conservation strategies that address the impacts of ongoing commercial marine-algae harvests and net fisheries that threaten green turtles in this region. C1 Univ Florida, Archie Carr Ctr Sea Turtle Res, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Zool, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Inst Nacl Ecol, Direcc Gen Vida Silvestre, Secretaria Medio Ambiente & Recursos Nat, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico. Calif Acad Sci, Dept Herpetol, San Francisco, CA 94118 USA. Wildcoast Int Conservat Team, Davenport, CA 95017 USA. RP Seminoff, JA (reprint author), NOAA, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 8604 La Jolla Shores Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. EM jeffrey.seminoff@noaa.gov NR 64 TC 81 Z9 94 U1 1 U2 26 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 EI 1616-1599 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2002 VL 242 BP 253 EP 265 DI 10.3354/meps242253 PG 13 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 619EZ UT WOS:000179463800022 ER PT J AU Bodkin, JL Ballachey, BE Dean, TA Fukuyama, AK Jewett, SC McDonald, L Monson, DH O'Clair, CE VanBlaricom, GR AF Bodkin, JL Ballachey, BE Dean, TA Fukuyama, AK Jewett, SC McDonald, L Monson, DH O'Clair, CE VanBlaricom, GR TI Sea otter population status and the process of recovery from the 1989 'Exxon Valdez' oil spill SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE abundance; biomarker; Enhydra lutris; food; mortality; P450; reproduction; survival ID PRINCE-WILLIAM-SOUND; ENHYDRA-LUTRIS; MUSSEL BEDS; INTERTIDAL BIOTA; KODIAK ISLAND; RIVER OTTERS; CRUDE-OIL; ALASKA; MORTALITY; HYDROCARBONS AB Sea otter Enhydra lutris populations were severely affected by the 1989 'Exxon Valdez' oil spill in western Prince William Sound, AK, and had not fully recovered by 2000. Here we present results of population surveys and incorporate findings from related studies to identify current population status and factors affecting recovery. Between 1993 and 2000, the number of sea otters in the spill-area of Prince William Sound increased by about 600 to nearly 2700. However, at Knight Island, where oil exposure and sea otter mortality in 1989 was most severe, no increase has been observed. Sea otter reproduction was not impaired, and the age and sex composition of captured otters are consistent with both intrinsic reproduction and immigration contributing to recovery. However, low resighting rates of marked otters at Knight Island compared to an unoiled reference area, and high proportions of young otters in beach cast carcasses through 1998, suggest that the lack of recovery was caused by relatively poor survival or emigration of potential recruits. Significantly higher levels of cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A), a biomarker of hydrocarbons, were found in sea otters at Knight Island from 1996 to 1998 compared to unoiled Montague Island, implicating oil effects in the lack of recovery at Knight Island. Delayed recovery does not appear to be directly related to food limitation. Although food availability was relatively low at both oiled and unoiled areas, we detected significant increases in sea otter abundance only at Montague Island, a finding inconsistent with food as a principal limiting factor. Persistent oil in habitats and prey provides a source of continued oil exposure and, combined with relatively low prey densities, suggests a potential interaction between oil and food. However, sea otters foraged more successfully at Knight Island and young females were in better condition than those at Montague Island. We conclude that progress toward recovery of sea otters in Prince William Sound is evident, but that in areas where initial oil effects were greatest, recovery may be constrained by residual spill effects, resulting from elevated mortality and emigration. It is evident that internal reproduction and immigration of juveniles has been the primary means of population recovery, as opposed to broad scale redistribution of adults from outside affected areas. The result is a recovery period protracted by long-term spill effects on survival and emigration and intrinsic limits to population growth. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Coastal Resources Associates, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Univ Washington, US Geol Survey, Washington Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Alaska, Inst Marine Sci, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Western Ecosyst Technol, Cheyenne, WY 82001 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Bodkin, JL (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. EM james_bodkin@usgs.gov RI Monson, Daniel/N-4469-2013 OI Monson, Daniel/0000-0002-4593-5673 NR 85 TC 73 Z9 73 U1 11 U2 58 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2002 VL 241 BP 237 EP 253 DI 10.3354/meps241237 PG 17 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 613RU UT WOS:000179145900022 ER PT J AU Dean, TA Bodkin, JL Fukuyama, AK Jewett, SC Monson, DH O'Clair, CE VanBlaricom, GR AF Dean, TA Bodkin, JL Fukuyama, AK Jewett, SC Monson, DH O'Clair, CE VanBlaricom, GR TI Food limitation and the recovery of sea otters following the 'Exxon Valdez' oil spill SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE Prince William Sound; Alaska; predator-prey interaction; prey availability; prey consumption rate; condition indices ID PRINCE-WILLIAM-SOUND; ENHYDRA-LUTRIS; POPULATION REGULATION; SHORELINE TREATMENTS; NORTHERN AUSTRALIA; FERAL DONKEYS; WILD REINDEER; TIME BUDGETS; ALASKA; MORTALITY AB We examined the potential role of food limitation in constraining the recovery of sea otters Enhydra lutris in Prince William Sound, Alaska, following the 'Exxon Valdez' oil spill. The spill resulted in the removal of a large number of sea otters in 1989, and as of 1998, the portion of the population in the heavily oiled northern Knight Island region had not fully recovered. Between 1996 and 1998, prey consumption rate was higher and the condition of sea otters was better at northern Knight Island than in an unoiled area of the sound (Montague Island). Estimates of prey energy available per unit mass of sea otter were about 4 times higher at Knight than Montague Island, albeit not significantly different between the 2 areas. Over this, same period, the number of sea otters remained constant at northern Knight Island but increased at Montague Island. These data suggest that food was at least as abundant at Knight than at Montague Island, and that recovery of sea otters via intrinsic population growth was limited by factors other than food. However, the availability of food, the prey consumption rate, and the condition of sea otters were all much lower at both Knight and Montague Islands than in areas newly occupied by sea otters where the population growth rate was near the theoretical maximum. It is possible that the relatively short supply of food (compared to areas where sea otter population growth rate was high) may have inhibited immigration or interacted with other factors (e.g. oil-induced mortality or predation) to restrict sea otter population growth. Nonetheless, these data suggest that impacts of anthropogenic disturbances on large, often food-limited vertebrate predators can persist in spite of the availability of food resources that are sufficient for intrinsic population growth. C1 Coastal Resources Associates, Carlsbad, CA 92008 USA. US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Biol Res Div, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. Univ Washington, US Geol Survey, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci,Biol Resource Div, Washington Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Alaska, Inst Marine Sci, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Dean, TA (reprint author), Coastal Resources Associates, 5674 El Camino Real,Suite M, Carlsbad, CA 92008 USA. EM coastal_resources@sbcglobal.net RI Monson, Daniel/N-4469-2013 OI Monson, Daniel/0000-0002-4593-5673 NR 81 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 4 U2 28 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2002 VL 241 BP 255 EP 270 DI 10.3354/meps241255 PG 16 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 613RU UT WOS:000179145900023 ER PT J AU Esler, D Bowman, TD Trust, KA Ballachey, BE Dean, TA Jewett, SC O'Clair, CE AF Esler, D Bowman, TD Trust, KA Ballachey, BE Dean, TA Jewett, SC O'Clair, CE TI Harlequin duck population recovery following the 'Exxon Valdez' oil spill: progress, process and constraints SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE demography; 'Exxon Valdez'; harlequin duck; Histrionicus histrionicus; marine birds; oil contamination; population recovery ID PRINCE-WILLIAM-SOUND; AMERICAN BLACK DUCKS; ANAS-PLATYRHYNCHOS; CYTOCHROME P4501A; WINTER PHILOPATRY; MUSSEL BEDS; CRUDE-OIL; SURVIVAL; ALASKA; IMPACTS AB Following the 1989 'Exxon Valdez' oil spill in Prince William Sound, Alaska, we studied the status of recovery of harlequin duck Histrionicus histrionicus populations during 1995 to 1998. We evaluated potential constraints on full recovery, including (1) exposure to residual oil; (2) food limitation; and (3) intrinsic demographic limitations on population growth rates. In this paper, we synthesize the findings from our work and incorporate information from other harlequin duck research and monitoring programs to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the response of this species to the 'Exxon Valdez' spill. We conclude that harlequin duck populations had not fully recovered by 1998. Furthermore, adverse effects continued as many as 9 yr after the oil spill, in contrast to the conventional paradigm that oil spill effects on bird populations are short-lived. These conclusions are based on the findings that (1) elevated cytochrome P450 (CYP1A) induction on oiled areas indicated continued exposure to oil in 1998; (2) adult female winter. survival was lower on oiled than unoiled areas during 1995 to 1998; (3) fall population surveys by the Alaska Department of Fish and Game indicated numerical declines in oiled areas during 1995 to 1997; and (4) densities on oiled areas in 1996 and 1997 were lower than expected using models that accounted for effects of habitat attributes. Based on hypothesized links between oil contamination and demography, we suggest that harlequin duck population recovery was constrained primarily by continued oil exposure. Full population recovery will also be delayed by the time necessary for intrinsic population growth to allow return to pre-spill numbers following cessation of residual oil spill effects. Although not all wildlife species were affected by the 'Exxon Valdez' oil spill, and some others may have recovered quickly from any effects, harlequin duck life history characteristics and benthic, nearshore feeding habits make them susceptible to both initial and long-term oil spill effects. C1 US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Anchorage, AK 99501 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Marine Sci, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Coastal Resources Associates Inc, Vista, CA 92083 USA. Natl Oceanog & Atmospher Adm, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Esler, D (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Alaska Biol Sci Ctr, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. EM desler@sfu.ca NR 83 TC 68 Z9 73 U1 5 U2 33 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2002 VL 241 BP 271 EP 286 DI 10.3354/meps241271 PG 16 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 613RU UT WOS:000179145900024 ER PT J AU Grover, JJ Buckley, TW Woodbury, D AF Grover, JJ Buckley, TW Woodbury, D TI Effects of the 1997-1998 El Nino on early-juvenile Pacific hake Merluccius Productus: age, growth, abundance, and diet in coastal nursery habitats SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE hake; El nino effects; age and growth; food habits ID WARM OCEAN YEARS; CALIFORNIA CURRENT; INTERANNUAL VARIATIONS; SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA; POPULATION BIOLOGY; CALANUS-PACIFICUS; BARKLEY SOUND; LIFE-HISTORY; STATE; OREGON AB The effects of anomalous oceanographic conditions on growth, abundance, spawn-date distributions, and diet of early-juvenile Pacific hake Merluccius productus were examined in nursery grounds off the coast of central California, USA. Spring collections from 2 consecutive years of El Nino conditions, 1997 and 1998, 1 year of La Nina conditions, 1999, and 1 non-anomalous year, 1995, were examined. During spring of 1997, the first year of the El Nino event, early-juvenile hake appeared to compensate for anomalous ocean conditions by ingesting a wider variety of zooplankton taxa and sizes. Continuation of El Nino conditions through spring 1998 appeared to have a strong impact on the 1998 year class. Very low levels of macrozooplankton biomass in February 1998 resulted in poor growth and reduced survival of hake from early spawns. C1 Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Tiburon, CA 94920 USA. RP Grover, JJ (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM jill.grover@oregonstate.edu NR 48 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 6 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 EI 1616-1599 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2002 VL 240 BP 235 EP 247 DI 10.3354/meps240235 PG 13 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 601QF UT WOS:000178457600022 ER PT J AU Mulsow, S Landrum, PF Robbins, JA AF Mulsow, S Landrum, PF Robbins, JA TI Biological mixing responses to sublethal concentrations of DDT in sediments by Heteromastus filiformis using a Cs-137 marker layer technique SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE bioturbation; Heteromastus filiformis; DDT; sediment contamination ID STYLODRILUS-HERINGIANUS LUMBRICULIDAE; BELT DEPOSIT-FEEDERS; NEREIS-DIVERSICOLOR; LAKE-SEDIMENTS; INGESTION RATE; POLYCHAETE; BIOTURBATION; REWORKING; WATER; BAY AB Sediment mixing by benthic macroinvertebrates is an important process affecting the fate of sediment-bound and dissolved contaminants in marine environments, A non-invasive, state-of-the-art radiotracer technique was used to study sediment mixing by Heteromastus filiformis (Capitellidae), a common marine head-down deposit feeder, exposed to several sub-lethal concentrations of DDT (0, 5, 10 and 20 mug g(-1); control, Treatments 1, 2 and 3). Several horizontal submillimeter layers of Cs-137-labeled clay were deposited approximately every 2 cm in each of 3 replicate sediment columns per treatment; 4 polychaetes were then introduced to each column and the gamma activity of each column was measured vertically using an automated scan detector. Nonlinear least-square fits were applied to obtain parameterized values that were used to determine the mixing rates of each Cs-137 layer over time, A simple diffusion model was used to calculate biological diffusion coefficients (D-b) for H. filiformis. Overall mixing rates increased towards the surface. Control and Treatment 1 had higher D-b values at the surface compared to Treatments 2 and 3. The D-b depth profiles were similar in the control and Treatments 1 and 2, with mixing occurring at the sediment water interface and a subsurface maximum at 10 to 12 cm below this interface. This pattern was not clear in Treatment 3, where D-b had the lowest values and decreased with depth. Bioturbation besides mixing of solids also changed the water content throughout the sediment column. Porosity profiles at the end of the experiments increased by 10 to 20% at 10 to 12 cm depths compared to above and below this horizon. The DDT depth concentration profiles decreased towards the surface as a result of the mixing by the benthic macroinvertebrates, clearly indicating removal/uptake by the organism. The feeding rate constant (gamma(b), % h(-1)) in the control showed a maximum at 7 to 12 cm. However, the gamma(b) in the treatments was essentially constant with depth, For all treatments and the control, the burial rate (W-b) (downward movement of radiolabeled layers) decreased with depth, The surface layers were buried faster (ANOVA, p < 0.05) in the control than in sediments containing DDT. A sensitivity analysis comparing burial rate, D-b, gamma(b) (surface only) and worm weights showed that worm weights and burial rate have the highest fractional rate changes per mug g(-1) DDT. C1 NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Geol Sci, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. RP Landrum, PF (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM peter.landrum@noaa.gov NR 62 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2002 VL 239 BP 181 EP 191 DI 10.3354/meps239181 PG 11 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 596QF UT WOS:000178175000017 ER PT J AU Nichol, DG Somerton, DA AF Nichol, DG Somerton, DA TI Diurnal vertical migration of the Atka mackerel Pleurogrammus monopterygius as shown by archival tags SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE diurnal migration; vertical migration; Atka mackerel; archival tag ID ALASKA; COD; SEA AB Atka mackerel Pleurogrammus monopterygius were captured and tagged with depth and temperature recording devices (archival tags) on 23 July 2000 in Seguam Pass, Aleutian Islands, Alaska, Nine of the 117 tagged fish were recovered in Seguam Pass during September 2000, Fish were tagged externally just below the dorsal fin. Atka mackerel displayed strong diel behavior, with vertical movements away from the bottom occurring almost exclusively during daylight hours and little to no movement at night, Vertical movements occurred when light levels at 150 m were greater than 7.31 x 10(-5) mumol photons m(-2) s(-1), or approximately between 08:00 and 23:00 h Alaska Daylight Time (ADT; GMT - 8) during August. Daytime vertical movements were correlated with light intensity, time of day and current velocity, The occurrence of vertical movements tended to increase with increasing light during the morning and early afternoon, but then decrease with increasing hour of the day after 13:00 h ADT, The magnitude of surface-directed vertical excursions was reduced during spring tide periods, when current velocities are highest. By comparison, the magnitude of slope-directed excursions was greater during spring tide periods and reduced during neap tide periods. Eight fish were at liberty for 42 to 44 d and 1 for 65 d, Two of the tagged males displayed nest guarding behavior for the majority of their time at liberty. Depths for these 2 males (115 to 117 m) were much deeper than previously observed for Atka mackerel spawning grounds. Given that Atka mackerel are more likely to be on the bottom during the night and less likely during the day, the variance of abundance estimates from bottom trawl surveys may be reduced by accounting for these diel differences. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Resource Assessment & Conservat Engn Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Nichol, DG (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Resource Assessment & Conservat Engn Div, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM dan.nichol@noaa.gov NR 18 TC 21 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 3 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2002 VL 239 BP 193 EP 207 DI 10.3354/meps239193 PG 15 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 596QF UT WOS:000178175000018 ER PT J AU Stunz, GW Minello, TJ Levin, PS AF Stunz, GW Minello, TJ Levin, PS TI Growth of newly settled red drum Sciaenops ocellatus in different estuarine habitat types SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE growth; habitat; habitat comparisons; red drum; estuaries; Sciaenops ocellatus ID FLOUNDER PSEUDOPLEURONECTES-AMERICANUS; WEAKFISH CYNOSCION REGALIS; OTOLITH INCREMENT WIDTHS; JUVENILE CHINOOK SALMON; CHESAPEAKE BAY; GALVESTON BAY; LARVAL FISH; SALT-MARSH; ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA; SEAGRASS MEADOWS AB We examined growth of recently settled juvenile red drum in salt marsh, seagrass, oyster reef, and on nonvegetated bottom areas in the Galveston Bay system of Texas (USA). We estimated growth using otolith microstructure from free-ranging fish collected in different habitat types and also measured growth of red drum in experimental enclosures where fish movement was restricted. Otolith growth was closely related to somatic growth in fish of 13 to 33 mm SL, and we used daily otolith increments from the last 10 d before capture as an indicator of growth following settlement into estuarine habitats. Growth rates of red drum captured at marsh, nonvegetated, and seagrass sites were not significantly different; no fish were collected on oyster reef. While reducing potential problems of a lagged response between otolith growth and somatic growth, the use of a 10 d growth period may have increased the likelihood of fish movement among habitats affecting our comparisons. The overall post-settlement growth rate of 0.45 mm d(-1) was similar to rates reported in the literature. Movement among habitat types was eliminated in experiments employing 24 solid-walled enclosures (60 cm diameter). Growth rates in enclosures over the 7 d experiment were 0.12 mm d(-1) in oyster reef, 0.21 mm d(-1) on nonvegetated bottom, 0.40 mm d(-1) in salt marsh, and 0.42 mm d(-1) in seagrass; rates in vegetated enclosures approximated natural growth rates. Significantly higher growth in marsh and seagrass enclosures suggests that growth potential for red drum may be highest in these vegetated areas. However, growth results in enclosures need to be evaluated carefully, because fish movement among habitat types may be important in these shallow estuarine systems. C1 SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Galveston Lab, Fishery Ecol Branch, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Galveston, TX 77551 USA. NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Stunz, GW (reprint author), SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Galveston Lab, Fishery Ecol Branch, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 4700 Ave U, Galveston, TX 77551 USA. EM greg.stunz@noaa.gov NR 94 TC 45 Z9 48 U1 3 U2 19 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2002 VL 238 BP 227 EP 236 DI 10.3354/meps238227 PG 10 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 589YB UT WOS:000177788200020 ER PT J AU Bailey, KM Picquelle, SJ AF Bailey, KM Picquelle, SJ TI Larval distribution of offshore spawning flatfish in the Gulf of Alaska: potential transport pathways and enhanced onshore transport during ENSO events SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE larval transport; Pacific halibut; arrowtooth flounder; marine fish larvae; currents ID PLAICE PLEURONECTES-PLATESSA; PACIFIC-OCEAN; NORTH-SEA; RECRUITMENT; TEMPERATURE; VARIABILITY; PATTERNS; FLOW AB Offshore and deepwater spawning flatfish species in the Gulf of Alaska, such as arrow-tooth flounder Atheresthes stomias and Pacific halibut Hippoglossus stenolepis, have juvenile nurseries that are inshore, in bays or at the mouths of bays. Larvae must emigrate from their spawning areas along the continental slope and outer shelf towards shore, in a direction across the prevailing Alaskan Stream. Using a 20 yr time series of data from ichthyoplankton surveys in the Gulf of Alaska, we examine patterns of variability in larval halibut and flounder distributions that may reflect processes resulting in successful recruitment to nursery areas. Several patterns can be observed in these data. Eggs and the smallest-sized larvae are distributed deep in the water column along the outer shelf and slope. Larger larvae tend to be located in the upper water column and farther inshore over the continental shelf. Larger larvae are also associated with deep-sea valleys and troughs that penetrate the shelf. Thus, these topographic features may serve as transport pathways to juvenile nursery grounds. ENSO (El Nino-Southern Oscillation) conditions and warm-year anomalies are linked to recruitment strength of Pacific halibut. Variability in larval transport as related to ENSO and other conditions that enhance onshore advection may play an important role in the recruitment of flatfishes to their nursery grounds. The results of this analysis indicate that larvae of both species are more abundant in coastal areas during El Nino events, and that a higher proportion of larvae are transported inshore during El Nino years. C1 NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Bailey, KM (reprint author), NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way Ne, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM kevin.bailey@noaa.gov NR 27 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 4 U2 11 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2002 VL 236 BP 205 EP 217 DI 10.3354/meps236205 PG 13 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 576LQ UT WOS:000177007100019 ER PT J AU Bosley, KL Witting, DA Chambers, RC Wainright, SC AF Bosley, KL Witting, DA Chambers, RC Wainright, SC TI Estimating turnover rates of carbon and nitrogen in recently metamorphosed winter flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus with stable isotopes SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE stable isotopes; diet shifts; Pseudopleuronectes americanus; winter-flounder habitat; temperature ID FOOD-WEB STRUCTURE; TROPHIC LEVEL; GEORGES BANK; FRACTIONATION; LARVAE; DIET; DELTA-C-13; GROWTH; ZOOPLANKTON; SETTLEMENT AB Stable-isotope ratios of carbon (C-13/C-12) and nitrogen (N-15/N-14) are widely used in the analysis of animal diets. However, using these stable-isotope ratios to infer dietary changes depends on precise knowledge of turnover rates of carbon and nitrogen. In the present study, carbon and nitrogen turnover rates were determined for recently settled juvenile winter flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus in the laboratory using naturally occurring stable isotopes as dietary tracers. Flounder were reared at 13degreesC on a diet of rotifers Brachionus plicatilis of known isotopic composition from the time that the larvae began feeding until they reached metamorphosis and began to settle to the benthic habitat. At settlement, the fish were assigned to 1 of 2 temperature treatments (13 and 18degreesC). A subset of fish at each temperature was maintained on rotifers to serve as controls. The remaining fish were switched to a diet of brine shrimp Artemia sp. (known to be isotopically distinct from rotifers) and then sampled systematically over a 16 d period. Temperature had a significant effect on both carbon and nitrogen turnover rates. At 13degreesC, the half-life of carbon was 4.1 d (+/-0.6), and of nitrogen, 3.9 d (+/-0.7). At 18degreesC, the half-life of carbon was 2.2 d (+/-0.3), and of nitrogen, 3.1 d (+/-0.3). The change in isotopic composition closely followed predictions based entirely on the production of new tissue. C1 NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Fishery Resource Anal & Monitoring Div, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Coastal Ecol Branch, Highlands, NJ 07732 USA. RP Bosley, KL (reprint author), NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Fishery Resource Anal & Monitoring Div, 2030 SE Marine Sci Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM keith.bosley@noaa.gov NR 45 TC 101 Z9 103 U1 7 U2 25 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2002 VL 236 BP 233 EP 240 DI 10.3354/meps236233 PG 8 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 576LQ UT WOS:000177007100021 ER PT J AU Kurle, CM Worthy, GAJ AF Kurle, CM Worthy, GAJ TI Stable nitrogen and carbon isotope ratios in multiple tissues of the northern fur seal Callorhinus ursinus: implications for dietary and migratory reconstructions SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE stable isotopes; northern fur seals; feeding ecology; foraging; migration; trophic dynamics ID FOOD-WEB STRUCTURE; TROPHIC RELATIONSHIPS; BERING-SEA; GROWTH-RATE; MARINE-PHYTOPLANKTON; PLANKTON DELTA-C-13; NATURAL-ABUNDANCE; ORGANIC-MATTER; AMINO-ACIDS; FRACTIONATION AB We investigated changes in trophic level and feeding location over time in juvenile male northern fur seals Callorhinus ursinus from the Pribilof Islands, Alaska, using stable nitrogen (delta(15)N) and carbon (delta(13)C) isotope analyses of their fur, muscle, blubber, brain, liver, and kidney tissues. Mean delta(15)N values were non-uniform between tissues and ranged from 14.9 parts per thousand (fur) to 17.1 parts per thousand (lipid extracted blubber). Mean VC values also varied with tissue type and ranged from -24.7 parts per thousand (non-lipid extracted blubber) to -17.5parts per thousand (fur). Mean isotope values of tissues clustered into groups coincident with their estimated protein and isotope turnover times, with fur representing the most remote incorporation of isotopic data, followed by muscle (delta(15)N = 15.1 to 15.6parts per thousand; delta(13)C = -18.1parts per thousand), brain (delta(15)N = 17.0parts per thousand; delta(13)C = -18.4 to -18.1 parts per thousand), blubber (delta(15)N = 17.1 parts per thousand; delta(13)C = -19.7 parts per thousand to -18.1 parts per thousand), kidney (delta(15)N = 16.4 parts per thousand; delta(13)C = -18.5 to -18.2parts per thousand), and liver (delta(15)N = 16.0parts per thousand to 16.2 parts per thousand; delta(13)C = -18.4 %o to -18.2parts per thousand). Mean kidney and liver delta(15)N values (similar to16.3parts per thousand) indicated that juvenile males from St. Paul and St. George Islands were feeding at the same trophic level during summer 1997. Mean kidney and liver delta(13)C values suggested that juvenile males from St. George Island (delta(13)C = -18.2parts per thousand) were feeding at the Bering Sea shelf break, while juvenile males from St. Paul Island (delta(13)C = -18.5parts per thousand) were feeding more on the continental shelf. Comparing delta(15)N ratios of fur with delta(15)N values from all other tissues allowed us to estimate that juvenile males were at their lowest trophic level when they were at the youngest age (similar to2 yr old) targeted in this study. Mean delta(15)N values from tissues collected opportunistically from 2 nulliparous females (delta(15)N values ranged from 16.1parts per thousand for muscle to 18.0parts per thousand for blubber) and 2 post-parturient females (delta(15)N values ranged from 16.1 parts per thousand for muscle to 18.9 parts per thousand for blubber) suggested that, at all times, females were feeding at higher trophic levels than juvenile males. Lipid-extracted blubber samples from juvenile males had much higher delta(15)N values,(17.1 %o) and VC values (-19.7 to -18.1parts per thousand) than non-lipid extracted blubber (-16.0 and similar to-24.7parts per thousand, respectively), underscoring the importance of lipid removal when analyzing tissues for stable isotopes. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Physiol Ecol & Bioenerget Lab, Galveston, TX 77551 USA. RP Kurle, CM (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM kurle@biology.ucsc.edu NR 91 TC 87 Z9 89 U1 6 U2 25 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2002 VL 236 BP 289 EP 300 DI 10.3354/meps236289 PG 12 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 576LQ UT WOS:000177007100026 ER PT J AU Chiappone, M Swanson, DW Miller, SL AF Chiappone, M Swanson, DW Miller, SL TI Density, spatial distribution and size structure of sea urchins in Florida Keys coral reef and hard-bottom habitats SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE coral reefs; Florida keys; herbivory; marine reserves; population density; recruitment; sea urchins; size structure ID DIADEMA-ANTILLARUM PHILIPPI; MASS MORTALITY; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; RECRUITMENT; ECHINODERMATA; ECHINOIDEA; JAMAICA; PANAMA; BAY AB The 1983-84 Caribbean-wide mortality of the long-spined sea urchin Diadema antillarum Philippi was followed by a 2nd mortality event during 1991 in the Florida Keys. Pre-mortality sea urchin densities were up to 5 ind. m(-2) and the large scale decline of D, antillarum is considered to be 1 factor affecting community dynamics of Florida Keys reefs, During 1999-2000, we surveyed 125 sites using a stratified random sampling design in shallow-water coral reef and hard-bottom habitats. Strip transects were sampled to assess density, habitat utilization and size structure patterns among habitat types, regional sectors and between fished and protected areas. Nearly 17 yr after the mass mortality, D. antillarum has not recovered to pre-1983 levels, with current densities no greater than 0,05 ind. m(-2), and small test sizes (1 to 2 cm) dominate. Other sea urchins such as Eucidaris tribuloides (Lamarck) and Echinometra viridis Agassiz show density and habitat distribution patterns similar to historical observations. C1 Univ N Carolina, Marine Sci Res Ctr, Key Largo, FL 33037 USA. Univ N Carolina, NOAA, Natl Undersea Res Ctr, Key Largo, FL 33037 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Div Marine Biol & Fisheries, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Chiappone, M (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Marine Sci Res Ctr, 515 Caribbean Dr, Key Largo, FL 33037 USA. EM chiapponem@uncwil.edu NR 64 TC 22 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 6 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2002 VL 235 BP 117 EP 126 DI 10.3354/meps235117 PG 10 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 576DW UT WOS:000176988400011 ER PT J AU Whitfield, PE Gardner, T Vives, SP Gilligan, MR Courtenay, WR Ray, GC Hare, JA AF Whitfield, PE Gardner, T Vives, SP Gilligan, MR Courtenay, WR Ray, GC Hare, JA TI Biological invasion of the Indo-Pacific lionfish Pterois volitans along the Atlantic coast of North America SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE biological invasions; nonindigenous species; marine fish; Scorpaenidae; marine introductions; lionfish; Pterois volitans; invasive species; Pteroinae ID CLAM POTAMOCORBULA-AMURENSIS; FRANCISCO BAY CALIFORNIA; REMARKABLE INVASION; POMATOMUS-SALTATRIX; MARINE ORGANISMS; FISH; BIGHT; COMMUNITIES; DISPERSAL; TRANSPORT AB The occurrence of lionfish Pterois volitans is reported from the western Atlantic Ocean. Adults were collected off the coasts of North Carolina, Georgia and Florida, and juveniles were collected along the shore of Long Island, New York. They have also been found around Bermuda. Lionfish are indigenous to tropical waters of the western Pacific and their occurrence along the east coast of the United States represents a human-induced introduction. Distribution of adults suggests lionfish are surviving in the western Atlantic and capture of juveniles provides putative evidence of reproduction. The most likely pathway of introduction is aquarium releases, but introduction via ballast water cannot be ruled out. The ecosystem of the southeastern United States continental shelf is already undergoing change: reef fish communities are becoming more tropical and many fish species are overfished, These ongoing changes, along with limited information regarding the biology of P. volitans, make predictions of long-term effects of the introduction difficult. This discovery represents the first, apparently successful introduction, of a marine fish from the western Pacific to Atlantic coastal waters of the United States. C1 NOAA, Beaufort Lab, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. Hofstra Univ, Dept Biol, Hempstead, NY 11549 USA. Georgia So Univ, Dept Biol, Statesboro, GA 30460 USA. Savannah State Univ, Marine Sci Programs, Savannah, GA 31404 USA. US Geol Survey, Florida Caribbean Sci Ctr, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. RP Whitfield, PE (reprint author), NOAA, Beaufort Lab, 101 Pivers Isl Rd, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. EM paula.whitfield@noaa.gov NR 49 TC 137 Z9 148 U1 35 U2 183 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2002 VL 235 BP 289 EP 297 DI 10.3354/meps235289 PG 9 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 576DW UT WOS:000176988400027 ER PT J AU Brodeur, RD Sugisaki, H Hunt, GL AF Brodeur, RD Sugisaki, H Hunt, GL TI Increases in jellyfish biomass in the Bering Sea: implications for the ecosystem SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE jellyfish; distribution; food consumption; ecosystem changes; Bering Sea ID AURELIA-AURITA MEDUSAE; PORT-PHILLIP BAY; GELATINOUS ZOOPLANKTON; CHRYSAORA-QUINQUECIRRHA; PELAGIC CNIDARIANS; CHESAPEAKE BAY; BLACK-SEA; ANOMALOUS CONDITIONS; AEQUOREA-VICTORIA; PREDATORY IMPACT AB There has been a dramatic increase in jellyfish biomass over the eastern Bering Sea shelf since the early 1990s, which was previously hypothesized to have been triggered by changing climate and ocean conditions. We examine the hypothesis that the presence of these large carnivores has affected fisheries resources, either through direct predation on larval stages, or through competition for zooplankton prey, In this paper, we explore the impact of this jellyfish increase on zooplankton and fish communities based on field data on the composition of the jellyfish community, and the abundance, size, stable isotopic signatures, and feeding habits of the principal scyphomedusae in the region. These data, together with those on zooplankton biomass, are used to estimate the ecosystem impacts of this increase. The center of jellyfish biomass has shifted from the SE Middle Shelf Domain in the early 1980s to the NW in the late 1990s. In recent years, the species composition of large medusae caught in trawls was dominated (>80% by number and >95% by weight) by the scyphozoan Chrysaora melanaster, Dense aggregations of this species occupied the water column in daytime between 10 and 40 in. Their food habits consisted mainly of pelagic crustaceans (euphausiids, copepods, amphipods), although other jellyfish and juvenile pollock were also consumed, Based on stable isotope ratios, the trophic level of this scyphozoan is equivalent to, or higher than, that of Age 0 pollock. Preliminary estimates showed that medusae have a moderate grazing impact on zooplankton in the area around the Pribilof Islands; C, melanaster was estimated on average to consume seasonally about one-third of the standing stock and 4.7% of the annual production of zooplankton in this region, Daily consumption of Age 0 pollock was estimated to be 2.8% of the standing stock around the Pribilof Islands during 1999. A hypothesis for the increase in jellyfishes observed in the eastern Bering Sea, based on release from competition from planktivorous forage fishes, is proposed. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Tohoku Natl Fisheries Res Inst, Tagajo, Miyagi 985, Japan. Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. RP Brodeur, RD (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM rick.brodeur@noaa.gov OI Hunt, George/0000-0001-8709-2697 NR 69 TC 196 Z9 217 U1 7 U2 85 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2002 VL 233 BP 89 EP 103 DI 10.3354/meps233089 PG 15 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 563XL UT WOS:000176283200008 ER PT J AU Scharf, FS Buckel, JA Juanes, F AF Scharf, FS Buckel, JA Juanes, F TI Size-dependent vulnerability of juvenile bay anchovy Anchoa mitchilli to bluefish predation: Does large body size always provide a refuge? SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE bay anchovy; piscivory; size refuge; capture success; behavior ID HUDSON RIVER ESTUARY; THE-YEAR BLUEFISH; MID-CHESAPEAKE BAY; FIRST-YEAR GROWTH; YOLK-SAC LARVAE; POMATOMUS-SALTATRIX; PREY SIZE; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; STRIPED BASS; CAPTURE SUCCESS AB Bay anchovy are known to be an important component of food webs in estuarine and coastal waters along the US east coast. Despite their role as a primary forage species for several top-level predators in these systems, very little is known about their behavioral interactions with predators and the vulnerability of post-larval life stages to predation. In this study, we examined the vulnerability of juvenile bay anchovy to age-0 bluefish predation using a size-structured laboratory design. For a range of bay anchovy and bluefish body sizes, we determined predator capture success, handling time costs, feeding rates, and prey profitabilities as functions of relative prey size, We evaluated bluefish size selection when offered different sizes of bay anchovy simultaneously and identified behavioral characteristics of prey that may contribute to disparate rates of attack. Bluefish capture success was high on small relative prey sizes (< 30 % of predator size) and remained high on larger relative prey sizes (> 50 % of predator size), demonstrating that even large bay anchovy are highly susceptible to capture, Handling time and capture success relationships were combined with prey body mass to generate dome-shaped profitability curves that peaked at relative prey sizes of 0.50, which is much higher than typically observed for piscivore-prey interactions, Bluefish exhibited strong selection patterns and significantly higher attack rates on large bay anchovy. Disparate attack distributions on large and small bay anchovy appeared to be caused partly by differences in prey behavior among size groups. Our results suggest that bay anchovy may not achieve a refuge from predation with increased body size and support the importance of predation in shaping bay anchovy life history. C1 Univ Massachusetts, Dept Nat Resource Conservat, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. Univ N Carolina, Ctr Marine Sci & Technol, Dept Zool, Morehead City, NC 28557 USA. RP Scharf, FS (reprint author), NOAA, NMFS, NEFSC, James J Howard Maine Lab, 74 Magruder Rd, Highlands, NJ 07732 USA. EM fred.scharf@noaa.gov NR 60 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 8 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2002 VL 233 BP 241 EP 252 DI 10.3354/meps233241 PG 12 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 563XL UT WOS:000176283200020 ER PT J AU Litaker, RW Tester, PA Duke, CS Kenney, BE Pinckney, JL Ramus, J AF Litaker, RW Tester, PA Duke, CS Kenney, BE Pinckney, JL Ramus, J TI Seasonal niche strategy of the bloom-forming dinoflagellate Heterocapsa triquetra SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Review DE dinoflagellate blooms; seasonal niche strategy; HPLC; meteorological forcing ID NEUSE RIVER ESTUARY; SHALLOW TIDAL ESTUARY; TERM ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABILITY; CILIATE MESODINIUM-RUBRUM; NORTH-CAROLINA ESTUARY; LOWER CHESAPEAKE BAY; RED-TIDE; COMMUNITY-STRUCTURE; BREVOORTIA-TYRANNUS; PHYTOPLANKTON COMPOSITION AB Heterocapsa tilquetra is one of the most common bloom-forming dinoflagellates found in estuaries and near shore regions around the world. This work examined the environmental factors associated with 3 separate wintertime H, triquetra blooms in the shallow tidally mixed Newport River estuary, North Carolina, USA, During 2 of the blooms in 1982 and 1983, the estuary was sampled from a fixed, single location every hour for 14 d, During the third study, the estuary was sampled at 9 fixed locations over its entire length each week from late December 1997 through March 1998. This time period included the formation and decline of the H. triquetra bloom. Barometric pressure, precipitation, photosynthetically active radiation, salinity, temperature, nutrient concentrations, and chl a were measured in each study, During the 1997-1998 study, pigments were analyzed using HPLC to characterize the phytoplankton assemblages and the dominant dinoflagellates in each sample were counted, The prevailing environmental conditions associated with the wintertime blooms were largely the result of atmospheric forcing. Low pressure systems moved through the study area at 3 to 4 d intervals and were accompanied by low ambient air temperatures and regular rainfall. Runoff following the rainfall events supplied inorganic nutrients critical for bloom initiation and development, It also created a mesohaline frontal zone in the middle portion of the estuary with salinity and hydrodynamic conditions favorable for H, triquetra growth. Here, the H. triquetra bloom reached its maximal development with chl a levels > 100 mug l(-1) and cell densities between 1 and 6 x 10(6) l(-1). As the H. triquetra bloom developed, nutrient inputs from the river became insufficient to meet growth demand and H. triquetra began feeding mixo-trophically, supplementing its nutritional requirements and reducing competition from co-occurring dinoflagellates, Cloud cover associated with the low pressure systems transiently limited H. triquetra growth as did low temperatures. More importantly though, low temperatures limited micro- and macro-zooplankton populations to such an extent that grazing losses were minimal. Hence, in order to bloom, H. triquetra optimizes a suite of factors including low grazing pressure, increased nutrient inputs, alternative nutrient sources, and favorable salinity and hydrodynamic conditions, as well as the negative factors of temperature-limited growth, short day lengths, and periods of transient light limitation. C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. Univ N Carolina, Program Mol Biol & Biotechnol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Environm Co Inc, Arlington, VA 22209 USA. Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, Marine Lab, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Oceanog, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Litaker, RW (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, 101 Pivers Isl Rd, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. EM wayne.litaker@noaa.gov NR 119 TC 35 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 23 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2002 VL 232 BP 45 EP 62 DI 10.3354/meps232045 PG 18 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 561DT UT WOS:000176123900004 ER PT J AU Litaker, RW Warner, VE Rhyne, C Duke, CS Kenney, BE Ramus, J Tester, PA AF Litaker, RW Warner, VE Rhyne, C Duke, CS Kenney, BE Ramus, J Tester, PA TI Effect of diel and interday variations in light on the cell division pattern and in situ growth rates of the bloom-forming dinoflagellate Heterocapsa triquetra SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE Heterocapsa triquetra; cell division; mitotic index; diel; light; dinoflagellate; bloom development ID MARINE-PHYTOPLANKTON; NATURAL-POPULATIONS; DNA QUANTIFICATION; CYCLE ANALYSIS; RED TIDE; VARIABILITY; PHOTOCYCLES AB Heterocapsa triquetra is an important bloom-forming dinoflagellate found in estuaries and nearshore regions worldwide. In an initial time-intensive study, the shallow, tidally mixed Newport River estuary, North Carolina, USA, was sampled from a fixed point located in the middle of the estuary every 2 h for 2 wk during the development of an H. triquetra bloom. The objective of this study was to investigate how short-term, high-frequency changes in temperature, light and salinity affected diel and interday cell division patterns and in situ growth rates of H, triquetra. During this study, phytoplankton samples were preserved in buffered formaldehyde and mitotic indices determined by acridine orange staining. The diel division pattern showed a nocturnal maximum between 23:00 and 05:00 h with reduced division during the day, a pattern characteristic of most dinoflagellates. The relative proportion of binucleate cells present during the day was influenced by interday variations in total irradiance, increasing during 2 of the 3 periods when there were 3 or more consecutive high light days (>28 E m(-2) d(-1)), Approximately 40% of the overall variation in interday division rates could be accounted for by differences in daily irradiance. The interday light differences were largely due to well-developed atmospheric frontal systems that brought increased cloud cover to the study area at regular 3 to 4 d intervals. The initial study, however, was of insufficient length to determine if the transient day-to-day light limitation could significantly affect seasonal bloom formation. A second longer-term, spatially intensive study was therefore undertaken to assess the relative importance of the incident light levels and nutrient inputs in controlling H. triquetra bloom initiation. During the second study, the estuary was monitored for photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), salinity, temperature, inorganic nutrients and cell densities of H. triquetra at 9 locations every wk from 23 December 1997 to 27 March 1998, Maximal H. triquetra bloom formation occurred during a 2 wk period when daily incident light levels were at or near the annual low. This suggested that H. triquetra is well adapted for utilizing low light levels and that variation in in situ growth rates in response to daily changes in PAR had little effect on bloom development. Instead, bloom initiation began with inputs of nitrogen-rich water following a runoff event, indicating that nutrient inputs are much more important in controlling bloom development than is light. C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. Univ N Carolina, Program Mol Biol & Biotechnol, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Jackson State Univ, Sch Sci & Technol, Jackson, MS 39217 USA. Environm Co Inc, Arlington, VA 22209 USA. Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, Marine Lab, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Litaker, RW (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, 101 Pivers Isl Rd, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. NR 48 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 9 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2002 VL 232 BP 63 EP 74 DI 10.3354/meps232063 PG 12 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 561DT UT WOS:000176123900005 ER PT J AU Levin, PS Hay, ME AF Levin, PS Hay, ME TI Fish-seaweed association on temperate reefs: do small-scale experiments predict large-scale patterns? SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE reef fish; temperate reef; habitat structure; macroalgae; scale; recruitment ID 2 SPATIAL SCALES; HABITAT STRUCTURE; RECRUITMENT VARIATION; POPULATION-STRUCTURE; PATCH SELECTION; PREDATION RISK; ECOLOGY; SETTLEMENT; MICROHABITAT; ASSEMBLAGES AB Processes affecting reef fish populations are likely to vary with spatial scale, but there have been few attempts to determine whether predictions generated by small-scale experiments are manifested at larger spatial scales. Our goal in this study was to determine if patterns of microhabitat use measured in small-scale experimental manipulations scaled-up and allowed predictions of among-reef patterns of abundance across larger spatial scales. Manipulations of algal biomass in artificially created 1.5 m(2) plots indicated that patches of Sargassum filipendula supported greater numbers of slippery dick Halichoeres bivittatus than those with an equal biomass of Zonaria tournefortii, or than patches with an equal mix of S, filipendula and Z. tournefortii, Scaling up and manipulating S, filipendula and Z. tournefortii abundance in 100 m(2) sections of reef produced results qualitatively similar to the small-scale experiments; fish densities varied as a function of S. filipendula mass. Larger scale surveys of fish densities and algal biomass on large reefs separated by 1 to 30 km showed positive associations between fish density and S. filipendula biomass. For the reefs that we studied, our small-scale experiments scaled up and predicted large-scale patterns of abundance on reefs in the South Atlantic Bight. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98118 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Biol, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. RP Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98118 USA. EM phil.levin@noaa.gov RI Hay, Mark/D-9752-2011 OI Hay, Mark/0000-0002-6130-9349 NR 47 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 7 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 EI 1616-1599 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2002 VL 232 BP 239 EP 246 DI 10.3354/meps232239 PG 8 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 561DT UT WOS:000176123900019 ER PT J AU Ryer, CH AF Ryer, CH TI Trawl stress and escapee vulnerability to predation in juvenile walleye pollock: Is there an unobserved bycatch of behaviorally impaired escapees? SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE bycatch; predation; stress; trawl; walleye pollock; behavior ID REDUCTION DEVICES; CHINOOK SALMON; RAINBOW-TROUT; DIAMOND-MESH; COHO SALMON; COD-ENDS; AVOIDANCE; SURVIVAL; FISH; DISTURBANCE AB Recent studies suggest that mortality of undersized fishes escaping through trawl codends may range from 0 to 100%, with mortalities of 10 to 30% being common. These values may be low, as they do not account for fishes which become behaviorally compromised by their passage through the trawl and ultimately succumb to predators. The goal of this study was to simulate in the laboratory the stressors associated with trawl passage and determine if they degrade the behavioral capabilities of juvenile walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma to avoid predation. In the first of 2 experiments, groups of Age 1 yr+ walleye pollock were subjected to 3 treatments: (1) controls: no stressor; (2) swim/escape: forced swimming for 90 min at 0.33 m s(-1) in a towed net, followed by escape through 8 cm square mesh; (3) swim/crowd/escape: forced swimming followed by 3 min of crowding, followed by escape. To evaluate the effect of these treatments on pollock behavior, a sable-fish Anoplopoma fimbria (48 to 53 cm) was placed in an observation arena with the group and pollock anti-predator behavior was quantified. Beginning immediately after simulated trawling and for up to 24 h afterwards, pollock exposed to both trawl-stressor treatments were less likely to avoid the predator than controls, allowing it to approach closer. They were also less able to form a cohesive shoal, and in the case of the swim/crowd/escape treatment, swam more slowly than control fish. To determine if trawl-stressed fish are more vulnerable to predation, in a second experiment I mixed control and swim/crowd/escape pollock together and then subjected them to predation by a 48 to 60 cm lingcod Ophiodon elongatus, observing the behavior and enumerating the number of pollock consumed in each treatment, Lingcod concentrated attacks upon solitary individuals or those straggling behind the shoal, were more likely to lunge at pollock that did not move away when approached, and were more successful the closer the pollock at lunge initiation. As a result, trawl-stressed pollock were consumed in greater numbers than controls. On the basis of these results, it is reasonable to expect that juvenile walleye pollock passing through trawls suffer behavioral deficits, subjecting them to elevated predation risk, If this is a generic effect, these results suggest that there may be a significant bycatch associated with many commercial trawl fisheries which is generally unrecognized, unmeasured, and unaccounted for in current stock-assessment models. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fisheries Behav Ecol Program,Hatfield Marine Sci, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Ryer, CH (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Fisheries Behav Ecol Program,Hatfield Marine Sci, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM cliff.ryer@hmsc.orst.edu NR 59 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 7 U2 8 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2002 VL 232 BP 269 EP 279 DI 10.3354/meps232269 PG 11 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 561DT UT WOS:000176123900022 ER PT J AU Link, J AF Link, J TI Does food web theory work for marine ecosystems? SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE connectivity; stability; species interactions; continental shelf; predator; prey; food web dynamics ID TROPHIC INTERACTIONS; TEMPORAL VARIATION; SHELF ECOSYSTEM; CHAIN LENGTH; COMMUNITY; COMPLEXITY; STABILITY; PATTERNS; ORGANIZATION; RESOLUTION AB More recent and extensive food web studies have questioned some of the prevailing paradigms of food web theory. Yet with few exceptions, most food webs and associated metrics are reported for freshwater or terrestrial systems. I analyzed the food web of the Northeast US Shelf ecosystem across a large spatial and temporal extent. This speciose food web exhibits a predator:prey ratio (0.95) and percentage of intermediate species (89%) similar to most other food webs. Other statistics, such as the percentage of omnivory (62%), percentage of cannibalistic species (31%), number of cycles (5%), and the total number of links (L; 1562) and species (S; 81) are similar to more recent and extensively studied food webs. Finally, this food web exhibits a linkage density (L/S; 19.3), connectivity (C; 48.2%), and Lyapunov stability proxy (S x C; 39.1) that are an order of magnitude higher than other webs or are disproportionate to the number of species observed in this system. Although the exact S and C relationship is contentious, the connectivity of food webs with more than 40 species is approximately 10%, which is very different from the near 50% observed for this ecosystem. The openness of marine ecosystems, lack of specialists, long lifespans, and large size changes across the life histories of many marine species can collectively make marine food webs more highly connected than their terrestrial and freshwater counterparts, contrary to food web theory. Changes in connectivity also have ramifications for ecosystem functioning and Lyapunov stability. The high connectivity of this food web and the mathematical determinants for stability are consistent with the weak nature of species interactions that have been observed and that are required for system persistence, Yet the historically high exploitation rates-of marine organisms obfuscate our understanding of marine food web stability. It is possible that marine food webs are inherently very different from their terrestrial or freshwater counterparts, implying the need for modified paradigms of food web theory. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Food Web Dynam Program, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole Lab, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Link, J (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Food Web Dynam Program, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole Lab, 166 Water St, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM jlink@whsun1.wh.whoi.edu NR 62 TC 160 Z9 163 U1 3 U2 43 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2002 VL 230 BP 1 EP 9 DI 10.3354/meps230001 PG 9 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 551XE UT WOS:000175588600001 ER PT J AU Kendall, MS Wolcott, DL Wolcott, TG Hines, AH AF Kendall, MS Wolcott, DL Wolcott, TG Hines, AH TI Influence of male size and mating history on sperm content of ejaculates of the blue crab Callinectes sapidus SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE blue crab; reproduction; male size; mating history; ejaculate contents ID CHIONOECETES-BAIRDI; CHESAPEAKE-BAY; HOMARUS-AMERICANUS; DUNGENESS CRABS; RATHBUN; MATURITY; MAJIDAE; INSEMINATION; COMPETITION; POPULATION AB Laboratory experiments were used to determine the influence of male Callinectes sapidus (Rathburn) size (larger vs smaller than the size limit of the hard crab fishery in Chesapeake Bay, which is 127 mm carapace width) and mating history (recently mated males with depleted seminal stores vs those with fully recovered resources) on number of sperm transferred to females. Females mated by males with fully recovered seminal resources received significantly more sperm than those mated with males that had mated once previously, regardless of male size. No significant difference was found between the number of sperm delivered by small and large males with similar mating history. The sperm content of ejaculates from these laboratory experiments was compared to sperm received by females collected in the field. Only 11% of field-collected females received an amount of sperm as large as that delivered by the fully recovered males in our laboratory experiments, Of the field collected females, 77% received much less sperm, similar to or below the number delivered by depleted males in our laboratory experiments. C1 NOAA, NOS Ctr Coastal Monitoring & Assessment, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Marine Earth & Atmospher Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Smithsonian Environm Res Ctr, Edgewater, MD 21037 USA. RP Kendall, MS (reprint author), NOAA, NOS Ctr Coastal Monitoring & Assessment, 1305 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM matt.kendall@noaa.gov NR 32 TC 29 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 5 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2002 VL 230 BP 235 EP 240 DI 10.3354/meps230235 PG 6 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 551XE UT WOS:000175588600020 ER PT J AU Friedlander, AM DeMartini, EE AF Friedlander, AM DeMartini, EE TI Contrasts in density, size, and biomass of reef fishes between the northwestern and the main Hawaiian islands: the effects of fishing down apex predators SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE apex predators; overfishing; Hawaiian archipelago; fish assemblage ID BOTTOM KELP FOREST; MARINE ECOSYSTEMS; COMMUNITIES; RESERVES; POPULATIONS; MANAGEMENT; ABUNDANCE; ECOLOGY; STOCK AB A comparison between the northwestern Hawaiian islands (NWHI), a large, remote, and lightly fished area, and the main Hawaiian islands (MHI), an urbanized, heavily fished area, revealed dramatic differences in the numerical density, size, and biomass of the shallow reef fish assemblages. Grand mean fish standing stock in the NWHI was more than 260% greater than in the MHI. The most striking difference was the abundance and size of large apex predators (primarily sharks and jacks) in the NWHI compared to the MHI. More than 54% of the total fish biomass in the NWHI consisted of apex predators, whereas this trophic level accounted for less than 3% of the fish biomass in the MHI. In contrast, fish biomass in the MHI was dominated by herbivores (55%) and small-bodied lower-level carnivores (42%). Most of the dominant species by weight in the NWHI were either rare or absent in the MHI and the target species that were present, regardless of trophic level, were nearly always larger in the NWHI, These differences represent both near-extirpation of apex predators and heavy exploitation of lower trophic levels in the MHI compared to the largely unfished NWHI. The reefs in the NWHI are among the few remaining large-scale, intact, predator-dominated reef ecosystems left in the world and offer an opportunity to understand how unaltered ecosystems are structured, how they function, and how they can most effectively be preserved. The differences in fish assemblage structure in this study are evidence of the high level of exploitation in the MHI and the pressing need for ecosystem-level management of reef systems in the MHI as well as the NWHI. C1 Ocean Inst, Waimanalo, HI 96795 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu Lab, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Friedlander, AM (reprint author), Ocean Inst, Makapuu Point 41-202,Kalanianaole Highway, Waimanalo, HI 96795 USA. EM afriedlander@oceanicinstitute.org NR 63 TC 306 Z9 325 U1 14 U2 115 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2002 VL 230 BP 253 EP 264 DI 10.3354/meps230253 PG 12 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 551XE UT WOS:000175588600022 ER PT J AU Kuropat, C Mercaldo-Allen, R Caldarone, E Goldberg, R Phelan, B Thurberg, F AF Kuropat, C Mercaldo-Allen, R Caldarone, E Goldberg, R Phelan, B Thurberg, F TI Evaluation of RNA concentration as an indicator of growth in young-of-the-year winter flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus and tautog Tautoga onitis SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE RNA; winter flounder; tautog; estuary; habitat ID TROUT SALVELINUS-FONTINALIS; JUVENILE SUMMER FLOUNDER; DRUM SCIAENOPS-OCELLATUS; NUCLEIC-ACID; MUSCLE-TISSUE; DNA RATIOS; PROTEIN; LARVAL; RATES; TEMPERATURE AB White muscle tissue RNA concentration was evaluated as an indirect measure of fish growth. Young-of-the-year winter flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus and tautog Tautoga onitis were grown in short-term caging experiments conducted during 1994 and 1995 within 3 geographically distinct estuarine systems in the NE of the USA: the Hammonasset River along the Connecticut coast of Long Island Sound, the Navesink River located in the Hudson-Raritan Bay estuary in northern New Jersey, and Great Bay-Little Egg Harbor estuary in southern New Jersey, Fish were caged in each of 5 habitat types including: eelgrass, macroalgae, unvegetated areas adjacent to eelgrass, unvegetated areas adjacent to macroalgae, and tidal marsh creeks. White muscle tissue RNA concentration (mug per mg wet tissue wt) was measured in winter flounder and tautog recovered from the cages and compared to instantaneous growth rate measurements of these same fish. RNA concentration was significantly correlated with growth rate measured as length (r = 0.83) and weight (r = 0.79) in winter flounder and length (r = 0.69) and weight (r = 0.73) in tautog. In most cases, estuary- and habitat-specific differences in growth rate, as determined by RNA concentration, were similar to those determined by measuring instantaneous growth. These results validate the use of RNA concentration as an indirect measure of growth in young-of-the-year winter flounder and tautog. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Milford Lab, Milford, CT 06460 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Narragansett Lab, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, James J Howard Marine Sci Lab, Highlands, NJ 07732 USA. RP Kuropat, C (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Milford Lab, 212 Rogers Ave, Milford, CT 06460 USA. EM catherine.kuropat@noaa.gov NR 27 TC 29 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 10 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2002 VL 230 BP 265 EP 274 DI 10.3354/meps230265 PG 10 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 551XE UT WOS:000175588600023 ER PT J AU Manderson, JP Phelan, BA Meise, C Stehlik, LL Bejda, AJ Pessutti, J Arlen, L Draxler, A Stoner, AW AF Manderson, JP Phelan, BA Meise, C Stehlik, LL Bejda, AJ Pessutti, J Arlen, L Draxler, A Stoner, AW TI Spatial dynamics of habitat suitability for the growth of newly settled winter flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus in an estuarine nursery SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE essential fish habitat; dynamic habitat; spatial scale; winter flounder; Pleuronectes americanus ID OF-THE-YEAR; PLAICE PLEURONECTES-PLATESSA; JUVENILE SOUTHERN FLOUNDER; NORTH-CAROLINA; PARALICHTHYS-LETHOSTIGMA; SUMMER FLOUNDER; RIVER ESTUARY; RHODE-ISLAND; RECRUITMENT; MORTALITY AB The relationship between the growth of early juvenile winter flounder (Psuedopleuronectes americanus, Walbaum; 17 to 27 mm standard length [SL]) and the spatial dynamics of estuarine gradients immediately following larval settlement was examined using field enclosure techniques in a temperate nursery. Enclosures (n = 60; 3 fish per enclosure) were deployed throughout the Navesink River/Sandy Hook Bay estuarine system, New Jersey, in a nested spatial design that allowed measurement of growth variation in time at 3 spatial scales (between regions: (x) over bar distance [D] = 123 km, SD = 3.6, n = 2; between sectors: (x) over barD = 4.3 km, SD = 1.3, n = 6; between stations: (x) over barD = 1.8 km, SD = 0,8, n = 12). Three 12 d enclosure experiments were performed over 40 consecutive days from mid-May through June 1999. Flounder growth (range = 0 to 0.9 mm SL d(-1) enclosure(-1)) was dynamic at a regional spatial scale, Generalized additive modeling indicated that growth was most rapid at relatively cool temperatures (< 21degreesC) and low salinities (< 24 %). However, spatial analysis of partial growth indicated that the relative influences of temperature and salinity changed over time. Salinity effects were strongest during the earliest experiment (May 20 to June 1) when temperatures were cool (<20degreesC) throughout the estuary. During this period, salinities were conducive for rapid growth throughout the river. From June 4 to 16, salinities remained optimal in the river, but as the system warmed, temperatures conducive for rapid growth contracted into the bay and temperature effects became stronger than salinity effects. Growth was more rapid in the bay, but not as high as that measured during the first experiment in the river where optimal salinities and temperatures overlapped within the estuary. With continued warming and curtailed freshwater runoff, temperatures were sub-optimal throughout the estuary, salinities were conducive for rapid growth only in the upper river, and from June 18 to 30 growth rates were relatively low, Our analysis suggests that habitat suitability for the growth of juvenile fish can be spatially dynamic because multiple regulatory factors vary simultaneously in space and time. Rapid growth occurs at sites and times when optimal conditions for regulatory factors intersect in space, but the spatial coincidence of optimal conditions can be ephemeral. C1 NOAA, NMFS, James J Howard Marine Sci Lab, Behav Ecol Branch, Highlands, NJ 07732 USA. RP Manderson, JP (reprint author), NOAA, NMFS, James J Howard Marine Sci Lab, Behav Ecol Branch, Highlands, NJ 07732 USA. EM john.manderson@noaa.gov NR 75 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 6 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2002 VL 228 BP 227 EP 239 DI 10.3354/meps228227 PG 13 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 535QK UT WOS:000174655000020 ER PT J AU Bartholomew, A AF Bartholomew, A TI Total cover and cover quality: predicted and actual effects on a predator's foraging success SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE amphipods; complexity; cover; dimensionless index; Fundulus heteroclitus; habitat structure; Paleomonetes spp. ID PENAEUS-ESCULENTUS HASWELL; HABITAT COMPLEXITY; SEAGRASS MEADOWS; BEHAVIOR; COMMUNITIES AB I tested the importance of both total cover and cover quality to the foraging ability of large Fundulus heteroclitus fish in tanks. Total cover was measured as the combined areas of all the individual structures, viewed as shadows. I divided total cover by the bottom area of the tank to form C-t/A(t), an index that measures the total amount of structure available in a given area for prey to hide behind. Cover quality was measured as the width of each individual structure divided by the width of the individual prey organism (C-w/P-w). This index measures how visible a prey organism is when hiding behind an individual structure. Both of these complexity indices are dimensionless and potentially applicable to any habitat type and habitat scale. I predicted that prey survivorship should increase hyperbolically with increasing C-t/A(t), because increasing the amount of structure within a habitat increases the amount of the habitat blocked off from detection, but with diminishing returns. Past experiments demonstrated that increased C-t/A(t) does increase prey survivorship, but the shape of the relationship was unclear. I also predicted that prey survivorship should increase hyperbolically with increasing C-w/P-w. I predicted this by simulating a prey organism hiding behind a flat structure being viewed by a predator from all potential angles. In this simple simulation, the 'average amount of the prey hidden from view' increased hyperbolically with increasing C-w/P-w, to an asymptote of 0.5. 1 performed 2 experiments to test these ideas, In the first, I kept C-t/A(t) constant between treatments and varied the width of the individual structures relative to the width of shrimp prey Paleomonetes spp. In the second experiment, I kept the inter-structural space widths nearly constant between treatments and varied C-t/A(t). The prey for the second experiment were mobile amphipods. I tested the hypothesis that survivorship and treatment were independent using log-linear models for both experiments. I found that there was no significant difference in survivorship between treatments for the C-w/P-w, experiment, and there was a significant difference in survivorship between treatments for the C-t/A(t) experiment. The relationship between C-t/A(t) and prey survivorship appeared to increase hyperbolically, as predicted. Finally, I used the results of the C-t/A(t) experiment, and results from a past study, to form a modeled regression equation of the survivorship surface for large F. heteroclitus feeding on amphipods for various levels of C-t/A(t) and Sp/Pr (inter-structural space size/predator width). This equation was highly significant, and fit the data well. In this regression, amphipod survivorship increased hyperbolically with increasing C-t/A(t), and decreased sigmoidally with increasing Sp/Pr. C1 Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. RP Bartholomew, A (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 75 Virginia Beach Dr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM aaron.bartholomew@worldnet.att.net NR 18 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 7 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2002 VL 227 BP 1 EP 9 DI 10.3354/meps227001 PG 9 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 533RZ UT WOS:000174545200001 ER PT J AU Kirsch, KD Valentine, JF Heck, KL AF Kirsch, KD Valentine, JF Heck, KL TI Parrotfish grazing on turtlegrass Thalassia testudinum: evidence for the importance of seagrass consumption in food web dynamics of the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE carbon; nitrogen ratios; Florida keys; herbivory; parrotfish; production; seagrass; tethering; thalassia testudinum ID URCHIN LYTECHINUS-VARIEGATUS; TETHERING EXPERIMENTS; POSIDONIA-AUSTRALIS; MANGROVE FORESTS; FEEDING ECOLOGY; ZOSTERA-MARINA; BARRIER-REEF; RESOURCE USE; SEA-URCHINS; WEST-INDIES AB The widespread occurrence and persistence of modern day seagrass habitats has led many to hypothesize that grazing on seagrasses is minimal. On a global scale this may well be true as the numbers of large vertebrate herbivores (e.g. sea turtles, manatees and dugongs) and waterfowl, grazers that can greatly alter seagrass density, have been dramatically reduced in coastal ecosystems. Nonetheless, numerous observations indicate that smaller herbivores (e.g. the bucktooth parrotfish Sparisoma radians), grazers that may not be able to reduce seagrass density substantially, still commonly feed on seagrasses in the subtropical and tropical western Atlantic Ocean. These observations led us to quantify the role that seagrass herbivory plays in modern-day seagrass food webs. In the first phase of this study, digitally scanned seagrass leaves were clipped to ropes and placed at 3 sites in Hawk Channel, in the northern Florida Keys (USA). Areal loss from the tethered leaves provided a daily estimate of seagrass grazing rates. These losses, coupled with local estimates of net aboveground primary production, allowed us to determine the proportion of seagrass production consumed at our study sites during 4 separate seasons. We found that seagrass grazing varied greatly both spatially and seasonally at our sites but, on average, grazers consumed virtually all of the aboveground production at 2 of the 3 sites. When experiments were repeated in the summer of a second year at 6 sites, seagrass grazing again varied greatly among sites, but at 3 of the sites most of the daily production of seagrass shoots was consumed by small herbivorous fishes. These results suggest that while it is undoubtedly true that modern day grazing by mammals, turtles and waterfowl on seagrass is reduced, small vertebrate grazers consume substantial amounts of seagrass production in the northern Florida Keys. C1 Dauphin Isl Sea Lab, Dauphin Isl, AL 36528 USA. Floriday Keys Natl Marine Sanctuary, Marathon, FL 33050 USA. Univ S Alabama, Dept Marine Sci, Mobile, AL 36688 USA. RP Valentine, JF (reprint author), Dauphin Isl Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Blvd, Dauphin Isl, AL 36528 USA. EM jvalentine@disl.org NR 73 TC 75 Z9 75 U1 8 U2 42 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2002 VL 227 BP 71 EP 85 DI 10.3354/meps227071 PG 15 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 533RZ UT WOS:000174545200007 ER PT J AU Link, JS Garrison, LP AF Link, JS Garrison, LP TI Trophic ecology of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua on the northeast US continental shelf SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE feeding; predator-prey interactions; diet preference; spatial overlap; population dynamics; Northwest Atlantic; Atlantic cod; Gadus morhua ID CANONICAL CORRESPONDENCE-ANALYSIS; CAPELIN MALLOTUS-VILLOSUS; GEORGES BANK; MERLUCCIUS-BILINEARIS; EASTERN NEWFOUNDLAND; NORTHWEST ATLANTIC; ENERGY RESERVES; GUILD STRUCTURE; FISH COMMUNITY; SOUTHERN GULF AB Atlantic cod Gadus morhua is an extremely important fish in the northern hemisphere with respect to culture, economics, and ecology. However, the effects of over-fishing, environmental change, fish community dynamics and other factors that have altered the trophic ecology of cod are not well understood. We present an analysis of the trophic patterns of cod in the northeast US shelf ecosystem from a 25 yr time series of food habits data. Additionally, we compared the diet of this species with the spatio-temporal distribution of its prey species and evaluated prey preference over time. Atlantic cod exhibit an omnivorous diet; we assessed the temporal, spatial, and ontogenetic trends in this diet by examination of >15 000 stomachs. Ontogenetic shifts in diet were observed; early juveniles consumed more pelagic than benthic invertebrates, medium cod consumed benthic invertebrates and fish, and larger cod consumed larger amounts of fish. Cannibalism also increased with ontogeny. Diet shifted significantly over a period of 3 decades, concurrent with changes in forage species abundance and distribution. Most of the major prey species were eaten in periods when they had high spatio-temporal overlap with cod and were abundant, indicating opportunistic feeding by cod, Similar to many other ecosystems, cod prefer sand lance, Cancer spp. crabs and herring, regardless of the abundance or spatio-temporal overlap with these prey species, It is unclear whether the observed changes in the trophic dynamics of cod have broad implications for cod populations, yet the evidence does suggest that cod are not likely to influence the abundance and distribution of their prey populations in this ecosystem. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Food Web Dynam Program, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Link, JS (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Food Web Dynam Program, 166 Water St, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM jason.link@noaa.gov NR 80 TC 99 Z9 105 U1 1 U2 35 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2002 VL 227 BP 109 EP 123 DI 10.3354/meps227109 PG 15 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 533RZ UT WOS:000174545200010 ER PT J AU Nitschke, P Mather, M Juanes, F AF Nitschke, P Mather, M Juanes, F TI Evidence for density-dependent mortality in recruitment of a temperate reef fish, cunner Tautogolabrus adspersus, among similar reefs in the vicinity of an anthropogenic disturbance SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE settlement; recruitment; population regulation; density-dependent mortality; disturbance; habitat; temperature; visibility; cunner Tautogolabrus adspersus ID POSTSETTLEMENT SURVIVAL; POPULATION; HABITAT; SETTLEMENT; GROWTH; ASSEMBLAGES; LIMITATION; PREDATION; DYNAMICS; LABRIDAE AB Determining the factors that regulate recruitment of cunner Tautogolabrus adspersus, a temperate reef fish, can help assess the effect of an anthropogenic disturbance on population abundance. The relative abundance of cunner recruits was tracked over 1 reproductive season via visual counts on line transects across similar habitats at 4 sites across 3 boulder reefs in the vicinity of the Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station (PNPS) in Plymouth, Massachusetts, USA. Habitat characteristics including macroalgae structure, canopy height, rugosity (a measure of structure complexity), temperature, and visibility were measured at each site to assess the influence of these factors on recruit abundance. We assumed that immigration and emigration were not responsible for recruit abundance patterns through time due to the sedentary life history of cunner recruits, We observed differences in recruit abundance over the settlement period among reefs which were likely the result of differences in settlement. However recruitment at the end of the post-settlement period was similar across reefs. Recruit mortality rates among reefs differed in the post-settlement period, with the reef that had the highest density also having the highest mortality rate. Post-settlement mortality rates provided evidence for density-dependent mortality, since habitat and abiotic factors failed to explain the difference in mortality among reefs. Consequently, because of the existence of density-dependent processes in the post-settlement stages, entrainment mortality of the pre-settlement egg and larval stages by the PNPS will have a diminished effect on the local cunner population, An additional assessment of within-reef variability in recruitment also suggests recruitment success is sensitive to small changes in habitat structure which can occur over the recruitment season. C1 USGS BRD, Massachusetts Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Gulf Breeze, FL USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Nat Resources Conservat, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Nitschke, P (reprint author), NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 166 Water St, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM paul.nitschke@noaa.gov NR 60 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 5 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2002 VL 226 BP 165 EP 178 DI 10.3354/meps226165 PG 14 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 527JR UT WOS:000174183400015 ER PT J AU Bartol, IK Mann, R Vecchione, M AF Bartol, IK Mann, R Vecchione, M TI Distribution of the euryhaline squid Lolliguncula brevis in Chesapeake Bay: effects of selected abiotic factors SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE squid; estuaries; salinity; water temperature; dissolved oxygen; Lolliguncula brevis ID PERFORMANCE; CEPHALOPODA; LOLIGINIDAE; TEMPERATURE; MATURATION; HYPOXIA AB The majority of cephalopods are thought to have limitations arising from physiology and locomotion that exclude them from shallow, highly variable, euryhaline environments. The brief squid Lolliguncula brevis may be a notable exception because it tolerates low salinities, withstands a wide range of environmental conditions, and swims readily in shallow water. Little is known about the distribution of L. brevis in Chesapeake Bay, a diverse and highly variable estuary. Therefore, a survey of L. brevis was conducted in the Virginia portion of Chesapeake Bay from 1993 to 1997 using a 9.1 m otter trawl, and the effects of selected factors on squid presence were assessed using logistic regression analysis. During spring through fall, L. brevis was collected over a wide range of bottom-water salinities (17.9 to 35.0%) bottom-water temperatures (8.1 to 29.6degreesC), bottom-water dissolved oxygen levels (1.9 to 14.6 mg O-2 l(-1)), and depths (1.8 to 29.9 m), but it was not present in trawls conducted during winter in. L. brevis, especially juveniles < 60 mm dorsal mantle length (DML), were abundant, frequently ranking in the upper 12% of overall annual nektonic trawl catches, and during the fall of some years, ranking second to anchovies. The probability of catching a squid increased in Chesapeake Bay at higher salinities and water temperatures, and was much greater in normoxic than in hypoxic waters; these variables had a profound influence on both annual and seasonal variability in distribution. Salinity had the largest influence on squid distribution, with squid being completely absent from the bay when salinity was <17.9% and most abundant in the fall when salinity was highest (despite declines in water temperature). Squid were most prevalent at depths between 10 and 15 m, The results of this study suggest that L, brevis is an important component of the Chesapeake Bay ecosystem when salinities and water temperatures are within tolerance limits and that unlike other squids, L. brevis may be well-equipped for an inshore, euryhaline existence. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Organism Biol Ecol & Evolut, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Coll William & Mary, Sch Marine Sci, Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. Natl Museum Nat Hist, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Systemat Lab, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Bartol, IK (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Organism Biol Ecol & Evolut, 621 Charles E Young Dr S, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. EM ikbartol@lifesci.ucla.edu NR 37 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 10 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PY 2002 VL 226 BP 235 EP 247 DI 10.3354/meps226235 PG 13 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 527JR UT WOS:000174183400020 ER PT J AU Watlington, RA Wilson, WD Johns, WE Nelson, C AF Watlington, RA Wilson, WD Johns, WE Nelson, C TI Updated bathymetric survey of Kick-'em-Jenny submarine volcano SO MARINE GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCHES LA English DT Article DE bathymetry; eruption; global positioning system; Kick-'em-Jenny; Lesser Antilles; narrow beam echo sounder; submarine volcano; T-phase; tsunami ID ARC AB High-resolution bathymetric data obtained in July 1996 during a survey of the Kick-'em-Jenny submarine volcano north of Grenada in the Lesser Antilles revealed changes in the structure of the volcanic edifice compared to previously available surveys. The volcano's summit, at 178 m below sea level, was found to be approximately 18 m farther from the surface than was reported by Bouysse et al. (1988) and others. No dome was observed. Instead, an open crater, surrounded by walls that dropped significantly in elevation from one side to the opposite, suggest that eruptions, earthquakes, rockfalls or explosions may have altered the structure since the last detailed survey. The deepest contour of the volcano's crater was found 106 m below the summit. C1 Univ Virgin Isl, Ctr Marine & Environm Sci, St Thomas, VI 00802 USA. US NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Atmospher Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Dept Meteorol & Phys Oceanog, Miami, FL 33149 USA. US NOAA, Natl Ocean Survey, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Watlington, RA (reprint author), Univ Virgin Isl, Ctr Marine & Environm Sci, St Thomas, VI 00802 USA. NR 12 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 7 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0025-3235 J9 MAR GEOPHYS RES JI Mar. Geophys. Res. PY 2002 VL 23 IS 3 BP 271 EP 276 DI 10.1023/A:1023615529336 PG 6 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Oceanography SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Oceanography GA 675TD UT WOS:000182710900004 ER PT J AU Rohr, JJ Fish, FE Gilpatrick, JW AF Rohr, JJ Fish, FE Gilpatrick, JW TI Maximum swim speeds of captive and free-ranging delphinids: Critical analysis of extraordinary performance SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE swimming speed; dolphin; Tursiops truncatus; Pseudorca crassidens; Delphinus capensis; Delphinus delphis ID BOTTLE-NOSED DOLPHINS; TURSIOPS-TRUNCATUS; DIVING PHYSIOLOGY; DEPTH AB Research into dolphin swimming historically was guided by false assumptions pertaining to maximum speed. Accurate measurements on swimming speed and duration of effort of free-ranging dolphins are rare. To examine the variance of maximum swimming speeds, nearly 2,000 speed measurements were obtained for both captive and free-ranging dolphins, including Tursiops truncatus, Pseadorca crassidens, Delphinus capensis, and Delphinus delphis, Measurements were made from videotapes of dolphins trained to swim fast around a large pool or jumping to a maximum height, videotapes of captured wild dolphins immediately after release, and sequential aerial photographs of a school of free-ranging dolphins startled by a passing airplane. Maximum horizontal speeds for trained animals were 8.2 m/sec for T truncatus, 8.0 m/sec for D. delphis, and 8.0 m/sec for R crassidens, Maximum speeds for T truncatus swimming upwards, prior to vertical leaps ranged from 8.2 to 11.2 m/sec. Wild T truncatus demonstrated a maximum speed of 5,7 m/sec. Maximum swimming speed of free-ranging D. capensis responding to multiple passes by a low flying airplane was 6.7 m/sec. There was no evidence that the free-ranging dolphins have superior swimming capabilities to captive animals. The results of this study imply that realistic maximum swimming speeds for dolphins are lower than previous reports which were based on sparse data and imprecise measurement techniques. C1 W Chester Univ, Dept Biol, W Chester, PA 19383 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. Space & Naval Warfare Syst Ctr, RDT&E Div, San Diego, CA 92152 USA. RP Rohr, JJ (reprint author), W Chester Univ, Dept Biol, W Chester, PA 19383 USA. NR 48 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 7 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 18 IS 1 BP 1 EP 19 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2002.tb01014.x PG 19 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 512KL UT WOS:000173323500001 ER PT J AU Perryman, WL Donahue, MA Perkins, PC Reilly, SB AF Perryman, WL Donahue, MA Perkins, PC Reilly, SB TI Gray whale calf production 1994-2000: Are observed fluctuations related to changes in seasonal ice cover? SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE gray whales; Eschrichtius robustus; reproduction; calf production; surveys; arctic ice ID ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION; BERING SEA AB We conducted shore-based sighting surveys to estimate the number of northbound migrating gray whale calves passing Piedras Blancas, California, for seven consecutive years (1994-2000). In addition, we conducted aerial surveys to determine offshore distribution of the migration in 1994 and 1995, measured day/night migration rates with thermal sensors in 1994-1996, and maintained concurrent replicate watches near the peak of each migration to estimate the proportion of the cow/calf Pairs missed by the standard watch team, During good weather, we counted 325, 194, 407, 501, 440, 141, and 96 calves during 1994-2000, respectively. Correcting these counts for periods not on watch and for calves missed, produced final estimates of 945 calves (SE = 68.21) for 1994, 619 calves SE = 67-19) for 1995, 1,146 calves (SE = 70.67) for 1996, 1,431 calves (SE = 82.02) for 1997, 1,388 calves (SE = 91.84) fur 1998, 427 calves (SE = 41.10) for 1999, and 279 calves (SE = 34.79) for 2000. Calf production indices (calf estimate/total population estimate) are 4.2%, 2.7%, 4.8%, 5.8%, 5.5%, 1.7%, and 1.1% for the years 1994-2000, respectively. Fluctuations in calf production over this time period were positively correlated with the length of time that primary feeding habitat was free of seasonal ice during the previous year. C1 SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. RP Perryman, WL (reprint author), SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, POB 271, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. NR 46 TC 29 Z9 39 U1 2 U2 30 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 18 IS 1 BP 121 EP 144 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2002.tb01023.x PG 24 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 512KL UT WOS:000173323500010 ER PT J AU Parrish, FA Abernathy, K Marshall, GJ Buhleier, BM AF Parrish, FA Abernathy, K Marshall, GJ Buhleier, BM TI Hawaiian monk seals (Monachus schauinslandi) foraging in deep-water coral beds SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Hawaiian monk seal; Monachus schauinslandi; precious corals; deep-water corals; forage habitat; subphotic; CRITTERAM; endangered species AB Plans to harvest deep-water corals in the remote Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, close to populations of endangered Hawaiian monk seals (Monachus schauinslandi), have raised concerns about the seals' use of deep-water habitats. Movements and diving patterns of Seals Studied at French Frigate Shoals (FFS) Atoll indicated two areas where five males out of 33 instrumented seals dove deep enough (300-500 m) to encounter commercially sought deep-water corals. Submarine surveys conducted at each location found beds of gold (Gerardia sp.) and pink (Corallium sp,) precious coral suggesting an overlap between the foraging habitat of some seals and the target of the coral fishery. Areas adjacent to the coral beds that were visually censused using submersibles showed significantly fewer precious corals. Precious coral beds were not found on previous submarine Surveys at other regions around FFS, supporting the notion that seals were selecting the areas with corals as forage habitat. Five male seals were fitted with back-mounted video cameras to document feeding among precious corals. None of the five seals dove deep enough to encounter precious corals (>300 m). However, three of the seals visited beds of black coral (Cirrhipathes sp.) at shallower depths (similar to80 m). One seal was observed revisiting the black coral beds on three successive nights to feed on fish hiding among the coral stems. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu Lab, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Natl Geog Televis, Washington, DC 20036 USA. RP Parrish, FA (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu Lab, 2570 Dole St, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NR 16 TC 44 Z9 50 U1 1 U2 11 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 18 IS 1 BP 244 EP 258 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2002.tb01031.x PG 15 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 512KL UT WOS:000173323500018 ER PT S AU Wong-Ng, W Cook, LP Suh, J Levin, I Vaudin, M Feenstra, R Cline, JP AF Wong-Ng, W Cook, LP Suh, J Levin, I Vaudin, M Feenstra, R Cline, JP BE Paranthaman, MP Rupich, MW Salama, K Mannhart, J Hasegawa, T TI Phase relationships and phase formation in the system BaF2-BaO-Y2O3-CuOx-H2O SO MATERIALS FOR HIGH-TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTOR TECHNOLOGIES SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Materials for High-Temperature Superconductor Technologies held at the 2001 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 26-29, 2001 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc, ANL, IGC SuperPower, LANL, MicroCoating Tech, ORNLL, Univ Wisconsin ID BA2YCU3O7-X THIN-FILMS; GROWTH; DEPOSITION; SRTIO3 AB yThe interplay of melting equilibria and reaction kinetics is important during formation of the Ba2YCu3O6+x, (Y-213) phase from starting materials in the quaternary reciprocal system Ba,Y,Cu//O,F. For experimental investigation of the process we used a combination of differential thermal analysis (DTA) for study of melting equilibria, and in-situ high-temperature x-ray diffraction (HTXRD) for study of the phase formation and reaction kinetics. DTA investigation of compositions spaced along compositional vectors extending from the oxide end to the fluoride end of the reciprocal system have given evidence of low melting liquids (similar to600 degreesC) near the fluorine-rich end. Work is continuing to determine whether similar thermal events observed in the interior of the system also indicate low temperature liquids, and on the extent to which low-melting liquids could be involved in Y-213 phase formation. HTXRD investigations have been initiated on the conversion of 0.3 mum and 1.0 mum thick BaF2-Y-Cu precursor films to Y-213 in the presence of water vapor. Preliminary results indicated that the thickness of film has a strong influence on the texture of the Y-213 film: a 0.3 gm film showed mainly (001) texture, whereas a 1.0 gm film showed a greater volume fraction of (h00) texture. While the HTXRD method cannot directly reveal the presence of liquid, we are working to combine DTA and HTXRD data for a unified picture of Y-213 phase formation during the "BaF2 ex-situ" process for coated-conductor fabrication. C1 NIST, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wong-Ng, W (reprint author), NIST, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Levin, Igor/F-8588-2010 NR 15 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-625-7 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2002 VL 689 BP 337 EP 348 PG 12 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA BU84A UT WOS:000177163300048 ER PT S AU Geyer, RG Cole, MW Joshi, PC Ngo, E Hubbard, C Nothwang, W Bratcher, M Ervin, M Wood, M AF Geyer, RG Cole, MW Joshi, PC Ngo, E Hubbard, C Nothwang, W Bratcher, M Ervin, M Wood, M BE Tidrow, SC Horwitz, JS Xi, XX Levy, J TI Correlation of microwave dielectric properties and microstructure of unpatterned ferroelectric thin films SO MATERIALS ISSUES FOR TUNABLE RF AND MICROWAVE DEVICES III SE Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Materials Issues for Tunable RF and Microwave Devices III held at the 2002 MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 02-03, 2002 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc ID CAPACITORS; CERAMICS AB The influence of low concentration (1 mol%) Mg doping on the structural, microstructural, surface morphological and dielectric properties of Ba1-xSrxTiO3 thin films has been measured and analyzed. The films were fabricated on MgO and Pt-Si substrates via the metalorganic solution deposition technique using carboxylate-alkoxide precursors and post deposition annealed at 800 degreesC (film/MgO substrates) and 750 degreesC (film/Pt-Si substrates). The structure, microstructure, surface morphology and film/substrate compositional quality were analyzed and correlated to the films dielectric and insulating properties. Dielectric properties of unpatterned films were measured at 10 GHz with a coupled/split dielectric resonator system and at 100 kHz using metal-insulator-metal capacitors. The Mg-doped BST films exhibited improved dielectric loss and insulating characteristics compared to the undoped Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 thin films. The improved dielectric properties, low leakage current, and good tunability of the low level Mg-doped BST thin films merit strong potential for utilization in microwave tunable devices. C1 Natl Inst Stand, RF Technol Div, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Geyer, RG (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand, RF Technol Div, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM geyer@boulder.nist.gov; mcole@arl.army.mil NR 8 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-656-7 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2002 VL 720 BP 123 EP 128 PG 6 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA BV34Q UT WOS:000178622400018 ER PT B AU Moreland, J Hubbard, TJ AF Moreland, J Hubbard, TJ GP IEEE IEEE TI High Q resonating cantilevers for In situ measurements of ferromagnetic films SO MEMS: 2001 MICROELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEMS CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Microelectromechanical Systems Conference CY AUG 24-26, 2001 CL BERKELEY, CA SP IEEE Circuits & Syst Soc, IEEE, Atomasoft ID FORCE AB We describe micro cantilevers developed for in-situ measurements of ultra-thin ferromagnetic films. The cantilevers are optimized for use in a resonating torque micro-balance magnetometer that measures the magnetic moment of thin films as they are being deposited onto the cantilever. Dynamic feedback is used to balance the magnetic torque by applying a mechanical force at the base of the cantilever that is equal and opposite to the magnetic torque. The dynamic feedback minimizes mass loading and temperature dependent elastic modulus effects that change the resonant frequency of the cantilever during deposition. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Magnet Technol Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Moreland, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Magnet Technol Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7224-7 PY 2002 BP 36 EP 39 DI 10.1109/MEMSC.2001.992737 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA BU34G UT WOS:000175725000011 ER PT B AU Boudreaux, JC AF Boudreaux, JC GP IEEE IEEE TI Innovation pathways for microsystem technologies SO MEMS: 2001 MICROELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEMS CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Microelectromechanical Systems Conference CY AUG 24-26, 2001 CL BERKELEY, CA SP IEEE Circuits & Syst Soc, IEEE, Atomasoft AB Microsystem (MST) or microelectromechanical system (MEMS) technology is an area of research and development which is focused on the miniaturization of systems which contain both electronic and nonelectronic components. There are substantial technical barriers to be overcome. From the perspective of the MST technologist the main technical barrier is to understand the engineering requirements of host systems, and, more narrowly, to understand them as defining technical constraints on acceptable microsystem applications. This paper is an attempt to define a framework for the discussion and analysis of these issues. C1 NIST, Adv Technol Program, Gaithersburg, MD USA. RP Boudreaux, JC (reprint author), NIST, Adv Technol Program, Gaithersburg, MD USA. NR 17 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7224-7 PY 2002 BP 58 EP 61 DI 10.1109/MEMSC.2001.992742 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA BU34G UT WOS:000175725000016 ER PT B AU Davies, MA Pratt, JR Dutterer, B Burns, TJ AF Davies, MA Pratt, JR Dutterer, B Burns, TJ BE Dudzinski, D Molinari, A Schulz, H TI Regenerative stability analysis of highly interrupted machining SO METAL CUTTING AND HIGH SPEED MACHINING LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Metal Cutting and High Speed Machining CY JUN, 2001 CL METZ, FRANCE SP Univ Metz, Ecole Natl Ingenieurs Metz, Darmstadt Techn Univ C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Davies, MA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA BN 0-306-46725-9 PY 2002 BP 151 EP 160 PG 10 WC Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Engineering; Mechanics; Materials Science GA BU72M UT WOS:000176837200013 ER PT J AU Ledbetter, H Dunn, M AF Ledbetter, H Dunn, M TI Comments on a recent infinitesimal-deformation approach to martensite crystallography SO METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A-PHYSICAL METALLURGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID INCLUSION C1 NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Mech Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Ledbetter, H (reprint author), NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 10 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU MINERALS METALS MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 1073-5623 J9 METALL MATER TRANS A JI Metall. Mater. Trans. A-Phys. Metall. Mater. Sci. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 33 IS 1 BP 203 EP 203 DI 10.1007/s11661-002-0019-3 PG 1 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 514WG UT WOS:000173463600019 ER PT J AU Bojkov, RD Kosmidis, E DeLuisi, JJ Petropavlovskikh, I Fioletov, VE Godin, S Zerefos, C AF Bojkov, RD Kosmidis, E DeLuisi, JJ Petropavlovskikh, I Fioletov, VE Godin, S Zerefos, C TI Vertical ozone distribution characteristics deduced from similar to 44,000 re-evaluated Umkehr profiles (1957-2000) SO METEOROLOGY AND ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID TREND ANALYSIS; SATELLITE DATA; STRATOSPHERE; REGION; SBUV AB Umkehr observations taken during the 1957-2000 period at 15 stations located between 19 and 52degrees N have been reanalyzed using a significantly improved algorithm-99, developed by DeLuisi and Petropavlovskikh et al. (2000a,b). The alg-99 utilizes new latitudinal and seasonally dependent first guess ozone and temperature profiles, new vector radiative transfer code. complete aerosol corrections, gravimetric corrections, and others. Before reprocessing, all total ozone values as well as the N-values (radiance) readings were thoroughly re-evaluated. For the first time, shifts in the N-values were detected and provisionally corrected. The re-evaluated Umkehr data set was validated against satellite and ground based measurements. The retrievals with alg-99 show much closer agreement with the lidar and SAGE than with the alg-92. Although the latitudinal coverage is limited, this Umkehr data set contains similar to 44,000 profiles and represent the longest (similar to 40 years) coherent information on the ozone behavior in the stratosphere of the Northern Hemisphere. The 14-months periods following the El-Chichon and the Mt. Pinatubo eruptions were excluded from the analysis. Then the basic climatological characteristics of the vertical ozone distribution in the 44-52degrees N and more southern locations are described. Some of these characteristics are not well known or impossible to be determined from satellites or single stations. The absolute and relative variability reach their maximum during winter-spring at altitudes below 24 km; the lower stratospheric layers in the middle latitudes contain similar to 62% of the total ozone and contribute similar to 57% to its total variability. The layer-5 (between similar to 24 and 29 km) although containing 20% of the total ozone shows the least fluctuations, no trend and contributes only similar to 11% to the total ozone variability. Meridional cross-sections from 19 to 52degrees N of the vertical ozone distribution and its variability illustrate the changes, and show poleward-decreasing altitude of the ozone maximum. The deduced trends above 33 km confirm a strong ozone decline since the mid-1970s of over 5% per decade without significant seasonal differences. In the mid-latitude stations, the decline in the 15-24 km layer is nearly twice as strong in the winter-spring season but much smaller in the summer and fall. The effect of including 1998 and 1999 years with relatively high total ozone data reduces the overall-declining trend. The trends estimated from alg-99 retrievals are statistically not significantly different from those in WMO 1998a; however, they are stronger by about 5% per decade in the lower stratosphere and thus closer to the estimates by sondes. Comparisons of the integrated ozone loss from the Umkehr measurements with the total ozone changes for the same periods at stations with good records show complete concurrence. The altitude and latitude appearances of the long-term geophysical signals like solar (1-2%) and QBO (2-7%) are investigated. C1 World Meteorol Org, Geneva, Switzerland. Aristotelian Univ Thessaloniki, Lab Atmospher Phys, Thessaloniki, Greece. Meteorol Serv Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada. NOAA, SRRB Lab, Boulder, CO USA. CNRS, Serv Aeron, Paris, France. RP Bojkov, RD (reprint author), World Meteorol Org, Geneva, Switzerland. NR 48 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG WIEN PI VIENNA PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0177-7971 J9 METEOROL ATMOS PHYS JI Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. PY 2002 VL 79 IS 3-4 BP 127 EP 158 DI 10.1007/s007030200000 PG 32 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 543CK UT WOS:000175083500001 ER PT S AU Pibida, L McMahon, CA Nortershauser, W Bushaw, BA AF Pibida, L McMahon, CA Nortershauser, W Bushaw, BA BE Wilkerson, CW TI Comparison of Resonance ionization Mass Spectrometry systems for the determination of Cs-135/Cs-137 isotope ratios SO METHODS FOR ULTRASENSITIVE DETECTION II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Methods for Ultrasensitive Detection II CY JAN 21-22, 2002 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP SPIE DE resonance ionization; trace analysis; Cs-135/Cs-137 isotope ratios; mass spectrometry; cesium ID SPECTROSCOPY; SR-90; CA-41; SENSITIVITY; SAMPLES; RIMS; LINE AB The performance of the Resonance Ionization Mass Spectrometry (RIMS) system at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has been compared to a similar system at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). Efficiency and selectivity measurements were performed with both systems and compared to conventional thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS). Determination of the (CS)-C-135/Cs-137 ratio was performed using single-resonance excitation 6s S-2(1/2) (F = 4) --> 6p P-2(3/2) (F = 5) with an external cavity diode laser followed by photoionization with the 488 nm line of an argon ion laser. Optical selectivity of more than 2 orders of magnitude against stable Cs-133 was attained for Cs-135 and Cs-137 for both systems with an overall selectivity of 10 Q for the PNNL system and 108 for the NIST system. Overall efficiencies of 2x10(-6) and 5x10(-7) were measured for the PNNL and NIST systems respectively. Measurements to determine the chronological age of a nuclear bum-up sample have been performed using both RIMS systems as well as TIMS. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Pibida, L (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 28 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4373-5 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4634 BP 13 EP 22 DI 10.1117/12.463833 PG 10 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics SC Engineering; Optics GA BU46U UT WOS:000176067700002 ER PT J AU Maldonado, JM Arias, R Oelze, HH Bean, VE Houser, JF Lachance, C Jacques, C AF Maldonado, JM Arias, R Oelze, HH Bean, VE Houser, JF Lachance, C Jacques, C TI International comparison of volume measurement standards at 50 1 at the CENAM (Mexico), PTB (Germany), Measurement Canada and NIST (USA) SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article ID TEMPERATURE SCALE; WATER DENSITY; EQUATION AB The Centro Nacional de Metrologia (CENAM), the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Measurement Canada (MC), and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) maintain the national primary standard facilities for the measurement of volume in Mexico, Germany, Canada and the United States, respectively. These laboratories have compared volume measurements at 50 1. The comparison was accomplished by each laboratory calibrating a transfer standard volume that was circulated among the laboratories, with the CENAM acting as pilot laboratory. All the participants used gravimetric methods. The maximum and minimum reported volumes differ by 0.0098 %. C1 CENAM, Queretaro 76900, DF, Mexico. Phys Tech Bundesanstalt, D-38023 Braunschweig, Germany. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Measurement Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C9, Canada. Natl Res Council Canada, Inst Natl Measurement Stand, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada. RP Maldonado, JM (reprint author), CENAM, Queretaro 76900, DF, Mexico. NR 12 TC 1 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 2002 VL 39 IS 1 BP 91 EP 95 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/39/1/11 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 566DM UT WOS:000176411800010 ER PT J AU Paulter, NG Larson, DR AF Paulter, NG Larson, DR TI Pulse parameter uncertainty analysis SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article ID SAMPLING OSCILLOSCOPES; TIME; DECONVOLUTION; CALIBRATION AB A detailed uncertainty analysis is presented for the pulse parameter measurement service of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST, USA). It relates to the new pulse parameter measurement and extraction processes. Uncertainties for pulse amplitude, transition duration, overshoot and undershoot (preshoot) are given. Effects of temperature variation, impulse response estimate, pulse parameter extraction algorithms, time-base distortion, calibration procedures and the waveform reconstruction process are included. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Elect, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 19 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0026-1394 EI 1681-7575 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 2002 VL 39 IS 2 BP 143 EP 155 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/39/2/4 PG 13 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 576DQ UT WOS:000176987900003 ER PT J AU Kaplan, SG Hanssen, LM Early, EA Nadal, ME Allen, D AF Kaplan, SG Hanssen, LM Early, EA Nadal, ME Allen, D TI Comparison of near-infrared transmittance and reflectance measurements using dispersive and Fourier transform spectrophotometers SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article ID ABSOLUTE AB A spectrophotometer based on an integrating sphere coupled to a commercial Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) instrument has been constructed for regular spectral transmittance and reflectance measurements over the 1 mum to 18 mum wavelength region. Despite the large number of sources of error that often limit the radiometric accuracy of FTIR measurements, we demonstrate uncertainties similar to established dispersive instrumentation. We performed near-normal-incidence reflectance and transmittance measurements on a series of samples over the 1 mum to 2.5 mum wavelength range using both FTIR and dispersive spectrophotometers. The results are compared, taking into account any differences in measurement geometry among the various systems and the combined measurement uncertainty. We find agreement within the combined uncertainties over most of the measured spectral region. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kaplan, SG (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 7 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 6 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 2002 VL 39 IS 2 BP 157 EP 164 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/39/2/5 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 576DQ UT WOS:000176987900004 ER PT J AU Mangum, BW Strouse, GF Guthrie, WF Pello, R Stock, M Renaot, E Hermier, Y Bonnier, G Marcarino, P Gam, KS Kang, KH Kim, YG Nicholas, JV White, DR Dransfield, TD Duan, Y Qu, Y Connolly, J Rusby, RL Gray, J Sutton, GJM Head, DL Hill, KD Steele, A Nara, K Tegeler, E Noatsch, U Heyer, D Fellmuth, B Thiele-Krivoj, B Duris, S Pokhodun, AI Moiseeva, NP Ivanova, AG de Groot, MJ Dubbeldam, JF AF Mangum, BW Strouse, GF Guthrie, WF Pello, R Stock, M Renaot, E Hermier, Y Bonnier, G Marcarino, P Gam, KS Kang, KH Kim, YG Nicholas, JV White, DR Dransfield, TD Duan, Y Qu, Y Connolly, J Rusby, RL Gray, J Sutton, GJM Head, DL Hill, KD Steele, A Nara, K Tegeler, E Noatsch, U Heyer, D Fellmuth, B Thiele-Krivoj, B Duris, S Pokhodun, AI Moiseeva, NP Ivanova, AG de Groot, MJ Dubbeldam, JF TI Summary of comparison of realizations of the ITS-90 over the range 83.8058 K to 933.473 K: CCT Key Comparison CCT-K3 SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article ID WELCH-SATTERTHWAITE; UNCERTAINTY AB This is a summary of the Consultative Committee for Thermometry (CCT) Key Comparison CCT-K3, i.e. the comparison of realizations of the fixed points of the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) over the range 83.8058 K to 933.473 K. The differences in the realizations of the various fixed points in this range of the ITS-90 and the uncertainties of those differences are given for the fifteen standards laboratories participating in the comparison. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Bur Int Poids & Mesures, F-92312 Sevres, France. BNM, INM, F-75141 Paris, France. IMGC, I-10135 Turin, Italy. KRISS, Yuseong 305600, Daejeon, South Korea. Measurement Stand Lab New Zealand, Lower Hutt, New Zealand. Natl Inst Metrol, Beijing 100013, Peoples R China. CSIRO, NML, Lindfield, NSW 2070, Australia. Natl Phys Lab, Teddington TW11 0LW, Middx, England. Natl Res Council Canada, Inst Natl Measurement Stand, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada. Natl Metrol Inst Japan, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan. Phys Tech Bundesanstalt, D-10587 Berlin, Germany. Slovak Inst Metrol, Bratislava 84255, Slovakia. Gosstandart Russia, DI Mendeleev Inst Metrol, St Petersburg 198005, Russia. NMi, VSL, NL-2600 AR Delft, Netherlands. RP Mangum, BW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 13 TC 35 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 3 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 2002 VL 39 IS 2 BP 179 EP 205 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/39/2/7 PG 27 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 576DQ UT WOS:000176987900006 ER PT J AU Hovila, J Toivanen, P Ikonen, E Ohno, Y AF Hovila, J Toivanen, P Ikonen, E Ohno, Y TI International comparison of the illuminance responsivity scales and units of luminous flux maintained at the HUT (Finland) and the NIST (USA) SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article ID INTEGRATING-SPHERE METHOD; REALIZATION; INTENSITY AB An international comparison has been conducted to compare the illuminance responsivity scales (A/lx) and the units of luminous flux (lm) maintained at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST, USA) and the Helsinki University of Technology (HUT, Finland). Both laboratories realize the illuminance unit by absolutely calibrated photometers and the luminous flux unit by the absolute integrating-sphere method. Standard photometers were used as transfer standards for the illuminance responsivity comparison, and standard lamps in the luminous flux comparison. The ratio of the measured illuminance responsivity values (HUT/NIST) was 0.9992 with an expanded uncertainty (k=2) of 0.0013, and the ratio of the measured luminous flux values was 1.0006 with an expanded uncertainty (k=2) of 0.0018. The relative expanded uncertainties of the agreement of the units, including the uncertainties of the realizations of the units as well as the uncertainty of the comparison, were 0.0047 and 0.0101, respectively. C1 Helsinki Univ Technol, Metrol Res Inst, FIN-02015 Helsinki, Finland. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hovila, J (reprint author), Helsinki Univ Technol, Metrol Res Inst, POB 3000, FIN-02015 Helsinki, Finland. RI Ikonen, Erkki/G-2261-2013; Hovila, Jari/E-2305-2014 NR 10 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 2002 VL 39 IS 2 BP 219 EP 223 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/39/2/10 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 576DQ UT WOS:000176987900009 ER PT J AU Kacker, R Datla, R Parr, A AF Kacker, R Datla, R Parr, A TI Combined result and associated uncertainty from interlaboratory evaluations based on the ISO Guide SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article ID VALUES AB We address the problem of determining the combined result and its associated uncertainty in the measurement of a common measurand by a group of competent laboratories. Most data analyses of interlaboratory evaluations are based on the assumption that the expected values of the individual laboratory results are all equal to the value of the common measurand. This means that the laboratory results are subject to random effects only with respect to the value of the measurand. This assumption is frequently unjustified. We use the more realistic assumption that the laboratory results are subject to both random and systematic effects with respect to the value of the measurand. In this case, the value of the measurand may fall anywhere within the range of results. Therefore, a combined result and its associated standard uncertainty that place a non-negligible fraction of the results outside the 2-standard-uncertainty interval are unsatisfactory representations of the value of the common measurand provided by the set of laboratory results. The more realistic assumption requires us to deal with the uncertainty arising from possible systematic effects in the laboratory results. Following the approach of the ISO Guide to deal with systematic effects, we propose a three-step method to determine a combined result and its associated standard uncertainty such that the 2-standard-uncertainty interval would include a sufficiently large fraction of the results. When the interlaboratory evaluation is an International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM) key comparison, we suggest that the combined result and its associated standard uncertainty determined by the three-step method be identified with the key comparison reference value and its associated standard uncertainty. These quantities can then be used to specify the degree of equivalence of the individual laboratory results. We illustrate the three-step method by applying it to the results of an international comparison of cryogenic radiometers recently organized by the Consultative Committee for Photometry and Radiometry (CCPR). C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kacker, R (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 21 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 5 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 2002 VL 39 IS 3 BP 279 EP 293 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/39/3/5 PG 15 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 601QC UT WOS:000178457200005 ER PT J AU Jefferts, SR Shirley, J Parker, TE Heavner, TP Meekhof, DM Nelson, C Levi, F Costanzo, G De Marchi, A Drullinger, R Hollberg, L Lee, WD Walls, FL AF Jefferts, SR Shirley, J Parker, TE Heavner, TP Meekhof, DM Nelson, C Levi, F Costanzo, G De Marchi, A Drullinger, R Hollberg, L Lee, WD Walls, FL TI Accuracy evaluation of NIST-F1 SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article ID FREQUENCY STANDARDS; FOUNTAIN; SHIFT; TRANSITIONS; UNCERTAINTY; COLLISIONS; STABILITY; IMPACT; CLOCK; TIME AB The evaluation procedure of a new laser-cooled caesium fountain primary frequency standard developed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is described. The new standard, NIST-F1, is described in some detail and typical operational parameters are discussed. Systematic frequency biases for which corrections are made - second-order Zeeman shift, black-body radiation shift, gravitational red shift and spin-exchange shift are discussed in detail. Numerous other frequency shifts are evaluated, but are so small in this type of standard that corrections are not made for their effects. We also discuss comparisons of this standard both with local frequency standards and with standards at other national laboratories. C1 Ist Elettrotecnico Nazl Galileo Ferraris, I-10135 Turin, Italy. Politecn Torino, I-10129 Turin, Italy. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Jefferts, SR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. OI COSTANZO, Giovanni Antonio/0000-0002-7474-0349 NR 29 TC 124 Z9 126 U1 2 U2 20 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 2002 VL 39 IS 4 BP 321 EP 336 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/39/4/1 PG 16 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 635AM UT WOS:000180374700001 ER PT J AU Reader, J AF Reader, J TI Metrological implications of recent interferometric wavelength measurements for singly ionized silicon in the vacuum ultraviolet (152 nm and 180 nm) SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article ID LASER AB A comparison of wavelength scales derived from standard Cd, Hg and Kr lamps and the new scale derived from heterodyne frequency measurements is presented. The comparison is based on recent interferometric measurements by Griesmann and Kling of wavelengths of transitions at 152 nm and 180 nm in singly ionized silicon, which were in effect calibrated by heterodyne frequency measurements. These wavelengths are in excellent agreement with results for the same lines from experiments calibrated by standard hollow cathode lamps. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Reader, J (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 29 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 2002 VL 39 IS 4 BP 391 EP 394 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/39/4/8 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 635AM UT WOS:000180374700008 ER PT J AU Kubarsepp, T Yoon, HW Nevas, S Karha, P Ikonen, E AF Kubarsepp, T Yoon, HW Nevas, S Karha, P Ikonen, E TI Comparison of spectral irradiance scales between the NIST and the HUT SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article ID STANDARDS-AND-TECHNOLOGY; FILTER RADIOMETERS; RANGE; LAMPS AB The results of a comparison of spectral irradiance scales between the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST, USA), and the Metrology Research Institute, Helsinki University of Technology (HUT, Finland), are presented. The comparison was carried out by measuring irradiances of two sets of 1 kW FEL-type lamps in the spectral range 290 nm to 900 nm. One set had calibration. from the NIST 1992 source-based scale and the other from the HUT detector-based scale. The spectral irradiance values measured by the HUT are slightly higher than those given by the NIST: the differences are less than I % in the visible/near-infrared wavelength region and up to 3.3 % in the ultraviolet. The relative expanded uncertainty (k = 2) of the comparison varies between 3.1 % to 1.0 % from 290 nm to 900 nm, respectively. C1 Helsinki Univ Technol, Metrol Res Inst, FIN-02015 Helsinki, Finland. NIST, Opt Tech Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kubarsepp, T (reprint author), Tartu Observ, EE-61602 Toravere, Estonia. RI Ikonen, Erkki/G-2261-2013 NR 11 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 2002 VL 39 IS 4 BP 399 EP 402 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 635AM UT WOS:000180374700010 ER PT J AU Vitushkin, L Becker, M Jiang, Z Francis, O van Dam, TM Faller, J Chartier, JM Amalvict, M Bonvalot, S Debeglia, N Desogus, S Diament, M Dupont, F Falk, R Gabalda, G Gagnon, CGL Gattacceca, T Germak, A Hinderer, J Jamet, O Jeffries, G Kaker, R Kopaev, A Liard, J Lindau, A Longuevergne, L Luck, B Maderal, EN Makinen, J Meurers, B Mizushima, S Mrlina, J Newell, D Origlia, C Pujol, ER Reinhold, A Richard, P Robinson, IA Ruess, D Thies, S Van Camp, M Van Ruymbeke, M Compagni, MFD Williams, S AF Vitushkin, L Becker, M Jiang, Z Francis, O van Dam, TM Faller, J Chartier, JM Amalvict, M Bonvalot, S Debeglia, N Desogus, S Diament, M Dupont, F Falk, R Gabalda, G Gagnon, CGL Gattacceca, T Germak, A Hinderer, J Jamet, O Jeffries, G Kaker, R Kopaev, A Liard, J Lindau, A Longuevergne, L Luck, B Maderal, EN Makinen, J Meurers, B Mizushima, S Mrlina, J Newell, D Origlia, C Pujol, ER Reinhold, A Richard, P Robinson, IA Ruess, D Thies, S Van Camp, M Van Ruymbeke, M Compagni, MFD Williams, S TI Results of the Sixth International Comparison of Absolute Gravimeters, ICAG-2001 SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Comparison of Absolute Gravimeters Conference (ICAG-2001) CY JUN 05-AUG 28, 2001 CL BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES, SEVRES, FRANCE HO BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES AB The Sixth International Comparison of Absolute Gravimeters was held from 5 June to 28 August 2001 at the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM), Sevres. Seventeen absolute gravimeters were used to make measurements at five sites of the BIPM gravity network. The vertical gravity gradients at the sites and the ties between them were also measured using seventeen relative gravimeters. For the first time the ties were also measured using absolute gravimeters. Various methods of processing the absolute and relative data were tested to calculate the results. The final results of ICAG-2001 are presented. The acceleration due to gravity at a height of 0.90 m is given as (980 925 701.2 +/- 5.5) muGal* and (980 928 018.8 5.5) LGal for sites A and B, respectively, calculated using a combined adjustment of the absolute and relative data. C1 Univ Bundeswehr, IFG, Neuherberg, Germany. ECGS, Luxembourg, Luxembourg. Univ Colorado, NIST, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EOST, Strasbourg, France. IRD, Bondy, France. Bur Rech Geol & Minieres, Orleans, France. IMGC, Turin, Italy. IPGP, Paris, France. BKG, Frankfurt, Germany. NRCan, Ottawa, ON, Canada. IGN, St Mande, France. ENSG, Marne La Vallee, France. POL, Bidston, England. Univ Hannover, IFE, Hannover, Germany. Moscow MV Lomonosov State Univ, SAI, Moscow, Russia. IGN, Madrid, Spain. FGI, Masala, Finland. Univ Vienna, IMG, Vienna, Austria. NMIJ, AIST, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. GFU, Prague, Czech Republic. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD USA. METAS, Bern, Switzerland. NPL, Teddington, Middx, England. BEV, Vienna, Austria. ORB, Brussels, Belgium. RP Vitushkin, L (reprint author), BIPM, Sevres, France. RI Diament, Michel/F-8553-2010; Williams, Simon/C-7214-2011; Germak, Alessandro/E-9685-2011; Mrlina, Jan/H-6379-2014; Van Camp, Michel/L-7281-2015; BONVALOT, Sylvain/F-8410-2014; Longuevergne, Laurent /F-4641-2010 OI Williams, Simon/0000-0003-4123-4973; Germak, Alessandro/0000-0003-4985-9118; Van Camp, Michel/0000-0002-2859-3122; Longuevergne, Laurent /0000-0003-3169-743X NR 16 TC 40 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 4 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 2002 VL 39 IS 5 BP 407 EP 424 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/39/5/2 PG 18 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 635AN UT WOS:000180374800002 ER PT J AU Faller, JE AF Faller, JE TI Thirty years of progress in absolute gravimetry: a scientific capability implemented by technological advances SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Comparison of Absolute Gravimeters Conference (ICAG-2001) CY JUN 05-AUG 28, 2001 CL BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES, SEVRES, FRANCE HO BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES ID GRAVITY OBSERVATIONS AB The application of technological advances has dramatically improved our ability to measure the absolute value of g, the free-fall acceleration due to gravity. Over the past thirty years this improvement has been nearly three orders of magnitude! Today, the value of g can be determined with an accuracy approaching 1 muGal (10-8 m/s(2)) and measured with a precision that is at least ten times better. This paper reviews the history of and the reasons for this progress as well as taking a look to the future. C1 Joint Inst Lab Astrophys,NIST,Univ Colorada, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Faller, JE (reprint author), Joint Inst Lab Astrophys,NIST,Univ Colorada, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 12 TC 25 Z9 28 U1 2 U2 7 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 2002 VL 39 IS 5 BP 425 EP 428 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/39/5/3 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 635AN UT WOS:000180374800003 ER PT J AU Vitouchkine, AL Faller, JE AF Vitouchkine, AL Faller, JE TI Measurement results with a small cam-driven absolute gravimeter SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Comparison of Absolute Gravimeters Conference (ICAG-2001) CY JUN 05-AUG 28, 2001 CL BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES, SEVRES, FRANCE HO BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES AB We describe the design of and first results from a cam-driven portable absolute gravimeter. The cam-based design of a dropper allows us to build a compact system that uses 20 mm of free fall for the measurement. The instrument drops a test mass 200 times a minute (a measurement rate of more than 3 times per second). The centre of mass of the apparatus is kept fixed during the entire measurement cycle, thus avoiding "recoil" effects that could systematically bias the measurement. Seismic isolation is provided by a passive eddy-current-damped simple spring. Measurement results taken at Table Mountain Gravity Observatory (TMGO, Boulder, Colorado), though reproducible at a level of several microgals (1 muGal = 10-8 m/s(2)), show a sensitivity to the measurement start and stop points at the 20 muGal level. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Vitouchkine, AL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 2 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 2 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 2002 VL 39 IS 5 BP 465 EP 469 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/39/5/6 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 635AN UT WOS:000180374800006 ER PT J AU Steele, AG Fellmuth, B Head, DL Hermier, Y Kang, KH Steur, PPM Tew, WL AF Steele, AG Fellmuth, B Head, DL Hermier, Y Kang, KH Steur, PPM Tew, WL TI CCT-K2: key comparison of capsule-type standard platinum resistance thermometers from 13.8 K to 273.16K SO METROLOGIA LA English DT Article ID INTERNATIONAL TEMPERATURE SCALE; 1990 ITS-90 AB Calibrated capsule-type standard platinum resistance thermometers were used to compare national realizations of the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) from 13.8033 K, the triple point of equilibrium hydrogen, to 273.16 K, the triple point of water, for seven countries in CIPM Key Comparison CCT-K2. Measurements were made at temperatures close to the eight low-temperature defining fixed points of the ITS-90, using a copper comparison block capable of simultaneously holding nine thermometers. Two separate measurement runs were performed, allowing two different groups of capsules from each laboratory to be examined. The results are used to determine the degree of equivalence of the independent national realizations of the scale for use in the Mutual Recognition Arrangement Appendix B database. In addition, measurements were made with the first group of thermometers at approximately eighty temperatures throughout the cryogenic range, which provide information to evaluate some of the so-called scale non-uniqueness issues inherent in the ITS-90 interpolation scheme. C1 Natl Res Council Canada, Inst Natl Measurement Stand, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada. Phys Tech Bundesanstalt, D-10587 Berlin, Germany. Natl Phys Lab, NPL, Teddington TW11 0LW, Middx, England. Inst Natl Metrol, Bur Natl Metrol, BNM INM, F-75003 Paris, France. Korea Res Inst Stand & Sci, Taejon 305600, South Korea. Ist Metrol G Colonnetti, I-10135 Turin, Italy. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Steele, AG (reprint author), Natl Res Council Canada, Inst Natl Measurement Stand, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada. NR 10 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 4 PU BUREAU INT POIDS MESURES PI SEVRES CEDEX PA B1 PM PAVILLION DE BRETUEIL, F-92312 SEVRES CEDEX, FRANCE SN 0026-1394 J9 METROLOGIA JI Metrologia PY 2002 VL 39 IS 6 BP 551 EP 571 DI 10.1088/0026-1394/39/6/6 PG 21 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 640UP UT WOS:000180706600006 ER PT S AU Dowell, ML Jones, RD Laabs, H Cromer, CL Morton, R AF Dowell, ML Jones, RD Laabs, H Cromer, CL Morton, R BE Herr, DJC TI New developments in excimer laser metrology at 157 nm SO METROLOGY, INSPECTION, AND PROCESS CONTROL FOR MICROLITHOGRAPHY XVI, PTS 1 & 2 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Metrology, Inspection, and Process Control for Microlithography XVI CY MAR 04-07, 2002 CL SANTA CLARA, CA SP SPIE, Semicond Equipment & Mat Int, INt SEMATECH DE ultraviolet laser metrology; ultraviolet laser energy ID POWER AB We have constructed a prototype calorimeter that will serve as a primary standard for measurements of 157 nm excimer laser power and energy. The construction and performance of the prototype will be discussed. In addition, we have performed a series of thermal characterization measurements on the prototype. From these measurements, we deduce that the uncertainty in the prototype's electrical calibration factor is less than 0.2 %. This number is less than or comparable to the uncertainty of the NIST primary standards for use with 193 and 248 nm excimer lasers. The 157 nm. standards are part of a beamsplitter-based measurement system for laser power and energy calibrations. To control and determine the ambient measurement conditions, we have constructed a nitrogen-purged enclosure for this system. We are able to achieve O-2 concentrations of less than 3 parts per million (ppm) inside the enclosure. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway,MS 815-01, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM mdowell@boulder.nist.gov NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4435-9 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2002 VL 4689 BP 63 EP 69 DI 10.1117/12.473515 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Materials Science; Optics; Physics GA BV17Z UT WOS:000178071700008 ER PT S AU Cresswell, MW Bogardus, EH de Pinillos, JVM Bennett, MH Allen, RA Guthrie, WF Murabito, CE am Ende, BA Linholm, LW AF Cresswell, MW Bogardus, EH de Pinillos, JVM Bennett, MH Allen, RA Guthrie, WF Murabito, CE am Ende, BA Linholm, LW BE Herr, DJC TI CD reference materials for sub-tenth micrometer applications SO METROLOGY, INSPECTION, AND PROCESS CONTROL FOR MICROLITHOGRAPHY XVI, PTS 1 & 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Metrology, Inspection, and Process Control for Microlithography XVI CY MAR 04-07, 2002 CL SANTA CLARA, CA SP SPIE, Semicond Equipment & Mat Int, INt SEMATECH ID FILMS AB Prototype linewidth reference materials with Critical Dimensions (CDs) as narrow as 70 nm have been patterned in (110) silicon-on-insulator films. The sidewalls of the reference features are parallel, normal to the substrate surface, and have almost atomically smooth (111) surfaces. Linewidth calibration begins with the measurement of the electrical CDs of multiple reference features located at a selection of die sites on a wafer. The absolute widths of the cross sections of a sub-set of reference features on several chips that are diced from the wafer are then subjected to high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) imaging to determine their physical CDs by lattice-plane counting. Sample preparation for lattice-plane counting by HRTEM is destructive, and other reference features on the same chip become unusable for reference-material purposes. However, a calibration curve for converting the measured electrical CDs of reference features on other chips on the wafer, known as "product reference features," to their physical values is obtained. The uncertainty attributed to the physical CD values of the product reference features generally varies inversely with the linear correlation between the cross-section lattice-plane counts and the corresponding electrical CD measurements of the sub-set of reference features that were selected for HRTEM imaging. A linear correlation value of approximately 0.97 has been obtained from a sub-set of 12 HRTEM measurements. In this case, the uncertainty attributed to the physical CD values of the product reference features was typically 13 nm. An apparent time-dependence of the electrical CD of the as-pattemed reference features is believed to be responsible for most of the product reference feature uncertainty. However, it has now been found that a forming-gas annealing treatment appears to prevent the referenced time dependence and thus has the potential for reducing the uncertainty level. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Cresswell, MW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bureau Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 19 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4435-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4689 BP 116 EP 127 DI 10.1117/12.473450 PG 12 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Materials Science; Optics; Physics GA BV17Z UT WOS:000178071700013 ER PT S AU Villarrubia, JS Vladar, AE Lowney, JR Postek, MT AF Villarrubia, JS Vladar, AE Lowney, JR Postek, MT BE Herr, DJC TI Scanning electron microscope analog of scatterometry SO METROLOGY, INSPECTION, AND PROCESS CONTROL FOR MICROLITHOGRAPHY XVI, PTS 1 & 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Metrology, Inspection, and Process Control for Microlithography XVI CY MAR 04-07, 2002 CL SANTA CLARA, CA SP SPIE, Semicond Equipment & Mat Int, INt SEMATECH DE critical dimension (CD) metrology; model-based library; linewidth metrology; line shape; scanning electron microscopy (SEM) ID METROLOGY AB Optical scatterometry has attracted a great deal of interest for linewidth measurement due to its high repeatability and capability of measuring sidewall shape. We have developed an analogous and complementary technique for the scanning electron microscope. The new method, like scatterometry measures shape parameters (e.g., wall angles) as well as feature widths. Also like scatterometry, it operates by finding a match between the measured signal from an unknown sample and a library of signals calculated for known samples. A physics-based model of the measurement is employed for the calculation of libraries. The method differs from scatterometry in that the signal is an image rather than a scattering pattern, and the probe particles are electrons rather than photons. Because the electron-sample interaction is more highly localized, isolated structures or individual structures within an array can be measured. Results of this technique were compared to an SEM cross section for an isolated polycrystalline silicon line. The agreement was better than 2 nm for the width and 0.2degrees for wall angles, differences that can be accounted for by measurement errors arising from line edge roughness. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Villarrubia, JS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 9 TC 56 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4435-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4689 BP 304 EP 312 DI 10.1117/12.473470 PG 9 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Materials Science; Optics; Physics GA BV17Z UT WOS:000178071700031 ER PT S AU Dixson, R Guerry, A Bennett, M Vorburger, T Postek, M AF Dixson, R Guerry, A Bennett, M Vorburger, T Postek, M BE Herr, DJC TI Toward traceability for at line AFM dimensional metrology SO METROLOGY, INSPECTION, AND PROCESS CONTROL FOR MICROLITHOGRAPHY XVI, PTS 1 & 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Metrology, Inspection, and Process Control for Microlithography XVI CY MAR 04-07, 2002 CL SANTA CLARA, CA SP SPIE, Semicond Equipment & Mat Int, INt SEMATECH DE AFM; metrology; CD; reference measurement system; pitch; height; linewidth ID SCANNING ELECTRON-MICROSCOPE; ATOMIC-FORCE MICROSCOPY; EDGE ROUGHNESS CHARACTERIZATION; MAGNIFICATION STANDARD; LINEWIDTH METROLOGY; CD METROLOGY; CALIBRATION; PROTOTYPE; SEM AB The in-tine and at-line measurement tools for critical dimension (CD) metrology in semiconductor manufacturing are technologically advanced instruments that exhibit excellent measurement repeatability - below one nanometer in some cases. Accuracy, however, is largely dependent upon the availability of traceable standards. Because the standards requirements of this fast-paced industry are particularly demanding and application-specific, metrology traceability is sometimes lacking. International SEMATECH (ISMT) and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) are working together to improve this situation. We are developing a reference measurement system (RMS) at ISMT using a critical-dimension atomic force microscope (CD-AFM). We are performing measurements needed to establish the traceability chain and develop uncertainty budgets for this tool. Monitoring of tool performance has been improved and we have performed preliminary checks of lateral and vertical scale calibration. Preliminary uncertainty budgets for pitch and height measurements have been developed. At present, the standard uncertainty due to scale calibration and non-linearity is estimated to be approximately 0.2 % for pitch measurements and 0.5 % for step height measurements. Our initial checks of scale calibration were performed using samples for which a full traceability chain is not available. We expect to reduce these uncertainties once we are able to use samples with a complete traceability chain. Ultimately, our major objective in developing an RMS is to provide a traceable metrology reference for other major projects at ISMT - including CD-SEM benchmarking, AMAG wafer development, and overlay tool benchmarking. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Dixson, R (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr Stop 8212, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 29 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4435-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4689 BP 313 EP 335 DI 10.1117/12.473471 PG 23 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Materials Science; Optics; Physics GA BV17Z UT WOS:000178071700032 ER PT S AU Silver, R Attota, R Stocker, M Jun, J Marx, E Larrabee, R Russo, B Davidson, M AF Silver, R Attota, R Stocker, M Jun, J Marx, E Larrabee, R Russo, B Davidson, M BE Herr, DJC TI Comparison of measured optical image profiles of silicon lines with two different theoretical models SO METROLOGY, INSPECTION, AND PROCESS CONTROL FOR MICROLITHOGRAPHY XVI, PTS 1 & 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Metrology, Inspection, and Process Control for Microlithography XVI CY MAR 04-07, 2002 CL SANTA CLARA, CA SP SPIE, Semicond Equipment & Mat Int, INt SEMATECH ID EDGE-DETECTION; TOOL AB In this paper we describe a new method for the separation of tool-induced measurement errors and sample-induced measurement errors. We apply the method to standard overlay target configurations. This method is used to separate the effects of the tool and sample errors in the measured optical intensity profiles and to obtain the best estimate of the correct intensity profile for a given sample geometry. This most accurate profile is then compared to calculated profiles from two different theoretical models. We explain the modeling in some detail when it has not been previously published. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Silver, R (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 15 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4435-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4689 BP 409 EP 429 DI 10.1117/12.473479 PG 21 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Materials Science; Optics; Physics GA BV17Z UT WOS:000178071700040 ER PT S AU Lin, EK Jones, RL Wu, WL Barker, JG Bolton, PJ Barclay, GG AF Lin, EK Jones, RL Wu, WL Barker, JG Bolton, PJ Barclay, GG BE Herr, DJC TI Structural characterization of deep sub-micron lithographic structures using small-angle neutron scattering SO METROLOGY, INSPECTION, AND PROCESS CONTROL FOR MICROLITHOGRAPHY XVI, PTS 1 & 2 SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Metrology, Inspection, and Process Control for Microlithography XVI CY MAR 04-07, 2002 CL SANTA CLARA, CA SP SPIE, Semicond Equipment & Mat Int, INt SEMATECH ID ATOMIC-FORCE MICROSCOPY; X-RAY-LITHOGRAPHY; EDGE-ROUGHNESS; OPTICAL SCATTEROMETRY; SIDEWALL ROUGHNESS; GRATINGS; DIFFRACTION; METROLOGY AB As critical dimensions continue to decrease with each technology node, the precise characterization of line width and profile becomes an increasingly challenging task. Small angle neutron scattering (SANS) offers several advantages for the characterization of sub-100 nm structures, particularly as a calibrating measurement method. In this work, SANS is used to characterize three samples prepared with the same mask and focus conditions, but different photoresist formulations. The mask pattern consists of parallel lines with a nominal line width of 180 nm and a 1:2 line to space ratio. Scattering data are taken using both a focused neutron beam instrument (two-dimensional data) and a perfect crystal diffraction ultra-high resolution small angle neutron scattering (USANS) instrument. From the location and intensity of observed diffraction peaks, both the periodicity of each grating pattern and the average line widths are determined from simple analytic expressions with nanometer resolution. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymer, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymer, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4435-9 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2002 VL 4689 BP 541 EP 548 DI 10.1117/12.473493 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Materials Science; Optics; Physics GA BV17Z UT WOS:000178071700053 ER PT S AU Damazo, BN Jayewardene, EC Keery, WJ Vladar, AE Postek, MT AF Damazo, BN Jayewardene, EC Keery, WJ Vladar, AE Postek, MT BE Herr, DJC TI Design and development of a measurement and control system for measuring SEM magnification calibration samples SO METROLOGY, INSPECTION, AND PROCESS CONTROL FOR MICROLITHOGRAPHY XVI, PTS 1 & 2 SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Metrology, Inspection, and Process Control for Microlithography XVI CY MAR 04-07, 2002 CL SANTA CLARA, CA SP SPIE, Semicond Equipment & Mat Int, INt SEMATECH DE SEM; magnification; automatic; computer control; laser stage ID METROLOGY; STANDARD AB The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has provided industry with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) magnification calibration sample Reference Material (RM) 8090. The certified, Standard Reference Material (SRM) version, SRM 2090 is currently being prepared for issuance. This paper describes the design and development of a new, PC-based measurement and control system developed to facilitate the certification of the SRM 2090 artifact samples in a specialized metrology microscope. SRM 2090 is certified by moving the sample under a finely focused stationary electron beam in the metrology electron microscope. Using a laser interferometer with displacement measurements traceable to basic wavelength standards, the motion is measured while recording the secondary or backscattered electron output signal. A computer controls the motion, records the signal and interferometer value, then calculates the accurate spacing of the features, completes the statistical work and generates the NIST certificate. The original measurement system design was developed in the early 1990s. This paper outlines the effort to upgrade the system, including the replacement of the outdated measurement and control system with a new, LabVIEW(1) based measurement and control system. The details of the new measurement and control system will be discussed and results will be presented. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Damazo, BN (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,M-S 8220, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4435-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4689 BP 1162 EP 1170 DI 10.1117/12.473445 PG 9 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Materials Science; Optics; Physics GA BV17Z UT WOS:000178071700121 ER PT B AU Weil, CM Novotny, DR Johnk, RT Ondrejka, A AF Weil, CM Novotny, DR Johnk, RT Ondrejka, A GP PIT PIT TI Calibration of broadband RF field probes using a coaxial conical transmission line SO MIKON-2002: XIV INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MICROWAVES, RADAR AND WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS, VOLS 1-3, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 14th International Conference on Microwaves, Radar and Wireless Communications (MIKON-2002) CY MAY 20-22, 2002 CL GDANSK, POLAND SP Polish Acad Sci, Polish Minist Econom, State Comm Sci Res, IEEE MTT AES & ED Soc, AES/AP/MTT, IEEE Poland Sect, Joint Chapter AB We discuss a new broadband (10 MHz to 40 GHz) RF field standard to be used for calibrating electrically-small electromagnetic field probes. The technique generates a well-defined and uniform TEM mode field between the conductors of an air-filled coaxial transmission line of conical geometry (termed a "co-conical" line) that is terminated in a well-matched, high-power, distributed load. Internal field levels equivalent to power density levels in excess of 10 mW/cm(2) can be generated using broadband power sources of only 20 watts output. The new system will be capable of rapid, automated and accurate calibration of small field probes and can realize significant savings in both equipment/facility expenses and operational costs. C1 NIST, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Weil, CM (reprint author), NIST, MS 813-02,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU PIT-TELECOMMUNICATIONS RES INSTITUTE PI WARSAW PA UL POLIGONOWA 30, 04-051 WARSAW, POLAND BN 83-906662-5-1 PY 2002 BP 404 EP 407 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications GA BV35L UT WOS:000178662600080 ER PT J AU Newbury, D Wollman, D Nam, SW Hilton, G Irwin, K Small, J Martinis, J AF Newbury, D Wollman, D Nam, SW Hilton, G Irwin, K Small, J Martinis, J TI Energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry by microcalorimetry for the SEM SO MIKROCHIMICA ACTA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th Workshop of the European-Microbeam-Analysis-Society (EMAS) CY MAY 06-10, 2001 CL TAMPERE, FINLAND SP Euro Microbeam Anal Soc (EMAS) DE energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry; microanalysis; microcalorimeter; scanning electron microscopy; transition edge sensor ID TRANSITION-EDGE-MICROCALORIMETER; ELECTROTHERMAL FEEDBACK; HIGH-RESOLUTION AB Analytical X-ray spectrometry for electron beam instruments has advanced significantly with the development of the microcalorimeter energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (mucal EDS). The mucal EDS operates by measuring the temperature rise when a single photon is absorbed in a metal target. A cryo-electronic circuit with electrothermal feedback and a superconducting transition edge sensor serves as the thermometer. Spectral resolution approaching 4.5 eV for high energy photons (6000 eV) and 2 eV for low energy photons below 2000 eV has been demonstrated in energy dispersive operation across a photon energy range from 250 eV to 8 keV. Spectra of a variety of materials demonstrate the power of the mucal EDS to solve practical problems while operating on a scanning electron microscope platform. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Newbury, D (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 13 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG WIEN PI VIENNA PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0026-3672 J9 MIKROCHIM ACTA JI Mikrochim. Acta PY 2002 VL 138 IS 3-4 BP 265 EP 274 DI 10.1007/s006040200030 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 551KJ UT WOS:000175560100016 ER PT S AU Prokhorov, AV Hanssen, LM AF Prokhorov, AV Hanssen, LM BE Wooley, CB TI Numerical modeling of an integrating sphere radiation source SO MODELING AND CHARACTERIZATION OF LIGHT SOURCES SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Modeling and Characterization of Light Sources CY JUL 08-09, 2002 CL SEATTLE, WA SP SPIE, Boeing Co, Pacific NW Natl Lab, Washington State Univ Coll Sci, Washington State Univ Coll Engn, Washington State Univ Coll Architecture, Washington Technol Ctr, Univ Washington Coll Engn, Univ Washington Ctr Nanotechnol DE integrating sphere; uniform source; radiance; irradiance; calibration; Monte Carlo; simulation; modeling; ray tracing ID IRRADIANCE; FACILITY; RADIANCE AB zIntegrating spheres are often used as calibration sources providing uniform radiance within a solid angle and/or uniform irradiance at a distance. The best performance in such a system can be achieved if one is able to evaluate as well as predict the important characteristics of the sphere system's output, such as the spatial and angular distributions of radiance over the exit port, or the distribution of irradiance at the external plane of calibration. We have developed the algorithms and specialized software based on Monte Carlo techniques to solve the problem of radiation transfer inside an integrating sphere containing several point sources and conical annular baffle. The new algorithm employs backward ray tracing coupled with the "shadow rays" technique. As a timesaving procedure. the axial symmetry of the sphere and the superposition principle are used to substitute the sum of single source radiation fields rotated through a specific angle, for the radiation field of the complete multiple source sphere. The random (due to the stochastic character of the Monte Carlo method) component of uncertainty for the radiance or irradiance results is less than 0.1%. The results of numerical experiments are used to establish the performance variation as a function of the reflectance and specularity of the sphere wall, the number of radiation sources, the type of baffle used, and the angular distribution of their radiant intensity. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Prokhorov, AV (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 17 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4542-8 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4775 BP 106 EP 118 DI 10.1117/12.479642 PG 13 WC Optics SC Optics GA BV35D UT WOS:000178661800010 ER PT S AU Tewary, VK AF Tewary, VK BE Zavaliangos, A Tikare, V Olevsky, EA TI Multiscale modeling of point defects and free surfaces in semi-infinite solids SO MODELING AND NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF MATERIALS BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Modeling and Numerical Simulation of Materials Behavior and Evolution held at the 2002 MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 02-05, 2002 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc ID LATTICE AB A Green's function method is described for multiscale modeling of point defects such as vacancies and interstitials at the atomistic level and extended defects such as free surfaces and interfaces at the macroscopic continuum level in a solid. The point defects are represented in terms of Kanzaki forces using the lattice-statics Green's function, which can model a large crystallite containing a million atoms without excessive CPU effort. The lattice-statics Green's function reduces to the continuum Green's function in the asymptotic limit which is used to model the extended defects by imposing continuum-model boundary conditions. Numerical results are presented for the displacement field on the free surface due to a vacancy in semi-infinite fee copper. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Tewary, VK (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-667-2 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2002 VL 731 BP 21 EP 26 PG 6 WC Mathematics, Applied; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Mathematics; Materials Science GA BV34T UT WOS:000178623800004 ER PT S AU Gonzalez, C Mujica, V Ratner, MA AF Gonzalez, C Mujica, V Ratner, MA BE Aviram, A Ratner, M Mujica, V TI Modeling the electrostatic potential spatial profile of molecular junctions - The influence of defects and weak links SO MOLECULAR ELECTRONICS II SE ANNALS OF THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Molecular Electronics 2000 Conference CY DEC 10-14, 2000 CL KAILUA KONA, HAWAII SP United Engn Fdn, Kraft Foods Co, Natl Sci Fdn, USA, Res Off, USN, Off Naval Res DE molecular junctions; electrostatic potential; weak links; defects ID TRANSPORT; CONDUCTANCE; RECTIFICATION; RECTIFIERS; INTERFACES; WIRES AB The spatial profile of the electrostatic potential across a molecular junction is one of the single most influential factors in determining the form of intensity-voltage characteristics. We have modeled the influence of bridge electronic defects (site substitutions) and weak links (local weak bonds) on the potential profile. The potential is determined self-consistently by solving Poisson and Schrodinger equations simultaneously. We have considered the simplest model of a one-dimensional molecular wire. This system already exhibits some of the most relevant features observed in I-V curves of real chemically modified junctions, where strong asymmetries and rectification effects have been reported. C1 NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Cent Univ Venezuela, Fac Ciencias, Escuela Quim, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela. Northwestern Univ, Dept Chem, Ctr Nanofabricat & Mol Self Assembly, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. RP Gonzalez, C (reprint author), NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 23 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU NEW YORK ACAD SCIENCES PI NEW YORK PA 2 EAST 63RD ST, NEW YORK, NY 10021 USA SN 0077-8923 BN 1-57331-410-2 J9 ANN NY ACAD SCI JI Ann.NY Acad.Sci. PY 2002 VL 960 BP 163 EP 176 PG 14 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Multidisciplinary Sciences; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Physics GA BU38E UT WOS:000175851300011 ER PT B AU Awad, WH Gilman, JW Nyden, M Davis, R Harris, RH Sutto, TE Callahan, JH Delong, HC Trulove, PC AF Awad, WH Gilman, JW Nyden, M Davis, R Harris, RH Sutto, TE Callahan, JH Delong, HC Trulove, PC BE Trulove, PC DeLong, HC Mantz, RA Stafford, GR Matsunaga, M TI Thermal degradation studies of alkyl-imidazolium salts and their application in nanocomposites SO MOLTEN SALTS XIII SE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 13th International Symposium on Molten Salts CY MAY 12-17, 2002 CL PHILADELPHIA, PA SP Electrochem Soc, Phys Electrochem Div, Electrochem Soc, High Temp Mat Div, Electrochem Soc, Electrodeposit Div ID LAYERED-SILICATE NANOCOMPOSITES; CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES; POLYMER; MONTMORILLONITE; HYBRID; FLAMMABILITY; STABILITY AB Increasing the thermal stability of organically modified layered silicates is one of the key points in the successful application of polymer layered-silicate nanocomposites on the industrial scale. To circumvent the detrimental effect of the lower thermal stability of alkyl ammonium treated montmorillonite, a series of alkyl imidazolium molten salts were prepared and their thermal properties characterized by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and thermal desorption mass spectroscopic (TDMS). The effect of different parameters such as: counter ion, alkyl chain length and structural isomerism on the thermal stability of the imidazolium salts was also examined. Alkyl imidazolium treated montmorillonite clays were prepared by ion exchange of the imidazolium salts with Na-montmorillonite. These organically modified clays were then characterized by XRD and TDMS, and compared to the conventional quaternary alkyl ammonium montmorillonite. Results indicate that the counter ion has an effect on the thermal stability of the imidazolium salts, and that imidazolium salts with PF(6)(-), N(SO(2)CF(3))(2)(-) and BF(4)(-) anions are thermally more stable than the halide salts. A relationship was observed between the chain length of the alkyl group and the thermo-oxidative stability; as the chain length increased from propyl, butyl, decyl, hexadecyl, octadecyl to eicosyl, the stability decreased. The results also show that the imidazolium treated montmorillonite has excellent compatibility with polystyrene (PS) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) thus enabling preparation of polymer layered silicate nanocomposites. C1 NIST, Fire Res Div, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Awad, WH (reprint author), NIST, Fire Res Div, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 29 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 S MAIN ST, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534-2839 USA BN 1-56677-343-1 J9 ELEC SOC S PY 2002 VL 2002 IS 19 BP 200 EP 212 PG 13 WC Thermodynamics; Electrochemistry; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Thermodynamics; Electrochemistry; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BW02C UT WOS:000180660100019 ER PT J AU Rogers, R Aberson, S Kaplan, J Goldenberg, S AF Rogers, R Aberson, S Kaplan, J Goldenberg, S TI A pronounced upper-tropospheric warm anomaly encountered by the NOAA G-IV aircraft in the vicinity of deep convection SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID GPS DROPWINDSONDE; TROPICAL CYCLONE; HURRICANE TRACK; IMPACT AB Recent flights near deep convection by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Gulfstream-IV surveillance aircraft have occasionally experienced significant positive temperature anomalies that sometimes impact the aircraft performance. One such event occurred over the Bahamas on 23 August 1999. During a 20-s time period, when the plane was cruising at an altitude of 175 hPa, the flight-level ambient temperature rose 15 degreesC and returned to ambient values, concurrent with significant fluctuations in the horizontal and vertical winds. Large temperature anomalies such as that reported here can cause the avionics on the aircraft to compensate with a sudden decrease in air speed and a loss of altitude. Possible explanations for this anomaly include instrument error and convectively forced gravity waves or upper-level subsidence. C1 Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Cooperat Inst Marine & Atmospher Studies, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Rogers, R (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Cooperat Inst Marine & Atmospher Studies, 4301 Rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RI Aberson, Sim/C-4891-2013; Kaplan, John/A-8709-2014; Rogers, Robert/I-4428-2013; Goldenberg, Stanley/C-5965-2014 OI Aberson, Sim/0000-0002-3670-0100; Kaplan, John/0000-0002-7253-3039; Goldenberg, Stanley/0000-0001-6730-5819 NR 13 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PY 2002 VL 130 IS 1 BP 180 EP 187 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<0180:APUTWA>2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 502AU UT WOS:000172721600014 ER PT J AU Josell, D Weihs, TP Gao, H AF Josell, D Weihs, TP Gao, H TI Diffusional creep: Stresses and strain rates in thin films and multilayers SO MRS BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE diffusional creep; mechanical properties; thin films ID CAPILLARY INSTABILITIES; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; INTERFACIAL-TENSION; AGNI MULTILAYERS; COPPER-FILMS; DEFORMATION; RELAXATION; STABILITY; ENERGIES; ALUMINUM AB In this article, we discuss creep deformation as it relates to thin films and multilayer foils. We begin by reviewing experimental techniques for studying creep deformation In thin-film geometries, listing the pros and cons of each; then we discuss the use of deformation-mechanism maps for recording and understanding observed creep behavior. We include a number of cautionary remarks regarding the impact of microstructural stability, zero-creep stresses, and transient-creep strains on stress-strain rate relationships, and we finish by reviewing the current state of knowledge for creep deformation in thin films. This includes both thin films that are heated on substrates as well as multilayer films that are tested as freestanding foils. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Max Planck Inst Met Res, Stuttgart, Germany. Stanford Univ, Dept Mech Engn & Mat Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Engn, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RP Josell, D (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Gao, Huajian/F-9360-2010; Weihs, Timothy/A-3313-2010 NR 41 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 3 U2 15 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DR, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 0883-7694 J9 MRS BULL JI MRS Bull. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 27 IS 1 BP 39 EP 44 DI 10.1557/mrs2002.18 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 512BR UT WOS:000173301700021 ER PT B AU Balakirsky, S Messina, E Albus, J AF Balakirsky, S Messina, E Albus, J BE Schultz, AC Parker, LE TI Architecting a simulation and development environment for multi-robot teams SO MULTI-ROBOT SYSTEMS: FROM SWARMS TO INTELLIGENT AUTOMATA LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Multi-Robot Systems CY MAR, 2002 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Naval Res Lab DE simulation; architectures; 4-D/RCS; autonomous vehicles AB Collaborative multi-robot teams have great potential to add capabilities and minimize risk within the military domain. The composition of these teams may range from multiple copies of the same model to heterogeneous ground, air, and water vehicles operating in concert. The novel and extremely complex nature of these autonomous systems requires a large up-front investment in design, modeling, simulation, and experimentation. Myriad design decisions must be made regarding the control architecture and general information flow for commands and status exchanged between robots and humans and among robot teams. In addition, decisions must be made on how to best assemble and deploy these teams. To assist in making these design decisions, we are developing an integrated environment that we hope will greatly facilitate the design, development, and understanding of how to configure and use multi-robot teams for military applications and to accelerate the robots' deployment. C1 NIST, Intelligent Syst Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Balakirsky, S (reprint author), NIST, Intelligent Syst Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 1-4020-0679-9 PY 2002 BP 161 EP 168 PG 8 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Robotics SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science; Robotics GA BV23S UT WOS:000178302300017 ER PT B AU Scholtz, JC AF Scholtz, JC BE Schultz, AC Parker, LE TI Human-robot interactions: Creating synergistic cyber forces SO MULTI-ROBOT SYSTEMS: FROM SWARMS TO INTELLIGENT AUTOMATA LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Multi-Robot Systems CY MAR, 2002 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Naval Res Lab DE human-robot interaction; situational awareness; human-computer interaction AB Human-robot interaction for mobile robots is still in its infancy. As robots increase in capabilities and are able to perform more tasks in an autonomous manner we need to think about the interactions that humans will have with robots and what software architecture and user interface designs can accommodate the human-in-the loop. This paper outlines a theory of human-robot interaction and proposes information needed for maintaining the user's situational awareness. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Scholtz, JC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8940, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Scholtz, Jean/E-8955-2013 NR 8 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 1-4020-0679-9 PY 2002 BP 177 EP 184 PG 8 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Robotics SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science; Robotics GA BV23S UT WOS:000178302300019 ER PT S AU Turner, S Bright, DS AF Turner, S Bright, DS BE Komarneni, S Parker, JC Vaia, RA Lu, GQ Matsushita, JI TI Characterization of the morphology of faceted particles by transmission electron microscopy SO NANOPHASE AND NANOCOMPOSITE MATERIALS IV SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Nanophase and Nanocomposite Materials IV held at the 2001 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 26-29, 2001 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc ID RUTHERFORD SCATTERING; TOMOGRAPHY AB Faceting in a polyhedral rutile particle was modeled from transmission electron microscopy images. A double-tilt, rotate transmission electron microscope (TEM) sample holder was used to manipulate the particle. Using this holder, it was possible to align the c axis of the particle along one of the axes of the sample holder. This alignment allowed images to be obtained of the particle in several orientations around its c axis. Assuming symmetrical growth perpendicular to the c axis of the rutile particle, comparison of dimensions and angles obtained to those obtained for hypothetical models of the particle gives information about its likely prismatic and pyramidal faceting. This approach to facet modeling in combination with thickness information should be useful for more complete determination of the faceting in individual euhedral particles using transmission electron microscopy. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Turner, S (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-639-7 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2002 VL 703 BP 249 EP 254 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA BU86Z UT WOS:000177252100036 ER PT B AU Postek, MT AF Postek, MT BE Peckerar, MC Postek, MT TI The challenge of nanometrology SO NANOSTRUCTURE SCIENCE, METROLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Nanostructure Science, Metrology, and Technology CY SEP 05-07, 2001 CL GAITHERSBURG, MD SP SPIE, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, USN, Off Res DE National Nanotechnology Initiative; metrology; molecular measuring machine; standards; modeling; nanometer; scanning electron microscopy; scanned probe microscopy; proximal probe; lithography; critical dimension; interferometry; traceability ID MICROANALYSIS; SPECTROMETER; RESOLUTION; PRECISION; METROLOGY; ACCURACY AB The promise and challenge of nanotechnology is immense. The National Nanotechnology Initiative provides an opportunity to develop a new technological base for U.S. Industry. Nanometrology is the basis of the new measurement methods that must be developed to support the nanotechnology. Nanometrology has played a key role in support for the semiconductor and other U.S. industries already developing products with nanometer-sized dimensions. Nanometrology techniques, standards and infrastructure development are needed to control fabrication and production, ensure product quality, and enable different parts to work effectively together. Size and tolerance are important considerations and require standardization. Metrology is critical to developing a complete understanding of any new phenomenon or process. Only those things that can be measured can be fully understood. Ultimately, this understanding is critical to obtaining the immense economic benefits predicted by the National Nanotechnology Initiative for U. S. industry. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Postek, MT (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 29 TC 6 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA BN 0-8194-4347-6 PY 2002 BP 84 EP 96 PG 13 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BV16M UT WOS:000178040400008 ER PT B AU Postek, MT AF Postek, MT BE Peckerar, MC Postek, MT TI Nanometer-scale metrology: Meeting the nanotechnology measurement challenges SO NANOSTRUCTURE SCIENCE, METROLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Nanostructure Science, Metrology, and Technology CY SEP 05-07, 2001 CL GAITHERSBURG, MD SP SPIE, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, USN, Off Res DE metrology; molecular measuring machine; standards; modeling; nanometer; scanning electron microscopy; scanned probe microscopy; proximal probe; lithography; critical dimension; interferometry; linescale AB NIST is responsible to U.S. industry for developing length intensive measurement capabilities and calibration standards in the nanometer scale regime. The Nanometer-Scale Metrology Program is an integrated Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory program composed of projects all aimed at accurate nano-length metrology. These projects range (in part) from scanning probe microscopies, optical microscopy, interferometry, scanning electron microscopy, and include traditional linescale interferometry which maintains the NIST capability for length scale measurements at a World-class level. The industrial relevancy of the research and standards provided by this program has resulted in a large number of industrial interactions. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Postek, MT (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA BN 0-8194-4347-6 PY 2002 BP 102 EP 106 PG 5 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BV16M UT WOS:000178040400010 ER PT B AU Stroscio, JA Hudson, EW Blankenship, SR Celotta, R Fein, AP AF Stroscio, JA Hudson, EW Blankenship, SR Celotta, R Fein, AP BE Peckerar, MC Postek, MT TI A facility for nanoscience research: An overview SO NANOSTRUCTURE SCIENCE, METROLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Nanostructure Science, Metrology, and Technology CY SEP 05-07, 2001 CL GAITHERSBURG, MD SP SPIE, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, USN, Off Res DE STM; FIM; MBE; quantum systems; spin electronic systems AB We describe the development of an experimental system, consisting of a low temperature scanning tunneling microscope coupled to UHV tip and sample preparation chambers, with the goal of providing new measurement capabilities for the study of quantum and spin electronic systems on the nanometer scale. The physical information desired in such systems includes: the quantized electron energy distributions arising from spatial or magnetic confinement, the spatial extent of electronic wavefunctions, the role of electron-electron interactions in the presence of confining boundaries, the exact physical structure of the system, the shape of the confining potentials, and finally, the physics of electron transport on nanometer length scales. Additionally, we have incorporated a computer controlled facility for automated atom assembly to perform "bottom-up" fabrication of nanostructures. Some initial results will be discussed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electron Phys Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Stroscio, JA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electron Phys Grp, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8412, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Hudson, Eric/C-2746-2008 OI Hudson, Eric/0000-0001-7064-0351 NR 0 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA BN 0-8194-4347-6 PY 2002 BP 112 EP 115 DI 10.1117/12.438493 PG 4 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BV16M UT WOS:000178040400011 ER PT B AU Zhou, H Fu, J Gonda, S Silver, R AF Zhou, H Fu, J Gonda, S Silver, R BE Peckerar, MC Postek, MT TI Effects of etching time and wafer miscut on the morphology of etched Si(111) surfaces SO NANOSTRUCTURE SCIENCE, METROLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Nanostructure Science, Metrology, and Technology CY SEP 05-07, 2001 CL GAITHERSBURG, MD SP SPIE, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, USN, Off Res ID SCANNING-TUNNELING-MICROSCOPY; HYDROGEN C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Zhou, H (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA BN 0-8194-4347-6 PY 2002 BP 168 EP 175 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BV16M UT WOS:000178040400020 ER PT B AU LeBrun, T AF LeBrun, T BE Peckerar, MC Postek, MT TI Biology and nanoscience - Summary of discussions of the biology and nanoscience panel of the SPIE workshop on nanotechnology SO NANOSTRUCTURE SCIENCE, METROLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Nanostructure Science, Metrology, and Technology CY SEP 05-07, 2001 CL GAITHERSBURG, MD SP SPIE, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, USN, Off Res C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP LeBrun, T (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA BN 0-8194-4347-6 PY 2002 BP 230 EP 233 DI 10.1117/12.465476 PG 4 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics GA BV16M UT WOS:000178040400029 ER PT S AU Tewary, VK AF Tewary, VK BE Plitzko, JM Duscher, G Zhu, Y Ichinose, H TI Green's function method for calculation of strain field due to a quantum dot in a semi-infinite anisotropic solid SO NANOSTRUCTURED INTERFACES SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Nanostructured Interfaces held at the 2002 MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 02-04, 2002 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc AB A computationally convenient Green's function method is described for calculation of strain characteristics of quantum dots in an anisotropic semi-infinite solid containing a free surface. Semi-analytic expressions are derived for the strain field due to a quantum dot, strain energy of a quantum dot, and strain-field interaction between 2 quantum dots. Numerical results are presented for the strain field due to a quantum dot in GaAs. It is shown that the effect of the free surface, which has been neglected in earlier calculations using Green's function methods, is quite significant. C1 NIST, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Tewary, VK (reprint author), NIST, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-663-X J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2002 VL 727 BP 37 EP 42 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics SC Engineering; Materials Science; Optics GA BV71D UT WOS:000179873200005 ER PT J AU Mayhew, MP Roitberg, AE Tewari, Y Holden, MJ Vanderah, DJ Vilker, VL AF Mayhew, MP Roitberg, AE Tewari, Y Holden, MJ Vanderah, DJ Vilker, VL TI Benzocycloarene hydroxylation by P450 biocatalysis SO NEW JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID ARCHAEON SULFOLOBUS-SOLFATARICUS; MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS SIMULATIONS; CYTOCHROME P450(CAM); NAPHTHALENE DIOXYGENASE; TOLUENE DIOXYGENASE; PSEUDOMONAS-PUTIDA; MONOMERIC ENZYME; SUBSTRATE; CAMPHOR; OXIDATION AB Experimental and theoretical studies of the hydroxylation of a family of benzocycloarene compounds [benzocyclobutene, benzocyclopentene (indan), benzocyclohexene (tetralin), and benzocycloheptene] by wild type and Y96F mutant P450cam were performed in order to understand the factors affecting product distribution, catalytic rate and cofactor utilization. The products of all reactions except that of benzocycloheptene were regiospecifically hydroxylated in the 1-position. Reaction energetics predominated over active site steric constraints in this case so that quantum mechanical calculations (B3LYP/6-31G*) comparing the energetics of all possible radical intermediates successfully predicted hydroxylation at the 1- and 3-positions of benzocycloheptene, and at the 1- position for the other three compounds. However, the fact that the ratio of 1- alcohol to 3-alcohol changes significantly between wild type and Y96F mutant P450cam indicates that active site geometry and composition also play a significant role in determining BCA7 product regiospecificity. The indan and tetralin reaction products were stereoselective for the R enantiomer (88 and 94%, respectively). Steric constraints of the active site were confirmed by molecular dynamics calculations (locally enhanced sampling dynamics) to control enantiomer distribution for tetralin hydroxylation. NADH coupling, binding affinity, and product turnover rates were dramatically higher for Y96F P450cam, showing that the removal of the active site hydroxyl group on tyrosine makes the enzyme better suited for oxidation of these hydrophobic compounds. NADH coupling, binding affinity and product turnover rate for each enzyme generally increased with arene ring size. For both enzymes, NADH coupling and product turnover rates were correlated with the extent of high-spin shift upon substrate binding as determined by the shift in Soret absorption bands at 417 and 391 nm. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Vilker, VL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Roitberg, Adrian/A-2378-2009 NR 51 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 7 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD,, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1144-0546 J9 NEW J CHEM JI New J. Chem. PY 2002 VL 26 IS 1 BP 35 EP 42 DI 10.1039/b107584p PG 8 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 515CG UT WOS:000173477400011 ER PT S AU Wagner, CA Kostelecky, J Klokocnik, J AF Wagner, CA Kostelecky, J Klokocnik, J BE Drewes, H Dow, JM TI Detection of interannual oceanographic signals and improvement of geopotential from inversion of single and dual satellite altimetry SO NEW TRENDS IN SPACE GEODESY SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT B2 1-PSD1 Symposium of COSPAR Scientific Commission B held at the 33rd COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY JUL, 2000 CL WARSAW, POLAND SP Agenzia Spatiale Italiana, CNES, European Space Agcy, Int Union Geodesy & Geophys, Int Assoc Geodesy AB Extensive analyses of long-term averaged altimetrically determined sea height differences at crossovers for the satellites Geosat, ERS-1 and Topex/Poseidon (single satellite crossovers) as well as between the pairs of satellite (dual-satellite crossovers) clearly show the effects of orbit errors arising from the geopotential model (JGM3) used in computing their pairs. Upon inversion for an adjusted geopotential, the residuals for the dual satellite crossovers with multi-year gaps reveal surprisingly strong and consistent signals which appear to be largely of interannual oceanographic origin. We show that the height differences are sensitive to a variety of other orbit, instrument, tide and even geodetic errors, generally at lower level of observability. The results of the inversion to harmonic geopotential coefficients to degree and order 50 as extension of JGM3 will be discussed. (C) 2002 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Lab satellite Altimetry, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Res Inst Geodesy Topog & Cartog, Zdiby 25066, Czech Republic. Czech Tech Univ, Fac Civil Engn, Dept Adv Geodesy, Prague 16629, Czech Republic. Acad Sci Czech Republ, Inst Astron, CS-25165 Ondrejov, Czech Republic. RP Wagner, CA (reprint author), NOAA, Lab satellite Altimetry, 1315 E-W Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RI Klokocnik, Jaroslav/G-9025-2014 NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2002 VL 30 IS 2 BP 241 EP 248 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(02)00291-0 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BV11T UT WOS:000177857000016 ER PT S AU Jelenkovic, BM Newbury, AS Bollinger, JJ Mitchell, TB Itano, WM AF Jelenkovic, BM Newbury, AS Bollinger, JJ Mitchell, TB Itano, WM BE Anderegg, F Schweikhard, L Driscoll, CF TI A laser-cooled, high density positron plasma SO NON-NEUTRAL PLASMA PHYSICS IV SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Non-Neutral Plasmas CY JUL 30-AUG 02, 2001 CL UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO, SAN DIEGO, CA SP USN, Off Naval Res, Natl Sci Fdn, US DOE, Inst Pure & Appl Phys Sci, UCSD HO UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO ID NONNEUTRAL ION PLASMA; PURE ELECTRON-PLASMA; PENNING TRAP; FIELD; SIMULATION; SEPARATION; TRANSPORT; CLOUDS; BEAM AB We present results on trapping and cooling of positrons in a Penning trap. Up to a few thousand positrons are trapped and sympathetically cooled through Coulomb collisions (sympathetic cooling) with laser-cooled Be-9(+) ions. By imaging the Be-9(+) laser-induced fluorescence, we observe centrifugal separation of the Be-9(+) ions and the positrons, with the positrons coalescing into a column along the trap axis. This indicates the positrons have the same rotation frequency and comparable density (similar to 4 x 10(9) cm(-3)) as the Be-9(+) ions, and places an upper limit of approximately 5 K on the positron temperature of motion parallel to the magnetic field. The measured positron lifetime is > 8 days in our room temperature vacuum of 10(-8) Pa. C1 NIST, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Jelenkovic, BM (reprint author), NIST, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 30 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0050-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2002 VL 606 BP 63 EP 72 PG 10 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA BT97S UT WOS:000174609800007 ER PT S AU Kriesel, JM Bollinger, JJ Mitchell, TB King, LB Dubin, DHE AF Kriesel, JM Bollinger, JJ Mitchell, TB King, LB Dubin, DHE BE Anderegg, F Schweikhard, L Driscoll, CF TI Laser-induced wakes in ion crystals SO NON-NEUTRAL PLASMA PHYSICS IV SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Non-Neutral Plasmas CY JUL 30-AUG 02, 2001 CL UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO, SAN DIEGO, CA SP USN, Off Naval Res, Natl Sci Fdn, US DOE, Inst Pure & Appl Phys Sci, UCSD HO UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO ID PLASMA; MODES; TRAP AB Wakes in a Coulomb crystal are produced by "pushing" with radiation pressure on a rotating spheroidal cloud of laser-cooled Be-9(+) ions. The wakes are stationary in the tab frame and are caused by the interference of "drum-head" type oscillations. Velocity images of these wakes are obtained directly through the dependence of the ion fluorescence on Doppler shifts, and new analytical calculations accurately reproduce these experimental wake images. The technique demonstrates a way to excite and study modes, that were not accessible with previous techniques. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Kriesel, JM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway,MS 847, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0050-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2002 VL 606 BP 121 EP 126 PG 6 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA BT97S UT WOS:000174609800014 ER PT S AU Takacs, E Gillaspy, JD AF Takacs, E Gillaspy, JD BE Anderegg, F Schweikhard, L Driscoll, CF TI Trapped highly charged ion plasmas SO NON-NEUTRAL PLASMA PHYSICS IV SE AIP Conference Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Non-Neutral Plasmas CY JUL 30-AUG 02, 2001 CL UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO, SAN DIEGO, CA SP USN, Off Naval Res, Natl Sci Fdn, US DOE, Inst Pure & Appl Phys Sci, UCSD HO UNIV CALIF SAN DIEGO ID MAGNETIC-DIPOLE TRANSITION; EXCITATION CROSS-SECTIONS; ELECTRON-BEAM; PENNING TRAP; STORAGE-RING; URANIUM IONS; ATOMIC IONS; EBIT; SPECTROSCOPY; STATE AB Electron Beam Ion Trap (EBIT) devices and their special features are reviewed with attention to applications in highly charged ion plasma research. EBIT properties are presented based on information extracted from a variety of experiments reported in the literature. Topics discussed include typical parameters (Debye length, Wigner-Seitz radius, Coulomb coupling parameter, density, temperature, etc.), magnetic trapping mode, ion cloud shape, rotation, and evaporative cooling. We conclude that the quantitative understanding of highly charged ion plasmas inside an EBIT requires improved modeling and advanced diagnostic techniques. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Takacs, E (reprint author), NIST, Bldg 221,Room B228, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM endre.takacs@nist.gov; john.gillaspy@nist.gov NR 76 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0050-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2002 VL 606 BP 151 EP 163 PG 13 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Physics GA BT97S UT WOS:000174609800018 ER PT S AU Hurley, DC Wiehn, JS Turner, JA Rice, P AF Hurley, DC Wiehn, JS Turner, JA Rice, P BE Meyendorf, N Baaklini, GY Michel, B TI Quantitative elastic-property information with acoustic AFM: measurements and modeling SO NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION AND RELIABILITY OF MICRO-AND NANOMATERIAL SYSTEMS SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st Conference on Nondestructive Evaluation and Reliability of Micro- and Nanomaterial Systems CY MAR, 2002 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP SPIE DE atomic force acoustic microscopy; elastic properties; thin films ID FORCE MICROSCOPE CANTILEVERS; CONTACT STIFFNESS; MODULUS AB To investigate nanoscale mechanical behavior, new approaches using dynamic modes of the atomic force microscope cantilever are being developed. One method, atomic force acoustic microscopy (AFAM), measures cantilever resonances in the acoustic-frequency range to obtain elastic-property information. We describe quantitative AFAM measurements and compare them to results from techniques like surface acoustic waves and instrumented indentation. With AFAM we examined a niobium film using two separate calibration samples and two cantilever geometries. Depending on the cantilever type we found M-Nb=105-114 GPa, in good agreement with literature values of M-Nb=116-133 GPa for bulk niobium and M-Nb=120+/-5 GPa obtained with surface acoustic waves. We also obtained AFAM values of M=54-81 GPa for the indentation modulus of an aluminum film. In comparison, literature values for bulk aluminum are M-Al=76-81 GPa, while other results on the same film yielded M-Al=78-85 GPa. To understand the results more thoroughly, we compare two methods of AFAM spectrum analysis. The analytical approach assumes a cantilever of uniform rectangular cross-section while the finite element model accounts for spatial variations in cantilever dimensions. The same data are interpreted with the two approaches to better understand measurement uncertainty and accuracy. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Hurley, DC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 15 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4451-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4703 BP 65 EP 73 DI 10.1117/12.469632 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Microscopy; Optics SC Materials Science; Microscopy; Optics GA BU98M UT WOS:000177554000008 ER PT J AU Able, KW Fahay, MP Heck, KL Roman, CT Lazzari, MA Kaiser, SC AF Able, KW Fahay, MP Heck, KL Roman, CT Lazzari, MA Kaiser, SC TI Seasonal distribution and abundance of fishes and decapod crustaceans in a Cape Cod estuary SO NORTHEASTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID NEW-ENGLAND ESTUARY; SALT-MARSH; NEW-JERSEY; ATLANTIC SILVERSIDE; EELGRASS MEADOWS; MENIDIA-MENIDIA; HABITAT USE; PATTERNS; BIOMASS; MASSACHUSETTS AB Sampling in several habitat types (sand/mud, eelgrass, sand, gravel, macroalgae/mud) during all seasons with a variety of gears in Nauset Marsh, Massachusetts during 1985-1987 found a fauna consisting of 35 fish and 10 decapod crustacean species. Although most of the abundant species were found in several habitat types, species richness and habitat use appeared to be highest for vegetated habitats (eelgrass, macroalgae). The fishes and decapods were numerically dominated by cold-water taxa; however, numerous fish species, represented by rare individuals of predominantly southern forms, enriched the fauna. Species composition of Nauset Marsh could be distinguished from estuaries south of Cape Cod and even from the south shore of the cape. Both fishes and decapods were most abundant during the summer, apparently due to the contributions from spring and summer spawning in the estuary and the adjacent Atlantic Ocean. The location of Nauset Marsh and other estuaries on Cape Cod provide a unique opportunity to evaluate the importance of this region as a faunal boundary to estuarine species. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, Marine Field Stn, Tuckerton, NJ 08087 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Highlands, NJ 07732 USA. Marine Environm Sci Consortium, Dauphin Isl, AL 36528 USA. Univ S Alabama, Dauphin Isl, AL 36528 USA. Univ Rhode Isl, USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Dept Marine Resources, Boothbay Harbor, ME 04575 USA. RP Able, KW (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, Marine Field Stn, Tuckerton, NJ 08087 USA. EM able@imcs.rutgers.edu; mike.fahay@noaa.gov; kheck@jaguar1.usouthal.edu; charles_roman@usgs.gov; mark_lazzari@state.me.us NR 50 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 5 PU HUMBOLDT FIELD RESEARCH INST PI STEUBEN PA PO BOX 9, STEUBEN, ME 04680-0009 USA SN 1092-6194 EI 1938-5307 J9 NORTHEAST NAT JI Northeast. Nat PY 2002 VL 9 IS 3 BP 285 EP 302 DI 10.2307/3858472 PG 18 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 601WZ UT WOS:000178472900003 ER PT J AU Abdurashitov, JN Gavrin, VN Kalikhov, AV Matushko, VL Shikhin, AA Yants, VE Zaborskaia, OS Adams, JM Nico, JS Thompson, AK AF Abdurashitov, JN Gavrin, VN Kalikhov, AV Matushko, VL Shikhin, AA Yants, VE Zaborskaia, OS Adams, JM Nico, JS Thompson, AK TI A high resolution, low background fast neutron spectrometer SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Neutron Field Spectrometry in Science, Technology and Radiation Protection (NEUSPEC 2000) CY JUN 04-08, 2000 CL PISA, ITALY DE organic scintillator; resolution; full absorption; neutron spectrometry; sectioned detector; non-linear light yield; recoil proton ID FLUX AB We discuss the possibility to create a spectrometer of full absorption based on liquid scintillator doped with enriched Li-6. Of specific interest, the spectrometer will have energy resolution estimated to lie in the range 5-10% for 14MeV neutrons. It will be sensitive to fluxes from 10(-4) to 10(6) cm(-2)s(-1) above a threshold of 1 MeV in a gamma-background of up to 10(4) s(-1). The detector's efficiency will be determined by the volume of the scintillator only (similar to. 3 1) and is estimated to be 0.2-10%. The main reason for the poor resolution of an organic scintillator based spectrometer of full absorption is a non-linear light-yield of the scintillator for recoil protons. The neutron energy is occasionally distributed among recoil protons, and due to non-linear light-yield the total amount of light from all recoil protons ambiguously determines the initial neutron energy. The high-energy resolution will be achieved by compensation of the non-linear light-yield of the scintillator through the use of optically separated sections. The applications of such a detector for low-background experiments in fundamental physics research, characterizations of neutron fluence in space, and the health physics community are discussed. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Russian Acad Sci, Inst Nucl Res, Moscow 117312, Russia. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Abdurashitov, JN (reprint author), Russian Acad Sci, Inst Nucl Res, 60Th October Anniversary Prospect 7, Moscow 117312, Russia. EM jna@inr.troitsk.ru RI Abdurashitov, Dzhonrid/B-2206-2014; Yants, Viktor/C-1038-2014 OI Abdurashitov, Dzhonrid/0000-0002-1577-1364; NR 9 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-9002 EI 1872-9576 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH A JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip. PD JAN 1 PY 2002 VL 476 IS 1-2 BP 318 EP 321 DI 10.1016/S0168-9002(01)01447-4 PG 4 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 522FT UT WOS:000173885900056 ER PT J AU Westbrook, J Feng, ZK Jain, S Bhat, TN Thanki, N Ravichandran, V Gilliland, GL Bluhm, W Weissig, H Greer, DS Bourne, PE Berman, HM AF Westbrook, J Feng, ZK Jain, S Bhat, TN Thanki, N Ravichandran, V Gilliland, GL Bluhm, W Weissig, H Greer, DS Bourne, PE Berman, HM TI The Protein Data Bank: Unifying the archive SO NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID GEOMETRIC PARAMETERS; NUCLEIC-ACIDS; QUALITY AB The Protein Data Bank (PDB; http://www.pdb.org/) is the single worldwide archive of structural data of biological macromolecules. This paper describes the progress that has been made in validating all data in the PDB archive and in releasing a uniform archive for the community. We have now produced a collection of mmCIF data files for the PDB archive (ftp://beta.rcsb.org/pub/pdb/uniformity/data/mmCIF/). A utility application that converts the mmCIF data files to the PDB format (called CIFTr) has also been released to provide support for existing software. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Dept Chem, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, San Diego Supercomp Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Dept Pharmacol, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Burnham Inst, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Berman, HM (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Dept Chem, 610 Taylor Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. RI Bourne, Philip/C-2073-2008; OI Westbrook, John/0000-0002-6686-5475 NR 13 TC 151 Z9 155 U1 0 U2 4 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0305-1048 J9 NUCLEIC ACIDS RES JI Nucleic Acids Res. PD JAN 1 PY 2002 VL 30 IS 1 BP 245 EP 248 DI 10.1093/nar/30.1.245 PG 4 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 508FB UT WOS:000173077100066 PM 11752306 ER PT J AU Crosby, MP Brighouse, G Pichon, M AF Crosby, MP Brighouse, G Pichon, M TI Priorities and strategies for addressing natural and anthropogenic threats to coral reefs in Pacific Island Nations SO OCEAN & COASTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID MARINE; BONE AB Marine habitats and resources have been assumed to be almost unlimited, and that if one habitat became degraded or a particular fisheries resource depleted, there always would be another to replace it. The importance of coral reef ecosystems, in particular, may be seen in their numerous ecological, aesthetic, economic and cultural functions. Pacific islanders recognize that healthy reefs are essential for creation, support, protection and repair of their islands, and serve as a living pantry for the subsistence harvest and consumption of many reef organisms. The ability of coral reef ecosystems to exist in balanced harmony with other naturally occurring competing/limiting physico-chemical and biological agents has been severely challenged in the last several decades by the dramatically increased negative and synergistic impacts from poorly managed anthropogenic activities. In addressing these threats, a paradigm shift may be occurring in the evolution of the role of scientists in society from simply observers of the natural world with tenuous linkages to resource managers and the public, to partners in modern society's quest for answers to pressing questions related to sustainable use and conservation of coral reef resources. Management principles are beginning to. include human motivation and responses as part of coral ecosystems being studied and managed. Managers of coral reef resources face the challenge of balancing conservation and development objectives in the context of the inherent uncertainty of natural systems and the political and social pressures of human systems. Working together, scientists, managers and policymakers can develop priorities and strategies for societal and economic decisions that are strongly coupled with an increasingly comprehensive understanding of the environment. This in turn will lead to both socio-economic health and coral ecosystem health. Employing this new paradigm for interactions between scientists, managers and policymakers, participants of the Pacific Regional ICRI Symposium in Noumea, New Caledonia developed three principal sets of recommendations for addressing natural and anthropogenic threats to coral reefs in Pacific Island Nations: (1) develop and implement a new overarching Participatory Island Ecosystem Management System (PIEMS) for each of the Pacific Island Nations (2) improve existing, as well as design and implement new, capacity-building programs; and (3) improve scientific understanding of coral reef ecosystems with effective translation and transfer of information. Details for each set of recommendations are provided in this paper. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 NOAA, Off Int Affairs, Washington, DC 20230 USA. Univ Perpignan, Ecole Prat Hautes Etud, F-66025 Perpignan, France. RP Crosby, MP (reprint author), NOAA, Off Int Affairs, HCHB Rm 6228,14th & Constitut Ave NW, Washington, DC 20230 USA. RI Wright, Dawn/A-4518-2011 OI Wright, Dawn/0000-0002-2997-7611 NR 33 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0964-5691 J9 OCEAN COAST MANAGE JI Ocean Coastal Manage. PY 2002 VL 45 IS 2-3 BP 121 EP 137 AR PII S0964-5691(02)00051-0 DI 10.1016/S0964-5691(02)00051-0 PG 17 WC Oceanography; Water Resources SC Oceanography; Water Resources GA 578NT UT WOS:000177125100002 ER PT J AU Duda, AM Sherman, K AF Duda, AM Sherman, K TI A new imperative for improving management of large marine ecosystems SO OCEAN & COASTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Global Conference on Oceans and Coasts at Rio(plus) 10 CY DEC 03-07, 2001 CL UNESCO, PARIS, FRANCE HO UNESCO ID COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS; WORLD FISHERIES; HEALTH; TRENDS; INPUTS; WATER AB Continued over-fishing in the face of scientific warnings, fishing down food webs, destruction of habitat, and accelerated pollution loading-especially nitrogen export-have resulted in significant degradation to coastal and marine ecosystems of both rich and poor nations. Fragmentation among institutions, international agencies, and disciplines, lack of cooperation among nations sharing marine ecosystems, and weak national policies, legislation, and enforcement all contribute to the need for a new imperative for adopting ecosystem-based approaches to managing human activities in these systems in order to avoid serious social and economic disruption. The global environment facility (GEF) has been approached by developing countries in overwhelming numbers for assistance in securing the futures of their shared large marine ecosystems (LMEs). This paper describes GEF supported processes being used to assist them in adopting a science-driven, ecosystem-based approach to the management of human activities affecting coastal and marine ecosystems and linked freshwater basins. At risk are renewable goods and services valued at $10.6 trillion per year. A total of 10 LME projects I involving 72 countries have been approved by the GEF Council, and another 7 LMEs involving 54 countries have GEF international waters projects under preparation. A five-module assessment and management methodology is being tested that moves the countries toward adopting practical joint governance institutions through place-based management. This LME approach engages stakeholders, fosters the participation of the science community, and leads to the development of adaptive management institutions. Comprehensive initiatives in four LMEs are described. The importance is underscored for establishing and coordinating partnerships between the North and South for specific LMEs and their linked watersheds. These coordinated North-South partnerships significantly augment, Catalytic interventions made by the GEF leading to reforms and investments that are helping make the transition to sustainable development. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 NOAA, USDOC, NMFS, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr,Narragansett Lab, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Global Environm Facil Secretariat, Washington, DC 20433 USA. RP Sherman, K (reprint author), NOAA, USDOC, NMFS, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr,Narragansett Lab, 28 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. EM kenneth.sherman@noaa.gov NR 70 TC 75 Z9 80 U1 1 U2 29 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0964-5691 J9 OCEAN COAST MANAGE JI Ocean Coastal Manage. PY 2002 VL 45 IS 11-12 BP 797 EP 833 AR PII S0964-5691(02)00107-2 DI 10.1016/S0964-5691(02)00107-2 PG 37 WC Oceanography; Water Resources SC Oceanography; Water Resources GA 662HY UT WOS:000181942300005 ER PT J AU Liu, PC Schwab, DJ Jensen, RE AF Liu, PC Schwab, DJ Jensen, RE TI Has wind-wave modeling reached its limit? SO OCEAN ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE wind waves; wave modeling; ocean waves; WAM model ID PREDICTION MODEL; LAKE ERIE AB This article uses a comparison of four different numerical wave prediction models for hindcast wave conditions in Lake Michigan during a 10-day episode in October 1988 to illustrate that typical wave prediction models based on the concept of a wave energy spectrum may have reached a limit in the accuracy with which they can simulate realistic wave generation and growth conditions. In the hindcast study we compared the model results to observed wave height and period measurements from two deep water NOAA/NDBC weather buoys and from a nearshore Waverider buoy. Hourly wind fields interpolated from a large number of coastal and overlake observations were used to drive the models. The same numerical grid was used for all the models. The results show that while the individual model predictions deviate from the measurements by various amounts, they all tend to reflect the general trend and patterns of the wave measurements. The differences between the model results are often similar in magnitude to differences between model results and observations. Although the four models tested represent a wide range of sophistication in their treatment of wave growth dynamics, they are all based on the assumption that the sea state can be represented by a wave energy spectrum. Because there are more similarities among the model results than significant differences, we believe that this assumption may be the limiting factor for substantial improvements in wave modeling. (C) 2001 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. USA, Corps Engineers, Coastal & Hydraul Lab, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA. RP Liu, PC (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RI Schwab, David/B-7498-2012 NR 14 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0029-8018 J9 OCEAN ENG JI Ocean Eng. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 29 IS 1 BP 81 EP 98 DI 10.1016/S0029-8018(00)00074-3 PG 18 WC Engineering, Marine; Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Ocean; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA 482HV UT WOS:000171571500005 ER PT J AU Dutay, JC Bullister, JL Doney, SC Orr, JC Najjar, R Caldeira, K Campin, JM Drange, H Follows, M Gao, Y Gruber, N Hecht, MW Ishida, A Joos, F Lindsay, K Madec, G Maier-Reimer, E Marshall, JC Matear, RJ Monfray, P Mouchet, A Plattner, GK Sarmiento, J Schlitzer, R Slater, R Totterdell, IJ Weirig, MF Yamanaka, Y Yool, A AF Dutay, J. -C. Bullister, J. L. Doney, S. C. Orr, J. C. Najjar, R. Caldeira, K. Campin, J. -M. Drange, H. Follows, M. Gao, Y. Gruber, N. Hecht, M. W. Ishida, A. Joos, F. Lindsay, K. Madec, G. Maier-Reimer, E. Marshall, J. C. Matear, R. J. Monfray, P. Mouchet, A. Plattner, G. -K. Sarmiento, J. Schlitzer, R. Slater, R. Totterdell, I. J. Weirig, M. -F. Yamanaka, Y. Yool, A. TI Evaluation of ocean model ventilation with CFC-11: comparison of 13 global ocean models SO OCEAN MODELLING LA English DT Article DE Models; Ocean ventilation; Transient tracers; CFC AB We compared the 13 models participating in the Ocean Carbon Model Intercomparison Project (OCMIP) with regards to their skill in matching observed distributions of CFC-11. This analysis characterizes the abilities of these models to ventilate the ocean on timescales relevant for anthropogenic CO(2) uptake. We found a large range in the modeled global inventory (+/- 30%), mainly due to differences in ventilation from the high latitudes. In the Southern Ocean, models differ particularly in the longitudinal distribution of the CFC uptake in the intermediate water, whereas the latitudinal distribution is mainly controlled by the subgrid-scale parameterization. Models with isopycnal diffusion and eddy-induced velocity parameterization produce more realistic intermediate water ventilation. Deep and bottom water ventilation also varies substantially between the models. Models coupled to a sea-ice model systematically provide more realistic AABW formation source region; however these same models also largely overestimate AABW ventilation if no specific parameterization of brine rejection during sea-ice formation is included. In the North Pacific Ocean, all models exhibit a systematic large underestimation of the CFC uptake in the thermocline of the subtropical gyre, while no systematic difference toward the observations is found in the subpolar gyre. In the North Atlantic Ocean, the CFC uptake is globally underestimated in subsurface. In the deep ocean, all but the adjoint model, failed to produce the two recently ventilated branches observed in the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW). Furthermore, simulated transport in the Deep Western Boundary Current (DWBC) is too sluggish in all but the isopycnal model, where it is too rapid. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Dutay, J. -C.; Orr, J. C.; Monfray, P.] Lab Sci Climat & Environm, Gif Sur Yvette, France. [Bullister, J. L.] NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. [Doney, S. C.; Hecht, M. W.; Lindsay, K.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. [Najjar, R.] Penn State Univ, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. [Caldeira, K.] Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA USA. [Campin, J. -M.] Catholic Univ Louvain, Inst Astron & Geophys G Lamaitre, B-3000 Louvain, Belgium. [Follows, M.; Marshall, J. C.] MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. [Gruber, N.; Sarmiento, J.; Slater, R.] Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. [Ishida, A.; Yamanaka, Y.] Inst Global Change Res, Tokyo, Japan. [Joos, F.; Plattner, G. -K.] Univ Bern, Inst Phys, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland. [Madec, G.] Lab Oceanog Dynam & Climatol Paris, Paris, France. [Maier-Reimer, E.] Max Planck Inst Meteorol, Hamburg, Germany. [Matear, R. J.] Commonwealth Sci & Ind Res Org, Hobart, Tas, Australia. [Schlitzer, R.; Weirig, M. -F.] Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, D-2850 Bremerhaven, Germany. [Totterdell, I. J.; Yool, A.] Southampton Oceanog Ctr, Southampton, Hants, England. [Mouchet, A.] Univ Liege, Astrophys & Geophys Inst, B-4000 Liege, Belgium. RP Dutay, JC (reprint author), Lab Sci Climat & Environm, Gif Sur Yvette, France. EM dutay@lsce.saclay.cea.fr RI Orr, James/C-5221-2009; madec, gurvan/E-7825-2010; Gruber, Nicolas/B-7013-2009; Caldeira, Ken/E-7914-2011; Follows, Michael/G-9824-2011; Yool, Andrew/B-4799-2012; matear, richard/C-5133-2011; Doney, Scott/F-9247-2010; Mouchet, Anne/K-1911-2014; gao, yongqi/N-9347-2014; Yamanaka, Yasuhiro/H-7393-2012; Plattner, Gian-Kasper/A-5245-2016; OI Joos, Fortunat/0000-0002-9483-6030; madec, gurvan/0000-0002-6447-4198; Gruber, Nicolas/0000-0002-2085-2310; Yool, Andrew/0000-0002-9879-2776; Doney, Scott/0000-0002-3683-2437; Mouchet, Anne/0000-0002-8846-3063; Yamanaka, Yasuhiro/0000-0003-3369-3248; Plattner, Gian-Kasper/0000-0002-3765-0045; Orr, James/0000-0002-8707-7080 NR 87 TC 138 Z9 144 U1 1 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1463-5003 J9 OCEAN MODEL JI Ocean Model. PY 2002 VL 4 IS 2 BP 89 EP 120 AR PII S1463-5003(01)00013-0 DI 10.1016/S1463-5003(01)00013-0 PG 32 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography GA V05FK UT WOS:000207111700001 ER PT B AU Workman, IK Foster, DG AF Workman, IK Foster, DG GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI The webbing reef: A tool used in the study of juvenile red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) SO OCEANS 2002 MTS/IEEE CONFERENCE & EXHIBITION, VOLS 1-4, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MTS/IEEE Oceans 2002 Conference CY OCT 29-31, 2002 CL BILOXI, MS SP Marine Technol Soc, IEEE, OES AB The primary purpose for requiring shrimp trawlers to use bycatch reduction gear in the U. S. Gulf of Mexico is to reduce the incidental capture and mortality of juvenile red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus). Developing effective bycatch reduction devices (BRDs) for this purpose requires a good understanding of juvenile snapper behavior and their reaction to different trawl components, which is being accomplished through diver observations on shrimp trawls and with trawl attached cameras. Early BIRD development was dependent on chance encounters with juvenile snapper, but that changed in the mid-1990s with the invention of the trawlable webbing reef. The webbing reef proved to be ideally suited for attracting and concentrating juvenile red snapper for BRD studies, and its design was perfected to the point that it is now a simple, easily deployed, self-anchoring system. From habitat studies, we learned that we could selectively attract either age-0 or age-1 snapper by adjusting reef height and applied this in the design of the latest webbing reef. In the process of studying BRD escapement and site fidelity, we determined that juvenile red snapper have homing capabilities. Young snapper were observed residing at a webbing reef for almost four months, and displaced snapper were able to return to their original habitat from a distance of almost 2 km. Our study on spatial and temporal recruitment patterns indicates greater recruitment and longer residence time on reefs off Mississippi than off Alabama or Florida. A major factor affecting recruitment off Mississippi in 2001 was the occurrence of hypoxia which caused the loss of all red snapper and most of the invertebrates on and around the reefs. While the webbing reef has been an invaluable tool for increasing our knowledge of juvenile red snapper, its use is not limited to snapper studies. The webbing reef attracts and provides habitat for other species of fish, invertebrates and plants and, because of its simplicity and portability, can be used for long or short term projects in almost any marine environment. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pascagoula, MS 39568 USA. RP Workman, IK (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, PO Drawer 1207, Pascagoula, MS 39568 USA. NR 15 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7534-3 PY 2002 BP 146 EP 150 PG 5 WC Acoustics; Engineering, Ocean; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Acoustics; Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BW53J UT WOS:000182293200024 ER PT B AU Teng, CC AF Teng, CC GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI Wave measurements from NDBC buoys and C-MAN stations SO OCEANS 2002 MTS/IEEE CONFERENCE & EXHIBITION, VOLS 1-4, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MTS/IEEE Oceans 2002 Conference CY OCT 29-31, 2002 CL BILOXI, MS SP Marine Technol Soc, IEEE, OES ID PITCH AB Since the U.S. National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) deployed the first wave measuring buoy in 1973, its wave measurement network has grown very quickly. Now, all of NDBC's 71 moored buoys and 6 of its C-MAN stations measure-and report ocean waves: Nineteen of the 71 buoys also measure directional waves. Over the years, NDBC has collected a huge amount of wave data. This paper briefly reviews the history of NDBC wave measurements. The basic concepts and theories of operations of NDBC wave systems are also discussed. Then, the current status and future plans for the NDBC wave measurement network are presented. C1 Natl Data Buoy Ctr, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. RP Teng, CC (reprint author), Natl Data Buoy Ctr, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7534-3 PY 2002 BP 517 EP 524 PG 8 WC Acoustics; Engineering, Ocean; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Acoustics; Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BW53J UT WOS:000182293200084 ER PT B AU Goldberg, JS Murphy, MT Croff, KL Myers, E Murray, JD AF Goldberg, JS Murphy, MT Croff, KL Myers, E Murray, JD GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI Enhancing public & private partnerships through undersea exploration outreach and education SO OCEANS 2002 MTS/IEEE CONFERENCE & EXHIBITION, VOLS 1-4, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MTS/IEEE Oceans 2002 Conference CY OCT 29-31, 2002 CL BILOXI, MS SP Marine Technol Soc, IEEE, OES AB Marine science education and outreach offers a unique opportunity to build beneficial partnerships between the public and private sectors. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is committed to building and improving current efforts to link scientific research with effective education and outreach. Using case studies from the National Undersea Research Program, Office of Ocean Exploration, National Marine Sanctuary Program, and National Sea Grant College Program, we will provide a commentary on current efforts to engage the private sector in these efforts. We will explore why these efforts have been valuable in achieving not only NOAA's mission, but also the goals of different members of the private sector. C1 NOAA, Off Ocean & Atmospher Res, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Goldberg, JS (reprint author), NOAA, Off Ocean & Atmospher Res, SSMC3,Room 11525,R OMO52,1315 EW Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7534-3 PY 2002 BP 569 EP 576 PG 8 WC Acoustics; Engineering, Ocean; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Acoustics; Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BW53J UT WOS:000182293200092 ER PT B AU Earwaker, KL McNally, D Shih, HH AF Earwaker, KL McNally, D Shih, HH GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI A field study of horizontal current profilers SO OCEANS 2002 MTS/IEEE CONFERENCE & EXHIBITION, VOLS 1-4, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MTS/IEEE Oceans 2002 Conference CY OCT 29-31, 2002 CL BILOXI, MS SP Marine Technol Soc, IEEE, OES AB The performance of horizontal acoustic Doppler current profilers was studied by NOAA's Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services (CO-OPS). A 2-beam, 500 kHz Sontek side looker acoustic Doppler current profiler (SL-ADP), a 3-beam, 600 kHz RD Instruments horizontal acoustic Doppler current profiler (H-ADCP), and a 4-beam, 1200 kHz RD Instruments bottom-mounted acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) were deployed in the south branch of the Elizabeth River, Virginia. Tilt, pitch and depth of the horizontal sensor mount and instrument parameter settings (ping rate, cell size, and sampling interval) were varied. Data were collected in real time, nearly continuously, from mid November 2001 through mid February 2002. Results of velocity measurements and profiling range are presented and discussed. The current velocities of the horizontal profilers compared closely to the bottom-mounted ADCP and manufacturer's suggested profiling ranges were met. C1 Ctr Operat Oceanog Prod & Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Earwaker, KL (reprint author), Ctr Operat Oceanog Prod & Serv, 1305 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7534-3 PY 2002 BP 718 EP 723 PG 6 WC Acoustics; Engineering, Ocean; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Acoustics; Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BW53J UT WOS:000182293200114 ER PT B AU Bourgerie, RW Garner, TL Shih, HH AF Bourgerie, RW Garner, TL Shih, HH GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI Coastal current measurements using an ADCP in a streamlined sub-surface mooring buoy SO OCEANS 2002 MTS/IEEE CONFERENCE & EXHIBITION, VOLS 1-4, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MTS/IEEE Oceans 2002 Conference CY OCT 29-31, 2002 CL BILOXI, MS SP Marine Technol Soc, IEEE, OES AB A field test of a streamlined sub-surface mooring buoy, containing an acoustic Doppler current profiler, was performed in the winter of 2001/2002 at the entrance to Delaware Bay. Time series of pressure, tilts, and heading were analyzed to track the behavior of the mooring in the tidal current. Current measurements collected in a standard bottom-mounted platform served as a reference in assessing the quality of data collected in the mooring buoy. Tidal analyses were performed on both data sets. A comparison of several analysis products, including tidal constituents, tidal current predictions, and Greenwich intervals suggests no significant data degradation due to the sub-surface mooring dynamics. In light of the positive results from this test, NOAA's Ocean Service will begin to routinely use streamlined sub-surface moorings, when appropriate, for tidal current surveys. C1 NOAA, Ocean Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Bourgerie, RW (reprint author), NOAA, Ocean Serv, 1305 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7534-3 PY 2002 BP 736 EP 741 PG 6 WC Acoustics; Engineering, Ocean; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Acoustics; Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BW53J UT WOS:000182293200117 ER PT B AU Gilhousen, DB AF Gilhousen, DB GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI How to distribute real-time marine observations for meteorologists SO OCEANS 2002 MTS/IEEE CONFERENCE & EXHIBITION, VOLS 1-4, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MTS/IEEE Oceans 2002 Conference CY OCT 29-31, 2002 CL BILOXI, MS SP Marine Technol Soc, IEEE, OES C1 Natl Data Buoy Ctr, Stennis Space Ctr, MS USA. RP Gilhousen, DB (reprint author), Natl Data Buoy Ctr, Stennis Space Ctr, MS USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7534-3 PY 2002 BP 742 EP 743 PG 2 WC Acoustics; Engineering, Ocean; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Acoustics; Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BW53J UT WOS:000182293200118 ER PT B AU Perugini, NE AF Perugini, NE GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI NOAA's Electronic Navigational Chart program SO OCEANS 2002 MTS/IEEE CONFERENCE & EXHIBITION, VOLS 1-4, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MTS/IEEE Oceans 2002 Conference CY OCT 29-31, 2002 CL BILOXI, MS SP Marine Technol Soc, IEEE, OES AB The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is producing a suite of Electronic Navigational Charts (ENC's) that will cover the coastal waters of the United States, the Great Lakes and U.S. territories. NOAA ENCs are produced in the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) format as defined in Edition 3.1 of Publication S-57: IHO Transfer Standard for Digital Hydrographic Data. ENCs are compiled from original source materials where appropriate to provide the most accurate data available. The ENC database will be kept in continual maintenance (i.e., updated on a weekly basis), allowing ENC users to obtain vector data sets that contain the most up to date and accurate information. By the conclusion of Fiscal Year 2002, NOAA will complete of 215 ENCs. These ENCs, in large part, will cover the 40 major commercial ports in the U.S. NOAA also has plans to have a monthly updating service in place by October 1, 2002. C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Perugini, NE (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, 1315 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7534-3 PY 2002 BP 1042 EP 1045 PG 4 WC Acoustics; Engineering, Ocean; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Acoustics; Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BW53J UT WOS:000182293200163 ER PT B AU Boyd, K Hervey, R Stradtner, J AF Boyd, K Hervey, R Stradtner, J GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI Assessing the vulnerability of the Mississippi gulf coast to coastal storms using an onLine GIS-based coastal risk atlas SO OCEANS 2002 MTS/IEEE CONFERENCE & EXHIBITION, VOLS 1-4, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MTS/IEEE Oceans 2002 Conference CY OCT 29-31, 2002 CL BILOXI, MS SP Marine Technol Soc, IEEE, OES C1 Neptune Sci Inc, Natl Coastal Data Dev Ctr, Stennis Space Ctr, MS USA. RP Boyd, K (reprint author), Neptune Sci Inc, Natl Coastal Data Dev Ctr, Bldg 1100,Room 101, Stennis Space Ctr, MS USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7534-3 PY 2002 BP 1127 EP 1133 PG 7 WC Acoustics; Engineering, Ocean; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Acoustics; Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BW53J UT WOS:000182293200176 ER PT B AU DeBow, SP Noll, GT Aikman, F Haines, DW AF DeBow, SP Noll, GT Aikman, F Haines, DW GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI Status of NOAA's ocean activities relating to homeland security SO OCEANS 2002 MTS/IEEE CONFERENCE & EXHIBITION, VOLS 1-4, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MTS/IEEE Oceans 2002 Conference CY OCT 29-31, 2002 CL BILOXI, MS SP Marine Technol Soc, IEEE, OES AB The US Department of Commerce, through the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, is using its scientific and technical resources to address Homeland Security challenges on our maritime borders. Following September 11, 2001, the NOAA Ship WHITING performed a strategic commercial route survey in Boston using similar technologies to those employed by the US Navy mine countermeasures community. This prototype effort was so successful that NOAA's Office of Coast Survey began coordinating its harbor surveys to meet both its goal to reduce the critical survey backlog and the new Maritime Domain Awareness priorities of the US Coast Guard and US Naval Oceanographic Office. NOAA's Office of Marine and Aviation Operations fleet support procured additional high-resolution high-speed side scan sonar and data management equipment and Coast Survey modified operational schedules to meet the new 18-month goals set in October 2001. The NOAA National Ocean Service Offices of Coast Survey, Response and Restoration, and the Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services, together with NOAA's National Weather Service and the Naval Oceanographic Office, are also developing data sharing and co-production arrangements related to marine modeling and forecasting. These elements are critical to predicting the water-borne dispersion and movement of substances in the Nation's ports and coastal regions. When combined with. the surveying and data sharing protocols, the modeling data can inform both strategists and tacticians in the daily management and disaster response at the country's major ports. C1 NOAA, Ocean Serv, Off Coast Survey, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP DeBow, SP (reprint author), NOAA, Ocean Serv, Off Coast Survey, SSMC3,1315 E-W Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7534-3 PY 2002 BP 1152 EP 1157 PG 6 WC Acoustics; Engineering, Ocean; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Acoustics; Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BW53J UT WOS:000182293200181 ER PT B AU Wong, SH Contillo, JP Molina, S Mase, BE Wicker, JA Litz, JA Tobias, JL AF Wong, SH Contillo, JP Molina, S Mase, BE Wicker, JA Litz, JA Tobias, JL GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI Web-based data management and sharing of bottlenose dolphin photographic identification information SO OCEANS 2002 MTS/IEEE CONFERENCE & EXHIBITION, VOLS 1-4, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MTS/IEEE Oceans 2002 Conference CY OCT 29-31, 2002 CL BILOXI, MS SP Marine Technol Soc, IEEE, OES AB The photo identification of bottlenose dolphins is a non-invasive technique of tracking individual animals. It can provide data on the social affiliations, habitat usage, population structure, behavior, and birth/death rates of bottlenose dolphin in a study area. The Southeast Fisheries Science Center (SEFSC) has been conducting a long-term photo-id program in Biscayne Bay, Florida. Previously, the data were managed in a desktop database, which was limited in capability in terms of data backup, security (e.g., computer virus), access by multiple users within the organization, and information sharing among peers with data from adjacent study areas. Information sharing can enhance our knowledge on the migration, habitat association, and population structure of the animals in a larger geographic area. To improve data management and access of bottlenose dolphin photo-id information in the SEFSC database, and to facilitate efficient data sharing with other photo-id research groups, we have developed an Oracle database application to enable online data entry, update, categorization, search, and download of dolphin photo-id information collected by SEFSC and our partners in south Florida. The data include scanned digital photos and associated attributes. The system has multiple levels of access rights: system administrator, partners, and the general public. These users access the system through web browsers. Routine tasks such as data backup and virus protection are managed by the Oracle database administrator, thus allowing the fisheries researchers to focus on data quality control and analysis. The system also minimizes the effort experienced by fisheries researchers to maintain the web site because information (images and attributes) submitted to the system can be shared instantly by the designated user community. C1 NOAA, SEFSC, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Wong, SH (reprint author), NOAA, SEFSC, 75 Virginia Beach Dr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7534-3 PY 2002 BP 1355 EP 1359 DI 10.1109/OCEANS.2002.1191835 PG 5 WC Acoustics; Engineering, Ocean; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Acoustics; Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BW53J UT WOS:000182293200212 ER PT B AU Ezer, T Oey, LY Lee, HC AF Ezer, T Oey, LY Lee, HC GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI Simulation of velocities in the Yucatan Channel SO OCEANS 2002 MTS/IEEE CONFERENCE & EXHIBITION, VOLS 1-4, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MTS/IEEE Oceans 2002 Conference CY OCT 29-31, 2002 CL BILOXI, MS SP Marine Technol Soc, IEEE, OES ID GULF-OF-MEXICO; LOOP CURRENT; VARIABILITY; SEA AB As part of the analysis of results from high resolution numerical simulations of the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea, the structure and variability of the flow across the Yucatan Channel are described and compared with observations. The main model inflow into the Gulf is found near the surface in the western part of the Channel, while return flows back into the Caribbean Sea are found near the surface on the eastern side of the Channel and along the eastern and western slopes around 1500 m depth, in agreement with recent observations. Variations in the upper inflow and deep outflow transports seem to correlate with variations in the extension of the Loop Current, as suggested by previous analyses of observations and models. Such correlations are especially high near the time when Loop Current eddies are shed into the Gulf of Mexico. C1 Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Ezer, T (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. OI Ezer, Tal/0000-0002-2018-6071 NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7534-3 PY 2002 BP 1467 EP 1471 DI 10.1109/OCEANS.2002.1191854 PG 5 WC Acoustics; Engineering, Ocean; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Acoustics; Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BW53J UT WOS:000182293200231 ER PT B AU Henderson, D AF Henderson, D GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI NWS marine observation network and the integrated sustained ocean observing system (IOOS) SO OCEANS 2002 MTS/IEEE CONFERENCE & EXHIBITION, VOLS 1-4, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MTS/IEEE Oceans 2002 Conference CY OCT 29-31, 2002 CL BILOXI, MS SP Marine Technol Soc, IEEE, OES AB The National Data Buoy Center (NDBC), a part the National Weather Service, operates and maintains the NWS's Marine Observation Network (MON). The NWS MON is an integrated, sustained ocean observation and information delivery system that serves all U.S. coastal waters, the off-shore waters of the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, and the Gulf of Mexico. The NWS MON is a major component of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) National Backbone for Marine Observations. The system consists of headland and moored buoy data acquisition platforms, real-time processing and information delivery systems, as well as drifters, floats, and voluntary observing ships. These stations, which often provide the only in-situ measurements in remote regions, help NOAA achieve its mission responsibilities and strategic goals, serve the NWS storm warning and forecast mission, and support research and operational requirements of other federal, state, regional, local, academic and private sponsors. Congressionally mandated expansions of the NWS MON, the introduction of new technologies, and the establishment of strategic alliances have increased NOAA's contribution to the U.S. Integrated Sustained Ocean Observing System. This paper presents an overview of the NWS MON capability, discusses new operational improvements, and highlights recent regional,. national and international partnerships. C1 John C Stennis Space Ctr, Integrated Ocean Observing Syst, Top Area 1, Natl Data Buoy Ctr, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. RP Henderson, D (reprint author), John C Stennis Space Ctr, Integrated Ocean Observing Syst, Top Area 1, Natl Data Buoy Ctr, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7534-3 PY 2002 BP 1652 EP 1658 DI 10.1109/OCEANS.2002.1191882 PG 7 WC Acoustics; Engineering, Ocean; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Acoustics; Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BW53J UT WOS:000182293200259 ER PT B AU Bethem, T Evans, M Vafaie, H Shaughnessy, M AF Bethem, T Evans, M Vafaie, H Shaughnessy, M GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI Development of a real-time data quality monitoring system using embedded intelligence SO OCEANS 2002 MTS/IEEE CONFERENCE & EXHIBITION, VOLS 1-4, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MTS/IEEE Oceans 2002 Conference CY OCT 29-31, 2002 CL BILOXI, MS SP Marine Technol Soc, IEEE, OES AB Rule-based reasoning and case-based reasoning have emerged as two important and complementary reasoning methodologies in the field of artificial intelligence (AI). This paper describes the development of a real-time data quality monitoring system (CORMS Al) using case-based and rule-based reasoning. CORMS Al was developed to augment an existing decision support system (CORMS Classic) for monitoring the quality of environmental data and information and their respective computer based systems for use in NOAA Ocean Service's oceanographic operational products. C1 NOAA, Ocean Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Bethem, T (reprint author), NOAA, Ocean Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7534-3 PY 2002 BP 1820 EP 1824 DI 10.1109/OCEANS.2002.1191909 PG 5 WC Acoustics; Engineering, Ocean; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Acoustics; Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BW53J UT WOS:000182293200286 ER PT B AU Michelena, ED Gutman, SI AF Michelena, ED Gutman, SI GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI An automatic meteorological data collection system that is installed at global positioning system monitoring stations SO OCEANS 2002 MTS/IEEE CONFERENCE & EXHIBITION, VOLS 1-4, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MTS/IEEE Oceans 2002 Conference CY OCT 29-31, 2002 CL BILOXI, MS SP Marine Technol Soc, IEEE, OES AB The Demonstration Division of NOAA's Forecast Systems Laboratory is conducting a long-term experiment to test the effectiveness of using the precise geodetic position measurements made by a network of Global Positioning System monitoring stations to determine the total amount of water vapor contained in the sectional volume of the atmosphere above each station. By knowing the exact position of the GPS satellites along their orbits and the precise location of the GPS monitoring receivers on the ground, an interpretation of the location error (actual location versus receiver-derived apparent location) yields a good indication of the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere. This result occurs because the monitoring station's apparent location error is partially caused by the water vapor. Many factors influence the propagation of the electromagnetic waves as they travel through the Earth's atmosphere from the constellation of GPS satellites (distributed along their orbits) to the GPS monitoring receivers (distributed throughout a ground surface network). One of these factors is the total amount of atmospheric water vapor. It is the quantity of this water vapor that the Demonstration Division is measuring. Other factors that affect the local speed of propagation of the electromagnetic waves transmitted from the GPS satellites, as the waves travel toward the GPS ground receivers, are the degree of ionization of the Ionosphere and the mass density distribution of the air in the Atmosphere. By subtracting the effects of the ionization and of the mass density distribution from the monitoring station's total position error, the fraction of the total error caused by atmospheric water vapor can be isolated. With this value, the quantity of water vapor in the atmosphere can be calculated. The effect of the mass-density distribution of the atmosphere can be more precisely determined if its pressure, temperature, and relative humidity are accurately measured at the GPS monitoring stations. For this purpose, special meteorological data-collection systems have been installed at the same sites where GPS monitoring receivers are providing position-error data. These automatic systems were designed and built by the National Data Buoy Center. In them a microcontroller provides two-way data communication with a digital barometer and with a digital temperature/humidity sensor. The microcontroller also manages the digital interrogations and replies necessary for the transmission of the meteorological data to a central collection station at the Forecast Systems Laboratory in Boulder, Colorado. This data communication is via existing digital circuits used by the U.S. Coast Guard and by the National Geodetic Survey for monitoring and controlling the Differential Global Positioning System Aids-to-Navigation network. The meteorological data collection electronic packages and supporting hardware are called GPS Surface Observing Systems (GSOS). They can be quickly and easily installed at existing GPS monitoring sites. Besides a barometer, a temperature/humidity sensor, and a microcontroller, a GSOS assembly has auxiliary subsystems, such as a remote DC power supply, a solar radiation shield, a barometric pressure port, a lightening surge suppressor, a repeater module for the data communication cable, an airtight and watertight equipment enclosure, a solid-state data recording memory (one-week capacity), and numerous other components. Total electrical power consumption of the system is low. The operating temperature range of a GSOS package has been demonstrated to be from -60 degreesC to +50 degreesC. Several field installations have also survived severe hurricanes. C1 NOAA, Natl Data Bouy Ctr, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. RP Michelena, ED (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Data Bouy Ctr, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7534-3 PY 2002 BP 1930 EP 1934 PG 5 WC Acoustics; Engineering, Ocean; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Acoustics; Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BW53J UT WOS:000182293200302 ER PT B AU Beattie, JA Beard, RH Crane, ML AF Beattie, JA Beard, RH Crane, ML GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI National oceanic and atmospheric administration (NOAA) office of ocean exploration's (OE) video server: The library portal SO OCEANS 2002 MTS/IEEE CONFERENCE & EXHIBITION, VOLS 1-4, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MTS/IEEE Oceans 2002 Conference CY OCT 29-31, 2002 CL BILOXI, MS SP Marine Technol Soc, IEEE, OES AB The NOAA Office of Ocean Exploration will be collecting a significant amount of video and audio material from the projects searching new domains of the oceans. As the volume expands, the access to video and audio material requires a new approach. This paper introduces the key elements of a successful service for identifying, examining clips and transferring selected subsets. Cataloguing the video files and the audio files by location, depth and context is the first activity. On-line catalogues can assist the selection process by the robust cataloguing protocols and web-friendly access. A solid foundation of identification can extend the value to other data that is related to exploration imagery. Publications, data sets and other images such as photographs can be linked with search tools optimized for digital data and card catalogue entries. The purpose of this paper is to initiate a dialogue with the ocean community for addressing video services. An on-line catalogue will be the access tool for the video material server. Bandwidth is the critical factor for video files so a production capability for "on demand Digital Versatile Disc" writing will be incorporated into the design. The raw material can be transformed into special application resource files for educational packages where text, graphics and video files are gathered into a multi-media ensemble. The video server technology has several significant benefits to other NOAA programs where real-time access and indexing can be essential functionality. The new Coastal Ocean Observing plans will have video data; therefore, solving the video server problems will have national implications for all time series observations. Ocean Frontier, the OE Program experience, begins the exploring process for the video serving challenge. Join the dialogue as NOAA brings the images of the ocean into mainstream applications. C1 NOAA, Cent Lib, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Beattie, JA (reprint author), NOAA, Cent Lib, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7534-3 PY 2002 BP 1946 EP 1948 PG 3 WC Acoustics; Engineering, Ocean; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Acoustics; Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BW53J UT WOS:000182293200305 ER PT B AU Eisler, TJ AF Eisler, TJ GP IEEE IEEE IEEE TI Effect of pulse propagation on refraction corrections for multibeam soundings SO OCEANS 2002 MTS/IEEE CONFERENCE & EXHIBITION, VOLS 1-4, CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT MTS/IEEE Oceans 2002 Conference CY OCT 29-31, 2002 CL BILOXI, MS SP Marine Technol Soc, IEEE, OES ID WAVE-PROPAGATION AB Pulse propagation in a stochastic medium. is displayed for an incident unit plane wave impulse obliquely incident on a half space with random sound speed fluctuations. Results are expressed in terms of launch angle and dimensionless time and depth variables formed from the relevant parameters of the problem, viz., strength and correlation length of fluctuations, background sound speed, and depth reached by the pulse. Three stages of pulse evolution are distinguished. They are characterized as initial pulse break-up, transition, and fully developed diffusion. In the final stage the pulse diffuses about its centroid, Which moves with a speed slightly less than the characteristic sound speed of the medium. Pulse width is calculated as a function of depth and launch angle. The bias error associated with centroid time delay is expressed in terms of a dimensionless function scaled by the strength of fluctuations. Errors are found to accelerate as launch angle increases. C1 NOAA, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Eisler, TJ (reprint author), NOAA, 1315 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7534-3 PY 2002 BP 2176 EP 2179 PG 4 WC Acoustics; Engineering, Ocean; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Acoustics; Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BW53J UT WOS:000182293200341 ER PT J AU Johnson, JB AF Johnson, JB TI Divergent life histories among populations of the fish Brachyrhaphis rhabdophora: detecting putative agents of selection by candidate model analysis SO OIKOS LA English DT Article ID MOSQUITOFISH GAMBUSIA-AFFINIS; DEPENDENT NATURAL-SELECTION; EVOLUTIONARY BETS; FRESH-WATER; PREDATION; REPRODUCTION; POECILIIDAE; COSTS; SIZE AB Studies of natural selection in the wild almost always begin by examining patterns of association between phenotypic adaptations and environmental factors thought to shape evolutionary change. Unfortunately, many studies pay little attention to the effects of model selection on the evolutionary inferences drawn from such correlative data. In this study, I employed a candidate model analysis to examine four potential causes of life-history evolution in the livebearing fish Brachyrhaphis rhabdophora. Combining factor analysis with path analysis, I constructed a nested set of 17 models that represent the hypothetical effects of four putative selective agents (mortality, density, resource availability, and habitat stability) on life-history evolution in this species. These models represent both direct and indirect effects of selection on the life history. Using the Akaike Information Criterion to distinguish among models, I found that simple models that contained only single selective agents most parsimoniously explained life-history divergence among 27 B. rhabdophora populations. Surprisingly, the four putative selective agents could not be distinguished, suggesting that the selective environment could be composed of a single selective agent confounded with other environmental factors, or could be composed of a suite of environmental factors that act in concert to shape the life history. In addition, comparisons among more complex models indicated that direct effects of selective agents appear to have primacy over combinations of indirect selective interactions in explaining intraspecific variation in B. rhabdophora life histories. C1 Univ Vermont, Dept Biol, Burlington, VT 05405 USA. RP Johnson, JB (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Conservat Biol Div, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. NR 48 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 12 PU BLACKWELL MUNKSGAARD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0030-1299 J9 OIKOS JI Oikos PD JAN PY 2002 VL 96 IS 1 BP 82 EP 91 DI 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2002.960109.x PG 10 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 524UX UT WOS:000174032200009 ER PT J AU Diddams, SA Hollberg, L Ma, LS Robertsson, L AF Diddams, SA Hollberg, L Ma, LS Robertsson, L TI Femtosecond-laser-based optical clockwork with instability <= 6.3 x 10(-16) in 1 s SO OPTICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MODE-LOCKED LASER; SPECTROSCOPY; NM AB Two octave-spanning optical-frequency combs (750-MHz comb spacing) are phase locked to a common continuous-wave laser diode. The measured instability of the heterodyne beat between the two combs demonstrates that the intrinsic fractional frequency noise of a comb is less than or equal to6.3 x 10(-16) in 1 s of averaging across the similar to 300-THz bandwidth. Furthermore, the average frequencies of the elements of the two combs are found to agree within an uncertainty of 4 x 10(-17) across the entire octave. We demonstrate the possibility of transfering the stability and accuracy of the best current optical standards to similar to 500,000 individual oscillators across the visible and near-infrared spectrum. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Bur Int Poids & Mesures, F-92312 Sevres, France. RP Diddams, SA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Diddams, Scott/L-2819-2013 NR 16 TC 62 Z9 62 U1 1 U2 7 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0146-9592 J9 OPT LETT JI Opt. Lett. PD JAN 1 PY 2002 VL 27 IS 1 BP 58 EP 60 DI 10.1364/OL.27.000058 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA 504ZP UT WOS:000172886500020 PM 18007715 ER PT J AU Tolman, HL AF Tolman, HL TI Distributed-memory concepts in the wave model WAVEWATCH III SO PARALLEL COMPUTING LA English DT Article DE ocean wind-wave modelling; distributed memory computing; message passing AB Parallel concepts for spectral wind-wave models are discussed, with a focus on the WAVE-WATCH III model which runs in a routine operational mode at NOAA/NCEP. After a brief description of relevant aspects of wave models, basic parallelization concepts are discussed. It is argued that a method including data transposes is more suitable for this model than conventional domain decomposition techniques, Details of the implementation, including specific buffering techniques for the data to be communicated between processors, are discussed. Extensive timing results are presented for up to 450 processors on an IBM RS6000 SP. The resulting model is shown to exhibit excellent parallel behavior for a large range of numbers of processors. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, NCEP, SAIC, GSO,Environm Modeling Ctr, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Tolman, HL (reprint author), NOAA, NCEP, SAIC, GSO,Environm Modeling Ctr, 5200 Auth Rd,Room 209, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. NR 10 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-8191 J9 PARALLEL COMPUT JI Parallel Comput. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 28 IS 1 BP 35 EP 52 DI 10.1016/S0167-8191(01)00130-2 PG 18 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA 508AY UT WOS:000173066100003 ER PT J AU Patel, JK Kim, SU Su, DH AF Patel, JK Kim, SU Su, DH TI QoS recovery schemes based on differentiated MPLS services in all-optical transport next generation Internet SO PHOTONIC NETWORK COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE WDM; IP/MPLS; intrusion management; quality-of-service; all-optical transport networks; next generation Internet ID NETWORKS AB The Internet is evolving from best-effort service toward an integrated or differentiated service framework with quality-of-service (QoS) assurances that are required for new multimedia service applications. Given this increasing demand for high bandwidth Internet with QoS assurances in the coming years, an IP/MPLS-based control plane combined with a wavelength-routed dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) optical network is seen as a very promising approach for the realization of future re-configurable transport networks. Fault and attack survivability issues concerning physical security in a DWDM all-optical transport network (AOTN) require a now approach taking into consideration AOTN physical characteristics. Furthermore, unlike in electronic networks that regenerate signals at every node, attack detection and isolation schemes may not have access to the overhead bits used to transport supervisory information between regenerators or switching sites to perform their functions. This paper presents an analysis of attack and protection problems in an AOTN. Considering this, we propose a framework for QoS guarantees based on the differentiated MPLS service (DMS) model and QoS recovery schemes against QoS degradation caused by devices failures or attack-induced faults in an AOTN. We also suggest how to integrate our attack management model into the NIST's simulator-modeling, evaluation and research of lightwave networks (MERLiN). C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Patel, JK (reprint author), RSoft Inc, 200 Execut Blvd, Ossining, NY 10562 USA. NR 18 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1387-974X J9 PHOTONIC NETW COMMUN JI Photonic Netw. Commun. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 4 IS 1 BP 5 EP 18 DI 10.1023/A:1012915603479 PG 14 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Optics; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Optics; Telecommunications GA 522CV UT WOS:000173878900001 ER PT J AU Williams, RE Rowe, JM AF Williams, RE Rowe, JM TI Developments in neutron beam devices and an advanced cold source for the NIST research reactor SO PHYSICA B-CONDENSED MATTER LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Advanced Utilization of Research Reactor CY FEB 27-MAR 01, 2001 CL OSAKA, JAPAN SP Kyoto Univ, Res Reactor Inst, Korean Atom Energy Res Inst, Kyoto Univ Fdn DE research reactor; cold neutron source; neutron optics AB The last 5 yr has been a period of steady growth in instrument capabilities and utilization at the National Institute of Standards and Technology Center for Neutron Research. Since the installation of the liquid hydrogen cold source in 1995, all of the instruments originally planned for the Cold Neutron Research Facility have been completed and made available to users., and three new thermal neutron instruments have been installed. Currently, an advanced cold source is being fabricated that will better couple the reactor core and the existing network of neutron guides. Many improvements are also being made in neutron optics to enhance the beam characteristics of certain instruments. For example. optical filters will be installed that will increase the fluxes at the two 30-m SANS instruments by as much as two. Sets of MgF2 biconcave lenses have been developed for SANS that have demonstrated a significant improvement in resolution over conventional pinhole collimation. The recently commissioned high-flux backscattering spectrometer incorporates a converging guide, a large spherically focusing monochromator and analyzer, and a novel phase space transform chopper, to achieve very high intensity while maintaining excellent energy resolution. Finally, a prototype low background, doubly focusing neutron monochromator is nearing completion that will be the heart of a new cold neutron spectrometer, as well as two new thermal neutron triple axis spectrometers. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Williams, RE (reprint author), NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8560, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM robert.williams@nist.gov RI Rowe, J Michael Rowe/D-2943-2013 NR 11 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4526 J9 PHYSICA B JI Physica B PD JAN PY 2002 VL 311 IS 1-2 BP 117 EP 122 AR PII S0921-4526(01)01123-1 DI 10.1016/S0921-4526(01)01123-1 PG 6 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 537FY UT WOS:000174749300021 ER PT J AU Sansonetti, CJ Blackwell, MM Saloman, EB AF Sansonetti, CJ Blackwell, MM Saloman, EB TI Infrared spectra of the noble gases SO PHYSICA SCRIPTA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Colloquium on Atomic Spectra and Oscillator Strengths (ASOS 7) CY AUG 05-09, 2001 CL QUEENS UNIV, BELFAST, NORTH IRELAND HO QUEENS UNIV ID ENERGY-LEVELS; SHIFTS AB The Atomic Spectroscopy Data Center of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is currently compiling spectra and energy levels of the noble gases. A review of the literature has shown that there is no comprehensive experimental description of the infrared spectrum for any of the neutral gases. In response,we have made high-resolution observations of the spectra of Ne. Kr. and Xe in the region 0.7 mum to 5.0 mum with the 2 m NIST Fourier transform spectrometer. The observations provide precise new wavelengths and relative intensities and resolve questions concerning lines that were previously multiply classified. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Sansonetti, CJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 27 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU ROYAL SWEDISH ACAD SCIENCES PI STOCKHOLM PA PUBL DEPT BOX 50005, S-104 05 STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN SN 0031-8949 J9 PHYS SCRIPTA JI Phys. Scr. PY 2002 VL T100 BP 120 EP 125 DI 10.1238/Physica.Topical.100a00120 PG 6 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 579EB UT WOS:000177162500015 ER PT J AU Wiese, WL AF Wiese, WL TI Status of spectroscopic databases - A summary SO PHYSICA SCRIPTA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Colloquium on Atomic Spectra and Oscillator Strengths (ASOS 7) CY AUG 05-09, 2001 CL QUEENS UNIV, BELFAST, NORTH IRELAND HO QUEENS UNIV C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wiese, WL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU ROYAL SWEDISH ACAD SCIENCES PI STOCKHOLM PA PUBL DEPT BOX 50005, S-104 05 STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN SN 0031-8949 J9 PHYS SCRIPTA JI Phys. Scr. PY 2002 VL T100 BP 126 EP 127 DI 10.1238/Physica.Topical.100a00126 PG 2 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 579EB UT WOS:000177162500016 ER PT J AU Knight, G Ravishankara, AR Burkholder, JB AF Knight, G Ravishankara, AR Burkholder, JB TI UV absorption cross sections of HO2NO2 between 343 and 273 K SO PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID OVERTONES; ACID; H2O2 AB The UV absorption spectrum of gas phase HO2NO2 (PNA, peroxynitric acid) was measured over the wavelength range 220 to 350 nm at temperatures between 273 and 343 K using a diode array spectrometer. Contributions to the measured spectra from HNO3, H2O2 and NO2 were subtracted by using mass spectral detection of HNO3 and H2O2 and UV/Vis absorption for NO2. Our HO2NO2 absorption spectra have been scaled to the previously reported absorption cross section data of Molina and Molina [L. T. Molina and M. J. Molina, J. Photochem., 1981, 15, 97] and Singer et al. [R. J. Singer, J. N. Crowley, J. P. Burrows, W. Schneider and G. K. Moortgat, J. Photochem. Photobiol., A: Chemistry, 1989, 48, 17] at 250 nm. Our measured HO2NO2 cross sections at wavelengths longer than 290 nm are compared with literature values and the discrepancies are discussed. An empirical parametrization of the measured HO2NO2 cross section temperature dependence for use in atmospheric model calculations is presented. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Burkholder, JB (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Burkholder, James/H-4914-2013; Ravishankara, Akkihebbal/A-2914-2011 NR 14 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 5 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD,, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1463-9076 J9 PHYS CHEM CHEM PHYS JI Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. PY 2002 VL 4 IS 8 BP 1432 EP 1437 DI 10.1039/b108904h PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 538CG UT WOS:000174796000029 ER PT J AU Campbell, BJ Osborn, R Argyriou, DN Vasiliu-Doloc, L Mitchell, JF Sinha, SK Ruett, U Ling, CD Islam, Z Lynn, JW AF Campbell, BJ Osborn, R Argyriou, DN Vasiliu-Doloc, L Mitchell, JF Sinha, SK Ruett, U Ling, CD Islam, Z Lynn, JW TI Structure of nanoscale polaron correlations in La1.2Sr1.8Mn2O7 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID CHARGE-ORDERED STRIPES; MAGNETOTRANSPORT PROPERTIES; LA1-XCAXMNO3; RESISTIVITY; LASR2MN2O7; MANGANITES AB A system of strongly interacting electron-lattice polarons can exhibit charge and orbital order at sufficiently high polaron concentrations. In this study, the structure of short-range polaron correlations in the layered colossal magnetoresistive perovskite manganite La1.2Sr1.8Mn2O7 has been determined by a cystallographic analysis of broad satellite maxima observed in diffuse x-ray and neutron-scattering data, The resulting q approximate to (0.3,0, +/-1) modulation is a longitudinal octahedral-stretch mode, consistent with incommensurate Jahn-Teller-coupled charge-density-wave fluctuations, that implies an unusual orbital-stripe pattern parallel to the (100) directions. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. No Illinois Univ, Dept Phys, De Kalb, IL 60115 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Campbell, BJ (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RI Campbell, Branton/A-3990-2008; Ling, Chris D/B-2228-2009; Osborn, Raymond/E-8676-2011 OI Ling, Chris D/0000-0003-2205-3106; Osborn, Raymond/0000-0001-9565-3140 NR 33 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD JAN 1 PY 2002 VL 65 IS 1 AR 014427 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.65.014427 PG 5 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 510AF UT WOS:000173186000097 ER PT J AU Hoffmann, A Fitzsimmons, MR Dura, JA Majkrzak, CF AF Hoffmann, A Fitzsimmons, MR Dura, JA Majkrzak, CF TI Investigating magnetic proximity effects in NiO/Pd with polarized neutron reflectometry SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID ANTIFERROMAGNETIC NIO; PD/FE MULTILAYERS; PD; REFLECTION; SURFACE; SUPERLATTICES; FILMS AB With polarized neutron reflectometry we investigated NiO/Pd heterostructures for the presence of a magnetic proximity effect, which is expected to produce an induced ferromagnetic moment in Pd. Using a specific isotope mixture of Ni in the preparation of NiO, the chemical contrast across the Pd/NiO interface was greatly suppressed, thus enhancing sensitivity to magnetic contrast at the reflecting interface. Despite enhanced sensitivity, no evidence for a proximity effect was observed. If present, the magnetic moment per Pd atom could not be more than 0.01 mu(B), regardless of Pd layer thickness, crystalline interface orientation, and number of NiO/Pd bilayers. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hoffmann, A (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RI Dura, Joseph/B-8452-2008; Lujan Center, LANL/G-4896-2012; Hoffmann, Axel/A-8152-2009 OI Dura, Joseph/0000-0001-6877-959X; Hoffmann, Axel/0000-0002-1808-2767 NR 28 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD JAN 1 PY 2002 VL 65 IS 2 AR 024428 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.65.024428 PG 7 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 510NA UT WOS:000173213100073 ER PT J AU Zheludev, A Kenzelmann, M Raymond, S Masuda, T Uchinokura, K Lee, SH AF Zheludev, A Kenzelmann, M Raymond, S Masuda, T Uchinokura, K Lee, SH TI Spin dynamics in the quasi-one-dimensional S=1/2 antiferromagnet BaCu2Si2O7 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID 2-DIMENSIONAL HEISENBERG-ANTIFERROMAGNET; CHAIN COMPOUND KCUF3; ZERO TEMPERATURE AB Inelastic neutron scattering is used to identify single-particle and continuum spin excitations in the quasi-one-dimensional S = 1/2 antiferromagnet BaCu2Si2O7, In the data analysis, close attention is given to resolution effects, A gap in the continuum spectrum at Delta(c)=4.8(2) meV is directly observed. The gap energy is in excellent agreement with existing theoretical predictions. Below the gap, the spectrum is dominated by sharp acoustic spin-wave excitations. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Univ Oxford, Clarendon Lab, Oxford OX1 3PU, England. CENG, DRFMC, SPSM, MDN, F-38054 Grenoble, France. Univ Tokyo, Dept Adv Mat Sci, Bunkyo Ku, Tokyo 1138656, Japan. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Zheludev, A (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Solid State, POB 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Kenzelmann, Michel/A-8438-2008 OI Kenzelmann, Michel/0000-0001-7913-4826 NR 24 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 12 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD JAN 1 PY 2002 VL 65 IS 1 AR 014402 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.65.014402 PG 9 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 510AF UT WOS:000173186000072 ER PT J AU Boukharouba, N Bateman, FB Brient, CE Carlson, AD Grimes, SM Haight, RC Massey, TN Wasson, OA AF Boukharouba, N Bateman, FB Brient, CE Carlson, AD Grimes, SM Haight, RC Massey, TN Wasson, OA TI Measurement of the n-p elastic scattering angular distribution at E-n=10 MeV SO PHYSICAL REVIEW C LA English DT Article ID DIFFERENTIAL CROSS-SECTION; NEUTRON-PROTON SCATTERING; NUCLEAR-STRUCTURE; FORCES AB The relative cross sections for scattering of neutrons by protons have been measured at E-n = 10 MeV for center-of-mass neutron scattering angles from 60degrees to 180degrees. Absolute differential cross section values were obtained by normalizing the angle-integrated relative angular distribution to the n-p total cross section. The angular distribution exhibits a backward enhancement consistent with an exchange component of the n-p interaction at this energy. The relative shape of the angular distribution is in good agreement with the prediction of the charge-dependent Bonn and Nijmegen potential models and with the Arndt phase-shift analysis. Better agreement is found with the evaluated nuclear data files (ENDF)/B-V than with the ENDF/B-VI evaluation. C1 Ohio Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Inst Nucl & Particle Phys, Athens, OH 45701 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Univ Kentucky, Dept Phys, Chem & Phys Bldg, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. OI Massey, Thomas/0000-0002-5578-5357 NR 36 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9985 EI 2469-9993 J9 PHYS REV C JI Phys. Rev. C PD JAN PY 2002 VL 65 IS 1 AR 014004 DI 10.1103/PhysRevC.65.014004 PG 10 WC Physics, Nuclear SC Physics GA 512EK UT WOS:000173308000009 ER PT J AU Fratini, E Chen, SH Baglioni, P Cook, JC Copley, JRD AF Fratini, E Chen, SH Baglioni, P Cook, JC Copley, JRD TI Dynamic scaling of quasielastic neutron scattering spectra from interfacial water SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E LA English DT Article ID SUPERCOOLED WATER; GLASS AB A method for analysis of high-resolution quasielastic neutron scattering (QENS) spectra of water in porous media is proposed and applied to the case of water in hydrated tricalcium and dicalcium silicates. We plot the normalized frequency-dependent susceptibility as a function of a scaling variable \omega\/omega(p), where omega(p) is the peak position of the susceptibility function. QENS data have been scaled into a single master curve and fitted with an empirical formula proposed by Bergman to obtain three independent parameters describing the relaxation dynamics of hydration water in calcium silicates. C1 MIT, Dept Nucl Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Univ Florence, Dept Chem, I-50121 Florence, Italy. Univ Florence, CSGI, I-50121 Florence, Italy. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat & Nucl Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Fratini, E (reprint author), MIT, Dept Nucl Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RI Fratini, Emiliano/C-9983-2010; Baglioni, Piero/B-1208-2011 OI Fratini, Emiliano/0000-0001-7104-6530; Baglioni, Piero/0000-0003-1312-8700 NR 9 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1539-3755 J9 PHYS REV E JI Phys. Rev. E PD JAN PY 2002 VL 65 IS 1 AR 010201 DI 10.1103/PhysRev.65.010201 PN 1 PG 4 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical SC Physics GA 513YA UT WOS:000173407400001 PM 11800665 ER PT J AU Weatherhead, EC Stevermer, AJ Schwartz, BE AF Weatherhead, EC Stevermer, AJ Schwartz, BE TI Detecting environmental changes and trends SO PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF THE EARTH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd IAGA/ICMA/PSMOS Workshop on Long-term Changes and Trends in the Atmosphere CY JUL 02-06, 2001 CL CZECH REPUBLIC SP Acad Sci, Inst Atmospher Phys, Charles Univ, Dept Meteorol & Environm Protect DE trend detection; climate change; radiosonde temperatures; troposphere; variability; autocorrelation ID TEMPERATURE TRENDS; TROPOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE; RADIOSONDE AB Detecting changes in climate variables is a difficult process that depends on several parameters. These parameters include not only the size of the trend and the accuracy of the measurements, but also the magnitude of variability and the autocorrelation of the observations. The ability to detect a trend can vary from location to location and can vary with height at a single location. These differences Lire illustrated using observations from the Forecast Systems Laboratory Radiosonde Database to determine the natural variability and autocorrelation of temperature data as a function Of altitude. As an example, the results for Topeka, Kansas, a mid-continent. stable monitoring site, indicate that trends of a fixed magnitude Lire easier to detect in the free troposphere than in either the boundary layer or the lower stratosphere. The free troposphere may be an important region for climate monitoring, especially given general circulation model projections of a nearly vertically-constant warming throughout the tropospheric altitudes. These types of investigations, which use past data to determine the natural variability and memory inherent in environmental parameters, can help identify geographic and altitude regions that may be critical for climate monitoring. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Forecast Syst Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Univ Colorado, NOAA, RARL, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM betsy.weatherhead@noaa.gov; betsy@srrb.noaa.gov RI Weatherhead, Elizabeth/I-7091-2015 OI Weatherhead, Elizabeth/0000-0002-9252-4228 NR 19 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 2 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1474-7065 EI 1873-5193 J9 PHYS CHEM EARTH JI Phys. Chem. Earth PY 2002 VL 27 IS 6-8 BP 399 EP 403 AR PII S1474-7065(02)00019-0 DI 10.1016/S1474-7065(02)00019-0 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 577CL UT WOS:000177044100002 ER PT J AU Akmaev, RA AF Akmaev, RA TI Modeling the cooling due to CO2 increases in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere SO PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF THE EARTH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd IAGA/ICMA/PSMOS Workshop on Long-term Changes and Trends in the Atmosphere CY JUL 02-06, 2001 CL CZECH REPUBLIC SP Acad Sci, Inst Atmospher Phys, Charles Univ, Dept Meteorol & Environm Protect DE global change; mesosphere; thermosphere; thermal structure; thermospheric density ID DOPPLER-SPREAD PARAMETERIZATION; WAVE MOMENTUM DEPOSITION; LARGE-SCALE DYNAMICS; MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE; SUMMER MESOSPHERE; THERMAL STRUCTURE; CARBON-DIOXIDE; SIMULATION; TEMPERATURE; IMPLEMENTATION AB Sensitivity of the upper-atmospheric structure to the increase of carbon dioxide amounts over the last four decades and to the standard 2 x CO2 scenario has been investigated with the Spectral Mesosphere/Lower Thermosphere Model. The global thermal response is negative and its magnitude is much stronger than in the lower atmosphere. There is a pronounced seasonal-latitudinal structure, especially at solstice, that perhaps may explain some differences in long-term temperature trends derived from observations at different locations. The strong overall cooling results in hydrostatic contraction of the atmosphere and in considerable downward displacement of constant-pressure levels. Attention is again drawn to the fact that upper-atmospheric temperature changes differ substantially depending on whether the temperatures are compared at a given altitude as in many observations or at a constant pressure commonly used as the vertical coordinate in numerical models. Lower temperatures correspond to greater densities at fixed pressure. Combined with the hydrostatic contraction, however, the cooling results in significant mass density reductions as a function of height in the thermosphere similar to those recently derived from historic satellite drag data. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, R SEC, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Akmaev, RA (reprint author), Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, R SEC, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 42 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1474-7065 J9 PHYS CHEM EARTH JI Phys. Chem. Earth PY 2002 VL 27 IS 6-8 BP 521 EP 528 AR PII S1474-7065(02)00033-5 DI 10.1016/S1474-7065(02)00033-5 PG 8 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources SC Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 577CL UT WOS:000177044100016 ER PT J AU Kessler, E Crasemann, B AF Kessler, E Crasemann, B TI Richard Day Deslattes - Obituary SO PHYSICS TODAY LA English DT Biographical-Item C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. RP Kessler, E (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0031-9228 J9 PHYS TODAY JI Phys. Today PD JAN PY 2002 VL 55 IS 1 BP 71 EP 72 DI 10.1063/1.1457273 PG 2 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 507BP UT WOS:000173007100017 ER PT J AU Donohue, MJ Costa, DP Goebel, E Antonelis, GA Baker, JD AF Donohue, MJ Costa, DP Goebel, E Antonelis, GA Baker, JD TI Milk intake and energy expenditure of free-ranging northern fur seal, Callorhinus ursinus, pups SO PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL ZOOLOGY LA English DT Article ID TOTAL-BODY WATER; ELEPHANT SEAL; MIROUNGA-ANGUSTIROSTRIS; ARCTOCEPHALUS-GAZELLA; FORAGING ENERGETICS; HALICHOERUS-GRYPUS; ISOTOPE-DILUTION; LABELED WATER; GROWTH; EFFICIENCY AB Milk ingested by mammalian offspring, coupled with offspring's utilization of this energetic investment, influences survival and growth. A number of studies have examined milk intake in otariids, but few have examined milk intake over the entire lactation period, and none has independently measured energy expenditure concurrent with milk intake. We concurrently examined milk intake, field metabolic rate (FMR), and body composition of 41 pups over the entire lactation interval in 1995 and 1996 on St. Paul Island, Alaska. One hundred two metabolic measurements were obtained with isotope dilution methods. Mean milk intake did not differ annually but increased with age and mass, ranging from 3,400 +/- 239 to 6,780 +/- 449 (+/-SE) mL per suckling bout. Milk energy consumption did not vary with age on a mass-specific basis. No differences were detected in milk volume consumed by male and female pups, either absolutely or on a mass-specific basis. Mass-specific FMR peaked during molting, was lowest postmolt, and did not vary by sex. Pups in 1995 had lower FMR than pups in 1996 and were also fatter. Mean milk energy utilized for maintenance metabolism decreased over time from 77% to 43% in 1995 and remained at 71% in 1996. Pup body mass was negatively correlated with the percentage of total body water and positively correlated with the percentage of total body lipid (TBL). Pups increased the percentage of TBL from 16% to 37%. Northern fur seal pups increased energy intake over lactation, while concurrent changes in body composition and pelage condition resulted in mass-specific metabolic savings after the molt. C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu Lab, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Donohue, MJ (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. NR 77 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 9 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 1522-2152 J9 PHYSIOL BIOCHEM ZOOL JI Physiol. Biochem. Zool. PD JAN-FEB PY 2002 VL 75 IS 1 BP 3 EP 18 DI 10.1086/338284 PG 16 WC Physiology; Zoology SC Physiology; Zoology GA 530NB UT WOS:000174362800002 PM 11880973 ER PT J AU Wise, SA AF Wise, SA TI Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) for the determination of polycyclic aromatic compounds - Twenty years of progress SO POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC COMPOUNDS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 18th International Symposium on Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds CY SEP 09-13, 2001 CL UNIV CINCINNATI, CINCINNATI, OHIO SP Int Soc Polycycl Aromat Compounds HO UNIV CINCINNATI DE chromatographic selectivity; gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS); length-to-breadth ratio; liquid chromatography (LQ); multidimensional chromatography; reference materials; Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) ID PHASE LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; SUPERCRITICAL-FLUID EXTRACTION; POLYSILOXANE STATIONARY PHASES; REVERSED-PHASE; SHAPE SELECTIVITY; GAS-CHROMATOGRAPHY; ENVIRONMENTAL-SAMPLES; HYDROCARBON ISOMERS; COLUMN SELECTIVITY; COMPLEX-MIXTURES AB In 1981 the National Bureau of Standards, now the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), issued the first natural matrix Standard Reference Material (SRM) for the determination of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), SRM 1580 Organics in Shale Oil. In the next 10 years, additional natural matrix SRMs were developed including air and diesel particulate matter, petroleum crude oil, coal tar, sediment, and mussel tissue. The SRMs represented the "first generation" of natural matrix SRMs for the determination of PACs. The SRMs had "certified" values for only 5 to 12 PACs; however, their development established the foundation for the implementation of the "two or more independent analytical techniques" approach for certification of individual PACs in environmental matrices. The requirement for use of different analytical techniques spurred the development of both gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) approaches for the determination of PACs. Since the mid-1990s, the "second generation" of natural matrix SRMs has been issued by NIST with certified values for over 20 PACs in each material. The greater number of certified values in these SRMs was the result of the combination of measurements using reversed-phase LC with fluorescence detection, multidimensional LC, and GC with mass spectrometric detection using two or more stationary phases with different selectivity for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) separations. This article discusses the significant developments in analytical methods and chromatographic separation of PAHs during the past 20 years that have resulted in the certification of over 25 SRMs, which are now used worldwide for the validation of analytical methods for the measurement of PACs in environmental matrices. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wise, SA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 55 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 4 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1040-6638 J9 POLYCYCL AROMAT COMP JI Polycycl. Aromat. Compd. PY 2002 VL 22 IS 3-4 BP 197 EP 230 DI 10.1080/10406630290026939 PG 34 WC Chemistry, Organic SC Chemistry GA 592QX UT WOS:000177949300003 ER PT J AU Nguyen, T Martin, J Byrd, E Embree, N AF Nguyen, T Martin, J Byrd, E Embree, N TI Relating laboratory and outdoor exposure of coatings III. Effect of relative humidity on moisture-enhanced photolysis of acrylic-melamine coatings SO POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY LA English DT Article DE acrylic-melamine; coatings; mechanism; mode; moisture-enhancement; photodegradation; relative humidity ID ORGANIC COATINGS; SOLID-STATE; END GROUPS; DEGRADATION; HYDROLYSIS; MECHANISM; RESINS; IDENTIFICATION; PHOTOCHEMISTRY; METHOXYMETHYL AB The effects of relative humidity ranging from approximate to0 to 90 % on the moisture-enhanced photolysis (MEP) of a partially-methylated melamine acrylic polymer coating exposed to the ultraviolet (UV)/50 degreesC condition were investigated. The UV source was two 1000 W xenon arc solar simulators, which provided radiation with wavelengths from 270 to 800 am. Five different relative humidity (RH) levels were supplied by dry air/moist air mixture humidity generators. Degradation of coating films approximately 10 mum thick applied to CaF2 substrates exposed to different UV/RH conditions were measured by FTIR transmission spectroscopy using an auto-sampling device. The total degradation under UV at a particular RH consists of four modes: reactions during post curing, dark hydrolysis at a particular RH, photolysis, and MEP. Experiments were designed so that changes in MEP with RH were measured. Both the rates and magnitudes of the MEP increased with increasing RH. The MEP rates of the acrylic-melamine crosslink loss and coating oxidation increased during the early exposure stage then leveled off, but the MEP cleavage rates of the acrylic polymer segment were nearly constant with time. The two-stage degradation of melamine-acrylic structure is attributed to the heterogeneous microstructure of the coating, and the enhanced degradation is explained by a mechanism based on hydrolysis-generated formaldehyde molecules, which act as chromophores to absorb UV light and accelerate photo-oxidation. (C) Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Nguyen, T (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 49 TC 52 Z9 53 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0141-3910 J9 POLYM DEGRAD STABIL JI Polym. Degrad. Stabil. PY 2002 VL 77 IS 1 BP 1 EP 16 AR PII S0141-3910(02)00070-8 DI 10.1016/S0141-3910(02)00070-8 PG 16 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 562VD UT WOS:000176218900001 ER PT J AU Martin, JW Nguyen, T Byrd, E Dickens, B Embree, N AF Martin, JW Nguyen, T Byrd, E Dickens, B Embree, N TI Relating laboratory and outdoor exposures of acrylic melamine coatings I. Cumulative damage model and laboratory exposure apparatus SO POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY LA English DT Article DE polymer coating; cumulative damage model; degradation; environmental chamber; exposure; photodegradation; quantitative; UV ID ORGANIC COATINGS; PHOTODEGRADATION; PHOTOCHEMISTRY AB A cumulative damage model and a laboratory apparatus are described for linking field and laboratory photodegradation results and for predicting the service life of polymeric materials exposed in the laboratory and field. The apparatus was designed to independently and precisely monitor and control in both space and time the three primary weathering factors causing polymeric materials to degrade when exposed in the field. These factors include temperature, relative humidity, and spectral ultraviolet radiation. A model acrylic melamine coating was exposed in the laboratory apparatus to each of 12 different spectral wavebands and four temperature and four relative humidity environments. The spectral dosage and material damage were measured for each exposure treatment and this data input into the cumulative damage model from which estimates of the spectral quantum yield were made. Variables affecting the accuracy of the measurements are discussed. (C) 2001 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Martin, JW (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 32 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 2 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0141-3910 J9 POLYM DEGRAD STABIL JI Polym. Degrad. Stabil. PY 2002 VL 75 IS 1 BP 193 EP 210 DI 10.1016/S0141-3910(01)00218-X PG 18 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 502FN UT WOS:000172733200020 ER PT S AU Soles, CL Douglas, JF Wu, WL Peng, H Gidley, DW AF Soles, CL Douglas, JF Wu, WL Peng, H Gidley, DW BE Karim, A Russell, TP Frank, CW Nealey, PF TI A broad perspective on the dynamics of highly confined polymer films SO POLYMER INTERFACES AND THIN FILMS SE Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Polymer Interfaces and Thin Films held at the 2001 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 26-30, 2001 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc, Natl Sci Fdn, Natl Inst Stand & Technol ID POLYSTYRENE FILMS; GLASS-TRANSITION AB The manner in which the dynamics of a polymer are affected by thin film confinement is of technological significance, impacting thin film applications such as lubricants, adhesives, and chemically amplified photoresists. In this manuscript we use specular X-ray reflectivity (SXR), beam positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS), and incoherent neutron scattering (INS) to study the influence of thin film confinement on the apparent glass transition temperature T-g and the thermal expansion coefficients of thin polycarbonate (PC) films. Both the SXR and PALS indicate a significant suppression of T-g when the film thickness becomes less than 200 Angstrom. However, the INS measurements suggest an increase in the apparent T-g below this same length scale. These disparate estimates of the thin film T-g seem to indicate that each technique is sensitive to slightly different aspects of the glass formation process. However, all three agree that thin film confinement results in reduced thermal motion, regardless of the precise temperature that is 'designated' as the thin film. T-g. C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Soles, CL (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 9 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-646-X J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2002 VL 710 BP 17 EP 22 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Polymer Science SC Materials Science; Polymer Science GA BV58E UT WOS:000179442800003 ER PT S AU Sakai, W Chiang, CK AF Sakai, W Chiang, CK BE Karim, A Russell, TP Frank, CW Nealey, PF TI Dielectric properties of multi-layer high-K polymer composite films SO POLYMER INTERFACES AND THIN FILMS SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Polymer Interfaces and Thin Films held at the 2001 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 26-30, 2001 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc, Natl Sci Fdn, Natl Inst Stand & Technol ID THIN AB The electrical properties of thin polymer films are key parameters in the design of both smaller and faster circuit devices in the microelectronics industry. In this study, we made a three-layer film structure, ABA', to investigate the dielectric interaction between two high-K dielectric polymer thin films, A and A', as a function of the thickness of the middle B layer. The Cole-Cole plot showed clear changes with the thickness of the middle B layer. The total capacitances were evaluated with a simple serial three capacitances model. This ABA' structure is thought to be very useful for studying mechanical and thermal properties of thin polymer film system. C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Sakai, W (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-646-X J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2002 VL 710 BP 73 EP 77 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Polymer Science SC Materials Science; Polymer Science GA BV58E UT WOS:000179442800012 ER PT S AU Shin, K Wang, H Satija, SK Han, CC Josell, D AF Shin, K Wang, H Satija, SK Han, CC Josell, D BE Karim, A Russell, TP Frank, CW Nealey, PF TI X-ray reflectivity study of gold nanoparticles in a polymer matrix SO POLYMER INTERFACES AND THIN FILMS SE Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Polymer Interfaces and Thin Films held at the 2001 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 26-30, 2001 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc, Natl Sci Fdn, Natl Inst Stand & Technol AB We have examined the structural evolution of a thin gold layer sandwiched between two polymer films using specular X-ray reflectivity. We used a depth-profiling model consisting of three independent layers, upper and bottom PS layers and an intermediate gold layer. The results show that a well-defined as-deposited Au layer of about 62 +/- 3 Angstrom breaks within 10 min of annealing at 120 degreesC. During the breakage of the Au film, the bottom low-Mw PS flows to fill into the void between the Au particles, causing the reduction of the bottom PS film, while the top polymer layer remains relatively constant. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Shin, K (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. OI Shin, Kwanwoo/0000-0002-7563-8581 NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-646-X J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2002 VL 710 BP 271 EP 276 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Polymer Science SC Materials Science; Polymer Science GA BV58E UT WOS:000179442800042 ER PT S AU Gentile, C Sznaier, M AF Gentile, C Sznaier, M GP IEEE IEEE TI Hyperborders in the Voronoi-diagram-based neural net for pattern classification SO PROCEEDING OF THE 2002 INTERNATIONAL JOINT CONFERENCE ON NEURAL NETWORKS, VOLS 1-3 SE IEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN 02) CY MAY 12-17, 2002 CL HONOLULU, HI SP IEEE, IEEE Neural Networks Soc, Int Neural Network Soc DE neural networks; Voronoi diagrams; pattern classification ID RECOGNITION AB We propose a neural network to answer a point query in R-n, partitioned based on the Voronoi diagram. Our novel design offers the potential to reduce both the number of neurons and connection weights of previous designs, employing a cost function which enables a tradeoff between the two to suit a specific implementation. Our simplified structure requires neither delay weights nor complex neurons, while retaining the main advantage of previous designs to furnish precise values for the neurons and connection weights, as opposed to trial and error iterations or ad-hoc parameters. C1 NIST, Wireless Commun Technol Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gentile, C (reprint author), NIST, Wireless Commun Technol Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1098-7576 BN 0-7803-7278-6 J9 IEEE IJCNN PY 2002 BP 2231 EP 2236 DI 10.1109/IJCNN.2002.1007488 PG 4 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BU92F UT WOS:000177402800397 ER PT B AU Dagalakis, NG LeBrun, T Lippiatt, J AF Dagalakis, NG LeBrun, T Lippiatt, J GP IEEE IEEE TI Micro-mirror array control of optical tweezer trapping beams SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2002 2ND IEEE CONFERENCE ON NANOTECHNOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd IEEE Conference on Nanotechnology CY AUG 26-28, 2002 CL WASHINGTON, DC SP IEEE Robot & Automat Soc, IEEE Electron Devices Soc, IEEE Ind Electr Soc, IEEE Circuits & Syst Soc AB The lack of tools to manipulate nanoscale objects is a major obstacle to fabricating and testing nanodevices. Optical tweezers are a promising tool for nanomanufacturing, but the efficiency of optical tweezer manufacturing depends on the number of trapping beams available. Micro optics technology offers the opportunity to significantly increase the number of trapping beams without a significant increase of the cost or size of the optics. Here we report on the sensors, optical circuit and the experimental work to control an array of laser beams generated by a single laser diode, for optical-tweezer-based nanomanufacturing, Our array of laser beams is generated by an array of servo controlled scanning dual-axis micro-mirrors. Capacitor electrodes underneath the micro-mirror plates provide electrostatic actuation, which allows control of the micro-mirror position. With proper reflecting surfaces it is possible to control the impact angle of the individual laser beams onto the micro-nano-particles, thus generating an optical beam gripper effect. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Dagalakis, NG (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr Stop 8230, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7538-6 PY 2002 BP 177 EP 180 DI 10.1109/NANO.2002.1032219 PG 4 WC Crystallography; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Crystallography; Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics GA BV16F UT WOS:000178016200041 ER PT S AU Kitching, J Knappe, S Hollberg, L AF Kitching, J Knappe, S Hollberg, L GP IEEE IEEE TI Performance of small-scale frequency references SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2002 IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM & PDA EXHIBITION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and PDA Exhibition CY MAY 29-31, 2002 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP IEEE Ultrason, Ferroelect & Frequency Control Soc, Piezoelect Devices Assoc DE atomic clock; buffer gas; coherent population trapping; dark line resonance; vapor cell frequency reference; wall coating ID MICROWAVE; SPECTROSCOPY; RESONANCES; STANDARDS; LINE AB We consider theoretically the expected performance of ultra-small vapor-cell frequency references with cell volumes below 1 mm(3). The short-term stability is found to degrade as the size is reduced. The amount of degradation depends on whether a buffer gas or wall coating is used for the atomic confinement. Preliminary experimental results with all-optical excitation indicate that the atomic Q-factor behaves as expected. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Kitching, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, MS 847-10,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 15 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1075-6787 BN 0-7803-7082-1 J9 P IEEE INT FREQ CONT PY 2002 BP 442 EP 446 DI 10.1109/FREQ.2002.1075922 PG 5 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BV43J UT WOS:000178928900071 ER PT S AU Heavner, TP Jefferts, SR Donley, EA Parker, TE AF Heavner, TP Jefferts, SR Donley, EA Parker, TE GP IEEE IEEE TI Progress on a miniature laser-cooled cesium fountain frequency standard SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2002 IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM & PDA EXHIBITION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and PDA Exhibition CY MAY 29-31, 2002 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP IEEE Ultrason, Ferroelect & Frequency Control Soc, Piezoelect Devices Assoc AB The Time and Frequency Division of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is developing a miniature laser-cooled Cs-fountain frequency standard. We anticipate that this device will be useful as a transportable reference for comparison of frequency standards at other laboratories. Additionally, it could be useful for measuring the gravitational clock shift at various locations to study models of the geoid. We discuss the objectives of this device, the features of the physics package and preliminary results. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Heavner, TP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Donley, Elizabeth/A-4525-2010 NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1075-6787 BN 0-7803-7082-1 J9 P IEEE INT FREQ CONT PY 2002 BP 473 EP 475 DI 10.1109/FREQ.2002.1075929 PG 3 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BV43J UT WOS:000178928900078 ER PT S AU Weiss, M Zhang, V Jensen, M Powers, E Klepczynski, W Lewandowski, W AF Weiss, M Zhang, V Jensen, M Powers, E Klepczynski, W Lewandowski, W GP IEEE IEEE TI Ionospheric models and measurements for common-view time transfer SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2002 IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM & PDA EXHIBITION SE IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and PDA Exhibition CY MAY 29-31, 2002 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP IEEE Ultrason, Ferroelect & Frequency Control Soc, Piezoelect Devices Assoc DE codeless ionospheric measurements; common-view time transfer; ionospheric delay; GPS; Klobuchar model AB We discuss technologies for estimating ionospheric delays in Global Positioning System (GPS) common-view time transfer. Such technologies include the broadcast Klobuchar ionospheric model, the use of ionospheric maps from the International GPS Service (IGS), codeless techniques for measure the ionospheric delay, and using the pseudo-random code on two frequencies. We find that the code receivers we use in this study are excellent references for comparing other ionospheric measurements. Receivers using the Klobuchar model exhibit some with correct values, others with problems. A receiver using a codeless technique appears to have problems. We also find that, because of potential uncertainties in calibrating code receivers, the IGS maps are particularly useful for time transfer. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 2 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1075-6787 BN 0-7803-7082-1 J9 P IEEE INT FREQ CONT PY 2002 BP 517 EP 521 DI 10.1109/FREQ.2002.1075938 PG 5 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BV43J UT WOS:000178928900087 ER PT S AU Levine, J AF Levine, J GP IEEE IEEE TI Efficient time transfer using the Internet SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2002 IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM & PDA EXHIBITION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and PDA Exhibition CY MAY 29-31, 2002 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP IEEE Ultrason, Ferroelect & Frequency Control Soc, Piezoelect Devices Assoc DE Internet time; Network Time Protocol; NTP AB The National Institute of Standards and Technology operates an ensemble of Internet time servers. The ensemble of servers receives about 450 million time-stamp requests per day (as of May, 2002). This demand is increasing at a compound rate of almost 9% per mouth, so that improving the efficiency of the time synchronization process is very important. In addition, these requests are not distributed uniformly among the servers, and the busiest servers are nearly saturated during peak periods. Therefore, the capacity of the system as a whole could be increased if the load were distributed more evenly, and we have investigated methods for achieving this active load balancing. We have also developed a number of algorithms based on the Network Time Protocol that try to make the best use of the time stamps and the available network bandwidth. In particular, the algorithms can be configured to trade off accuracy for cost (defined as the network bandwidth and computer cycles needed to realize a specific performance level), so that the many users who do not need the full accuracy of the system can receive satisfactory service at much lower cost. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Time & Frequency Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Levine, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Time & Frequency Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1075-6787 BN 0-7803-7082-1 J9 P IEEE INT FREQ CONT PY 2002 BP 522 EP 529 DI 10.1109/FREQ.2002.1075939 PG 8 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BV43J UT WOS:000178928900088 ER PT S AU Levine, J Parker, T AF Levine, J Parker, T GP IEEE IEEE TI The algorithm used to realize UTC(NIST) SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2002 IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM & PDA EXHIBITION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and PDA Exhibition CY MAY 29-31, 2002 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP IEEE Ultrason, Ferroelect & Frequency Control Soc, Piezoelect Devices Assoc DE time scale; UTC AB The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) maintains a real-time estimate of Coordinated Universal time (UTC), which is called UTC(NIST). UTC(NIST) is realized by steering the output of a hydrogen maser to minimize the difference between UTC(NIST) and UTC, a time scale computed by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM). The difference between UTC(NI T) an UTC is published in the BIPM monthly Circular T. The reference for UTC(NIST) is AT1, a free-running time scale computed at NIST in real-time from an ensemble of cesium clocks and hydrogen masers maintained at the NIST laboratory in Boulder. The steering that implements UTC(NIST) is realized using a commercial phase stepper that produces an output that can be offset either in time or in frequency from the input signal from the maser. The current algorithm, which has been used for many years, maximizes the frequency smoothness of UTC(NIST) at the expense of its time accuracy. Since both AT1 and UTC have improved significantly in the last few years as a result of better clock hardware, this algorithm may no longer be optimum. We are investigating other choices which may be able to preserve the desirable goal of frequency smoothness while at the same time improving the RMS time accuracy. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Time & Frequency Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Levine, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Time & Frequency Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1075-6787 BN 0-7803-7082-1 J9 P IEEE INT FREQ CONT PY 2002 BP 537 EP 542 DI 10.1109/FREQ.2002.1075941 PG 6 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BV43J UT WOS:000178928900090 ER PT S AU Howe, DA Hati, A Nelson, C Walls, FL Nava, JFG Sengupta, A AF Howe, DA Hati, A Nelson, C Walls, FL Nava, JFG Sengupta, A GP IEEE IEEE TI Wide-range microwave frequency synthesis using an offset passive resonator SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2002 IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM & PDA EXHIBITION SE IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and PDA Exhibition CY MAY 29-31, 2002 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP IEEE Ultrason, Ferroelect & Frequency Control Soc, Piezoelect Devices Assoc ID LOW-NOISE; OSCILLATORS AB We demonstrate a technique to obtain wide synthesized tunability from the local oscillator (LO) of a low-noise, fixed-frequency microwave reference whose noise is suppressed by a high-Q cavity discriminator operated in a passive mode. The results show that under proper conditions the phase-locked LO's phase noise in the tunable approach presented here and that for the normal fixed-frequency mode are substantially the same. Thus the need for a number of filters, mixers, and amplifiers necessary for an additional synthesizer is eliminated. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO USA. NR 8 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1075-6787 BN 0-7803-7082-1 J9 P IEEE INT FREQ CONT PY 2002 BP 584 EP 589 DI 10.1109/FREQ.2002.1075949 PG 6 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BV43J UT WOS:000178928900098 ER PT S AU Howe, DA Nelson, C Walls, FL Nava, JFG Hati, A Sen Gupta, A AF Howe, DA Nelson, C Walls, FL Nava, JFG Hati, A Sen Gupta, A GP IEEE IEEE TI A 100 GHz AM and PM noise measurement system: Preliminary design and performance SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2002 IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM & PDA EXHIBITION SE IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and PDA Exhibition CY MAY 29-31, 2002 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP IEEE Ultrason, Ferroelect & Frequency Control Soc, Piezoelect Devices Assoc AB A 100 GHz AM and PM noise measurement system is described. The basic approach to its construction is to apply existing state-of-the-art, cross-correlation noise measurement techniques to 100 GHz (W-band). The system uses two amplitude-noise and phase-noise detectors operating in parallel with cross-correlation spectrum analysis so that measurement-system noise averages down as m(-(1/2)) given m available averages. The approach, widely regarded at lower frequencies as the dual-channel PM/AM noise measurement approach, has some new considerations in extending the frequency range to W-band. A new AM/PM modulator used to calibrate the 100 GHz measurement system is discussed. Data are presented for the measurement system's noise floor. We give AM and PM noise measurements of an InP amplifier with again of 10 dB to 15 dB. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO USA. NR 21 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1075-6787 BN 0-7803-7082-1 J9 P IEEE INT FREQ CONT PY 2002 BP 690 EP 698 DI 10.1109/FREQ.2002.1075970 PG 9 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BV43J UT WOS:000178928900117 ER PT S AU Howe, DA AF Howe, DA GP IEEE IEEE TI Interpreting oscillatory frequency stability plots SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2002 IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM & PDA EXHIBITION SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE INTERNATIONAL FREQUENCY CONTROL SYMPOSIUM LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium and PDA Exhibition CY MAY 29-31, 2002 CL NEW ORLEANS, LA SP IEEE Ultrason, Ferroelect & Frequency Control Soc, Piezoelect Devices Assoc ID VARIANCE AB This writing discusses the appearance of peaks and valleys in Allan deviation plots (also known as sigma-tau, root Avar, or Adev plots). This distinctly oscillatory pattern, especially at long-term tau-values, usually means the presence of quasi-sinusoidal frequency modulation of an oscillator's signal. However, quasi-sinusoidal oscillatory behavior in sigma-tau plots at long tau may be due to statistical sampling and not to actual oscillator or clock data. Periodic variations in sigma-tau plots are often used as an indicator of periodic environmental perturbations such as a diurnal or other external influence, and it is important to know whether these variations are an analytical artifact or not. Removal of drift can make the oscillatory pattern worse. Samples of clock data for a dispersive noise process look like a portion of a sinusoid because the sample duration is less than the inverse of the data's inherent low frequency extent. Drift removal also removes low frequency components of noise, which causes negative bias of root Avar at long tau. The root Avar and drift-removal transfer functions have peaks and nulls that interfere with each other and can cause an oscillatory pattern in the resulting sigma-tau plot. The best way to determine whether sigma-tau periodic variations at long term axe real or not is by substituting statistics such as root Totvar or the newer Theo1, which, in particular, shows no anomolous oscillatory behavior. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Howe, DA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA SN 1075-6787 BN 0-7803-7082-1 J9 P IEEE INT FREQ CONT PY 2002 BP 725 EP 732 DI 10.1109/FREQ.2002.1075976 PG 8 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BV43J UT WOS:000178928900123 ER PT B AU Evans, JM Messina, ER Albus, JS AF Evans, JM Messina, ER Albus, JS GP IEEE IEEE TI Knowledge engineering for real time intelligent control SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2002 IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON INTELLIGENT CONTROL LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Symposium on Intelligent Control CY OCT 27-30, 2002 CL VANCOUVER, CANADA SP IEEE, IEEE Control Syst Soc DE knowledge engineering; intelligent control; intelligent systems; world models; knowledge representation; knowledge bases; software architecture ID ROBOT AB The key to real-time intelligent control lies in the knowledge models that the system contains. We argue that there needs to be a more rigorous approach to engineering the knowledge within intelligent controllers. Three main classes of knowledge are identified: parametric, geometric/iconic, and symbolic. Each of these classes provides unique perspectives and advantages for the planning of behaviors by the intelligent system. Examples of each from demonstration systems are presented. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Evans, JM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. OI Messina, Elena/0000-0002-1727-9357 NR 28 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7620-X PY 2002 BP 421 EP 427 DI 10.1109/ISIC.2002.1157800 PG 7 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Robotics SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science; Engineering; Robotics GA BV67V UT WOS:000179732300071 ER PT B AU Albus, J Murphy, K Lacaze, A Legowik, S Balakirsky, S Hong, T Shneier, M Messina, E AF Albus, J Murphy, K Lacaze, A Legowik, S Balakirsky, S Hong, T Shneier, M Messina, E GP IEEE IEEE TI 4D/RCS sensory processing and world modeling on the Demo III experimental unmanned ground vehicles SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2002 IEEE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON INTELLIGENT CONTROL LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT IEEE International Symposium on Intelligent Control CY OCT 27-30, 2002 CL VANCOUVER, CANADA SP IEEE, IEEE Control Syst Soc DE unmanned ground vehicles; sensory processing; world modeling; 4D/RCS AB The success of the Army Research Lab Demo III project at Ft. Indiantown Gap In November, 2001 suggests that autonomous driving by unmanned ground vehicles under tactical conditions is achievable within this decade. Laser range imaging sensors have been developed to provide dense range images that enable autonomous vehicles to build an Internal geometric model of the terrain and objects within the environment. Real-time value-based planning algorithms have been developed that enable the autonomous vehicle to replan Its intended path through the environment many times per second. The 4D/RCS system architecture has been validated as an open, modular, hierarchical, multi-resolutional integration architecture and design methodology for unmanned ground vehicles. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Albus, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. OI Messina, Elena/0000-0002-1727-9357 NR 11 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7620-X PY 2002 BP 885 EP 890 DI 10.1109/ISIC.2002.1157879 PG 6 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Robotics SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science; Engineering; Robotics GA BV67V UT WOS:000179732300150 ER PT B AU McLean, C Jones, A Lee, T Riddick, F AF McLean, C Jones, A Lee, T Riddick, F BE Yucesan, E Chen, CH Snowdon, JL Charnes, JM TI An architecture for a generic data-driven machine shop simulator SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2002 WINTER SIMULATION CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 35th Winter Simulation Conference CY DEC 08-11, 2002 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Amer Stat Assoc, ACM SIGSIM, IEEE Comp Soc, IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc, Inst Ind Engineers, Inst Operat Res & Management Sci, Coll Simulat, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Sci Modeling & Simulat Int AB Standard interfaces could help reduce the costs associated with simulation model construction and data exchange between simulation and other software applications -- and thus make simulation technology more Affordable and accessible to a wide range of potential industrial users. Currently, small machine shops do not typically use simulation technology because of various difficulties and obstacles associated with model development and data translation. This paper provides an overview of work currently underway at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to develop a software architecture, standard data interfaces, and a prototype generic machine shop simulator that can be readily, reconfigured for use by a large number of small machine shops. It also reviews prior work in this area and describes future work. C1 NIST, Mfg Syst Integrat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP McLean, C (reprint author), NIST, Mfg Syst Integrat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 10 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7614-5 PY 2002 BP 1108 EP 1116 PG 9 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Engineering, Industrial; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BV90S UT WOS:000180358500148 ER PT B AU Kibira, D McLean, C AF Kibira, D McLean, C BE Yucesan, E Chen, CH Snowdon, JL Charnes, JM TI Virtual reality simulation of a mechanical assembly production line SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2002 WINTER SIMULATION CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 35th Winter Simulation Conference CY DEC 08-11, 2002 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Amer Stat Assoc, ACM SIGSIM, IEEE Comp Soc, IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc, Inst Ind Engineers, Inst Operat Res & Management Sci, Coll Simulat, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Sci Modeling & Simulat Int AB This paper presents our work on the application of virtual-reality simulation-to the design of a production line for a mechanically-assembled product. The development of this simulation was undertaken as a part of the Manufacturing Simulation and Visualization Program at the National Institute of Standards and Technology in Gaithersburg, MD. The major research problem is the partitioning and analysis of the assembly operation of the prototype product into different tasks and allocation of these tasks to different assembly workstations. Issues such as cycle times, material handling and assembly line balancing complicate the problem. This paper demonstrates the difficulties of using simulation modeling for concurrent graphical simulation of assembly operations and discrete event analysis of a production process in the same model. It also points out the need to speed up the modeling process and reduce the level of effort required in the construction of a simulation model. C1 NIST, Mfg Syst Integat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kibira, D (reprint author), NIST, Mfg Syst Integat Div, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8260, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 9 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 5 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7614-5 PY 2002 BP 1130 EP 1137 DI 10.1109/WSC.2002.1166368 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Engineering, Industrial; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BV90S UT WOS:000180358500151 ER PT B AU McLean, C Leong, S AF McLean, C Leong, S BE Yucesan, E Chen, CH Snowdon, JL Charnes, JM TI A framework for standard modular simulation SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2002 WINTER SIMULATION CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 35th Winter Simulation Conference CY DEC 08-11, 2002 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Amer Stat Assoc, ACM SIGSIM, IEEE Comp Soc, IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc, Inst Ind Engineers, Inst Operat Res & Management Sci, Coll Simulat, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Sci Modeling & Simulat Int AB The primary reason for building manufacturing simulations is to provide support tools that aid the manufacturing decision-making process. Simulations are typically a part of a case study commissioned by manufacturing management to address a particular set of problems. The,objectives of the case study determine the types of simulation models, input data, and output data that are required. Neutral model libraries and interface data standards could simplify the simulation analyst's job and significantly improve the simulation case study process. This paper describes a proposed framework for simulation standards development. The framework is comprised of four major component elements: 1) industry sector, 2) hierarchical level of the manufacturing organization, system, or process, 3) simulation case study area, and 4) manufacturing model and data types. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Syst Integrat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP McLean, C (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Syst Integrat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 22 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7614-5 PY 2002 BP 1613 EP 1620 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Engineering, Industrial; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BV90S UT WOS:000180358500220 ER PT B AU Qiao, GX McLean, C Riddick, F AF Qiao, GX McLean, C Riddick, F BE Yucesan, E Chen, CH Snowdon, JL Charnes, JM TI Simulation system modeling for mass customization manufacturing SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2002 WINTER SIMULATION CONFERENCE, VOLS 1 AND 2 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 35th Winter Simulation Conference CY DEC 08-11, 2002 CL SAN DIEGO, CA SP Amer Stat Assoc, ACM SIGSIM, IEEE Comp Soc, IEEE Syst, Man & Cybernet Soc, Inst Ind Engineers, Inst Operat Res & Management Sci, Coll Simulat, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Sci Modeling & Simulat Int AB Emerging rapidly as a new paradigm of the 21st century, Mass Customization Manufacturing (MCM) systems possess some special characteristics that make the modeling of such systems extremely difficult. These characteristics include concurrency, synchronization, and cooperation among subsystems. Moreover, MCM emphasizes shortened product life-cycles, which means production lines have to be changed or reconfigured frequently. Highly flexible. and re-configurable factories must be designed, simulated, and analyzed. To support the development and analysis of these systems, new approaches to modeling and simulation must be developed. In this paper, a methodology for representing manufacturing systems using valid, colored Petri Net is presented. This method for modeling and simulating is flexible enough to support the dynamic nature of the operation of MCM systems. It is able to represent solutions to problems such as dynamic rescheduling, shop reconfiguration, part rework processing, and mechanisms for recovery from machine failure. MCM systems must often support product design modifications at late stages of production, and must respond and adjust to these changes quickly, without postponing delivery time. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Simulat & Modeling Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Qiao, GX (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Simulat & Modeling Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 14 TC 2 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 1 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7614-5 PY 2002 BP 2031 EP 2036 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Engineering, Industrial; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA BV90S UT WOS:000180358500280 ER PT J AU Atreya, A Baum, HR AF Atreya, A Baum, HR TI A model of opposed-flow flame spread over charring materials SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMBUSTION INSTITUTE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 29th International Combustion Symposium CY JUL 21-26, 2002 CL HOKKAIDO UNIV, SAPPORO, JAPAN HO HOKKAIDO UNIV AB This paper presents a theoretical description of a diffusion flame spreading against the mind on a semi-infinite charring solid. It extends the previous flame spread models on "vaporizing" solids to charring materials like wood and provides a realistic description of the gas phase. To make the problem analytically tractable, a mixture fraction approach is used in the gas phase and the no-slip boundary condition is satisfied only for x > 0. In the solid phase, the charring solid is assumed to decompose abruptly (endothermically or exothermically) into char and fuel gases at a specified pyrolysis temperature. The steady-state coupled elliptic equations for conservation of energy, mixture fraction, and momentum in the gas phase and conservation of energy in the char and the pristine solid are solved by using orthogonal parabolic coordinates. A general analytical solution is presented that reduces to de Ris's flame spread formula in the limit of zero char thickness and with similar assumptions. The growing char layer in the solid phase has considerable influence on the flame spread rate. It is seen that formation of a thicker char layer significantly retards the spread rate. Unique steady-state solutions for the parabolic char-material interface were found to exist only for Stefan number > -1. For Stefan number = - 1 (i.e., exothermic), two solutions were found. One of these solutions corresponds to the location of the char-solid interface at infinity, indicating the likelihood of a thermal runaway. This happens regardless of the property values. C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Mech Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Atreya, A (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Dept Mech Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. NR 8 TC 4 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 3 PU COMBUSTION INST PI PITTSBURGH PA 5001 BAUM BOULEVARD, STE 635, PITTSBURGH, PA 15213-1851 USA SN 0082-0784 J9 P COMBUST INST JI Proc. Combust. Inst. PY 2002 VL 29 BP 227 EP 236 DI 10.1016/S1540-7489(02)80031-1 PN 1 PG 10 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 678KK UT WOS:000182866100027 ER PT J AU Xin, Y Gore, J McGrattan, KB Rehm, RG Baum, HR AF Xin, Y Gore, J McGrattan, KB Rehm, RG Baum, HR TI Large eddy simulation of buoyant turbulent pool fires SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMBUSTION INSTITUTE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 29th International Combustion Symposium CY JUL 21-26, 2002 CL HOKKAIDO UNIV, SAPPORO, JAPAN HO HOKKAIDO UNIV ID REACTING FLOWS; CHEMISTRY; MODEL; JET AB Three-dimensional large eddy simulations (LES) of two buoyant flows were performed in conjunction with a Smagorisky turbulence model. The flows included a non-reacting helium plume previously simulated with two-dimensional simulations and a methane/air turbulent diffusion flame. In comparison with the previous two-dimensional simulation results, the three-dimensional LES results for the helium plume show much better agreement with the available experimental data. A relatively simple combustion model involving Lagrangian thermal elements with a single empirical constant involving the time to burn out of notional fuel parcels was adequate for obtaining reasonable predictions of the mean velocity and vorticity fields. The model also captured the temperature distribution patterns in the methane/air diffusion flames reasonably well. The agreement between the measurements and predictions for these two flows establishes the basic capabilities of LES for buoyant fire applications. C1 Purdue Univ, Sch Mech Engn, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Xin, Y (reprint author), Purdue Univ, Sch Mech Engn, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. NR 18 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 5 PU COMBUSTION INST PI PITTSBURGH PA 5001 BAUM BOULEVARD, STE 635, PITTSBURGH, PA 15213-1851 USA SN 0082-0784 J9 P COMBUST INST JI Proc. Combust. Inst. PY 2002 VL 29 BP 259 EP 266 DI 10.1016/S1540-7489(02)80035-9 PN 1 PG 8 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 678KK UT WOS:000182866100031 ER PT J AU Rumminger, MD Babushok, VI Linteris, GT AF Rumminger, MD Babushok, VI Linteris, GT TI Temperature regions of optimal chemical inhibition of premixed flames SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMBUSTION INSTITUTE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 29th International Combustion Symposium CY JUL 21-26, 2002 CL HOKKAIDO UNIV, SAPPORO, JAPAN HO HOKKAIDO UNIV ID METHANE-AIR; COMBUSTION; CF3BR AB Chemically active fire suppressants may, due to their properties or the means by which they are added to flames, have strong inhibition effects in particular locations in a flame. To study the spatial effects of chemically active inhibitors, numerical experiments are conducted in which the rates of reactions of model inhibitors are varied in spatial regions defined by temperature. The influence of three types of spatial regions are investigated, those with the inhibitor (1) active only within a narrow temperature band (off-on-off), (1) active below a cutoff temperature (on-off), and (3) active above a cutoff temperature (off-on), The effect of several localized chemical perturbations on the burning velocity are studied, including the variation of the H + O-2 <----> OH + O or the CO + OH <----> CO2 + H reaction rate and catalytic scavenging of radicals by an idealized perfect inhibitor or by CF3Br (halon 1301). The results indicate that the flame speed is reduced most, when the perturbation location corresponds to the regions of maximum radical volume fraction or maximum chain-branching reaction rates. Each of the chemical perturbations has a negligible effect below 1200 K. Calculations for CF3Br-inhibited flames indicate a temperature of maximum influence that is higher than previous suggestions for Br-based inhibitors. Calculations for flames with the H + O-2 rate perturbed or with addition of the perfect inhibitor indicate that the important region for flame inhibition in lean, rich, and stoichiometric flames corresponds to the position of the peak H-atom volume fraction. The results of this work demonstrate that the burning velocity is sensitive to inhibition over a relatively small spatial region of the flame. Simulations with stepwise activation and deactivation of an inhibitor show that the effect of the inhibitor is small when the activation or deactivation temperature is below 1700 K. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Rumminger, MD (reprint author), Cleaire Adv Emiss Controls, 14775 Wicks Blvd, San Leandro, CA 94577 USA. NR 28 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 1540-7489 J9 P COMBUST INST JI Proc. Combust. Inst. PY 2002 VL 29 BP 329 EP 336 DI 10.1016/S1540-7489(02)80044-X PN 1 PG 8 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 678KK UT WOS:000182866100040 ER PT J AU Chelliah, HK Lazzarini, AK Wanigarathne, PC Linteris, GT AF Chelliah, HK Lazzarini, AK Wanigarathne, PC Linteris, GT TI Inhibition of premixed and non-premixed flames with fine droplets of water and solutions SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMBUSTION INSTITUTE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 29th International Combustion Symposium CY JUL 21-26, 2002 CL HOKKAIDO UNIV, SAPPORO, JAPAN HO HOKKAIDO UNIV ID COUNTERFLOW FLAMES; DIFFUSION FLAMES; EXTINCTION; SUPPRESSION; DYNAMICS; SPRAYS AB Inhibition/extinction of premixed and non-premixed methane/air flames with fine droplets of water and solutions containing several chemical agents has been investigated experimentally. While solutions allow delivery of much higher concentrations of chemical agent to the flame front than otherwise possible, the non-premixed flame extinction results indicate saturation (or condensation) of the agent at some effective temperature below the flame temperature. Based on the chemical additives considered, on a molar basis, the following order of effectiveness is observed: KOH > NaCl > NaOH. The inhibition of premixed flames by similar size droplets indicates insensitivity to NaOH mass fraction in the water. This insensitivity was related to the shorter residence time of the droplets (13 mum median diameter) through the premixed flame structure. Detailed comparison of the premixed and non-premixed flame inhibition/extinction with pure water droplets supports the importance of droplet residence time and optimum droplet size in controlling the interaction of droplets with the flame front. C1 Univ Virginia, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Chelliah, HK (reprint author), Univ Virginia, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. NR 24 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 5 PU COMBUSTION INST PI PITTSBURGH PA 5001 BAUM BOULEVARD, STE 635, PITTSBURGH, PA 15213-1851 USA SN 0082-0784 J9 P COMBUST INST JI Proc. Combust. Inst. PY 2002 VL 29 BP 369 EP 376 DI 10.1016/S1540-7489(02)80049-9 PN 1 PG 8 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 678KK UT WOS:000182866100045 ER PT J AU Babushok, VI Tsang, W McNesby, KL AF Babushok, VI Tsang, W McNesby, KL TI Additive influence on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon formation SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMBUSTION INSTITUTE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 29th International Combustion Symposium CY JUL 21-26, 2002 CL HOKKAIDO UNIV, SAPPORO, JAPAN HO HOKKAIDO UNIV ID DIFFUSION FLAMES; PAH FORMATION; SOOT; FERROCENE; METHANE; COMBUSTION; INHIBITION; ACETYLENE AB The effects of HBr and Fe(CO)(5) flame radical scavengers on the concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) molecules and their precursors have been determined on the basis of simulations of experiments for premixed flames and in a jet-stirred reactor. Results are derived from a mechanism that combines a soot model and a kinetic model with the reactions that define the flame inhibition capability of iron pentacarbonyl and HBr. Near stoichiometric conditions, radical scavenger effects are very large. An increase of equivalence ratio decreases the relative effect of these additives. For a relatively large equivalence ratio, the gas-phase influence of radical scavenger additives disappears. Kinetic models demonstrate that the gas-phase effect of additives is to enhance PAH formation. The results of this work support the suggestion of earlier works that experimentally observed decrease of particulate formation is possibly the result of heterogeneous reactions of iron oxides by increase of oxidation rate of formed soot. The simulations show that contributions from propargyl combination and C-4 mechanisms to benzene formation are dependent on the equivalence ratio. The former predominates in a rich system where propargyl combination is responsible for benzene formation, while the latter is more important at lower values of the equivalence ratio. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. USA, Res Lab, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005 USA. RP Babushok, VI (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 28 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 11 PU COMBUSTION INST PI PITTSBURGH PA 5001 BAUM BOULEVARD, STE 635, PITTSBURGH, PA 15213-1851 USA SN 0082-0784 J9 P COMBUST INST JI Proc. Combust. Inst. PY 2002 VL 29 BP 2315 EP 2323 DI 10.1016/S1540-7489(02)80282-6 PN 2 PG 9 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 678KN UT WOS:000182866500109 ER PT J AU Blevins, LG Fletcher, RA Benner, BA Steel, EB Mulholland, GW AF Blevins, LG Fletcher, RA Benner, BA Steel, EB Mulholland, GW TI The existence of young soot in the exhaust of inverse diffusion flames SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMBUSTION INSTITUTE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 29th International Combustion Symposium CY JUL 21-26, 2002 CL HOKKAIDO UNIV, SAPPORO, JAPAN HO HOKKAIDO UNIV ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; PRECURSOR PARTICLES; COMBUSTION; TEMPERATURE; CARBON; GROWTH; OXYGEN AB Knowledge of the chemical and physical structure of early soot is useful in the development of soot particle inception models. This paper examines the hypothesis that soot exiting an inverse diffusion flame is similar in chemical and morphological structure to (1) soot precursor particles and (2) soot that exits underventilated flames. Experiments involving soot collection from the exhaust of laminar ethylene inverse diffusion flames were performed. Soot samples were analyzed for morphology using transmission electron microscopy, for carbon-to-hydrogen ratio using elemental analysis, for organic fraction using thermal-optical analysis, and for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content using laser microprobe mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Results of these analyses support the validity of the above hypothesis. This finding is significant because exhaust collection from the inverse flame provides an opportunity to gather large samples of young soot without invading the flame with an intrusive probe (a necessary task when collecting precursors low in the center of a normal diffusion flame). Larger samples can then be subjected to more detailed analysis than previously possible. An identification of specific polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon isomers present in young soot from diffusion flames is reported. The data are available for comparison with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon growth, soot inception, and soot growth models. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Combust Res Facil, Livermore, CA 94561 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Blevins, LG (reprint author), Sandia Natl Labs, Combust Res Facil, Livermore, CA 94561 USA. NR 40 TC 57 Z9 57 U1 6 U2 14 PU COMBUSTION INST PI PITTSBURGH PA 5001 BAUM BOULEVARD, STE 635, PITTSBURGH, PA 15213-1851 USA SN 0082-0784 J9 P COMBUST INST JI Proc. Combust. Inst. PY 2002 VL 29 BP 2325 EP 2333 DI 10.1016/S1540-7489(02)80283-8 PN 2 PG 9 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 678KN UT WOS:000182866500110 ER PT J AU Zhu, JY Choi, MY Mulholland, GW Manzello, SL Gritzo, LA Suo-Antila, J AF Zhu, JY Choi, MY Mulholland, GW Manzello, SL Gritzo, LA Suo-Antila, J TI Measurement of visible and near-IR optical properties of soot produced from laminar flames SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMBUSTION INSTITUTE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 29th International Combustion Symposium CY JUL 21-26, 2002 CL HOKKAIDO UNIV, SAPPORO, JAPAN HO HOKKAIDO UNIV ID TURBULENT-DIFFUSION FLAMES; VOLUME FRACTION; INFRARED SPECTRUM; OVERFIRE SOOT; EXTINCTION; TEMPERATURE AB This study describes the measurements of the dimensionless extinction constant, K-e, of soot in the visible and IR spectrum using the National Institute of Standards and Technology Large Agglomerate Optics Facility. Soot was produced using a 11 mm i.d. laminar diffusion flame burner fueled with acetylene and ethene. Light extinction measurements were performed using light sources at 543.5, 632.8, 856, 1314, and 1565 nm. The mean values of present measurements of K-e range from 7.95 to 10.0. These unique experiments provide accurate values of K, to be used for measurements of soot concentration and temperature in the IR spectrum. These measurements represent the first fuel-specific data available in the near-IR spectrum. The measured K, values for all wavelengths are significantly larger than values calculated using reported values of the refractive index and the Rayleigh theory. Transmission electron microscopy and optical microscopy analyses were used to analyze soot morphology and aerosol properties to estimate the influences of beam shielding and light scattering on the observed variations of K-e. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Mech Engn, Chicago, IL 60607 USA. Drexel Univ, Dept Mech Engn & Mech, Philadelphia, PA 19014 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. RP Zhu, JY (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Mech Engn, Chicago, IL 60607 USA. NR 31 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 2 U2 5 PU COMBUSTION INST PI PITTSBURGH PA 5001 BAUM BOULEVARD, STE 635, PITTSBURGH, PA 15213-1851 USA SN 0082-0784 J9 P COMBUST INST JI Proc. Combust. Inst. PY 2002 VL 29 BP 2367 EP 2374 DI 10.1016/S1540-7489(02)80288-7 PN 2 PG 8 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 678KN UT WOS:000182866500115 ER PT J AU Prasad, K Nakamura, Y Olson, SL Fujita, O Nishizawa, K Ito, K Kashiwagi, T AF Prasad, K Nakamura, Y Olson, SL Fujita, O Nishizawa, K Ito, K Kashiwagi, T TI Effect of wind velocity on flame spread in microgravity SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMBUSTION INSTITUTE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 29th International Combustion Symposium CY JUL 21-26, 2002 CL HOKKAIDO UNIV, SAPPORO, JAPAN HO HOKKAIDO UNIV ID ENVIRONMENT; TRANSITION AB A three-dimensional, time-dependent model is developed describing ignition and subsequent transition to flame spread over a thermally thin cellulosic sheet heated by external radiation in a microgravity environment. A low Mach number approximation to the Navier-Stokes equations with global reaction rate equations describing combustion in the gas phase and the condensed phase is numerically solved. The effects of a slow external wind (1-20 cm/s) on flame transition are studied in an atmosphere of 35% oxygen concentration. The ignition is initiated at the center part of the sample by generating a line-shape flame along the width of the sample. The calculated results are compared with data obtained in the 10 s drop tower. Numerical results exhibit flame quenching at a wind speed of 1.0 cm/s, two localized flames propagating upstream along the sample edges at 1.5 cm/s, a single line-shape flame front at 5.0 cm/s, and three flames structure observed at 10.0 cm/s (consisting of a single line-shape flame propagating upstream and two localized flames propagating downstream along sample edges), followed by two line-shape flames (one propagating upstream and another propagating downstream) at 20.0 cm/s. These observations qualitatively compare with experimental data. Three-dimensional visualization of the observed flame complex, fuel concentration contours, oxygen and reaction rate isosurfaces, and convective and diffusive mass flux are used to obtain a detailed understanding of the controlling mechanism. Physical arguments based on the lateral diffusive flux of oxygen, fuel depletion, the oxygen shadow of the flame, and the heat release rate are constructed to explain the various observed flame shapes. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Nagoya Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan. NASA, Glenn Res Ctr, Micrograv Combust Sci Branch, Cleveland, OH 44135 USA. Hokkaido Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060, Japan. RP Prasad, K (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Fujita, Osamu/D-6797-2012 NR 10 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 5 PU COMBUSTION INST PI PITTSBURGH PA 5001 BAUM BOULEVARD, STE 635, PITTSBURGH, PA 15213-1851 USA SN 0082-0784 J9 P COMBUST INST JI Proc. Combust. Inst. PY 2002 VL 29 BP 2553 EP 2560 DI 10.1016/S1540-7489(02)80311-X PN 2 PG 8 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 678KN UT WOS:000182866500138 ER PT B AU Messick, GA AF Messick, GA BE Eversole, AG TI A survey for prevalence of Paramoeba spp. in blue crabs along the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTY-SIXTH ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF THE SOUTHEASTERN ASSOCIATION OF FISH AND WILDLIFE AGENCIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 56th Annual Conference of the Southeastern-Association-of-Fish-and-Wildlife-Agencies CY OCT 26-30, 2002 CL Baltimore, MD SP SE Assoc Fish & Wildlife Agencies ID GREEN SEA-URCHIN; CALLINECTES-SAPIDUS; STRONGYLOCENTROTUS-DROEBACHIENSIS; NOVA-SCOTIA; CHIONOECETES-BAIRDI; KING CRAB; DINOFLAGELLATE; DISEASE; CANADA; INFECTION AB Faramoeba perniciosa is a parasite that has been found in blue crabs Callinectes sapidus from coastal embayments from Florida to Connecticut and has been associated with mortalities in crab shedding facilities in coastal bays of Maryland and Virginia. Hemolymph samples from more than 7300 crabs over a 9-year period from the Gulf (N = 228) and Atlantic (N = 7167) coasts of the United States revealed 0.5% of crabs assayed to be infected by P. perniciosa. Infections were limited to crabs collected from Virginia to New Jersey; Rehoboth Bay, Delaware, had a considerably higher prevalence than other sites sampled. Infections were not present or detected in Gulf coast crabs. Areas reported with R perniciosa in blue crabs overlap areas reported with paramoeba-like infections in the American lobster Homarus americanus and rock crabs Cancer irroratus. One lesser blue crab Callinectes similis sampled from a Maryland coastal bay was infected by a Paramoeba sp. morphologically similar to R perniciosa in the blue crab. Actual prevalence of Paramoeba spp. in Callinectes spp. crabs may be higher than reported here due to assay methods. Parasites can cause mortalities in crab populations to the extent that numbers are significantly reduced and therefore disease may need to be considered in fishery models. C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Cooperat Oxford Lab, Oxford, MD 21654 USA. RP Messick, GA (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Cooperat Oxford Lab, 904 S Morris St, Oxford, MD 21654 USA. NR 31 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 3 PU SOUTHEASTERN ASSOCIATION FISH & WILDLIFE AGENCIES (SEAFWA) PI TALLAHASSEE PA 8005 FRESHWATER FARMS RD, TALLAHASSEE, FL 32308 USA PY 2002 BP 105 EP 113 PG 9 WC Fisheries; Zoology SC Fisheries; Zoology GA BY52V UT WOS:000189400700012 ER PT B AU Osborn, MF Lowther, AB AF Osborn, MF Lowther, AB BE Creswell, RL TI Re-initiation of the marine recreational fishery statistics survey in the US Caribbean in 2000 SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTY-THIRD ANNUAL GULF AND CARIBBEAN FISHERIES INSTITUTE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 53rd Annual Meeting of the Gulf-and-Caribbean-Fisheries-Institute CY NOV 06-10, 2000 CL UNIV SO MISSISSIPPI, INST MARINE SCI, BILOXI, MS SP Mississippi, Alabama Sea Grant Consortium HO UNIV SO MISSISSIPPI, INST MARINE SCI DE recreational fishery; fishery-dependant surveys; US Caribbean AB The Marine Recreational Fishery Statistics Survey (MRFSS) was begun by the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) in 1979 to provide nationwide statistically valid and consistent estimates of saltwater recreational fishing catch, effort, and participation. The MRFSS was based on research conducted. in the 1970's and consists of two complementary surveys: a telephone survey, for effort and an intercept survey for catch. The MRFSS was conducted in the U.S. Caribbean territories in 1979 and in 1981; however; in 1982 insufficient funding caused that sampling to be discontinued. In 1999, the NMFS began planning to re-initiate the MRFSS in the U.S. Caribbean for calendar year 2000. Planning was conducted in a cooperative mariner with the territorial fisheries resource agencies of Puerto Rico (PR) and the U.S. Virgin Islands (USVI). The Caribbean Fisheries Management Council (CFMC) and NMFS Southeastern Regional staff were also consulted to ensure federal management needs unique to the U.S. Caribbean were considered. Telephone sampling began December 1999 in both territories while intercept sampling began January 2000 in PR and March 2000 in the USVI. Sampling results and preliminary estimates are provided and lessons learned from the re-initiation of the MRFSS are discussed. The MRFSS staff expects that the survey will continue into 2001, which will allow continued improvement and adaptation to local conditions. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Osborn, MF (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 1315 East West Highway,F-ST1, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU GULF CARIBBEAN FISHERIES INST GCFI PI FT PIERCE PA 56OO US HIGHWAY 1 N, FT PIERCE, FL 34946 USA PY 2002 BP 286 EP 297 PG 12 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA BW25C UT WOS:000181335800026 ER PT B AU Van Voorhees, DA Sminkey, TR Schlechte, JW Donaldson, DM Anson, KJ O'Hop, JR Norriss, MDB Shepard, JA Van Devender, T Zales, RF AF Van Voorhees, DA Sminkey, TR Schlechte, JW Donaldson, DM Anson, KJ O'Hop, JR Norriss, MDB Shepard, JA Van Devender, T Zales, RF BE Creswell, RL TI The new marine recreational fishery statistics survey method for estimating charter boat fishing effort SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTY-THIRD ANNUAL GULF AND CARIBBEAN FISHERIES INSTITUTE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 53rd Annual Meeting of the Gulf-and-Caribbean-Fisheries-Institute CY NOV 06-10, 2000 CL UNIV SO MISSISSIPPI, INST MARINE SCI, BILOXI, MS SP Mississippi, Alabama Sea Grant Consortium HO UNIV SO MISSISSIPPI, INST MARINE SCI DE charter boat fishery; methods; surveys AB From 1997 through 1999, state and federal agencies cooperated to conduct a pilot study of an alternative method for estimating charter boat angler fishing effort in the Gulf of Mexico. Cooperating agencies included the Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission (GSMFC), the marine fishery agencies of Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana, and the National Marine Fisheries Service which funded the pilot study. The new method sought to improve effort estimates by collecting trip data via weekly telephone interviews of a 10% random sample from a directory of charter boat owners/operators. Respondents reported the number of charter boat trips, numbers of anglers who fished, and primary areas fished. The existing Marine Recreational Fishery Statistics Survey (MRFSS) methodology utilizes a random-digit-dialing (RDD) telephone survey of coastal households, which requires a large correction factor due to a significant percentage of charter anglers not residing in coastal counties. We compared the two methodologies and found that charter directory estimates were considerably more precise than RDD estimates with more than a 50% reduction in standard error. Total annual effort estimates did not differ significantly; however, the new methodology produced geographic and temporal distributions of charter fishing effort which were considered much more credible by the Gulf for-hire industry: The new methodology indicates fewer trips in the Exclusive Economic Zone, more trips in inland areas, and no significant difference in the number of charter trips in State Territorial Seas. The primary implications of the new methodology include: i) More accurate fishing area data, ii) Relatively low respondent burden, iii) Increased cooperation and participation by the for-hire industry, and iv) More precise and accurate data making it easier to identify changing trends in the for-hire fishery. This new methodology has been officially adopted by the National Marine Fisheries Service as the new MRFSS method for the: Gulf of Mexico from West Florida through Louisiana beginning with 2000. Dependent on funding, we hope to-implement the new methodology nationwide by 2001-2002. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Van Voorhees, DA (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 1315 E West Highway,F-ST1, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU GULF CARIBBEAN FISHERIES INST GCFI PI FT PIERCE PA 56OO US HIGHWAY 1 N, FT PIERCE, FL 34946 USA PY 2002 BP 332 EP 343 PG 12 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA BW25C UT WOS:000181335800030 ER PT B AU Allman, RJ Lombardi-Carlson, LA Fitzhugh, GR Fable, WA AF Allman, RJ Lombardi-Carlson, LA Fitzhugh, GR Fable, WA BE Creswell, RL TI Age structure of red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) in the Gulf of Mexico by fishing mode and region SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE FIFTY-THIRD ANNUAL GULF AND CARIBBEAN FISHERIES INSTITUTE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 53rd Annual Meeting of the Gulf-and-Caribbean-Fisheries-Institute CY NOV 06-10, 2000 CL UNIV SO MISSISSIPPI, INST MARINE SCI, BILOXI, MS SP Mississippi, Alabama Sea Grant Consortium HO UNIV SO MISSISSIPPI, INST MARINE SCI DE age structure; otoliths; red snapper AB Red snapper were sampled from the commercial and recreational fisheries of the Gulf of Mexico from Texas to the west coast of Florida during 1998 and 1999. Sectioned sagittal otoliths (n = 8,169) were used to estimate the age structure of the commercial and recreational fisheries and to compare ages between the western and eastern gulf. Ages of red snapper ranged from 1 to 47 years. Age 3 fish dominated the commercial and recreational hand-line fishery in 1998. In contrast, full recruitment to the commercial long-line fishery did not occur until age 5. In 1999, four year old fish were most common in the commercial long-line and hand-line catches, while three and four year old fish dominated the recreational catches. Similar to 1998, the commercial sector consisted of the largest percentage of older fish in 1999. In 1998 red snapper age structure landed by the commercial hand-line fishery was similar between the eastern and western Gulf of Mexico, while the commercial long-line and "for hire" data suggested older fish were collected from the western gulf. The commercial hand-line and "for hire" fisheries both indicated older fish were collected in the western Gulf of Mexico in 1999. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NOAA, US Dept Commerce, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Panama City, FL 32408 USA. RP Allman, RJ (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NOAA, US Dept Commerce, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 3500 Delwood Beach Rd, Panama City, FL 32408 USA. NR 19 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU GULF CARIBBEAN FISHERIES INST GCFI PI FT PIERCE PA 56OO US HIGHWAY 1 N, FT PIERCE, FL 34946 USA PY 2002 BP 482 EP 495 PG 14 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA BW25C UT WOS:000181335800042 ER PT B AU Lee, HJ Kim, YH Kim, JY Lin, EK Bauer, BJ Wu, W Kim, HJ AF Lee, HJ Kim, YH Kim, JY Lin, EK Bauer, BJ Wu, W Kim, HJ GP IEEE IEEE TI Structural characterization of porous low-k SiOC thin films using x-ray porosimetry SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE 2002 INTERNATIONAL INTERCONNECT TECHNOLOGY CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th Annual International Interconnect Technology Conference (IITC) CY JUN 03-05, 2002 CL BURLINGAME, CA SP IEEE Electron Devices Soc ID CHEMICAL-VAPOR-DEPOSITION; PORE-SIZE DISTRIBUTION; REFLECTIVITY AB A novel x-ray porosimetry measurement is used to characterize the structure and properties of porous low-k dielectric films after varying process conditions. We determine the film thickness, density depth profile, average density, wall density, and porosity. When the deposition temperature increases, the porosity and wall density increase. The low porosity of films deposited at 200 degreesC results in good mechanical properties with a dielectric constant as low as 2.5. C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lee, HJ (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 7 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7216-6 PY 2002 BP 54 EP 56 DI 10.1109/IITC.2002.1014885 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA BU66G UT WOS:000176641200016 ER PT J AU Jahanmir, S AF Jahanmir, S TI Wear transitions and tribochemical reactions in ceramics SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PART J-JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING TRIBOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ceramics; wear transition; tribochemical reactions; microfracture; alumina; silicon; nitride; silicon carbide ID HERTZIAN CONTACT DAMAGE; NITRIDE BOUNDARY LUBRICATION; SILICON-NITRIDE; ALPHA-ALUMINA; FRACTURE-TOUGHNESS; ROUGH SURFACES; CYCLIC FATIGUE; GRAIN-SIZE; FRICTION; STRESSES AB Structural ceramics are used in diverse tribological applications due to their unique properties that include resistance to abrasion and erosion. resistance to corrosive wear. wear resistance at elevated temperatures. low density and unique electrical, thermal and magnetic properties. Applications include precision instrument bearings, cutting tool inserts, prosthetic articulating joints and engine components. Following a brief overview of the processing methods applied to alumina. silicon nitride and silicon carbide, the wear behaviour of these ceramics is reviewed. The wear behaviour changes as the load or the coefficient of friction is increased. This change is associated with a drastic increase in wear at a critical load that depends on the material and test conditions. This transition from mild to severe wear occurs through a microfracture process at the sliding contact. Contact mechanics is used to develop a simple model to determine whether contact failure occurs by a classical brittle process (i.e. cone cracking) or a quasi-plastic behaviour (i.e. small microcracks distributed below the contact surface). The model provides estimates of the transition load within a factor of two of the ex peri men tally obtained values and indicates that the brittle behaviour dominates the observed transition from mild to severe wear in the three ceramics evaluated in this study. The limitations of the model and its use in design of tribological components are discussed. The role of lubrication and tribochemical reactions between ceramic surfaces and atmospheric moisture on the wear behaviour is discussed. C1 NIST, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP NIST, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 62 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 6 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON EC1Y 1SP, ENGLAND SN 1350-6501 EI 2041-305X J9 P I MECH ENG J-J ENG JI Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part J.-J. Eng. Tribol. PY 2002 VL 216 IS J6 BP 371 EP 385 DI 10.1243/135065002762355307 PG 15 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 630NF UT WOS:000180113900004 ER PT J AU Hsu, SM Munro, R Shen, MC AF Hsu, SM Munro, R Shen, MC TI Wear in boundary lubrication SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PART J-JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING TRIBOLOGY LA English DT Article DE lubricated wear; materials; lubricant chemistry; lubricating films; additives ID OXIDATION; CONTACTS; SURFACES AB Wear is a complex subject. Wear studies under lubricated conditions can be classified into two categories: wear mechanisms study of the materials under 'lubricated' conditions, and the evaluation of the lubricant chemistry using the same materials. Much confusion exists in the literature because these two communities historically do not interact frequently to understand each other's views. In the 1980s, material science research was emphasized around the world. As a result, wear studies began to flourish, examining various new materials for potential applications in new technologies. Since new materials came in many different forms, a wide variety of wear test geometries and test methods were developed for solids, coatings and thin films. Many of the wear test methodologies were established under a 'dry' condition (without the use of liquid lubricants). In this paper, the dry condition will be used as a baseline to compare various wear phenomena under lubricated conditions. Within this context, wear test procedures, basic assumptions and associated data interpretations will be examined. Wear mechanisms under lubricated conditions will also be discussed. Finally the current state of modelling under lubricated wear conditions will be reviewed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Sulzer Orthopaed Inc, Austin, TX USA. RP Hsu, SM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Room A-265,Bldg 223, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 32 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 5 PU PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERING PUBLISHING LTD PI BURY ST EDMUNDS PA NORTHGATE AVENUE,, BURY ST EDMUNDS IP32 6BW, SUFFOLK, ENGLAND SN 1350-6501 J9 P I MECH ENG J-J ENG JI Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part J.-J. Eng. Tribol. PY 2002 VL 216 IS J6 BP 427 EP 441 DI 10.1243/135065002762355343 PG 15 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 630NF UT WOS:000180113900008 ER PT B AU Kinard, JR Lipe, TE Wunsch, TF Manginell, RP AF Kinard, JR Lipe, TE Wunsch, TF Manginell, RP GP ISA/IEEE ISA/IEEE TI Design and fabrication of multijunction thermal converters at NIST and Sandia National Laboratories SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ISA/IEEE SENSORS FOR INDUSTRY CONFERENCE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd ISA/IEEE Sensors for Industry Conference CY NOV 19-21, 2002 CL HOUSTON, TX SP Instrumentat Syst & Automat Soc, IEEE Instrumentat & Measurement Soc AB The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) are collaborating on the design and fabrication of thin-film multifunction thermal converters (MJTCs). A brief description of thermal converters and their applications is presented, followed by descriptions of the motivation, fabrication processes, physical characteristics and the electrical properties of the thin-film MJTCs produced by the NIST/SNL project. C1 NIST, Div Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kinard, JR (reprint author), NIST, Div Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ISA, INSTRUMENTATION, SYSTEM AND AUTOMATION SOC PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA 67 ALEXANDER DR, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709 USA BN 1-55617-834-4 PY 2002 BP 84 EP 87 PG 4 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Computer Science; Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BV90N UT WOS:000180355800016 ER PT J AU Gurski, KF Pego, RL AF Gurski, KF Pego, RL TI Normal modes for a stratified viscous fluid layer SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH SECTION A-MATHEMATICS LA English DT Article ID INTERNAL WAVES; CRITICAL-POINT AB We consider internal gravity waves in a stratified fluid layer with rigid horizontal boundaries and periodic boundary conditions on the sides at constant temperature with a small constant viscosity, modelled using the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. Using operator-theoretic methods to study the damping rates of internal waves we prove there are non-oscillatory wave modes with arbitrarily small damping rates. We provide an asymptotic approximation for these non-oscillatory modes. Additionally, we find that the eigenvalues for damped oscillations are in an explicitly describable half-ring. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Math, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Maryland, Inst Phys Sci & Technol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Gurski, KF (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Pego, Robert/A-7641-2017; OI Pego, Robert/0000-0001-8502-2820; Gurski, Katharine/0000-0002-4589-8307 NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU ROYAL SOC EDINBURGH PI EDINBURGH PA 22-26 GEORGE ST, EDINBURGH EH2 2PQ, MIDLOTHIAN, SCOTLAND SN 0308-2105 J9 P ROY SOC EDINB A JI Proc. R. Soc. Edinb. Sect. A-Math. PY 2002 VL 132 BP 611 EP 625 DI 10.1017/S0308210500001803 PN 3 PG 15 WC Mathematics, Applied; Mathematics SC Mathematics GA 571FC UT WOS:000176704800006 ER PT B AU Song, JF Vorburger, TV Clary, R Whitenton, E Ma, L Ballou, S AF Song, JF Vorburger, TV Clary, R Whitenton, E Ma, L Ballou, S BE Tan, JB Wen, XF TI Standards for optical imaging systems in forensic laboratories SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECOND INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON INSTRUMENTATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, VOL 3 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Symposium on Instrumentation Science and Technology (ISIST 2002) CY AUG 18-22, 2002 CL JINAN, PEOPLES R CHINA SP Int Comm Measurements & Instrumentat, Natl Nat Sci Fdn China, Chinese Soc Measurement, Instrumentat Comm, China Instrument Soc, Harbin Inst Technol, Hefei Univ Technol, Shandong Univ DE reference material; RM; standard bullet; standard casing; bullet signature; ballistics; traceability ID SPECIMENS AB The NIST RM (Reference Material) 8240/8250 standard bullets and casings project aims to support the National Integrated Ballistics Information Network (NIBIN) in the US. Original signatures were profiled on six master bullets from central laboratories of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF) and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). The six digitized bullet signatures were stored in a NIST computer as a virtual standard for the manufacturing of standard bullets. In January 2002, twenty RM 8240 standard bullets were manufactured at NIST's Instrument Shop using a numerically controlled diamond turning machine. Test results showed high reproducibility of the bullet signatures on different standard bullets. A new parameter using autocorrelation functions was developed for bullet signature comparisons. A traceability diagram was also proposed for local ballistics measurements traceable to the National Laboratory Center of the ATF and to the FBI. Prototype standard casings were developed in 2000 using an electro-forming process. Test results showed high reproducibility for the casing signatures. RM 8250 standard casings are planned for fabrication. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Song, JF (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU HARBIN INSTITUTE TECHNOLOGY PUBLISHERS PI HARBIN PA 16 FUXINGJIE NANGANGQU, HARBIN 150006, HEILONGJIANG, PEOPLES R CHINA PY 2002 BP 1 EP 8 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Chemistry; Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics GA BW04Z UT WOS:000180731600001 ER PT B AU Feng, SC Song, EY AF Feng, SC Song, EY BE Shen, W DeSouza, JM Barthes, JP Lin, Z TI Preliminary design and manufacturing planning integration using intelligent agents SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE SEVENTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CSCW IN DESIGN LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work in Design (CSCWD 2002) CY SEP 25-27, 2002 CL RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL SP Fdn Carlos Chagas Filho Amparo Pesquisa Estado Rio Janeiro, Soc Brasileira Comp, Univ Fed Rio Janeiro, IEEE, Rio Janeiro Sect, Coppetec Fdn AB Intelligent agents can enable the integra,ion of preliminary design with manufacturing planning software systems. These agents execute in a computer-based collaborative environment called "multi-agent platform." A prototype agent platform supporting the integration of preliminary design and manufacturing planning has been developed at NIST These agents have access to a knowledge base that is implemented by rules, generated by mapping design information to process and resource selections. The rules are derived from an analysis of design factors that influence process and resource planning, such as product material, form, shape complexity, features, dimension, tolerance, surface condition, and production volume. Process planning agents provide process planners with information regarding selecting preliminary manufacturing processes, determining manufacturing resources, and constructing feed-back information to product designers. The agent platform enables the information exchange among agents, based on the integrated object model. The main purposes of developing such a platform are to support product preliminary design, optimize product form and structure, and reduce the manufacturing cost in the early design process. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Feng, SC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 8 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU UNIV FED RIO DE JANEIRO, PI RIO JANEIRO PA COORDENACAO PROGRAMAS POS-GRADUACAO ENGENHARIA, RIO JANEIRO, BRAZIL BN 85-285-0050-0 PY 2002 BP 270 EP 275 DI 10.1109/CSCWD.2002.1047696 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Information Systems SC Computer Science GA BV99Q UT WOS:000180623700048 ER PT J AU Macklin, SA Radchenko, VI Saitoh, S Stabeno, PJ AF Macklin, SA Radchenko, VI Saitoh, S Stabeno, PJ TI Variability in the Bering Sea ecosystem SO PROGRESS IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Editorial Material ID PACIFIC C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Macklin, SA (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way Ne, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 8 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0079-6611 J9 PROG OCEANOGR JI Prog. Oceanogr. PY 2002 VL 55 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 4 AR PII S0079-6611(02)00115-5 DI 10.1016/S0079-6611(02)00115-5 PG 4 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 609TM UT WOS:000178920700001 ER PT J AU Hunt, GL Stabeno, PJ AF Hunt, GL Stabeno, PJ TI Climate change and the control of energy flow in the southeastern Bering Sea SO PROGRESS IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th Annual Meeting of the North-Pacific-Marine-Science-Organization (PICES) CY OCT, 2001 CL VICTORIA, CANADA SP N Pacific Marine Sci Org ID POLLOCK THERAGRA-CHALCOGRAMMA; ICE-EDGE ZONE; PRIBILOF-ISLANDS; SPRING BLOOM; PHYTOPLANKTON DYNAMICS; TEMPORAL VARIABILITY; INTRAGUILD PREDATION; PHYSICAL-ENVIRONMENT; ANOMALOUS CONDITIONS; MIDDLE SHELF AB We examine how coupling between physical and biological processes influences the production and transfer of energy to upper trophic-level species in the southeastern Bering Sea. We review time series that illustrate changes in the marine climate of the southeastern Bering Sea since the mid-1970s, particularly variability in the persistence of sea ice and the timing of its retreat. Time series (1995 - 2001) from a biophysical mooring in the middle domain of the southeastern shelf support the hypothesis that retreat of the winter sea ice before mid-March (or the failure of ice to be advected into a region) results in an open water bloom in May or June in relatively warm water (greater than or equal to3 degreesC). Conversely, when ice retreat is delayed until mid-March or later, an ice-associated bloom occurs in cold (less than or equal to0 degreesC) water in early spring. These variations are important because the growth and production of zooplankton and the growth and survival of larval and juvenile fish are sensitive to water temperature. The Oscillating Control Hypothesis (OCH) recently proposed by Hunt et al. (2002), predicts that control of the abundance of forage fish, and in the case of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma), recruitment of large piscivorous fish, will switch from bottom-up limitation in extended periods with late ice retreat to top-down in warmer periods when ice retreat occurs before mid-March. In support of this hypothesis, we review recent data from the southeastern Bering Sea that show 2- to 13-fold changes in copepod abundance with changes in spring water temperatures of 3 to 5 degreesC. We also provide indirect evidence that the abundance of adult pollock on the eastern Bering Sea shelf negatively affects the abundance forage fishes (including juvenile pollock) available to top predators. Although there is evidence that pollock year-class strength is positively related to temperature, we lack the time series of pollock populations in extended periods (8 - 10 years) of cold-water blooms necessary to test the OCH. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Ecol & Evolut Biol, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Ecol & Evolut Biol, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. EM glhunt@uci.edu OI Hunt, George/0000-0001-8709-2697 NR 83 TC 106 Z9 108 U1 2 U2 14 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0079-6611 J9 PROG OCEANOGR JI Prog. Oceanogr. PY 2002 VL 55 IS 1-2 BP 5 EP 22 AR PII S0079-6611(02)00067-8 DI 10.1016/S0079-6611(02)00067-8 PG 18 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 609TM UT WOS:000178920700002 ER PT J AU Yanagimoto, T Nishimura, A Mito, K Takao, Y Williamson, NJ AF Yanagimoto, T Nishimura, A Mito, K Takao, Y Williamson, NJ TI Interannual changes of biological properties of walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma in the central Bering Sea SO PROGRESS IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th Annual Meeting of the North-Pacific-Marine-Science-Organization (PICES) CY OCT, 2001 CL VICTORIA, CANADA SP N Pacific Marine Sci Org ID PHYSICAL-ENVIRONMENT; ICE COVER; PACIFIC; FISH; VARIABILITY; ZOOPLANKTON; PARASITES AB Walleye pollock, Theragra chalcogramma, is a key species in the Aleutian Basin ecosystem. The horizontal distribution and biological characteristics of the pelagic walleye pollock were examined in the Aleutian Basin in order to elucidate any interannual changes that may have occurred during the last decade. Historical survey data obtained between 1989 and 1999 from Echo Integration Mid-water Trawl Surveys (EIMWT) were used to analyze distributions, length-age relationships, spawning activities, and parasite infection. Commercial fisheries in the Aleutian Basin showed a peak in catches in the late 1980s, and these rapidly declined in the early 1990s. Acoustic surveys indicated a geographical contraction of summer distribution in the early 1990s, in accord with the decrease in catches by the commercial fishery. Winter survey results revealed that pollock became concentrated in the Bogoslof spawning area, as the spawning biomass decreased in the 1990s. Age compositions showed that the 1978-year class was dominant in the early 1990s, and was replaced by the 1989-year class in the mid- to late-1990s. At the same time, length at age increased, and the modal length of spawning pollock increased from 480 mm in 1989 to 560 mm (male) and 580 mm (female) in 1999. Over the last decade, the historical strong 1978-year class disappeared, and significant changes were observed in the biomass, horizontal distribution, size composition, growth, and spawning period in Aleutian Basin pollock stock. Environmental change associated with the decadal-scale climate variability was thought to be responsible for the interannual changes in some of the biological properties. Under this environmental regime, there were biomass fluctuations and biological properties, such as growth and fecundity, may have been influenced by density-dependent effects. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Hokkaido Natl Fisheries Res Inst, Kushiro, Hokkaido 0850802, Japan. Natl Res Inst Fisheries Engn, Ibaraki 3140421, Japan. Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98036 USA. RP Yanagimoto, T (reprint author), Hokkaido Natl Fisheries Res Inst, 116 Katsurakoi, Kushiro, Hokkaido 0850802, Japan. EM yanagimo@fra.affrc.go.jp NR 39 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0079-6611 J9 PROG OCEANOGR JI Prog. Oceanogr. PY 2002 VL 55 IS 1-2 BP 195 EP 208 AR PII S0079-6611(02)00078-2 DI 10.1016/S0079-6611(02)00078-2 PG 14 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 609TM UT WOS:000178920700013 ER PT J AU Conners, ME Hollowed, AB Brown, E AF Conners, ME Hollowed, AB Brown, E TI Retrospective analysis of Bering Sea bottom trawl surveys: regime shift and ecosystem reorganization SO PROGRESS IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th Annual Meeting of the North-Pacific-Marine-Sciences-Organization (PICES) CY OCT, 2001 CL VICTORIA, CANADA SP N Pacific Marine Sci Org ID POLLOCK THERAGRA-CHALCOGRAMMA; CLIMATE VARIABILITY; PHYSICAL PROCESSES; PACIFIC; FISH; PATTERNS; OSCILLATION; ENVIRONMENT; IMPACTS; OCEAN AB This paper compiles data from bottom trawl surveys using variations on a 400-mesh eastern trawl gear into a 38-year time series (1963-2000), using a robust index of median catch per unit effort (CPUE) as an indicator of regional abundance. Time series are presented for three index sites in the southeastern Bering Sea: the inner shelf in Bristol Bay, the middle shelf north of Unimak Island, and the outer shelf near the Pribilof Islands. All three sites show strong evidence of a shift in benthic biomass and community structure in the early to mid-1980s. During this period, all three sites showed substantial increases in the abundances of walleye pollock, Pacific cod, rock sole, flathead sole, cartilaginous fishes (skates) and non-crab benthic invertebrates. Species composition, especially of flatfish, differs at the three sites, but the trend for groundfish abundance to increase was consistent at all three sites. The similarity in trends both across the region and across both commercial and unexploited groups suggests to us that a complete reorganization of benthic and demersal food webs may have taken place. The timing of change in trawl catch weight is consistent with effects of the strong regime shift observed in climate indices in 1976-1977. There is little evidence of similar biological responses to subsequent, less pronounced changes in climate. Our data are also consistent with recently documented shifts in ecosystem dynamics resulting from changes in ice cover and thermal structure in the eastern Bering Sea. Our analysis indicates that there was a much higher biomass of groundfish at all three sites during 1980-2000 than in 1960-1980. This result provides evidence against the hypothesis that the overall productivity of the eastern Bering Sea has decreased. The precipitous decline of the endangered Steller sea lion in this region from 1975-1985 was concurrent with an overall increase in abundance of groundfish prey. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 NMFS, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Conners, ME (reprint author), NMFS, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 37 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0079-6611 J9 PROG OCEANOGR JI Prog. Oceanogr. PY 2002 VL 55 IS 1-2 BP 209 EP 222 AR PII S0079-6611(02)00079-4 DI 10.1016/S0079-6611(02)00079-4 PG 14 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 609TM UT WOS:000178920700014 ER PT J AU Wilderbuer, TK Hollowed, AB Ingraham, WJ Spencer, PD Conners, ME Bond, NA Walters, GE AF Wilderbuer, TK Hollowed, AB Ingraham, WJ Spencer, PD Conners, ME Bond, NA Walters, GE TI Flatfish recruitment response to decadal climatic variability and ocean conditions in the eastern Bering Sea SO PROGRESS IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th Annual Meeting of the North-Pacific-Marine-Sciences-Organization (PICES) CY OCT, 2001 CL VICTORIA, CANADA SP N Pacific Marine Sci Org ID WALLEYE POLLOCK; MARINE FISH; STOCK AB This paper provides a retrospective analysis of the relationship of physical oceanography and biology and recruitment of three; Eastern Bering Sea flatfish stocks: flathead sole (Hippoglossoides elassodon), northern rock sole (Lepidopsetta polyxystra), and arrowtooth flounder (Atheresthes stomias) for the period 1978-1996. Temporal trends in flatfish production in the Eastern Bering Sea are consistent with the hypothesis that decadal scale climate variability influences marine survival during the early life history period. Density-dependence (spawning stock size) is statistically significant in a Ricker model of flatfish recruitment, which includes environmental terms. Wind-driven advection of flatfish larvae to favorable nursery grounds was also found to coincide with years of above-average recruitment through the use of an ocean surface current simulation model (OSCURS). Ocean forcing of Bristol Bay surface waters during springtime was mostly shoreward (eastward) during the 1980s and seaward (westerly) during the 1990s, corresponding with periods of good and poor recruitment. Distance from shore and water depth at the endpoint of 90-day drift periods (estimated time of settlement) were also found to correspond with flatfish productivity. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Oceans, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Wilderbuer, TK (reprint author), Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE,Bld 4, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 34 TC 77 Z9 81 U1 1 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0079-6611 J9 PROG OCEANOGR JI Prog. Oceanogr. PY 2002 VL 55 IS 1-2 BP 235 EP 247 AR PII S0079-6611(02)00081-2 DI 10.1016/S0079-6611(02)00081-2 PG 13 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 609TM UT WOS:000178920700016 ER PT J AU Moore, SE Waite, JM Friday, NA Honkalehto, T AF Moore, SE Waite, JM Friday, NA Honkalehto, T TI Cetacean distribution and relative abundance on the central-eastern and the southeastern Bering Sea shelf with reference to oceanographic domains SO PROGRESS IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th Annual Meeting of the North-Pacific-Marine-Sciences-Organization (PICES) CY OCT, 2001 CL VICTORIA, CANADA SP N Pacific Marine Sci Org ID RESPONSIVE MOVEMENT; FORAGING ECOLOGY; MARINE BIRDS; ENVIRONMENT; MAMMALS; PHYSICS; AUKLETS; SUMMER AB Visual line-transect surveys for cetaceans were conducted in the central-eastern Bering Sea (CEBS) from 5 July to 5 August 1999, and in the southeastern Bering Sea (SEBS) from 10 June to 3 July 2000, in association with a pollock stock assessment survey aboard the NOAA ship Miller Freeman. Observers scanned for cetaceans with 25x (Big Eye) binoculars from the flying bridge (platform height = 12m) at survey speeds of 18.5-22 km h(-1) (10-12 knots). Transect survey effort was 1761 km in 1999, in a study area 196,885 km(2); and 2194 km in 2000, in a study area 158,561 km2. An additional 609 and 402 km of trackline was surveyed in 1999 and 2000, respectively, while in transit to or from pollock survey way points. Fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) were the most common large whale, and Dall's porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli) the most common small cetacean in both regions. In the CEBS (1999), uncorrected cetacean abundance estimates were: 3368 (CV = 0.29) fin whales, 810 (CV = 0.36) minke whales (B. acutorostrata), 14,312 (CV = 0.26) Dall's porpoise and 693 (CV = 0.53) harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena). In the SEBS (2000), uncorrected abundance estimates were: 683 (CV = 0.32) fin whales, 102 (CV = 0.50) humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae), 1003 (CV = 0.26) minke whales, 9807 (CV = 0.20) Dall's porpoise and 1958 (CV = 0.21) harbor porpoise. These are the first estimates of cetacean abundance that can be directly compared between two regions of the eastern Bering Sea. Distributions of some species were associated with bathymetric features, and there were occasions when prey associations were obvious. For example, in the SEBS, fin whales occurred on the Middle Shelf (50-100 m) and on the Outer Shelf (100-200 m) near the Pribilof canyon, but in the CEBS fin whales occurred primarily on the Outer Shelf along the 200 m isobath (i.e. the Green Belt). Fin whales were sometimes associated with echo-sounder backscatter from a mixture of fish schools and zooplankton. Humpback whales were also seen on the Middle Shelf, near the 50=m contour where the Inner Front often develops. Non-pollock echosigns observed near cetaceans, some of which may have been cetacean prey, were not routinely identified during trawl sampling because the research focus was on pollock abundance assessment. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Resource Assessment & Conservat Engn Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Moore, SE (reprint author), NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 23 TC 46 Z9 50 U1 4 U2 16 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0079-6611 J9 PROG OCEANOGR JI Prog. Oceanogr. PY 2002 VL 55 IS 1-2 BP 249 EP 261 AR PII S0079-6611(02)00082-4 DI 10.1016/S0079-6611(02)00082-4 PG 13 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 609TM UT WOS:000178920700017 ER PT J AU Hollowed, AB Hare, SR Wooster, WS AF Hollowed, AB Hare, SR Wooster, WS TI Pacific Basin climate variability and patterns of Northeast Pacific marine fish production (vol 49, pg 257, 2001) SO PROGRESS IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Correction C1 Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Int Pacific Halibut Commiss, Seattle, WA 98145 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Marine Affairs, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. RP Hollowed, AB (reprint author), Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 1 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0079-6611 J9 PROG OCEANOGR JI Prog. Oceanogr. PY 2002 VL 55 IS 3-4 BP 371 EP 371 AR PII S0079-6611(02)00116-7 DI 10.1016/S0079-6611(02)00116-7 PG 1 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 632EK UT WOS:000180210600004 ER PT J AU Lynn, RJ Bograd, SJ AF Lynn, RJ Bograd, SJ TI Dynamic evolution of the 1997-1999 El Nino-La Nina cycle in the southern California Current System SO PROGRESS IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on El Nino Along the West Coast of North America CY DEC 06-09, 1999 CL MOSS LANDING, CALIFORNIA ID WEST-COAST; VARIABILITY; ANOMALIES; AMERICA; NORTH; FLOW AB The development of the strongest El Nino event on record in the equatorial Pacific in 1997-1998 and the rapid transition to strong La Nina conditions in 1998-1999 had a large impact on the physical and biological environment of the West Coast. We investigate the evolution of the physical structure and circulation dynamics of the southern California Current System (CCS) during this period based on hydrographic data collected on 25 cruises over a 45-month period (February 1996-October 1999). The El Nino period was characterized by a significant increase in dynamic height, extreme water mass characteristics, a strengthening and broadening of the poleward nearshore flow, and a temporary reversal of net alongshore transport. By early 1999, conditions in the CCS had reversed. The data suggest that remotely driven forcing (propagating oceanic waves) contributed to the anomalies observed during the El Nino period, while the cool-water conditions of 1999 were most likely a result of anomalous local atmospheric forcing. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RP Lynn, RJ (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. NR 23 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 1 U2 9 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0079-6611 J9 PROG OCEANOGR JI Prog. Oceanogr. PY 2002 VL 54 IS 1-4 BP 59 EP 75 AR PII S0079-6611(02)00043-5 DI 10.1016/S0079-6611(02)00043-5 PG 17 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 598ZZ UT WOS:000178308900004 ER PT J AU Peterson, WT Keister, JE Feinberg, LR AF Peterson, WT Keister, JE Feinberg, LR TI The effects of the 1997-99 El Nino/La Nina events on hydrography and zooplankton off the central Oregon coast SO PROGRESS IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on El Nino Along the West Coast of North America CY DEC 06-09, 1999 CL MOSS LANDING, CALIFORNIA DE El Nino; nutrients; chlorophyll; copepod community structure; Pseudocalanus; Calanus ID COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; COPEPOD COMMUNITY; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; CALIFORNIA; MEXICO AB Hydrographic data and nutrient, chlorophyll and zooplankton samples were collected biweekly at a hydrographic station off Newport, Oregon during the 1997-98 El Nino and 1998-99 La Nina event. Our monitoring in 1997 showed that coastal upwelling was initiated in April, the usual time. However, a series of southwesterly storms in May and June 1997 led to a prolonged warming event and reductions in copepod biomass. Though El Nino-driven atmospheric teleconnections might have been responsible for these storms, the coastal ecosystem returned to normal with the resumption of coastal upwelling in mid-July 1997. A downwelling event began on 20 August 1997 resulting in onshore movement of offshore waters. This event appeared to mark the passage of the first Kelvin wave. At this time the shelf became flooded with low-nutrient waters and offshore, 'warm-water' copepod species were transported shoreward. The abundance of local endemic boreal neritic copepod species was reduced greatly, presumably because they were transported out of the system and to the north as a result of the strong poleward flows. Poleward flows strengthened during autumn, and the ocean off Oregon remained anomalously warm through the winter of 1997, spring, and early summer of 1998. Species composition of the coastal copepod assemblage remained anomalous for about a year; species with offshore and subtropical affinities dominated from late August 1997 through late July 1998. During this same period, nitrate concentrations were reduced by a factor of 4.5 (11-month mean of 1.5 muM for August 1997-July 1998 versus 6.9 muM for August 1998-July 1999), copepod biomass was reduced by a factor of 2.1 (4.9 mug carbon 1(-1) versus 10.5 for the same time periods), but chlorophyll concentrations were similar (2.0 versus 2.5 mug 1(-1)). Perhaps the most dramatic effect on copepods during the El Nino period was the nearly complete disappearance of the normally dominant boreal neritic copepod species (Pseudocalanus mimus, Calanus marshallae and Acartia longiremis) and their replacement by subtropical species such as Calanus pacificus, Paracalanus parvus, Ctenocalanus vanus, Corycaeus anglicus and several species of Clausocalanus. These species persisted in the coastal waters through the end of 1998. Although most of the subarctic species began to increase in numbers in August 1998, the impact of the El Nino on Pseudocalanus mimus, normally the numerical dominant in coastal waters, was longer lasting. The P. mimus population did not recover to normal abundance levels until summer of 1999. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Cooperat Inst Marine Resources Studies, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Peterson, WT (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, 2030 S Marine Sci Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RI Keister, Julie/J-8720-2012 OI Keister, Julie/0000-0002-9385-5889 NR 27 TC 84 Z9 84 U1 0 U2 7 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0079-6611 J9 PROG OCEANOGR JI Prog. Oceanogr. PY 2002 VL 54 IS 1-4 BP 381 EP 398 AR PII S0079-6611(02)00059-9 DI 10.1016/S0079-6611(02)00059-9 PG 18 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 598ZZ UT WOS:000178308900020 ER PT J AU Schwing, FB Murphree, T deWitt, L Green, PM AF Schwing, FB Murphree, T deWitt, L Green, PM TI The evolution of oceanic and atmospheric anomalies in the northeast Pacific during the El Nino and La Nina events of 1995-2001 SO PROGRESS IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on El Nino Along the West Coast of North America CY DEC 06-09, 1999 CL MOSS LANDING, CA DE atmospheric circulation; climate; El Nino phenomena; eastern boundary currents; upwelling ID CALIFORNIA CURRENT SYSTEM; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; SOUTHERN-OSCILLATION; WEST-COAST; SEA-LEVEL; CLIMATE OSCILLATIONS; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; REGIME SHIFTS; WIND STRESS; HEAT-FLUX AB From late 1995 through early 2001, three major interannual climate events occurred in the tropical Pacific; the 199597 La Nina (LN), 1997-98 El Nino (EN), and 1998-2001 LN. We analyze atmospheric and upper oceanic anomalies in the northeast Pacific (NEP) during these events, and compare them to anomalies both elsewhere in the north and tropical Pacific, and to typical EN and LN anomaly patterns. The atmospheric and oceanic anomalies varied strongly on intraseasonal and interannual scales. During the 1995-97 LN and 1997-98 EN, the Northeast Pacific was dominated by negative SLP and cyclonic wind anomalies, and by upper ocean temperature and sea surface height (SSH) anomalies. The latter were positive along the North American west coast and in the NEP thermal anomaly pool (between Hawaii, Vancouver Island, and Baja California), and negative in the central north Pacific. This atmospheric/oceanic anomaly pattern is typical of EN. An eastward shift in the atmospheric teleconnection from east Asia created EN-like anomalies in the NEP during the 1995-97 LN, well before the 1997-98 EN had begun. The persistence of negative sea-level pressure (SLP) and cyclonic wind anomalies in the NEP during the 1997-98 EN intensified pre-existing upper oceanic anomalies. Atmospheric anomalies were shifted eastward during late 1996-early 1998, leading to a similar onshore shift of oceanic anomalies. This produced exceptionally strong positive upper ocean temperature and SSH anomalies along the west coast during the 1997-98 EN, and explains the unusual coastal occurrences of several species of large pelagic warm-water fishes. The growth and eastward shift of these pre-existing anomalies does not appear to have been linked to tropical Pacific EN anomalies until late 1997, when a clear atmospheric teleconnection between the two regions developed. Prior to this, remote atmospheric impacts on the NEP were primarily from east Asia. As the 19982001 LN developed, NEP anomalies began reversing toward the typical LN pattern. This led to predominantly negative SLP and cyclonic wind anomalies in the NEP, and upper ocean temperature and SSH anomalies that were mainly negative along the west coast and positive in the central north Pacific. The persistence of these anomalies into mid-2001, and a number of concurrent biological changes in the NEP, suggest that a decadal climate shift may have occurred in late 1998. During 1995-2001, NEP oceanic anomalies tracked the overlying atmospheric anomalies, as indicated by the maintenance of a characteristic spatial relationship between these anomalies. In particular, wind stress curl and SSH anomalies in the NEP maintained an inverse relationship that strengthened and shifted eastward toward the west coast during late 1996-early 1998. This consistent relationship indicates that anomalous Ekman transport driven by regional atmospheric forcing was an important contributor to temperature and SSH anomalies in the NEP and CCS during the 1997-98 EN. Other studies have shown that coastal propagations originating from the tropical Pacific also may have contributed to coastal NEP anomalies during this EN. Our results indicate that at least some of this coastal anomaly signal may have been generated by regional atmospheric forcing within the NEP. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 NOAA, NMFS, SWFSC, Pacific Fisheries Environm Lab, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. USN, Postgrad Sch, Dept Meteorol, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. Univ Hawaii, Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Schwing, FB (reprint author), NOAA, NMFS, SWFSC, Pacific Fisheries Environm Lab, 1352 Lighthouse Ave, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. EM fschwing@pfeg.noaa.gov NR 64 TC 103 Z9 105 U1 2 U2 17 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0079-6611 J9 PROG OCEANOGR JI Prog. Oceanogr. PY 2002 VL 54 IS 1-4 BP 459 EP 491 AR PII S0079-6611(02)00064-2 DI 10.1016/S0079-6611(02)00064-2 PG 33 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 598ZZ UT WOS:000178308900025 ER PT J AU Castro, CG Baumgartner, TR Bograd, S Castro, R Chavez, FP Collins, CA Durazo, R Garcia, J Gaxiola-Castro, G Hayward, T Huyer, A Lynn, R Mascarenhas, AS Robert, MRD Smith, RL Wheeler, PA Whitney, FA AF Castro, CG Baumgartner, TR Bograd, S Castro, R Chavez, FP Collins, CA Durazo, R Garcia, J Gaxiola-Castro, G Hayward, T Huyer, A Lynn, R Mascarenhas, AS Robert, MRD Smith, RL Wheeler, PA Whitney, FA TI Introduction to 'The 1997-8 El Nino Atlas of oceanographic conditions along the west coast of North America (23 degrees N-50 degrees N)' SO PROGRESS IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on El Nino Along the West Coast of North America CY DEC 06-09, 1999 CL MOSS LANDING, CALIFORNIA AB Hydrographic data collected along the West Coast of North America between January 1997 and January 1999 have been compiled into a web-based Atlas of the 1997-8 El Nino event. This paper discusses the organization of the Atlas, describes the data that were incorporated into the Atlas and explains how vertical and horizontal distributions for the different properties were constructed. Examples of figures from the Atlas are shown. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 USN, Postgrad Sch, Dept Oceanog, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. Monterey Bay Aquarium Res Inst, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. Ctr Invest Cientifica & Educ Super Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Marine Life Res Grp, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. NOAA, NMFS, Pacific Fisheries Environm Lab, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. Univ Autonoma Baja California, Fac Ciencias Marinas, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico. Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NOAA, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. Inst Ocean Sci, Sidney, BC V8L 4B2, Canada. RP Castro, CG (reprint author), USN, Postgrad Sch, Dept Oceanog, 833 Dyer Rd,Rm 328, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. OI Castro, Carmen G./0000-0001-7415-078X NR 13 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0079-6611 J9 PROG OCEANOGR JI Prog. Oceanogr. PY 2002 VL 54 IS 1-4 BP 503 EP 511 AR PII S0079-6611(02)00066-6 DI 10.1016/S0079-6611(02)00066-6 PG 9 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 598ZZ UT WOS:000178308900027 ER PT J AU Schwing, FB Murphree, T Green, PM AF Schwing, FB Murphree, T Green, PM TI The Northern Oscillation Index (NOI): a new climate index for the northeast Pacific SO PROGRESS IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Review ID 1997-98 EL-NINO; SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; CALIFORNIA CURRENT; ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; TROPICAL PACIFIC; WIND STRESS; HEAT-FLUX; OCEAN; HEMISPHERE AB We introduce the Northern Oscillation Index (NOI), a new index of climate variability based on the difference in sea level pressure (SLP) anomalies at the North Pacific High (NPH) in the northeast Pacific (NEP) and near Darwin, Australia, in a climatologically low SLP region. These two locations are centers of action for the north Pacific Hadley-Walker atmospheric circulation. SLPs at these sites have a strong negative correlation that reflects their roles in this circulation. Global atmospheric circulation anomaly patterns indicate that the NEP is linked to the western tropical Pacific and southeast Asia via atmospheric wave trains associated with fluctuations in this circulation. Thus the NOI represents a wide range of tropical and extratropical climate events impacting the north Pacific on intraseasonal, interannual, and decadal scales. The NOI is roughly the north Pacific equivalent of the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), but extends between the tropics and extratropics. Because the NOI is partially based in the NEP, it provides a more direct indication of the mechanisms by which global-scale climate events affect the north Pacific and North America. The NOI is dominated by interannual variations associated with El Nino and La Nina (EN/LN) events. Large positive (negative) index values are usually associated with LN (EN) and negative (positive) upper ocean temperature anomalies in the NEP, particularly along the North American west coast. The NOI and SOI are highly correlated, but are clearly different in several respects. EN/LN variations tend to be represented by larger swings in the NOI. Forty percent of the interannual moderate and strong interannual NOI events are seen by the SOI as events that are either weak or opposite in sign. The NOI appears to be a better index of environmental variability in the NEP than the SOI, and NPH SLP alone, suggesting the NOI is more effective at incorporating the influences of regional and remotely teleconnected climate processes. The NOI contains alternating decadal-scale periods dominated by positive and negative values, suggesting substantial climate shifts on a roughly 14-year 'cycle'. The NOI was predominantly positive prior to 1965, during 1970-1976 and 1984-1991, and since 1998. Negative values predominated in 1965-1970, 1977-1983, and 1991-1998. In the NEP, interannual and decadal-scale negative NOI periods (e.g. EN events) are generally associated with weaker trade winds, weaker coastal upwelling-favorable winds, warmer upper ocean temperatures, lower Pacific Northwest salmon catch, higher Alaska salmon catch, and generally decreased macrozooplankton biomass off southern California. The opposite physical and biological patterns generally occur where the index is positive. Simultaneous correlations of the NOI with north Pacific upper ocean temperature anomalies are greatest during the boreal winter and spring, Lagged correlations, of the winter and spring NOI with subsequent upper ocean temperatures are high for several seasons. The relationships between the NOI and atmospheric and physical and biological oceanic anomalies in the NEP indicate this index is a useful diagnostic of climate change in the NEP, and suggest mechanisms linking variations in the physical environment to marine resources on interannual to decadal climate scales. The NOI time series is available online at: http://www.pfeg.noaa.gov. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, NMFS, Pacific Fisheries Environm Lab, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. USN, Postgrad Sch, Dept Meteorol, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. Univ Hawaii, Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Schwing, FB (reprint author), NOAA, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, NMFS, Pacific Fisheries Environm Lab, 1352 Lighthouse Ave, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. NR 56 TC 130 Z9 134 U1 0 U2 13 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0079-6611 J9 PROG OCEANOGR JI Prog. Oceanogr. PY 2002 VL 53 IS 2-4 BP 115 EP 139 AR PII S0079-6611(02)00027-7 DI 10.1016/S0079-6611(02)00027-7 PG 25 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 574QF UT WOS:000176900500002 ER PT J AU Doyle, MJ Mier, KL Busby, MS Brodeur, RD AF Doyle, MJ Mier, KL Busby, MS Brodeur, RD TI Regional variation in springtime ichthyoplankton assemblages in the northeast Pacific Ocean SO PROGRESS IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Review DE ichthyoplankton; assemblages; spatial patterns; habitat; topography; current patterns ID LARVAL FISH ASSEMBLAGES; MIDDLE ATLANTIC BIGHT; WALLEYE POLLOCK; SHELIKOF-STRAIT; BERING SEA; ALASKA; GULF; DISTRIBUTIONS; RECRUITMENT; ECOSYSTEM AB The coastal regions of the northeast Pacific support large, economically valuable fishery resources and provide nursery areas for many fish species. Over the last few decades, there have been dramatic shifts in species abundance and composition in this area. In this paper, we examine the springtime spatial patterns in the ichthyoplankton of three oceanographically different regions, the Southeast Bering Sea, the Gulf of Alaska and the U.S. West Coast. The data examined are a subset of a larger database (comprising data from cruises conducted from 1972 to 1997) that is being used to investigate spatial, seasonal and interannual patterns in ichthyoplankton of the northeast Pacific in relation to environmental conditions. Ichthyoplankton were collected during seven cruises using 60-cm bongo nets. Spatial patterns of ichthyoplankton were examined using both classification and ordination techniques. Relative Bray-Curtis dissimilarity coefficients calculated from the log(10) (n+1) of abundance data were used as input to the numerical classification of species and stations. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling was also applied to the abundance data to examine geometric patterns in the data. The numerical analyses of the species abundance data sets for each cruise revealed spatial patterns in the ichthyoplankton that suggest the occurrence of geographically distinct assemblages of fish larvae in each region. For all three sampling regions, the assemblage structure is primarily related to bathymetry, and Shelf, Slope, and DeepWater assemblages are described. This shallow to deep-water gradient in species occurrence and abundance reflects the habitat preference and spawning location of the adult fish. Another degree of complexity is superimposed on this primary assemblage structure in each region and seems to be related to local topography and the prevailing current patterns. The patterns in ichthyoplankton assemblages of the three regions in the northeast Pacific Ocean described here form the basis for future investigations of spatial and temporal patterns in the ichthyoplankton of the subarctic Pacific. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Oceans, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Doyle, MJ (reprint author), Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Oceans, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 51 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0079-6611 J9 PROG OCEANOGR JI Prog. Oceanogr. PY 2002 VL 53 IS 2-4 BP 247 EP 281 AR PII S0079-6611(02)00033-2 DI 10.1016/S0079-6611(02)00033-2 PG 35 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 574QF UT WOS:000176900500008 ER PT J AU Hermann, AJ Haidvogel, DB Dobbins, EL Stabeno, PJ AF Hermann, AJ Haidvogel, DB Dobbins, EL Stabeno, PJ TI Coupling global and regional circulation models in the coastal Gulf of Alaska SO PROGRESS IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Review ID SHALLOW-WATER EQUATIONS; EDDY-RESOLVING MODEL; NORTHEAST PACIFIC; OF-ALASKA; ALTIMETRY DATA; OCEAN; INSTABILITY; TOPOGRAPHY; SYSTEM; STRAIT AB As part of the US GLOBEC NE Pacific program, we are simulating currents in the Coastal Gulf of Alaska (CGOA) to explore sources of interannual and interdecadal variability. To do so, we have developed a coupled modeling system composed of linked regional and global circulation models. The regional model, configured with 13-22 km resolution in the CGOA, is forced at the surface by observed heat fluxes and wind stresses, at the continental boundaries by observed runoff, and at the open ocean boundaries by a combination of tracer climatologies and sub-tidal velocity and tidal elevation provided by a global finite element model. In this communication, we describe the coupled system, including its present method of intermodel coupling, describe a series of multi-year model hindcasts, compare hindcast results with Eulerian and Lagrangian field data obtained in the CGOA in fall 1996, and assess the impact of global information (barotropic sub-tidal velocities and tidal elevations) on the regional model under the present coupling strategy. We find that the regional model produces appropriate current systems (Alaskan Stream, Alaska Coastal Current) and scalar fields, but with mesoscale variability (of SSH and velocities) at somewhat reduced strength relative to data, and with temperature gradients somewhat larger than those observed. Barotropic sub-tidal information from the global model penetrates the regional model interior, supplying additional mesoscale variability, and modifying regional velocity and scalar fields in both shallow and deep areas. Tidal information exerts a significant influence on sub-tidal scalar and velocity structure only in specific shallow areas, where the tides (and tidal mixing) are strongest. Pending the exploration of alternate coupling schemes, we infer from these results that on a time scale of months, purely barotropic information from outside the CGOA will have a modest impact on its mean regional circulation, but a potentially stronger impact on the statistics and details of mesoscale eddies, (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Oceans, JISAO, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Hermann, AJ (reprint author), Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Oceans, JISAO, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. OI Dobbins, Elizabeth/0000-0002-4014-977X NR 41 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0079-6611 J9 PROG OCEANOGR JI Prog. Oceanogr. PY 2002 VL 53 IS 2-4 BP 335 EP 367 AR PII S0079-6611(02)00036-8 DI 10.1016/S0079-6611(02)00036-8 PG 33 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 574QF UT WOS:000176900500011 ER PT J AU Peterson, WT Keister, JE AF Peterson, WT Keister, JE TI The effect of a large cape on distribution patterns of coastal and oceanic copepods off Oregon and northern California during the 1998-1999 El Nino-La Nina SO PROGRESS IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Review ID ZOOPLANKTON; AFRICA; PLANKTON; FILAMENT; CYCLE AB Hydrographic and ocean drifter measurements made along the Oregon coast indicate that the spatial structure of the coastal upwelling system differs in waters to the north and the south of Cape Blanco, Oregon. North of the Cape, a 10-30 km wide zone of coastal upwelling parallels the coast, but south of the Cape, increased wind stress leads to a seaward expansion of the upwelling system and cold upwelled water extends 50-100 km offshore. Because the hydrography and the transport differ, we hypothesize that zooplankton distributions will differ as well. In this paper we investigate differences in copepod distributions and copepod community composition between the waters north and south of Cape Blanco. Five cruises were conducted in 1998 and 1999, which were years of contrasting ocean conditions; there was a strong El Nino in 1998, which was followed by a strong La Nina in 1999. Copepod biomass did not differ between the El Nino and La Nina periods; however, species composition of the copepod assemblages differed vastly. During the 1998 El Nino, the copepod community was dominated by subtropical neritic and warm-water offshore species. During the 1999 La Nina, the zooplankton community was dominated by cold water boreal neritic species. The warm water species were widely distributed in shelf and slope waters in 1998, whereas in 1999, they were found primarily offshore of central Oregon, but over the shelf off northern California. During the summer upwelling season of both years, copepod community composition in shelf waters differed significantly from slope waters in the region to the north of the Cape, however, community composition was the same in shelf and slope waters in the region south of the Cape. These results lead us to suggest that offshore transport by the upwelling jet may be an important mechanism controlling copepod community structure south of Cape Blanco. When we examined these patterns in community composition on a species-by-species basis, among the dominant boreal copepod species, Pseudocalanus mimus and Acartia longiremis were displaced offshore and maintained high population densities in the waters south of Cape Blanco whereas densities of Calanus marshallae and Centropages abdominalis declined in the waters south of the Cape. Thus, the interaction between the boreal copepods and the waters north versus south of Blanco is species-specific. Species may be either lost or retained depending upon interactions between vertical current shear and their vertical distributions. Alternatively, there tray be a differential ability among species to survive and reproduce in waters offshore and south of Cape Blanco. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Cooperat Inst Marine Resource Studies, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Peterson, WT (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, 2030 S Marine Sci Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RI Keister, Julie/J-8720-2012 OI Keister, Julie/0000-0002-9385-5889 NR 26 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 10 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0079-6611 J9 PROG OCEANOGR JI Prog. Oceanogr. PY 2002 VL 53 IS 2-4 BP 389 EP 411 AR PII S0079-6611(02)00038-1 DI 10.1016/S0079-6611(02)00038-1 PG 23 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 574QF UT WOS:000176900500013 ER PT J AU Johnson, GC Sloyan, BM Kessler, WS McTaggart, KE AF Johnson, GC Sloyan, BM Kessler, WS McTaggart, KE TI Direct measurements of upper ocean currents and water properties across the tropical Pacific during the 1990s SO PROGRESS IN OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Review ID WESTERN EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; EL-NINO; SUBSURFACE COUNTERCURRENTS; SEASONAL VARIABILITY; SURFACE CURRENTS; ZONAL CURRENTS; ROSSBY-WAVE; SEA-LEVEL; UNDERCURRENT; CYCLE AB Meridional sections of upper ocean zonal currents. potential temperature, and salinity are estimated at ten longitudes from 143degreesE to 95degreesW using Conductivity-Temperature-Depth and Acoustic Doppler Cut-rent Profiler data from 172 synoptic sections taken in the tropical Pacific between 138degreesE and 86degreesW, mostly in the 1990s. Data reduction is carried out in a potential isopycnal and mixed layer framework to preserve a sharp pycnocline, a mixed layer, water property extrema, and velocity extrema. Mean zonal currents, potential temperatures, and salinities are produced at each longitude. The seasonal cycles of these fields are also estimated, as well as a simple El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle. Zonal sections along the equator are also presented. Properties of the near-equatorial zonal cur-rents, including transports. temperatures. and salinities, are estimated separately from the synoptic sections. The seasonal cycles of these quantities and their correlations with the Southern Oscillation Index are investigated. The work is distinguished front most existing literature in that direct estimates of zonal velocity are combined with contemporaneous temperature and salinity data, allowing trans-Pacific estimates of near-equatorial current transports and properties, including those of the northern branch of the South Equatorial Cur-rent, the New Guinea Coastal Undercurrent, and the Equatorial Undercurrent. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Johnson, GC (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way Ne, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RI Johnson, Gregory/I-6559-2012; Sloyan, Bernadette/N-8989-2014 OI Johnson, Gregory/0000-0002-8023-4020; NR 71 TC 161 Z9 167 U1 3 U2 19 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0079-6611 J9 PROG OCEANOGR JI Prog. Oceanogr. PY 2002 VL 52 IS 1 BP 31 EP 61 AR PII S0079-6611(02)00021-6 DI 10.1016/S0079-6611(02)00021-6 PG 31 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 554DH UT WOS:000175718200002 ER PT S AU Chen, Y Roshko, A Bertness, KA Readey, DW Allerman, AA Tan, M Tandon, A AF Chen, Y Roshko, A Bertness, KA Readey, DW Allerman, AA Tan, M Tandon, A BE Jones, ED Manasreh, O Choquette, KD Friedman, DJ Johnstone, DK TI Comparison of AlGaAs oxidation in MBE and MOCVD grown samples SO PROGRESS IN SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIALS FOR OPTOELECTRONIC APPLICATIONS SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Progress in Semiconductor Materials for Optoelectron Applications held at the 2001 MRS Fall Meeting CY NOV 26-29, 2001 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc ID DISTRIBUTED BRAGG REFLECTORS; VERTICAL-CAVITY LASERS; SURFACE-EMITTING LASER; WET OXIDATION; SELECTIVE OXIDATION; WATER-VAPOR; GAAS; ALAS; FABRICATION; DEPENDENCE AB Simultaneous wet-thermal oxidation of MBE and MOCVD grown AI,Gat.,As layers (x = 0.1 to 1.0) showed that the epitaxial growth method does not influence the oxidation rate. Nearly identical oxidation depths were measured for samples grown by both techniques. It was found, however, that the oxidation rate is very sensitive to non-uniformities in the Al concentration in the AlxGa1-xAs layers, and that maintaining consistent and uniform Al concentrations is critical to achieving reproducible oxidation rates. The study also showed that the oxidation rate was not affected by the V/III ratio during growth nor by impurities at concentrations less than or equal to 10 ppm. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Chen, Y (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-628-1 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2002 VL 692 BP 221 EP 226 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Materials Science; Optics; Physics GA BU86U UT WOS:000177250200029 ER PT J AU Cava, RJ DiSalvo, FJ Brus, LE Dunbar, KR Gorman, CB Haile, SM Interrante, LV Musfeldt, JL Navrotsky, A Nuzzo, RG Pickett, WE Wilkinson, AP Ahn, C Allen, JW Burns, PC Ceder, G Chidsey, CED Clegg, W Coronado, E Dai, HJ Deem, MW Dunn, BS Galli, G Jacobson, AJ Kanatzidis, M Lin, WB Manthiram, A Mrksich, M Norris, DJ Nozik, AJ Peng, XG Rawn, C Rolison, D Singh, DJ Toby, BH Tolbert, S Wiesner, UB Woodward, PM Yang, PD AF Cava, RJ DiSalvo, FJ Brus, LE Dunbar, KR Gorman, CB Haile, SM Interrante, LV Musfeldt, JL Navrotsky, A Nuzzo, RG Pickett, WE Wilkinson, AP Ahn, C Allen, JW Burns, PC Ceder, G Chidsey, CED Clegg, W Coronado, E Dai, HJ Deem, MW Dunn, BS Galli, G Jacobson, AJ Kanatzidis, M Lin, WB Manthiram, A Mrksich, M Norris, DJ Nozik, AJ Peng, XG Rawn, C Rolison, D Singh, DJ Toby, BH Tolbert, S Wiesner, UB Woodward, PM Yang, PD TI Future directions in solid state chemistry: report of the NSF-sponsored workshop SO PROGRESS IN SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY LA English DT Review ID CDSE NANOCRYSTALS; HYDROGEN-STORAGE; HIGH-PRESSURE; PHASE-STABILITY; IN-SITU; X-RAYS; COPOLYMER; MANTLE; SHAPE; FUEL AB A long-established area of scientific excellence in Europe, solid state chemistry has emerged in the US in the past two decades as a field experiencing rapid growth and development. At its core, it is an interdisciplinary melding of chemistry, physics, engineering, and materials science, as it focuses on the design, synthesis and structural characterization of new chemical compounds and characterization of their physical properties. As a consequence of this inherently interdisciplinary character, the solid state chemistry community is highly open to the influx of new ideas and directions. The inclusionary character of the field's culture has been a significant factor in its continuing growth and vitality. This report presents an elaboration of discussions held during an NSF-sponsored workshop on Future Directions in Solid State Chemistry, held on the UC Davis Campus in October 2001. That workshop was the second of a series of workshops planned in this topical area. The first, held at NSF headquarters in Arlington, Virginia, in January of 1998, was designed to address the core of the field, describing how it has developed in the US and worldwide in the past decade, and how the members of the community saw the central thrusts of research and education in solid state chemistry proceeding in the next several years. A report was published on that workshop (J.M. Honig, chair, "Proceedings of the Workshop on the Present Status and Future Developments of Solid State Chemistry and Materials", Arlington, VA, January 15-16, 1998) describing the state of the field and recommendations for future development of the core discipline. In the spirit of continuing to expand the scope of the solid state chemistry community into new areas of scientific inquiry, the workshop elaborated in this document was designed to address the interfaces between our field and fields where we thought there would be significant opportunity for the development of new scientific advancements through increased interaction. The 7 topic areas, described in detail in this report, ranged from those with established ties to solid state chemistry such as Earth and planetary sciences, and energy storage and conversion, to those such as condensed matter physics, where the connections are in their infancy, to biology, where the opportunities for connections are largely unexplored. Exciting ties to materials chemistry were explored in discussions on molecular materials and nanoscale science, and a session on the importance of improving the ties between solid state chemists and experts in characterization at national experimental facilities was included. The full report elaborates these ideas extensively. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Chem, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Chem, Baker Lab 102, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Columbia Univ, Dept Chem, New York, NY 10027 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Chem, College Stn, TX 77842 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Chem, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. CALTECH, Dept Mat Sci, Pasadena, CA 91001 USA. Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Dept Chem, Troy, NY 12180 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Chem, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Chem Engn & Mat Sci, Thermochem Facil, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Chem, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Phys, Davis, CA 95616 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Chem & Biochem, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. CALTECH, Dept Mat Sci, Pasadena, CA 91001 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Phys, Randall Lab 2477, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Notre Dame, Dept Civil Engn & Geol Sci, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Chem, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Univ Newcastle Upon Tyne, Dept Chem, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, Tyne & Wear, England. Univ Valencia, Inst Ciencia Mol, E-46100 Burjassot, Spain. Stanford Univ, Dept Chem, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Chem Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Univ Houston, Dept Chem, Houston, TX 77204 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Chem, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Chem, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Univ Texas, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Austin, TX 78712 USA. Univ Chicago, Dept Chem, Chicago, IL USA. NEC Res Inst, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. Univ Arkansas, Dept Chem & Biochem, Fayetteville, AR 72701 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. NIST, NCNR, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Chem & Biochem, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Mat Sci, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Chem, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Dai, HJ (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Dept Chem, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RI Haile, Sossina/I-3448-2015; Tolbert, Sarah/L-2321-2016; peng, xiaogang/R-6184-2016; Gorman, Christopher/A-3463-2008; icmol, icmol/I-5784-2015; Wilkinson, Angus/C-3408-2008; Lin, Wenbin/B-4151-2010; Clegg, William/B-2491-2010; Mrksich, Milan/G-2469-2011; Norris, David/F-4022-2010; Singh, David/I-2416-2012; Toby, Brian/F-3176-2013; Burns, Peter/J-3359-2013; Coronado, Eugenio/E-8960-2014; Dunbar, Kim/B-6488-2015; Deem, Michael/P-3595-2014 OI peng, xiaogang/0000-0002-5606-8472; Burns, Peter/0000-0002-2319-9628; Clegg, William/0000-0003-1643-5298; Gorman, Christopher/0000-0001-7367-2965; Wilkinson, Angus/0000-0003-2904-400X; Lin, Wenbin/0000-0001-7035-7759; Toby, Brian/0000-0001-8793-8285; Dunbar, Kim/0000-0001-5728-7805; Deem, Michael/0000-0002-4298-3450 NR 91 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 6 U2 44 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0079-6786 J9 PROG SOLID STATE CH JI Prog. Solid State Chem. PY 2002 VL 30 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 101 DI 10.1016/S0079-6786(02)00010-9 PG 101 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear SC Chemistry GA 641YP UT WOS:000180774900001 ER PT S AU Roberts, JW Comstock, T Tang, X AF Roberts, JW Comstock, T Tang, X BE Wu, MH TI Triggered image capture for high speed display characterization SO PROJECTION DISPLAYS VIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Projection Displays VIII CY JAN 23-24, 2002 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP Soc Imaging Sci & Technol, SPIE DE display measurement; metrology; projection; temporal; DMD; micromirror; plasma AB Precision display measurements often involve the integration of light measurements over many frames. Newer display technologies with high speed light modulators such as micromirrors are able to make sophisticated use of temporal modulation. This may result in measurement errors, and in situations where temporal modulation produces visible artifacts that affect display usability, but that conventional metrology techniques do not detect. There is a need for further development of new metrology techniques that collect information on the temporal behavior of high speed displays. The emergence of multiple technologies from multiple display manufacturers has created a need for generic, non-brand-specific or technology-independent tools. We are working on such a technique, using the triggered capture of display images with a sub-microsecond imager, with test images and image sequences designed to evoke particular display responses, triggers that can involve keying on features designed into the test images, and subsequent processing of captured images to reconstruct the behavior of the display. In principle, such measures can be calibrated with conventional full-screen measurements so that a determination of pixel sequences can lead to an accurate determination of the effective grayscale and luminance of each pixel. Complications include the finite time required for pixel switching (so that pixel duty cycles can not be computed in unit blocks of time), and the risk that the observation method used will introduce a bias in the temporal observations. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Roberts, JW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4397-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4657 BP 103 EP 111 DI 10.1117/12.463786 PG 9 WC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BU67N UT WOS:000176683100014 ER PT S AU Boynton, PA Kelley, EF AF Boynton, PA Kelley, EF BE Wu, MH TI Stray light compensation in small area contrast measurements of projection displays SO PROJECTION DISPLAYS VIII SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Projection Displays VIII CY JAN 23-24, 2002 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP Soc Imaging Sci & Technol, SPIE DE display measurement; projection displays; stray light; resolution; small area contrast; replica mask AB The accurate measurement of small area-black levels is important in projection display characterization. For example, techniques can be used to determine resolution of projection systems by measuring the contrast of alternating grille patterns or fully-modulated sine waves of various spatial frequencies. Unfortunately, the measurement of the contrast of these patterns may be influenced by stray light, either from ambient and reflected light in the environment, or from veiling glare scatter in the lens of the light-measuring device. Such stray-light corruption can lead to large errors in contrast determination, providing an inaccurate characterization of the projector. For large-area measurements, various techniques have been employed, including the use of frustums and masks, to minimize such unwanted effects and provide a more accurate measurement. With some modifications, these same tools may be used for small-area measurements with similar results. The design, construction, and implementation of these tools will be discussed. Results will be shown comparing small-area contrast measurements of projection systems, including resolution determination, with and without stray light compensation, for different measurement instrumentation. C1 US Dept Commerce, Div Elect, Elect & Elect Engn Lab, Natl Inst Stand & Technol,Technol Adm, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Boynton, PA (reprint author), US Dept Commerce, Div Elect, Elect & Elect Engn Lab, Natl Inst Stand & Technol,Technol Adm, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 6 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4397-2 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4657 BP 122 EP 130 DI 10.1117/12.463788 PG 9 WC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BU67N UT WOS:000176683100016 ER PT J AU Fedorov, AV AF Fedorov, AV TI The response of the coupled tropical ocean-atmosphere to westerly wind bursts SO QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE El Nino-Southern Oscillation; intraseasonal variability; Madden-Julian oscillation; ocean-atmosphere interactions; predictability ID NINO SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; MADDEN-JULIAN OSCILLATION; 1997-98 EL-NINO; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; EASTERN EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; DECADAL VARIABILITY; RECHARGE PARADIGM; ENSO; MODEL; WAVES AB Two different perspectives on El Nino are dominant in the literature: it is viewed either as one phase of a continual southern oscillation (SO), or alternatively as the transient response to the sudden onset of westerly wind bursts (WWBs). Occasionally those bursts do indeed have a substantial effect on the SO-the unusual strength of El Nino of 1997/98 appears to be related to a sequence of bursts-but frequently the bursts have Little or no impact. What processes cause some bursts to be important, while others remain insignificant? The question is addressed by using a simple coupled tropical ocean-atmosphere model that simulates a continual possibly attenuating, oscillation to study the response to WWBs. The results show that the impact of WWBs depends crucially on two factors: (i) the background state of the system as described by the mean depth of the thermocline and intensity of the mean winds, and (ii) the timing of the bursts with respect to the phase of the SO. Changes in the background conditions alter the sensitivity of the system, so that the impact of the bursts on El Nino may be larger during some decades than others. Changes in the timing of WWBs affect the magnitude and other characteristics of the SO by modifying the energetics of the ocean-atmosphere interactions. A reasonable analogy is a swinging pendulum subject to modest blows at random times-those blows can either magnify or diminish the amplitude, depending on their timing. It is demonstrated that a WWB can increase the strength of El Nino significantly, if it occurs 6 to 10 months before the peak of warming, or can reduce the intensity of the subsequent El Nino, if it occurs during the cold phase of the continual SO. C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Geosci, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Fedorov, AV (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Dept Geosci, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Sayre Hall,POB CN710, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RI fedorov, alexey/F-1879-2010 NR 55 TC 55 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 5 PU ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI READING PA 104 OXFORD ROAD, READING RG1 7LJ, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0035-9009 J9 Q J ROY METEOR SOC JI Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 128 IS 579 BP 1 EP 23 PN A PG 23 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 514WB UT WOS:000173463100001 ER PT J AU Xu, KM Cederwall, RT Donner, LJ Grabowski, WW Guichard, F Johnson, DE Khairoutdinov, M Krueger, SK Petch, JC Randall, DA Seman, CJ Tao, WK Wang, DH Xie, SC Yio, JJ Zhang, MH AF Xu, KM Cederwall, RT Donner, LJ Grabowski, WW Guichard, F Johnson, DE Khairoutdinov, M Krueger, SK Petch, JC Randall, DA Seman, CJ Tao, WK Wang, DH Xie, SC Yio, JJ Zhang, MH TI An intercomparison of cloud-resolving models with the atmospheric radiation measurement summer 1997 intensive observation period data SO QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE continental cumulus convection; model intercomparison study ID COARE CONVECTIVE SYSTEMS; LARGE-EDDY SIMULATION; SINGLE-COLUMN MODELS; LONG-TERM BEHAVIOR; TOGA-COARE; CUMULUS ENSEMBLES; SQUALL LINE; MICROPHYSICS PARAMETERIZATION; NUMERICAL-SIMULATION; EXPLICIT SIMULATION AB This paper reports an intercomparison study of midlatitude continental cumulus convection simulated by eight two-dimensional and two three-dimensional cloud-resolving models (CRMs), driven by observed large-scale advective temperature and moisture tendencies, surface turbulent fluxes, and radiative-heating profiles during three sub-periods of the summer 1997 Intensive Observation Period of the US Department of Energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program, Each sub-period includes two or three precipitation events of various intensities over a span of 4 or 5 days, The results can be summarized as follows. CRMs can reasonably simulate midlatitude continental summer convection observed at the ARM Cloud and Radiation Testbed site in terms of the intensity of convective activity, and the temperature and specific-humidity evolution. Delayed occurrences of the initial precipitation events are a common feature for all three sub-cases among the models. Cloud mass fluxes, condensate mixing ratios and hydrometeor fractions produced by all CRMs are similar. Some of the simulated cloud properties such as cloud liquid-water path and hydrometeor fraction are rather similar to available observations. All CRMs produce large downdraught mass fluxes with magnitudes similar to those of updraughts, in contrast to CRM results for tropical convection. Some inter-model differences in cloud properties are likely to be related to those in the parametrizations of microphysical processes. There is generally a good agreement between the CRMs and observations with CRMs being significantly better than single-column models (SCMs), suggesting that current results are suitable for use in improving parametrizations in SCMs. However, improvements can still be made in the CRM simulations; these include the proper initialization of the CRMs and a more proper method of diagnosing cloud boundaries in model outputs for comparison with satellite and radar cloud observations. C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Ctr Natl Rech Meteorol, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Colorado State Univ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Univ Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. Met Off, Bracknell, Berks, England. Hampton Univ, Hampton, VA 23668 USA. SUNY, New York, NY USA. RP Xu, KM (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Mail Stop 420, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. EM k.m.xu@larc.nasa.gov RI Xu, Kuan-Man/B-7557-2013; Xie, Shaocheng/D-2207-2013; Randall, David/E-6113-2011 OI Xu, Kuan-Man/0000-0001-7851-2629; Xie, Shaocheng/0000-0001-8931-5145; Randall, David/0000-0001-6935-4112 NR 67 TC 141 Z9 145 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0035-9009 J9 Q J ROY METEOR SOC JI Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 128 IS 580 BP 593 EP 624 DI 10.1256/003590002321042117 PN B PG 32 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 530VB UT WOS:000174378700009 ER PT J AU Schwartz, RB Eisenhauer, CM AF Schwartz, RB Eisenhauer, CM TI Calibration of neutron albedo dosemeters SO RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY LA English DT Article ID SCATTERING CORRECTIONS; INSTRUMENTS AB It is shown that by calibrating neutron albedo dosemeters under the proper conditions, two complicating effects will essentially cancel out, allowing accurate calibrations with no need for explicit corrections. The 'proper conditions' are: a large room (greater than or equal to8 m on a side), use of a D2O moderated Cf-252 Source, and a source-to-phantom calibration distance of similar to70 cm. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Schwartz, RB (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr Stop 8463, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 26 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY PUBL PI ASHFORD PA PO BOX 7, ASHFORD TN23 1YW, KENT, ENGLAND SN 0144-8420 J9 RADIAT PROT DOSIM JI Radiat. Prot. Dosim. PY 2002 VL 102 IS 1 BP 23 EP 30 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 605XT UT WOS:000178702900003 PM 12212898 ER PT J AU Miller, SD Murphy, MK Tinker, MR Kovacs, A McLaughlin, W AF Miller, SD Murphy, MK Tinker, MR Kovacs, A McLaughlin, W TI Characteristics and performance of the Sunna high dose dosemeter using green photoluminescence and UV absorption readout methods SO RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 13th International Conference on Solid State Dosimetry CY JUL 09-13, 2001 CL ATHENS, GREECE ID DOSIMETER; FILM AB Growth in the use of ionising radiation for medical sterilisation and the potential for wide-scale international food irradiation have created the need for robust, mass-producible, inexpensive, and highly accurate radiation dosemeters. The Sunna dosemeter, lithium fluoride injection-moulded in a polyethylene matrix, can be read Out using either green photoluminescence or ultraviolet (UV) absorption. The Sunna dosemeter can be mass-produced inexpensively with high precision. Both the photoluminescent and the UV absorption reader are simple and inexpensive. Both methods of analysis display negligible humidity effects, minimal dose rate dependence, acceptable post-irradiation effects, and permit measurements with a precision of nearly 1% 1sigma. The UV method shows negligible irradiation temperature effects from -30degreesC to +60degreesC. The photoluminescence method shows negligible irradiation temperature effects above room temperature for sterilisation dose levels and above. The doseimetry characteristics of these two readout methods are presented along with performance data in commercial sterilisation facilities. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Hungarian Acad Sci, Chem Res Ctr, Inst Isotopes & Surface Chem, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, Ionising Radiat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Miller, SD (reprint author), Pacific NW Natl Lab, POB 999, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NR 8 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY PUBL PI ASHFORD PA PO BOX 7, ASHFORD TN23 1YW, KENT, ENGLAND SN 0144-8420 J9 RADIAT PROT DOSIM JI Radiat. Prot. Dosim. PY 2002 VL 101 IS 1-4 BP 53 EP 58 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 609JM UT WOS:000178899900006 PM 12382704 ER PT J AU Soares, CG AF Soares, CG TI National and international standards and calibration of thermoluminescence dosimetry systems SO RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 13th International Conference on Solid State Dosimetry CY JUL 09-13, 2001 CL ATHENS, GREECE AB Radiation protection for radiation workers, the public, and the environment is of international concern. The use of thermoluminescence dosemeters (TLD) is an acceptable method for dose recording in most countries. For reasons of consistency and data gathering (research) it is important that a Sievert (Sv) in one part of the world equals an Sv on the other side of the globe. To this end, much work has gone into the development of standards and calibration practices for TLD systems so that they compare not only with similar systems, but also with other forms of radiation measurement. While most national laboratories provide calibration services for these systems some, as in the United States, depend on services of secondary calibration laboratories that are traceable to the national laboratories through accreditation programmes. The purpose of this paper is to explain how TLD measurements are traceable to their respective national standards for both personnel and environmental dosimetry. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Soares, CG (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 40 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY PUBL PI ASHFORD PA PO BOX 7, ASHFORD TN23 1YW, KENT, ENGLAND SN 0144-8420 J9 RADIAT PROT DOSIM JI Radiat. Prot. Dosim. PY 2002 VL 101 IS 1-4 BP 167 EP 171 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 609JM UT WOS:000178899900030 PM 12382728 ER PT J AU Hofmann, W Crawford-Brown, DJ Fakir, H Caswell, RS AF Hofmann, W Crawford-Brown, DJ Fakir, H Caswell, RS TI Energy deposition, cellular radiation effects and lung cancer risk by radon progeny alpha particles SO RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 13th Symposium on Microdosimetry CY MAY 27-JUN 01, 2001 CL STRESA, ITALY ID STATE-VECTOR MODEL; TRANSFORMATION; CARCINOGENESIS; DOSIMETRY AB Slowing down spectra, LET spectra, hit probabilities, and radiation doses were simulated for the interaction of single Po-218 and Po-214 alpha particles with sensitive basal and secretory cell nuclei in the bronchial epithelium of human and rat lungs for defined exposure conditions, Probabilities per Unit track length for transformation, derived from in vitro experiments with C3H 10T1/2 cells were used to estimate transformation probabilities for radon progeny alpha particles in basal and secretory cells. Different weighting schemes were assumed to relate cellular hit probabilities, doses and transformation probabilities obtained for different cell depths and airway generations, to lung cancer risk per unit exposure, In vitro transformation and in VIVO lung cancer incidence were simulated by a state-vector model which provides a stochastic formulation of dose-rate dependent cellular transitions related to formation of double strand breaks, repair, inactivation stimulated mitosis and promotion through loss of intercellular communication. C1 Salzburg Univ, Inst Phys & Biophys, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria. Univ N Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Ibn Tofail Univ, Lab Nucl Phys & Applicat, Kenitra, Morocco. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hofmann, W (reprint author), Salzburg Univ, Inst Phys & Biophys, Hellbrunner Str 34, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria. NR 13 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGY PUBL PI ASHFORD PA PO BOX 7, ASHFORD TN23 1YW, KENT, ENGLAND SN 0144-8420 J9 RADIAT PROT DOSIM JI Radiat. Prot. Dosim. PY 2002 VL 99 IS 1-4 BP 453 EP 456 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 580RV UT WOS:000177249400107 PM 12194352 ER PT J AU Key, RM Quay, PD Schlosser, P McNichol, AP von Reden, KF Schneider, RJ Elder, KL Stuiver, M Ostlund, HG AF Key, RM Quay, PD Schlosser, P McNichol, AP von Reden, KF Schneider, RJ Elder, KL Stuiver, M Ostlund, HG TI WOCE radiocarbon IV: Pacific Ocean results; P10, P13N, P14C, P18, P19 & S4P SO RADIOCARBON LA English DT Article ID DEEP-WATER FORMATION; ANTHROPOGENIC CO2; BOMB RADIOCARBON; NORTH PACIFIC; INDIAN-OCEAN; WEDDELL SEA; C-14; CIRCULATION; DISTRIBUTIONS; TRACER AB The World Ocean Circulation Experiment, carried out between 1990 and 1997, provided the most comprehensive oceanic survey of radiocarbon to date. Approximately 10,000 samples were collected in the Pacific Ocean by U.S. investigators for both conventional large volume P counting and small volume accelerator mass spectrometry analysis techniques. Results from six cruises are presented. The data quality is as good or better than previous large-scale surveys. The C-14 distribution for the entire WOCE Pacific data set is graphically described using mean vertical profiles and sections, and property-property plots. C1 Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Natl Ocean Sci AMS Facil, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Univ Washington, Quaternary Isotope Lab, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Tritium Lab Observ, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM key@princeton.edu RI Schlosser, Peter/C-6416-2012; OI Schlosser, Peter/0000-0002-6514-4203; von Reden, Karl/0000-0001-6413-9018 NR 56 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 7 PU UNIV ARIZONA DEPT GEOSCIENCES PI TUCSON PA RADIOCARBON 4717 E FORT LOWELL RD, TUCSON, AZ 85712 USA SN 0033-8222 EI 1945-5755 J9 RADIOCARBON JI Radiocarbon PY 2002 VL 44 IS 1 BP 239 EP 392 PG 154 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 591KE UT WOS:000177878200023 ER PT J AU Bauer, BJ Guttman, CM Liu, DW Blair, WR AF Bauer, BJ Guttman, CM Liu, DW Blair, WR TI Tri-alpha-naphthylbenzene as a crystalline or glassy matrix for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization: a model system for the study of effects of dispersion of polymer samples at a molecular level SO RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article ID FLIGHT MASS-SPECTROMETRY; DESORPTION IONIZATION; LIQUID AB Tri-alpha-naphthylbenzene (TalphaNB) can exist as either a crystalline or glassy solid at ambient temperatures, making it a unique matrix in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) spectroscopy. Electrosprayed TalphaNB is crystalline and has a melting point of 180 +/- 2degreesC, as measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). A glass of TaNB is obtained upon heating above the crystalline melting point with a glass transition temperature of 68 +/- 2degreesC having no remaining crystallinity. MALDI samples containing mass fraction 1% polystyrene (PS) are run in both the crystalline and amorphous states. In the crystalline state, there is a strong spectrum typical of PS, but upon melting and quenching to the glassy state, the MALDI signal disappears. If the transparent, amorphous sample is treated with 1-butanol, it becomes white, and the MALDI signal returns. DSC shows that the 1-butanol treatment leads to the return of some of the crystallinity. Small angle neutron scattering (SANS) shows that the crystalline state has large aggregations of PS while the amorphous state has molecularly dispersed PS molecules. MALDI gives strong signals only when there are large aggregations of polymer molecules, with individually dispersed molecules producing no signal. Published in 2002 by John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bauer, BJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8541, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 11 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0951-4198 J9 RAPID COMMUN MASS SP JI Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. PY 2002 VL 16 IS 12 BP 1192 EP 1198 DI 10.1002/rcm.699 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA 561TN UT WOS:000176158900010 PM 12112271 ER PT J AU Bauer, BJ Byrd, HCM Guttman, CM AF Bauer, BJ Byrd, HCM Guttman, CM TI Small angle neutron scattering measurements of synthetic polymer dispersions in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization matrixes SO RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY LA English DT Article ID FLIGHT MASS-SPECTROMETRY; SAMPLE PREPARATION; MALDI; ACID AB Small angle neutron scattering (SANS) is used to measure the size and the dispersion of synthetic polymers in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) matrixes. Deuterated polystyrene (DPS) and dithranol in tetrahydrofuran were deposited by electrospray onto a substrate for small angle neutron scattering (SANS) measurements. DPS with 6050 and 27000 g mol(-1) molecular masses were prepared at mass fractions between 0.2 and 6%. All samples contained large aggregates of DPS with characteristic sizes >200 Angstrom that represent hundreds of aggregated chains. Samples of mass fraction 1% DPS (6050 g mol(-1)) in 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, all-trans-retinoic acid, and sinapinic acid also have large zero angle scattering characteristic of large aggregates. The morphological trend obtained from the SANS measurements of the DPS aggregate size in the four matrixes is dithranol > 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid > all-trans-retinoic acid > sinapinic acid. These measurements indicate that DPS in dithranol exhibits the most strong phase separation, while DPS in sinapinic acid shows considerable domain mixing. All of these matrixes produce MALDI signal strength under appropriate conditions, suggesting that strong phase separation does not diminish the signal-to-noise ratio. DPS (188 000 g mol(-1)) in biphenyl was used as a model system of a matrix that can be either crystalline or amorphous. SANS data shows that above the biphenyl melting point, a conventional solution is formed that has molecularly dispersed polymers. Upon crystallization, there is strong aggregation of the DPS into large domains. Therefore, the crystalline matrixes commonly used in MALDI measurements probably cause large aggregations of polymers to be present during the MALDI process. Published in 2002 by John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bauer, BJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8541, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 19 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 1 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0951-4198 J9 RAPID COMMUN MASS SP JI Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. PY 2002 VL 16 IS 15 BP 1494 EP 1500 DI 10.1002/rcm.737 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Spectroscopy SC Chemistry; Spectroscopy GA 578QX UT WOS:000177131400012 PM 12125027 ER PT J AU Patil, L Dutta, D Bhatt, AD Jurrens, K Lyons, K Pratt, M Sriram, RD AF Patil, L Dutta, D Bhatt, AD Jurrens, K Lyons, K Pratt, M Sriram, RD TI A proposed standards-based approach for representing heterogeneous objects for layered manufacturing SO RAPID PROTOTYPING JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE layered manufacturing; standards; information; model AB information models for the representation of product data are being developed as an international standard. However, the current application protocols focus on, the representation of homogeneous objects only. This paper suggests an information model to represent heterogeneous objects using the information modeling methodology developed for ISO 10303. The data planning model is then extended to represent the two-dimensional (2D) slice information using concepts from ISO 10303. The proposed formats are validated by physical realization of objects on two LM machines. This information model will help in providing a uniform base in the development of heterogeneous solid modeling systems. It will also equip the solid modeler with the ability to integrate with other applications and process planning in the domain of layered manufacturing. C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Mech Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Patil, L (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Dept Mech Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. NR 22 TC 11 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU EMERALD PI BRADFORD PA 60/62 TOLLER LANE, BRADFORD BD8 9BY, W YORKSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 1355-2546 J9 RAPID PROTOTYPING J JI Rapid Prototyping J. PY 2002 VL 8 IS 3 BP 134 EP 146 DI 10.1108/13552540210430979 PG 13 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 571NB UT WOS:000176722500002 ER PT B AU Kreider, KG Chen, DH DeWitt, DP Kimes, WA Meyer, CW Tsai, BK AF Kreider, KG Chen, DH DeWitt, DP Kimes, WA Meyer, CW Tsai, BK BE Timans, P Gusev, E Roozeboom, F Ozturk, MC Kwong, DL TI Wafer emissivity effects on lightpipe radiometry in RTP tools SO RAPID THERMAL AND OTHER SHORT-TIME PROCESSING TECHNOLOGIES III, PROCEEDINGS SE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Rapid Thermal and Other Short-Time Processing Technologies III CY MAY 13-16, 2002 CL PHILADELPHIA, PA SP Electrochem Soc, Electr Div, Electrochem Soc, Dielect Sci & Technol Div, Electrochem Soc, High Temp Mat Div, Appl Mat, ASM Int, Axcelis Technol, Genus, JIPELECT, Mattson Technol, Phlips Lighting, Vortek Ind ID THERMOCOUPLES AB We report on the results of changing the wafer emissivity and the effect of low emissivity films on the lightpipe radiation thermometer (LPRT) measurements in the NIST RTP Test Bed. A NIST thin-film thermocouple (TFTC) calibration wafer was used to calibrate the LPRTs in situ. The measurements of LPRTs viewing Au and Pt thin-film spots in the center of the wafer were compared to LPRT radiance temperature readings that viewed bare Si/SiO2. We found differences of up to 36degreesC at 900degreesC in the LPRT measurements due to the low emissivity films. The wafer temperature measurement is modeled to provide an insight into the effects of wafer emissivity on LPRT measurements in RTP tools. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kreider, KG (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 13 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 S MAIN ST, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534-2839 USA BN 1-56677-334-2 J9 ELEC SOC S PY 2002 VL 2002 IS 11 BP 273 EP 280 PG 8 WC Thermodynamics; Electrochemistry; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Thermodynamics; Electrochemistry; Physics GA BW84N UT WOS:000183369100029 ER PT B AU Westwater, ER AF Westwater, ER BE Marzano, FS Visconti, G TI Profile retrieval estimation techniques SO REMOTE SENSING OF ATMOSPHERE AND OCEAN FROM SPACE: MODELS, INSTRUMENTS AND TECHNIQUES SE ADVANCES IN GLOBAL CHANGE RESEARCH LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Summer School on Atmospheric and Oceanic Science (ISSAOS) CY SEP 04-08, 2000 CL UNIV LAQUILA, COLL ENGN, LAQUILA, ITALY SP Italian Space Agcy, Sci & Technol Pk Abruzzo, IEEE Geosci & Remote Sensing Soc, Cent & S Italy Chapter, Italian Remote Sensing Assoc, Italian Inter-Univ Ctr Atmosphere & Hydrosphere Phys, Univ Aquila, Dept Elect Engn, Univ Aquila, Dept Phys HO UNIV LAQUILA, COLL ENGN DE inverse problems; radiometric remote sensing; optimal estimation; regularization methods; iterative techniques ID WATER-VAPOR; ATMOSPHERIC-TEMPERATURE; MICROWAVE RADIOMETERS; TIROS-N; SATELLITE; INVERSION; RESOLUTION AB Retrieval techniques, applicable to problems where measurements have to be blended, satisfy an equation that can be approximated by a Fredholm integral equation of the first kind. A variety of inversion techniques, that have been used in radiometric remote sensing of temperature and moisture profiles, are outlined to solve this equation focusing on the wide variety of supplementary information that may be used in addition to radiance information. Techniques, such as regularization and iterative methods, are introduced because of their simplicity and explicit use of an initial guess. Methods based on Backus-Gilbert and Kalman approaches are shown for diagnosis problems. Statistical techniques are illustrated emphasizing the use a priori information to constrain the solution. Final remarks give the current scenario on this subject. C1 Univ Colorado, CIRES, NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Westwater, ER (reprint author), Univ Colorado, CIRES, NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 37 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 1-4020-0943-7 J9 ADV GLOB CHANGE RES PY 2002 VL 13 BP 35 EP 47 PG 13 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography; Remote Sensing GA BW36R UT WOS:000181752600003 ER PT S AU Schlussel, P Goldberg, M AF Schlussel, P Goldberg, M BE Burrows, JP Takeucki, N TI Retrieval of atmospheric temperature and water vapour from IASI measurements in partly cloudy situations SO REMOTE SENSING OF TRACE CONSTITUENTS IN THE LOWER STRATOSPHERE, TROPOSPHERE AND THE EARTH'S SURFACE: GLOBAL OBSERVATIONS, AIR POLLUTION AND THE ATMOSPHERIC CORRECTION SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT A1 2 Symposium of COSPAR Scientific Commission A held at the 33rd COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY JUL, 2000 CL WARSAW, POLAND SP Comm Space Res ID SIMULATION; RADIANCES; TOVS AB The Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI), that will be flown on Metop, is a nadir sounding instrument for the measurement of high-resolution atmospheric temperature and water-vapour profiles as well as other trace gases. Due to the opacity of clouds in the infrared domain the profile retrievals are likely perturbed by undetected clouds, partly filling the field of view of the instrument. The huge amount of spectral information contained in the IASI measurements is used to account for the effect of undetected clouds in the profile retrieval. Numerical simulations show that the water-vapour and temperature retrievals are not degraded if the cloud amount in single pixels is less than 5% and the occurrence of clouds is accounted for in the retrieval scheme. (C) 2002 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 EUMETSAT, D-64295 Darmstadt, Germany. NOAA, NESDIS, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Schlussel, P (reprint author), EUMETSAT, Kavalleriesand 31, D-64295 Darmstadt, Germany. RI Goldberg, Mitch/F-5589-2010 NR 6 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2002 VL 29 IS 11 BP 1703 EP 1706 AR PII S0273-1177(02)00101-1 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(02)00101-1 PG 4 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BU89H UT WOS:000177314200016 ER PT S AU Alers, GA McColskey, JD AF Alers, GA McColskey, JD BE Thompson, DO Chimenti, DE TI Measurement of residual stress in bent pipelines SO REVIEW OF PROGRESS IN QUANTITATIVE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION, VOLS 21A & B SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 28th Annual Conference on Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation CY JUL 29-AUG 03, 2001 CL BOWDOIN COLL, BRUNSWICK, ME HO BOWDOIN COLL AB Buried gas and oil pipelines can be subjected to unexpected bending loads caused by such earth movements as earthquakes, wash-outs, road building, or mining subsidence as well as by denting from unintentional digging. In order to make a fitness-for-service assessment, it is necessary to measure any residual stresses that are left in the pipe wall as well as the degree of plastic flow within regions of severe damage, A portable instrument that uses EMATs to rapidly measure ultrasonic shear wave bireftingence in the wall of a pipe has been developed and applied to a 5 m (15 ft) long section of 0.56 m (22 in) diameter linepipe loaded in three point bending by a 22 MN (five million pound) load frame, The results showed that: (1) a large correction for shear wave anisotropy caused by texture in the steel had to be introduced and (2) the degree of plastic flow could be deduced from changes in the texture contribution alone. An attempt to separate the stress and texture effects by using SH wave modes in the pipe wall proved unreliable because of magnetostrictive effects in the periodic permanent magnet EMATs used for these experiments. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Alers, GA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0061-X J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2002 VL 615 BP 1681 EP 1687 PG 7 WC Acoustics; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Acoustics; Materials Science; Optics; Physics GA BU96R UT WOS:000177511400221 ER PT S AU Leisk, GG Hsu, NN Huang, NE AF Leisk, GG Hsu, NN Huang, NE BE Thompson, DO Chimenti, DE TI Application of the Hilbert-Huang transform to machine tool condition/health monitoring SO REVIEW OF PROGRESS IN QUANTITATIVE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION, VOLS 21A & B SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 28th Annual Conference on Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation CY JUL 29-AUG 03, 2001 CL BOWDOIN COLL, BRUNSWICK, ME HO BOWDOIN COLL ID SPECTRUM AB The machining process is highly dynamic, involving complicated interactions between a workpiece, cutting tool, and the machine tool itself. Appropriate vibration signal analysis can provide insight into the condition of both machine and process. In this paper, the utility of a new time-frequency technique for analyzing complicated time series data, known as the Hilbert-Huang Transform (HHT), is demonstrated. Preliminary analyses of vibration signals from end-milling tests are promising for future implementation of HHT in condition/health monitoring systems. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Leisk, GG (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 6 TC 4 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0061-X J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2002 VL 615 BP 1711 EP 1718 PG 8 WC Acoustics; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Acoustics; Materials Science; Optics; Physics GA BU96R UT WOS:000177511400225 ER PT J AU Lawall, J Kessler, E AF Lawall, J Kessler, E TI Design and evaluation of a simple ultralow vibration vacuum environment SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article ID ISOLATION SYSTEM AB A vibration-isolated platform in a high-vacuum environment designed for prototyping optical interferometers is described. The system provides isolation from both seismic and acoustic disturbances with a residual acceleration of 2.9x10(-6) m/s(2) rms (root-mean-square) in the vertical direction and 6.3x10(-6) m/s(2) rms in the horizontal in the bandwidth from 5 to 400 Hz. The environmental decoupling provided by the spring suspension, air-spring table legs, and vacuum are evaluated sequentially to illustrate the effects of each. The vibration contributed by the turbomolecular pump is measured and shown to fall into a low-frequency zone from 26 to 76 Hz as well as peaks at the pump rotation frequency of 820 Hz and its harmonic at 1.64 kHz. The low-frequency noise arising from the pump is less than 2% of the total residual acceleration in the bandwidth from 0.25 to 400 Hz. The platform is used to construct a high-finesse open-cavity Fabry-Perot interferometer, using standard commercial mounts, with relative motion below 2 pm rms in a 3 kHz bandwidth. Of this motion, the contribution due to the pump at 820 Hz is only 0.3 pm. The acoustic decoupling provided by the vacuum environment allows experiments that are prohibitive at atmospheric pressure even in a tightly sealed enclosure. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lawall, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 11 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 73 IS 1 BP 209 EP 215 DI 10.1063/1.1416110 PG 7 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 505GX UT WOS:000172906000035 ER PT J AU Wang, SZ Hard, J Utter, F AF Wang, SZ Hard, J Utter, F TI Salmonid inbreeding: a review SO REVIEWS IN FISH BIOLOGY AND FISHERIES LA English DT Review DE inbreeding depression; inbreeding; genetic variation; salmon culture; salmonids ID EFFECTIVE POPULATION-SIZE; TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; PRINCE-WILLIAM-SOUND; RUN CHINOOK SALMON; BIOCHEMICAL-GENETIC-VARIATION; WILD ATLANTIC SALMON; RAINBOW-TROUT; CONSERVATION GENETICS; SOCKEYE-SALMON; PACIFIC SALMON AB We review the published literature on inbreeding and its consequences in salmonid fishes. Inbreeding reduces genetic variation within populations by decreasing heterozygosity, either through an increased chance of sharing parental genes or a loss of alleles from random genetic drift. Increased inbreeding is often associated with a reduction in mean phenotypic value of one or more traits with respect to fitness (inbreeding depression). We identify several sources of inbreeding in salmonids. Although inbreeding occurs naturally, much of the evidence for inbreeding stems from direct or indirect results of human activity. The potential consequences of inbreeding highlight the importance of maintaining genetic diversity in salmonid populations. Our weak understanding of genetic interactions between cultured and wild salmonids has allowed widespread practices that can reduce genetic variability in natural populations. Although studies have detected inbreeding depression in salmonids, its genetic basis has rarely been addressed in wild, anadromous salmon. The genetic basis of inbreeding depression is complex, and evaluating its effects over the entire life cycle remains challenging. The experimental evidence nevertheless reinforces the importance of maintaining genetic variation within populations as a primary goal of conservation and management. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Conservat Biol Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Utter, F (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Box 355020, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. EM fmutter@u.washington.edu RI Hard, Jeffrey/C-7229-2009 NR 187 TC 60 Z9 66 U1 1 U2 5 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0960-3166 EI 1573-5184 J9 REV FISH BIOL FISHER JI Rev. Fish. Biol. Fish. PY 2002 VL 11 IS 4 BP 301 EP 319 PG 19 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 621CP UT WOS:000179571200002 ER PT J AU Schmidt, G Nakatani, AI Han, CC AF Schmidt, G Nakatani, AI Han, CC TI Rheology and flow-birefringence from viscoelastic polymer-clay solutions SO RHEOLOGICA ACTA LA English DT Article DE clay; polymer; flow-birefringence; network; solution ID ANGLE NEUTRON-SCATTERING; X-RAY-SCATTERING; AQUEOUS KAOLINITE SUSPENSIONS; PARTICLE INTERACTIONS; SHEAR ORIENTATION; PHASE-DIAGRAM; DISPERSIONS; BEHAVIOR; LIGHT; DIFFRACTION AB The shear orientation of viscoelastic clay-polymer solutions was investigated by means of rheology and flow birefringence (Deltan). The polymer chains are in dynamic adsorption/desorption equilibrium with the clay particles to form a "network". The elastic behavior of the network was characterized by constant stress, oscillatory shear, and stress relaxation experiments. Constant stress experiments indicated a yield stress upon which shear flow started and no strain recovery could be observed. Oscillatory shear experiments showed a broad elastic region followed by flow when a critical strain was reached. Stress relaxation experiments showed several relaxation times when the same critical strain was reached. Experiments under steady flow characterized the transient behavior of the network. With increasing steady shear rate a pronounced minimum in birefringence was observed at a critical shear rate. The shear rate dependent viscosity showed near power law behavior and no corresponding critical feature. While birefringence detects orientational effects on a microscopic length scale, rheology averages over macroscopic changes in the sample. The same degree of orientation could be achieved under constant shear rate or constant stress conditions. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Schmidt, G (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 39 TC 82 Z9 82 U1 2 U2 17 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0035-4511 J9 RHEOL ACTA JI Rheol. Acta PD JAN PY 2002 VL 41 IS 1-2 BP 45 EP 54 DI 10.1007/s003970200004 PG 10 WC Mechanics SC Mechanics GA 518RX UT WOS:000173682600005 ER PT S AU Filliben, JJ Gurley, K Pinelli, JP Simiu, E Subramanian, C AF Filliben, JJ Gurley, K Pinelli, JP Simiu, E Subramanian, C BE Brebbia, CA TI Fragility curves, damage matrices, and wind induced loss estimation SO RISK ANALYSIS III SE MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Computer Simulation in Risk Analysis and Hazard Mitigation CY JUN, 2002 CL SINTRA, PORTUGAL SP Wessex Inst Technol AB This note presents a conceptual framework for the definition of basic damage states and of the corresponding fragility curves and conditional probabilities, and its use for the estimation of damage matrices. The framework is designed with two considerations in mind. First, losses due to multiple types of damage are calculated so that no type of damage is counted more than once, no type of possible damage is omitted from the calculations, and all interactions between various types of damage are accounted for. Damage is included that may vary continuously as a function of wind speed but is discretized for computational purposes. Second, the losses are calculated by correctly accounting for the dependence between various damage states (e.g., window breakage and roof uplift). The note also discusses the use of damage matrices for the estimation of expected losses due to a windstorm event, of expected annual losses, and of measures of uncertainty pertaining to expected losses, both at a specified location and over a larger geographical area. The framework developed in the paper is illustrated for the conceptually simple case of two basic damage states. Work is in progress on the application of the framework to various types of structures involving larger numbers of basic damage states with various mutual dependence and damage sequence scenarios. Work is also in progress for the estimation of uncertainties in loss calculations, based on uncertainties in the estimation of fragility curves, associated conditional probabilities, and hurricane wind speeds. One of the applications of our work is the development of vulnerability curves and associated uncertainty measures for cases where comprehensive loss data from which such curves may be developed are not available. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. OI Pinelli, Jean-Paul/0000-0002-6663-9486; Subramanian, Chelakara S./0000-0003-4149-2972 NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 2 PU WIT PRESS PI SOUTHAMPTON PA ASHURST LODGE, SOUTHAMPTON SO40 7AA, ASHURST, ENGLAND SN 1470-6326 BN 1-85312-915-1 J9 MANAG INFORMAT SYST PY 2002 VL 5 BP 119 EP 126 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Operations Research & Management Science; Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Operations Research & Management Science; Mathematical Methods In Social Sciences GA BV28Q UT WOS:000178458600012 ER PT B AU Proctor, FM Michaloski, JL Shackleford, WP AF Proctor, FM Michaloski, JL Shackleford, WP BE Jamshidi, MO Feddema, J Proctor, F Shafai, B Jamshidi, JS TI Tying together design, process planning and machining with STEP-NC technology SO ROBOTICS, AUTOMATION AND CONTROL AND MANUFACTURING: TRENDS, PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS SE TSI PRESS SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th Biannual World Automation Congress CY JUN 09-13, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Univ Cent Florida, Florida Atlantic Univ DE manufacturing; design; process planning; machining; numerical control; STEP; ISO 10303; ISO 14649 AB While simulation has been successful in tying design and process planning into an iterative loop, machining has traditionally been a downstream terminus of the manufacturing cycle. Simulation of machining has proven difficult due to the highly dynamic and nonlinear nature of the material removal process. Consequently, actual machining must be performed to determine the suitability of designs and process plans. The nature of the programming interface to machine tools has been an obstacle to information flow in both directions. Toward the machine tool, useful design and process information is reduced to primitive tool path motion statements. From the machine tool, no automatic data paths exist, so machinists must translate results into recommendations for design or process changes manually. The advent of STEP (ISO 10303) data for numerical control, or STEP-NC, promises to rectify these problems by providing full product and process data to the machine tool controller at run time and an automatic path back to these upstream activities using technologies such as XML. This paper describes STEP-NC and early experiences that show how these benefits can be achieved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Proctor, FM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU TSI PRESS PI ALBUQUERQUE PA PO BOX 14126, ALBUQUERQUE, NM 87191-4126 USA BN 1-889335-19-3 J9 TSI PRESS S PY 2002 VL 14 BP 33 EP 38 PG 6 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Robotics SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science; Engineering; Robotics GA BV86S UT WOS:000180265200006 ER PT B AU Feeney, AB Frechette, S AF Feeney, AB Frechette, S BE Jamshidi, MO Feddema, J Proctor, F Shafai, B Jamshidi, JS TI Testing STEP-NC implementations SO ROBOTICS, AUTOMATION AND CONTROL AND MANUFACTURING: TRENDS, PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS SE TSI PRESS SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th Biannual World Automation Congress CY JUN 09-13, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Univ Cent Florida, Florida Atlantic Univ DE conformance testing; information technology standards; numerical control; STEP; validation; test methods; test cases; process planning; manufacturing features AB STEP (STandard for the Exchange of Product model data, ISO 10303) data for numerical control, or STEP-NC, is intended to provide full product and process data interoperability between computer-aided manufacturing systems and machine tool controllers. Numerous prototype and several commercial implementations of STEP-NC are currently being developed. Testing is an essential step toward ensuring conformance to a specification and achieving interoperability between different implementations. Test methods and valid test cases that address specific operational scenarios are vital to speed the development process. This paper describes proposed test methods and metrics, validation methods for test data, and test case development. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Feeney, AB (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8260, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU TSI PRESS PI ALBUQUERQUE PA PO BOX 14126, ALBUQUERQUE, NM 87191-4126 USA BN 1-889335-19-3 J9 TSI PRESS S PY 2002 VL 14 BP 39 EP 44 PG 6 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Robotics SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science; Engineering; Robotics GA BV86S UT WOS:000180265200007 ER PT B AU Jones, A Reeker, L Deshmukh, A AF Jones, A Reeker, L Deshmukh, A BE Jamshidi, MO Feddema, J Proctor, F Shafai, B Jamshidi, JS TI Information: a key to supply chain performance SO ROBOTICS, AUTOMATION AND CONTROL AND MANUFACTURING: TRENDS, PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS SE TSI PRESS SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th Biannual World Automation Congress CY JUN 09-13, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Univ Cent Florida, Florida Atlantic Univ DE complexity; equivalence; information; ontology; supply chain AB This paper makes several critical points related to the intrinsic nature of the relationship between information and performance in supply chains. It highlights the co-dependence of information and supply-chain management decisions, stresses the impact of this co-dependence on supply-chain performance, and, raises research issues that are fundamental to a better understanding of both. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Jones, A (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU TSI PRESS PI ALBUQUERQUE PA PO BOX 14126, ALBUQUERQUE, NM 87191-4126 USA BN 1-889335-19-3 J9 TSI PRESS S PY 2002 VL 14 BP 203 EP 211 PG 9 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Robotics SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science; Engineering; Robotics GA BV86S UT WOS:000180265200033 ER PT B AU Gilsinn, JD Damazo, BN Silver, R Zhou, H AF Gilsinn, JD Damazo, BN Silver, R Zhou, H BE Jamshidi, MO Feddema, J Proctor, F Shafai, B Jamshidi, JS TI A macro-micro motion system for a scanning tunneling microscope SO ROBOTICS, AUTOMATION AND CONTROL AND MANUFACTURING: TRENDS, PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS SE TSI PRESS SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th Biannual World Automation Congress CY JUN 09-13, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Univ Cent Florida, Florida Atlantic Univ DE nano-lithography; nano-manufacturing; macro-micro motion; STM; interferometer; vibration isolation; graphical programming AB As nano-lithography technology improves, more companies and research groups have the capability to create nano-scale structures. Scanning tunneling microscopes (STMs) are commonly used to create these structures and evaluate them after-ward. One difficulty is that these nano-structures are difficult, to find on a one centimeter-size die cut from a silicon wafer without very specialized hardware and post-processing and analysis. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is conducting research into developing a macro-micro motion system that would allow these nano-structures to be more effectively located and identified on the die. An XY stage system using linear piezo actuators will perform the macro motion by moving the sample to where the STM tip can scan a particular region of the die to make an analysis. The STM tip would then perform the micro motion by scanning the region for the nano-structure. A vibration isolation system has been designed for this macro-micro motion system using springs and eddy current dampers. This vibration isolation system will isolate the entire system from the outside world and the individual components from each other. Along with the motion systems described above, a high-precision interferometer system will be installed to independently monitor a flexure driven stage for the STM tip. A graphical programming system has been developed for controlling the motion of the STM tip. All of these systems - the macro-micro motion system, the vibration isolation system, the interferometer system, and the graphical programming system - combine to form the initial steps toward coordinated closed-loop control of the STM. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gilsinn, JD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU TSI PRESS PI ALBUQUERQUE PA PO BOX 14126, ALBUQUERQUE, NM 87191-4126 USA BN 1-889335-19-3 J9 TSI PRESS S PY 2002 VL 14 BP 280 EP 289 PG 10 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Robotics SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science; Engineering; Robotics GA BV86S UT WOS:000180265200044 ER PT B AU Kulvatunyou, B Ivezic, N AF Kulvatunyou, B Ivezic, N BE Jamshidi, MO Feddema, J Proctor, F Shafai, B Jamshidi, JS TI Semantic Web for manufacturing Web Services SO ROBOTICS, AUTOMATION AND CONTROL AND MANUFACTURING: TRENDS, PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS SE TSI PRESS SERIES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th Biannual World Automation Congress CY JUN 09-13, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Univ Cent Florida, Florida Atlantic Univ DE collaborative manufacturing; ontology management; E-manufacturing; CIM; Web Services AB Automatic Web Service discovery and execution is receiving a lot of attention within the web applications community. Web Services aim to reduce the collaboration costs and increase productivity by automating the enterprise processes. In this paper, we explore and illustrate the potential use of Semantic Web in the context of manufacturing services. In particular, we identify benefits of explicitly encoding semantics of the manufacturing Web Services. C1 NIST, Mfg Syst Integrat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kulvatunyou, B (reprint author), NIST, Mfg Syst Integrat Div, 100 Bur Dr,Bldg 220, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 3 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU TSI PRESS PI ALBUQUERQUE PA PO BOX 14126, ALBUQUERQUE, NM 87191-4126 USA BN 1-889335-19-3 J9 TSI PRESS S PY 2002 VL 14 BP 597 EP 606 PG 10 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Engineering, Manufacturing; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Robotics SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science; Engineering; Robotics GA BV86S UT WOS:000180265200092 ER PT S AU Girz, CMIR MacDonald, AE Caracena, F Anderson, RL Lachenmeier, T Jamison, BD Collander, RS Weatherhead, EC AF Girz, CMIR MacDonald, AE Caracena, F Anderson, RL Lachenmeier, T Jamison, BD Collander, RS Weatherhead, EC BE Agrawal, PC Tueller, J TI Gains - A global observing system SO SCIENTIFIC BALLOONING IN THE NEXT CENTURY: GOALS AND CHALLENGES SE ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT PSB1 Symposium of the COSPAR Panal on Scientific Ballooning in the Next Century held at the 33rd COSPAR Scientific Assembly CY JUL 19-21, 2000 CL WARSAW, POLAND SP Indian Space Res Org, Inst Space & Astronaut Sci, Comm Space Res AB The Global Atmosphere-ocean IN-situ observing System (GAINS) is a program to develop the systems needed for an operational, global, in-situ observing system. Observations taken from the GAINS platforms will complement existing operational systems by filling in holes over oceans, and by delivering observations that are at finer temporal and spatial resolutions than are currently possible. This paper gives an overview of the GAINS program, discussing the motivation for this observing system, the concept, and the seven-year development program. Balloon trajectory simulations illustrating the feasibility of the proposed GAINS network of 400 platforms will be presented. Finally, status of the program and results of experimental flights will be discussed. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd on behalf of COSPAR. C1 NOAA, Forecast Syst Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Basic Automat, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. GSSL Inc, Tillamook, OR 97141 USA. Colorado State Univ, CIRA, Ft Collins, CO 80531 USA. Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80502 USA. RP Girz, CMIR (reprint author), NOAA, Forecast Syst Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Weatherhead, Elizabeth/I-7091-2015; Jamison, Brian/M-1109-2015 OI Weatherhead, Elizabeth/0000-0002-9252-4228; NR 4 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0273-1177 J9 ADV SPACE RES PY 2002 VL 30 IS 5 BP 1343 EP 1348 AR PII S0273-1177(02)00540-9 DI 10.1016/S0273-1177(02)00540-9 PG 6 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BV67N UT WOS:000179730800034 ER PT S AU Paul, RL Simons, DS AF Paul, RL Simons, DS BE Downey, DF Law, ME Claverie, A Rendon, MJ TI Calibration of phosphorus implantation dose in silicon by radiochemical neutron activation analysis SO SILICON FRONT-END JUNCTION FORMATION TECHNOLOGIES SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Silicon Front-End Junction Formation Technologies held at the MRS Spring Meeting CY APR 02-04, 2002 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Mat Res Soc AB A radiochemical neutron activation analysis (RNAA) procedure has been developed, critically evaluated, and shown to have the necessary sensitivity, chemical specificity, and matrix independence to certify phosphorus at ion implantation levels. P-32, produced by neutron capture of P-31, is chemically separated from the sample matrix, and measured using a beta proportional counter. Analysis of 12 pieces of a silicon wafer, implanted at a nominal dose of 8.5 x 10(14) atoms(.)cm(-2), yielded a phosphorus concentration of (8.30 +/- 0.16) x 10(14) atoms(.)cm(-2) (expanded uncertainty), in agreement with a consensus value of (8.23+/-0.33) x 10(14) atoms(.)cm(-2) (Is uncertainty) determined from a round robin SIMS investigation. The relative standard deviation of <2% is suitable for certification of a Standard Reference Material. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Paul, RL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 5 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-653-2 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2002 VL 717 BP 291 EP 296 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Optics SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Materials Science; Optics GA BV37U UT WOS:000178750600038 ER PT B AU Facundo, J Blackmore, W AF Facundo, J Blackmore, W GP AMS AMS TI Implementation of the National Weather Service's Radiosonde Replacement System SO SIXTH SYMPOSIUM ON INTEGRATED OBSERVING SYSTEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th Symposium on Integrated Observing Systems CY JAN 13-17, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 Natl Weather Serv, Off Syst Operat, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Facundo, J (reprint author), Natl Weather Serv, Off Syst Operat, 1325 EW Highway,Room 4348, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 2002 BP 6 EP 7 PG 2 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BV53W UT WOS:000179289900002 ER PT B AU Blackmore, WH Facundo, J AF Blackmore, WH Facundo, J GP AMS AMS TI Improving management of the NWS upper-air network SO SIXTH SYMPOSIUM ON INTEGRATED OBSERVING SYSTEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th Symposium on Integrated Observing Systems CY JAN 13-17, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Off Operat Syst, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Blackmore, WH (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Off Operat Syst, W-OPS22,1325 EW Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 2002 BP 8 EP 11 PG 4 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BV53W UT WOS:000179289900003 ER PT B AU Friedman, KS Pichel, WG Clemente-Colon, P Li, X AF Friedman, KS Pichel, WG Clemente-Colon, P Li, X GP AMS AMS TI Integrating multiple sensors to study algal blooms in the eastern gulf of Mexico SO SIXTH SYMPOSIUM ON INTEGRATED OBSERVING SYSTEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th Symposium on Integrated Observing Systems CY JAN 13-17, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Amer Meteorol Soc ID SAR C1 NOAA, WWBG, NESDIS, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Friedman, KS (reprint author), NOAA, WWBG, NESDIS, E-RA3,Room 102,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RI Clemente-Colon, Pablo/F-5581-2010; Pichel, William/F-5619-2010; Li, Xiaofeng/B-6524-2008 OI Pichel, William/0000-0001-6332-0149; Li, Xiaofeng/0000-0001-7038-5119 NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 2002 BP 20 EP 22 PG 3 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BV53W UT WOS:000179289900006 ER PT B AU Martner, BE Hazen, DA Moran, KP Uttal, T Post, MJ Madsen, WB AF Martner, BE Hazen, DA Moran, KP Uttal, T Post, MJ Madsen, WB GP AMS AMS TI NOAA/ETL's vertical-profiling cloud radar and radiometer package SO SIXTH SYMPOSIUM ON INTEGRATED OBSERVING SYSTEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th Symposium on Integrated Observing Systems CY JAN 13-17, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Amer Meteorol Soc ID STRATUS CLOUD; MICROWAVE RADIOMETER; PARAMETERS; RETRIEVALS; LIQUID C1 NOAA, ETL, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Martner, BE (reprint author), NOAA, ETL, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 2002 BP 41 EP 43 PG 3 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BV53W UT WOS:000179289900010 ER PT B AU Ryan, M Post, MJ Martner, B Novak, J Davis, L AF Ryan, M Post, MJ Martner, B Novak, J Davis, L GP AMS AMS TI The NOAA Ron Brown's Shipboard Doppler precipitation radar SO SIXTH SYMPOSIUM ON INTEGRATED OBSERVING SYSTEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th Symposium on Integrated Observing Systems CY JAN 13-17, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Amer Meteorol Soc ID EASTERN PACIFIC PROCESS; PAN-AMERICAN CLIMATE; REGION C1 NOAA, ETL, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Ryan, M (reprint author), NOAA, ETL, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 5 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 2002 BP 46 EP 48 PG 3 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BV53W UT WOS:000179289900012 ER PT B AU Crescenti, GH French, JR Crawford, TL Vandemark, DC AF Crescenti, GH French, JR Crawford, TL Vandemark, DC GP AMS AMS TI An integrated airborne measurement system for the determination of atmospheric turbulence and ocean surface wave field properties SO SIXTH SYMPOSIUM ON INTEGRATED OBSERVING SYSTEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th Symposium on Integrated Observing Systems CY JAN 13-17, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Amer Meteorol Soc ID HEAT; SEA C1 US Dept Commerce, NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Field Res Div, Idaho Falls, ID 83402 USA. RP Crescenti, GH (reprint author), US Dept Commerce, NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Field Res Div, 1750 Foote Dr, Idaho Falls, ID 83402 USA. NR 19 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 2002 BP 60 EP 67 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BV53W UT WOS:000179289900016 ER PT B AU Masutani, M Woollen, JC Lord, SJ Terry, J Kleespies, TJ Derber, JC Atlas, R AF Masutani, M Woollen, JC Lord, SJ Terry, J Kleespies, TJ Derber, JC Atlas, R GP AMS AMS TI Calibration and error sensitivity tests for NPOESS/OSSE SO SIXTH SYMPOSIUM ON INTEGRATED OBSERVING SYSTEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th Symposium on Integrated Observing Systems CY JAN 13-17, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Amer Meteorol Soc ID ANALYSIS SYSTEM C1 NOAA, NWS, NCEP, EMC, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NOAA, NESDIS, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Masutani, M (reprint author), NOAA, NWS, NCEP, EMC, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 2002 BP 71 EP 76 PG 6 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BV53W UT WOS:000179289900018 ER PT B AU Nelson, CS Cunningham, JD AF Nelson, CS Cunningham, JD GP AMS AMS TI The national polar-orbiting operational environmental satellite system future US Environmental Observing System SO SIXTH SYMPOSIUM ON INTEGRATED OBSERVING SYSTEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th Symposium on Integrated Observing Systems CY JAN 13-17, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, NPOESS Integrated Program Off, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Nelson, CS (reprint author), NOAA, NPOESS Integrated Program Off, 8455 Colesville Rd,Suite 1450, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 2002 BP 99 EP 103 PG 5 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BV53W UT WOS:000179289900024 ER PT B AU Lord, SJ Masutani, M Woollen, JC Derber, JC Emmitt, GD Wood, SA Greco, S Atlas, R Terry, J Kleespies, TJ AF Lord, SJ Masutani, M Woollen, JC Derber, JC Emmitt, GD Wood, SA Greco, S Atlas, R Terry, J Kleespies, TJ GP AMS AMS TI Impact assesment of a Doppler wind lidar for NPOESS/OSSE SO SIXTH SYMPOSIUM ON INTEGRATED OBSERVING SYSTEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th Symposium on Integrated Observing Systems CY JAN 13-17, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Amer Meteorol Soc ID ANALYSIS SYSTEM C1 NOAA, NSW, NCEP, EMC, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Masutani, M (reprint author), NOAA, NSW, NCEP, EMC, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. NR 31 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 2002 BP 108 EP 115 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BV53W UT WOS:000179289900026 ER PT B AU Li, XF Clemente-Colon, P Pichel, W Vachon, P Friedman, K AF Li, XF Clemente-Colon, P Pichel, W Vachon, P Friedman, K GP AMS AMS TI Imaging the sea surface imprints of Atmospheric Vortex Streets by space-borne Synthetic Aperture Radar SO SIXTH SYMPOSIUM ON INTEGRATED OBSERVING SYSTEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th Symposium on Integrated Observing Systems CY JAN 13-17, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Amer Meteorol Soc ID SAR; SATELLITE; IMAGERY; WAVES C1 NOAA, ERA3, WWBG, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Li, XF (reprint author), NOAA, ERA3, WWBG, Room 102,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RI Clemente-Colon, Pablo/F-5581-2010; Pichel, William/F-5619-2010; Li, Xiaofeng/B-6524-2008 OI Pichel, William/0000-0001-6332-0149; Li, Xiaofeng/0000-0001-7038-5119 NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 2002 BP 125 EP 127 PG 3 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BV53W UT WOS:000179289900030 ER PT B AU Balch, CC Hill, SM Pizzo, VJ Wilkinson, DC AF Balch, CC Hill, SM Pizzo, VJ Wilkinson, DC GP AMS AMS TI First forecast products from the GOES-12 Solar X-ray Imager SO SIXTH SYMPOSIUM ON INTEGRATED OBSERVING SYSTEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th Symposium on Integrated Observing Systems CY JAN 13-17, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Amer Meteorol Soc AB The Solar X-ray Imager (SXI) was launched 23 July 2001 on NOAA's GOES-12 satellite. When the spacecraft enters operation, this instrument will provide routine, nearly uninterrupted, full-disk, soft X-ray movies of the Sun's outer atmosphere called the corona. This is the first instrument of its kind flown by NOAA and the first of its kind flown by any organization for routine space weather monitoring and forecasting operations. The instrument's 0.6-6.0 nm bandpass makes it sensitive to the coronal temperature range of 10(6)-10(7) K. The corona is the source of most space weather disturbances. The imaging nature of the SXI will add two-spatial dimensions to the already routine observations of disk-integrated solar X-ray intensity. The NOAA Space Environment Center (SEC) will use the images in its Space Weather Operations. At the time of this conference, the SXI will have completed initial on-orbit testing and calibration. This paper presents results of that test period and describes future operational forecast products. System performance will be assessed along with its impact on the forecast products. C1 NOAA, US Dept Commerce, SEC, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Balch, CC (reprint author), NOAA, US Dept Commerce, SEC, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 2002 BP 128 EP 133 PG 6 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BV53W UT WOS:000179289900031 ER PT B AU Gurka, JJ Dittberner, GJ Schmit, TJ AF Gurka, JJ Dittberner, GJ Schmit, TJ GP AMS AMS TI GOES users' conference recommendations for the advanced baseline imager and sounder SO SIXTH SYMPOSIUM ON INTEGRATED OBSERVING SYSTEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th Symposium on Integrated Observing Systems CY JAN 13-17, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, NESDIS, Suitland, MD 20746 USA. RP Gurka, JJ (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, FB-4,Room 3010B,5200 Auth Rd, Suitland, MD 20746 USA. RI Schmit, Timothy/F-5624-2010 NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 2002 BP 134 EP 137 PG 4 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BV53W UT WOS:000179289900032 ER PT B AU Petersen, RA Feltz, WF Huang, HL AF Petersen, RA Feltz, WF Huang, HL GP AMS AMS TI An analysis of pre-tornadic low-level moisture-flux convergence and the utility of goes and gifts sounder data SO SIXTH SYMPOSIUM ON INTEGRATED OBSERVING SYSTEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th Symposium on Integrated Observing Systems CY JAN 13-17, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NCEP, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Petersen, RA (reprint author), NCEP, 5200 Auth Rd,Room 207, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 2002 BP 138 EP 141 PG 4 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BV53W UT WOS:000179289900033 ER PT B AU Daniels, J Ferraro, R AF Daniels, J Ferraro, R GP AMS AMS TI A comparison of GOES and AMSU based total precipitable water retrievals SO SIXTH SYMPOSIUM ON INTEGRATED OBSERVING SYSTEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th Symposium on Integrated Observing Systems CY JAN 13-17, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Daniels, J (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, 5200 Auth Rd,Rm 601, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RI Daniels, Jaime/E-7933-2011; Ferraro, Ralph/F-5587-2010 OI Daniels, Jaime/0000-0002-9438-6631; Ferraro, Ralph/0000-0002-8393-7135 NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 2002 BP 142 EP 143 PG 2 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BV53W UT WOS:000179289900034 ER PT B AU Lewis, R Childs, B Ramsay, AC AF Lewis, R Childs, B Ramsay, AC GP AMS AMS TI Automating the observation of drizzle SO SIXTH SYMPOSIUM ON INTEGRATED OBSERVING SYSTEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th Symposium on Integrated Observing Systems CY JAN 13-17, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 Natl Weather Serv, Sterling, VA 20166 USA. RP Lewis, R (reprint author), Natl Weather Serv, 44210 Weather Serv Rd, Sterling, VA 20166 USA. NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 2002 BP 226 EP 228 PG 3 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BV53W UT WOS:000179289900052 ER PT B AU Girz, CMIR MacDonald, AE Anderson, RL Lachenmeier, T Jamison, BD Collander, RS Latsch, D Moody, RA Cooper, J Ganoe, G Katzberg, S Johnson, T Russ, B Zavorotny, V AF Girz, CMIR MacDonald, AE Anderson, RL Lachenmeier, T Jamison, BD Collander, RS Latsch, D Moody, RA Cooper, J Ganoe, G Katzberg, S Johnson, T Russ, B Zavorotny, V GP AMS AMS TI Results of the demonstration flight of the gains prototype III balloon SO SIXTH SYMPOSIUM ON INTEGRATED OBSERVING SYSTEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th Symposium on Integrated Observing Systems CY JAN 13-17, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, Forecast Syst Lab RFS1, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Girz, CMIR (reprint author), NOAA, Forecast Syst Lab RFS1, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Jamison, Brian/M-1109-2015 NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 2002 BP 248 EP 253 PG 6 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BV53W UT WOS:000179289900057 ER PT B AU Collander, R Girz, CMIR AF Collander, R Girz, CMIR GP AMS AMS TI Evaluation of balloon trajectory forecast routines for gains SO SIXTH SYMPOSIUM ON INTEGRATED OBSERVING SYSTEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th Symposium on Integrated Observing Systems CY JAN 13-17, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, OAR, FSL, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Collander, R (reprint author), NOAA, OAR, FSL, 325 Broadway R-FS1, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 2002 BP 254 EP 259 PG 6 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BV53W UT WOS:000179289900058 ER PT B AU Baker, CB AF Baker, CB GP AMS AMS TI The climate reference network SO SIXTH SYMPOSIUM ON INTEGRATED OBSERVING SYSTEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th Symposium on Integrated Observing Systems CY JAN 13-17, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, NESDIS, Natl Climat Data Ctr, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. RP Baker, CB (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, Natl Climat Data Ctr, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 2002 BP 267 EP 268 PG 2 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BV53W UT WOS:000179289900060 ER PT B AU Mamrosh, R Baker, R Jirikowic, T AF Mamrosh, R Baker, R Jirikowic, T GP AMS AMS TI A comparison of ACARS WVSS and NWS radiosonde temperature and moisture data SO SIXTH SYMPOSIUM ON INTEGRATED OBSERVING SYSTEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 6th Symposium on Integrated Observing Systems CY JAN 13-17, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Amer Meteorol Soc ID AIRCRAFT C1 Natl Weather Serv, NOAA, Green Bay, WI 54313 USA. RP Mamrosh, R (reprint author), Natl Weather Serv, NOAA, 2485 S Point Rd, Green Bay, WI 54313 USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 2002 BP 275 EP 280 PG 6 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BV53W UT WOS:000179289900063 ER PT S AU Odstrcil, D Linker, JA Lionello, R Mikic, Z Riley, P Pizzo, VJ Luhmann, JG AF Odstrcil, D Linker, JA Lionello, R Mikic, Z Riley, P Pizzo, VJ Luhmann, JG GP ESA ESA TI 3-D MHD simulations of CMEs by coupled coronal and heliospheric models SO SOLAR VARIABILITY: FROM CORE TO OUTER FRONTIERS, VOLS 1 & 2 SE ESA SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th European Solar Physics Meeting CY SEP 09-14, 2002 CL PRAGUE, CZECH REPUBLIC SP European Commiss, European Phys Soc, European Space Agcy, Astron Inst Acad Sci, Prvni Energeticka a s DE coronal mass ejection; magnetic flux rope; solar wind; interplanetary shock; magnetohydrodynamic model; numerical simulation ID STRUCTURED SOLAR-WIND; MASS EJECTIONS; 3-DIMENSIONAL PROPAGATION; HELMET STREAMER; MAGNETIC-FIELD; FLUX ROPE; DISRUPTION AB Merging of coronal and heliospheric magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) models is demonstrated for a 3-D idealized case involving a magnetic flux rope, shock, streamer belt, and current sheet. The disruption of a sheared helmet streamer launches a coronal mass ejection (CME, simulated by the coronal model), which evolves during its propagation through interplanetary space (simulated by the heliospheric model). These models employ different physical approximations and numerical grids to simulate physical phenomena over their respective spatial and temporal domains. The coupled simulation enables self-consistent tracking of transient disturbances from their origin in the solar atmosphere to their geo-effective consequences at the Earth. C1 Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, SEC, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Odstrcil, D (reprint author), Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, SEC, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 15 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY PI PARIS PA 8-10 RUE MARIO NIKIS, 75738 PARIS, FRANCE SN 0379-6566 BN 92-9092-816-6 J9 ESA SP PUBL PY 2002 VL 506 BP 95 EP 98 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BW17V UT WOS:000181080400021 ER PT S AU Smith, Z AF Smith, Z GP ESA ESA TI Demonstration of method to evaluate in the operational environment space weather models that predict shock arrivals and geomagnetic disturbances using solar and interplanetary data for input SO SOLAR VARIABILITY: FROM CORE TO OUTER FRONTIERS, VOLS 1 & 2 SE ESA SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 10th European Solar Physics Meeting CY SEP 09-14, 2002 CL PRAGUE, CZECH REPUBLIC SP European Commiss, European Phys Soc, European Space Agcy, Astron Inst Acad Sci, Prvni Energeticka a s AB The ability to predict the arrival of interplanetary disturbances (shocks, ejecta and magnetic clouds) at or near Earth is of great interest in space weather because of their relationship to geomagnetic storms. A number of models have been developed for this purpose. It is important to provide, for each model, verification using standard statistical techniques to enable the intercomparison of different models, and to test the models in an operational environment. This paper compares the prediction capabilities of five models based on solar observations and one based on measurements at L1. Three of the models initiated at the Sun are based on metric type II radio burst observations of coronal shocks and two use white light observations of halo/partial-halo coronal mass ejections. The prediction technique at L1 uses low-energy energetic ion measurements of shock-accelerated energetic ion enhancements (EIEs). The time period of the study is January-May, 2002. The predictions are compared to shocks observed by the ACE spacecraft and to geomagnetic activity as measured by Kp. Although the data sample is small, the statistical inter-comparison of the results of these models is presented to demonstrate the method and illustrate some of the difficulties in making quantitative assessments of model effectiveness. C1 NOAA, SEC, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Smith, Z (reprint author), NOAA, SEC, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY PI PARIS PA 8-10 RUE MARIO NIKIS, 75738 PARIS, FRANCE SN 0379-6566 BN 92-9092-816-6 J9 ESA SP PUBL PY 2002 VL 506 BP 205 EP 208 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Instruments & Instrumentation GA BW17V UT WOS:000181080400048 ER PT J AU Yildirim, T AF Yildirim, T TI Lattice dynamics of solid cubane within the quasi-harmonic approximation SO SOLID STATE COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Festschrift held in honor of Salim Ciraci CY NOV 04-07, 2002 CL BILKENT UNIV, DEPT PHYS, ANKARA, TURKEY HO BILKENT UNIV, DEPT PHYS DE organic crystals; crystal structure and symmetry; phonons; thermal expansion; phase transitions; neutron scattering ID NEUTRON-SCATTERING; PHASE-TRANSITION; NMR AB Solid cubane, which is composed of weakly interacting cubic molecules, exhibits many unusual and interesting properties, such as a very large thermal expansion and a first-order phase transition at T-p = 394 K from an orientationally ordered phase of R (3) over bar symmetry to a non-cubic disordered phase of the same symmetry with a volume expansion of 5.4%, among the largest ever observed. We study the lattice dynamics of solid cubane within the quasi-harmonic and rigid-molecule approximation to explain some of these unusual dynamical properties. The calculated phonon density of states, dispersion curves and thermal expansion agree surprisingly well with available experimental data. We find that the amplitude of thermally excited orientational excitations (i.e. librons) increases rapidly with increasing the temperature and reaches about 35degrees just before the orientational phase transition. Hence, the transition is driven by large amplitude collective motions of the cubane molecules. Similarly the amplitude of the translational excitations shows a strong temperature dependence and reaches one-tenth of the lattice constant at T = 440 K. This temperature is in fair agreement with the experimental melting temperature of 405 K, indicating that the Lindemann criterion works well even for this unusual molecular solid. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Yildirim, T (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Bldg 235,Room E112, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM taner@nist.gov RI yildirim, taner/A-1290-2009 NR 21 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0038-1098 EI 1879-2766 J9 SOLID STATE COMMUN JI Solid State Commun. PY 2002 VL 124 IS 12 BP 449 EP 455 AR PII S0038-1098(02)00548-3 DI 10.1016/S0038-1098(02)00548-3 PG 7 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 623AV UT WOS:000179681600003 ER PT J AU Amos, TG Huang, Q Lynn, JW He, T Cava, RJ AF Amos, TG Huang, Q Lynn, JW He, T Cava, RJ TI Carbon concentration dependence of the superconducting transition temperature and structure of MgCxNi3 SO SOLID STATE COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE superconductors; neutron scattering AB The crystal structure of the superconductor MgCxNi(3) is reported as a function of carbon concentration determined by powder neutron diffraction. The single-phase perovskite structure was found in only a narrow range of carbon content, 0.88 < x < 1.0. The superconducting transition temperature was found to decrease systematically with decreasing carbon concentration. The introduction of carbon vacancies has a significant effect on the positions of the Ni atoms. No evidence for long-range magnetic ordering was seen by neutron diffraction for carbon stoichiometries within the perovskite phase stability range. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Chem, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Princeton Univ, Mat Inst, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat & Nucl Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP He, T (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Dept Chem, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. NR 9 TC 52 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0038-1098 J9 SOLID STATE COMMUN JI Solid State Commun. PY 2002 VL 121 IS 2-3 BP 73 EP 77 DI 10.1016/S0038-1098(01)00470-7 PG 5 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 511MB UT WOS:000173266700003 ER PT J AU Kim, YJ Wakimoto, S Shapiro, SM Gehring, PM Ramirez, AP AF Kim, YJ Wakimoto, S Shapiro, SM Gehring, PM Ramirez, AP TI Neutron scattering study of antiferromagnetic order in CaCu3Ti4O12 SO SOLID STATE COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE magnetically ordered materials; phase transitions; spin dynamics; neutron scattering ID DIELECTRIC-CONSTANT; PEROVSKITE AB Magnetism in a single crystal CaCu3Ti4O12 has been studied using elastic and inelastic neutron scattering. We have measured the order parameter of the antiferromagnetic phase transition at T-N = 24.1(1) K. The observed magnetic structure can be consistently described by spins ordered collinearly along the crystallographic [111] direction. A spin wave mode of omega = 7.3(4) meV has been observed and compared with a linear spin wave theory. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. MIT, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. MIT, Ctr Mat Sci, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20889 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RP Kim, YJ (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Bldg 510B, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RI Kim, Young-June /G-7196-2011; OI Kim, Young-June /0000-0002-1172-8895; Gehring, Peter/0000-0002-9236-2046 NR 12 TC 51 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 11 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0038-1098 J9 SOLID STATE COMMUN JI Solid State Commun. PY 2002 VL 121 IS 11 BP 625 EP 629 AR PII S0038-1098(02)00061-3 DI 10.1016/S0038-1098(02)00061-3 PG 5 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 540GR UT WOS:000174921600008 ER PT B AU Soares, CG AF Soares, CG BE Horowitz, YS Oster, L TI National and international standards and calibration of thermoluminescence dosimetry systems SO SOLID STATE DOSIMETRY, PTS 1 AND 2, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 13th International Conference on Solid State Dosimetry CY JUL 09-13, 2001 CL ATHENS, GREECE SP Ben Gurion Univ Negev, Bicron Radiat Measurements Products, Bubble Technol, Int Soild State Dosimetry Org, Landauer, Natl Aeronaut & Space Adm, Natl Space Biomed Res Inst, Nucl Technol Publishing AB Radiation protection for radiation workers, the public, and the environment is of international concern. The use of thermoluminescence dosemeters (TLD) is an acceptable method for dose recording in most countries. For reasons of consistency and data gathering (research) it is important that a Sievert (Sv) in one part of the world equals an Sv on the other side of the globe. To this end, much work has gone into the development of standards and calibration practices for TLD systems so that they compare not only with similar systems, but also with other forms of radiation measurement. While most national laboratories provide calibration services for these systems some, as in the United States, depend on services of secondary calibration laboratories that are traceable to the national laboratories through accreditation programmes. The purpose of this paper is to explain how TLD measurements are traceable to their respective national standards for both personnel and environmental dosimetry. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Soares, CG (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 40 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU RAMTRANS PUBLISHING PI ASHFORD PA PO BOX NO 7, ASHFORD TN23 1YW, KENT, ENGLAND BN 1-870965-73-6 PY 2002 BP A167 EP A171 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA BV69W UT WOS:000179805700149 ER PT S AU Smith, Z Dryer, M Fry, CD Sun, W Deehr, CS AF Smith, Z Dryer, M Fry, CD Sun, W Deehr, CS BE SawayaLacoste, H TI The role of interactions of solar-initiated interplanetary disturbances within 1AU in real time predictions of shocks SO SOLSPA 2001: PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECOND SOLAR CYCLE AND SPACE WEATHER EUROCONFERENCE SE ESA SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Euroconference on Solar Cycle and Space Weather CY SEP 24-29, 2001 CL VICO EQUENSE, ITALY SP European Commiss, European Space Agcy, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Osservatorio Astron Capodimonte, Osservatorio Astrofis Arcetri, Univ Ric Sci, Reg Campania Assessorato, Univ Napoli Federico II, Observ Paris, CNR Ist Fis Spazio Interplanetario, Cantine Grotta Del Sole ID GEOMAGNETIC STORMS; MHD AB During times of high solar activity, such as 7-15 July 2000, the resulting interplanetary disturbances (IPD) interact as they propagate out to 1AU. This complicates the association (and forecasting) of interplanetary(IP) events with individual solar events. We first briefly review the interactions expected on the basis of time dependent numerical MHD. We then demonstrate such shock interactions by examining the predictions that were made in real time during the July 2000 events, using three numerical models: STOA, ISPM and HAFv.2. The model predictions are compared with the IP shock arrivals as observed at L1 by ACE. Only the HAFv.2 model has the 'built in' capability of processing compound events. These comparisons demonstrate the importance and necessity of considering shock interactions in predicting the arrival of IP shocks during times of enhanced solar activity. C1 NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Smith, Z (reprint author), NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ESA PUBLICATIONS DIVISION C/O ESTEC PI 2200 AG NOORDWIJK PA PO BOX 299, 2200 AG NOORDWIJK, NETHERLANDS SN 0379-6566 BN 92-9092-749-6 J9 ESA SP PUBL PY 2002 VL 477 BP 377 EP 380 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BU85T UT WOS:000177209900089 ER PT S AU Smith, Z Murtagh, W Smithtro, C AF Smith, Z Murtagh, W Smithtro, C BE SawayaLacoste, H TI Using solar wind energetic ion enhancements to forecast large geomagnetic storms SO SOLSPA 2001: PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECOND SOLAR CYCLE AND SPACE WEATHER EUROCONFERENCE SE ESA SPECIAL PUBLICATIONS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 2nd Euroconference on Solar Cycle and Space Weather CY SEP 24-29, 2001 CL VICO EQUENSE, ITALY SP European Commiss, European Space Agcy, Agenzia Spaziale Italiana, Osservatorio Astron Capodimonte, Osservatorio Astrofis Arcetri, Univ Ric Sci, Reg Campania Assessorato, Univ Napoli Federico II, Observ Paris, CNR Ist Fis Spazio Interplanetario, Cantine Grotta Del Sole ID CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS; INTERPLANETARY AB Energetic ion enhancements are due, in part, to acceleration at interplanetary shocks. The arrival of these shocks at Earth correlate well with geomagnetic storms. This correlation suggests that the energetic ion enhancements observed at satellites located at L1 are a potential tool for forecasting geomagnetic storms. This relationship is investigated using ACE particle, plasma and field data and Kp for geomagnetic storm severity during February 1998 through December 2000. Forecasting guidelines were formulated and flux thresholds introduced to reduce forecaster monitoring time and to optimize prediction accuracy, defined as the percentage of large storms predicted, versus the false alarm rate. This technique predicted large storms (Kpgreater than or equal to7) with an accuracy >90% and with a false alarm rate of 44%. The lead times ranged from 0-46 hours, the average being 15 hours. C1 NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Smith, Z (reprint author), NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU ESA PUBLICATIONS DIVISION C/O ESTEC PI 2200 AG NOORDWIJK PA PO BOX 299, 2200 AG NOORDWIJK, NETHERLANDS SN 0379-6566 BN 92-9092-749-6 J9 ESA SP PUBL PY 2002 VL 477 BP 409 EP 412 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA BU85T UT WOS:000177209900095 ER PT S AU Ostashev, VE AF Ostashev, VE BE Auregan, Y Maurel, A Pagneux, V Pinton, JF TI Geometrical acoustics in moving media SO SOUND-FLOW INTERACTIONS SE LECTURE NOTES IN PHYSICS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Cargese Summer School on Sound-Flow Interactions CY JUN 19-JUL 01, 2000 CL INST EDUDES SCI CARGESE, CORSICA, FRANCE SP European Union, CNRS, Minist Affaires Etrangeres, Minist Natl Educ Rech & Technol HO INST EDUDES SCI CARGESE AB A complete set of linearized equations of fluid dynamics is considered, which is a starting point of geometrical acoustics in inhomogeneous moving media. The linearized equations of fluid dynamics are solved by using the Debye series. As a result the eikonal equation, dispersion equation, transport equation, and the law of acoustic energy conservation are obtained. The sound propagation in three-dimensional and stratified moving media are studied. C1 NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Ostashev, VE (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 5 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 3 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0075-8450 BN 3-540-43332-5 J9 LECT NOTES PHYS PY 2002 VL 586 BP 160 EP 168 PG 9 WC Mechanics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Mechanics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BU95C UT WOS:000177472300004 ER PT S AU Ostashev, VE AF Ostashev, VE BE Auregan, Y Maurel, A Pagneux, V Pinton, JF TI Sound propagation and scattering in random moving media SO SOUND-FLOW INTERACTIONS SE LECTURE NOTES IN PHYSICS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Cargese Summer School on Sound-Flow Interactions CY JUN 19-JUL 01, 2000 CL INST EDUDES SCI CARGESE, CORSICA, FRANCE SP European Union, CNRS, Minist Affaires Etrangeres, Minist Natl Educ Rech & Technol HO INST EDUDES SCI CARGESE ID TURBULENT ATMOSPHERE; VELOCITY FLUCTUATIONS; STATISTICAL MOMENTS; COHERENCE; MODEL; FIELD; WAVES; SHEAR AB This paper gives a handbook-type overview of the theories of sound propagation and scattering in random moving media and the major phenomena known in this field. C1 NOAA, Environm Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Ostashev, VE (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Res Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 23 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 4 U2 4 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0075-8450 BN 3-540-43332-5 J9 LECT NOTES PHYS PY 2002 VL 586 BP 169 EP 191 PG 23 WC Mechanics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Mechanics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BU95C UT WOS:000177472300005 ER PT J AU Parsons, GR Ingram, GW Havard, R AF Parsons, GR Ingram, GW Havard, R TI First record of the goblin shark Mitsukurina owstoni, Jordan (family Mitsukurinidae) in the Gulf of Mexico SO SOUTHEASTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID LAMNIFORMES AB A goblin shark, Mitsukurina owstoni (family Mitsukurinidae), was captured in the northern Gulf of Mexico at 28degrees44.62' N, 88degrees34.13' W on 25 July 2000. The shark was captured by commercial fishers at 919 to 1,099 meters depth after it became entangled in fishing gear. The shark was female, the gut was empty, and no pups were present. Using regression analysis, the length was estimated to be 540 to 617 cm total length and may be the largest specimen collected to date. This capture from the Gulf of Mexico extends the goblin shark's range into the Atlantic waters of North America. C1 Univ Mississippi, Dept Biol, University, MS 38677 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pascagoula, MS 39567 USA. Alabama Marine Resources Div, Dauphin Isl, AL 36528 USA. RP Parsons, GR (reprint author), Univ Mississippi, Dept Biol, University, MS 38677 USA. NR 11 TC 4 Z9 8 U1 4 U2 18 PU HUMBOLDT FIELD RESEARCH INST PI STEUBEN PA PO BOX 9, STEUBEN, ME 04680-0009 USA SN 1528-7092 J9 SOUTHEAST NAT JI Southeast. Nat. PY 2002 VL 1 IS 2 BP 189 EP 192 DI 10.1656/1528-7092(2002)001[0189:FROTGS]2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 626RJ UT WOS:000179886800007 ER PT J AU Carlson, JK Grace, MA Laco, PK AF Carlson, JK Grace, MA Laco, PK TI An observation of juvenile tiger sharks feeding on clapper rails off the southeastern coast of the United States SO SOUTHEASTERN NATURALIST LA English DT Article ID GALEOCERDO-CUVIER AB From September to October 2000, a longline survey conducted aboard the NOAA/National Marine Fisheries Service's research vessel FERREL between Ft. Pierce, FL and Charleston, SC resulted in the capture of 72 juvenile tiger sharks, Galeocerdo cuvier, (mean size = 108 cm total length). Twenty-three were found to have large quantities of feathers, both contour and semiplumes, on the teeth and on the outside of the buccal area. An internal examination of 5 individuals found the remains of clapper rail, Rallus longirostris (100% occurrence). Since clapper rails generally inhabit coastal salt marshes and are not considered to be a migratory species, we could not positively ascertain how juvenile tiger sharks, a species normally found in offshore waters, were able to prey on this bird species. Although we cannot explain the sequence of events that brought these species together, it is possible that the birds were swept offshore by storm winds, there was a "mass exodus" from a marsh habitat due to disturbance, or perhaps a dispersal flight. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Panama City, FL 32408 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Pascagoula, MS 39568 USA. Univ Mississippi, Dept Biol, University, MS 38677 USA. RP Carlson, JK (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 3500 Delwood Beach Rd, Panama City, FL 32408 USA. NR 11 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 4 U2 8 PU HUMBOLDT FIELD RESEARCH INST PI STEUBEN PA PO BOX 9, STEUBEN, ME 04680-0009 USA SN 1528-7092 J9 SOUTHEAST NAT JI Southeast. Nat. PY 2002 VL 1 IS 3 BP 307 EP 310 DI 10.1656/1528-7092(2002)001[0307:AOOJTS]2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 626RP UT WOS:000179887300009 ER PT S AU Wiese, WL Fuhr, JR Lesage, A Konjevic, N AF Wiese, WL Fuhr, JR Lesage, A Konjevic, N BE Back, CA TI Experimental stark widths and shifts for spectral lines of neutral and ionized atoms - (A critical review of selected data for the period 1989 through 2000) SO SPECTRAL LINE SHAPES SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 16th International Conference on Spectral Line Shapes CY JUN 03-07, 2002 CL UNIVB CALIF BERKELEY, BERKELEY, CA SP Univ Calif Davis, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab HO UNIVB CALIF BERKELEY ID ISOELECTRONIC SEQUENCE; REGULARITIES; PLASMA; PARAMETERS; PBII AB We have extended our critical review of the available experimental data on Stark widths and shifts for spectral lines of non-hydrogenic neutral atoms and positive ions by one year, including the year 2000, so that we now cover the period from 1989 through the end of 2000. Our recently completed new review represents a continuation of earlier critical reviews up to 1988. Data tables containing the selected experimental Stark broadening parameters are presented with estimated accuracies. Guidelines for the accuracy estimates, developed during the previous reviews, are summarized. The data are arranged according to elements and spectra, and these are presented in alphabetical and numerical order, respectively. A total of 77 spectra are covered, and the material on multiply charged ions has significantly increased. Comparisons with comprehensive calculations based on semi-classical theory are made whenever possible, since the comparison with theory has often been a principal motivation for the experiments. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wiese, WL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 32 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0100-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2002 VL 645 BP 106 EP 115 PG 10 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Physics GA BV93T UT WOS:000180453100013 ER PT S AU Cormier, JG Hodges, JT Drummond, JR AF Cormier, JG Hodges, JT Drummond, JR BE Back, CA TI On the application of cavity ringdown spectroscopy to measurements of line shapes and continuum absorption SO SPECTRAL LINE SHAPES SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 16th International Conference on Spectral Line Shapes CY JUN 03-07, 2002 CL UNIVB CALIF BERKELEY, BERKELEY, CA SP Univ Calif Davis, Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab HO UNIVB CALIF BERKELEY ID DOWN SPECTROSCOPY; COORDINATE REPRESENTATION; DENSITY-MATRIX; HCN AB Cavity ringdown spectroscopy (CRDS) is a highly sensitive spectroscopic technique that has been successfully applied to problems such as trace gas detection and the observation of weak spectra. Despite possessing several intrinsic advantages over other techniques, CRDS has not yet been widely used to study spectral line shapes. Therefore, we begin with an introduction to CRDS, followed by a discussion of practical considerations and quantitative data analysis for an important variation of CRDS: high-resolution CRDS. We then briefly discuss the features and objectives of two high-resolution CRDS experiments in our laboratory. The first experiment uses a continuous wave CO2 laser operating in the 920 cm(-1) to 1090 cm(-1) region. The principal objective of this experiment is to make accurate measurements of water vapor continuum absorption. The second experiment uses an external cavity diode laser operating in the 10500 cm(-1) to 10960 cm(-1) region. This experiment utilizes the frequency comb of a length-stabilized ringdown cavity to provide a precise measure of frequency intervals in line shape measurements. High resolution spectra of a pressure-broadened water vapor transition are presented. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Cormier, JG (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Hodges, Joseph/B-4578-2009; Drummond, James/O-7467-2014 NR 29 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0100-4 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2002 VL 645 BP 401 EP 412 PG 12 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Physics GA BV93T UT WOS:000180453100051 ER PT J AU Burlington, LB AF Burlington, LB TI An update on implementation of natural resource damage assessment and restoration under OPA SO SPILL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE natural resource damage assessment; OPA 90; restoration; restoration planning; cooperative assessment; World Prodigy oil spill; Lake Barre oil spill AB This paper is an update and review of natural resource damage assessment (NRDA) and restoration under the US Oil Pollution Act of 1990. The paper is a review and overview of the damage assessment process, as well as descriptions of efforts being taken to further refine that process and encourages more cooperative work in the future. It also presents two case studies (The World Prodigy oil spill that occurred in June of 1989, and restoration projects that began in 1996 and the Lake Barre oil spill which occurred in May of 1997, with restoration projects beginning in the summer of 2000.) demonstrating the current NRDA approach. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 NOAA, Off Gen Counsel Nat Resources, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Burlington, LB (reprint author), NOAA, Off Gen Counsel Nat Resources, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Rm 15132,1315 EW Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 3 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 1 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1353-2561 J9 SPILL SCI TECHNOL B JI Spill Sci. Technol. Bull. PY 2002 VL 7 IS 1-2 BP 23 EP 29 AR PII S1353-2561(02)00064-6 DI 10.1016/S1353-2561(02)00064-6 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Petroleum SC Engineering GA 623AJ UT WOS:000179680400005 ER PT J AU Michel, J Henry, CB Thumm, S AF Michel, J Henry, CB Thumm, S TI Shoreline assessment and environmental impacts from the MIT Westchester oil spill in the Mississippi River SO SPILL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE oil spill; Mississippi river; shoreline assessment AB The spill of 1925 tonnes of Nigerian crude oil into the Mississippi River on 28 November 2000 resulted in shoreline contamination along 35 km of one bank of the river and sheens as far as 70 km from the release site. An estimated 50% of the spilled oil was recovered during on-water operations. Impacts to fish and wildlife were minimal. Several factors contributed to the success of the response: rapid deployment of booms that diverted large volumes of oil into sheltered holding areas for recovery; the wind blew consistently from the ENE holding the oil against one bank; the ambient temperature was often below the oil's pour point so the oil formed thick accumulations; and the river levees provided good access to the shoreline in places. Cleanup endpoints were developed for riprap, sand flats, mud flats, and sloughs. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Res Planning Inc, Columbia, SC 29201 USA. NOAA, New Orleans, LA 70130 USA. RP Michel, J (reprint author), Res Planning Inc, 1121 Pk St, Columbia, SC 29201 USA. NR 3 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 4 U2 9 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1353-2561 J9 SPILL SCI TECHNOL B JI Spill Sci. Technol. Bull. PY 2002 VL 7 IS 3-4 BP 155 EP 161 AR PII S1353-2561(02)00047-6 DI 10.1016/S1353-2561(02)00047-6 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Petroleum SC Engineering GA 623AL UT WOS:000179680600006 ER PT J AU Moles, A Holland, L Short, J AF Moles, A Holland, L Short, J TI Effectiveness in the laboratory of Corexit 9527 and 9500 in dispersing fresh, weathered, and emulsion of Alaska North Slope crude oil under subarctic conditions SO SPILL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE dispersant; effectiveness; Corexit 9527; Corexit 9500; temperature; salinity; Alaska North Slope crude oil AB The effect of various states of weathering (no weathering, 20% evaporatively weathered, and emulsification) on the effectiveness of oil dispersants Corexit 9527 and 9500 in dispersing Alaska North Slope crude oil into the water column was tested under laboratory conditions at a combination of realistic subarctic salinities and temperatures. A modified version of the swirling flask effectiveness test was conducted at temperatures of 3, 10 and 22 degreesC with salinities of 22parts per thousand and 32parts per thousand. Petroleum dispersed into the water column following application of dispersant was measured by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. Based on comparison of unresolved complex mixtures, dispersants dispersed less than 40% of the fresh oil and less than 10% of the weathered oil and were most effective (25-75%) when used to disperse a stable oil/water emulsion at 10 degreesC. At the combinations of temperature and salinity most common in the estuaries and marine waters of Alaska, dispersants effectiveness was less than 10%, the detection limits of the tests. The results indicate that oil weathering state, seawater salinity and temperature are important factors affecting dispersant performance, however because our laboratory tests were conducted at low mixing energy, considerable caution should be used in extrapolating these laboratory studies to field conditions. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Moles, A (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auke Bay Lab, 11305 Glacier Highway, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. NR 13 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 15 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1353-2561 J9 SPILL SCI TECHNOL B JI Spill Sci. Technol. Bull. PY 2002 VL 7 IS 5-6 BP 241 EP 247 AR PII S1353-2561(02)00041-5 DI 10.1016/S1353-2561(02)00041-5 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Petroleum SC Engineering GA 628MQ UT WOS:000179999800009 ER PT S AU Roberts, JW Slattery, O Swope, B Min, V Comstock, T AF Roberts, JW Slattery, O Swope, B Min, V Comstock, T BE Woods, AJ Merritt, JO Benton, SA Bolas, MT TI Small-scale tactile graphics for virtual reality systems SO STEREOSCOPIC DISPLAYS AND VIRTUAL REALITY SYSTEMS IX SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 13th Annual Stereoscopic Displays and Applications Conference/9th Annual Engineering Reality of Virtual Reality Conference CY JAN 21-24, 2002 CL SAN JOSE, CA SP Soc Imaging Sci & Technol, SPIE DE tactile graphics; virtual reality; teleoperation; accessibility; touch AB As virtual reality technology moves forward, there is a need to provide the user with options for greater realism for closer engagement to the human senses. Haptic systems use force feedback to create a large-scale sensation of physical interaction in a virtual environment. Further refinement can be created by using tactile graphics to reproduce a detailed sense of touch. For example, a haptic system might create the sensation of the weight of a virtual orange that the user picks up, and the sensation of pressure on the fingers as the user squeezes the orange. A tactile graphic system could create the texture of the orange on the user's fingertips. In the real world, a detailed sense of touch plays a large part in picking up and manipulating small objects. Our team is working to develop technology that can drive a high density fingertip array of tactile stimulators at a rapid refresh rate, sufficient to produce a realistic sense of touch. To meet the project criteria, the mechanism must be much lower cost than existing technologies, and must be sufficiently lightweight and compact to permit portable use and to enable installation of the stimulator array in the fingertip of a tactile glove. The primary intended applications for this technology are accessibility for the blind and visually impaired, teleoperation, and virtual reality systems. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Roberts, JW (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4400-6 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4660 BP 422 EP 429 DI 10.1117/12.468059 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Optics; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BU75H UT WOS:000176915000048 ER PT B AU Kasianowicz, JJ Henrickson, SE Misakian, M Weetall, HH Robertson, B Stanford, V AF Kasianowicz, JJ Henrickson, SE Misakian, M Weetall, HH Robertson, B Stanford, V BE Kasianowicz, JJ Kellermayer, MSZ Deamer, DW TI Physics of DNA threading through a nanometer pore and applications to simultaneous multianalyte sensing SO STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS OF CONFINED POLYMERS SE NATO SCIENCE SERIES, PARTNERSHIP SUB-SERIES 3: HIGH TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Biological, biophysical and Theoretical Aspects of Polymer Structure and Transport CY JUN 20-25, 1999 CL BIKAL, HUNGARY SP NATO DE alpha-hemolysin; ion channel; DNA; polynucleotide; polymer transport; protein; structure sensor; analyte detection ID STAPHYLOCOCCAL ALPHA-HEMOLYSIN; HEPTAMERIC TRANSMEMBRANE PORE; SINGLE-ION CHANNEL; FORMING PROTEIN; POLYNUCLEOTIDE MOLECULES; ENDOPLASMIC-RETICULUM; POLYMER TRANSLOCATION; MEMBRANES; KINETICS; TOXIN AB Polymer transport is central to many biological processes, including protein translocation, bacterial gene transduction and some modes of viral infection. To better understand the mechanisms of macromolecular transport, we are studying the ability of polymers to partition into and thread through single protein ion channels. It was recently shown in our laboratory that individual molecules of single-stranded DNA and RNA can be detected and characterized as they are driven electrophoretically through a single channel formed by Staphylococcus aureus alpha-hemolysin. We demonstrate that polynucleotides partition more readily into one entrance of this channel than the other and that the rate at which the polymer enters the pore increases exponentially with the magnitude of the applied electrostatic potential. A simple model provides an estimate for both the height of the energy barrier that limits polynucleotide entry into the channel and the number of charges on polyanionic ssDNA that initiate voltage-driven transport through the pore. We show that polynucleotides can be used to probe the geometric properties of an ion channel, and that the interaction between the polynucleotides and a nanopore can be used to estimate the concentration of analytes in solution. A statistical analysis of the current blockades provides information about the structures of both the polymer and the nanopore. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM john.kasianowicz@nist.gov NR 68 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 1-4020-0698-5; 1-4020-0697-7 J9 NATO SCI S PRT 3 HI PY 2002 VL 87 BP 141 EP 163 PG 23 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Polymer Science SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Polymer Science GA BU87Y UT WOS:000177287200009 ER PT S AU Germer, TA AF Germer, TA BE Gu, ZH Maradudin, AA TI Measurement of lithographic overlay by light scattering ellipsometry SO SURFACE SCATTERING AND DIFFRACTION FOR ADVANCED METROLOGY II SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Surface Scattering and Diffraction for Advanced Metrology II CY JUL 09, 2002 CL SEATTLE, WA SP SPIE, Boeing Co, Pacific NW Natl Lab, Washington State Univ, Coll Sci, Washington Technol Ctr, Univ Washington, Coll Engn, Univ Washington Ctr Nanotechnol, Washington State Univ, Coll Engn & Architecture DE ellipsometry; films; lithography; overlay; roughness; scattering; topography ID OUT-OF-PLANE; INSTRUMENT; ROUGHNESS AB We demonstrate a measurement of lithographic overlay using light scattering ellipsometry. In the limit of small amplitude surface topography, the polarization of light scattered by the two interfaces of a dielectric film can be decomposed into the roughness of each interface and the complex degree of phase correlation. For two identical but offset roughness functions, the degree of phase correlation will show oscillations, whose frequency in the spatial frequency domain will be given by the overlay distance Deltax. The method is tested using a shallow pseudorandom binary 1-D grating, photolithographically produced on a silicon wafer and again on a spin-on glass layer deposited onto the wafer. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Germer, TA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4547-9 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4780 BP 72 EP 79 DI 10.1117/12.453789 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Optics; Physics GA BV72Y UT WOS:000179913100009 ER PT J AU Jablonski, A Powell, CJ AF Jablonski, A Powell, CJ TI The electron attenuation length revisited SO SURFACE SCIENCE REPORTS LA English DT Review DE Auger-electron spectroscopy; computer simulations; electron-solid interactions; scattering; diffraction; electron-solid scattering and transmission-elastic; electron-solid scattering and transmission-inelastic; gold; silicon; X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy ID X-RAY-PHOTOELECTRON; MEAN FREE PATHS; DEPTH DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION; ELASTIC-SCATTERING CORRECTIONS; DIOXIDE FILM THICKNESSES; ESCAPE PROBABILITY; SILICON DIOXIDE; POLYCRYSTALLINE SOLIDS; NONCRYSTALLINE SOLIDS; RELATIVE INTENSITIES AB The electron attenuation length (AL) is commonly understood to be a measure of the opacity of a solid for a given electron energy in surface-sensitive spectroscopies such as Auger-electron spectroscopy (AES) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Initially, the term attenuation length was used interchangeably with the term inelastic mean free path (IMFP), the latter being defined as the mean distance between inelastic collisions. However, about 20 years ago, it was realized that elastic-scattering of signal electrons in the solid may considerably influence their trajectories. The projection of a trajectory on a given direction could then have a significantly different length than the length actually traveled, and thus the AL could differ from the IMFP. In addition, calculations showed that the difference between the AL and the IMFP depended on the experimental configuration. It has been generally difficult to measure differences between the AL and the IMFP. Most measurements of the AL, or the recently preferred replacement term effective attenuation length (EAL), have been made from changes of AES or XPS peak intensities as overlayer films of various thicknesses were deposited on a substrate. Unfortunately, the derived EALs generally have large uncertainties because of inadequate knowledge of film morphology and thickness. As a result, EAL values deduced from "universal curves" should be regarded only as rough guides. Furthermore, it has been realized recently that the present formal definition of the EAL is relevant to the determination of the depth of thin marker layers while measurements of AES or XPS intensities have been used to determine EALs (or equivalently, overlayer-film thicknesses have been obtained from AES or XPS intensities and EAL values from the literature). These two approaches would give identical EALs if elastic-scattering effects were negligible but, as we show here, numerical differences arise in situations of practical relevance. We make a further distinction between "local" EALs (based on definitions for a narrow range of overlayer-film thicknesses or marker-layer depths) and "practical" EALs (based on definitions for a specific thickness or depth). We report comparisons of calculated local and practical EALs for XPS with Mg Kalpha X-rays in a range of measurement configurations for two illustrative cases: Si 2s photoelectrons in Si (for which elastic-electron scattering effects are relatively weak) and An 4s photoelectrons in An (for which the elastic-scattering effects are relatively strong). The practical EALs for overlayer-film thickness measurements in conventional XPS experiments are found not to vary appreciably with emission angle for emission angles between 0degrees and 65degrees. For this range of emission angles, the practical EALs do not vary significantly with film thickness for a useful range of overlayer-film thicknesses, and it is then useful to make use of average practical EALs for film-thickness measurements. The ratio of the average practical EAL to the corresponding IMFP for these conditions is 0.91 for Si 2s photoelectrons and 0.76 for Au 4s photoelectrons. Practical EALs were also calculated for the N7VV, N5N67V, and M5N67N67 Auger transitions in Au. We found qualitatively similar variations of these practical EALs on film thickness and emission angle as in XPS. It is recommended that overlayer-film thicknesses be determined in AES and XPS using EALs for the particular materials and measurement conditions. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 NIST, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Polish Acad Sci, Inst Phys Chem, PL-01224 Warsaw, Poland. RP Powell, CJ (reprint author), NIST, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8370, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 71 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 2 U2 23 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-5729 J9 SURF SCI REP JI Surf. Sci. Rep. PY 2002 VL 47 IS 2-3 BP 35 EP 91 AR PII S0167-5729(02)00031-6 PG 57 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Physics GA 565XH UT WOS:000176394600001 ER PT J AU Tuck, A AF Tuck, A TI The role of atmospheric aerosols in the origin of life SO SURVEYS IN GEOPHYSICS LA English DT Review DE aerosols; amphiphiles; membranes; origin of life; prebiotic atmosphere ID AIR-WATER-INTERFACE; AMINO-ACIDS; EARLY EARTH; PARTICLES; PHASE; MODEL; STRATOSPHERE; MONOLAYERS; FILMS; DUST AB Recent results from the real time analysis of individual aerosol particles by laser mass spectrometry have revived interest in the inverted micelle structure for aerosols containing organic molecules; indeed for many aerosols the organic content is high enough, for example similar to50% by mass in the tropical upper troposphere, that it is likely to be the only viable structure. It is pointed out that atmospheric aerosols would have had many advantages as prebiotic chemical reactors, having the potential to address several key problems in a way arising naturally from the probable geophysical and chemical environment on the prebiotic planet. Bacterial and viral size can be predicted for these structures by an equation combining atmospheric aerodynamics and gravity, and which is therefore applicable to other astronomical objects which are candidates for supporting life. Experimental tests and mathematical modelling of the early stages of the chemical evolution of aerosols should be possible. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Tuck, A (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM tuck@al.noaa.gov RI Tuck, Adrian/F-6024-2011 OI Tuck, Adrian/0000-0002-2074-0538 NR 119 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 2 U2 18 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0169-3298 J9 SURV GEOPHYS JI Surv. Geophys. PY 2002 VL 23 IS 5 BP 379 EP 409 AR UNSP 406597.oas DI 10.1023/A:1020123922767 PG 31 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 588WC UT WOS:000177724300001 ER PT B AU Kocik, JF Brown, RW AF Kocik, JF Brown, RW BE Lynch, KD Jones, ML Taylor, WW TI From game fish to tame fish: Atlantic salmon in North America, 1798 to 1998 SO SUSTAINING NORTH AMERICAN SALMON: PERSPECTIVES ACROSS REGIONS AND DISCIPLINES LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Sustaining North American Salmon held at the American-Fisheries-Society Meeting CY 1998 CL HARTFORD, CT SP Amer Fisheries Soc ID SALAR L; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; EUROPEAN ORIGIN; MANAGEMENT; SURVIVAL; DISCRIMINATION; POPULATIONS; AQUACULTURE; GROWTH; STOCKS C1 NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, NOAA Fisheries, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Kocik, JF (reprint author), NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, NOAA Fisheries, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, 166 Water St, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 72 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, STE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA BN 1-888569-25-5 PY 2002 BP 3 EP 31 PG 29 WC Ecology; Fisheries SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Fisheries GA BV97H UT WOS:000180552700001 ER PT B AU Kuligowski, RJ Treadon, R Chen, WC Ferraro, RR AF Kuligowski, RJ Treadon, R Chen, WC Ferraro, RR GP AMS AMS TI Improving the incorporation of polar satellite passive microwave precipitation estimates into the NCEP Global Data Assimilation System SO SYMPOSIUM ON OBSERVATIONS, DATA ASSIMILATION, AND PROBABILISTIC PREDICTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Observations, Data Assimilation, and Probabilistic Prediction CY JAN 13-17, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Amer Meteorol Soc ID RAINFALL; SENSOR; RANGE; TRMM C1 NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Kuligowski, RJ (reprint author), 5200 Auth Rd,WWB-601, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM Bob.Kuligowski@noaa.gov RI Kuligowski, Robert/C-6981-2009; Ferraro, Ralph/F-5587-2010 OI Kuligowski, Robert/0000-0002-6909-2252; Ferraro, Ralph/0000-0002-8393-7135 NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 2002 BP 18 EP 19 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Water Resources GA BV53Y UT WOS:000179290100006 ER PT B AU Barth, MF Miller, PA MacDonald, AE AF Barth, MF Miller, PA MacDonald, AE GP AMS AMS TI MADIS: The Meteorological Assimilation Data Ingest System SO SYMPOSIUM ON OBSERVATIONS, DATA ASSIMILATION, AND PROBABILISTIC PREDICTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Observations, Data Assimilation, and Probabilistic Prediction CY JAN 13-17, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, FSL, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Barth, MF (reprint author), NOAA, FSL, 325 Broadway,Mail Code R-FS4, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 7 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 2002 BP 20 EP 25 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Water Resources GA BV53Y UT WOS:000179290100007 ER PT B AU Whitaker, JS Compo, GP AF Whitaker, JS Compo, GP GP AMS AMS TI An ensemble Kalman smoother for reanalysis SO SYMPOSIUM ON OBSERVATIONS, DATA ASSIMILATION, AND PROBABILISTIC PREDICTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Observations, Data Assimilation, and Probabilistic Prediction CY JAN 13-17, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Amer Meteorol Soc ID DATA ASSIMILATION; ANALYSIS SCHEME; FILTER C1 NOAA, Climate Diagnost Ctr, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Whitaker, JS (reprint author), NOAA, Climate Diagnost Ctr, CIRES, R-CDC1,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 2002 BP 144 EP 147 PG 4 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Water Resources GA BV53Y UT WOS:000179290100038 ER PT B AU Toth, Z Szunyogh, I Bishop, C Majumdar, S Morss, R Moskaitis, J Reynolds, D Weinbrenner, D Michaud, D Surgi, N Ralph, M Parrish, J Talbot, J Pavone, J Lord, S AF Toth, Z Szunyogh, I Bishop, C Majumdar, S Morss, R Moskaitis, J Reynolds, D Weinbrenner, D Michaud, D Surgi, N Ralph, M Parrish, J Talbot, J Pavone, J Lord, S GP AMS AMS TI Adaptive observations at NCEP: Past, present, and future SO SYMPOSIUM ON OBSERVATIONS, DATA ASSIMILATION, AND PROBABILISTIC PREDICTION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Observations, Data Assimilation, and Probabilistic Prediction CY JAN 13-17, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, NWS, NCEP, Environm Modeling Ctr, Washington, DC 20233 USA. RP Toth, Z (reprint author), NOAA, NWS, NCEP, Environm Modeling Ctr, Washington, DC 20233 USA. RI Szunyogh, Istvan/G-9248-2012; Toth, Zoltan/I-6624-2015 OI Toth, Zoltan/0000-0002-9635-9194 NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 2002 BP 185 EP 190 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Water Resources GA BV53Y UT WOS:000179290100048 ER PT B AU Benz, SP Martinis, JM Nam, SW Tew, WL White, DR AF Benz, SP Martinis, JM Nam, SW Tew, WL White, DR BE Fellmuth, B Seidel, J Scholz, G TI A new approach to Johnson Noise Thermometry using a Josephson quantized voltage source for calibration SO TEMPMEKO 2001: 8TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON TEMPERATURE AND THERMAL MEASUREMENT IN INDUSTRY AND SCIENCE, VOL 1 & 2, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Symposium on Temperature and Thermal Measurements in Industry and Science CY JUN 19-21, 2001 CL BERLIN, GERMANY SP Phys Tech Bundesanstalt, VDI, VDE-Gesell Mess Automat AB We describe a new approach to Johnson Noise Thermometry (JNT) that addresses certain limitations found in the conventional approach. The concept takes advantage of recent advances in digital synthesis and signal processing techniques together with advances in Josephson voltage standards. By using the perfect quantization of voltages from the Josephson effect, a synthesized broadband waveform can be used as a calculable noise source for calibrations. A collaboration between NIST and MSL explores this approach with the initial goal of creating a JNT measurement system capable of achieving relative accuracies of 0.001% in the range of temperatures between 84 K and 430 K. In this paper, we discuss the use of a broadband Josephson waveform generator to produce a calculable reference noise source, the related metrological challenges, the technical advantages conveyed by this approach, and the commensurate opportunities to advance the state of the field. C1 NIST, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Benz, SP (reprint author), NIST, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 22 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU V D E - VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN 12 PA BISMARCKSTRASSE 33, W-1000 BERLIN 12, GERMANY BN 3-8007-2676-9 PY 2002 BP 37 EP 44 PG 8 WC Thermodynamics; Mechanics SC Thermodynamics; Mechanics GA BU90J UT WOS:000177344800006 ER PT B AU Burns, GW Ripple, DC AF Burns, GW Ripple, DC BE Fellmuth, B Seidel, J Scholz, G TI Variations in the thermoelectric behavior of palladium following heat treatment SO TEMPMEKO 2001: 8TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON TEMPERATURE AND THERMAL MEASUREMENT IN INDUSTRY AND SCIENCE, VOL 1 & 2, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Symposium on Temperature and Thermal Measurements in Industry and Science CY JUN 19-21, 2001 CL BERLIN, GERMANY SP Phys Tech Bundesanstalt, VDI, VDE-Gesell Mess Automat ID THERMOCOUPLES AB In order to identify limitations on the use of Pt/Pd thermocouples as high-accuracy thermometers, we have studied the change in thermocouple emf at the Al and Ag freezing points following a series of heat treatments at various temperatures for several lots of Pd wire. Reversible changes in the thermocouple emf at the Ag point (962 degreesC) occur after heat treatments in the approximate temperature range 550 degreesC to 1000 degreesC, and slower, irreversible changes in emf occur after exposure to higher temperatures. Surprisingly, the sign of the reversible change was different for thermocouples fabricated from two lots of Pd of different purity. The magnitude of the changes in emf can be as high as the equivalent of 0.7 K per 200 h of heat treatment for the irreversible changes and 0.07 K per 200 h for the reversible changes. The consequences of these effects for metrology applications of Pt/Pd thermocouples are discussed. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Burns, GW (reprint author), NIST, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8363, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU V D E - VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN 12 PA BISMARCKSTRASSE 33, W-1000 BERLIN 12, GERMANY BN 3-8007-2676-9 PY 2002 BP 61 EP 66 PG 6 WC Thermodynamics; Mechanics SC Thermodynamics; Mechanics GA BU90J UT WOS:000177344800009 ER PT B AU Yoon, HW Gibson, CE Johnson, BC AF Yoon, HW Gibson, CE Johnson, BC BE Fellmuth, B Seidel, J Scholz, G TI The determination of emissivity of the variable-temperature blackbody used in the dissemination of the us national scale of radiance temperature SO TEMPMEKO 2001: 8TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON TEMPERATURE AND THERMAL MEASUREMENT IN INDUSTRY AND SCIENCE, VOL 1 & 2, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Symposium on Temperature and Thermal Measurements in Industry and Science CY JUN 19-21, 2001 CL BERLIN, GERMANY SP Phys Tech Bundesanstalt, VDI, VDE-Gesell Mess Automat AB The emissivity of the variable-temperature blackbody (VTBB) used to disseminate the US radiance temperature scale was determined using a pyrometer with narrow-band spectral filters centered at 650 nm, 900 nm, and 1000 nm. Such measurements are needed to compare the accuracies of the radiance temperature determinations of pyrometers which could have peak sensitivities at any arbitrary wavelength. At the three wavelengths, separate, independent determinations of the radiance temperature of the VTBB were performed from 1200 K to 2800 K via spectral radiance ratios to the Au fixed-point blackbody as described in the International Temperature Scale 1990 (ITS-90). In order to determine the radiance temperatures using the spectral radiance ratios, the relative spectral responsivity of the pyrometer was measured in the NIST Spectral Comparator Facility. The field stop of the optical system restricted the target area to 0.6 mm by 0.8 mm focused at the bottom of the 25.4 mm diameter cavity, and the temperature variations of the cavity bottom were found to be < 0.2 K over a diameter of 8 mm. Due to the temperature uniformity and the small viewing area of the pyrometer, the radiance temperature measurements were analyzed using a constant, or gray-body emissivity model. The measured emissivity of the VTBB was found to be 0.9985+/-0.0005 (k = 1). C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Yoon, HW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 8441, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU V D E - VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN 12 PA BISMARCKSTRASSE 33, W-1000 BERLIN 12, GERMANY BN 3-8007-2676-9 PY 2002 BP 221 EP 226 PG 6 WC Thermodynamics; Mechanics SC Thermodynamics; Mechanics GA BU90J UT WOS:000177344800035 ER PT B AU Hanssen, L Kaplan, S Mekhontsev, S AF Hanssen, L Kaplan, S Mekhontsev, S BE Fellmuth, B Seidel, J Scholz, G TI Fourier transform system for characterization of infrared spectral emittance of materials SO TEMPMEKO 2001: 8TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON TEMPERATURE AND THERMAL MEASUREMENT IN INDUSTRY AND SCIENCE, VOL 1 & 2, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Symposium on Temperature and Thermal Measurements in Industry and Science CY JUN 19-21, 2001 CL BERLIN, GERMANY SP Phys Tech Bundesanstalt, VDI, VDE-Gesell Mess Automat ID IR AB To meet the existing demand for measurements of emittance of opaque and semi-transparent materials, a new facility is being built at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) employing a bench-top Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometer. This facility will complement existing capabilities for characterisation of sample optical properties, which now encompass specular and directional-hemispherical reflectance and transmittance in the mid-IR. The first stage of the project is focused on opaque samples at medium temperatures, with semi-transparent sample capability. Expansion of the temperature range will follow later. The approach selected for direct emittance characterization at temperatures above 500 K is to some extent similar to that employed in existing NIST facilities, sharing the FT-IR detection technique and integrating sphere based measurements of hemispherical-directional reflectance. The reflectance measurements are performed in a single spectral band to allow a radiometric determination of the temperature of the sample surface. Design and modelling of the spherical laser reflectometer is the subject of a separate paper presented at this conference. A set of reference blackbodies, which contains four heat pipe furnaces and several interchangeable fixed-point cells, is to be received soon. An all-reflective off-axis optical train, designed for low emittance and scatter, has been received and is being characterized. To allow direct measurements of emittance at the temperatures below 500 K, a cryogenically cooled "radiometric zero" trap and background control measures are being envisioned. Anticipated performance of the new facility, the optical set up and the principles of measurement, as well as further development prospects are discussed. Along with a description of the developed methodology of directional emittance capability establishment, a concept of a "controlled temperature emittance standard" (CTES) is proposed. It is expected that such a standard will significantly reduce the loss of accuracy at the end of the calibration chain for a number of users with specialized multi-band thermometers. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hanssen, L (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 8442, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU V D E - VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN 12 PA BISMARCKSTRASSE 33, W-1000 BERLIN 12, GERMANY BN 3-8007-2676-9 PY 2002 BP 265 EP 270 PG 6 WC Thermodynamics; Mechanics SC Thermodynamics; Mechanics GA BU90J UT WOS:000177344800042 ER PT B AU Prokhorov, A Mekhontsev, S Hanssen, L AF Prokhorov, A Mekhontsev, S Hanssen, L BE Fellmuth, B Seidel, J Scholz, G TI Evaluation of performance of integrating spheres for indirect emittance measurement SO TEMPMEKO 2001: 8TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON TEMPERATURE AND THERMAL MEASUREMENT IN INDUSTRY AND SCIENCE, VOL 1 & 2, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Symposium on Temperature and Thermal Measurements in Industry and Science CY JUN 19-21, 2001 CL BERLIN, GERMANY SP Phys Tech Bundesanstalt, VDI, VDE-Gesell Mess Automat AB Integrating sphere reflectometers are used in the majority of instruments used for spectral reflectance measurements of non-specular (scattering) samples. Knowledge of directional-hemispherical spectral reflectance (and transmittance, in the case of semi-transparent samples) allows one to derive the spectral directional emittance, which is of considerable practical interest for numerous heat transfer and pyrometric applications. The indirect method of emittance measurement is commonly used in cases of low emitted flux such as for samples near or below room temperature. For direct emittance measurement facilities, the indirect method has also been used for accurate non-contact measurement of sample temperature. Along with a number of advantages for reflectance and emittance measurement, integrating spheres possess a considerable number of potential sources of error relating to the characteristics of the sphere and their deviation from ideal behavior. This paper describes an evaluation of the effects of sphere related error sources on a sphere reflectometer's performance by means of a computational model. This effort was undertaken in the framework of a current NIST project to build a facility employing indirect measurements of spectral directional emittance. A description of the modeling program and its assumptions are given. Examples of modeling results for several materials and sphere parameters (such as the wall reflectance and degree of wall coating specularity) and their effects on emittance values are presented and discussed. A discussion of the developed techniques and conclusions as well as the prospects of their practical application to design optimization and uncertainty evaluation of integrating sphere reflectometers and emissometers is presented. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Prokhorov, A (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8442, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU V D E - VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN 12 PA BISMARCKSTRASSE 33, W-1000 BERLIN 12, GERMANY BN 3-8007-2676-9 PY 2002 BP 277 EP 282 PG 6 WC Thermodynamics; Mechanics SC Thermodynamics; Mechanics GA BU90J UT WOS:000177344800044 ER PT B AU Strouse, GF Lippiatt, J AF Strouse, GF Lippiatt, J BE Fellmuth, B Seidel, J Scholz, G TI New NIST mercury triple-point cells SO TEMPMEKO 2001: 8TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON TEMPERATURE AND THERMAL MEASUREMENT IN INDUSTRY AND SCIENCE, VOL 1 & 2, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Symposium on Temperature and Thermal Measurements in Industry and Science CY JUN 19-21, 2001 CL BERLIN, GERMANY SP Phys Tech Bundesanstalt, VDI, VDE-Gesell Mess Automat AB Six new Hg triple-point (TP) cells (234.3156 K) were manufactured in the NIST PRT Laboratory for use in the realization of the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90). The fixed-point cells consisted of both glass and stainless steel designs with either an 8 mm or 12 mm inner diameter reentrant well. Triple-distilled Hg with nominal purities of 99.999 999 wt.% were used to fill the cells using a vacuum distillation filling process. The certification method of the new cells included measuring melting curve plateaus, direct comparisons with the PRT Laboratory reference Hg TP cell (Hg SS-1), and immersion profiling. The estimated amount of impurities leached out of the stainless steel crucible into the Hg sample of Hg SS-1 over 25 years was found to be 1 mug/g. This paper presents the fixed-point cell designs, fabrication method, results from the cell certification procedures, and the estimated uncertainty assigned to the Hg TP cells. C1 NIST, Thermometry Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Strouse, GF (reprint author), NIST, Thermometry Grp, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8363, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU V D E - VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN 12 PA BISMARCKSTRASSE 33, W-1000 BERLIN 12, GERMANY BN 3-8007-2676-9 PY 2002 BP 453 EP 458 PG 6 WC Thermodynamics; Mechanics SC Thermodynamics; Mechanics GA BU90J UT WOS:000177344800072 ER PT B AU Furukawa, GT Strouse, GF AF Furukawa, GT Strouse, GF BE Fellmuth, B Seidel, J Scholz, G TI Investigation of the non-uniqueness of the ITS-90 in the range 660 degrees C to 962 degrees C SO TEMPMEKO 2001: 8TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON TEMPERATURE AND THERMAL MEASUREMENT IN INDUSTRY AND SCIENCE, VOL 1 & 2, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Symposium on Temperature and Thermal Measurements in Industry and Science CY JUN 19-21, 2001 CL BERLIN, GERMANY SP Phys Tech Bundesanstalt, VDI, VDE-Gesell Mess Automat AB Preliminary results are reported on the non-uniqueness of the ITS-90 using high temperature SPRTs (HTSPRTs) in the range 660 degreesC to 962 degreesC. To achieve temperature stability and uniformity of the test HTSPRTs, the method employs the thermal isolation of the Inconel metal comparison block inside a sealed potassium heat pipe controlled to +/-0.01 K. Eleven HTSPRTs of three designs from five manufacturers were tested. In addition to measurements near the calibration temperatures 663.3 degreesC and 966.6 degreesC to test the temperature uniformity of the comparison block, measurements were made at 703.3 degreesC, 724.4 degreesC, 753.2 degreesC, 801.7 degreesC, 847.5 degreesC, and 913.7 degreesC. C1 NIST, Thermomet Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Furukawa, GT (reprint author), NIST, Thermomet Grp, 100 Bureau Dr,MS 8363, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU V D E - VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN 12 PA BISMARCKSTRASSE 33, W-1000 BERLIN 12, GERMANY BN 3-8007-2676-9 PY 2002 BP 553 EP 558 PG 6 WC Thermodynamics; Mechanics SC Thermodynamics; Mechanics GA BU90J UT WOS:000177344800089 ER PT B AU Huang, PH Scace, GE Hodges, JT AF Huang, PH Scace, GE Hodges, JT BE Fellmuth, B Seidel, J Scholz, G TI Referencing dilution-based trace humidity generators to primary humidity standards SO TEMPMEKO 2001: 8TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON TEMPERATURE AND THERMAL MEASUREMENT IN INDUSTRY AND SCIENCE, VOL 1 & 2, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Symposium on Temperature and Thermal Measurements in Industry and Science CY JUN 19-21, 2001 CL BERLIN, GERMANY SP Phys Tech Bundesanstalt, VDI, VDE-Gesell Mess Automat AB We describe a technique for measuring the trace humidity level delivered by a permeation-tube type moisture generator (PTMG). Mole fractions of H2O in N-2 carrier gas in the range 10 nmol/mol to 100 nmol/mol were considered. The measurements are referenced to the NIST low frost-point generator (LFPG). A quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) hygrometer is used as a comparator to measure the concentration difference between the respective outputs of the PTMG and LFPG. Differences in the water vapor mole fraction of 1 nmol/mol were observable with this technique. Systematic differences with respect to the LFPG output of (3.8 +/- 0.9) % and (2.9 +/- 0.7) %, were measured for two PTMG devices. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Huang, PH (reprint author), NIST, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8363, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Hodges, Joseph/B-4578-2009 NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU V D E - VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN 12 PA BISMARCKSTRASSE 33, W-1000 BERLIN 12, GERMANY BN 3-8007-2676-9 PY 2002 BP 573 EP 578 PG 6 WC Thermodynamics; Mechanics SC Thermodynamics; Mechanics GA BU90J UT WOS:000177344800092 ER PT B AU Scace, GE Hodges, JT AF Scace, GE Hodges, JT BE Fellmuth, B Seidel, J Scholz, G TI Uncertainty of the NIST low frost-point humidity generator SO TEMPMEKO 2001: 8TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON TEMPERATURE AND THERMAL MEASUREMENT IN INDUSTRY AND SCIENCE, VOL 1 & 2, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Symposium on Temperature and Thermal Measurements in Industry and Science CY JUN 19-21, 2001 CL BERLIN, GERMANY SP Phys Tech Bundesanstalt, VDI, VDE-Gesell Mess Automat AB The NIST Low Frost-point Humidity Generator. (LFPG) produces water vapor - gas mixtures with mole fractions from approximately 5 nmol/mol to 4 mmol/mol for research; calibration of transfer standards, and testing and development of new humidity instrumentation. The LFPG, generates these mixtures by saturating, air or nitrogen with water vapor over a plane surface of ice maintained under conditions of constant temperature and pressure. Uncertainties in pressure and temperature determine the ultimate accuracy limit of the LFPG when humidity is expressed as frost-point temperature. Uncertainties in the correlations predicting vapor pressure and non-ideal gas effects (enhancement factor) dominate when knowledge of mole fraction is requited: This paper describes the LFPG in sufficient detail to frame a discussion of inherent uncertainties. Uncertainties in the various subsystems are discussed and the expanded uncertainties in water vapor mole fraction and frost-point temperature are presented. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Scace, GE (reprint author), NIST, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8363, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Hodges, Joseph/B-4578-2009 NR 6 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU V D E - VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN 12 PA BISMARCKSTRASSE 33, W-1000 BERLIN 12, GERMANY BN 3-8007-2676-9 PY 2002 BP 597 EP 602 PG 6 WC Thermodynamics; Mechanics SC Thermodynamics; Mechanics GA BU90J UT WOS:000177344800096 ER PT B AU Vaughn, CD Strouse, GF AF Vaughn, CD Strouse, GF BE Fellmuth, B Seidel, J Scholz, G TI The NIST industrial thermometer calibration laboratory SO TEMPMEKO 2001: 8TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON TEMPERATURE AND THERMAL MEASUREMENT IN INDUSTRY AND SCIENCE, VOL 1 & 2, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Symposium on Temperature and Thermal Measurements in Industry and Science CY JUN 19-21, 2001 CL BERLIN, GERMANY SP Phys Tech Bundesanstalt, VDI, VDE-Gesell Mess Automat AB The NIST Industrial Thermometer Calibration (ITC) Laboratory provides calibrations of industrial thermometers over the range from -196 degreesC to 550 degreesC. The different types of thermometers include liquid-in-glass (LiG), thermistors, thermocouples (<200 degreesC), and industrial platinum resistance thermometers (IPRTs). Calibrations are performed by both comparison with a standard platinum resistance thermometer (SPRT) calibrated on the International Temperature Scale of 1990 and by a limited number of fixed-points. The comparison baths are liquid nitrogen (-196 degreesC), alcohol (-100 degreesC to 1 degreesC), water (0.5 degreesC to 95 degreesC), oil (95 degreesC to 275 degreesC), and salt (275 degreesC to 550 degreesC). The fixed points used are the melting point of ice (0 degreesC), the triple point of water (0.01 degreesC), and the melting point of gallium (29.7646 degreesC). The temperature measurement system for the reference SPRT it is a commercially-available ac resistance ratio bridge, for the IPRTs and thermistors it is a do voltmeter with a constant current source, for the thermocouples it is a do voltmeter, and for the LiGs it is a digital video camera. All of these temperature measurement systems are integrated via three computer-controlled data acquisition systems that semi-automate calibrations. This paper presents the methods, equipment, and uncertainties associated with the calibration of industrial thermometers in the ITC Laboratory. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Vaughn, CD (reprint author), NIST, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8363, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU V D E - VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN 12 PA BISMARCKSTRASSE 33, W-1000 BERLIN 12, GERMANY BN 3-8007-2676-9 PY 2002 BP 629 EP 634 PG 6 WC Thermodynamics; Mechanics SC Thermodynamics; Mechanics GA BU90J UT WOS:000177344800101 ER PT B AU Strouse, GF AF Strouse, GF BE Fellmuth, B Seidel, J Scholz, G TI Small fixed-point cells for use in dry well block calibrators SO TEMPMEKO 2001: 8TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON TEMPERATURE AND THERMAL MEASUREMENT IN INDUSTRY AND SCIENCE, VOL 1 & 2, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Symposium on Temperature and Thermal Measurements in Industry and Science CY JUN 19-21, 2001 CL BERLIN, GERMANY SP Phys Tech Bundesanstalt, VDI, VDE-Gesell Mess Automat AB As part of a research project for the Combined Calibration Group (CCG) of the U.S. Armed Forces, three rugged fixed-point cells were developed for use in dry well block calibrators (DWBCs). The small fixed-point cells of the water triple point (0.01 degreesC), the Ga melting point (29.7646 degreesC), and the In melting point (156.5985 degreesC) are intended to provide either calibration temperature points for industrial platinum resistance thermometers (IPRTs) or single-point calibration checks on IPRTs for the CCG mobile calibration facilities. While the ITS-90 indium fixed point is defined as a freezing point, realization of the three fixed-point cells in the melting mode simplifies the realization process, yet still provides the required expanded uncertainty (k=2) of less than 10 mdegreesC. These three fixed-point cells were tested in two DWBCs using standard platinum resistance thermometers (SPRTs) by measuring realization plateaus and by direct comparisons with the PRT Laboratory reference cells. Adequacy of immersion of the thermometers in the cells during realization of the fixed points in the DWBCs was checked and the results were used to quantify the immersion uncertainty. This paper presents the realization methods, behavior of the fixed-point cells in the DWBCs and the uncertainty assigned to each of cells. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Strouse, GF (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU V D E - VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN 12 PA BISMARCKSTRASSE 33, W-1000 BERLIN 12, GERMANY BN 3-8007-2676-9 PY 2002 BP 783 EP 788 PG 6 WC Thermodynamics; Mechanics SC Thermodynamics; Mechanics GA BU90J UT WOS:000177344800127 ER PT B AU Guthrie, WF AF Guthrie, WF BE Fellmuth, B Seidel, J Scholz, G TI Should (T-1- T-2) have larger uncertainty than T-1? SO TEMPMEKO 2001: 8TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON TEMPERATURE AND THERMAL MEASUREMENT IN INDUSTRY AND SCIENCE, VOL 1 & 2, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Symposium on Temperature and Thermal Measurements in Industry and Science CY JUN 19-21, 2001 CL BERLIN, GERMANY SP Phys Tech Bundesanstalt, VDI, VDE-Gesell Mess Automat ID WELCH-SATTERTHWAITE AB In interlaboratory comparisons, laboratories sometimes use a transfer instrument to realize the value of a laboratory standard to compare the relative biases of their measurement processes and standards. One summary of interest from such comparisons is the pairwise difference between two laboratories' results, along with its expanded uncertainty, a confidence interval for the true difference. Since the labs have unequal variances, the confidence interval is usually computed by the Welch-Satterthwaite (denoted WS) procedure; which approximates the distribution of the pivot quantity used to compute the confidence interval by a Student's-t distribution with effective degrees of freedom defined as a function of the data. In the course of analyzing the data from a comparison of temperature realizations, an awkward and counterintuitive property of the WS procedure was observed. Namely, a confidence interval for a between-lab difference can be narrower than the corresponding interval for one of the component results. This occurs when at least one laboratory's uncertainty estimate has low degrees of freedom (say 1 or 2), and therefore has a large coverage factor from the Student's-t distribution, while the effective degrees of freedom for the combined uncertainty of the pairwise difference, obtained from the WS approximation, is larger. The typical reaction to this situation is to suspect the WS procedure of failing to achieve its nominal confidence level. However, this is not the correct explanation. In fact, situations exist where the confidence intervals for each laboratory's mean and for their pairwise difference all achieve the stated level of confidence even though the uncertainty of the difference is smaller than the uncertainty of at least one of its component results. This paper explains how this counterintuitive property of confidence intervals can be true. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Guthrie, WF (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8980, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 4 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU V D E - VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN 12 PA BISMARCKSTRASSE 33, W-1000 BERLIN 12, GERMANY BN 3-8007-2676-9 PY 2002 BP 887 EP 892 PG 6 WC Thermodynamics; Mechanics SC Thermodynamics; Mechanics GA BU90J UT WOS:000177344800144 ER PT B AU Tsai, BK DeWitt, DP AF Tsai, BK DeWitt, DP BE Fellmuth, B Seidel, J Scholz, G TI Methods used at NIST to characterize and calibrate lightpipe radiation thermometers SO TEMPMEKO 2001: 8TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON TEMPERATURE AND THERMAL MEASUREMENT IN INDUSTRY AND SCIENCE, VOL 1 & 2, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Symposium on Temperature and Thermal Measurements in Industry and Science CY JUN 19-21, 2001 CL BERLIN, GERMANY SP Phys Tech Bundesanstalt, VDI, VDE-Gesell Mess Automat ID TEMPERATURE AB Lightpipe radiation thermometers (LPRTs) are the sensors of choice for high temperature thermal processing of silicon wafers. At temperatures above 500 degreesC, sapphire LPRTs are capable of indicating temperature differences and temperatures with an uncertainty of less than 0.05 degreesC and 1 degreesC, respectively, using well-characterized blackbody furnaces. However, in production tools, the uncertainties are substantially larger because of the effects due to radiative properties of the target surface and the tool-chamber surroundings. Calibration procedures over the range 750 degreesC to 900 degreesC are described, and differences between the hot vs. cold conditions are demonstrated. Discrepancies between NIST and instrument vendor-performed calibrations range from 2 C to 8 degreesC, making evident that the user community is not benefiting from best practices in temperature scale traceability. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Tsai, BK (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr Stop 8441, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU V D E - VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN 12 PA BISMARCKSTRASSE 33, W-1000 BERLIN 12, GERMANY BN 3-8007-2676-9 PY 2002 BP 931 EP 936 PG 6 WC Thermodynamics; Mechanics SC Thermodynamics; Mechanics GA BU90J UT WOS:000177344800151 ER PT B AU Meyer, CW AF Meyer, CW BE Fellmuth, B Seidel, J Scholz, G TI Effects of extraneous radiation on the performance of lightpipe radiation thermometers SO TEMPMEKO 2001: 8TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON TEMPERATURE AND THERMAL MEASUREMENT IN INDUSTRY AND SCIENCE, VOL 1 & 2, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Symposium on Temperature and Thermal Measurements in Industry and Science CY JUN 19-21, 2001 CL BERLIN, GERMANY SP Phys Tech Bundesanstalt, VDI, VDE-Gesell Mess Automat ID OPTICAL FIBER THERMOMETER; TEMPERATURE AB Experiments were performed to study the influence of irradiation and heating of lightpipe radiation thermometers (LPRTs). LPRTs are currently the sensor of choice for temperature measurement in rapid thermal processing. Eight sheathed sapphire lightpipes from two separate manufacturers were used. The experiments demonstrated that the temperature of a lightpipe and the radiation surroundings can significantly affect the temperature displayed by an LPRT. The influence on the display temperature is much higher when the environment of the lightpipe is at a higher temperature than that of the surface being observed. Measurement uncertainty due to environmental influence can be minimized by calibrating the LPRT in an environment similar to that in which it will be used. The experiments showed that some lightpipes are less affected by their environment than others, suggesting that careful selection of lightpipes can also minimize the measurement uncertainty. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Meyer, CW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8363, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU V D E - VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN 12 PA BISMARCKSTRASSE 33, W-1000 BERLIN 12, GERMANY BN 3-8007-2676-9 PY 2002 BP 937 EP 942 PG 6 WC Thermodynamics; Mechanics SC Thermodynamics; Mechanics GA BU90J UT WOS:000177344800152 ER PT S AU Luzin, V Brokmeier, HG AF Luzin, V Brokmeier, HG BE Lee, DN TI Attenuation corrections in neutron texture experiment SO TEXTURES OF MATERIALS, PTS 1 AND 2 SE MATERIALS SCIENCE FORUM LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 13th International Conference on Textures of Materials CY AUG 26-30, 2002 CL SEOUL, SOUTH KOREA SP Korea Inst Met & Mat, Seoul Natl Univ, BK21 Div Mat Educ & Res, Seoul Natl Univ, Texture Control Lab, Korea Sci & Engn Fdn, POSCO, Dongbu Steel Co Ltd DE attenuation and absorption corrections AB In a neutron texture experiment a spherical sample shape is most desirable because it can reduce the problem of absorption (or attenuation in wider sense) in the sample material. Often an experimenter can't accomplish this geometry. For instance, this occurs when a sample can't be changed (e.g., to keep it for subsequent experiments or because the material is not available in sufficient amount). Attenuation corrections are necessary: - when the attenuation coefficient is large enough, such that even small deviations from a spherical shape could give a significant effect, - when the shape of a sample has distinct dimensions (e.g., plate or thin cylinder or more complicated shape), - when the texture is weak, even small neglected corrections could cause distortions of texture data. This paper presents a survey of our experience in measurements and data treatment of such samples. The program developed to calculate attenuation corrections has been tested by experimental data and applied successfully to the cases listed above. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Ctr Thermal Spray Res, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. GKSS Forschungszentrum Geesthacht GmbH, DE-21502 Geesthacht, Germany. TUC, Inst Metallkunde & Met Phys, DE-38678 Clausthal Zellerfeld, Germany. Joint Inst Nucl Res, Frank Lab Neutron Phys, Dubna 141980, Moscow Region, Russia. RP Luzin, V (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 5 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU TRANS TECH PUBLICATIONS LTD PI ZURICH-UETIKON PA BRANDRAIN 6, CH-8707 ZURICH-UETIKON, SWITZERLAND SN 0255-5476 BN 0-87849-903-2 J9 MATER SCI FORUM PY 2002 VL 408-4 BP 191 EP 196 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA BV22J UT WOS:000178202200023 ER PT S AU Luzin, V Gnaupel-Herold, T Prask, HJ AF Luzin, V Gnaupel-Herold, T Prask, HJ BE Lee, DN TI Evaluation of local and global elastic properties of textured polycrystals by means of FEM SO TEXTURES OF MATERIALS, PTS 1 AND 2 SE MATERIALS SCIENCE FORUM LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 13th International Conference on Textures of Materials CY AUG 26-30, 2002 CL SEOUL, SOUTH KOREA SP Korea Inst Met & Mat, Seoul Natl Univ, BK21 Div Mat Educ & Res, Seoul Natl Univ, Texture Control Lab, Korea Sci & Engn Fdn, POSCO, Dongbu Steel Co Ltd DE diffraction elastic constant; elastic properties; FEM; grain size problem ID CONSTANTS AB The grain-size problem is important in several applications of texture analysis, including texture of coarse-grained geological materials and metals or measurement of individual orientations. This paper is an attempt to study this problem with respect to neutron diffraction stress experiments. In fact, as neutron experiments utilize millimeter and smaller beams and gauge volumes, variations in local properties gain increasing importance. Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio as standard bulk properties, and diffraction elastic constants, as the basis for stress calculation in diffraction experiment were considered. Their statistical proper-ties were studied as a function of the number of representative grains in a sample. We applied analytical analysis and the finite element method to solve this problem. From these calculations the influence of a finite number of grains in a sample on expected errors of the values of interest could be inferred. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Ctr Thermal Spray Res, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat & Nucl Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Joint Inst Nucl Res, Frank Lab Neutron Phys, Dubna 141980, Moscow Region, Russia. RP Luzin, V (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. OI Gnaupel-Herold, Thomas/0000-0002-8287-5091 NR 6 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU TRANS TECH PUBLICATIONS LTD PI ZURICH-UETIKON PA BRANDRAIN 6, CH-8707 ZURICH-UETIKON, SWITZERLAND SN 0255-5476 BN 0-87849-903-2 J9 MATER SCI FORUM PY 2002 VL 408-4 BP 407 EP 412 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA BV22J UT WOS:000178202200059 ER PT J AU Marengo, JA Ambrizzi, T Kiladis, G Liebmann, B AF Marengo, JA Ambrizzi, T Kiladis, G Liebmann, B TI Upper-air wave trains over the Pacific Ocean and wintertime cold surges in tropical-subtropical South America leading to Freezes in Southern and Southeastern Brazil SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED CLIMATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID BAROCLINIC ATMOSPHERE; NORTHERN WINTER; ROSSBY WAVES; AMAZON BASIN; CONVECTION; ANOMALIES; PROPAGATION; SEASONALITY; INCURSIONS; DYNAMICS AB An examination is made of the relationships between circulation and convection over South America as related to strong cooling in southern and southeastern Brazil during austral wintertime. Correlations between sub monthly (230 days) near-surface air temperature in southeastern Brazil reveal the preferred path of a quasi-stationary Rossby wave impinging on to the region from mid-latitudes and emanating from the tropical western Pacific. The large amplitude upper-level trough in middle latitudes, which extends into the tropics, has been pointed out as one of the major features of the cold situation. These waves embedded in westerly flow are an example of wintertime tropical-extratropical interactions leading to cooling in southeastern South America. This is suggested by the results from the observational and baroclinic-modeling studies presented here. However, in addition to the right synoptic situation associated with this intermediate modulation, local controls are important on determining the degree of cooling and the occurrence of freezes. C1 CPTEC, INPE, BR-12630000 Cachoeira Paulista, SP, Brazil. Univ Sao Paulo, Dept Ciencias Atmosfer, Inst Astron Geofis & Ciencias Atmosfer, BR-05508 Sao Paulo, Brazil. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NOAA, CIRES, Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO USA. RP CPTEC, INPE, BR-12630000 Cachoeira Paulista, SP, Brazil. EM marengo@cptec.inpre.br RI Marengo, Jose /J-9382-2012; Ambrizzi, Tercio/A-4636-2008 OI Marengo, Jose /0000-0002-8154-2762; NR 34 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 2 PU SPRINGER WIEN PI WIEN PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 WIEN, AUSTRIA SN 0177-798X EI 1434-4483 J9 THEOR APPL CLIMATOL JI Theor. Appl. Climatol. PY 2002 VL 73 IS 3-4 BP 223 EP 242 DI 10.1007/s00704-001-0669-x PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 629GW UT WOS:000180042900007 ER PT J AU Vargas, WM Minetti, JL Poblete, AG AF Vargas, WM Minetti, JL Poblete, AG TI Low-frequency oscillations in climatic and hydrological variables in southern South America's tropical-subtropical regions SO THEORETICAL AND APPLIED CLIMATOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PRECIPITATION; VARIABILITY; RAINFALL; ATLANTIC; PATTERNS; AFRICA AB The existence of low-frequency variability in climatic-hydrological-oceanic variables may be useful for long-term forecasting and climate modelling. By using long time series this paper attempts to identify large-scale quasi-cycles in the precipitation regimes of Northern Argentina, moisture advection from the Atlantic Ocean and the streamflow of the Parana River. This work also shows the presence of coherent waves with long periodicity between the three series. As the three variables are estimated over different time intervals, the presence of waves in each variable is studied separately, to show they respond to the same process. The three variables show significant interdecadal variability at low frequency (22-26 years), which might be related to the ENSO cycle modulation and to the intensification or weakening of the South American Low Level Jet (SALLJ) and South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ). C1 Univ Buenos Aires, CONICET, Dept Ciencias Atmosfera & Oceanos, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. Fdn Carl C Zon Caldenius, NOAA, CONICET, RA-4000 San Miguel De Tucuman, Tucuman, Argentina. Univ Nacl San Juan, Dept Geog, San Juan, Argentina. RP Vargas, WM (reprint author), Univ Buenos Aires, CONICET, Dept Ciencias Atmosfera & Oceanos, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. NR 37 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG WIEN PI VIENNA PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 VIENNA, AUSTRIA SN 0177-798X J9 THEOR APPL CLIMATOL JI Theor. Appl. Climatol. PY 2002 VL 72 IS 1-2 BP 29 EP 40 DI 10.1007/s007040200010 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 558WK UT WOS:000175989800003 ER PT B AU Wang, YY Shang, EC AF Wang, YY Shang, EC BE Shang, EC Li, Q Gao, TF TI Numerical simulation study on mode-coupling caused by solitary waves in shallow-water waveguide SO THEORETICAL AND COMPUTATIONAL ACOUSTICS 2001 LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Conference on Theoretical and Computational Acoustics CY MAY 21-25, 2001 CL Beijing, PEOPLES R CHINA SP USN Undersea Warfare Ctr, US Off Naval Res, Inst Acoust, Chinese Acad Sci, USN Res Lab, NATO SACLANT Undersea Res Ctr, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Osservat Geofis Speriment Trieste, Univ Cambridge, Yale Univ, Harvard Univ, Columbia Univ, Natl Taiwan Univ, Univ Petrol Beijing, Bureau Int Cooperat, CAS, Natl Nat Sci Fdn China, Acoust Soc China, Environm Technol Lab, NOAA ID COASTAL ZONE; PROPAGATION AB Mode-coupling induced by internal solitary waves in shallow-water is investigated by numerical simulation. It has been found that mode-coupling is very sensitive to frequency, mode number as well as water depth. C1 Univ Colorado, NOAA, CIRES, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Wang, YY (reprint author), Univ Colorado, NOAA, CIRES, Environm Technol Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA PO BOX 128 FARRER RD, SINGAPORE 9128, SINGAPORE BN 981-238-012-4 PY 2002 BP 671 EP 676 DI 10.1142/9789812777362_0070 PG 6 WC Acoustics SC Acoustics GA BCN69 UT WOS:000230305400070 ER PT B AU Blackburn, DL AF Blackburn, DL BE Joshi, YK Garimella, SV TI Temperature measurement of semiconductor devices SO THERMAL CHALLENGES IN NEXT GENERATION ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT THERMES 2002 International Conference CY JAN 13-16, 2002 CL SANTA FE, NM DE integrated circuits; semiconductor devices; temperature measurement; thermal resistance; transistors C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Blackburn, DL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU MILLPRESS SCIENCE PUBLISHERS PI ROTTERDAM PA PO BOX 84118, 3009 CC ROTTERDAM, NETHERLANDS BN 90-77017-03-8 PY 2002 BP 23 EP 24 PG 2 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA BW42M UT WOS:000181956000003 ER PT S AU Read, DT Cheng, YW McColskey, JD Keller, RR AF Read, DT Cheng, YW McColskey, JD Keller, RR BE Ozkan, CS Freund, LB Cammarata, BC Gao, H TI Mechanical behavior of contact aluminum alloy SO THIN FILMS: STRESSES AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES IX SE MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Symposium on Thin Films - Stresses and Mechanical Properties IX held at the 2001 Fall MRS Meeting CY NOV 26-30, 2001 CL BOSTON, MA SP Mat Res Soc ID THIN-FILMS AB We report the results of tensile tests of thin films of Al-0.5 % Cu deposited on bare silicon. This material was subjected to the complete CMOS fabrication process, including a high-temperature heat treatment. Contact metal makes the electrical connection between the metal wiring and the silicon transistors in a chip. Room-temperature values of yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and elongation were all lower than the corresponding values found previously for pure electron-beam-evaporated aluminum films. The strengths and elongation decreased slightly as the specimen temperature was raised from 25 to 150 degreesC. The slopes of the stress-strain curves from unloading-reloading runs were lower than the accepted Young's modulus of bulk polycrystalline aluminum. The results are interpreted with the help of scanning and transmission electron microscopy. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Read, DT (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Keller, Robert/I-9014-2012 NR 5 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DRIVE, WARRENDALE, PA 15088-7563 USA SN 0272-9172 BN 1-55899-631-1 J9 MATER RES SOC SYMP P PY 2002 VL 695 BP 263 EP 268 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA BU86V UT WOS:000177250600042 ER PT B AU Galtier, V Mills, K Carlinet, Y Bush, S Kulkarni, A AF Galtier, V Mills, K Carlinet, Y Bush, S Kulkarni, A GP IEEE COMPUTER SOCIETY IEEE COMPUTER SOCIETY TI Predicting and controlling resource usage in a heterogeneous active network SO THIRD ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON ACTIVE MIDDLEWARE SERVICES, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Annual International Workshop on Active Middleware Services CY AUG 06, 2001 CL SAN FRANCISCO, CA SP Natl Sci Fdn, Univ SO Calif, Univ Arizona AB Active network technology envisions deployment of virtual execution environments within network elements, such as switches and routers. As a result, inhomogeneous processing can be applied to network traffic. To use such technology safely and efficiently, individual nodes must provide mechanisms to enforce resource limits. This implies that each node must understand the varying resource requirements for specific network traffic, This paper presents an approach to model the CPU time requirements of active applications in a form that can be interpreted among heterogeneous nodes. Further, the paper demonstrates how this approach can be used successfully to control resources consumed at an active-network node and to predict load among nodes in an active network, when integrated within the Active Virtual Network Management Prediction system. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Galtier, V (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM virginie.galtier@nist.gov; kevin.mills@nist.gov; bushsf@crd.ge.com; kulkarni@crd.ge.com NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1264 USA BN 0-7695-1528-2 PY 2002 BP 35 EP 44 DI 10.1109/AMS.2001.993718 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture SC Computer Science GA BU30E UT WOS:000175609700004 ER PT B AU Hermreck, DK AF Hermreck, DK BE Bayoumi, MA TI Funding opportunities for high-risk research SO THIRD INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON DIGITAL AND COMPUTATIONAL VIDEO, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Workshop on Digital and Computational Video (DCV 2002) CY NOV 14-15, 2002 CL CLEARWATER, FL SP Univ Louisiana Lafayette, Ctr Adv Comp Sci, Univ S Florida, Ctr Digital & Computat Video AB This talk is about, "Accelerating DCV Innovation: The Advanced Technology Program'' The Advanced Technology Program (ATP) is one of the nation's leading sources of funding for industry-led high-risk technology development. Many project's supported by ATP have significant potential to impact Digital and Computational Video. This presentation will briefly examine the potential impact of ATP research projects on DCV. Projects ranging from data storage to video indexing to compression to 3D model creation will be examined. The presentation will conclude with an overview of the ATP and encouragement to submit proposals to the ATP. C1 NIST, Adv Technol Program, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hermreck, DK (reprint author), NIST, Adv Technol Program, 100 Bur Dr,MS 4720, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017 USA BN 0-7803-7984-5 PY 2002 BP 4 EP 16 DI 10.1109/DCV.2002.1218738 PG 13 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Software Engineering; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Computer Science; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA BX16E UT WOS:000184465500002 ER PT B AU McCarthy, D Schaefer, J AF McCarthy, D Schaefer, J GP AMS AMS TI The fujita scale: Its abuse and the cure SO THIRD SYMPOSIUM ON ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS: FACILITATING THE USE OF ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Symposium on Environmental Applications CY JAN 13-17, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, Storm Predict Ctr, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP McCarthy, D (reprint author), NOAA, Storm Predict Ctr, Norman, OK 73069 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 2002 BP 30 EP 34 PG 5 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BV55D UT WOS:000179335500008 ER PT B AU Schaefer, JT Schneider, RS Kay, MP AF Schaefer, JT Schneider, RS Kay, MP GP AMS AMS TI The robustness of tornado hazard estimates SO THIRD SYMPOSIUM ON ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS: FACILITATING THE USE OF ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd Symposium on Environmental Applications CY JAN 13-17, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP Amer Meteorol Soc C1 NOAA, NSW, NCEP, SPC, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Schaefer, JT (reprint author), NOAA, NSW, NCEP, SPC, Norman, OK 73069 USA. NR 9 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108 USA PY 2002 BP 35 EP 41 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA BV55D UT WOS:000179335500009 ER PT J AU Mortensen, DG Wertheimer, AC Maselko, JM Taylor, SG AF Mortensen, DG Wertheimer, AC Maselko, JM Taylor, SG TI Survival and straying of Auke Creek, Alaska, pink salmon marked with coded wire tags and thermally induced otolith marks SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID COHO SALMON; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; POPULATIONS; CHUM; FRY AB Pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha fry from Auke Creek, Alaska, were marked with coded wire tags (CWTs) and, in some cases, thermally induced otolith marks, to investigate the effects of the CWT process on survival and straying. Pink salmon from Gastineau Hatchery that had been thermally marked provided a point of comparison. Marked fish were also used to estimate the natal composition of fish in nearby streams and at Auke Creek and Gastineau Hatchery. The survival of fish with both CWTs and thermal marks was significantly lower than that of fish with thermal marks alone but not significantly different from that of fish with CWTs alone. No effect of CWTs on straying was detected. The estimated straying rates were 4.4% and 6.7% for early-run and late-run Auke Creek fish, respectively, and 6.9% for Gastineau Hatchery fish. The observed straying and run composition estimates indicated a large-scale interchange of adult pink salmon among local streams, which may promote rapid colonization and recovery of reduced populations. C1 Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. RP Mortensen, DG (reprint author), Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Auke Bay Lab, 11305 Glacier Highway, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. EM don.mortensen@noaa.gov NR 52 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 7 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 131 IS 1 BP 14 EP 26 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2002)131<0014:SASOAC>2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 514AC UT WOS:000173412800002 ER PT J AU Moran, P Baker, J AF Moran, P Baker, J TI Polymerase chain reaction inhibition in historical fish scale mounting cards SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SALMON SALMO-SALAR; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; ATLANTIC SALMON; MICROSATELLITE DNA; GENETIC DIVERSITY; PCR; AMPLIFICATION; POPULATIONS; SAMPLES; ONCORHYNCHUS AB In the case of Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp,, as in that of other fish species, the ability to amplify specific DNA sequences from historical scale samples offers the opportunity to infer past population genetic structure and better understand how human activities may have changed natural populations. We extracted DNA from fish scales of various ages using two different methods and tested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of nuclear and mitochondrial products of various sizes. Our results provide further insight into some important limitations in working with historical DNA samples. We found evidence suggesting the presence of an inhibitory compound associated with the gummed scale collection cards that copurified with the DNA. Our results demonstrated that the putative inhibitory material was free in solution and not bound to the scale DNA. Long recognized in other genetic literature, PCR inhibition has only recently been reported in historical studies of Fish. This paper provides the first detailed examination of the inhibition phenomenon and the first quantitative evaluation of DNA yield, sample dilution, and PCR success in the use of historical scale samples. C1 NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Conservat Biol Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Moran, P (reprint author), NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Conservat Biol Div, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. NR 28 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 131 IS 1 BP 109 EP 119 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2002)131<0109:PCRIIH>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 514AC UT WOS:000173412800009 ER PT S AU Pibida, L McMahon, CA Nortershauser, W Bushaw, BA AF Pibida, L McMahon, CA Nortershauser, W Bushaw, BA BE Trombka, JI Spears, DP Solomon, PH TI Resonance ionization mass spectrometry system for measurement of environmental samples SO UNATTENDED RADIATION SENSOR SYSTEMS FOR REMOTE APPLICATIONS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Unattended Radiation Sensor Systems for Remote Applications CY APR 15-17, 2002 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP NASA, Headquarters, NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, USDE, US Dept Justice, US State, Nonproliferat & Arms Control Technol Working Grp ID SPECTROSCOPY; SR-90; CA-41; SENSITIVITY; RATIOS; RIMS AB A resonance ionization mass spectrometry (RIMS) system has-been developed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) for sensitive and selective determination of radio-cesium in the environment. The overall efficiency was determined to be 4x10(-7) with a combined (laser and mass spectrometer) selectivity of 10(8) for both Cs-135 and Cs-137 with respect to Cs-133. RIMS isotopic ratio measurements of Cs-135/Cs-137 were performed on a nuclear fuel bum-up sample and compared to measurements on a similar system at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) and to conventional thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS). Results of preliminary RIMS investigations on a freshwater lake sediment sample are also discussed. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Pibida, L (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0087-3 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2002 VL 632 BP 173 EP 181 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Remote Sensing SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Remote Sensing GA BV40F UT WOS:000178846200018 ER PT S AU Gilliam, DM Thompson, AK Nico, JS AF Gilliam, DM Thompson, AK Nico, JS BE Trombka, JI Spears, DP Solomon, PH TI A neutron sensor for detection of nuclear materials in transport SO UNATTENDED RADIATION SENSOR SYSTEMS FOR REMOTE APPLICATIONS SE AIP CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Workshop on Unattended Radiation Sensor Systems for Remote Applications CY APR 15-17, 2002 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP NASA, Headquarters, NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, USDE, US Dept Justice, US State, Nonproliferat & Arms Control Technol Working Grp AB Spent fuel from nuclear reactors, even weapons-grade plutonium, and certain weapons-initiator materials emit large numbers of neutrons from spontaneous fission or (alpha, n) reactions. These are materials which terrorist groups could fairly easily obtain for construction of radiation dispersion weapons or fission weapons. Because the U.S. borders are fairly easily crossed in many wilderness areas and because these materials could be obtained from sites within the U.S., it is not sufficient to inspect baggage and cargo at points of entry. Very sensitive neutron detectors coupled with surveillance cameras could be positioned at highway choke points on the outskirts of major cities or near other sensitive locations to detect neutrons from contraband nuclear components and provide warnings to security personnel to try to prevent such an attack. The major advantage of neutron detectors over beta and gamma detectors is that the background rates and incidences of false positives would be much lower. There is only a very low level of neutron background due to cosmic rays, much lower than the natural beta/gamma background. As a spin-off from a neutrino 'research collaboration with a Russian team, NIST physicists are developing a very-high-sensitivity neutron spectrometer which could be configured for unattended, remote sensing duty.. This spectrometer is based on photon emission from recoil protons in a liquid scintillator followed by thermal neutron capture. It uses a segmented geometry to improve energy resolution. Some examples of applications of a spectrometer of this type for highway surveillance are given. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gilliam, DM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1NO1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0094-243X BN 0-7354-0087-3 J9 AIP CONF PROC PY 2002 VL 632 BP 291 EP 294 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Remote Sensing SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Remote Sensing GA BV40F UT WOS:000178846200032 ER PT S AU Albus, JS AF Albus, JS BE Gerhart, GR Shoemaker, CM Gage, DW TI 4D/RCS - A reference model architecture for intelligent unmanned ground vehicles SO UNMANNED GROUND VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY IV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Unmanned Ground Vehicle Technology IV CY APR 02-03, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE Intelligent control; reference model architecture; hierarchical architecture; unmanned ground vehicles; Demo III; 4D/RCS AB 4D/RCS consists of a multi-layered multi-resolutional hierarchy of computational nodes each containing elements of sensory processing (SP), world modeling (WM), value judgment (W), and behavior generation (BG). At the lower levels, these elements generate goal-seeking reactive behavior. At higher levels, they enable goal-defining deliberative behavior. Throughout the hierarchy, interaction between SP, WM, VJ, and BG give rise to perception, cognition, imagination, and reasoning. At low levels, range in space and time is short and resolution is high. At high levels, distance and time are long and resolution is low. This enables high-precision fast-action response over short intervals of time and space at low levels, while long-range plans and abstract concepts are being formulated over broad regions of time and space at high levels. 4D/RCS closes feedback loops at every level. SP processes focus attention (i.e., window regions of space or time), group (i.e., segment regions into entities), compute entity attributes, estimate entity state, and assign entities to classes at every level. WM processes maintain a rich and dynamic database of knowledge about the world in the form of images, maps, entities, events, and relationships at every level. Other WM processes use that knowledge to generate estimates and predictions that support perception, reasoning, and planning at every level. 4D/RCS was developed for the Army Research Laboratory Demo III program. To date, only the lower levels of the 4D/RCS architecture have been fully implemented, but the results have been extremely positive. It seems clear that the theoretical basis of 4D/RCS is sound and the architecture is capable of being extended to support much higher levels of performance. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Intelligent Syst Div, Gaithersburg, MD USA. RP Albus, JS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Intelligent Syst Div, Gaithersburg, MD USA. NR 12 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4465-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4715 BP 303 EP 310 DI 10.1117/12.474462 PG 8 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Robotics SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering; Robotics GA BV18D UT WOS:000178075300032 ER PT S AU Hong, TH Rasmussen, C Chang, T Shneier, M AF Hong, TH Rasmussen, C Chang, T Shneier, M BE Gerhart, GR Shoemaker, CM Gage, DW TI Road detection and tracking for autonomous mobile robots SO UNMANNED GROUND VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY IV SE Proceedings of SPIE LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Unmanned Ground Vehicle Technology IV CY APR 02-03, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE ID ATTENTION; VISION; FOCUS AB As part of the Army's Demo III project, a sensor-based system has been developed to identify roads and to enable a mobile robot to drive along them. A ladar sensor, which produces range images, and a color camera are used in conjunction to locate the road surface and its boundaries. Sensing is used to constantly update an internal world model of the road surface. The world model is used to predict the future position of the road and to focus the attention of the sensors on the relevant regions in their respective images. The world model also determines the most suitable algorithm for locating and tracking road features in the images based on the current task and sensing information. The planner uses information from the world model to determine the best path for the vehicle along the road. Several different algorithms have been developed and tested on a diverse set of road sequences. The road types include some paved roads with lanes, but most of the sequences are of unpaved roads, including dirt and gravel roads. The algorithms compute various features of the road images including smoothness in the world model map and in the range domain, and color features and texture in the color domain. Performance in road detection and tracking are described and examples are shown of the system in action. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Intelligent Syst Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Intelligent Syst Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 25 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4465-0 J9 PROC SPIE PY 2002 VL 4715 BP 311 EP 319 DI 10.1117/12.474463 PG 9 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Robotics SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering; Robotics GA BV18D UT WOS:000178075300033 ER PT S AU Lacaze, A AF Lacaze, A BE Gerhart, GR Shoemaker, CM Gage, DW TI Hierachical planning algorithms SO UNMANNED GROUND VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY IV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Unmanned Ground Vehicle Technology IV CY APR 02-03, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE hierarchical control; planning; shortest path; search; A*; boundary conditions; autonomous ground vehicle; robotics; operations research. AB A novel method for communicating commands in hierarchical planning control is presented. This new method can be used to guarantee that plans created will be optimal within and across the planning graphs throughout the hierarchy. Boundary conditions are specified so that optimality is guaranteed. Specific hierarchical planning examples are given for a group of off-road autonomous ground vehicles. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Intelligent Syst Div, Gaithersburg, MD USA. RP Lacaze, A (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Intelligent Syst Div, Gaithersburg, MD USA. NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4465-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4715 BP 320 EP 331 DI 10.1117/12.474464 PG 12 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Robotics SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering; Robotics GA BV18D UT WOS:000178075300034 ER PT S AU Balakirsky, S Lacaze, A AF Balakirsky, S Lacaze, A BE Gerhart, GR Shoemaker, CM Gage, DW TI Value-driven Behavior generation for an autonomous mobile ground robot SO UNMANNED GROUND VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY IV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Unmanned Ground Vehicle Technology IV CY APR 02-03, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE Autonomous vehicle; path planning; 4D/RCS; hierarchical world model; Demo III; graph search; cost map. AB In this paper, we will describe a value-driven graph search technique that is capable of generating a rich variety of single and multiple vehicle behaviors. The generation of behaviors depends on cost and benefit computations that may involve terrain characteristics, line of sight to enemy positions, and cost, benefit, and risk of traveling on roads. Depending on mission priorities and cost values, real-time planners can autonomously build appropriate behaviors on the fly that include road following, cross-country movement, stealthily movement, formation keeping, and bounding overwatch. This system follows NIST's 4D/RCS architecture, and a discussion of the world model, value judgment, and behavior generation components is provided. In addition, techniques for collapsing a multidimensional model space into a cost space and planning graph constraints are discussed. The work described in this paper has been performed under the Army Research Laboratory's Robotics Demo III program. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Intelligent Syst Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Balakirsky, S (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Intelligent Syst Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 18 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4465-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4715 BP 332 EP 342 DI 10.1117/12.474465 PG 11 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Robotics SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering; Robotics GA BV18D UT WOS:000178075300035 ER PT S AU Hong, T Balakirsky, S Messina, E Chang, T Shneier, M AF Hong, T Balakirsky, S Messina, E Chang, T Shneier, M BE Gerhart, GR Shoemaker, CM Gage, DW TI A hierarchical world model for an autonomous scout vehicle SO UNMANNED GROUND VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY IV SE PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS (SPIE) LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Unmanned Ground Vehicle Technology IV CY APR 02-03, 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL SP SPIE DE Autonomous vehicle; path planning; sensory processing; 4D/RCS; hierarchical world model; Demo III ID CLASSIFICATION AB This paper describes a world model that combines a variety of sensed inputs and a priori information and is used to generate on-road and off-road autonomous driving behaviors. The system is designed in accordance with the principles of the 4D/RCS architecture. The world model is hierarchical, with the resolution and scope at each level designed to minimize computational resource requirements and to support planning functions for that level of the control hierarchy. The sensory processing system that populates the world model fuses inputs from multiple sensors and extracts feature information, such as terrain elevation, cover, road edges, and obstacles. Feature information from digital maps, such as road networks, elevation, and hydrology, is also incorporated into this rich world model. The various features are maintained in different layers that are registered together to provide maximum flexibility in generation of vehicle plans depending on mission requirements. The paper includes discussion of how the maps are built and how the objects and features of the world are represented. Functions for maintaining the world model are discussed. The world model described herein is being developed for the Army Research Laboratory's Demo III Autonomous Scout Vehicle experiment. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Intelligent Syst Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hong, T (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Intelligent Syst Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. OI Messina, Elena/0000-0002-1727-9357 NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPIE-INT SOC OPTICAL ENGINEERING PI BELLINGHAM PA 1000 20TH ST, PO BOX 10, BELLINGHAM, WA 98227-0010 USA SN 0277-786X BN 0-8194-4465-0 J9 P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS PY 2002 VL 4715 BP 343 EP 354 DI 10.1117/12.474467 PG 12 WC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Robotics SC Automation & Control Systems; Engineering; Robotics GA BV18D UT WOS:000178075300036 ER PT B AU Rao, KS AF Rao, KS BE Sokhi, RS Bartzis, JG TI ROADWAY-2: A model for pollutant dispersion near highways SO URBAN AIR QUALITY - RECENT ADVANCES, PROCEEDINGS LA English DT Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Urban Air Quality - Measurement, Modeling and Management CY MAR 20-23, 2001 CL LOUTRAKI, GREECE SP Inst Phys, NCSRD, Univ Hertfordshire, SATURN, TRAPOS, COST715 DE air pollution; dispersion model; wake parameterizations; SF6 tracer data; model evaluation ID NOCTURNAL DRAINAGE FLOW; SURFACE-LAYER; SIMULATION; TRANSPORT; WAKE AB The formulations and evaluation of ROADWAY-2, a near-highway pollutant dispersion model, are described. This model incorporates vehicle wake parameterizations derived from canopy flow theory and wind tunnel measurements. The atmospheric velocity and turbulence fields are adjusted to account for velocity-deficit and turbulence production in vehicle wakes. A turbulent kinetic energy closure model of the atmospheric boundary layer is used to derive the mean velocity, temperature, and turbulence profiles from input meteorological data. ROADWAY-2 has been evaluated using SF6 tracer data from General Motors Sulfate Dispersion Experiment. The model evaluation results are presented and discussed. C1 NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus Div, Oak Ridge, TN USA. RP Rao, KS (reprint author), NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus Div, Oak Ridge, TN USA. NR 22 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA PO BOX 17, 3300 AA DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS BN 1-4020-0838-4 PY 2002 BP 261 EP 277 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing GA BW25L UT WOS:000181346400019 ER PT J AU Taylor, MK Laake, J Cluff, HD Ramsay, M Messier, F AF Taylor, MK Laake, J Cluff, HD Ramsay, M Messier, F TI Managing the risk from hunting for the Viscount Melville Sound polar bear population SO URSUS LA English DT Article DE demography; harvest; life-table; mark-recapture; polar bear; population viability analysis; recruitment; survival; Ursus maritimus AB Managers of harvested polar bear (Ursus maritimus) populations are required todetermine current status and sustainable harvest levels. Time series population estimates are unavailable or suspect for most polar bear populations, including the Viscount Melville Sound (VM) population in Canada. Between 1974 and 1992, 194 polar bears were captured within VM. We used mark-recapture and standing age analyses to estimate population size and the rates of birth and death for this population. Both the current and historical harvest were also recorded. From mark-recapture data, we estimated (1) age and sex-specific natural andtotal survival and (2) population size from estimated capture probabilities that varied by year and were higher for females with satellite transmitters. The average population estimate for 1989-92 was 161 bears (SE = 34). We used a simulation model to estimate the population growth rate without harvest at 1.059 (SE = 0.063). Historical harvest levels and changes in the population standing sex and age distribution and sex ratio indicated that the population had been reduced by over-hunting. Using Monte Carlo simulations that utilized the estimated variability in demographic parameters, we explored the risk to this population associated with a range of harvest rates. Because of uncertainty in our estimates, we found that the population was at risk at harvest levels less than the estimated sustainable kill. The estimated risk was proportional to harvest level. Large harvest rates increased the risk of further reductions to the population and extended the recovery period that would likely be required to return the population to its current number relative to lesser harvest rates. We question the value of frequent population inventory for Viscount MelvilleSound because the small size of this population constrains both the precisionand the accuracy of demographic estimates. We recommend instead conservative and precautionary harvest policies to reduce the risk of harvest and enhance long term recovery of this population. C1 Govt Nunavut, Dept Sustainable Dev, Iqaluit, NT X0A 0H0, Canada. NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Gov NW Terr, Dept Resources Wildlife & Econ Dev, Yellowknife, NT X1A 2P9, Canada. Univ Saskatchewan, Dept Biol, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada. RP Taylor, MK (reprint author), Govt Nunavut, Dept Sustainable Dev, Stn 1170,POB 1000, Iqaluit, NT X0A 0H0, Canada. EM mtaylor1@gov.nu.ca; jeff.laake@noaa.gov; dean_cluff@gov.nu.ca; messier@sask.usask.ca NR 0 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 5 U2 16 PU INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR BEAR RESEARCH AND MANAGEMENT (IBA) PI KNOXVILLE PA UNIV, TENNESSEE, 274 ELLINGTON HALL, KNOXVILLE, TN 379996 USA SN 1537-6176 J9 URSUS JI Ursus PY 2002 VL 13 BP 185 EP 202 PG 18 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 937LN UT WOS:000229925700019 ER PT J AU Reish, DJ Oshida, PS Mearns, AJ Ginn, TC Buckman, M AF Reish, Donald J. Oshida, Philip S. Mearns, Alan J. Ginn, Thomas C. Buckman, Michael TI EFFECTS OF POLLUTION ON MARINE ORGANISMS SO WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID VALDEZ OIL-SPILL; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; OYSTERS CRASSOSTREA-GIGAS; PRINCE-WILLIAM-SOUND; SEA-URCHIN EMBRYO; CAPITELLA SP-I; NORTHWESTERN HAWAIIAN-ISLANDS; CLAM RUDITAPES DECUSSATUS; MUSSELS MYTILUS-EDULIS; 1997-98 EL-NINO C1 [Reish, Donald J.] Calif State Univ Long Beach, Dept Biol Sci, Long Beach, CA 90840 USA. [Oshida, Philip S.] US EPA, Washington, DC USA. [Mearns, Alan J.; Buckman, Michael] NOAA, Seattle, WA USA. [Ginn, Thomas C.] Exponent Environm Grp, Bellevue, WA USA. RP Reish, DJ (reprint author), Calif State Univ Long Beach, Dept Biol Sci, Long Beach, CA 90840 USA. EM DJReish@aol.com NR 246 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 10 PU WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION PI ALEXANDRIA PA 601 WYTHE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-1994 USA SN 1061-4303 EI 1554-7531 J9 WATER ENVIRON RES JI Water Environ. Res. PY 2002 VL 74 IS 5 BP 1507 EP 1584 DI 10.2175/106143002X140747 PG 78 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA V19IA UT WOS:000208064900030 ER PT J AU Case, JL Manobianco, J Oram, TD Garner, T Blottman, PF Spratt, SM AF Case, JL Manobianco, J Oram, TD Garner, T Blottman, PF Spratt, SM TI Local data integration over east-central Florida using the ARPS Data Analysis System SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID NATIONAL-WEATHER-SERVICE; WIND ANALYSIS; INITIALIZATION; PREDICTION; LAPS; RAMS AB The Applied Meteorology Unit has configured the Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS) Data Analysis System (ADAS) to support operational short-range weather forecasting over east-central Florida, including the Kennedy Space Center and Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. The ADAS was modified to assimilate nationally and locally available in situ and remotely sensed observational data into a series of high-resolution gridded analyses every 15 min. The goal for running ADAS over east-central Florida is to generate real-time analysis products that may enhance weather nowcasts and short-range (,6 h) forecasts issued by the 45th Weather Squadron (45 WS), the Spaceflight Meteorology Group (SMG), and the National Weather Service (NWS) at Melbourne, Florida (MLB). The locally configured ADAS has the potential to provide added value because it ingests all operationally available data into a single grid analysis at high spatial and temporal resolutions. ADAS-generated grid analyses can provide forecasters with a tool to develop a more comprehensive understanding of evolving fine-scale weather features than could be obtained by individually examining the disparate data sources. The potential utility of this ADAS configuration to operational forecasters is demonstrated through a postanalysis case study of a thunderstorm outflow boundary that postponed an Atlas space launch mission, and a Florida cool-season squall line event. In the Atlas case study, a thunderstorm outflow boundary generated strong winds that exceeded the Atlas vehicle limits. A diagnosis of this event, using analysis products during the decaying phase of a Florida summer thunderstorm, illustrates the potential benefits that may be provided to forecasters supporting space launch and landing operations, and to NWS MLB meteorologists generating short-range forecast products. The evolution of analyzed cloud fields from the squall line event were used to track the areal coverage and tendencies of cloud ceiling and cloud-top heights that impact the evaluation of space operation weather constraints and NWS aviation products. These cases also illustrate how the analyses can provide guidance for nowcasts and short-range forecasts of Florida warm-season convection and fire-weather parameters. In addition, some of the sensitivities of the ADAS analyses to selected observational data sources are discussed. Recently, a real-time version of ADAS was implemented at both SMG and the NWS MLB forecast offices. Future plans of this ADAS configuration include incorporating additional observational datasets and designing visualization products for specific forecast tasks. Finally, the ultimate goal is to use these ADAS analyses to initialize a high-resolution numerical weather prediction model run locally at SMG and the NWS MLB, in order to develop a cycling scheme that preserves fine-scale features such as convective outflow boundaries in short-range numerical forecasts. C1 ENSCO Inc, Cocoa Beach, FL 32931 USA. NASA, Appl Meteorol Unit, Kennedy Space Ctr, FL USA. NASA, Spaceflight Meteorol Grp, Johnson Space Ctr, TX USA. NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Melbourne, FL USA. RP Case, JL (reprint author), ENSCO Inc, 1980 N Atlantic Ave,Suite 230, Cocoa Beach, FL 32931 USA. NR 42 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PY 2002 VL 17 IS 1 BP 3 EP 26 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2002)017<0003:LDIOEC>2.0.CO;2 PG 24 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 514RG UT WOS:000173454400001 ER PT J AU Robbins, CC Cortinas, JV AF Robbins, CC Cortinas, JV TI Local and synoptic environments associated with freezing rain in the contiguous United States SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID NORTH-AMERICA; WINTER STORMS; ICE STORM; PRECIPITATION; CLIMATOLOGY; CYCLONES AB Local and synoptic conditions associated with freezing-rain events in the continental United States, as well as the temporal and spatial variability of these conditions, have been documented for the period 1976-90. It had been postulated that the characteristics of the thermodynamic stratification observed during freezing rain would be similar regardless of geographical location. However, through hypothesis testing, it was found that some interregional variability exists in the magnitude of various sounding parameters that the authors felt characterized the important aspects of the thermodynamic profile of freezing-rain environments. This variability seems to be related not only to local effects resulting from terrain variations and nearby water sources, but also from regional differences in synoptic-scale atmospheric environments favorable for freezing rain. These results suggest that freezing-rain forecast techniques, which rely on critical parameters derived for specific geographical locations, may not be applicable if applied elsewhere. Therefore, forecasters evaluating the possibility of freezing rain over synoptic-scale areas should not expect one variable that characterizes a sounding to be an accurate indicator of freezing rain across the entire region. Algorithms that evaluate the entire thermodynamic profile and consider the effect of this profile on frozen and freezing precipitation may provide forecasters with a quick and more accurate method of evaluating the potential for freezing rain than traditional forecast techniques, such as partial thickness. C1 Univ Oklahoma, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Sci, Norman, OK 73069 USA. NOAA, OAR, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Robbins, CC (reprint author), Univ Oklahoma, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Sci, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. NR 46 TC 31 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PY 2002 VL 17 IS 1 BP 47 EP 65 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2002)017<0047:LASEAW>2.0.CO;2 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 514RG UT WOS:000173454400003 ER PT J AU Lericos, TP Fuelberg, HE Watson, AI Holle, RL AF Lericos, TP Fuelberg, HE Watson, AI Holle, RL TI Warm season lightning distributions over the Florida peninsula as related to synoptic patterns SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID CONTIGUOUS UNITED-STATES; GROUND FLASH DENSITY; CONVECTIVE INITIATION; SOUTH FLORIDA; CLOUD; BREEZE; FEATURES; FLOW; CAPE AB Cloud-to-ground lightning data from the National Lightning Detection Network are examined over the Florida peninsula during the warm seasons of 1989 through 1998. The lightning data are stratified according to the location of the subtropical ridge (i.e., north of Florida, south of Florida, and within Florida) as well as other common flow types. Each day is placed into a flow regime based on radiosonde-derived low-level winds at three stations within the study area. Maps of lightning flash density are generated for each flow regime over hourly, daily (24 h), and nocturnal periods. Results for the 24-h period indicate that complexities in the Florida coastline produce four areas of relatively large flash densities: near Tampa, Fort Myers, West Palm Beach, and Cape Canaveral. Nocturnal lightning is found to occur mostly offshore-related to the Gulf Stream, coastline orientations, the prevailing flow, and land breezes. The location of the subtropical ridge with respect to the Florida peninsula is found to play an important role in the spatial and temporal distribution of lightning. For example, when the large-scale flow is from the southeast, the east coast sea breeze and its associated lightning are relatively weak. However, the west coast sea breeze is strong and remains near the coastline, producing the most lightning near Tampa. Conversely, when the large-scale flow is from the southwest, there is relatively little convection along the west coast, but major lightning activity occurs along the east coast. C1 Florida State Univ, Dept Meteorol, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. Natl Weather Serv, Tallahassee, FL USA. Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Holle, RL (reprint author), Florida State Univ, Dept Meteorol, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. NR 31 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PY 2002 VL 17 IS 1 BP 83 EP 98 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2002)017<0083:WSLDOT>2.0.CO;2 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 514RG UT WOS:000173454400005 ER PT J AU Bright, DR Mullen, SL AF Bright, DR Mullen, SL TI The sensitivity of the numerical simulation of the southwest monsoon boundary layer to the choice of PBL turbulence parameterization in MM5 SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID SOUTHERN GREAT-PLAINS; CENTRAL ARIZONA CONVECTION; SYNOPTIC CLIMATOLOGY; PRECIPITATION FORECASTS; MEXICAN MONSOON; SOIL-MOISTURE; MODEL; PREDICTION; ENVIRONMENT; EVOLUTION AB Summertime convection over Arizona typically begins in the early afternoon and continues into the night. This suggests that the evolution of the daytime planetary boundary layer is important to the development of Arizona convection. If numerical models are to provide useful guidance for forecasting convection during the monsoon, then the planetary boundary layer must be simulated as accurately as possible through utilization of the appropriate physical parameterizations. This study examines the most appropriate Pennsylvania State University-National Center for Atmospheric Research fifth-generation Mesoscale Model (MM5) planetary boundary layer parameterization(s) for deterministic and ensemble modeling of the monsoon. The four MM5 planetary boundary layer parameterizations tested are the Blackadar, Burk-Thompson, Eta, and medium-range forecast (MRF) schemes. The Blackadar and MRF planetary boundary layer schemes correctly predict the development of the deep, monsoon planetary boundary layer, and consequently do a better job of predicting the convective available potential energy and downdraft convective available potential energy, but not the convective inhibition. Because the convective inhibition is not accurately predicted, it is possible that the MM5's ability to initiate or "trigger'' convection might be a limiting factor in the model's ability to produce accurate quantitative precipitation forecasts during the monsoon. Since the MM5 planetary boundary layer predicted by the Burk-Thompson and Eta schemes does not accurately reproduce the basic structure of the monsoon planetary boundary layer, their inclusion in a mixed physics ensemble is discussed. C1 NOAA, NWS, Weather Forecast Off, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Atmospher Sci, Tucson, AZ USA. RP NOAA, NWS, Weather Forecast Off, 520 N Park Ave,Suite 304, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. EM david.bright@noaa.gov NR 68 TC 76 Z9 78 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 EI 1520-0434 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PY 2002 VL 17 IS 1 BP 99 EP 114 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2002)017<0099:TSOTNS>2.0.CO;2 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 514RG UT WOS:000173454400006 ER PT J AU Weaver, JF Knaff, JA Bikos, D Wade, GS Daniels, JM AF Weaver, JF Knaff, JA Bikos, D Wade, GS Daniels, JM TI Satellite observations of a severe supercell thunderstorm on 24 July 2000 made during the GOES-11 science test SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID TORNADO; BEHAVIOR; GRADIENT; IMAGERY; SOUNDER AB This paper utilizes a severe thunderstorm case from 24 July 2000 to demonstrate the relevance of Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) rapid-scan imagery and sounder data in the short-range forecasting and nowcasting time frames. Results show how these data can be employed quickly and effectively during the warning decision-making process. Various aspects of the severe storm environment are identified that could only be diagnosed in this case using satellite data. The data used in this study are unique in that the imager and sounder input both come from one of the newest of the geostationary satellites, GOES-11. The datasets were collected as a part of the satellite's 6-week science test. During this test period, continuous 1-min imagery and 30-min sounder data were available. The new satellite has now been placed on standby and will be put in service when either GOES-East or GOES-West fails. Two new high-resolution satellite products are presented that are currently in the developmental phase. These will be field tested and implemented within the next couple of years. C1 Colorado State Univ, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Reg & Mesoscale Meteorol Team, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NOAA, NESDIS, ORA, ARAD,Adv Satellite Prod Team, Madison, WI USA. NOAA, NESDIS, ORA, ARAD,Forecast Prod Dev Team, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Weaver, JF (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, NOAA, NESDIS, RAMM, CIRA Bldg,Foothills Campus, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RI Daniels, Jaime/E-7933-2011; Knaff, John /F-5599-2010; Wade, Gary S./F-5630-2010 OI Daniels, Jaime/0000-0002-9438-6631; Knaff, John /0000-0003-0427-1409; NR 18 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PY 2002 VL 17 IS 1 BP 124 EP 138 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2002)017<0124:SOOASS>2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 514RG UT WOS:000173454400008 ER PT J AU Schmit, TJ Feltz, WF Menzel, WP Jung, J Noel, AP Heil, JN Nelson, JP Wade, GS AF Schmit, TJ Feltz, WF Menzel, WP Jung, J Noel, AP Heil, JN Nelson, JP Wade, GS TI Validation and use of GOES sounder moisture information SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID SSI ANALYSIS SYSTEM; RADIANCE MEASUREMENTS; ATMOSPHERIC PROFILES; RETRIEVAL ALGORITHM; SATELLITE DATA; GOES-I; INTERFEROMETER; CLOUD; IMPACT; MODEL AB The Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) sounders have provided quality hourly radiances and derived products over the continental United States and adjacent oceans for more than five years. The products derived from the radiances include temperature and moisture profiles; total precipitable water vapor (TPW); atmospheric stability indices, such as convective available potential energy (CAPE) and lifted index (LI); cloud-top properties; total column ozone; and midlevel motion. This paper focuses on validation and use of moisture profiles derived in clear regions. Validations are made with respect to collocated radiosondes, a microwave radiometer, and parallel runs of the regional Eta Model system. The ground-based microwave radiometer enables comparisons throughout the day, instead of only at conventional radiosonde launch times (0000 and 1200 UTC). The validations show that the sounder products provide unique information about the state of the atmosphere. The GOES sounder moisture data add information with considerably higher spatial and temporal resolution than is available from conventional radiosondes. Assimilation of three layers of moisture information retrieved from GOES sounder measurements has improved Eta Model precipitation forecasts even out to 48 h. Moreover, National Weather Service (NWS) forecasters are using GOES sounder products for a range of applications, with positive results. C1 NOAA, NESDIS, ORA, Adv Satellite Prod Team, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Cooperat Inst Meteorol Satellite Studies, Madison, WI USA. Natl Weather Serv, Off Serv, Silver Spring, MD USA. RP Schmit, TJ (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, ORA, Adv Satellite Prod Team, 1225 W Dayton St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RI Menzel, W. Paul/B-8306-2011; Wade, Gary S./F-5630-2010; Schmit, Timothy/F-5624-2010 OI Menzel, W. Paul/0000-0001-5690-1201; NR 57 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PY 2002 VL 17 IS 1 BP 139 EP 154 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2002)017<0139:VAUOGS>2.0.CO;2 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 514RG UT WOS:000173454400009 ER PT J AU Rogash, JA Racy, J AF Rogash, JA Racy, J TI Some meteorological characteristics of significant tornado events occurring in proximity to flash flooding SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID CONVECTIVE STORMS; THUNDERSTORMS; WIND AB A study was performed to determine meteorological aspects of environments in which thunderstorms produced both strong or violent tornadoes and flash floods within a limited temporal and spatial domain. It was found that the overwhelming majority of these episodes occurred in the spring and summer months and during the afternoon and evening hours. In most instances, at least some of the tornadoes were present when flash flooding was in progress. The ambient environment usually included an air mass that exhibited both relatively high convective instability and abundant lower-tropospheric moisture, including an average most-unstable CAPE of 3200 J kg(-1) and mean surface dewpoint and precipitable water values of 70degreesF (21degreesC) and 41 mm (1.6 in.), respectively. Storm-relative helicity magnitudes indicated that the vertical wind shear ranged from marginally to moderately favorable for supercell formation in all cases. Surface patterns for each episode were generally similar to patterns earlier studies determined to be frequently attendant with flash flooding, in which preexisting surface boundaries acted to focus deep convection. Most events also occurred east of an approaching and well-defined upper-tropospheric trough and in the left-front or right-rear quadrant of an upper-level jet streak in which upward vertical motion is usually present. C1 NOAA, NWS, Weather Forecast Off, El Paso, TX USA. NOAA, NWS, Storm Predict Ctr, Norman, OK USA. RP Rogash, JA (reprint author), Natl Weather Serv, 7950 Airport Rd, Santa Teresa, NM 88008 USA. NR 18 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PY 2002 VL 17 IS 1 BP 155 EP 159 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2002)017<0155:SMCOST>2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 514RG UT WOS:000173454400010 ER PT J AU Schultz, DM Cortinas, JV Doswell, CA AF Schultz, DM Cortinas, JV Doswell, CA TI Comments on "An operational ingredients-based methodology for forecasting midlatitude winter season precipitation'' SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Editorial Material ID FREEZING PRECIPITATION; WARM RAIN; SNOW; CRYSTALS; DENSITY; WEATHER; EVENTS; STORMS; REGION; GROWTH AB Wetzel and Martin present an ingredients-based methodology for forecasting winter season precipitation. Although they are to be commended for offering a framework for winter-weather forecasting, disagreements arise with some of their specific recommendations. In particular, this paper clarifies the general philosophy of ingredients-based methodologies and shows how the methodology presented by Wetzel and Martin has the potential to be misinterpreted by their choice of diagnostics (including their PVQ and the so-called traditional techniques) and their use of cloud microphysics. Given that winter-weather forecasts are imperfect at present, this paper advocates continued exploration of scientifically based forecasting techniques. C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK USA. RP Schultz, DM (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RI Doswell III, Charles/E-7662-2010; Schultz, David M./A-3091-2010 OI Schultz, David M./0000-0003-1558-6975 NR 48 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PY 2002 VL 17 IS 1 BP 160 EP 167 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2002)017<0160:COAOIB>2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 514RG UT WOS:000173454400011 ER PT J AU Balzar, D AF Balzar, D TI Crystallography and crystallographers. Personal reflections on the past, the present and the future of crystallography on the occasion of the 125-year anniversary of Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie SO ZEITSCHRIFT FUR KRISTALLOGRAPHIE LA English DT Editorial Material DE crystal defects; strain; diffraction line broadening; microstructural properties C1 Univ Denver, Dept Phys & Astron, Denver, CO 80208 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Div 853, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Balzar, D (reprint author), Univ Denver, Dept Phys & Astron, 2112 E Wesley Ave, Denver, CO 80208 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU R OLDENBOURG VERLAG PI MUNICH PA LEKTORAT M/N, K BERBER-NERLINGER, POSTFACH 80 13 60, D-81613 MUNICH, GERMANY SN 0044-2968 J9 Z KRISTALLOGR JI Z. Kristall. PY 2002 VL 217 IS 7-8 BP 277 EP 278 DI 10.1524/zkri.217.7.277.23696 PG 2 WC Crystallography SC Crystallography GA 585QJ UT WOS:000177535800006 ER PT J AU Toby, BH AF Toby, BH TI Crystallography and crystallographers. Personal reflections on the past, the present and the future of crystallography on the occasion of the 125-year anniversary of Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie SO ZEITSCHRIFT FUR KRISTALLOGRAPHIE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NIST, Crystallog Team, Ctr Neuron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Toby, BH (reprint author), NIST, Crystallog Team, Ctr Neuron Res, Stop 8562, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Toby, Brian/F-3176-2013 OI Toby, Brian/0000-0001-8793-8285 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU R OLDENBOURG VERLAG PI MUNICH PA LEKTORAT M/N, K BERBER-NERLINGER, POSTFACH 80 13 60, D-81613 MUNICH, GERMANY SN 0044-2968 J9 Z KRISTALLOGR JI Z. Kristall. PY 2002 VL 217 IS 7-8 BP 374 EP 375 DI 10.1524/zkri.217.7.374.23690 PG 2 WC Crystallography SC Crystallography GA 585QJ UT WOS:000177535800088 ER PT J AU Gehring, PM Wakimoto, S Ye, ZG Shirane, G AF Gehring, PM Wakimoto, S Ye, ZG Shirane, G TI Soft mode dynamics above and below the burns temperature in the relaxor Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O-3 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID GLASSY POLARIZATION BEHAVIOR; X-RAY-SCATTERING; SINGLE-CRYSTALS; PHASE AB We report neutron inelastic scattering measurements of the lowest-energy transverse optic (TO) phonon branch in the relaxor Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O-3 from 400 to 1100 K. Far above the Bums temperature T(d)similar to 620 K we observe well-defined propagating TO modes at all wave vectors q, and a zone center TO mode that softens in a manner consistent with that of a ferroelectric soft mode. Below T-d the zone center TO mode is overdamped. This damping extends up to, but not above, the waterfall wave vector q(wf), which is a measure of the average size of the polar nanoregions. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Simon Fraser Univ, Dept Chem, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. RP Gehring, PM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. OI Gehring, Peter/0000-0002-9236-2046 NR 15 TC 133 Z9 136 U1 2 U2 30 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD DEC 31 PY 2001 VL 87 IS 27 AR 277601 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.87.277601 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 507RE UT WOS:000173040800055 PM 11800914 ER PT J AU Ye, J Ma, LS Hall, JL AF Ye, J Ma, LS Hall, JL TI Molecular iodine clock SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID OPTICAL FREQUENCY-MEASUREMENT; MODE-LOCKED LASERS; FEMTOSECOND LASER; PHASE-CONTROL; GENERATION; MICROWAVE; COMB; NM AB We demonstrate a simple optical clock based on an optical transition of iodine molecules, providing a frequency stability superior to most rf sources. Combined with a femtosecond-laser-based optical comb to provide the phase coherent clock mechanism linking the optical and microwave spectra, we derive an rf clock signal of comparable stability over an extended period. Measurements suggest the stability (5 X 10(-14) at 1 s) of the ew laser locked on the iodine transition is transferred to every comb component throughout the optical octave bandwidth (from 532 to 1064 mn) with a precision of 3.5 X 10(-15). Characterization of the performance of the optical clock shows (in-)stability below 3 X 10(-13) at 1 s (currently limited by the microwave sources), and 4.6 X 10(-13) over one year. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Ye, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Ye, Jun/C-3312-2011 NR 18 TC 109 Z9 113 U1 2 U2 16 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD DEC 31 PY 2001 VL 87 IS 27 AR 270801 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.87.270801 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 507RE UT WOS:000173040800007 PM 11800866 ER PT J AU Hermann, AM Gonzalez, C Ramakrishnan, PA Balzar, D Popa, N Rice, P Marshall, CH Hilfiker, JN Tiwald, T Sebastian, PJ Calixto, ME Bhattacharya, RN AF Hermann, AM Gonzalez, C Ramakrishnan, PA Balzar, D Popa, N Rice, P Marshall, CH Hilfiker, JN Tiwald, T Sebastian, PJ Calixto, ME Bhattacharya, RN TI Fundamental studies on large area Cu(In,Ga)Se-2 films for high efficiency solar cells SO SOLAR ENERGY MATERIALS AND SOLAR CELLS LA English DT Article DE thin films; photovoltaic cells; copper-indium gallium selenide; sputtering; physical vapor deposition; electrodeposition; Rietveld analysis; microstructure; spectroscopic ellipsometry AB This work reports the growth and characterization of thin films of Cu(In,Ga)Se-2 (CIGS), which were grown by sequential sputtering, electrodeposition, and physical vapor deposition. Photovoltaic cells have been fabricated using these films with CdS heterojunction partners and the performance has been characterized. The effect of annealing conditions (temperature and duration) on the CIGS film microstructure and corresponding device performance has been investigated. Structure-property correlations were made using diffraction studies and Rietveld analysis. SEM studies were carried out to understand the effect of microstructure of the CIGS films on the solar cell efficiency. Cell efficiencies in excess of 10% have been achieved by using optimized annealing conditions. In addition, the optical properties of the sputtered CIGS films were characterized using variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry and sputtered CIGS films were found to have optimum band gap. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Lockheed Martin Astronaut, Denver, CO 80201 USA. JA Woollam Co Inc, Lincoln, NE 68508 USA. Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, CIE, Solar Mat Dept, Temixco 62580, Morelos, Mexico. Natl Renewable Energy Labs, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Hermann, AM (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Campus Box 390, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM allen.hermann@colorado.edu RI Popa, Nicolae/B-8182-2011; OI Calixto, Ma. Estela/0000-0002-9611-3346 NR 12 TC 35 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 39 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0927-0248 J9 SOL ENERG MAT SOL C JI Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells PD DEC 31 PY 2001 VL 70 IS 3 BP 345 EP 361 DI 10.1016/S0927-0248(01)00076-9 PG 17 WC Energy & Fuels; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Energy & Fuels; Materials Science; Physics GA 478TQ UT WOS:000171361800011 ER PT J AU Poplawski, A Grabowski, B Long, SF Kelman, Z AF Poplawski, A Grabowski, B Long, SF Kelman, Z TI The zinc finger domain of the archaeal minichromosome maintenance protein is required for helicase activity SO JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID DNA-REPLICATION; FISSION YEAST; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; MCM PROTEINS; S-PHASE; BINDING; COMPLEX; CHROMATIN; PURIFICATION; INITIATION AB The minichromosome maintenance (MCM) proteins, a family of six conserved polypeptides found in all eukaryotes, are essential for DNA replication. The archaeon Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum DeltaH contains a single homologue of MCM with biochemical properties similar to those of the eukaryotic enzyme. The amino acid sequence of the archaeal protein contains a putative zinc-binding domain of the CX2CXnCX2C (C4) type. In this study, the roles of the zinc finger domain in MCM function were examined using recombinant wild-type and mutant proteins expressed and purified from Escherichia coli. The protein with a mutation in the zinc motif forms a dodecameric complex similar to the wild-type enzyme. The mutant enzyme, however, is impaired in DNA-dependent ATPase activity and single-stranded DNA binding, and it does not possess helicase activity. These results illustrate the importance of the zinc-binding domain for archaeal MCM function and suggest a role for zinc binding in the eukaryotic MCM complex as well, since four out of the six eukaryotic MCM proteins contain a similar zinc-binding motif. C1 Univ Maryland, Maryland Biotechnol Inst, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kelman, Z (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Maryland Biotechnol Inst, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. NR 46 TC 51 Z9 56 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3996 USA SN 0021-9258 J9 J BIOL CHEM JI J. Biol. Chem. PD DEC 28 PY 2001 VL 276 IS 52 BP 49371 EP 49377 DI 10.1074/jbc.M108519200 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 522XK UT WOS:000173922100098 PM 11606589 ER PT J AU Werner, FE Quinlan, JA Lough, RG Lynch, DR AF Werner, FE Quinlan, JA Lough, RG Lynch, DR TI Spatially-explicit individual based modeling of marine populations: a review of the advances in the 1990s SO SARSIA LA English DT Article ID EARLY-LIFE HISTORY; FISH GROWTH-RATE; BANK LARVAL COD; GEORGES BANK; CALANUS-FINMARCHICUS; CIRCULATION MODEL; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; SENSITIVITY-ANALYSIS; BIOENERGETICS MODEL; VERTICAL MIGRATION AB The utility of individual based models (IBMs) is that properties of ecological systems can be derived by considering the properties of individuals constituting them. Individual differences may be physiological, behavioral or may arise from interactions among individuals. The differences result in unique life histories, which when considered as a whole give rise to growth and size distributions that provide a measure of the state of the population. Early IBMs generally did not consider the effect of a spatially variable physical environment. Recent advances in ocean circulation models that include realistic temporal and spatial variation of currents, turbulence, light, prey, etc., have enabled IBMs to be embedded in model flow fields and for unique, sometimes behaviorally modified, Lagrangian trajectories to be computed. The explicit consideration of realistic spatial heterogeneity provides an additional factor that contributes to the differentiation among individuals, to variances in population structure, and ultimately to our understanding of the recruitment process. This is particularly important in marine environments where fronts, boundary layers, pycnoelines, gyres and other smaller spatial features have been hypothesized to play a significant role in determining vital rates and population structure. In this paper we will review the status of research on spatially-explicit IBMs, their successes, limitations and future developments. Examples will be drawn from approaches used in the past decade in GLOBEC, FOCI, SABRE and other programs. C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Marine Sci, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Biol, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Dartmouth Coll, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. RP Werner, FE (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Dept Marine Sci, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. EM cisco@unc.edu; jaq@whoi.edu; glough@whsun1.wh.whoi.edu; daniel.rlynch@dartmouth.edu NR 71 TC 81 Z9 85 U1 3 U2 17 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS AS PI OSLO PA KARL JOHANS GATE 5, NO-0154 OSLO, NORWAY SN 0036-4827 J9 SARSIA JI Sarsia PD DEC 28 PY 2001 VL 86 IS 6 BP 411 EP 421 PG 11 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 555BU UT WOS:000175773800002 ER PT J AU Cao, CY Weinreb, M Sullivan, J AF Cao, CY Weinreb, M Sullivan, J TI Solar contamination effects on the infrared channels of the advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article AB Solar impingement on the advanced very high resolution radiometers (AVHRRs) near the terminator can contaminate the onboard radiometric calibration system and degrade AVHRR data. The solar contamination causes disagreement between the sensor-measured radiometric output of the onboard blackbody versus its bulk temperature measured by the platinum resistance thermometers. Despite the sun shield installed on the latest AVHRR unit, solar contamination can still contribute errors of more than 0.5 K in the 3.7 mum channel and 0.25 K in the long-wave infrared channels. The timescale and spectral characteristics of the contamination are analyzed to find the possible causes. In addition, stray light in Earth scenes is found whenever the radiometric calibration is contaminated. These effects occur as the spacecraft moves out of the shadow of the Earth at spacecraft sunrise. The intensity of the effects varies by orbit and season and is related to the solar zenith and azimuth angles at the spacecraft. C1 NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM changyong.cao@noaa.gov RI Cao, Changyong/F-5578-2010 NR 6 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 27 PY 2001 VL 106 IS D24 BP 33463 EP 33469 DI 10.1029/2001JD001051 PG 7 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 522DE UT WOS:000173879800006 ER PT J AU Weatherhead, E Theisen, D Stevermer, A Enagonio, J Rabinovitch, B Disterhoft, P Lantz, K Meltzer, R Sabburg, J DeLuisi, J Rives, J Shreffler, J AF Weatherhead, E Theisen, D Stevermer, A Enagonio, J Rabinovitch, B Disterhoft, P Lantz, K Meltzer, R Sabburg, J DeLuisi, J Rives, J Shreffler, J TI Temperature dependence of the Brewer ultraviolet data SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID SPECTROPHOTOMETER AB We characterize the temperature dependence of the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency/University of Georgia network of Brewer spectrophotometers as used to measure solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation. The instruments used in this study are operated in partnership with the National Park Service at 14 national park sites and in 7 urban areas. The daily and seasonal measurements of UV radiation provided by the instruments can be affected by changes in the internal instrument temperatures at the sites. These effects can lead to errors on the order of +/-10% in the resulting spectral data and of the same order of magnitude for CIE-weighted UV. Fortunately, the temperature dependence for each instrument can be quantified and the data corrected, improving the accuracy to values closer to the levels attainable with high-quality calibration and operation. The temperature dependence of the Brewers is found to vary significantly among the different instruments. A 0.8% per degree Celsius dependence can result in temperature effects as large as 12% at sites where temperatures can vary by 15degreesC in 1 day. These effects can result in a +/-5% error in the spectral irradiance. The errors to the spectral irradiance vary seasonally in a manner that is not random: in the warmer summertime the temperature dependence of the instruments can cause the irradiances to be underestimated, while during the colder winters the effect will be to overestimate UV amounts. In the part of the spectrum above 325 nm, the temperature dependence is generally independent of wavelength. Below 325 nm the temperature effects vary as a function of wavelength over a range of values and are generally largest at the shortest wavelengths. Because changes in temperature from one calibration to the next can affect an instrument's response, understanding the temperature effects is necessary to ensure that artificial trends are not introduced into the Brewer data records. C1 Univ Colorado, NOAA, CIRES, R ARL, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Georgia, Natl UV Monitoring Ctr, Athens, GA 30601 USA. US EPA, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RP Univ Colorado, NOAA, CIRES, R ARL, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM betsy.weatherhead@noaa.gov RI Weatherhead, Elizabeth/I-7091-2015 OI Weatherhead, Elizabeth/0000-0002-9252-4228 NR 9 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 27 PY 2001 VL 106 IS D24 BP 34121 EP 34129 DI 10.1029/2001JD000625 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 522DE UT WOS:000173879800055 ER PT J AU Wilson, KB Baldocchi, DD AF Wilson, KB Baldocchi, DD TI Comparing independent estimates of carbon dioxide exchange over 5 years at a deciduous forest in the southeastern United States SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID WATER-VAPOR EXCHANGE; EDDY-COVARIANCE MEASUREMENTS; NET ECOSYSTEM EXCHANGE; UPLAND OAK FOREST; SOIL RESPIRATION; SPATIAL VARIABILITY; TALL VEGETATION; FLUX DENSITIES; ENERGY FLUXES; TIME SCALES AB a deciduous forest in the southeast United States (Walker Branch Watershed, Oak Ridge, Tennessee), as at other sites with tall vegetation and/or complex terrain, it is difficult to temporally integrate eddy covariance data to obtain long-term estimates of net ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide (NEE), primarily because of suspected systematic nocturnal errors. Therefore, although eddy covariance data can be invaluable, additional tools such as empirical gap-filling methods, independent measurements of CO2 flux using chambers, and simulations using canopy process models are often necessary to obtain reliable annual carbon uptake estimates. Two independent approaches for estimating annual NEE using these tools at the Walker Branch site are discussed. One approach is to cumulatively sum the full set of eddy covariance measurements over time. The second approach is to sum the output of NEE from a biophysical canopy exchange model (CANOAK). CANOAK incorporates independent chamber measurements on leaves, soil, and stems and is driven using the observed canopy architecture, meteorology, soil water content, and soil temperatures to predict NEE. Both methods estimate similar trends and magnitudes of daytime (daylight hours) soil respiration and NEE over 5 years. Both methods also suggest similar differences among years (interannual variability). These two estimates of NEE are used to address possible measurement bias errors at this site and to provide plausible estimates of annual NEE. The estimated mean annual NEE at this site is -574 g C m (-2)yr(-1) between 1995 and 1999, ranging from -470 g C m(-2)y(-1) (1995) to -629 g C m(-2)yr(-1)(1999)(negative NEE indicates uptake by forest). C1 NOAA, Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Environm Sci Policy & Management, Ecosyst Sci Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP NOAA, Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus Div, 151 Hilgard Hall, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM wilson@atdd.noaa.gov; baldocchi@nature.berkeley.edu RI Baldocchi, Dennis/A-1625-2009 OI Baldocchi, Dennis/0000-0003-3496-4919 NR 59 TC 55 Z9 60 U1 1 U2 16 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 27 PY 2001 VL 106 IS D24 BP 34167 EP 34178 DI 10.1029/2001JD000624 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 522DE UT WOS:000173879800059 ER PT J AU Nair, S Tsapatsis, M Toby, BH Kuznicki, SM AF Nair, S Tsapatsis, M Toby, BH Kuznicki, SM TI A study of heat-treatment induced framework contraction in strontium-ETS-4 by powder neutron diffraction and vibrational spectroscopy SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID ETS-4 MOLECULAR-SIEVES; ZEOLITE-RHO; X-RAY; TITANOSILICATE; FLEXIBILITY; SPECTRA; RAMAN AB The effects of heat-treatment on the structure of the strontium ion-exchanged titanosilicate ETS-4 have been studied by Rietveld analysis of powder neutron diffraction data and by FT-Raman spectroscopy. Hydrous Sr-ETS-4 (space group Cmmm), upon heat-treatment under inert atmosphere at temperatures between 423 and 573 K, exhibits framework contraction as evinced by the decrease in the unit cell dimensions. The effects of heat-treatment on the dimensions of the transport-controlling eight-membered ring (8MR) are elucidated by Rietveld analysis. It is also found that during heat-treatment: (a) the double three membered rings (D3MRs) in ETS-4 are sites of structural instability, (b) the titania chains running along [010] exhibit a large degree of disorder in the bridging oxygen atoms, and (c) significant relocations of the strontium cations take place, which may affect the separation properties of the heat-treated materials. Raman spectra of heat-treated ETS-4 crystals exhibit strong cation-framework interaction effects. Vibrational modes involving the atoms in the titania chains show progressive frequency shifts and loss of intensity with increasing heat-treatment temperature, in a manner consistent with the crystallographic results. The study indicates the potential for continuously varying the effective pore dimension of ETS-4 by combining heat-treatment with appropriate ion-exchange procedures. C1 Univ Massachusetts, Dept Chem Engn, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. Engelhard Corp, Iselin, NJ 08830 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Tsapatsis, M (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, Dept Chem Engn, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. EM tsapatsi@ecs.umass.edu RI Toby, Brian/F-3176-2013 OI Toby, Brian/0000-0001-8793-8285 NR 32 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 17 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0002-7863 J9 J AM CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Chem. Soc. PD DEC 26 PY 2001 VL 123 IS 51 BP 12781 EP 12790 DI 10.1021/ja011703z PG 10 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 505WZ UT WOS:000172939700005 PM 11749535 ER PT J AU Nelson, BC Dalluge, JJ Margolis, SA AF Nelson, BC Dalluge, JJ Margolis, SA TI Preliminary application of liquid chromatography-electrospray-ionization mass spectrometry to the detection of 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid monoglutamate in human plasma SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY B LA English DT Article DE folates; methyltetrahydrofolic acid ID DESORPTION IONIZATION; FOLATE MONOGLUTAMATES; BLOOD FOLATE; SERUM; QUANTITATION; PROTEINS; HPLC AB Liquid chromatography (LC) in direct combination with mass spectrometry (MS) has been shown to be a good analytical technique for the selective separation and detection of labile folate monoglutamates. Reversed-phase LC and electrospray-ionization MS conditions were developed and optimized for the separation and detection of 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid, 5-formyl tetrahydrofolic acid, tetrahydrofolic acid, dihydrofolic acid and folic acid in aqueous samples. Representative and reproducible positive ion mass spectra were generated for each folate under mild MS conditions. The selective MS detection and identification of endogenous 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid in human plasma was accomplished through the development of a straightforward C-18-based solid-phase extraction procedure. This procedure allows for the qualitative assessment of 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid in plasma. Based upon an isotope-dilution internal standard calibration study with standards, the LC-MS limit of quantitation for 5M-THF was estimated to be 0.39 ng/ml. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Adv Chem Sci Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Nelson, BC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Adv Chem Sci Lab, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8392, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 27 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 20 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4347 J9 J CHROMATOGR B JI J. Chromatogr. B PD DEC 25 PY 2001 VL 765 IS 2 BP 141 EP 150 DI 10.1016/S0378-4347(01)00412-1 PG 10 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 500FM UT WOS:000172615400005 PM 11767307 ER PT J AU Vecchione, M Young, RE Guerra, A Lindsay, DJ Clague, DA Bernhard, JM Sager, WW Gonzalez, AF Rocha, FJ Segonzac, M AF Vecchione, M Young, RE Guerra, A Lindsay, DJ Clague, DA Bernhard, JM Sager, WW Gonzalez, AF Rocha, FJ Segonzac, M TI Worldwide observations of remarkable deep-sea squids SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 Natl Museum Nat Hist, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Systemat Lab, Washington, DC 20560 USA. Univ Hawaii, Dept Oceanog, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. CSIC, Inst Invest Marinas, ECOBIOMAR, Vigo, Spain. Japan Marine Sci & Technol Ctr, Marine Ecosyst Res Dept, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan. Monterey Bay Aquarium Res Inst, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. Univ S Carolina, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Oceanog, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. IFREMER, CENTOB, Plouzane, France. RP Vecchione, M (reprint author), Natl Museum Nat Hist, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Systemat Lab, Washington, DC 20560 USA. EM vecchione.michael@nmnh.si.edu RI Bernhard, Joan/M-3260-2013 OI Bernhard, Joan/0000-0003-2121-625X NR 3 TC 21 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD DEC 21 PY 2001 VL 294 IS 5551 BP 2505 EP 2506 DI 10.1126/science.294.5551.2505 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 505QU UT WOS:000172927700044 PM 11752567 ER PT J AU Eplee, RE Robinson, WD Bailey, SW Clark, DK Werdell, PJ Wang, MH Barnes, RA McClain, CR AF Eplee, RE Robinson, WD Bailey, SW Clark, DK Werdell, PJ Wang, MH Barnes, RA McClain, CR TI Calibration of SeaWiFS. II. Vicarious techniques SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article ID ZONE COLOR SCANNER; WATER-LEAVING RADIANCE; ATMOSPHERIC CORRECTION; SPECTRAL REFLECTANCE; WHITECAPS; VALIDATION; ALGORITHM; SENSORS; IMAGERY; OCEANS AB We present an overview of the vicarious calibration of the Sea-Viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS). This program has three components: the calibration of the near-infrared bands so that the atmospheric correction algorithm retrieves the optical properties of maritime aerosols in the open ocean; the calibration of the visible bands against in-water measurements from the Marine Optical Buoy (MOBY); and a calibration-verification program that uses comparisons between SeaWiFS retrievals and globally distributed in situ measurements of water-leaving radiances. This paper describes the procedures as implemented for the third reprocessing of the SeaWiFS global mission data set. The uncertainty in the near-infrared vicarious gain is 0.9%. The uncertainties in the visible-band vicarious gains are 0.3%, corresponding to uncertainties in the water-leaving radiances of approximately 3%. The means of the SeaWiFS/in situ matchup ratios for water-leaving radiances are typically within 5% of unity in Case 1 waters, while chlorophyll a ratios are within 1% of unity. SeaWiFS is the first ocean-color mission to use an extensive and ongoing prelaunch and postlaunch calibration program, and the matchup results demonstrate the benefits of a comprehensive approach. (C) 2001 Optical Society of America. C1 Sci Applicat Int Corp, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Futuretech Corp, Greenbelt, MD 20770 USA. Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD 21250 USA. Univ Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Hydrospher Proc, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Eplee, RE (reprint author), Sci Applicat Int Corp, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM eplee@calva1.gsfc.nasa.gov RI Wang, Menghua/F-5631-2010; Werdell, Jeremy/D-8265-2012; Bailey, Sean/D-3077-2017 OI Wang, Menghua/0000-0001-7019-3125; Bailey, Sean/0000-0001-8339-9763 NR 31 TC 88 Z9 90 U1 0 U2 6 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD DEC 20 PY 2001 VL 40 IS 36 BP 6701 EP 6718 DI 10.1364/AO.40.006701 PG 18 WC Optics SC Optics GA 505MR UT WOS:000172917000018 PM 18364981 ER PT J AU Andersen, OM Schwarz, FP Eisenstein, E Jacobsen, C Moestrup, SK Etzerodt, M Thogersen, HC AF Andersen, OM Schwarz, FP Eisenstein, E Jacobsen, C Moestrup, SK Etzerodt, M Thogersen, HC TI Dominant thermodynamic role of the third independent receptor binding site in the receptor-associated protein RAP SO BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN-RECEPTOR; ACTIVATOR INHIBITOR TYPE-1; COMPLEMENT-TYPE REPEATS; NMR SOLUTION STRUCTURE; CYSTEINE-RICH REPEAT; LDL-A MODULE; ALPHA-2-MACROGLOBULIN RECEPTOR; LIGAND-BINDING; FAMILIAL HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; PLASMINOGEN-ACTIVATOR AB The 39 kDa receptor-associated protein (RAP) is a three-domain escort protein in the secretory pathway for several members of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) family of endocytic receptors, including the LDLR-related protein (LRP). The minimal functional unit of LRP required for efficient binding to RAP is composed of complement-type repeat (CR)-domain pairs, located in clusters on the extracellular part of LRP. Here we investigate the binding of full-length RAP and isolated RAP domains 1-3 to an ubiquitin-fused CR-domain pair consisting of the fifth and sixth CR domains of LRP (U-CR56). As shown by isothermal titration calorimetric analysis of simple RAP domains as well as adjoined RAP domains, all three RAP domains bind to this CR-domain pair in a noncooperative way. The binding of U-CR56 to RAP domains 1 and 2 is (at room temperature) enthalpically driven with an entropy penalty (K-D = 2.77 x 10(-6) M and 1.85 x 10(-5) M, respectively), whereas RAP domain 3 binds with a substantially lower enthalpy, but is favored due to a positive entropic contribution (K-D = 1.71 x 10(-7) M). The heat capacity change for complex formation between RAP domain 1 and the CR-domain pair is -1.65 kJ K-1 mol(-1). There is an indication of a conformational change in RAP domain 3 upon binding in the surface plasmon resonance analysis of the interaction. The different mechanisms of binding to RAP domains 1 and 3 are further substantiated by the different effects on binding of mutations of the Asp and Trp residues in the LRP CR5 or CR6 domains, which are important for the recognition of several ligands. C1 Univ Aarhus, Gene Express Lab, Dept Mol & Struct Biol, Aarhus, Denmark. Univ Aarhus, Dept Biochem Med, Aarhus, Denmark. NIST, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. RP Thogersen, HC (reprint author), Univ Aarhus, Gene Express Lab, Dept Mol & Struct Biol, Aarhus, Denmark. RI Moestrup, Soren Kragh/A-1403-2014 OI Moestrup, Soren Kragh/0000-0003-3862-2107 NR 57 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0006-2960 J9 BIOCHEMISTRY-US JI Biochemistry PD DEC 18 PY 2001 VL 40 IS 50 BP 15408 EP 15417 DI 10.1021/bi0110692 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 502BL UT WOS:000172723800038 PM 11735425 ER PT J AU McNaught, SJ Fan, J Parra, E Milchberg, HM AF McNaught, SJ Fan, J Parra, E Milchberg, HM TI A pump-probe investigation of laser-droplet plasma dynamics SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID EXTREME-ULTRAVIOLET EMISSION; X-RAY; TARGET; LITHOGRAPHY; EUV; JET AB The temporal character of the plasma formed by the irradiation of micron-sized argon and krypton droplets with intense 100-ps laser pulses is investigated using a pump-probe scheme. The evolution of the droplet plasma is assessed by monitoring delay-dependent x-ray and extreme ultraviolet (EUV) emission, and by imaging frequency-doubled probe light scattered from the interaction region. Depending on the spectral region of interest, the type of emission, and the droplet characteristics, the effective plasma lifetime can extend from a few hundred picoseconds to as long as several nanoseconds. Knowledge of the droplet plasma lifetime is important in optimizing the efficiency of this laser plasma as an EUV or x-ray source. (C) 2001 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Phys Sci & Technol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP McNaught, SJ (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Phys Sci & Technol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NR 12 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD DEC 17 PY 2001 VL 79 IS 25 BP 4100 EP 4102 DI 10.1063/1.1426266 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 501JV UT WOS:000172682300010 ER PT J AU Ylitalo, GM Matkin, CO Buzitis, J Krahn, MM Jones, LL Rowles, T Stein, JE AF Ylitalo, GM Matkin, CO Buzitis, J Krahn, MM Jones, LL Rowles, T Stein, JE TI Influence of life-history parameters on organochlorine concentrations in free-ranging killer whales (Orcinus orca) from Prince William Sound, AK SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE killer whales; transients; residents; organochlorines; chlorobiphenyls (CBs); DDTs; toxic equivalents (TEQs) ID SUBSTITUTED POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS; NORTH-ATLANTIC; HARBOR SEALS; MONO-ORTHO; BALAENOPTERA-PHYSALUS; CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS; MEDITERRANEAN-SEA; COASTAL WATERS; MARINE MAMMALS AB Certain populations of killer whales (Orcinus orca) have been extensively studied over the past 30 years, including populations that use Puget Sound, WA, the inside waters of British Columbia, Southeastern Alaska and Kenai Fjords/Prince William Sound, Alaska. Two eco-types of killer whales, 'transient' and 'resident', occur in all of these regions. These eco-types are genetically distinct and differ in various aspects of morphology, vocalization patterns, diet and habitat use. Various genetic and photo-identification studies of eastern North Pacific killer whales have provided information on the male-female composition of most of these resident pods and transient groups, as well as the approximate ages, reproductive status and putative recruitment order (birth order) of the individual whales. Biopsy blubber samples of free-ranging resident and transient killer whales from the Kenai Fjords/Prince William Sound,, AK region were acquired during the 1994-1999 field seasons and analyzed for selected organochlorines (OCs), including dioxin-like CB congeners and DDTs. Concentrations of OCs in transient killer whales (marine mammal-eating) were much higher than those found in resident animals (fish-eating) apparently due to differences in diets of these two killer whale eco-types. Certain life-history parameters such as sex, age and reproductive status also influenced the concentrations of OCs in the Alaskan killer whales. Reproductive female whales contained much lower levels of OCs than sexually immature whales or mature male animals in the same age class likely due to transfer of OCs from the female to her offspring during gestation and lactation. Recruitment order also influenced the concentrations of OCs in the Alaskan killer whales. In adult mate residents, first-recruited whales contained much higher OC concentrations than those measured in non-first-recruited (e.g. second recruited. third recruited) resident animals in the same age group. This study provides baseline OC data for free ranging Alaskan killer whales for which there is little contaminant information. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, US Dept Commerce, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. N Gulf Ocean Soc, Homer, AK 99603 USA. NOAA, US Dept Commerce, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Off Protect Resources, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Ylitalo, GM (reprint author), NOAA, US Dept Commerce, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. NR 78 TC 59 Z9 65 U1 6 U2 31 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD DEC 17 PY 2001 VL 281 IS 1-3 BP 183 EP 203 DI 10.1016/S0048-9697(01)00846-4 PG 21 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 506JU UT WOS:000172967400016 PM 11778951 ER PT J AU Miao, XS Balazs, GH Murakawa, SKK Li, QX AF Miao, XS Balazs, GH Murakawa, SKK Li, QX TI Congener-specific profile and toxicity assessment of PCBs in green turtles (Chelonia mydas) from the Hawaiian Islands SO SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE polychlorinated biphenyls; PCBs; green turtle; marine pollution ID CHIRAL POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; DIBENZO-P-DIOXINS; ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION; ENANTIOMERIC RATIOS; MEDITERRANEAN-SEA; SNAPPING TURTLES; SULFURIC-ACID; TISSUES; SERPENTINA; COPLANAR AB Chemical pollution may play a role in the etiology of fibropapillomatosis in green turtles (Chelonia mydas). In this preliminary study, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured in the livers and adipose fats of green turtles collected after they were stranded on Oahu Island, Hawaii in 1992-1993. Average concentrations of total PCBs were 45-58 ng/g dry weight and 73-665 ng/g in the liver and adipose tissues, respectively. Hexachlorobiphenyls were predominant homologues, PCBs 153 and 138 were dominant congeners in all the turtle tissues. Among the most toxic coplanar congeners, in the order of abundance, were PCB 77 > 126 > 169. Estimated toxic equivalents (TEQs) of PCBs to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin were 8-15 pg/g in the livers and 13-48 pg/g in the adipose tissues. PCB 126 contributed 85-91%, of the total TEQs. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Hawaii, Dept Mol Biosci & Biosyst Engn, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu Lab, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Hawaii, Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Li, QX (reprint author), Univ Hawaii, Dept Mol Biosci & Biosyst Engn, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NR 26 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0048-9697 J9 SCI TOTAL ENVIRON JI Sci. Total Environ. PD DEC 17 PY 2001 VL 281 IS 1-3 BP 247 EP 253 DI 10.1016/S0048-9697(01)00835-X PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 506JU UT WOS:000172967400021 PM 11778957 ER PT J AU Fraser, GT Lafferty, WJ AF Fraser, GT Lafferty, WJ TI The 1.27-mu m O-2 continuum absorption in O-2/CO2 mixtures SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID COLLISION-INDUCED ABSORPTION; 1.27 MU-M; WATER-VAPOR; COORDINATE REPRESENTATION; DENSITY-MATRIX; OXYGEN; COEFFICIENTS; INTENSITY; DATABASE; BAND AB The collision-induced, near-infrared 02 continuum band overlapping the weak a(1)Delta(g) - X(3)Sigma(g)(-), v = 0-0, 1.27 mum discrete band of O-2 has been investigated in O-2/CO2 mixtures at room temperature (T = 296 K) for total densities from 1.8 to 9.3 times that of an ideal gas under standard conditions (T = 273.15 K and P = 101.325 kPa), i.e., from 1.8 to 9.3 amagats. Absorption spectra were recorded at 0.5 cm(-1) resolution using a Fourier transform spectrometer and an 84-m pathlength. A least squares analysis of the integrated band strength, S-total = S(O2)rho(O2) + SO(2)rhoO(2)rhoCO(2) as a function of the carbon dioxide density, rho(CO2), and the oxygen density, rho(O2), yields SO2-CO2, = 2.953(32) X 10(-43) cm(-2) (molecule/cm(3))(-2) (i.e., 2.132(23) X 10(-4) cm(-2) amagat(-2)). The SO2-CO2 coefficient is similar to3 times greater than the corresponding SO2-N2 coefficient determined from studies of O-2/N-2 mixtures, illustrating the efficiency arge electric multipolar moments in inducing continuum absorption in the 1.27-mum band Of O-2. The results support the calculations by Brown and Tipping [2000], which demonstrate the importance of water, with its large electric dipole moment, in enhancing the collision-induced absorption bands of O-2 and N-2 in the atmosphere. We suggest that the apparent inability of radiative transfer models to accurately account for the increased atmospheric absorption present when water vapor levels increase may be due in part to the neglect of the intensity enhancement of a number of continuum bands and of the far wings of discrete bands by water molecule collisions. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Fraser, GT (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM gerald.fraser@nist.gov NR 22 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 16 PY 2001 VL 106 IS D23 BP 31749 EP 31753 DI 10.1029/2001JD000695 PG 5 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 515DA UT WOS:000173479100007 ER PT J AU Angell, JK AF Angell, JK TI Relation of size and displacement of the 300 mbar north circumpolar vortex to QBO, El Nino, and sunspot number, 1963-2000 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID ATLANTIC OSCILLATION; ARCTIC OSCILLATION; HEMISPHERE; TEMPERATURES; JANUARY; CLIMATE; CONTRACTION; CIRCULATION; EUROPE; SIGNAL AB The size of the 300 mbar north circumpolar vortex, and its eastern, western, date line, and Greenwich hemisphere components, is estimated for the period 1963-2000 by planimetering the area poleward of 300 mbar contours in the main belt of westerlies on the mean-monthly polar stereographic analyses of the Institute of Meteorology of the Free University of Berlin. On the basis of the superposed epoch method, there is little evidence of a relation between vortex size and phase of the QBO, but significant at the 90% level or better is the tendency for the vortex to be less displaced into the eastern hemisphere in the east-wind phase of the QBO, for the vortex to be expanded near the time of Nino 3 sea surface temperature maximum (El Nino) but contracted 3-4 seasons after, and for the vortex to be displaced farther into the date line hemisphere when there is an El Nino. There is also an impressive tendency for the winter vortex to be less displaced into the eastern hemisphere at the time of El Nino. The tendency for the vortex to be contracted near sunspot maximum, and expanded near sunspot minimum, is significant at only about the 80% level because of the small sample size. C1 NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Angell, JK (reprint author), NOAA, Air Resources Lab, 1315 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 26 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 16 PY 2001 VL 106 IS D23 BP 31787 EP 31794 DI 10.1029/2001JD000473 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 515DA UT WOS:000173479100010 ER PT J AU Curtius, J Arnold, F AF Curtius, J Arnold, F TI Measurement of aerosol sulfuric acid 1. Experimental setup, characterization, and calibration of a novel mass spectrometric system SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID IN-SITU MEASUREMENTS; LOWER STRATOSPHERE; FREE TROPOSPHERE; RATE CONSTANTS; PEM-TROPICS; H2SO4; PARTICLES; EXHAUST AB An instrument for the direct in situ measurement of aerosol sulfuric acid in the atmosphere has been developed, characterized and calibrated. The instrument termed Volatile Aerosol Component Analyzer (VACA) utilizes chemical ionization mass spectrometry technique for the detection of sulfuric acid. Prior to the mass spectrometric identification the sample flow is heated, and sulfuric acid is evaporated from the aerosol. The VACA system is characterized as a function of temperature, residence time in the flow reactor, aerosol size, and chemical composition. A unit consisting of an aerosol generator, a differential mobility analyzer, a hygrometer, and a condensation nuclei counter is used to calibrate the VACA instrument. C1 Max Planck Inst Nucl Phys, Atmospher Phys Div, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany. RP Curtius, J (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, R-AL2,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM jcurtius@al.noaa.gov; Frank@Arnold.mpi-hd.mpg.de RI Curtius, Joachim/A-2681-2011 OI Curtius, Joachim/0000-0003-3153-4630 NR 25 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 16 PY 2001 VL 106 IS D23 BP 31965 EP 31974 DI 10.1029/2001JD000604 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 515DA UT WOS:000173479100025 ER PT J AU Curtius, J Sierau, B Arnold, F de Reus, M Strom, J Scheeren, HA Lelieveld, J AF Curtius, J Sierau, B Arnold, F de Reus, M Strom, J Scheeren, HA Lelieveld, J TI Measurement of aerosol sulfuric acid 2. Pronounced layering in the free troposphere during the second Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE 2) SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID NORTH-ATLANTIC; NASA DC-8; ANTHROPOGENIC SULFATE; 3-DIMENSIONAL MODEL; ATMOSPHERIC LAYERS; LOWER STRATOSPHERE; PEM-TROPICS; PARTICLES; CLIMATE; OZONE AB Measurements of aerosol sulfuric acid in the free troposphere were performed in the vicinity of Tenerife, Canary Islands (28degreesN, 16degreesW), in July 1997. These measurements were carried out on board a Dutch Cessna Citation 11 research aircraft within the framework of the second Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE 2). We used the Volatile Aerosol Component Analyzer for the detection of sulfuric acid (H2SO4). Vertical profiles between 2 and 13 km altitude were obtained. Typically, H2SO4 mixing ratios ranged between 10 and 120 pptv. Between 4 and 6 km altitude a distinct H2SO4 aerosol layer was observed repeatedly with H2SO4 mixing ratios of up to 550 pptv. The measurements are in agreement with total aerosol mass concentrations inferred from simultaneous measurements of aerosol size distributions using two condensation particle counters, a differential mobility analyzer, and an optical aerosol counter. At altitudes above 4 km the predominant aerosol component was sulfuric acid, frequently correlated with ozone, suggesting photochemical air pollution as a common source. Sulfur dioxide measured by chemical ionization mass spectrometry technique revealed typical mixing ratios between 10 and 60 pptv at altitudes above 6 kin and up to 200 pptv in the lower troposphere. C1 Max Planck Inst Nucl Phys, Atmospher Phys Div, D-69029 Heidelberg, Germany. Stockholm Univ, Inst Meteorol, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. Univ Utrecht, Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, NL-3584 CC Utrecht, Netherlands. RP Curtius, J (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, R-AL2,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM jcurtius@al.noaa.gov; sierau@mail.tropos.de; Frank.Arnold@mpi-hd.mpg.de; reus@mpch-mainz.mpg.de; johan@itm.su.se; H.A.Scheeren@fys.ruu.nl; lelieveld@mpch-mainz.mpg.de RI Curtius, Joachim/A-2681-2011; Lelieveld, Johannes/A-1986-2013 OI Curtius, Joachim/0000-0003-3153-4630; NR 39 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 16 PY 2001 VL 106 IS D23 BP 31975 EP 31990 DI 10.1029/2001JD000605 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 515DA UT WOS:000173479100026 ER PT J AU Westwater, ER Han, Y Shupe, MD Matrosov, SY AF Westwater, ER Han, Y Shupe, MD Matrosov, SY TI Analysis of integrated cloud liquid and precipitable water vapor retrievals from microwave radiometers during the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean project SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID MODEL; LIDAR AB We investigated a variety of factors that influence the determination of precipitable water vapor (V) and integrated cloud liquid (L) by dual-channel microwave radiometers (MWRs). These factors include radiometric calibration; dry, water vapor, and liquid absorption coefficients; and physical versus statistical retrieval methods. We then applied the analysis to the MWR that was operated by the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program (ARM) during the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean project. In the work reported here, MWR data taken from April 1 to July 31, 1998, were analyzed. Data acquired in situ did not always agree with the original MWR liquid retrievals, with MWR estimates at times being too large by perhaps a factor of 2. These differences led us to examine in detail several of the assumptions that go into V and L retrievals. The radiometer was carefully examined and found to be well calibrated with a 0.3 K RMS error. The predicted accuracy in the L retrievals, for this 0.3 K RMS radiometric error and a statistical retrieval, was 25 g m(-2) RMS. This accuracy improves to 10%, if we use the improved knowledge of cloud temperature, as can be obtained using radiosondes and cloud radar/lidar measurements. We also studied the degree to which different clear air and cloud liquid models have an effect on V and L retrievals. The most significant changes from the original ARM retrievals were due to the dry opacity and the cloud liquid dielectric model. Although nothing was found in the original ARM data that was grossly incorrect, application of these models reduced the original ARM retrievals by roughly 20 to 30%. The change of clear-air absorption model from the original to a more recent one has little impact on V retrievals except when V is <0.5 cm. C1 Univ Colorado, NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Sci & Technol Corp, NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Westwater, ER (reprint author), Univ Colorado, NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM ed.r.westwater@noaa.gov; yhan@quark.com; Matthew.Shupe@noaa.gov; Sergey.Matrosov@noaa.gov RI Han, Yong/F-5590-2010; Shupe, Matthew/F-8754-2011 OI Han, Yong/0000-0002-0183-7270; Shupe, Matthew/0000-0002-0973-9982 NR 29 TC 96 Z9 100 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 16 PY 2001 VL 106 IS D23 BP 32019 EP 32030 DI 10.1029/2000JD000055 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 515DA UT WOS:000173479100029 ER PT J AU Read, WG Waters, JW Wu, DL Stone, EM Shippony, Z Smedley, AC Smallcomb, CC Oltmans, S Kley, D Smit, HGJ Mergenthaler, JL Karki, MK AF Read, WG Waters, JW Wu, DL Stone, EM Shippony, Z Smedley, AC Smallcomb, CC Oltmans, S Kley, D Smit, HGJ Mergenthaler, JL Karki, MK TI UARS microwave limb sounder upper tropospheric humidity measurement: Method and validation SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID COLLISION-INDUCED ABSORPTION; WATER-VAPOR ABSORPTION; ATMOSPHERE RESEARCH SATELLITE; STRATOSPHERIC AEROSOL; RELATIVE-HUMIDITY; 2.3 CM-1; EL-NINO; TEMPERATURES; MLS; CLIMATOLOGY AB The methodology and validation of upper tropospheric humidity (UTH) measurements by the Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) are described. The MLS instrument was not specifically designed to measure UTH, but its measurement is achieved by modeling the radiance signal from a window channel as the instrument field of view is scanned through the troposphere. UTH is retrieved as a piecewise-linear function in relative humidity with respect to ice (% RHi) with breakpoints at 147, 215, 316, and 464 hPa. MLS version 4.9 is believed to be the most accurate version to date; its estimated global-averaged accuracy(precision) is 23(21), 22(10), 22(8), and 50(19) %RHi at 147, 215, 316, and 464, hPa respectively. The validation of UTH is established by its consistency with (1) climatological fields, (2) coincident comparisons with in situ Vaisala RS80 balloon sondes, frostpoint hygrometers and Measurement of Ozone and Water Vapor by Airbus In-Service Aircraft measurements, (3) cirrus observations, and (4) meteorological dynamics and assimilation fields. MLS climatological UTH is morphologically consistent with Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment 11 and Vaisala zonal climatologies. Comparisons with coincident in situ data show a wide range of agreement. Relative to the other in situ instruments, V4.9 MLS humidities agree on average within 11 % at 147 hPa, 3-36% dry at 215 hPa, and 14-39% dry at 316 and 464 hPa. The standard deviation of the individual comparisons about the mean between MLS UTH and the other techniques is approximately 25 %RHi at all heights. Humidity measurements in cirrus are compared with UARS Cryogenic Limb Array Etalon Spectrometer (CLAES) extinction measurements and an MLS cirrus detection algorithm. CLAES extinction measurements from 316 to 147 hPa which indicate the presence of cirrus correspond well with MLS UTH measurements greater than similar to100 %RHi. Global MLS UTH distributions appear consistent with those expected from upper tropospheric dynamics and with the Goddard Data Assimilation Office humidity fields. C1 CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Res Ctr Juelisch GmbH, Dept Chem & Dynam Geosphere, Inst Chem Polluted Atmosphere, D-52425 Julich, Germany. Lockheed Martin Res Adv Technol Ctr, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA. NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Data Assimilat Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Read, WG (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Propuls Lab, Mail Stop 183-701 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM bill@mls.jpl.nasa.gov; joe@mls.jpl.nasa.gov; dwu@mls.jpl.nasa.gov; emstone@snet.net; zvi@mls.jpl.nasa.gov; andrea@mls.jpl.nasa.gov; smallcomb1@home.com; soltmans@cmdl.noaa.gov; D.Kley@fz-juelich.de; h.smit@fz-juelich.de; MERGEN@claes.spasci.com; karki@dao.gsfc.nasa.gov RI Smit, Herman/J-2397-2012; Wu, Dong/D-5375-2012 OI Smit, Herman/0000-0002-2268-4189; NR 72 TC 60 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 16 PY 2001 VL 106 IS D23 BP 32207 EP 32258 DI 10.1029/2000JD000122 PG 52 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 515DA UT WOS:000173479100042 ER PT J AU Jackson, DL Bates, JJ AF Jackson, DL Bates, JJ TI Upper tropospheric humidity algorithm assessment SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID WATER-VAPOR CHANNEL; TOVS; CLIMATOLOGY; VALIDATION; RADIANCE; METEOSAT; BAND AB This study assesses a common analytic expression used to compute upper tropospheric humidity (UTH) from satellite brightness temperatures at 6.7 mum. Vertical averaging methods for UTH were found to have significant impact on the algorithm. The temperature lapse parameter beta had more latitudinal variance than previously found; however, large vertical gradients in midlatitude profiles degraded UTH retrievals. The scaled reference pressure parameter P-0 did sufficiently improve the radiance to humidity relationship with exception to midlatitude profiles where P-0 exceeds 1.7. A new method for computing the reference pressure parameter is presented using HIRS channel 6 observations. Error analysis of radiance to humidity relationship indicates that absolute UTH errors increase with increasing humidity with largest errors of 15% per 1 K bias between simulated and observed brightness temperatures. C1 Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Jackson, DL (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM darren.l.jackson@noaa.gov; john.j.bates@noaa.gov RI Bates, John/D-1012-2009; Jackson, Darren/D-5506-2015 OI Bates, John/0000-0002-8124-0406; Jackson, Darren/0000-0001-5211-7866 NR 22 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 16 PY 2001 VL 106 IS D23 BP 32259 EP 32270 DI 10.1029/2001JD000348 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 515DA UT WOS:000173479100043 ER PT J AU Bates, JJ Jackson, DL Breon, FM Bergen, ZD AF Bates, JJ Jackson, DL Breon, FM Bergen, ZD TI Variability of tropical upper tropospheric humidity 1979-1998 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID LARGE-SCALE ADVECTION; WATER-VAPOR; GLOBAL TEMPERATURE; CONVECTION; PRECIPITATION; CLIMATOLOGY; CIRCULATION; VALIDATION; SIMULATION; RADIANCES AB We update the time series of upper tropospheric humidity observations, begun in 1979 through May 1998, which includes the major El Nino event of 1997-1998. The intercalibration of different satellites is updated and compared to a physically based intercalibration. The results show excellent agreement and indicate that the main source of intersatellite bias is the known filter response function of the different instruments. Interannual variability of spatial fields is dominated by the major El Nino events in the 1979-1998 time period. Tropical average anomaly time series of upper tropospheric humidity, however, are dominated by a pronounced seasonal preference in extremes. Large deviations from the anomaly time series are twice as likely to occur in boreal winter and spring as in boreal summer and fall. During boreal winter and spring, the tropical basic state circulation permits the opening of a westerly wave duct such that midlatitude Rossby waves can propagate into the subtropics and tropics, We hypothesize that variation in the Rossby wave activity modulates the vertical water vapor flux and is responsible for large variations in the tropical upper tropospheric humidity time series. C1 NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Bates, JJ (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM john.j.bates@noaa.gov; darren.l.jackson@noaa.gov RI Bates, John/D-1012-2009; Jackson, Darren/D-5506-2015; Breon, Francois-Marie/M-4639-2016 OI Bates, John/0000-0002-8124-0406; Jackson, Darren/0000-0001-5211-7866; Breon, Francois-Marie/0000-0003-2128-739X NR 31 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 16 PY 2001 VL 106 IS D23 BP 32271 EP 32281 DI 10.1029/2001JD000347 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 515DA UT WOS:000173479100044 ER PT J AU Andrews, AE Boering, KA Daube, BC Wofsy, SC Loewenstein, M Jost, H Podolske, JR Webster, CR Herman, RL Scott, DC Flesch, GJ Moyer, EJ Elkins, JW Dutton, GS Hurst, DF Moore, FL Ray, EA Romashkin, PA Strahan, SE AF Andrews, AE Boering, KA Daube, BC Wofsy, SC Loewenstein, M Jost, H Podolske, JR Webster, CR Herman, RL Scott, DC Flesch, GJ Moyer, EJ Elkins, JW Dutton, GS Hurst, DF Moore, FL Ray, EA Romashkin, PA Strahan, SE TI Mean ages of stratospheric air derived from in situ observations of CO2, CH4, and N2O SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID MIDLATITUDE LOWER STRATOSPHERE; ABSORPTION SPECTROMETER ALIAS; CARBON-DIOXIDE; 2-DIMENSIONAL MODEL; UPPER TROPOSPHERE; MIDDLE LATITUDES; PIPE MODEL; TRANSPORT; TRACERS; VORTEX AB Accurate mean ages for stratospheric air have been derived from a spatially and temporally comprehensive set of in situ observations Of CO2, CH4, and N2O obtained from 1992 to 1998 from the NASA ER-2 aircraft and balloon flights. Errors associated with the tropospheric CO2 seasonal cycle and interannual variations in the CO2 growth rate are < 0.5 year throughout the stratosphere and < 0.3 year for air older than 2 years (N2O < 275 ppbv), indicating that the age spectra are broad enough to attenuate these influences over the time period covered by these observations. The distribution of mean age with latitude and altitude provides detailed, quantitative information about the general circulation of the stratosphere. At 20 km, sharp meridional gradients in the mean age are observed across the subtropics. Between 20 and 30 km, the average difference in mean age between the tropics and midlatitudes is similar to2 years, with slightly smaller differences at higher and lower altitudes. The mean age in the midlatitude middle stratosphere (similar to25-32 km) is relatively constant with respect to altitude at 5 +/- 0.5 years. Comparison with earlier balloon observations Of CO2 dating back to the 1970s indicates that the mean age of air in this region has remained within 1 year of its current value over the last 25 years. A climatology of mean age is derived from the observed compact relationship between mean age and N2O. These characteristics of the distribution of mean age in the stratosphere will serve as critically needed diagnostics for models of stratospheric transport. C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Harvard Univ, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NASA Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA USA. Bay Area Environm Res Inst, San Francisco, CA USA. CALTECH, NASA Jet Propuls Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. NOAA Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO USA. Gen Sci Corp, Beltsville, MD USA. RP Andrews, AE (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, 20 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. EM andrews@code916.gsfc.nasa.gov RI Strahan, Susan/H-1965-2012; Herman, Robert/H-9389-2012; Andrews, Arlyn/K-3427-2012; Ray, Eric/D-5941-2013; Hurst, Dale/D-1554-2016 OI Herman, Robert/0000-0001-7063-6424; Ray, Eric/0000-0001-8727-9849; Hurst, Dale/0000-0002-6315-2322 NR 57 TC 105 Z9 106 U1 3 U2 20 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 16 PY 2001 VL 106 IS D23 BP 32295 EP 32314 DI 10.1029/2001JD000465 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 515DA UT WOS:000173479100046 ER PT J AU Oltmans, SJ Johnson, BJ Harris, JM Vomel, H Thompson, AM Koshy, K Simon, P Bendura, RJ Logan, JA Hasebe, F Shiotani, M Kirchhoff, VWJH Maata, M Sami, G Samad, A Tabuadravu, J Enriquez, H Agama, M Cornejo, J Paredes, F AF Oltmans, SJ Johnson, BJ Harris, JM Vomel, H Thompson, AM Koshy, K Simon, P Bendura, RJ Logan, JA Hasebe, F Shiotani, M Kirchhoff, VWJH Maata, M Sami, G Samad, A Tabuadravu, J Enriquez, H Agama, M Cornejo, J Paredes, F TI Ozone in the Pacific tropical troposphere from ozonesonde observations SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID PEM-TROPICS; TRANSPORT; FOREST; OCEAN; TRACE AB Ozone vertical profile measurements obtained from ozonesondes flown at Fiji, Samoa, Tahiti, and the Galapagos are used to characterize ozone in the troposphere over the tropical Pacific. There is a significant seasonal variation at each of these sites. At sites in both the eastern and western Pacific, ozone mixing ratios are greatest at almost all levels in the troposphere during the September-November season and smallest during March-May. The vertical profile has a relative maximum at all of the sites in the midtroposphere throughout the year (the largest amounts are usually found near the tropopause). This maximum is particularly pronounced during the September-November season. On average, throughout the troposphere, the Galapagos has larger ozone amounts than the western Pacific sites. A trajectory climatology is used to identify the major flow regimes that are associated with the characteristic ozone behavior at various altitudes and seasons. The enhanced ozone seen in the midtroposphere during September-November is associated with flow from the continents. In the western Pacific this flow is usually from southern Africa (although 10-day trajectories do not always reach the continent) but also may come from Australia and Indonesia, In the Galapagos the ozone peak in the midtroposphere is seen in flow from the South American continent and particularly from northern Brazil, High ozone concentrations within potential source regions and flow characteristics associated with the ozone mixing ratio peaks seen in both the western and eastern Pacific suggest that these enhanced ozone mixing ratios result from biomass burning. In the upper troposphere, low ozone amounts are seen with flow that originates in the convective western Pacific. C1 NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. INAMHI, Galapagos, Ecuador. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. INAMHI, Quito, Ecuador. Ibaraki Univ, Dept Environm Sci, Mito, Ibaraki 3100056, Japan. INPE, BR-12201970 Sao Jose Dos Campos, Brazil. Univ S Pacific, Sch Pure & Appl Biol, Suva, Fiji. Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Hokkaido Univ, Grad Sch Environm Earth Sci, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060, Japan. Meteo France, Tahiti, Fr Polynesia. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Oltmans, SJ (reprint author), NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM soltmans@cmdl.noaa.gov RI Thompson, Anne /C-3649-2014 OI Thompson, Anne /0000-0002-7829-0920 NR 21 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD DEC 16 PY 2001 VL 106 IS D23 BP 32503 EP 32525 DI 10.1029/2000JD900834 PG 23 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 515DA UT WOS:000173479100058 ER PT J AU de Ronde, CEJ Baker, ET Massoth, GJ Lupton, JE Wright, IC Feely, RA Greene, RR AF de Ronde, CEJ Baker, ET Massoth, GJ Lupton, JE Wright, IC Feely, RA Greene, RR TI Intra-oceanic subduction-related hydrothermal venting, Kermadec volcanic arc, New Zealand SO EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCE LETTERS LA English DT Article DE hydrothermal vents; Kermadec Islands; plumes; fluid phase; chemical composition ID PAPUA-NEW-GUINEA; IZU-BONIN ARC; SW PACIFIC; SEA-FLOOR; ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION; ISLAND-ARC; ERUPTION; MAGMAS; GEOCHEMISTRY; MANGANESE AB Intra-oceanic volcanic arcs mark the boundaries between converging lithospheric plates where subduction produces volcanic and tectonic activity that ensures a steady supply of magmatic heat and hydrothermal fluids to the seafloor. Here we report on the First broad and systematic survey of hydrothermal emissions generated along a submarine arc front. More than half (seven of 13) of the volcanoes surveyed along 260 km of the southern Kermadec arc, NE of New Zealand, are hydrothermally active. Our results indicate that volcanic arcs represent a previously unheeded but potentially extensive source of shallow ( < 2 km water depth) vent fields expelling fluids of a unique and heterogeneous composition into the oceans. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Inst Geol & Nucl Sci, Lower Hutt, New Zealand. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Natl Inst Water & Atmospher Res, Wellington, New Zealand. RP de Ronde, CEJ (reprint author), Inst Geol & Nucl Sci, POB 31-312, Lower Hutt, New Zealand. RI Wright, Ian/B-9643-2008; Wright, Dawn/A-4518-2011 OI Wright, Ian/0000-0002-6660-0493; Wright, Dawn/0000-0002-2997-7611 NR 44 TC 104 Z9 106 U1 1 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0012-821X J9 EARTH PLANET SC LETT JI Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. PD DEC 15 PY 2001 VL 193 IS 3-4 BP 359 EP 369 DI 10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00534-9 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 506DH UT WOS:000172954200008 ER PT J AU Harris, JM Oltmans, SJ Tans, PP Evans, RD Quincy, DL AF Harris, JM Oltmans, SJ Tans, PP Evans, RD Quincy, DL TI A new method for describing long-term changes in total ozone SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ANTARCTIC OZONE; COLUMN OZONE; DEPLETION AB A new method for describing long-term changes in total ozone was developed so that variations on time scales greater than that of the QBO may be examined. The technique fits a flexible tendency curve to total ozone data after explained variations have been removed. The derivative of the tendency curve is the growth rate curve. The average along this curve is comparable to total ozone trends reported in the past. Statistical uncertainty of the growth rate is determined using bootstrap techniques. Dobson column ozone measurements with long-term (30+ years) records from the NOAA/CMDL Cooperative Dobson Network were analyzed. Total ozone decreases ranged from 1-2%/decade since the 1960s and from 2-4%/decade since 1979 at all sites except Mauna Loa where results were not significant. The tendency curves indicate that the total ozone decline began in the 1970s and that there are no clear signs of recovery as of the end of 2000. C1 NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Harris, JM (reprint author), NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Evans, Robert/D-4731-2016 OI Evans, Robert/0000-0002-8693-9769 NR 19 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD DEC 15 PY 2001 VL 28 IS 24 BP 4535 EP 4538 DI 10.1029/2001GL013501 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 507KA UT WOS:000173025400007 ER PT J AU Wotawa, G Novelli, PC Trainer, M Granier, C AF Wotawa, G Novelli, PC Trainer, M Granier, C TI Inter-annual variability of summertime CO concentrations in the Northern Hemisphere explained by boreal forest fires in North America and Russia SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC CARBON-MONOXIDE; EMISSIONS; TROPOSPHERE; IMPACTS; CANADA AB Background measurements of Carbon Monoxide in the extra-tropical Northern Hemisphere during the 1990s showed no clear trends, but significant inter-annual variations. In this study, the measured summertime averaged CO concentrations north of 30 degrees N were correlated with area burned by forest fires in North America and Russia. According to a linear regression analysis, 14% of the CO variability in the extra-tropical Northern Hemisphere can be explained by boreal forest area burnt in North America, 53% by area burnt in Russia, and 63% by the combination of both. There are strong indications that the officially reported Russian fire areas are significantly underestimated. By statistically correcting these areas, we can show that, on the average, boreal burning provides a summertime CO source term comparable with all anthropogenic sources in the United States and Europe. C1 Univ Agr Sci, Inst Meteorol & Phys, Vienna, Austria. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Paris 06, Serv Aeron, Paris, France. RP Wotawa, G (reprint author), CTBTO Preparatory Commiss, Provis Tech Secretariat, POB 1200, A-1400 Vienna, Austria. EM Gerhard.Wotawa@ctbto.org; pnovelli@cmdl.noaa.gov; mtrainer@al.noa.a.gov; cgranier@al.noaa.gov RI Granier, Claire/D-5360-2013; Trainer, Michael/H-5168-2013 OI Granier, Claire/0000-0001-7344-7995; NR 20 TC 80 Z9 81 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD DEC 15 PY 2001 VL 28 IS 24 BP 4575 EP 4578 DI 10.1029/2001GL013686 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 507KA UT WOS:000173025400017 ER PT J AU Roberts, JM Stroud, CA Jobson, BT Trainer, M Hereid, D Williams, E Fehsenfeld, F Brune, W Martinez, M Harder, H AF Roberts, JM Stroud, CA Jobson, BT Trainer, M Hereid, D Williams, E Fehsenfeld, F Brune, W Martinez, M Harder, H TI Application of a sequential reaction model to PANs and aldehyde measurements in two urban areas SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID IONIZATION MASS-SPECTROMETRY; METHYL VINYL KETONE; GAS-PHASE REACTION; ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; RATE COEFFICIENT; ALKYL NITRATES; OH; METHACROLEIN; NOX; PRODUCT AB Measurements of the peroxycarboxylic nitric anhydrides (PANs = peroxyacetic nitric anhydride, PAN, peroxypropionic anhydride, PPN, and peroxymethacrylic nitric anhydride, MPAN) and aldehydes (acetaldehyde, propanal, and methacrolein) were made at Nashville, TN. in 1999 and Houston, TX. in 2000. The data were interpreted with a sequential reaction model that included reaction of aldehydes with hydroxyl radical and formation or loss of PANs mediated by peroxyacyl radicals {RC(O)OO}. The comparison of the measured ratios with those predicted by the model showed a disagreement for PAN/acetaldehyde and PPN/propanal in Nashville, but agreement in Houston. The Nashville data set also showed a disagreement in the case of PAN/acetaldehyde and MPAN/methacrolein, but agreement for PPN/propanal and MPAN/methacrolein. These features were consistent with the relative importance of isoprene to PAN formation at each site, The ratios were found to be highly correlated with ozone mixing ratios at each site. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, ERL, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Roberts, JM (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, ERL, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Roberts, James/A-1082-2009; Trainer, Michael/H-5168-2013; Fehsenfeld, Frederick/I-4876-2013; Harder, Hartwig/L-2511-2014; OI Roberts, James/0000-0002-8485-8172; Harder, Hartwig/0000-0002-6868-714X; Jobson, Bertram/0000-0003-1812-9745 NR 22 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD DEC 15 PY 2001 VL 28 IS 24 BP 4583 EP 4586 DI 10.1029/2001GL013507 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 507KA UT WOS:000173025400019 ER PT J AU Pfeilsticker, K Bosch, H Camy-Peyret, C Fitzenberger, R Harder, H Osterkamp, H AF Pfeilsticker, K Bosch, H Camy-Peyret, C Fitzenberger, R Harder, H Osterkamp, H TI First atmospheric profile measurements of UV/visible O-4 absorption band intensities: Implications for the spectroscopy, and the formation enthalpy of the O-2-O-2 dimer SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID COLLISION-INDUCED ABSORPTION; TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENCE; MOLECULAR-OXYGEN; SCATTERING; CONTINUUM; RADIATION; (O2)2; PAIRS AB The first atmospheric profiles of the ultraviolet/visible (UV/vis) absorption bands of the collision complex O-2-O-2, or O-4 in brief, are reported. The O-4 absorption profiles are inferred from direct Sun spectra observed from the LPMA/DOAS (Laboratoire Physique Moleculaire et Application/Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy) balloon gondola. Seven O-4 absorption bands - centered at similar to 360.7, 380.2, 446.7, 477.1, 532.2, 577.2, and 630.0 nm - are investigated for atmospheric pressures (p) ranging from similar to 500 hPa to similar to 40 hPa and temperatures (T) ranging from 203 K to 250 K. For the encountered atmospheric conditions, it is found that, (a) the band shapes do not change with T and p and (b) the peak collision pair absorption intensities (alpha (i)) concurrently increase with decreasing T (by about 11% over a DeltaT = 50 K). That result is in agreement with previous laboratory O-4 studies mostly conducted at high O-2 partial pressures (up to several hundred bars). Furthermore, by reasonably assuming that the O-4 absorption cross sections axe T-independent, the inferred T-dependence of ai(T) suggests a thermally averaged enthalpy change < DeltaH > = -(1207 +/- 83) J/Mol involved in the formation Of O-4. Our inferred DeltaH is in reasonable agreement with the orientation and spin averaged O-4 well depth De(O-4) (= -(1130 +/- 80) J/Mol) measured in a recent O-2-O-2 collision experiment, when accounting for the rovibrational energy change during O-4 formation (186 J/Mol). C1 Univ Heidelberg, Inst Umweltphys, INF 229, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Paris 06, CNRS, LPMA, Paris, France. RP Pfeilsticker, K (reprint author), Univ Heidelberg, Inst Umweltphys, INF 229, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany. RI Harder, Hartwig/L-2511-2014; Boesch, Hartmut/G-6021-2012 OI Harder, Hartwig/0000-0002-6868-714X; NR 34 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD DEC 15 PY 2001 VL 28 IS 24 BP 4595 EP 4598 DI 10.1029/2001GL013734 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 507KA UT WOS:000173025400022 ER PT J AU Garzoli, SL Molinari, RL AF Garzoli, SL Molinari, RL TI Ageostrophic transport in the upper layers of the tropical Atlantic Ocean SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID EKMAN BALANCE AB A test of the theoretical Ekman relation in the tropical Atlantic Ocean is performed by comparing estimated Ekman transport with observations collected along two transects symmetric about equator (6 degreesN and 6 degreesS). Ekman transport is calculated theoretically using ship winds and climatological data. Total ageostrophic transport is obtained by subtracting the observed geostrophic transports from the measured total transports using the data collected along the two transects. Along 6 degreesS, both the zonal mean ageostrophic transport and it's variability with longitude can be accounted for by the theoretical Ekman transport. Along 6 degreesN, the total ageostrophic and Ekman transports agree, but significant differences are found in the cumulative transport curves between the African coast and about 40 degreesW. These departures from theory may be related to the effect of advective terms in the Ekman relation and/or other ageostrophic motion at the reference depth for the comparisons. Begin typing abstract here. C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanograph & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL USA. RP Garzoli, SL (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanograph & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL USA. RI Garzoli, Silvia/A-3556-2010 OI Garzoli, Silvia/0000-0003-3553-2253 NR 11 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD DEC 15 PY 2001 VL 28 IS 24 BP 4619 EP 4622 DI 10.1029/2001GL013473 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 507KA UT WOS:000173025400028 ER PT J AU Thiaw, WM Kumar, V AF Thiaw, WM Kumar, V TI Effects of tropical convection on the predictability of the Sahel summer rainfall interannual variability SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; PRECIPITATION; DYNAMICS; AFRICA AB Tropical convection as inferred from OLR, and global SST, are used as predictor fields in separate canonical correlation analysis (CCA) experiments. The experiments are based on 43-year (1955-98) observed SST data and 20-year (1979-98) OLR record. The aim is to study the role of tropical convection in improving the predictions of the interannual variability of the Sahel summer rainfall. Forecast skills for OLR and SST predictor fields are estimated using a cross-validation scheme. Average region-wide correlation skill for OLR is 0.368, which is slightly higher than skill for SST based on a 43-year record (0.308). However, much of the skill in the latter is associated with long term trends. Skill for OLR outperforms significantly that of SST based on a 20-year historical record. Hindcasts for the Jul-Sep Sahel rainfall in 1997 and 1999 show an improvement over SST in the predictions of the interannual variability where OLR is used as predictor field. C1 NWS NOAA, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Climate Predict Ctr, Washington, DC USA. RP Thiaw, WM (reprint author), NWS NOAA, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Climate Predict Ctr, Washington, DC USA. NR 18 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD DEC 15 PY 2001 VL 28 IS 24 BP 4627 EP 4630 DI 10.1029/2001GL013139 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 507KA UT WOS:000173025400030 ER PT J AU Lavelle, JW Cannon, GA AF Lavelle, JW Cannon, GA TI On subinertial oscillations trapped by the Juan de Fuca Ridge, northeast Pacific SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID HYDROTHERMAL PLUMES; FIEBERLING-GUYOT; TIDAL CURRENTS; NUMERICAL-SIMULATION; AXIAL SEAMOUNT; WAVES; OCEAN; FLOW; FREQUENCY; PRESSURE AB Spectra of currents measured along the 2100 m deep Juan de Fuca Ridge in the northeast Pacific have prominent tidal, inertial, and weather-band (3-7 day period) spectral peaks. The weather-band peak, in particular, has a number of interesting features. It is strongest in close lateral proximity to the ridge and strongest near ridge depth; intensification near the ridge is characteristic of trapped motion. Spectral peak intensities vary seasonally, with largest amplitudes occurring in autumn and winter; seasonal variation suggests that surface weather is forcing flow at depth. Together, trapping and seasonality indicate opportunistic amplification of oscillatory motion at the ridge. At all frequencies, forcing, topography, and stratification together shape current and hydrographic distributions near the ridge. Effects of those interactions for subinertial motion are quantified here using a primitive equation numerical model. Forcing period (1-10 days) and friction are the principal dependencies examined. Results show that flow over the Juan de Fuca Ridge can be amplified by factors of 3-4 for diurnal and up to a factor of 7 for weather-band frequencies. Amplification is ridge trapped, with effects extending many hundreds of meters upward and extending 5-10 km laterally for 5-day-period flow; the strength and area of amplification increase with increasing period over the 1- to 10-day-period band. Oscillatory weather-band flow leads to vertical velocities on the order of 0.3 cm s(-1) on ridge flanks, which in turn cause periodic temperature (T) and salinity (S) variations with amplitudes of as much as 0.05degreesC and 0.01 practical salinity units, respectively. The vertical motion and consequent vertical displacement (>100 m) lead to isotherms that plunge below the crest alternately each side of the ridge, a distribution observed in conductivity-temperature-depth transect data. Near the ridge crest. cross-ridge baroclinic pressure gradients caused by cyclically plunging isopycnals are in near-geostrophic balance with the Coriolis force associated with along-ridge flow. Along-ridge current amplification is therefore closely tied to isopycnal movement up and down ridge flanks. Since weather-band oscillations lead to much larger cross-ridge baroclinic pressure gradients than do diurnal motions of the same amplitude, weather-band forcing causes greater along-ridge current amplification. Results vary strongly with forcing period and direction of forcing with respect to the ridge but depend only moderately on friction and turbulent mixing coefficients. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Lavelle, JW (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way Ne, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 53 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD DEC 15 PY 2001 VL 106 IS C12 BP 31099 EP 31116 DI 10.1029/2001JC000865 PG 18 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 513WB UT WOS:000173402400013 ER PT J AU Goni, GJ Wainer, I AF Goni, GJ Wainer, I TI Investigation of the Brazil Current front variability from altimeter data SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID CURRENT CONFLUENCE REGION; INVERTED ECHO SOUNDERS; MALVINAS CONFLUENCE; CIRCULATION; TRANSPORTS; SEPARATION; DOMINANCE; DYNAMICS; ATLANTIC; MODEL AB The southwestern Atlantic Ocean is characterized by the confluence of the Brazil and Malvinas Currents, which form very strong surface and subsurface fronts that can be detected from hydrographic and remote sensing observations. Three data sets, consisting of TOPEX/Poseidon-derived sea height anomalies, the climatologically derived depth of the 10degreesC isotherm, and reduced gravity, are used in conjunction with a two-layer dynamical ocean scheme to monitor the Brazil Current front and to investigate its variability during a 6 year period (1993-1998). Results reveal that the fronts exhibit motions that are larger zonally than meridionally, showing strong interannual variability with annual mean amplitudes that range from 1degrees to 6degrees. The annual and semiannual components account for more than 75% of the variability of the frontal oscillations. In the annual cycle the frontal motions appear to be related closely to fluctuations in the baroclinic transport of the Brazil Current and are only influenced by the Malvinas Current when the Brazil Current transport is very small. C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, US Dept Commerce, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ Sao Paulo, Dept Phys Oceanog, BR-05508900 Sao Paulo, Brazil. RP Goni, GJ (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, US Dept Commerce, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RI Wainer, Ilana/B-4540-2011; Goni, Gustavo/D-2017-2012 OI Wainer, Ilana/0000-0003-3784-623X; Goni, Gustavo/0000-0001-7093-3170 NR 33 TC 43 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD DEC 15 PY 2001 VL 106 IS C12 BP 31117 EP 31128 DI 10.1029/2000JC000396 PG 12 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 513WB UT WOS:000173402400014 ER PT J AU Garcia, HE Keeling, RF AF Garcia, HE Keeling, RF TI On the global oxygen anomaly and air-sea flux SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID TOTAL GEOSTROPHIC CIRCULATION; MEAN ANNUAL CYCLE; ATMOSPHERIC OXYGEN; ATLANTIC OCEAN; FLOW PATTERNS; CARBON-CYCLE; GAS-EXCHANGE; TEMPERATURE; SOLUBILITY; TRANSPORTS AB We present a new climatology of monthly air-sea oxygen fluxes throughout the ice-free surface global ocean. The climatology is based on weighted linear least squares regressions using heat flux monthly anomalies for spatial and temporal interpolation of historical O-2 data. The seasonal oceanic variations show that the tropical belt (20degreesS-20degreesN) is characterized by relatively small air-sea fluxes when compared to the middle to high latitudes (40degrees-70degrees). The largest and lowest seasonal fluxes occur during summer and winter in both hemispheres. By means of an atmospheric transport model we show that our climatology is in better agreement with the observed amplitude and phasing of the variations in atmospheric O-2/N-2 ratios because of seasonal air-sea exchanges at baseline stations in the Pacific Ocean than with previous air-sea O-2 climatologies. Our study indicates that the component of the air-sea O-2 flux that correlates with heat flux dominates the large-scale air-sea O-2 exchange on seasonal timescales. The contribution of each major oceanic basin to the atmospheric observations is described. The seasonal net thermal (SNOT) and biological (SNOB) outgassing components of the flux are examined in relation to latitudinal bands, basin-wide, and hemispheric contributions. The Southern Hemisphere's SNOB (similar to0.26 Pmol) and SNOT (similar to0.29 Pmol) values are larger than the Northern Hemisphere's SNOB (similar to0.15 Pmol) and SNOT (similar to0.16 Pmol) values (1 Pmol = 10(15) mol). We estimate a global extratropical carbon new production during the outgassing season of 3.7 Pg C (1 Pg = 10(15) g), lower than previous estimates with air-sea O-2 climatologies. C1 NOAA, NODC, Ocean Climate Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RP Garcia, HE (reprint author), NOAA, NODC, Ocean Climate Lab, 1315 EW Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 26 TC 41 Z9 43 U1 2 U2 12 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD DEC 15 PY 2001 VL 106 IS C12 BP 31155 EP 31166 DI 10.1029/1999JC000200 PG 12 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 513WB UT WOS:000173402400017 ER PT J AU Esther, WT AF Esther, WT TI Tell me straight SO NEW SCIENTIST LA English DT Letter C1 NIST, Div Precis Engn, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Esther, WT (reprint author), NIST, Div Precis Engn, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU REED BUSINESS INFORMATION LTD PI SUTTON PA QUADRANT HOUSE THE QUADRANT, SUTTON SM2 5AS, SURREY, ENGLAND SN 0262-4079 J9 NEW SCI JI New Sci. PD DEC 15 PY 2001 VL 172 IS 2321 PG 1 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 503XK UT WOS:000172826800049 ER PT J AU Burnett, JH Levine, ZH Shirley, EL AF Burnett, JH Levine, ZH Shirley, EL TI Intrinsic birefringence in calcium fluoride and barium fluoride SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID ELECTRON-HOLE INTERACTION; CRYSTALS AB We report measurements of the intrinsic birefringence in CaF2 and BaF2 for wavelengths in the range 365 nm to 156 nm, and ab initio optical response calculations in these materials and Si, Ge, GaAs, and GaP. Calculations typically agree within 40%. For [110] propagation, where the effect is largest, our measurements for CaF2[BaF2] give n([(1) over bar 10])-(n[001]) (- 11.8 +/- 0.4) x 10(-7)[(+ 34 +/- 3) x 10(-7)] for lambda = 156.10 nm. The magnitudes of these values have serious consequences for them use of crystalline optics in precision optical systems in the ultraviolet, including 193 nm and 157 nm optical lithography. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Burnett, JH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 22 TC 99 Z9 100 U1 2 U2 13 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 EI 1550-235X J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD DEC 15 PY 2001 VL 64 IS 24 AR 241102 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.64.241102 PG 4 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 508HK UT WOS:000173082500002 ER PT J AU Willett, KL Wassenberg, D Lienesch, L Reichert, W Di Giulio, RT AF Willett, KL Wassenberg, D Lienesch, L Reichert, W Di Giulio, RT TI In vivo and in vitro inhibition of CYP1A-dependent activity in Fundulus heteroclitus by the polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon fluoranthene SO TOXICOLOGY AND APPLIED PHARMACOLOGY LA English DT Article DE PAHs; fluoranthene; fundulus heteroclitus; CYP1A ID SOLE PAROPHRYS-VETULUS; DNA-ADDUCTS; INDUCTION POTENCIES; HEPATIC NEOPLASMS; CHESAPEAKE BAY; CELL LINE; IN-VITRO; FISH; RECEPTOR; LIVER AB Certain polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) such as benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) induce CYP1A-dependent enzyme activities. Because PAHs are ubiquitous environmental contaminants, and some are aryl hydrocarbon agonists, CYP1A has been used as a biomarker for PAH exposure. However, PAHs exist in the environment in complex mixtures that may confound biomarker results. In in vitro studies, the PAH fluoranthene (FL) failed to increase or enhance CYP1A1-dependent ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity in cells, but rather inhibited activities induced by AhR agonists; such as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and benzo(k)fluoranthene. In order to determine the in vivo effects of FL on CYP1A and DNA adduct levels, Fundulus heteroclitus were given single ip injections of either BaP (5 mg/kg), BaP + FL (5 mg/kg each), BaP + FL (5 and 50 mg/kg, respectively), FL (5 mg/kg), FL (50 mg/kg), or corn oil control. BaP-treated fish had liver microsome EROD activities significantly higher than controls, whereas FL-treated fish were not different from controls. EROD activities in BaP + FL cotreatments were significantly lower compared to fish treated with BaP alone. When FL was incubated with BaP-induced microsomes, the IC50 for inhibition of EROD activity was 1.4 X 10(-5) M FL. Kinetic studies indicated a significant noncompetitive component to the FL inhibition. When fish were treated with [C-14]FL, the concentration of radiolabel associated with microsomal preparations was four orders of magnitude lower than the IC50. Therefore, the presence of FL or a FL metabolite was insufficient to account for the inhibition by a kinetic mechanism. In contrast to cell studies, CYP1A immunoreactive protein was significantly decreased in vivo by FL cotreatment, indicating that FL may inhibit EROD activity by down-regulating the CYP1A protein. A covalent interaction of [C-14]FL with CYP1A was not detected. Total P-32-postlabeled DNA adducts were not significantly changed by cotreatment of FL and BaP; however, cotreatment with 50 mg/kg FL decreased one ad duct and increased another significantly. Because FL and perhaps other inhibitory PAHs, cooccur in the environment with CYP1A inducers, CYP1A-dependent bioassays may cause an underestimation of PAH exposures. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science. C1 Univ Mississippi, Dept Pharmacol, University, MS 38677 USA. Univ Mississippi, Environm Toxicol Res Program, University, MS 38677 USA. Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm, Durham, NC 27706 USA. NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Environm Conservat Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Willett, KL (reprint author), Univ Mississippi, Dept Pharmacol, 315 Faser Hall Univ, University, MS 38677 USA. FU NIEHS NIH HHS [1P42-ES-100356-01] NR 45 TC 80 Z9 86 U1 6 U2 18 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0041-008X J9 TOXICOL APPL PHARM JI Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. PD DEC 15 PY 2001 VL 177 IS 3 BP 264 EP 271 DI 10.1006/taap.2001.9296 PG 8 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 510PN UT WOS:000173216600012 PM 11749126 ER PT J AU Kusakabe, T Nakanishi, H Iida, A Hosomi, K Tawara, H Sasao, M Nakai, Y AF Kusakabe, T Nakanishi, H Iida, A Hosomi, K Tawara, H Sasao, M Nakai, Y TI Charge transfer cross sections in collisions of ground state O+(S-4) ions with H-2 and various carbon-containing molecules in the low-energy region SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS B-ATOMIC MOLECULAR AND OPTICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Theory of Quantum Gases and Quantum Coherence CY JUN 03-05, 2001 CL SALERNO, ITALY SP European Sci Fdn, INFM, Univ Salerno, Dept Phys, Fac Sci ID O+ IONS; INELASTIC PROCESSES; ELECTRON-CAPTURE; CO2 MOLECULES; HE ATOMS; H+ IONS; H-2-MOLECULES; RANGE; O+(4S); C+,N+ AB Charge transfer cross sections of the ground state O+(S-4) ions with H-2, CO, CO2, CH4, C2H2, C2H6 and C3H8 molecules have been measured using an initial growth rate method in the energy range 0.2-4.5 keV. In the present experiment, the ground state O+(S-4) ions have been produced by carefully energy-controlled electron impact to avoid the influence of the metastable O+*(D-2, P-2) state ions. The observed cross sections are compared with calculations based on a formula developed by Olson. The energy dependence of the present cross sections for H-2 molecules shows a minimum at around 2 keV. The present experimental results for CO and CO2 molecules are slightly different from previous measurements. For hydrocarbon molecules, where no experimental data are available so far, both the present experimental and calculated results are in good agreement with each other, if product molecular ions are assumed to be in some vibrationally excited states. C1 Kinki Univ, Dept Nucl Engn, Higashiosaka, Osaka 5778502, Japan. Kansas State Univ, Dept Phys, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Fus Sci, Gifu 5095292, Japan. Kinki Univ, Atom Energy Res Inst, Higashiosaka, Osaka 5778502, Japan. RP Kusakabe, T (reprint author), Kinki Univ, Dept Nucl Engn, Higashiosaka, Osaka 5778502, Japan. NR 31 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-4075 J9 J PHYS B-AT MOL OPT JI J. Phys. B-At. Mol. Opt. Phys. PD DEC 14 PY 2001 VL 34 IS 23 BP 4809 EP 4820 AR PII S0953-4095(01)24335-1 DI 10.1088/0953-4075/34/23/323 PG 12 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 522HQ UT WOS:000173890700024 ER PT J AU Gonzalez, CA Allison, TC Louis, F AF Gonzalez, CA Allison, TC Louis, F TI General expression for the effective mass in the one-dimensional treatment of tunneling corrections SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID TRANSITION-STATE-THEORY; MECHANICAL REACTIVE SCATTERING; POTENTIAL-ENERGY SURFACE; QUANTAL RATE CONSTANTS; PLUS DIATOM SYSTEMS; AB-INITIO; TRANSMISSION COEFFICIENTS; COLLINEAR REACTIONS; HYDROGEN MOLECULES; EXCITED-STATE AB A simple and general formalism for the calculation of the "effective mass" necessary for the computation of tunneling corrections by simple one-dimensional models is presented. It is shown that this formalism does not require a priori assumptions regarding the molecularity of the reaction or the relative orientation of the reactive fragments. This method, which we call the Generalized Polyatomic Method, GPM, was used to compute tunneling corrections using the simple Wigner tunneling formalism for the six reactions: H' + H-H --> H'-H + H, CH4 + H --> CH3 + H-2, CH4 + OH --> CH3 + H2O, CH3-CH3 + OH --> CH3-CH2 + H2O and HCN --> CNH. The results obtained in this work indicate that using the "reduced mass" from a direct vibrational analysis of the transition state instead of the "effective mass" could lead to serious errors in the computation of tunneling corrections. This result is very critical given the popularity of this procedure among researchers computing tunneling corrections in gas-phase reactions. Finally, it is also shown that the simple collinear tri-atomic approach (CTM) developed by Johnston is a special case of our more general GPM method. Given its simplicity and computational efficiency, we recommend GPM as the method of choice when computing "effective masses" to be used in one-dimensional tunneling corrections. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Sci & Tech Lille Flandres Artois, CERLA, F-59655 Villeneuve Dascq, France. RP Gonzalez, CA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. OI Louis, Florent/0000-0002-9533-557X NR 90 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD DEC 13 PY 2001 VL 105 IS 49 BP 11034 EP 11040 DI 10.1021/jp0115345 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 502CW UT WOS:000172727000012 ER PT J AU Ciraolo, MF Hanson, JC Toby, BH Grey, CP AF Ciraolo, MF Hanson, JC Toby, BH Grey, CP TI Combined X-ray and neutron powder refinement and NMR study of hydrochlorofluorocarbon HCFC-124a (CF2HCF2Cl) binding on NaX SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B LA English DT Article ID SODIUM-Y ZEOLITE; STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION; RAMAN-SPECTROSCOPY; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; MAS NMR; DIFFRACTION; CHLOROFORM; CATIONS; BENZENE; ADSORPTION AB The structure of hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC) 124a (CF2HCF2Cl) adsorbed on NaX has been determined at 100 K. by performing simultaneous Rietveld analyses of both X-ray and neutron data. The HCFC molecule is localized above the four rings, and is bound via fluorine atoms on both the CF2H and CF2Cl groups to sodium cations in the SII and SIII' positions. Both this model and the H-1 MAS NMR are consistent with hydrogen bonding between the proton of the HCFC and the framework oxygen. Cations were found at the SI', SII, and SIII' positions, after gas sorption. The positions and occupancies do not differ significantly from those previously reported in the low-temperature structures of NaX, Na-23 MAS NMR demonstrates that the SIII cations in the supercages are mobile at room temperature in the bare zeolite, but that lowering the temperature or gas sorption lock's these cations in place. Variable offset F-19 to Na-23 cross polarization (CP) MAS NMR spectroscopy was used to probe fluorocarbon-cation proximity. More efficient CP was observed from the fluorine atoms on the CF2H group, in comparison to the CF2Cl fluorine atoms. This was ascribed to the larger number of cations coordinated to this group. This is consistent with the model obtained from the diffraction studies. where the CF2H group is bound to two cations, while the CF2Cl group is bound to only one cation. C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Chem, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Chem, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Grey, CP (reprint author), SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Chem, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. RI Hanson, jonathan/E-3517-2010; Toby, Brian/F-3176-2013 OI Toby, Brian/0000-0001-8793-8285 NR 32 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5647 J9 J PHYS CHEM B JI J. Phys. Chem. B PD DEC 13 PY 2001 VL 105 IS 49 BP 12330 EP 12337 DI 10.1021/jp0120413 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 502CY UT WOS:000172727200015 ER PT J AU Bossev, DP Kline, SR Israelachvili, JN Paulaitis, ME AF Bossev, DP Kline, SR Israelachvili, JN Paulaitis, ME TI Pressure-induced freezing of the hydrophobic core leads to a L-1 -> H-1 phase transition for C12E5 micelles in D2O SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Letter ID ANGLE NEUTRON-SCATTERING; SURFACTANT SOLUTIONS; AQUEOUS-SOLUTIONS; N-OCTANE; MICROEMULSIONS; DEPENDENCE; MIXTURES; NETWORKS; SYSTEM AB We apply small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) to study the effect of pressure on micelle structure in a solution of 1% by weight pentaethylene glycol mono-n-dodecyl ether (C12E5) in D2O at 20 degreesC and pressures up to similar to 3000 bar. At ambient pressure, the structure is a network of branched, semiflexible, cylindrical micelles with the branch points comprised of three-armed junctions. Our SANS results reveal that pressure induces a phase transition from this network of threadlike micelles to hexagonally ordered bundles of cylindrical micelles. Using geometric packing constraints for three-arm junctions and cylinders, we show that the formation of three-arm junctions becomes increasingly unfavorable with increasing pressure due to the compression of the micelle hydrophobic core, and as such, the network becomes unstable at pressures close to those observed in our SANS experiments. We also measured the temperature dependence of the transition pressure and find that it follows the pressure-temperature freezing curves for liquid n-alkanes of comparable hydrocarbon chain length. These observations lead us to propose that the phase transition is related to a loss of flexibility or conformational entropy of the C12E5 micelles upon the pressure-induced freezing of the micelle hydrophobic core to form an amorphous solid. The formation of hexagonally ordered bundles of cylindrical micelles follows as attractive van der Waals forces between the micelles are not offset by the loss of repulsive undulation forces arising from the fluidity of the hydrophobic core. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Chem Engn, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Mat Res Lab, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RP Paulaitis, ME (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. NR 26 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD DEC 11 PY 2001 VL 17 IS 25 BP 7728 EP 7731 DI 10.1021/la011300c PG 4 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 499VJ UT WOS:000172590800005 ER PT J AU Cinzano, P Falchi, F Elvidge, CD AF Cinzano, P Falchi, F Elvidge, CD TI The first World Atlas of the artificial night sky brightness SO MONTHLY NOTICES OF THE ROYAL ASTRONOMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE scattering; atmospheric effects; light pollution; site testing ID OPERATIONAL LINESCAN SYSTEM; HUMAN-SETTLEMENTS; LIGHT POLLUTION; POPULATION; EMISSIONS; SITES; MODEL AB We present the first World Atlas of the zenith artificial night sky brightness at sea level. Based on radiance-calibrated high-resolution DMSP satellite data and on accurate modelling of light propagation in the atmosphere., it provides a nearly global picture of how mankind is proceeding to envelop itself in a luminous fog. Comparing the Atlas with the United States Department of Energy (DOE) population density data base, we determined the fraction of population who are living under a sky of given brightness. About two-thirds of the World population and 99 per cent of the population in the United States (excluding Alaska and Hawaii) and European Union live in areas where the night sky is above the threshold set for polluted status. Assuming average eye functionality, about one-fifth of the World population, more than two-thirds of the United States population and more than one half of the European Union population have already lost naked eye visibility of the Milky Way. Finally, about one-tenth of the World population, more than 40 per cent of the United States population and one sixth of the European Union population no longer view the heavens with the eye adapted to night vision, because of the sky brightness. C1 Univ Padua, Dipartimento Astron, I-35122 Padua, Italy. NOAA, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, Off Director, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. USTIL, Thiene, Italy. RP Cinzano, P (reprint author), Univ Padua, Dipartimento Astron, Vicolo Osservatorio 5, I-35122 Padua, Italy. RI Elvidge, Christopher/C-3012-2009 NR 45 TC 236 Z9 241 U1 15 U2 85 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0035-8711 J9 MON NOT R ASTRON SOC JI Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. PD DEC 11 PY 2001 VL 328 IS 3 BP 689 EP 707 DI 10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04882.x PG 19 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 505PW UT WOS:000172925600004 ER PT J AU Romani, RW Miller, AJ Cabrera, B Nam, SW Martinis, JM AF Romani, RW Miller, AJ Cabrera, B Nam, SW Martinis, JM TI Phase-resolved Crab studies with a cryogenic transition-edge sensor spectrophotometer SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE instrumentation : detectors; pulsars : individual (PSR B0531+21) ID GAMMA-RAY PULSARS; ULTRAVIOLET; RESOLUTION; EMISSION; NEBULA; TIME AB We are developing time- and energy-resolved near-IR/optical/UV photon detectors based on sharp superconducting-normal transition edges in thin films. We report observations of the Crab pulsar made during prototype testing at the McDonald 2.7 m with a fiber-coupled transition-edge sensor (TES) system. These data show substantial (delta alpha similar to 0.3), rapid variations in the spectral index through the pulse profile, with a strong phase-varying IR break across our energy band. These variations correlate with X-ray spectral variations, but no single synchrotron population can account for the full spectral energy distribution. We also describe test spectrophotopolarimetry observations probing the energy dependence of the polarization sweep; this may provide a new key to understanding the radiating particle population. C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. CSIRO, Australia Telescope Natl Facil, Epping, NSW 2121, Australia. RP Romani, RW (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. NR 35 TC 45 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 6 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD DEC 10 PY 2001 VL 563 IS 1 BP 221 EP 228 DI 10.1086/323874 PN 1 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 504JC UT WOS:000172852700021 ER PT J AU Kusakabe, T Satoh, S Tawara, H Kimura, M AF Kusakabe, T Satoh, S Tawara, H Kimura, M TI Observation of the isomer effect on charge transfer from C3H4 molecules (allene and propyne) at keV energies SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID HYDROCARBON MOLECULES; CO2 MOLECULES; H+ IONS; COLLISIONS; RANGE; H-2; D-2 AB The apparent isomer effect on charge transfer processes in collisions of the ground-state C+ ions with allene and propyne, which have the same C3H4 molecular chemical notation, has been observed experimentally in the collision energy from 0.2 to 4.5 keV. The difference in total charge transfer cross sections between the two isomers was found to be 32% at 0.2 keV, although it decreases to 10% at 4.5 keV. This difference is out of experimental uncertainty of 14.6% at least below the collision energy of 0.5 keV and should be regarded as a real isomer effect. Theoretical analysis based on a molecular orbital expansion method has also confirmed the experimental finding and provided the rationale. C1 Kinki Univ, Dept Nucl Engn, Osaka 5778502, Japan. Kansas State Univ, Dept Phys, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Yamaguchi Univ, Grad Sch Sci & Engn, Yamaguchi 7558611, Japan. RP Kusakabe, T (reprint author), Kinki Univ, Dept Nucl Engn, Osaka 5778502, Japan. NR 14 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD DEC 10 PY 2001 VL 87 IS 24 AR 243201 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.87.243201 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 500TD UT WOS:000172642100017 PM 11736501 ER PT J AU Tuo, J Muftuoglu, M Chen, C Jaruga, P Selzer, RR Brosh, RM Rodriguez, H Dizdaroglu, M Bohr, VA AF Tuo, J Muftuoglu, M Chen, C Jaruga, P Selzer, RR Brosh, RM Rodriguez, H Dizdaroglu, M Bohr, VA TI The Cockayne Syndrome group B gene product is involved in general genome base excision repair of 8-hydroxyguanine in DNA SO JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID TRANSCRIPTION-COUPLED REPAIR; CYCLOBUTANE PYRIMIDINE DIMERS; SITE-DIRECTED MUTAGENESIS; AQUEOUS-SOLUTION; SYNDROME CELLS; ACTIVE GENES; XERODERMA-PIGMENTOSUM; PREFERENTIAL REPAIR; PUTATIVE HELICASES; DEFECTIVE REPAIR AB Cockayne Syndrome (CS) is a human genetic disorder with two complementation groups, CS-A and CS-B. The CSB gene product is involved in transcription-coupled repair of DNA damage but may participate in other pathways of DNA metabolism. The present study investigated the role of different conserved helicase motifs of CSB in base excision repair. Stably transformed human cell lines with site-directed CSB mutations in different motifs within its putative helicase domain were established. We find that CSB null and helicase motif V and VI mutants had greater sensitivity than wild type cells to gamma -radiation. Whole cell extracts from CSB null and motif V/VI mutants had lower activity of 8-hydroxyguanie incision in DNA than wild type cells. Also, 8-hydroxyguanine accumulated more in CSB null and motif VI mutant cells than in wild type cells after exposure to gamma -radiation. We conclude that a deficiency in general genome base excision repair of selective modified DNA base(s) might contribute to CS pathogenesis. Furthermore, whereas the disruption of helicase motifs V or VI results in a CSB phenotype, mutations in other helicase motifs do not cause this effect. The biological functions of CSB in different DNA repair pathways may be mediated by distinct functional motifs of the protein. C1 NIA, Lab Mol Gerontol, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA. NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP NIA, Lab Mol Gerontol, NIH, 5600 Nathan Shock Dr, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA. EM vbohr@nih.gov RI Jaruga, Pawel/M-4378-2015 NR 55 TC 106 Z9 108 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3996 USA SN 0021-9258 EI 1083-351X J9 J BIOL CHEM JI J. Biol. Chem. PD DEC 7 PY 2001 VL 276 IS 49 BP 45772 EP 45779 DI 10.1074/jbc.M107888200 PG 8 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 499LR UT WOS:000172573100038 PM 11581270 ER PT J AU Ervin, KM Ramond, TM Davico, GE Schwartz, RL Casey, SM Lineberger, WC AF Ervin, KM Ramond, TM Davico, GE Schwartz, RL Casey, SM Lineberger, WC TI Naphthyl radical: Negative ion photoelectron spectroscopy, Franck-Condon simulation, and thermochemistry SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID BOND-DISSOCIATION ENERGIES; GAS-PHASE ACIDITIES; C-H; KINETIC METHOD; POLYATOMIC-MOLECULES; PROTON AFFINITIES; ELECTRON-AFFINITY; O-BENZYNE; P-BENZYNE; NAPHTHALENE AB The naphthyl anion (C10H7-, naphthalenide) is prepared in a flow tube reactor by proton transfer between NH2- and naphthalene (C10H8). The photoelectron spectrum of this anion is measured at a fixed laser wavelength of 364 nm. A single electronic band is observed, corresponding to the neutral naphthyl radical (C10H7, naphthalenyl). The Franck-Condon profiles for both 1-naphthyl (alpha -naphthyl) and 2-naphthyl (beta -naphthyl) are simulated on the basis of density functional theory calculations of the vibrational frequencies and normal coordinates. Issues involving Franck-Condon simulations for large polyatomic molecules and Duschinsky rotation are discussed. and improved Franck-Condon simulation algorithms are presented. Comparison of the Franck-Condon simulations with the photoelectron spectrum shows that the observed band is predominantly due to the 1-naphthyl isomer, consistent with previous measurements showing the 1-naphthyl anion as more stable than the 2-naphthyl anion. The observed electron affinity of the 1-naphthyl radical is EA(0)(1-C10H7) = 1.403 +/- 0.015 eV. On the basis of an evaluation of literature data. the recommended gas-phase acidity of naphthalene is Delta H-acid(298)(1-C10H7-H) = 1649 +/- 14 kJ/mol and the recommended bond dissociation energy of naphthalene is DH298(1-C10H7-H) = 472 +/- 14 kJ/mol. C1 Univ Nevada, Dept Chem, Reno, NV 89557 USA. Univ Nevada, Chem Phys Program, Reno, NV 89557 USA. Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Ervin, KM (reprint author), Univ Nevada, Dept Chem, Reno, NV 89557 USA. NR 70 TC 98 Z9 99 U1 3 U2 13 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD DEC 6 PY 2001 VL 105 IS 48 BP 10822 EP 10831 DI 10.1021/jp011779h PG 10 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 499ZG UT WOS:000172600600009 ER PT J AU Curtius, J Froyd, KD Lovejoy, ER AF Curtius, J Froyd, KD Lovejoy, ER TI Cluster ion thermal decomposition (I): Experimental kinetics study and ab initio calculations for HSO4-(H2SO4)(x)(HNO3)(y) SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID DENSITY-FUNCTIONAL THEORY; SULFURIC-ACID; PARTICLE FORMATION; AEROSOL FORMATION; MOLLER-PLESSET; HARTREE-FOCK; TRAP; SUPERPOSITION; STRATOSPHERE; NUCLEATION AB Rate coefficients for the thermal decomposition of cluster ions of the type HSO4-(H2SO4), for x = 1-5, HSO4-(HNO3)(y) for y = 1, 2 and HSO4-H2SO4HNO3 were measured as functions of temperature and pressure in a quadrupole ion trap. The measured decomposition kinetics are in the low-pressure limit or in the fall-off re-ion between the low and high-pressure limits. Moments of inertia and vibrational frequencies of the clusters were obtained via ab initio HF/6-31+G(d) geometry optimizations. Bond energies were determined from analysis of the second-order rate coefficient data for the cluster ions with kinetics in the low-pressure limit. Upper limits of the bond energies were derived for the clusters with kinetics in the fall-off region. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Lovejoy, ER (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Curtius, Joachim/A-2681-2011; Froyd, Karl/H-6607-2013 OI Curtius, Joachim/0000-0003-3153-4630; NR 41 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD DEC 6 PY 2001 VL 105 IS 48 BP 10867 EP 10873 DI 10.1021/jp0124950 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 499ZG UT WOS:000172600600015 ER PT J AU Lovejoy, ER Curtius, J AF Lovejoy, ER Curtius, J TI Cluster ion thermal decomposition (II): Master equation modeling in the low-pressure limit and fall-off regions. Bond energies for HSO4-(H2SO4)(x)(HNO3)(y) SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID PROTONATED WATER CLUSTERS; PHASE-SPACE THEORY; GAS-PHASE; UNIMOLECULAR REACTIONS; COLLISIONAL RELAXATION; MOLECULE ASSOCIATION; POLYATOMIC-MOLECULES; VARIABLE-TEMPERATURE; EXCHANGE EQUILIBRIA; RATE COEFFICIENTS AB The thermal decomposition kinetics of a wide range of cluster ions in and near the low-pressure limit were modeled with a master equation analysis based on an exponential up energy transfer model and an orbiting transition state. Cluster ion bond energies and helium-cluster ion energy transfer parameters were derived. Analysis of the temperature and pressure dependent decomposition kinetics of a set of clusters, for which bond enthalpies have been measured, showed that the master equation approach reproduces the literature bond energies to better than 1 kcal mol(-1). The helium-cluster ion energy transfer was found to be very efficient, resembling the predictions of ergodic collision theory. On the basis of the results of the modeling of the calibration clusters, the analysis was extended to derive bond energies for the important atmospheric cluster ions of the form HSO4-(H2SO4),(HNO3)(y), ((x, y) = (1-5, 0), (0, 1-2), and (1, 1)). C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Lovejoy, ER (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Curtius, Joachim/A-2681-2011 OI Curtius, Joachim/0000-0003-3153-4630 NR 80 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD DEC 6 PY 2001 VL 105 IS 48 BP 10874 EP 10883 DI 10.1021/jp012496s PG 10 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 499ZG UT WOS:000172600600016 ER PT J AU Xu, HHK Quinn, JB Takagi, S Chow, LC Eichmiller, FC AF Xu, HHK Quinn, JB Takagi, S Chow, LC Eichmiller, FC TI Strong and macroporous calcium phosphate cement: Effects of porosity and fiber reinforcement on mechanical properties SO JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE calcium phosphate cement; macropores; fiber-reinforcement mechanisms; hydroxyapatite; strength; fracture resistance ID CANAL SEALER-FILLER; HYDROXYAPATITE CEMENT; FRACTURE-TOUGHNESS; FAILURE MECHANISMS; BONE-CEMENT; RECONSTRUCTION; DAMAGE; ENAMEL AB Because of its excellent osteoconductivity and bone-replacement capability, self-setting calcium phosphate cement (CPC) has been used in a number of clinical procedures. For more rapid resorption and concomitant osseointegration, methods were desired to build macropores into CPC; however, this decreased its mechanical properties. The aims of this study, therefore, were to use fibers to strengthen macroporous CPC and to investigate the effects of the pore volume fraction on its mechanical properties. Water-soluble mannitol crystals were incorporated into CPC paste; the set CPC was then immersed in water to dissolve mannitol, producing macropores. Mannitol/(mannitol + CPC powder) mass fractions of 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40% were used. An aramid fiber volume fraction of 6% was incorporated into the CPC-mannitol. specimens, which were set in 3 mm x 4 mm x 25 mm. molds and then fractured in three-point flexure to measure the strength, work of fracture, and modulus. The dissolution of mannitol created well-formed macropores, with CPC at 40% mannitol having a total porosity of a 70.8% volume fraction. Increasing the mannitol content significantly decreased the properties of CPC without fibers (analysis of variance; p < 0.001). The strength (mean standard deviation; n = 6) of CPC at 0% mannitol was 15.0 +/- 1.8 MPa; at 40% mannitol, it decreased to 1.4 +/- 0.4 MPa. Fiber reinforcement improved the properties, with the strength increasing threefold at 0% mannitol, sevenfold at 30% mannitol, and nearly fourfold at 40% mannitol. The work of fracture increased by 2 orders of magnitude, but the modulus was not changed as a result of fiber reinforcement. A scanning electron microscopy examination of specimens indicated crack deflection and bridging by fibers, matrix multiple cracking, and frictional pullout of fibers as the reinforcement mechanisms. Macroporous CPCs were substantially strengthened and toughened via fiber reinforcement. This may help extend the use of CPCs with macropores for bony ingrowth to the repair of larger defects in stress-bearing locations. (C) 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Xu, HHK (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8546, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. FU NIDCR NIH HHS [DE12476, R29 DE11789] NR 39 TC 103 Z9 112 U1 1 U2 27 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0021-9304 J9 J BIOMED MATER RES JI J. Biomed. Mater. Res. PD DEC 5 PY 2001 VL 57 IS 3 BP 457 EP 466 DI 10.1002/1097-4636(20011205)57:3<457::AID-JBM1189>3.0.CO;2-X PG 10 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 472AE UT WOS:000170960200016 PM 11523041 ER PT J AU Tarek, M Tobias, DJ Chen, SH Klein, ML AF Tarek, M Tobias, DJ Chen, SH Klein, ML TI Short wavelength collective dynamics in phospholipid bilayers: A molecular dynamics study SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID PHASE DIPALMITOYLPHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE BILAYER; ELASTIC NEUTRON-SCATTERING; CONSTANT-PRESSURE; LIPID BILAYERS; SIMULATIONS; CRYSTALS; WATER; FLUCTUATIONS; POTENTIALS; RELAXATION AB Short wavelength density fluctuations of hydrated multilamellar phospholipid bilayers have been studied by molecular dynamics simulations in both the gel and liquid crystalline phases, and the results compared to recent inelastic x-ray scattering data [Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 740 (2001)]. We confirm the existence of a highly dispersive sound mode, whose frequency and damping depend on the lipid phase, that the scattering arises mainly from in-plane motion of hydrocarbon chains, and we also identify a nondispersive mode attributed to motions of the chain terminal carbons. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NISt Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Penn, Dept Chem, Ctr Mol Modeling, Philadelphia, PA 19103 USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Chem, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Inst Surface & Interface Sci, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. MIT, Dept Nucl Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RP Tarek, M (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NISt Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Tobias, Douglas/B-6799-2015 FU NIGMS NIH HHS [GM 40172] NR 35 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD DEC 3 PY 2001 VL 87 IS 23 AR 238101 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.87.238101 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 498ZZ UT WOS:000172545400044 PM 11736477 ER PT J AU Dittman, AH AF Dittman, AH TI Sensory systems and neural mechanisms involved in salmon homing SO AMERICAN ZOOLOGIST LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 5 PU SOC INTEGRATIVE COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY PI MCLEAN PA 1313 DOLLEY MADISON BLVD, NO 402, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0003-1569 J9 AM ZOOL JI Am. Zool. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 41 IS 6 BP 1429 EP 1429 PG 1 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 529NX UT WOS:000174306500182 ER PT J AU Shimizu, M Swanson, P Hara, A Dickoff, WW AF Shimizu, M Swanson, P Hara, A Dickoff, WW TI Purification of a serum insulin-like growth factor binding protein from chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. SO AMERICAN ZOOLOGIST LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Hokkaido Univ, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060, Japan. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU SOC INTEGRATIVE COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY PI MCLEAN PA 1313 DOLLEY MADISON BLVD, NO 402, MCLEAN, VA 22101 USA SN 0003-1569 J9 AM ZOOL JI Am. Zool. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 41 IS 6 BP 1587 EP 1587 PG 1 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 529NX UT WOS:000174306500711 ER PT J AU Pfeiffer, DC Wang, A Nicolas, J Pfeiffer, CJ AF Pfeiffer, DC Wang, A Nicolas, J Pfeiffer, CJ TI Lingual ultrastructure of the long-finned pilot whale (Globicephala melas) SO ANATOMIA HISTOLOGIA EMBRYOLOGIA LA English DT Article AB Microscopic studies on the cetacean tongue are limited and, to date, only a few ultrastructural reports on dolphins have been published. This report presents the initial description of the lingual ultrastructure of the long-finned pilot whale. The lingual integumental surface was smooth, lacking papillae, although flaking Of outer stratum corneum cells could be observed Lit high resolution. The keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum of the epidermis resembled those of cetacean skin on other regions of the body. The similarities included the presence of cytoplasmic lipid droplets around the nuclei of stratum spinosum cells, a lingual feature not seen in terrestrial mammals. Keratin intermediate filaments were numerous and occasionally formed aggregates of circular,whorls. At cell surfaces, bundles of keratin intermediate filaments were frequently observed inserting into desmosomal plaques. Pigment granules were not evident and organelles were sparse, Stratum corneal cells contained nuclear remnants (parakeratosis) and small multivesicular bodies, and the corneal layer was approximately 18 cells thick, The nuclei of the straturn basale keratinocytes possessed exceptionally numerous and deep clefts. The dermis was nondistinctive. The skeletal muscle of the tongue was arranged in widely separated fasiculi containing small numbers of muscle fibres. Typical file structure of skeletal muscle bands and tubular elements was observed by transmission electron microscopy. C1 Univ Alaska, Dept Biol Sci, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. Virginia Tech, Virginia Maryland Reg Coll Vet Med, Dept BIomed Sci & Pathobiol, Blacksburg, VA USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv Marine Mammals, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Pfeiffer, DC (reprint author), Univ Alaska, Dept Biol Sci, Anchorage, AK 99508 USA. EM afdep@uaa.alaska.edu NR 21 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 6 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0340-2096 J9 ANAT HISTOL EMBRYOL JI Anat. Histol. Embryol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 30 IS 6 BP 359 EP 365 DI 10.1046/j.1439-0264.2001.00352.x PG 7 WC Anatomy & Morphology; Veterinary Sciences SC Anatomy & Morphology; Veterinary Sciences GA 510BN UT WOS:000173189000008 PM 11820406 ER PT J AU Eakin, RR Eastman, JT Jones, CD AF Eakin, RR Eastman, JT Jones, CD TI Mental barbel variation in Pogonophryne scotti Regan (Pisces : Perciformes : Artedidraconidae) SO ANTARCTIC SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Antarctic; Artedidraconidae; mental barbel; Pogonophryne scotti ID FISH FAUNA; ANTARCTICA; SEA AB The mental barbel, an important diagnostic character among notothenioid fishes of the family Artedidraconidae, is highly variable in Pogonophryne scotti. A collection of 92 specimens of this species from the South Orkney Islands, comprising both sexes and a wide range of sizes, was studied to determine intraspecific variation in barbel size, shape and ornamentation (development of papillae and folds, especially on the tip). Four distinct barbel types, based on external morphology, are represented in this material: scotti (4.3%), phyllopogon (28.3%), dolichobranchiata (4.3%) and brainlike (38.1%). Indeterminate barbels (25.0%), observed in specimens of both sexes and all sizes, exhibit varying degrees of ornamentation and suggest that all barbel types represent the range of variability in P. scotti. There is no correlation between sex and barbel type. Barbels exhibit negative allometric growth relative to body size. Specimens of at least 119 min SL generally exhibit greater development of the terminal expansion, resulting in a convoluted brainlike appearance previously unrecorded for P. scotti. Indeterminate and phyllopogon barbels are most common among specimens of 119-210 mm SL. All barbel types are similar histologically. A core of pseudocartilage is surrounded by connective tissue, and the entire barbel is well supplied with blood vessels and nerves. Papillae and folds are dermal projections covered by epidermis. The variation exhibited by the barbel of P. scotti formerly served as the basis for distinguishing this species from the invalid species P. phyllopogon and P. dolichobranchiata. Such intraspecific variation is atypical for Pogonophryne but underscores the need to fully validate any taxonomic character. C1 Univ New England, Dept Life Sci, Portland, ME 04103 USA. Ohio Univ, Coll Osteopath Med, Dept Biomed Sci, Athens, OH 45701 USA. SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, US Antarctic Marine Living Resources Program, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. RP Eakin, RR (reprint author), Univ New England, Dept Life Sci, Portland, ME 04103 USA. RI Eastman, Joseph/A-9786-2008 NR 20 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4221 USA SN 0954-1020 J9 ANTARCT SCI JI Antarct. Sci. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 13 IS 4 BP 363 EP 370 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Physical Geography; Geology GA 502GD UT WOS:000172734600003 ER PT J AU Davies, A Levenson, MS AF Davies, A Levenson, MS TI Estimating the root mean square of a wave front and its uncertainty SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article AB The root mean square (rms) of the surface departure or wave-front deformation is an important value to extract from an optical test. The rms may be a tolerance that an optical fabricator is trying to meet, or it may be a parameter used by an optical designer to evaluate optical performance. Because the calculation of a rms involves a squaring operation, the rms of the measured data map is higher on average than the rms of the true surface or wave-front deformation, even if the noise is zero on average. The bias becomes significant as, the scale of the noise becomes comparable to the true surface or wave-front deformation, as can be the case in the testing of ultraprecision optics; We describe and demonstrate a simple data analysis method to arrive at an unbiased estimate of the rms and a means to determine the measurement uncertainty. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. US Consumer Prod Safety Commiss, Bethesda, MD 20814 USA. RP Davies, A (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM adavies@nist.gov; MLevenson@cpsc.gov NR 6 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 3 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD DEC 1 PY 2001 VL 40 IS 34 BP 6203 EP 6209 DI 10.1364/AO.40.006203 PG 7 WC Optics SC Optics GA 501YE UT WOS:000172713000009 PM 18364922 ER PT J AU Gibson, BK Giroux, ML Penton, SV Stocke, JT Shull, JM Tumlinson, J AF Gibson, BK Giroux, ML Penton, SV Stocke, JT Shull, JM Tumlinson, J TI High-velocity cloud Complex C: Galactic fuel or galactic waste? SO ASTRONOMICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE Galaxy : evolution; Galaxy : halo; ISM : abundances; ISM : clouds ID HUBBLE-SPACE-TELESCOPE; SMALL-SCALE STRUCTURE; LOW-METALLICITY GAS; MILKY-WAY; MAGELLANIC CLOUDS; METAL ABUNDANCES; HALO; EVOLUTION; ACCRETION; ELEMENTS AB We present HST Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph and Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph observations of five quasi stellar objects that probe the prominent high-velocity cloud (HVC) Complex C, covering similar to 10% of the northern sky. Based upon a single sight-line measurement (Mrk 290), a metallicity [S/H] = [1.05 +/- 0.12 has been associated with Complex C by Wakker et al. When coupled with its inferred distance (5 less than or similar to d less than or similar to 30 kpc) and line-of-sight velocity (v similar to -100 to -200 km s(-1)), Complex C appeared to represent the first direct evidence for infalling low-metallicity gas onto the Milky Way, which could provide the bulk of the fuel for star formation in the Galaxy. We have extended the abundance analysis of Complex C to encompass five sight lines. We detect S II absorption in three targets (Mrk 290, 817, and 279); the resulting [S II /H I] values range from -0.36 (Mrk 279) to -0.48 (Mrk 817) to -1.10 (Mrk 290). Our preliminary O I FUSE analysis of the Mrk 817 sight line also supports the conclusion that metallicities as high as 0.3 times solar are encountered within Complex C. These results complicate an interpretation of Complex C as infalling low-metallicity Galactic fuel. Ionization corrections for H II and S III cannot easily reconcile the higher apparent metallicities along the Mrk 817 and Mrk 279 sight lines with that seen toward Mrk 290, since H alpha emission measures preclude the existence of sufficient H II. If gas along the other lines of sight has a similar pressure and temperature to that sampled toward Mrk 290, the predicted H alpha emission measures would be similar to 900 mR. It may be necessary to reclassify Complex C as mildly enriched Galactic waste from the Milky Way or processed gas torn from a disrupted neighboring dwarf, as opposed to low-metallicity Galactic fuel. C1 Swinburne Univ Technol, Ctr Astrophys Supercom, Hawthorn, Vic 3122, Australia. Univ Colorado, Ctr Astrophys & Space Astron, Dept Astrophys & Planetary Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. E Tennessee State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Johnson City, TN 37614 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Gibson, BK (reprint author), Swinburne Univ Technol, Ctr Astrophys Supercom, Mail No 31,POB 218, Hawthorn, Vic 3122, Australia. RI Gibson, Brad/M-3592-2015 OI Gibson, Brad/0000-0003-4446-3130 NR 44 TC 51 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-6256 J9 ASTRON J JI Astron. J. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 122 IS 6 BP 3280 EP 3292 DI 10.1086/324227 PG 13 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 505TT UT WOS:000172932200032 ER PT J AU Grady, CA Polomski, EF Henning, T Stecklum, B Woodgate, BE Telesco, CM Pina, RK Gull, TR Boggess, A Bowers, CW Bruhweiler, FC Clampin, M Danks, AC Green, RF Heap, SR Hutchings, JB Jenkins, EB Joseph, C Kaiser, ME Kimble, RA Kraemer, S Lindler, D Linsky, JL Maran, SP Moos, HW Plait, P Roesler, F Timothy, JG Weistrop, D AF Grady, CA Polomski, EF Henning, T Stecklum, B Woodgate, BE Telesco, CM Pina, RK Gull, TR Boggess, A Bowers, CW Bruhweiler, FC Clampin, M Danks, AC Green, RF Heap, SR Hutchings, JB Jenkins, EB Joseph, C Kaiser, ME Kimble, RA Kraemer, S Lindler, D Linsky, JL Maran, SP Moos, HW Plait, P Roesler, F Timothy, JG Weistrop, D TI The disk and environment of the Herbig Be star HD 100546 SO ASTRONOMICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE circumstellar matter; planetary systems; stars : individual (HD 100546); stars : pre-main-sequence ID TELESCOPE IMAGING SPECTROGRAPH; MODEL SCATTERING ENVELOPES; YOUNG STELLAR OBJECTS; AE/BE STARS; AE STAR; HD-100546; DUST; EMISSION; SPECTRA; PERFORMANCE AB Coronagraphic imaging of the nearest Herbig Be star with the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) on board the Hubble Space Telescope, Ks (2.15 mum) imaging with ADONIS at the 3.6 m telescope at La Silla, and mid-infrared imaging with OSCIR using the 4 m Blanco Telescope at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory confirm the detection of the disk reported by Pantin et al. and map the disk out to 5" (similar to 515 AU) in the optical and at Ks. While the source is unresolved at 10 and 18 mum, it can be traced to 1."5 at 11.7 mum. We confirm the change in the radial dependence of the disk surface brightness near seen at 1.6 mum by Augereau et al. at Ks. No such break in the power law is seen in the optical. The STIS data reveal spiral dark lane structure, making HD 100546 the third near-zero-age main-sequence Herbig Ae/Be star with structure more than 100 AU from the star. We also optically detect a low surface brightness envelope extending 10" (1000 AU) from the star, in addition to nebulosity, which is probably associated with DC 292.6-7.9. The survival of the envelope through essentially the entire pre-main-sequence lifetime of the star, coupled with the absence of physical companions within 1500 AU of the star, suggests that envelope lifetimes owe more to the star-forming environment than to mass-loss activity from the Herbig Ae/Be star. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, NOAO, STIS, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Florida, Dept Astron, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Inst Astrophys, D-07745 Jena, Germany. Univ Observ, D-07745 Jena, Germany. Thuringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg, D-07778 Tautenburg, Germany. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Astron & Solar Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Catholic Univ Amer, Inst Astrophys & Computat Sci, Washington, DC 20064 USA. Space Telescope Sci Inst, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Raytheon Polar Serv Co, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Natl Opt Astron Observ, Tucson, AZ 85726 USA. Natl Res Council Canada, Dominion Astrophys Observ, Victoria, BC V8X 4M6, Canada. Princeton Univ Observ, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Piscataway, NJ 08855 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Sigma Res & Engn, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Sonoma State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Rohnert Pk, CA 94928 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Phys, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Nightsen Inc, Warwick, RI 02886 USA. Univ Nevada, Dept Phys, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA. RP Grady, CA (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, NOAO, STIS, Code 681, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Gull, Theodore/D-2753-2012; Woodgate, Bruce/D-2970-2012; Clampin, mark/D-2738-2012; Kimble, Randy/D-5317-2012; heap, sara/E-2237-2012; Jenkins, Edward/P-5684-2014 OI Gull, Theodore/0000-0002-6851-5380; Jenkins, Edward/0000-0003-1892-4423 NR 39 TC 135 Z9 135 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-6256 J9 ASTRON J JI Astron. J. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 122 IS 6 BP 3396 EP 3406 DI 10.1086/324447 PG 11 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 505TT UT WOS:000172932200041 ER PT J AU Lofgren, BM AF Lofgren, BM TI Comment on "application of the Canadian Regional Climate Model to the Laurentian Great Lakes region: Implementation of a lake model" SO ATMOSPHERE-OCEAN LA English DT Letter ID TRANSPOSED CLIMATES; EVAPORATION AB A recently published slab model formulation of lake thermodynamics (Goyette et al., 2000), including an empirical factor to adjust the incoming heat flux so that the modelled lake surface temperature agrees with observed climatology, leads to a distinct lack of energy conservation. The empirical adjustment conceptually represents an exchange of heat between the mixed-layer water (the slab that is explicitly simulated in the model) and deeper layers of water. It ensures a realistic temporal progression of temperature in the mixed layer, but the thermodynamic balance of the deeper water is not considered. When the deeper water is considered, it is found that the empirical adjustment accounts for the entire heat input to the deeper water, and on an annual mean basis, it is considerably unbalanced. This reveals a flaw in this model concept and, although not entirely invalidating the model, it needs to be included as a caveat in its use. C1 NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Lofgren, BM (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. OI Lofgren, Brent/0000-0003-2189-0914 NR 10 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU CANADIAN METEOROLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHIC SOC PI OTTAWA PA 150 LOUIS PASTEUR PVT., STE 112, MCDONALD BUILDING, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1N 6N5, CANADA SN 0705-5900 J9 ATMOS OCEAN JI Atmos.-Ocean PD DEC PY 2001 VL 39 IS 4 BP 503 EP 505 PG 3 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography GA 514MZ UT WOS:000173445700006 ER PT J AU Koubi, L Tarek, M Bandyopadhyay, S Klein, ML Scharf, D AF Koubi, L Tarek, M Bandyopadhyay, S Klein, ML Scharf, D TI Membrane structural perturbations caused by anesthetics and nonimmobilizers: A molecular dynamics investigation SO BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID MEYER-OVERTON HYPOTHESIS; GENERAL-ANESTHESIA; HALOTHANE; BILAYER; SIMULATIONS; MECHANISMS; BINDING; PHASE; SITE AB The structural perturbations of the fully hydrated dimyristoyl-phosphatidylcholine bilayer induced by the presence of hexafluoroethane C-2F6, a "non immobilizer," have been examined by molecular dynamics simulations and compared with the effects produced by halothane CF3CHBrCl, an "anesthetic," on a similar bilayer (DPPC) (Koubi et al., Biophys. J. 2000.78:800). We find that the overall structure of the lipid bilayer and the zwitterionic head-group dipole orientation undergo only a slight modification compared with the pure lipid bilayer, with virtually no change in the potential across the interface. This is in contrast to the anesthetic case in which the presence of the molecule led to a large perturbation of the electrostatic potential across to the membrane interface. Similarly, the analysis of the structural and dynamical properties of the lipid core are unchanged in the presence of the nonimmobilizer although there is a substantial increase in the microscopic viscosity for the system containing the anesthetic. These contrasting perturbations of the lipid membrane caused by those quite similarly sized molecules may explain the difference in their physiological effects as anesthetics and nonimmobilizers, respectively. C1 Univ Penn, Dept Chem, Ctr Mol Modeling, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Penn, Med Ctr, Dept Anesthesia, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP Klein, ML (reprint author), Univ Penn, Dept Chem, Ctr Mol Modeling, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. FU NIGMS NIH HHS [GM55876] NR 35 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 10 PU BIOPHYSICAL SOCIETY PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3998 USA SN 0006-3495 J9 BIOPHYS J JI Biophys. J. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 81 IS 6 BP 3339 EP 3345 PG 7 WC Biophysics SC Biophysics GA 496QQ UT WOS:000172407800028 PM 11720997 ER PT J AU Powell, MD Aberson, SD AF Powell, MD Aberson, SD TI Accuracy of United States tropical cyclone landfall forecasts in the Atlantic basin (1976-2000) SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SURFACE WIND FIELDS; HURRICANE TRACK; IMPACT AB About 13% of all Atlantic basin tropical cyclone forecasts issued from 1976 to 2000 are for landfalls along the United States coastline, and 2% more are for storms forecast to make landfall in the United States but that remain at sea. Landfall position and time forecasts are skillful at all forecast time periods and are more skillful than Atlantic basin track forecasts as a whole, but within 30 h of predicted landfall, timing errors demonstrate an early bias of 1.5-2.5 h. Landfall forecasts are most accurate for storms moving at oblique or normal angles to the coastline and slow-moving storms. During the last quarter century. after adjustment for forecast difficulty, no statistically significant improvement or degradation is noted for landfall position forecasts. Time of landfall forecasts indicate no degradation at any period and significant improvement for the 19-30-h period. The early bias and lack of improvement are consistent with a conservative or "least regret" forecast and warning strategy to account for possible storm accelerations. Landfall timing uncertainty is similar to 11 h at 24 and 36 h, which suggests that hurricane warnings could be disseminated about 12 h earlier (at 36 h. rather than 24 h, before predicted landfall) without substantial loss of lead time accuracy (although warning areas necessarily would be larger). Reconsideration of National Weather Service Strategic Plan and United States Weather Research Program track forecast goals is recommended in light of these results. C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, AOML, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Powell, MD (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, AOML, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RI Aberson, Sim/C-4891-2013; Powell, Mark/I-4963-2013 OI Aberson, Sim/0000-0002-3670-0100; Powell, Mark/0000-0002-4890-8945 NR 45 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 3 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 82 IS 12 BP 2749 EP 2767 DI 10.1175/1520-0477(2001)082<2749:AOUSTC>2.3.CO;2 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 496RT UT WOS:000172410600001 ER PT J AU Troutman, TW Vannozzi, LJ Fleming, JT AF Troutman, TW Vannozzi, LJ Fleming, JT TI The importance of educating the public regarding NOAA Weather Radio reception and placement within a structure SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article AB The recent expansion of The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Weather Radio (NWR) transmitter locations across the United States delivered the NWR signal to previously unserved areas. This paper will show that although increased NWR signal coverage is now being provided, manufactured and metal-built homes can still pose serious problems for the reception of NWR broadcasts. A series of signal reception tests were completed by the Florida Division of Emergency Management. Reception results are presented for a manufactured home and a home built with metal wall studs. This paper shows that an external antenna developed from the test results will effectively improve NWR reception in metal buildings and manufactured homes. The tests further showed that using a simple J-pole external antenna mounted on a window alleviated the attenuation problem. It is hoped that this study's results will alert the public, emergency managers, and other officials to the potential for poor NWR reception in mobile homes and metal buildings, as well as what corrective measures to take. The use of inexpensive. lightweight external antennas and the correct placement of NWRs should be stressed during NWS outreach activities. Obviously it is very important for the public to purchase a NWR, but they must be educated about proper unit placement and/or antenna availability. These education efforts should inform customers, reduce complaints regarding NWR reception, and lead to a safer public. C1 NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, So Reg Headquarters, Meteorol Serv Branch, Ft Worth, TX USA. Florida Div Emergency Management, Tallahassee, FL USA. RP Troutman, TW (reprint author), 819 Taylor St,Room 10A11, Ft Worth, TX 76102 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 82 IS 12 BP 2769 EP 2772 DI 10.1175/1520-0477(2001)082<2769:TIOETP>2.3.CO;2 PG 4 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 496RT UT WOS:000172410600002 ER PT J AU Emery, WJ Castro, S Wick, GA Schluessel, P Donlon, C AF Emery, WJ Castro, S Wick, GA Schluessel, P Donlon, C TI Estimating sea surface temperature from infrared satellite and in situ temperature data SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID THERMAL-BOUNDARY LAYER; SKIN TEMPERATURE; WIND-SPEED; COOL SKIN; DIFFERENCE; OCEAN AB Sea surface temperature (SST) is a critical quantity in the study of both the ocean and the atmosphere as it is directly related to and often dictates the exchanges of heat, momentum, and gases between the ocean and the atmosphere. As the most widely observed variable in oceanography, SST is used in many different studies of the ocean and its coupling with the atmosphere. The history of this measurement and how this history led to today's practice of computing SST by regressing satellite infrared measurements against in situ SST observations made by drifting/moored buoys and ships are examined. The fundamental differences between satellite and in situ SST are discussed and recommendations are made for how both data streams should be handled. A comprehensive in situ validation/calibration plan is proposed for the satellite SSTs and consequences of the suggested measurements are discussed with respect to the role of SST as an integral part of the fluxes between the ocean and the atmosphere. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Aerosp Engn Sci, Colorado Ctr Astrodynam Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, ETL, Boulder, CO USA. EUMETSAT, Darmstadt, Germany. CEC JRC ISPRA, Ispra, Italy. RP Emery, WJ (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Aerosp Engn Sci, Colorado Ctr Astrodynam Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Castro, Sandra/A-4979-2012; OI Emery, William/0000-0002-7598-9082 NR 36 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 82 IS 12 BP 2773 EP 2785 DI 10.1175/1520-0477(2001)082<2773:ESSTFI>2.3.CO;2 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 496RT UT WOS:000172410600003 ER PT J AU Hart, DR AF Hart, DR TI Individual-based yield-per-recruit analysis, with an application to the Atlantic sea scallop, Placopecten magellanicus SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID DYNAMICS; FISHERY AB There can be considerable variation in fishing mortality risk among individuals in a stock, especially for sedentary or sessile species. An individual-based per-recruit model is proposed that can systematically deal with variability in fishing mortality among recruits. These variations can alter the yield per recruit (YPR) and biomass per recruit (BPR) that would be predicted from conventional theory. Where the YPR curve is concave, standard theory will tend to overestimate YPR, whereas the opposite will be true where the YPR curve is convex. Additionally, variations in fishing mortality among individuals can create a mismatch between conventional metrics of mean fishing mortality and that required to properly apply standard per-recruit theory. The concept of "recruit-weighted" fishing mortality is introduced to deal with this problem. An application of the model to the Atlantic sea scallop, Placopecten magellanicus, is presented that demonstrates that standard per-recruit theory may often misrepresent true YPR and BPR. C1 NOAA Fisheries, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Hart, DR (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 166 Water St, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 23 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 4 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 58 IS 12 BP 2351 EP 2358 DI 10.1139/cjfas-58-12-2351 PG 8 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 503WV UT WOS:000172825400005 ER PT J AU Gagliardini, DA Clemente-Colon, P Bava, J Milovich, JA Frulla, LA AF Gagliardini, DA Clemente-Colon, P Bava, J Milovich, JA Frulla, LA TI Complementary use of SAR and thermal IR observations in the Brazil-Malvinas confluence region SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID SYNTHETIC-APERTURE RADAR; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; SOUTH-ATLANTIC-OCEAN; CURRENTS; FEATURES; VARIABILITY; SEPARATION; IMAGERY; FRONTS; COAST AB The Western South Atlantic Ocean is characterized by the confluence of the Brazil Current and the Malvinas (Falkland) Current. along the western margin of the Argentine Basin. The so-called Brazil-Malvinas Confluence occurs near the entrance of the La Plata River estuary; roughly between 35 degrees S and 40 degrees S. A significant number of papers related to different oceanographic and biological aspects of the confluence has been published with many based on thermal infrared (IR) and/or visible satellite imagery. The NOAA-AVHRR sensor, which has been most commonly used, observes this area four or five times per day in the visible and IR bands. However: this frequency, is often insufficient, given the high probability of cloud cover in the region. In contrast, an active sensor such as the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) can be used day and night and under cloudy conditions to observe a variety of sea surface signatures. A GlobeSAR-2 project was carried out during 1997-1998 to monitor the confluence using ScanSAR Wide Beam Mode RADARSAT-1 images. The project aimed at determining the possibility of using these data to provide complementary information to AVHRR and defining their capability, to detect ocean dynamic patterns in the region. RADARSAT-1 images were acquired during 1997 and 1998. Two 1998 images corresponding to July 19 and September 5 are presented here. Complex patterns associated with the ocean surface circulation, biological productivity; and atmospheric conditions were analyzed The results show that tinder adequate wind speed conditions SAR can be used in a complementary way with NOAA-AVHRR, and provide details about different aspects of the dynamics of the region, such as fronts,,filaments and eddies. The observations suggest that SAR imagery may, also be able to provide a useful link between physical oceanography, information derived from thermal sensors and biological information from visible sensors like SeaWiFS and MODIS. C1 Inst Astron & Fis Espacio, RA-1428 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. NOAA, US Dept Commerce, NESDIS, Ctr Sci, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Comis Nacl Actividades Espaciales, CONAE, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. RP Gagliardini, DA (reprint author), Inst Astron & Fis Espacio, Pabellon IAFE,Ciudad Univ, RA-1428 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. RI Clemente-Colon, Pablo/F-5581-2010 NR 26 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU CANADIAN AERONAUTICS SPACE INST PI OTTAWA PA 1685 RUSSELL RD, UNIT 1-R, OTTAWA, ON K1G 0N1, CANADA SN 0703-8992 J9 CAN J REMOTE SENS JI Can. J. Remote Sens. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 27 IS 6 BP 643 EP 650 PG 8 WC Remote Sensing SC Remote Sensing GA 505EF UT WOS:000172898100009 ER PT J AU Harkonen, T Harding, KC AF Harkonen, T Harding, KC TI Spatial structure of harbour seal populations and the implications thereof SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE LA English DT Article ID PHOCINE DISTEMPER VIRUS; DUTCH WADDEN SEA; KATTEGAT-SKAGERRAK; BREEDING-SEASON; FEEDING-HABITS; MORAY FIRTH; VITULINA L; NORTH-SEA; PATTERNS; MOVEMENTS AB A long-term study of freeze-branded harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) revealed explicit site fidelity. Individuals were followed up to 14 years of age and none of the 163 branded animals were observed to haul out beyond a 32-km distance from the site where they were branded as pups. Within this range, striking spatial segregation by age and sex prevailed. While females' site fidelity increased with age, males spent less time at their natal site with increasing age. These findings have consequences for understanding the population dynamics of harbour seals, since single "colonies" will act as partly isolated "subpopulations" in some contexts but not in others. The differing migration tendencies of the population segments lead to spatially segregated sex and age ratios of subpopulations and create a complex pattern of connectivity among these subpopulations. Ignoring the spatial scale will lead to severe misinterpretations of analyses of basic population-dynamic processes, especially rates of population increase, rates of gene flow, and the dynamics of the spread of diseases. We suggest that when studies have different aims, these should be addressed by encompassing different numbers of subpopulations. C1 Swedish Museum Nat Hist, S-10405 Stockholm, Sweden. RP Harkonen, T (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. EM tero.karin.h@swipnet.se RI Harding, Karin/F-9957-2013 NR 46 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 12 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 1200 MONTREAL ROAD, BUILDING M-55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0008-4301 J9 CAN J ZOOL JI Can. J. Zool.-Rev. Can. Zool. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 79 IS 12 BP 2115 EP 2127 DI 10.1139/cjz-79-12-2115 PG 13 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 519AX UT WOS:000173702200001 ER PT J AU Snyder, KA Marchand, J AF Snyder, KA Marchand, J TI Effect of speciation on the apparent diffusion coefficient in nonreactive porous systems SO CEMENT AND CONCRETE RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Materials-Research-Society Symposium on Materials Science of High-Performance Concrete CY NOV 28-30, 2000 CL BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS SP Mat Res Soc DE pore solution; diffusion; electrochemical properties; transport properties; modeling ID CHLORIDE-IONS; CONCENTRATION-DEPENDENCE; UNIFIED MODEL; MEDIA; CONDUCTIVITY; CONCRETE; ELECTROLYTE; EQUATIONS; MIGRATION; MEMBRANE AB A combined theoretical and experimental study of the effect that concentration and ionic speciation have on the apparent diffusion coefficient is performed using a nonreactive porous material in a divided cell diffusion apparatus. Varying the ionic species concentration over two orders of magnitude changes the apparent diffusion coefficient by no more than 20% for the systems studied. By contrast, at Fixed ionic concentration, varying the ionic species changes the initial apparent diffusion coefficient by a factor of two. Over longer periods of time, the apparent diffusion coefficient varies in time, increasing by a factor of ten or more. For one system, the macroscopic diffusion potential across the specimen induces a transient negative apparent diffusion coefficient; iodide ions are transported from regions of low iodide concentration to regions of high iodide concentration. The theoretical analysis shows that, in nonreactive porous systems, the behavior of all the concentrations and species studied can be completely characterized by an electro-diffusion system of equations that contain two time-independent constants: the porosity and the formation factor. The relationship between these results and the prediction of concrete performance in the field is discussed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg Mat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Laval, CRIB, Dept Genie Civil, St Foy, PQ G1K 7P4, Canada. RP Snyder, KA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg Mat Div, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8621, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Chen, Wei/A-5694-2010 NR 42 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0008-8846 J9 CEMENT CONCRETE RES JI Cem. Concr. Res. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 31 IS 12 BP 1837 EP 1845 DI 10.1016/S0008-8846(01)00679-2 PG 9 WC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science GA 507PD UT WOS:000173036100009 ER PT J AU Zhu, J Uhl, FM Morgan, AB Wilkie, CA AF Zhu, J Uhl, FM Morgan, AB Wilkie, CA TI Studies on the mechanism by which the formation of nanocomposites enhances thermal stability SO CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID POLYSTYRENE AB Polystyrene-clay and polystyrene-graphite nanocomposites have been prepared and used to explore the process by which the presence of clay or graphite in a nanocomposite enhances the thermal stability of polymers. This study has been designed to determine if the presence of paramagnetic iron in the matrix can result in radical trapping and thus enhance thermal stability. Nanocomposites were prepared by bulk polymerization using both iron-containing and iron-depleted clays and graphites, and they were characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and cone calorimetry. The presence of structural iron, rather than that present as an impurity, significantly increases the onset temperature of thermal degradation in polymer-clay nanocomposites. Intercalated nanocomposites show an iron effect, but this is less important for exfoliated systems. Polymer-graphite nanocomposites show no difference between iron-free and iron-containing nanocomposites, presumably because the iron is not nanodispersed in the graphite. C1 Marquette Univ, Dept Chem, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Fire Sci Div, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wilkie, CA (reprint author), Marquette Univ, Dept Chem, POB 1881, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA. RI Morgan, Alexander/A-9672-2009 NR 13 TC 369 Z9 378 U1 3 U2 57 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0897-4756 J9 CHEM MATER JI Chem. Mat. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 13 IS 12 BP 4649 EP 4654 DI 10.1021/cm010451y PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 505AT UT WOS:000172889300039 ER PT J AU Gregory, JM Church, JA Boer, GJ Dixon, KW Flato, GM Jackett, DR Lowe, JA O'Farrell, SP Roeckner, E Russell, GL Stouffer, RJ Winton, M AF Gregory, JM Church, JA Boer, GJ Dixon, KW Flato, GM Jackett, DR Lowe, JA O'Farrell, SP Roeckner, E Russell, GL Stouffer, RJ Winton, M TI Comparison of results from several AOGCMs for global and regional sea-level change 1900-2100 SO CLIMATE DYNAMICS LA English DT Article ID OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE MODEL; TRANSIENT CLIMATE-CHANGE; EDDY-INDUCED ADVECTION; COLD START PROBLEM; CARBON-DIOXIDE; COUPLED MODEL; GREENHOUSE-GAS; THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION; CHANGE SIMULATIONS; THERMAL-EXPANSION AB Sea-level rise is an important aspect of climate change because of its impact on society and ecosystems. Here we present an intercomparison of results from ten coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs) for sea-level changes simulated for the twentieth century and projected to occur during the twenty first century in experiments following scenario IS92a for greenhouse gases and sulphate aerosols. The model results suggest that the rate of sea-level rise due to thermal expansion of sea water has increased during the twentieth century, but the small set of tide gauges with long records might not be adequate to detect this acceleration. The rate of sea-level rise due to thermal expansion continues to increase throughout the twenty first century, and the projected total is consequently larger than in the twentieth century; for 1990-2090 it amounts to 0.20-0.37 in. This wide range results from systematic uncertainty in modelling of climate change and of heat uptake by the ocean. The AOGCMs agree that sea-level rise is expected to be geographically non-uniform, with some regions experiencing as much as twice the global average, and others practically zero, but they do not agree about the geographical pattern. The lack of agreement indicates that we cannot currently have confidence in projections of local sea-level changes, and reveals a need for detailed analysis and intercomparison in order to understand and reduce the disagreements. C1 Meterol Off, Hadley Ctr, Bracknell RG12 2SY, Berks, England. Antarctic CRC, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia. CSIRO, Marine Res, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia. Univ Victoria, Canadian Ctr Climate Modeling & Anal, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada. Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. CSIRO, Atmospher Res, Aspendale, Vic 3195, Australia. Max Planck Inst Meteorol, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany. NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. RP Meterol Off, Hadley Ctr, London Rd, Bracknell RG12 2SY, Berks, England. EM jmgregory@meto.gov.uk RI Church, John/A-1541-2012; Flato, Gregory/K-6711-2015; Dixon, Keith/L-7120-2015; Gregory, Jonathan/J-2939-2016 OI Church, John/0000-0002-7037-8194; Dixon, Keith/0000-0003-3044-326X; Gregory, Jonathan/0000-0003-1296-8644 NR 60 TC 87 Z9 91 U1 1 U2 14 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0930-7575 EI 1432-0894 J9 CLIM DYNAM JI Clim. Dyn. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 18 IS 3-4 BP 225 EP 240 DI 10.1007/s003820100180 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 508QE UT WOS:000173099400005 ER PT J AU Latif, M Sperber, K Arblaster, J Braconnot, P Chen, D Colman, A Cubasch, U Cooper, C Delecluse, P DeWitt, D Fairhead, L Flato, G Hogan, T Ji, M Kimoto, M Kitoh, A Knutson, T Le Treut, H Li, T Manabe, S Marti, O Mechoso, C Meehl, G Power, S Roeckner, E Sirven, J Terray, L Vintzileos, A Voss, R Wang, B Washington, W Yoshikawa, I Yu, J Zebiak, S AF Latif, M Sperber, K Arblaster, J Braconnot, P Chen, D Colman, A Cubasch, U Cooper, C Delecluse, P DeWitt, D Fairhead, L Flato, G Hogan, T Ji, M Kimoto, M Kitoh, A Knutson, T Le Treut, H Li, T Manabe, S Marti, O Mechoso, C Meehl, G Power, S Roeckner, E Sirven, J Terray, L Vintzileos, A Voss, R Wang, B Washington, W Yoshikawa, I Yu, J Zebiak, S TI ENSIP: the El Nino simulation intercomparison project SO CLIMATE DYNAMICS LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE MODEL; COUPLED GCM ECHO-2; TROPICAL PACIFIC; SEASONAL CYCLE; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; PART II; INTERDECADAL VARIABILITY; EQUATORIAL OCEAN AB An ensemble of twenty four coupled ocean-atmosphere models has been compared with respect to their performance in the tropical Pacific. The coupled models span a large portion of the parameter space and differ in many respects. The intercomparison includes TOGA (Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere)-type models consisting of high-resolution tropical ocean models and coarse-resolution global atmosphere models, coarse-resolution global coupled models, and a few global coupled models with high resolution in the equatorial region in their ocean components. The performance of the annual mean state, the seasonal cycle and the interannual variability are investigated. The primary quantity analysed is sea surface temperature (SST). Additionally, the evolution of interannual heat content variations in the tropical Pacific and the relationship between the interannual SST variations in the equatorial Pacific to fluctuations in the strength of the Indian summer monsoon are investigated. The results can be summarised as follows: almost all models (even those employing flux corrections) still have problems in simulating the SST climatology, although some improvements are found relative to earlier intercomparison studies. Only a few of the coupled models simulate the El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in terms of gross equatorial SST anomalies realistically. In particular, many models overestimate the variability in the western equatorial Pacific and underestimate the SST variability in the east. The evolution of interannual heat content variations is similar to that observed in almost all models. Finally, the majority of the models show a strong connection between ENSO and the strength of the Indian summer monsoon. C1 Max Planck Inst Meteorol, Hamburg, Germany. LLNL, Program Climate Model Diag & Intercomparison, Livermore, CA USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO USA. Lab Modelisat Climat Environm, Saclay, France. Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY USA. UK Meteorol Off, Bracknell, Berks, England. Deutsch Kilmarechenzentrum, Hamburg, Germany. IPSL, LODYC, Paris, France. Ctr Ocean Land Atmospher Studies, Calverton, MD USA. Meteorol Dynam Lab, Paris, France. Canadian Ctr Climate Modelling & Anal, Victoria, BC, Canada. USN, Res Lab, Monterey, CA USA. Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Camp Springs, MD USA. Ctr Climate Syst Res, Tokyo, Japan. Meteorol Res Inst, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan. Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. Earth Frontier Res Syst, Tokyo, Japan. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA. Bur Meteorol Res Ctr, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. CERFACS, Toulouse, France. Univ Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Japan Meteorol Agcy, Tokyo, Japan. Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY USA. RP Latif, M (reprint author), Max Planck Inst Meteorol, Bundesstr 55, Hamburg, Germany. RI Marti, Olivier/B-2378-2009; Yu, Jin-Yi/G-3413-2011; kimoto, masahide/P-9077-2014; Sperber, Kenneth/H-2333-2012; Flato, Gregory/K-6711-2015; Arblaster, Julie/C-1342-2010; Latif, Mojib/C-2428-2016; Chen, Dake/E-7082-2011; Terray, Laurent/B-8056-2008 OI Yu, Jin-Yi/0000-0001-6156-7623; Arblaster, Julie/0000-0002-4287-2363; Latif, Mojib/0000-0003-1079-5604; Terray, Laurent/0000-0001-5512-7074 NR 69 TC 188 Z9 205 U1 2 U2 22 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0930-7575 J9 CLIM DYNAM JI Clim. Dyn. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 18 IS 3-4 BP 255 EP 276 DI 10.1007/s003820100174 PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 508QE UT WOS:000173099400007 ER PT J AU Tolley, KA Vikingsson, GA Rosel, PE AF Tolley, Krystal A. Vikingsson, Gisli A. Rosel, Patricia E. TI Mitochondrial DNA sequence variation and phylogeographic patterns in harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) from the North Atlantic SO CONSERVATION GENETICS LA English DT Article DE marine mammal conservation; mtDNA; phylogeography; population structure AB The harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) experiences high rates of incidental mortality in commercial fisheries, and in some areas these rates are sufficiently high to justify concern over population sustainability. Given the high incidental mortality, the resolution of population structure will be important to conservation and management, but in the North Atlantic the relationships among many of the putative populations remain unclear. A previous genetic study demonstrated substantial genetic differences between eastern and western North Atlantic populations, however the location of this break remained unresolved. In the present study, we addressed this issue by including new samples from Iceland. To investigate population structure, variation in the mitochondrial DNA of 370 porpoises was compared among six locations corresponding to several of the putative populations (Gulf of Maine, Gulf of St. Lawrence, Newfoundland, West Greenland, Iceland, Norway). The first 342 base pairs of the control region were sequenced and genetic variation investigated by analysis of molecular variance (F-ST and Phi(ST)) and chi(2) with permutation. Although some fine scale population structure was detected, porpoises from Iceland were found to be more similar to the western populations (W. Greenland, Gulf of St. Lawrence, Newfoundland, Gulf of Maine) than to Norway. Furthermore, porpoises from Norway were different from all other regions. These patterns suggest the existence of a discontinuity between Iceland and Norway, possibly the result of isolating events caused by repeated range contractions and expansions throughout Quaternary glaciation events within the North Atlantic. These results suggest that harbour porpoise populations within the North Atlantic are distinguishable, but patterns must be interpreted in light of their historical biogeography. C1 [Rosel, Patricia E.] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Charleston, SC USA. [Vikingsson, Gisli A.] Marine Res Inst, IS-121 Reykjavik, Iceland. [Tolley, Krystal A.] Inst Marine Res, Marine Mammal Div, N-5817 Bergen, Norway. RP Rosel, PE (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Charleston, SC USA. EM Patricia.Rosel@noaa.gov RI Tolley, Krystal/D-9738-2011 FU Norwegian Research Council FX We are grateful to all those who provided samples for this study: A. Bjorge, A. Everly, P. Fontaine, D. Gaskin, M. P. Heide-Jorgensen, J. Jensen, M. Kingsley, J. Nicolas, A. Read, S. Richardson, G. Stenson, J. Wang, and B. White. We would also like to thank Rauri Bowie for several rounds of critical comments on the manuscript, plus two anonymous reviewers and the editor for their insightful comments and suggestions. We are grateful to Michael Pennington, Hans Skaug, and Nils Oien for additional assistance. Finally, our thanks are extended to the Institute of Marine Research Laboratories for Genetics for lab assistance (Geir Dahle, Anne Grete Eriksen, Ingunn Haverstad, and Leila Unneland), and the Institute of Marine Research, Marine Mammal Division, and the Norwegian Research Council for funding. NR 50 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 10 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1566-0621 J9 CONSERV GENET JI Conserv. Genet. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 2 IS 4 BP 349 EP 361 DI 10.1023/A:1012561811074 PG 13 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Genetics & Heredity SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Genetics & Heredity GA V22NQ UT WOS:000208282300005 ER PT J AU Steeves, TE Darling, JD Rosel, PE Schaeff, CM Fleischer, RC AF Steeves, T. E. Darling, J. D. Rosel, P. E. Schaeff, C. M. Fleischer, R. C. TI Preliminary analysis of mitochondrial DNA variation in a southern feeding group of eastern North Pacific gray whales SO CONSERVATION GENETICS LA English DT Article DE Eschrichtius robustus; mtDNA control region; sex ratio; site-fidelity AB Although the majority of eastern North Pacific (ENP) gray whales migrate to feeding grounds in the Bering and Chukchi Seas, some terminate the migration in more southerly areas such as British Columbia (BC). Long-term sighting studies in Clayoquot Sound (CS), BC, indicate that approximately 35-50 individuals exhibit long-term fidelity to this site. To determine the sex composition (based on genetic sexing) of CS gray whales and to assess whether matrilineal site-fidelity occurs in CS, we collected skin biopsy samples from 16 CS individuals ('residents') and 41 samples from other areas (representative of the overall population in the ENP: 'non-residents'). A total of 27 polymorphic sites defined 24 haploytpes among the 57 samples sequenced for HV1 of the mtDNA control region. The nucleotide and haplotype diversities of these samples were 0.017 (SE = 0.0012) and 0.94 (SE = 0.0019), respectively. Neighbor-joining analysis revealed five lineages each of which contained haplotypes that were observed in both residents and non-residents. Residents did not differ significantly from non-residents, and no significant sex-ratio bias was found. These data suggest a level of diversity that is inconsistent with a severe historical bottleneck, and given the available sample size, do not indicate matrilineally directed fidelity to Clayoquot Sound. C1 [Steeves, T. E.; Schaeff, C. M.] American Univ, Dept Biol, Washington, DC 20016 USA. [Steeves, T. E.; Fleischer, R. C.] Smithsonian Inst, Natl Zool Pk, Mol Genet Lab, Washington, DC 20008 USA. [Darling, J. D.] W Coast Whale Res Fdn, Vancouver, BC V6C 3L2, Canada. [Rosel, P. E.] Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RP Steeves, TE (reprint author), American Univ, Dept Biol, 4400 Massachusetts Ave NW, Washington, DC 20016 USA. EM steevest@biology.queensu.ca OI Schaeff, Catherine/0000-0003-3728-9402 FU CBP; West Coast Whale Research Foundation; Friends of the National Zoo; American University; Lerner-Gray Fund for Marine Research; NMFS Northwest Fisheries Science Center FX We gratefully acknowledge the many individuals and organizations who contributed substantially to different aspects of the study. We thank Lance Barrett-Lennard for his technical advice regarding biopsy sampling; Josie Cleland and everyone at the Clayoquot Biosphere Project (CBP) for logistical support in the office and in the field; Kelly Robertson at the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) Southwest Fisheries Science Center (SWFSC) for her expertise regarding permits; NMFS SWFSC, the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County and Sea World Parks for providing archived samples; Per Palsboll and Barb Taylor for useful discussion regarding data analysis; John Calambokidis for providing data regarding the southern feeding group. Special thanks to Bob Brownell, Phil Clapham and Per Palsboll for comments on the manuscript. This project was made possible through support from CBP, the West Coast Whale Research Foundation, the Friends of the National Zoo, the American University (Faculty Research Grant and Helmlinge Fund), the Lerner-Gray Fund for Marine Research and NMFS Northwest Fisheries Science Center. Samples in Canada were collected under a research permit issued to JDD by the Department of Fisheries and Oceans; they were imported by NMFS SWFSC and are currently archived there. NR 34 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1566-0621 J9 CONSERV GENET JI Conserv. Genet. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 2 IS 4 BP 379 EP 384 DI 10.1023/A:1012590315579 PG 6 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Genetics & Heredity SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Genetics & Heredity GA V22NQ UT WOS:000208282300007 ER PT J AU Larson, MG Booth, DB Morley, SA AF Larson, MG Booth, DB Morley, SA TI Effectiveness of large woody debris in stream rehabilitation projects in urban basins SO ECOLOGICAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE stream restoration; urban streams; stream monitoring; large woody debris; watershed restoration; biological monitoring; invertebrate monitoring ID CHANNEL STABILITY; URBANIZATION; RIVERS; RESTORATION; WASHINGTON; MANAGEMENT; INCISION; HABITAT AB Urban stream rehabilitation projects commonly include log placement to establish the types of habitat features associated with large woody debris (LWD) in undisturbed streams. Six urban in-stream rehabilitation projects were examined in the Puget Sound Lowland of western Washington. Each project used in-stream log placement as the primary strategy for achieving project goals; none included systematic watershed-scale rehabilitation measures. The effectiveness of LWD in these projects was evaluated by characterizing physical stream conditions using common metrics, including LWD frequency and pool spacing, and by sampling benthic macroinvertebrates. In all project reaches where pre-project data existed, pool spacing narrowed after LWD installation. All project sites exhibited fewer pools for a given LWD loading, however, than has been reported for forested streams. In project reaches where the objective was to control downstream sedimentation, only limited success was observed. At none of the sites was there any detectable improvement in biological conditions due to the addition of LWD. Our results indicate that, although LWD projects can modestly improve physical habitat in, a stream reach over a time scale of 2-10 years, they apparently do not achieve commensurate improvement in biological conditions. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 City New York Dept Parks & Recreat, New York, NY 10029 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Ctr Urban Water Resources Management, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Larson, MG (reprint author), City New York Dept Parks & Recreat, 1234 5th Ave,Room 234, New York, NY 10029 USA. RI Booth, Derek/B-6379-2014 OI Booth, Derek/0000-0002-5242-4089 NR 51 TC 86 Z9 88 U1 2 U2 40 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-8574 J9 ECOL ENG JI Ecol. Eng. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 18 IS 2 BP 211 EP 226 DI 10.1016/S0925-8574(01)00079-9 PG 16 WC Ecology; Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Engineering GA 497KX UT WOS:000172455500007 ER PT J AU Dreyfus-Leon, M Kleiber, P AF Dreyfus-Leon, M Kleiber, P TI A spatial individual behaviour-based model approach of the yellowfin tuna fishery in the eastern Pacific Ocean SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd international Conference on Applications of Machine Learning to Ecological Modelling CY NOV 27-DEC 02, 2000 CL ADELAIDE, AUSTRALIA SP ISEI DE artificial neural networks; individual based model; yellowfin tuna; fishery ID ENVIRONMENT; DYNAMICS; SEARCH; STOCK AB A spatial individual-based model of the yellowfin tuna fishery in the eastern Pacific Ocean is presented. Schools of fish and individual fishing vessels are represented with artificial neural networks. These representations are intended to model behaviour decisions of movement in space. Schools of fish search continually for comfort and tuna vessels search for the tuna schools during a fishing trip. Two scenarios are considered: one with no fishing regulation and another with area closure during the last quarter of the year. This model is focused on spatial dynamics of fishing effort. Effort redistribution when regulations are implemented is not well understood and this modelling approach can help fishery managers to envisage some regulation effects in the fishery. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 PNAAPD, Inst Nacl Pesca, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. UABC, Fac Ciencias Marinas, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Hawaii, HI USA. RP Dreyfus-Leon, M (reprint author), PMB-070,POB 189003, Coronado, CA 92178 USA. NR 26 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD DEC 1 PY 2001 VL 146 IS 1-3 SI SI BP 47 EP 56 DI 10.1016/S0304-3800(01)00295-2 PG 10 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 506AN UT WOS:000172947900005 ER PT J AU De Guise, S Shaw, SD Barclay, JS Brock, J Brouwer, A Dewailly, E Fair, PA Fournier, M Grandjean, P Guillette, LJ Hahn, ME Koopman-Esseboom, C Letcher, RJ Matz, A Norstrom, RJ Perkins, CR Schwacke, L Skaare, JU Sowles, J St Aubin, DJ Stegeman, J Whaley, JE AF De Guise, S Shaw, SD Barclay, JS Brock, J Brouwer, A Dewailly, E Fair, PA Fournier, M Grandjean, P Guillette, LJ Hahn, ME Koopman-Esseboom, C Letcher, RJ Matz, A Norstrom, RJ Perkins, CR Schwacke, L Skaare, JU Sowles, J St Aubin, DJ Stegeman, J Whaley, JE TI Consensus statement: Atlantic Coast Contaminants Workshop 2000 SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article C1 Univ Connecticut, Dept Pathobiol, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. Marine Environm Res Inst, Blue Hill, ME USA. Univ Connecticut, Wildlife Conservat Res Ctr, Storrs, CT USA. Natl Ctr Environm Hlth, Atlanta, GA USA. Free Univ Amsterdam, Inst Environm Studies, NL-1007 MC Amsterdam, Netherlands. Univ Laval, Quebec City, PQ, Canada. Natl Ocean Serv, CCEHBR, Charleston Lab, Charleston, SC USA. Univ So Denmark, Odense, Denmark. Boston Univ, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Univ Florida, Gainesville, FL USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Childrens Hosp, Utrecht, Netherlands. Univ Utrecht, Toxicol Res Inst, NL-3508 TD Utrecht, Netherlands. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, N Alaska Ecol Serv, Fairbanks, AK USA. Environm Canada, Canadian Wildlife Serv, Hull, PQ, Canada. Univ Connecticut, Environm Res Inst, Storrs, CT USA. Med Univ S Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425 USA. Natl Vet Inst, Dept Toxicol & Chem, Oslo, Norway. State Maine Dept Environm Protect, Marine Environm Monitoring Program, Augusta, ME USA. Myst Aquarium, Mystic, CT USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Silver Spring, MD USA. RP De Guise, S (reprint author), Univ Connecticut, Dept Pathobiol, 61 N Eagleville Rd,U-89, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. OI Hahn, Mark/0000-0003-4358-2082 NR 0 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 109 IS 12 BP 1301 EP 1302 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 526NL UT WOS:000174136500040 PM 11748039 ER PT J AU Ruhl, CA Schoellhamer, DH Stumpf, RP Lindsay, CL AF Ruhl, CA Schoellhamer, DH Stumpf, RP Lindsay, CL TI Combined use of remote sensing and continuous monitoring to analyse the variability of suspended-sediment concentrations in San Francisco Bay, California SO ESTUARINE COASTAL AND SHELF SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE suspended-sediment; estuary; satellite imagery; continuous monitoring; remote sensing; San Francisco Bay ID DISTRIBUTIONS; RESUSPENSION; WATER AB Analysis of suspended-sediment concentration data in San Francisco Bay is complicated by spatial and temporal variability. In situ optical backscatterance sensors provide continuous suspended-sediment concentration data, but inaccessibility, vandalism, and cost limit the number of potential monitoring stations. Satellite imagery reveals the spatial distribution of surficial-suspended sediment concentrations in the Bay; however, temporal resolution is poor. Analysis of the in situ sensor data in conjunction with the satellite reflectance data shows the effects of physical processes on both the spatial and temporal distribution of suspended sediment in San Francisco Bay. Plumes can be created by large freshwater flows. Zones of high suspended-sediment concentrations in shallow subembayments are associated with wind-wave resuspension and the spring-neap cycle. Filaments of clear and turbid water are caused by different transport processes in deep channels, as opposed to adjacent shallow water. Crown Copyright 2001. C1 US Geol Survey, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. NOAA, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. State Water Resources Control Board, State Div Water Rights, Sacramento, CA 95812 USA. RP Ruhl, CA (reprint author), US Geol Survey, 6000 J St,Placer Hall, Sacramento, CA 95819 USA. NR 35 TC 63 Z9 68 U1 0 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0272-7714 J9 ESTUAR COAST SHELF S JI Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 53 IS 6 BP 801 EP 812 DI 10.1006/ecss.2000.0730 PG 12 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 515RN UT WOS:000173510100004 ER PT J AU Akbasak, BS Budowle, B Reeder, DJ Redman, J Kline, MC AF Akbasak, BS Budowle, B Reeder, DJ Redman, J Kline, MC TI Turkish population data with the CODIS multiplex short tandem repeat loci SO FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE tandem repeat; forensic science; DNA typing; CODIS; genetic markers; population genetics; polymerase chain reaction ID GENETIC-VARIATION; STR LOCI; LDLR; GYPA; HBGG; D7S8; GC AB Allele frequencies for 13 tetrameric short tandem repeat (STR) loci, CSF1PO, D18S51, D3S1358, D21S11, D5S818, FGA, D7S820, HUMTH01, D8S1179, TPOX, D13S317, VWA, and D16S539 were determined on 198 Turkish blood samples. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Inonu Univ, Fac Med, Med Biol & Genet Dept, Malatya, Turkey. FBI, Lab Div, Washington, DC 20535 USA. Appl Biosyst Inc, Foster City, CA 94404 USA. RP Kline, MC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 9 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI IRELAND LTD PI CLARE PA CUSTOMER RELATIONS MANAGER, BAY 15, SHANNON INDUSTRIAL ESTATE CO, CLARE, IRELAND SN 0379-0738 J9 FORENSIC SCI INT JI Forensic Sci.Int. PD DEC 1 PY 2001 VL 123 IS 2-3 BP 227 EP 229 DI 10.1016/S0379-0738(01)00532-1 PG 3 WC Medicine, Legal SC Legal Medicine GA 504ZW UT WOS:000172887100021 PM 11728752 ER PT J AU Nepstad, D Carvalho, G Barros, AC Alencar, A Capobianco, JP Bishop, J Moutinho, P Lefebvre, P Silva, UL Prins, E AF Nepstad, D Carvalho, G Barros, AC Alencar, A Capobianco, JP Bishop, J Moutinho, P Lefebvre, P Silva, UL Prins, E TI Road paving, fire regime feedbacks, and the future of Amazon forests SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE Amazon; tropical forest; fire; positive feedback; deforestation; logging; roads; development policy ID BRAZILIAN AMAZON; CLIMATE-CHANGE; TIMBER INDUSTRY; DEFORESTATION; CARBON; PASTURES; STATE; NINO AB Fire poses the greatest threat to the forests of Amazonia. The magnitude of this thr-eat is amplified by three positive feedback loops that drive the expansion of forest fire in the region: (1) Fire promotes drought, and therefore more fire, by releasing smoke into the atmosphere, thus reducing rainfall. Fire-assisted conversion of forests to pastures may also promote drought by increasing albedo and decreasing water vapor flux to the atmosphere, further inhibiting rainfall. (2) Fire increases the susceptibility of forests to recurrent burning by killing trees, thereby allowing sunlight to penetrate the forest interior, and increasing the fuel load on the forest floor. (3) Finally, fires also self-perpetuate by burning agricultural and forestry systems, discouraging landholders from making those fire-sensitive investments in their land that would allow them to move beyond their dependence upon fire as a management tool. The long-term reduction of Amazon fire, and its substantial costs to society, is most likely to emerge through investments and policy change that stimulate permanent agricultural and forestry production systems within existing frontiers while slowing the rate of frontier expansion. But the Brazilian government's plan to pave, recuperate or construct 6245 km of roads in the Amazon may have the opposite effect. We present research findings that the government plan would nearly double the area of forestland that is accessible by paved highways, including 192,000 km(2), of fire-prone forest. Our analysis finds that these roads will stimulate 120,000-270,000 km(2) of additional deforestation, and forest impoverishment through logging and understory fire, if the historical relationship between road paving and forest alteration by humans continues. Infrastructural investments are urgently needed in Amazonia to help integrate isolated urban centers into the market economy, to improve the quality of life for millions of rural Amazonians, and to improve the profitability of agribusiness in Brazil's agricultural belt. But as currently planned, these investments will have the ancillary effects of accelerating deforestation, logging, forest fire, smoke-related illness, and the displacement of small-scale farmers. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Woods Hole Res Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Inst Pesquisa Ambiental Amazonia, Belem, Para, Brazil. Inst Socio Ambiental, BR-0123800 Sao Paulo, Brazil. Int Inst Environm & Dev, London WC1H 0DD, England. NOAA, ORA, NESDIS, Adv Satellite Prod Team, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Nepstad, D (reprint author), Woods Hole Res Ctr, POB 296, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 49 TC 255 Z9 279 U1 14 U2 73 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD DEC 1 PY 2001 VL 154 IS 3 BP 395 EP 407 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00511-4 PG 13 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 494MZ UT WOS:000172287600005 ER PT J AU Gloor, M Gruber, N Hughes, TMC Sarmiento, JL AF Gloor, M Gruber, N Hughes, TMC Sarmiento, JL TI Estimating net air-sea fluxes from ocean bulk data: Methodology and application to the heat cycle SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article ID CIRCULATION MODELS; CARBON-DIOXIDE; WORLD OCEAN; CO2; ATMOSPHERE; TRANSPORT; BUDGET; RADIOCARBON; INCREASE; EXCHANGE AB A novel method to estimate annual mean heat, water, and gas exchange fluxes between the ocean and the atmosphere is proposed that is complementary to the traditional approach based on air-sea gradients and bulk exchange parameterization. The new approach exploits the information on surface exchange fluxes contained in the distribution of temperature, salinity, and dissolved gases in the ocean interior. We use an Ocean General Circulation Model to determine how the distribution in the ocean interior is linked to surface fluxes. We then determine with least squares the surface fluxes that are most compatible with the observations. To establish and test the method, we apply it to ocean temperature data to estimate heat fluxes across the air-sea interface for which a number of climatological estimates exists. We also test the sensitivity of the inversion results to data coverage, differences in ocean transport, variations in the surface flux pattern and a range of spatial resolutions. We find, on the basis of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) data network augmented with selected high-quality pre-WOCE data, that we are able to constrain heat exchange fluxes for 10-15 regions of the ocean, whereby these fluxes nearly balance globally without enforcing a conservation constraint. Our results agree well with heat flux estimates on the basis of bulk exchange parameterization, which generally require constraints to ensure a global net heat flux of zero. We also find that the heat transports implied by our inversely estimated fluxes are in good agreement with a large range of heat transport estimates based on hydrographic data. Increasing the number of regions beyond the 10-15 regions considered here is severely limited because of modeling errors. The inverse method is fairly robust to the modeling of the spatial patterns of the surface fluxes; however, it is quite sensitive to the modeling of ocean transport. The most striking difference between our estimates and the heat flux climatologies is a large heat loss of 0.64 PW to the atmosphere from the Southern Ocean and a large heat gain by the subpolar South Atlantic of 0.56 PW. These results are consistent with the large gain of carbon dioxide called for by Takahashi et al. [1999] in his recent analysis of the air-sea flux of carbon dioxide but inconsistent with the large loss of oxygen and carbon dioxide such as those of Stephens et al. [1998]. C1 Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Gloor, M (reprint author), Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, Postfach 100164, D-07701 Jena, Germany. RI Gruber, Nicolas/B-7013-2009 OI Gruber, Nicolas/0000-0002-2085-2310 NR 58 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD DEC PY 2001 VL 15 IS 4 BP 767 EP 782 DI 10.1029/2000GB001301 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 502QY UT WOS:000172755300001 ER PT J AU Gruber, N Gloor, M Fan, SM Sarmiento, JL AF Gruber, N Gloor, M Fan, SM Sarmiento, JL TI Air-sea flux of oxygen estimated from bulk data: Implications for the marine and atmospheric oxygen cycles SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Review ID NORTH-ATLANTIC OCEAN; EASTERN EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; GLOBAL CARBON-CYCLE; GAS-EXCHANGE; INTERPENTADAL VARIABILITY; ISOPYCNAL SURFACES; NITROGEN-FIXATION; REDFIELD RATIOS; O-2/N-2 RATIO; WIND-SPEED AB We estimate the annual net air-sea fluxes of oxygen for 13 regions on the basis of a steady state inverse modeling technique that is independent of air-sea gas exchange parameterizations. The inverted data consist of the observed oceanic oxygen concentration after a correction has been applied to account for biological cycling. We find that the tropical oceans (13 degreesS-13 degreesN) emit similar to 212 Tmol O(2) yr(-1), which is compensated by uptake of 148 Tmol yr(-1) in the Northern Hemisphere (> 13 degreesN) and by uptake of 65 Tmol yr(-1) in the Southern Hemisphere (< 13 degreesS). These results imply that the dominant feature of oxygen transport in the combined ocean-atmosphere system is the existence of a closed circulation cell in each hemisphere. These two cells consist of O(2) uptake by the ocean in the middle and high latitudes of both hemispheres and transport in the ocean toward the tropics, where O(2) is lost to the atmosphere and transported in the atmosphere back toward the poles. We find an asymmetry in the two cells involving O(2) uptake in the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere versus loss of O(2) in the temperate regions of the Southern Hemisphere. There is an additional asymmetry between the Atlantic basin, which has a net southward transport at all latitudes north of 36 degreesS, in agreement with independent transport estimates, versus the Indian and Pacific Oceans, which have a strong equatorward transport everywhere. We find that these inverse estimates are relatively insensitive to details in the inversion scheme but are sensitive to biases in the ocean general circulation model that provides the linkage between surface fluxes and ocean interior concentrations. Forward simulations of O(2) in an atmospheric tracer transport model using our inversely estimated oxygen fluxes as a boundary condition agree reasonably well with observations of atmospheric potential oxygen (APO approximate to O(2) + CO(2)). Our results indicate that the north-south asymmetry in the strength of the two hemispheric cells coupled with a strong asymmetry in fossil fuel emissions can explain much of the observed interhemispheric gradient in APO. Therefore it might not be necessary to invoke the existence of a large southward interhemispheric transport of O(2) in the ocean, such as proposed by Stephens et al. [1998]. However, we find that uncertainties in the modeled APO distribution stemming from seasonal atmospheric rectification effects and the limited APO data coverage prevent the currently available APO data from providing strong constraints on the magnitude of interhemispheric transport. C1 Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Gruber, N (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Atmospher Sci, 5853 Slichter Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. EM ngruber@igpp.ucla.edu; mgloor@bgc-jena.mpg.de; fan@splash.princeton.edu; jls@splash.princeton.edu RI Gruber, Nicolas/B-7013-2009 OI Gruber, Nicolas/0000-0002-2085-2310 NR 106 TC 54 Z9 56 U1 0 U2 14 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD DEC PY 2001 VL 15 IS 4 BP 783 EP 803 DI 10.1029/2000GB001302 PG 21 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 502QY UT WOS:000172755300002 ER PT J AU Kalinowski, ST Hedrick, PW AF Kalinowski, ST Hedrick, PW TI Estimation of linkage disequilibrium for loci with multiple alleles: basic approach and an application using data from bighorn sheep SO HEREDITY LA English DT Article DE EM algorithm; major histocompatibility complex; microsatellites; Ovis canadensis ID MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX; RANDOMLY MATING POPULATIONS; COMMON DISEASE GENES; MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD; ALGORITHM; GENOME; MICROSATELLITES; ASSOCIATION; FREQUENCIES AB The great expansion of population genetic data using molecular techniques now allows examination of the extent of linkage disequilibrium for many pairs of loci, each locus often with multiple alleles. The expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm for generating maximum likelihood estimates of gametic frequencies from multiallelic genotypic data is described and applied. The EM algorithm is used in desert bighorn sheep where the population size, and consequently the sample size, is often small. We calculated haplotype frequencies for all pairwise combinations of five major histocompatibility loci and three microsatellite loci in 14 populations; the performance of the algorithm is discussed. Disequilibrium values are calculated and tested for statistical significance. High levels of disequilibrium are found between all pairs of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) loci and between MHC and a linked microsatellite locus. C1 Arizona State Univ, Dept Biol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Conservat Biol Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Kalinowski, ST (reprint author), Arizona State Univ, Dept Biol, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. RI Kalinowski, Steven/A-7607-2008 NR 27 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 10 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0018-067X J9 HEREDITY JI Heredity PD DEC PY 2001 VL 87 BP 698 EP 708 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2540.2001.00966.x PN 6 PG 11 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 516ZT UT WOS:000173587200010 PM 11903565 ER PT J AU Hollberg, L Oates, CW Curtis, EA Ivanov, EN Diddams, SA Udem, T Robinson, HG Bergquist, JC Rafac, RJ Itano, WM Drullinger, RE Wineland, DJ AF Hollberg, L Oates, CW Curtis, EA Ivanov, EN Diddams, SA Udem, T Robinson, HG Bergquist, JC Rafac, RJ Itano, WM Drullinger, RE Wineland, DJ TI Optical frequency standards and measurements SO IEEE JOURNAL OF QUANTUM ELECTRONICS LA English DT Article ID CRYOGENIC SAPPHIRE OSCILLATOR; FINE-STRUCTURE CONSTANT; MODE-LOCKED LASERS; FEMTOSECOND-LASER; RAMSEY FRINGES; PHASE-CONTROL; 657 NM; SPECTROSCOPY; STABILITY; FIBERS AB We describe the performance characteristics and frequency measurements of two high-accuracy high-stability laser-cooled atomic frequency standards. One is a 657-nm (456-THz) reference using magneto-optically trapped Ca atoms, and the other is a 282-mn (1064-TRz) reference based on a single Hg+ ion confined in an RF-Paul trap. A femtosecond mode-locked laser combined with a nonlinear microstructure fiber produces a broad and stable comb of optical modes that is used to measure the frequencies of the reference lasers locked to the atomic standards. The measurement system is referenced to the primary frequency standard NIST F-1, a Cs atomic fountain clock. Both optical standards demonstrate exceptional short-term instability (approximate to5 x 10(-15) at 1 s), as well as excellent reproducibility over time. In light of our expectations for the future of optical frequency standards, we consider the present performance of the femtosecond optical frequency comb, along with its limitations and future requirements. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6907, Australia. Max Planck Inst Quantum Opt, D-85748 Garching, Germany. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Diddams, Scott/L-2819-2013 NR 57 TC 83 Z9 84 U1 1 U2 19 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0018-9197 EI 1558-1713 J9 IEEE J QUANTUM ELECT JI IEEE J. Quantum Electron. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 37 IS 12 BP 1502 EP 1513 DI 10.1109/3.970895 PG 12 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA 502DF UT WOS:000172727900004 ER PT J AU Gokkavas, M Dosunmu, O Unlu, MS Ulu, G Mirin, RP Christensen, DH Ozbay, E AF Gokkavas, M Dosunmu, O Unlu, MS Ulu, G Mirin, RP Christensen, DH Ozbay, E TI High-speed high-efficiency large-area resonant cavity enhanced p-i-n photodiodes for multimode fiber communications SO IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article DE high-speed optoelectronics; photodetectors; photodiodes; resonant cavity; pin diodes AB In this letter, we report AlGaAs-GaAs p-i-n photodiodes with a 3-dB bandwidth in excess of 10 GHz for devices as large as 60-mum diameter. Resonant cavity enhanced photodetection is employed to improve quantum efficiency, resulting in more than 90% peak quantum efficiency at 850 nm. C1 Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Dept Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Bilkent Univ, Dept Phys, TR-06533 Bilkent, Turkey. RP Gokkavas, M (reprint author), Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Boston, MA 02215 USA. RI Ozbay, Ekmel/B-9495-2008; Unlu, Selim/B-4244-2013; OI Mirin, Richard/0000-0002-4472-4655 NR 10 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 5 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 1041-1135 J9 IEEE PHOTONIC TECH L JI IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 13 IS 12 BP 1349 EP 1351 DI 10.1109/68.969904 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Optics; Physics GA 501UW UT WOS:000172705300027 ER PT J AU Wilson, P Papazian, P Cotton, M Lo, Y AF Wilson, P Papazian, P Cotton, M Lo, Y TI A comparison of 1920-MHz mobile channel diversity gain using horizontal and vertical arrays SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE channel sounding; diversity gain; mobile channel; PCS band; wideband measurements AB Diversity gain for a 1920-MHz suburban mobile channel was measured for various array orientations (horizontal and vertical), combining techniques, and bandwidths (19.6 kHz to 10.0 MHz). While horizontal array diversity gain was larger than for the vertical array, vertical array gain was still significant for narrower bandwidths. C1 US Dept Commerce, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Natl Telecommun & Informat Adm, Inst Telecommun Sci, US Dept Commerce, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Wilson, P (reprint author), US Dept Commerce, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 7 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0090-6778 J9 IEEE T COMMUN JI IEEE Trans. Commun. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 49 IS 12 BP 2068 EP 2070 DI 10.1109/26.974251 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA 508CB UT WOS:000173068700006 ER PT J AU Weintraub, CE Vogel, E Hauser, JR Yang, N Misra, V Wortman, JJ Ganem, J Masson, P AF Weintraub, CE Vogel, E Hauser, JR Yang, N Misra, V Wortman, JJ Ganem, J Masson, P TI Study of low-frequency charge pumping on thin stacked dielectrics SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRON DEVICES LA English DT Article DE bulk traps; charge pumping; interface traps; low frequency; near-interface traps; nitrides; oxynitrides ID CHEMICAL-VAPOR-DEPOSITION; INTERFACE OXIDE TRAPS; GATE DIELECTRICS; MOS-TRANSISTORS; CONDUCTANCE MEASUREMENTS; SI-SIO2 INTERFACE; FLICKER NOISE; SILICON; CAPACITORS; DENSITY AB The application of low-frequency charge pumping to obtain near-interface, or bulk trap densities, on thin stacked gate dielectrics is studied. A review of the theory governing the low-frequency charge pumping technique, developed to extract bulk trap densities from metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) fabricated with thick SiO2 dielectrics, is given. In the current study, the technique is applied to a series of n-channel MOSFETs fabricated with stacked gate dielectrics. The dielectric stacks were comprised of rapid thermal oxide (RTO) interface layers and rapid thermal chemical vapor deposited (RTCVD) oxynitride layers, which incorporated varying concentrations of nitrogen. The effect of de tunneling currents on the technique is studied, and a procedure to remove these components from the measured substrate current is outlined. Distortions in the experimentally measured charge pumping current plotted as a function of gate bias is modeled and found to be due to the contribution of bulk traps. Finally, the limitations of applying a model that was originally developed for thick SiO2 dielectrics to thin stacked gate dielectrics are discussed. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NIST, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Adv Micro Devices Inc, Sunnyvale, CA 94088 USA. Univ Paris, Phys Solides Grp, F-75252 Paris 05, France. Inst Natl Sci Appl, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France. RP Adv Micro Devices Inc, Austin, TX 78727 USA. EM r278c@email.spsp.mot.com RI Vogel, Eric/A-7731-2008 OI Vogel, Eric/0000-0002-6110-1361 NR 39 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0018-9383 EI 1557-9646 J9 IEEE T ELECTRON DEV JI IEEE Trans. Electron Devices PD DEC PY 2001 VL 48 IS 12 BP 2754 EP 2762 DI 10.1109/16.974700 PG 9 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 511HZ UT WOS:000173259700015 ER PT J AU Monaldo, FM Thompson, DR Beal, RC Pichel, WG Clemente-Colon, P AF Monaldo, FM Thompson, DR Beal, RC Pichel, WG Clemente-Colon, P TI Comparison of SAR-derived wind speed with model predictions and ocean buoy measurements SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE marine boundary layer; marine wind speed; National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) buoys; NOGAPS model; synthetic aperture radar (SAR) ID SYNTHETIC-APERTURE RADAR; SURFACE; POLARIZATION; FIELDS AB As part of the Alaska synthetic aperture radar (SAR) Demonstration Project in 1999 and 2000, wide-swath RADARSAT SAR imagery has been acquired on a regular basis in the Gulf of Alaska and the Bering Sea. During 1998 and 1999, similar data were acquired off the East Coast of the United States as part of the StormWatch Project. The radar cross section measurements from these images were combined with wind direction estimates from the Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System model to produce high-resolution maps of the surface wind speed. For this study, 2862 SAR image frames were collected and examined. Averaged wind estimates from this data base have been systematically compared with corresponding wind speed estimates from buoy measurements and model predictions, and very good agreement has been found. The standard deviation between the buoy wind speed and the SAR estimates is 1.76 m/s. Details of the SAR wind extraction procedure are discussed, along with implications of the comparisons on the C-hand polarization ratio. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Ocean Remote Sensing Grp, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. NOAA, Off Res & Applicat, Ocean Div, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Monaldo, FM (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Ocean Remote Sensing Grp, Johns Hopkins Rd, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. RI Clemente-Colon, Pablo/F-5581-2010; Pichel, William/F-5619-2010 OI Pichel, William/0000-0001-6332-0149 NR 25 TC 129 Z9 136 U1 3 U2 10 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD DEC PY 2001 VL 39 IS 12 BP 2587 EP 2600 DI 10.1109/36.974994 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 511ZK UT WOS:000173296500003 ER PT J AU Benz, SP Dresselhaus, PD Burroughs, CJ AF Benz, SP Dresselhaus, PD Burroughs, CJ TI Nanotechnology for next generation Josephson voltage standards SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT LA English DT Article DE digital-analog conversion; Josephson arrays; signal synthesis; standards ID SUPERCONDUCTOR JUNCTIONS; AC; STEPS; CONVERTER; ACCURACY; ARRAYS AB We have developed two voltage standard systems: 1) the programmable Josephson voltage standard and 2) the Josephson arbitrary waveform synthesizer. The programmable system is fully automated and provides stable programmable de voltages from -1.2 V to +1.2 V. The synthesizer is the first quantum-based ac voltage standard source. It uses perfectly quantized Josephson pulses to generate arbitrary waveforms with low harmonic distortion and stable, calculable time-dependent voltages. Both systems are presently limited to output voltages less than 10 V as a result of frequency requirements and the limits of junction fabrication technology. We describe the development of fabrication technology for these systems and describe the circuit- and fabrication-related constraints that presently limit system performance. Finally, we propose the use of lumped arrays of junctions to achieve higher practical voltages through development of a nanoscale junction technology, in which 13 000 junctions are closely spaced at 50 nm-100 nm intervals. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electromagnet Technol Div, Elect & Elect Engn Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Benz, SP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electromagnet Technol Div, Elect & Elect Engn Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 39 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0018-9456 J9 IEEE T INSTRUM MEAS JI IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 50 IS 6 BP 1513 EP 1518 DI 10.1109/19.982937 PG 6 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 520CW UT WOS:000173763700009 ER PT J AU Conley, JF Suehle, JS Johnston, AH Wang, B Miyahara, T Vogel, EM Bernstein, JB AF Conley, JF Suehle, JS Johnston, AH Wang, B Miyahara, T Vogel, EM Bernstein, JB TI Heavy-ion-induced soft breakdown of thin gate oxides SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 38th Annual Nuclear and Space Radiation Effects Conference (NSREC) CY JUL 16-20, 2001 CL VANCOUVER, CANADA SP IEEE DE dielectric breakdown; gate oxide; heavy ions; microelectronics; MOS; radiation; SiO2 ID INDUCED LEAKAGE CURRENT; IRRADIATION; RUPTURE AB Heavy-ion-induced soft and hard breakdown are investigated in thin gate oxides as a function of linear energy transfer, fluence, and voltage applied during irradiation. It is found that postirradiation oxide conduction is well described by the Sune quantum point contact model. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, NASA, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NIST, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Ctr Reliabil Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Conley, JF (reprint author), CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, NASA, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RI Vogel, Eric/A-7731-2008 OI Vogel, Eric/0000-0002-6110-1361 NR 17 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0018-9499 J9 IEEE T NUCL SCI JI IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 48 IS 6 BP 1913 EP 1916 AR PII S 0018-9499(01)10669-6 DI 10.1109/23.983150 PN 1 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nuclear Science & Technology SC Engineering; Nuclear Science & Technology GA 521UT UT WOS:000173860300025 ER PT J AU Jones, A Ivezic, N Gruninger, M AF Jones, A Ivezic, N Gruninger, M TI Toward self-integrating software applications for supply chain management SO INFORMATION SYSTEMS FRONTIERS LA English DT Article DE equivalence metric; inference; mappings; ontology; self-integration; semantics; supply chain management; translators AB Each paper in this special issue deals with a particular aspect of supply chain management. Nevertheless, they all point to a common need for meaningful and timely information exchange across the supply chain. The Internet and the existing Web technologies have macle the exchange of information essentially,free and instantaneous. On the other hand, determining the meaning of that information, which we call integration, is still vend costly,. Millions of dollars and hundreds of man-years have been spent developing and coding interface specifications and software applications to achieve this integration, While this approach has been successful in the post, it is not a viable approach for the future in which the Semantic Web is becoming an important business strategy. In this paper, we discuss a new approach, called self-integration in which software applications are imbedded in an environment that allows them to integrate automatically. We first provide some background information on integration and then focus on our research on semantic querying, semantic mapping, and semantic inferencing. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Jones, A (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 8260, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 10 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1387-3326 J9 INFORM SYST FRONT JI Inf. Syst. Front. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 3 IS 4 BP 403 EP 412 DI 10.1023/A:1012864503148 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Theory & Methods SC Computer Science GA 506PY UT WOS:000172982000002 ER PT J AU Diaz, HF Hoerling, MP Eischeid, JK AF Diaz, HF Hoerling, MP Eischeid, JK TI ENSO variability, teleconnections and climate change SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLIMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE climate variability; El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) teleconnections ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURES; NORTHERN HEMISPHERE WINTER; SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; ATMOSPHERIC RESPONSE; WAVE-PROPAGATION; HEIGHT FIELD; EL-NINO; PACIFIC; PATTERNS; PREDICTABILITY AB An overview is presented of the principal features of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) teleconnections in terms of regional patterns of surface temperature. precipitation and mid-tropospheric atmospheric circulation. The discussion is cast in the context of variations in the associations over time. with decadal scale changes emphasized. In the five decades or so for which we have adequate records to reliably analyse the global aspects of ENSO effects on regional climates around the world. we have witnessed one major decadal scale change in the overall pattern of sea-surface temperatures (SST) in the global ocean. and concomitant changes in the atmospheric response to those changes. The analysis underscores the connection between low frequency changes in tropical SST, ENSO and decadal scale changes in the general atmospheric circulation. pointing to the complex interplay between the canonical ENSO system. slow changes in SST in the Indo-Pacific over the last century, and long-term changes in the atmospheric circulation itself. Published in 2001 by John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 NOAA, OAR, Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Colorado, CIRES, Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Diaz, HF (reprint author), NOAA, OAR, Climate Diagnost Ctr, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 75 TC 191 Z9 197 U1 5 U2 30 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0899-8418 J9 INT J CLIMATOL JI Int. J. Climatol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 21 IS 15 BP 1845 EP 1862 DI 10.1002/joc.631 PG 26 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 521LR UT WOS:000173841900002 ER PT J AU Wong-Ng, W Huang, Q Levin, I Kaduk, JA Dillingham, J Haugan, T Suh, J Cook, LP AF Wong-Ng, W Huang, Q Levin, I Kaduk, JA Dillingham, J Haugan, T Suh, J Cook, LP TI Crystal chemistry and phase equilibria of selected SrO-R2O3-CuOx and related systems; R=lanthanides and yttrium SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INORGANIC MATERIALS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Spring Meeting of the European-Materials-Research-Society CY MAY 29-JUN 02, 2000 CL STRASBOURG, FRANCE SP European Mat Res Soc DE SrO-R2O3-CuO; (Sr : R)(14)Cu24Ox; Sr2+xCu2Ox; (Ba,Sr)(2)RCu3O6+x; Sr,R(Cu,M)(3)O6+x ID Y-CU-O; POWDER DIFFRACTION; NEUTRON; RE; SR; BA; SUPERCONDUCTIVITY; ALSR2YCU2O7; PRESSURE; CA AB This paper investigates and reviews the trend of phase formation and crystal chemistry of selected series of compounds in SrO-R2O3-CuOx and related systems. Including in this discussion are (Ba,Sr)(2)RCu3O6+x, Sr2R(Cu,M)(3)O6+x, where M=selected representative and transition elements, (Sr,R)(14)Cu24Ox (14-24), Sr2-xR1+xCu2Ox (212), and Sr1+xR2+xCu2Oz (122). The subsolidus phase relationships in systems with R=La, Nd, Dy, Ho, Y and Yb are also discussed. (C) 2001 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 NIST, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. BP Amoco, Naperville, IL USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Geol, Maryland, MD USA. RP Wong-Ng, W (reprint author), NIST, Div Ceram, A256 MATLS, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Levin, Igor/F-8588-2010 NR 28 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1466-6049 J9 INT J INORG MATER JI Int. J. Inorg. Mater. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 3 IS 8 BP 1283 EP 1290 DI 10.1016/S1466-6049(01)00133-7 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 504VZ UT WOS:000172877700044 ER PT J AU Elvidge, CD Imhoff, ML Baugh, KE Hobson, VR Nelson, I Safran, J Dietz, JB Tuttle, BT AF Elvidge, CD Imhoff, ML Baugh, KE Hobson, VR Nelson, I Safran, J Dietz, JB Tuttle, BT TI Night-time lights of the world: 1994-1995 SO ISPRS JOURNAL OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE night-time lights; global map; cities; fires; gas flares; environmental applications; spaceborne sensors; time series analysis ID OPERATIONAL LINESCAN SYSTEM; CITY LIGHTS; HUMAN-SETTLEMENTS; UNITED-STATES; SATELLITE; POPULATION; EMISSIONS; IMAGERY AB The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) Operational Linescan System (OLS) has a unique low-light imaging capability developed for the detection of clouds using moonlight. In addition to moonlit clouds, the OLS also detects lights from human settlements, fires, gas flares, heavily lit fishing boats, lightning and the aurora. By analysing the location, frequency, and appearance of lights observed in an image time series, it is possible to distinguish four primary types of lights present at the earth's surface: human settlements, gas flares, fires, and fishing boats. We have produced a global map of the four types of light sources as observed during a 6-month time period in 1994-1995. We review a number of environmental applications that have been developed or proposed based on the night-time, light data. We examine the relationship between area of lighting, population, economic activity, electric power consumption, and energy related carbon emissions for 200 nations, representing 99% of the world's population. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, Solar Terr Phys Div, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Elvidge, CD (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, Solar Terr Phys Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Elvidge, Christopher/C-3012-2009 NR 29 TC 167 Z9 180 U1 6 U2 53 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0924-2716 J9 ISPRS J PHOTOGRAMM JI ISPRS-J. Photogramm. Remote Sens. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 56 IS 2 BP 81 EP 99 DI 10.1016/S0924-2716(01)00040-5 PG 19 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 505UC UT WOS:000172933100001 ER PT J AU Bowker, JM Park, TA Leeworthy, VR AF Bowker, JM Park, TA Leeworthy, VR TI Demand modeling with revealed and stated preferences: A travel cost model with contingent choke prices. SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND RESOURCE ECONOMICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA, Forest Serv, Athens, GA USA. Univ Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA. USDC NOAA, Silver Spring, MD USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU WESTERN AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS ASSOC PI LOGAN PA C/O E BRUCE GODFREY, UTAH STATE UNIV, ECONOMICS DEPT, LOGAN, UT 84322-3530 USA SN 0162-1912 J9 J AGR RESOUR ECON JI J. Agric. Resour. Econ. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 26 IS 2 BP 560 EP 560 PG 1 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 518LB UT WOS:000173668900048 ER PT J AU Cain, TA Morado, JF AF Cain, TA Morado, JF TI Changes in total hemocyte and differential counts in Dungeness crabs infected with Mesanophrys pugettensis, a marine facultative parasitic ciliate SO JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH LA English DT Article ID N-SP SCUTICOCILIATIDA; FRESH-WATER CRAYFISH; CALLINECTES-SAPIDUS; CANCER-MAGISTER; BLUE-CRAB; HOMARUS-AMERICANUS; CLASSIFICATION; ORCHITOPHRYIDAE; HISTOPATHOLOGY; POPULATIONS AB Hemocytopenia is a routinely reported phenomenon of advanced ciliate infections of crustaceans, but the course of infection and the progression of hemocyte loss have not been investigated. The rate and pattern of hemocyte loss in Dungeness crabs Cancer magister experimentally infected with the marine facultative parasitic ciliate Mesanophrys pugettensis, are presented. Total hemocyte counts were significantly reduced by day 6 postinjection. By day 8, the proliferating ciliate was the most abundant cell in the hemolymph of infected crabs. Differential hemocyte counts demonstrated that intermediate granulocytes were more rapidly removed than eosinophilic granulocytes. Hyalinocytes were the least abundant hemocyte and were removed at a slower rate than both intermediate and eosinophilic granulocytes. Ciliate densities at the end of the experiment (day 12) approached 2.5 x 10(6) cells/mL. The study demonstrates a rapid and complete depletion of hemocytes in ciliate-infected crabs that precedes death. No ciliate-infected crabs Acre able to recover from infection, and the pattern of hemocyte loss was diagnostic. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Resource Assessment & Conservat Engn Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, Point Whitney Shellfish Lab, Brinnion, WA 98320 USA. RP Morado, JF (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Resource Assessment & Conservat Engn Div, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 45 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0899-7659 J9 J AQUAT ANIM HEALTH JI J. Aquat. Anim. Health PD DEC PY 2001 VL 13 IS 4 BP 310 EP 319 DI 10.1577/1548-8667(2001)013<0310:CITHAD>2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 503LJ UT WOS:000172799700003 ER PT J AU Tewari, YB Kishore, N Bauerle, R LaCourse, WR Goldberg, RN AF Tewari, YB Kishore, N Bauerle, R LaCourse, WR Goldberg, RN TI Thermochemistry of the reaction {phosphoenolpyruvate(aq) plus D-erythrose 4-phosphate(aq) plus H2O(l)=2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptonate 7-phosphate(aq) plus phosphate(aq)} SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS LA English DT Article DE apparent equilibrium constant; DAHP synthase; 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptonate 7-phosphate; enthalpy; entropy; D-erythrose 4-phosphate; Gibbs free energy; phophoenolpyruvate ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI; 3-DEOXY-D-ARABINO-HEPTULOSONATE-7-PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE; ADENOSINE 5'-TRIPHOSPHATE; THERMODYNAMICS; CONVERSION; CHORISMATE; 5'-DIPHOSPHATE; EQUILIBRIUM; PATHWAY AB Microcalorimetry and high-performance liquid chromatography (h. p. l. c.) have been used to conduct a thermodynamic investigation of the biochemical reaction (phosphoenolpyruvate(aq) + D-erythrose 4-phosphate(aq) + H2O(1) = 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptonate 7-phosphate(aq) + phosphate(aq)), the first step in the metabolic pathway leading to the biosynthesis of chorismate. DAHP synthase, the enzyme used to carry out this reaction. was prepared by using molecular biology techniques and then isolated in a highly purified form. The h.p.l.c. was used to establish that this reaction went to completion and that the apparent equilibrium constant K'(T = 298.15 K. pH approximate to 8.2) is > 1.4 . 10(3). The calorimetrically determined molar enthalpy for this biochemical reaction is Delta(r)H(m)(cal) = - (67.7 +/- 1.5) kJ . mol(-1) at T = 298.15 K, pH = 8.18, and ionic strength I-m = 0.090 mol . kg(-1). Use of this result together with a chemical equilibrium model led to the standard molar enthalpy of reaction Delta(r)H(m)(o), = -(70.0 +/- 3.0) kJ . mol(-1) at T = 298.15 K and I-m = 0 for the chemical reference reaction {phosphoenolpyruvate(3-)(aq) + D-erythrose 4-phosphate(2-)(aq) + H2O(1) = 2-dehydro-3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptonate 7-phosphate(3-)(aq) + HPO42- (aq)}. Use of an estimated value of the standard molar entropy change Delta(r)S(m)(o) for this reaction together with the measured value of Delta(r)H(m)(o) yielded the standard molar Gibbs free energy change Delta(r)G(m)(o) approximate to -39 kJ . mol(-1) and K approximate to 7 . 10(6) for the chemical reference reaction at T = 298.15 K and I-m = 0. Some insight into the thermochemistry of this reaction has been obtained by assessing the contributions to Delta(r)H(m)(o) that correspond to the loss of a phosphate from phosphoenolpyruvate and to the addition of a pyruvate group to D-erythrose 4-phosphate. (C) 2001 Academic Press. C1 NIST, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Indian Inst Technol, Dept Chem, Bombay 400076, Maharashtra, India. Univ Virginia, Dept Biol & Mol Biol, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Chem & Biochem, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. RP Tewari, YB (reprint author), NIST, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 41 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0021-9614 J9 J CHEM THERMODYN JI J. Chem. Thermodyn. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 33 IS 12 BP 1791 EP 1805 DI 10.1006/jcht.2001.0862 PG 15 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry GA 542XA UT WOS:000175069800013 ER PT J AU VanLandingham, MR Nguyen, T Byrd, WE Martin, JW AF VanLandingham, MR Nguyen, T Byrd, WE Martin, JW TI On the use of the atomic force microscope to monitor physical degradation of polymeric coating surfaces SO JOURNAL OF COATINGS TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ACRYLIC MELAMINE COATINGS; AUTOMOTIVE CLEARCOATS; ENVIRONMENTAL ETCH; ORGANIC COATINGS; PHOTOOXIDATION; RATES AB The atomic force microscope (AFM) was used to monitor changes in surface features of an acrylic melamine coating that was exposed to a variety of conditions. Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation and high relative humidity caused general roughening of the surface and the formation of pits. Further, the damage of the coating surface was much more substantial for exposure to high relative humidity compared to exposure to dry environments. This difference in degradation rates correlated with measurements of chemical degradation determined using infrared spectra that were acquired along with the AFM images. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg Mat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP VanLandingham, MR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg Mat Div, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8621, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 21 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 3 PU FEDERATION SOC COATING TECH PI BLUE BELL PA 492 NORRISTOWN ROAD, BLUE BELL, PA 19422 USA SN 0361-8773 J9 J COATING TECHNOL JI J. Coat. Technol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 73 IS 923 BP 43 EP 50 DI 10.1007/BF02720133 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Applied; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 502MV UT WOS:000172748100004 ER PT J AU Hixson, AD Woo, LY Campo, MA Mason, TO Garboczi, EJ AF Hixson, AD Woo, LY Campo, MA Mason, TO Garboczi, EJ TI Intrinsic conductivity of short conductive fibers in composites by impedance spectroscopy SO JOURNAL OF ELECTROCERAMICS LA English DT Article DE composites; fibers; electrical conductivity; impedance; cement AB Electrical property measurements (DC conductivity, impedance spectroscopy) were employed to determine the "intrinsic conductivities" of short conductive fibers in cement matrix composites. Intrinsic conductivity determines, in the dilute limit, the variation of overall conductivity (DC or AC) vs. volume fraction of fibers. Model composites consisting of steel wires (0.5 mm diameter), but with aspect ratios comparable to typical carbon or steel fibers used in cement/concrete, were shown to exhibit similar "dual-arc" impedance spectra as observed in actual composites. The results were compared with existing calculations for composites with randomly distributed right cylinders. The conductivity vs. aspect ratio behavior can be used to estimate the fiber aspect ratio in randomly distributed fiber composites. C1 Northwestern Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg Mat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hixson, AD (reprint author), Northwestern Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. RI Mason, Thomas/B-7528-2009 NR 24 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 3 U2 9 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1385-3449 J9 J ELECTROCERAM JI J. Electroceram. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 7 IS 3 BP 189 EP 195 DI 10.1023/A:1014487129118 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 526WB UT WOS:000174151700004 ER PT J AU Waples, RS Gustafson, RG Weitkamp, LA Myers, JM Johnson, OW Busby, PJ Hard, JJ Bryant, GJ Waknitz, FW Neely, K Teel, D Grant, WS Winans, GA Phelps, S Marshall, A Baker, BM AF Waples, RS Gustafson, RG Weitkamp, LA Myers, JM Johnson, OW Busby, PJ Hard, JJ Bryant, GJ Waknitz, FW Neely, K Teel, D Grant, WS Winans, GA Phelps, S Marshall, A Baker, BM TI Characterizing diversity in salmon from the Pacific Northwest SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Symposium of the Fisheries-Society-of-the-British-Isles CY JUL 09-13, 2001 CL LEICESTER, ENGLAND SP Fisheries Soc British Isles DE diversity; Pacific salmon; ecology; genetics; life history ID GENETIC POPULATION-STRUCTURE; COASTAL CUTTHROAT TROUT; LIFE-HISTORY VARIATION; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; ONCORHYNCHUS-GORBUSCHA; SOCKEYE-SALMON; PINK SALMON; STOCK IDENTIFICATION; CHINOOK SALMON; ATLANTIC SALMON AB Information developed during recently completed evaluations of the status of seven species of anadromous Pacific salmonids (Oncorhynehus spp.) in the Pacific Northwest was used to characterize patterns of intraspecific diversity along three major axes: ecology, life history and biochemical genetics. Within the study area, the species' ranges, and therefore the number of distinct ecological regions inhabited differ considerably, with pink and chum salmon limited to the northern areas and chinook salmon and steelhead distributed over the widest geographic range. The species showed comparable differences in the patterns of life history and genetic diversity, with chinook and sockeye salmon and steelhead having the most major diversity groups and pink, chum and coho salmon having the least. Both life history and genetic diversity showed a strong, positive correlation with the extent of ecological diversity experienced by a species, and the correlation between the number of major genetic and life history groups within a species was even stronger (r=0.96; P<0.05). Departures from these general diversity relationships found in some species (especially sockeye and coho salmon and cutthroat trout) can be explained by different interactions with the freshwater environment and, for cutthroat trout, by the occurrence of substantial intrapopulational diversity in life history traits, a hierarchical level not considered in this study. C1 NW Fisheries Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Reg Protected Resource Div, Arcata, CA 95521 USA. Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, Olympia, WA 98501 USA. RP Waples, RS (reprint author), NW Fisheries Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RI Hard, Jeffrey/C-7229-2009; Waples, Robin/K-1126-2016 NR 91 TC 76 Z9 80 U1 3 U2 28 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0022-1112 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 59 SU A BP 1 EP 41 DI 10.1006/jfbi.2001.1764 PG 41 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 516FG UT WOS:000173541100001 ER PT J AU Berejikian, BA Tezak, EP Riley, SC LaRae, AL AF Berejikian, BA Tezak, EP Riley, SC LaRae, AL TI Competitive ability and social behaviour of juvenile steelhead reared in enriched and conventional hatchery tanks and a stream environment SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE steelhead; competition; territorial behaviour; territory overlap ID SALMON ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; TERRITORY SIZE; AGONISTIC BEHAVIOR; COHO SALMON; REARING ENVIRONMENTS; WILD POPULATIONS; ATLANTIC SALMON; TROUT; DOMINANCE; MYKISS AB Steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss fry reared in an enriched hatchery environment (overhead cover, submerged structures and underwater feeders) and a natural stream both achieved significantly greater social dominance ranks than fry reared in a conventional hatchery environment. Dominant fry from enriched tanks and natural stream exhibited greater frequencies of threat displays than dominant fry reared in conventional tanks. Fry reared in the natural stream exhibited greater territory overlap than fry from either hatchery environment. Overall, the results suggest that enriched hatchery environments may act to ameliorate some but not all changes in social behaviour that result from hatchery rearing. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Resource Enhancement & Utilizat Technol Div, Res Stn, Manchester, WA 98353 USA. Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commiss, Gladstone, OR 97027 USA. RP Berejikian, BA (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Resource Enhancement & Utilizat Technol Div, Res Stn, POB 130, Manchester, WA 98353 USA. EM barry.berejikian@noaa.gov NR 35 TC 45 Z9 45 U1 3 U2 17 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0022-1112 EI 1095-8649 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 59 IS 6 BP 1600 EP 1613 DI 10.1006/jfbi.2001.1789 PG 14 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 514ZC UT WOS:000173470100015 ER PT J AU Eckl, MC Snay, RA Soler, T Cline, MW Mader, GL AF Eckl, MC Snay, RA Soler, T Cline, MW Mader, GL TI Accuracy of GPS-derived relative positions as a function of interstation distance and observing-session duration SO JOURNAL OF GEODESY LA English DT Article DE GPS baseline accuracy; GPS positional time dependency accuracy; continuously operating reference stations applications ID CRUSTAL DEFORMATION; SIGNAL SCATTERING; SYSTEM; CALIFORNIA; NETWORK AB Ten days of GPS data from 1998 were processed to determine how the accuracy of a derived three-dimensional relative position vector between GPS antennas depends on the chord distance (denoted L) between these antennas and on the duration of the GPS observing session (denoted 7). It was found that the dependence of accuracy on L is negligibly small when (a) using the 'final' GPS satellite orbits disseminated by the International GPS Service. (b) fixing integer ambiguities. (c) estimating appropriate neutral-atmosphere-delay parameters, (d) 26 km less than or equal to L less than or equal to 300 km, and (e) 4 h less than or equal to T! 24 h. Under these same conditions, the standard error for the relative position in the north-south dimension (denoted S,, and expressed in mm) is adequately approximated b the equation S-n = k(n)/T-0.5 with k(n) = 9.5 +/- 2.1 mm . h(0.5) and T expressed in hours. Similarly, the standard errors for the relative position in the east-west and in the up-down dimensions are adequately approximated by the equations S-e = k(e)/T-0.5 and S-u = k(u)/T-0.5, respectively, with k(e) = 9.9 +/- 3.1 mm . h(0.5) and k(u) = 36.5 +/- 9.1 mm . h(0.5). C1 NOAA, Natl Geodet Survey, NOS, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Snay, RA (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Geodet Survey, NOS, N-NGS5,1315 East West Highway,Room 9115, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RI Soler, Tomas/F-6386-2010 NR 15 TC 58 Z9 60 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0949-7714 J9 J GEODESY JI J. Geodesy PD DEC PY 2001 VL 75 IS 12 BP 633 EP 640 DI 10.1007/s001900100204 PG 8 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Remote Sensing SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Remote Sensing GA 509TR UT WOS:000173166200001 ER PT J AU Boudouridis, A Spence, HE Onsager, TG AF Boudouridis, A Spence, HE Onsager, TG TI Investigation of magnetopause reconnection models using two colocated, low-altitude satellites: A unifying reconnection geometry SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID FLUX-TRANSFER EVENTS; X-LINE RECONNECTION; INTERPLANETARY MAGNETIC-FIELD; GROUND-BASED OBSERVATIONS; LATITUDE BOUNDARY-LAYER; SOLAR-WIND PLASMA; DAYSIDE MAGNETOPAUSE; MAGNETOSHEATH PLASMA; ISEE OBSERVATIONS; ION INJECTIONS AB Ion precipitation data from two co-orbiting Defense Meteorological Satellite Program satellites (F6 and F8) are used to investigate magnetopause reconnection models. We examine differential fluxes between 30 eV and 30 keV., from a Southern Hemisphere, prenoon pass during the morning of January 10, 1990. Data from the first satellite to pass through the region (F6) show two distinct ion energy dispersions similar to1degrees of latitude apart, between 76degrees and 79degrees magnetic latitude. The electron data exhibit similar features at around the same region but with no or little energy dispersion, consistent with their high velocities. We suggest that the two energy dispersions can be explained by two separate injections resulting from two bursts of magnetopause reconnection. Data from the second satellite (F8), which moved through the same region 1 min later., reveal the same energy-dispersed structures, only further poleward and with less overall flux. This temporal evolution is consistent with two recently reconnected flux tubes releasing their plasma as they move antisunward away from dayside merging sites. However, an observed overlap between the two ion energy dispersions suggests a more complex reconnection geometry than usual models can accommodate. We propose a generalized reconnection scenario that unifies the Bursty Single X-Line and the Multiple X-Line Reconnection models. A simple time-of-flight particle precipitation model is constructed to reproduce the ion dispersions and their overlap. The modeling results suggest that for time-dependent reconnection the dispersion overlap is observed clearly at low altitudes only for a short period compared with the evolution timescale of the ion precipitation. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Atmospher Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Boston Univ, Ctr Space Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Boudouridis, A (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Atmospher Sci, 405 HIlgard Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. EM thanasis@atmos.ucla.edu; spence@bu.edu; tonsager@sec.noaa.-gov RI Spence, Harlan/A-1942-2011; OI Spence, Harlan/0000-0002-2526-2205 NR 70 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD DEC 1 PY 2001 VL 106 IS A12 BP 29451 EP 29466 DI 10.1029/2000JA000350 PG 16 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 519LV UT WOS:000173728500053 ER PT J AU Lockwood, M Milan, SE Onsager, T Perry, CH Scudder, JA Russell, CT Brittnacher, M AF Lockwood, M Milan, SE Onsager, T Perry, CH Scudder, JA Russell, CT Brittnacher, M TI Cusp ion steps, field-aligned currents and poleward moving auroral forms SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID FLUX-TRANSFER EVENTS; PULSED MAGNETOPAUSE RECONNECTION; INTERPLANETARY MAGNETIC-FIELD; CUTLASS FINLAND RADAR; HF RADAR; IONOSPHERIC SIGNATURES; DAYSIDE MAGNETOPAUSE; POLAR CUSP; SOLAR-WIND; ISEE-1 SPACECRAFT AB We predict the field-aligned currents around cusp ion steps produced by pulsed reconnection between the geomagnetic field and an interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) with a B-Y component that is large in magnitude. For B-Y > 0, patches of newly opened flux move westward and eastward in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, respectively, under the influence of the magnetic curvature force. These flow directions are reversed for B-Y < 0. The speed of this longitudinal motion initially grows with elapsed time since reconnection, but then decays as the newly opened field lines straighten. We predict sheets of field-aligned current on the boundaries between the patches produced by successive reconnection pulses, associated with the difference in the speeds of their longitudinal motion. For low elapsed times since reconnection, near the equatorward edge of the cusp region where the field lines are accelerating, the field-aligned current sheets will be downward or upward in both hemispheres for positive or negative IMF B-Y, respectively. At larger elapsed times since reconnection, as events slow and evolve from the cusp into the mantle region, these field-aligned current directions will be reversed. Observations by the Polar spacecraft on August 26,1998, show the predicted upward current sheets at steps seen in the mantle region for IMF B-Y > 0. Mapped into the ionosphere, the steps coincide with poleward moving events seen by the CUTLASS HF radar. The mapped location of the largest step also coincides with a poleward moving arc seen by the UVI imager on Polar. We show that the arc is consistent with a region of upward field-aligned current that has become unstable, such that a potential drop of about 1 kV formed below the spacecraft. The importance of these observations is that they confirm that the poleward moving events, as seen by the HF radar and the UV imager, are due to pulsed magnetopause reconnection. Milan et al. [2000] noted that the great longitudinal extent of these events means that the required reconnection pulses would have contributed almost all the voltage placed across the magnetosphere at this time. The observations also show that auroral arcs can form on open field lines in response to the pulsed application of voltage at the magnetopause. C1 Rutherford Appleton Lab, Space Sci & Technol Dept, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England. Univ Southampton, Dept Phys & Astron, Southampton SO9 5NH, Hants, England. Univ Leicester, Dept Phys & Astron, Radio & Space Plasma Phys Grp, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Ctr Space Sci, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90025 USA. Univ Washington, Geophys Program, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Lockwood, M (reprint author), Rutherford Appleton Lab, Space Sci & Technol Dept, Chilton, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England. RI Lockwood, Mike/G-1030-2011 OI Lockwood, Mike/0000-0002-7397-2172 NR 59 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 2 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD DEC 1 PY 2001 VL 106 IS A12 BP 29555 EP 29569 DI 10.1029/2000JA900175 PG 15 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 519LV UT WOS:000173728500061 ER PT J AU Khan, H Cowley, SWH Kolesnikova, E Lester, M Brittnacher, MJ Hughes, TJ Hughes, WJ Kurth, WS McComas, DJ Newitt, L Owen, CJ Reeves, GD Singer, HJ Smith, CW Southwood, DJ Watermann, JF AF Khan, H Cowley, SWH Kolesnikova, E Lester, M Brittnacher, MJ Hughes, TJ Hughes, WJ Kurth, WS McComas, DJ Newitt, L Owen, CJ Reeves, GD Singer, HJ Smith, CW Southwood, DJ Watermann, JF TI Observations of two complete substorm cycles during the Cassini Earth swing-by: Cassini magnetometer data in a global context SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID AURORAL KILOMETRIC RADIATION; HIGH-LATITUDE CONVECTION; CURRENT DISRUPTION; RADAR OBSERVATIONS; ELECTRIC-FIELDS; CURRENT WEDGE; FLOW; MAGNETOSPHERE; MAGNETOTAIL; MODEL AB During the Earth swing-by of the Cassini spacecraft, a worldwide program of data-gathering was undertaken to define the prevailing interplanetary and geophysical conditions. This included observations of the interplanetary medium, outer magnetosphere, geostationary orbit, UV aurora, geomagnetic disturbance, and ionospheric flow. These data show that during the Cassini outbound passage through the geomagnetic tail the magnetosphere underwent two complete "classic" substorm cycles. The global data are used to set the Cassini data into a context which allows a much fuller interpretation. The pass took place through the dawn tail, where previous Geotail observations indicate that the plasma sheet usually remains 'stationary' at expansion phase onset. Reconnection and plasmoid formation are typically dusk and midnight phenomena. The Cassini observations nevertheless show a marked response of the plasma sheet both to the growth phase (thinning), and expansion phase onset (expansion without heating). Subsequent impulsive expansion of the substorm into the Cassini sector, however, resulted in the prompt appearance of reconnection-related phenomena (earthward flowing plasma and strongly disturbed fields), though the spacecraft footprint remained poleward of the intense UV auroras. Due to continuing strong southward-directed IMF during the expansion phases, a quasi-equilibrium appears to have formed between dayside and near-Earth nightside reconnection for similar to30 min after onset. Auroral zone recovery began about similar to10 min after a northward turn of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) to nearer-zero values in each case. A net closure of open flux then ensued, leading to deflation of the tail lobe field, 'dipolarization' of the near-Earth tail plasma sheet field, simultaneous reduction in the earthward plasma sheet flow and the flow in the nightside ionosphere, and displacement of the ground-based disturbance to high latitudes. C1 Univ Leicester, Dept Phys & Astron, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England. Univ Washington, Geophys Programme, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Canadian Space Agcy, Vanier, ON K1L 8E3, Canada. Boston Univ, Ctr Space Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Univ Iowa, Dept Phys & Astron, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. SW Res Inst, San Antonio, TX 78238 USA. Geol Survey Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0Y3, Canada. UCL, Mullard Space Sci Lab, Dorking RH5 6NT, Surrey, England. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Delaware, Bartol Res Inst, Newark, DE 19716 USA. Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Blackett Lab, London SW7 2BZ, England. Danish Meteorol Inst, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. RP Khan, H (reprint author), Univ Leicester, Dept Phys & Astron, Leicester LE1 7RH, Leics, England. EM hina.khan@ion.le.ac.uk RI Owen, Christopher/C-2999-2008; Reeves, Geoffrey/E-8101-2011; OI Owen, Christopher/0000-0002-5982-4667; Reeves, Geoffrey/0000-0002-7985-8098; Kurth, William/0000-0002-5471-6202 NR 54 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD DEC 1 PY 2001 VL 106 IS A12 BP 30141 EP 30175 DI 10.1029/2001JA900049 PG 35 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 519LV UT WOS:000173728500110 ER PT J AU Sivathanu, Y Hamins, A Mulholland, G Kashiwagi, T Buch, R AF Sivathanu, Y Hamins, A Mulholland, G Kashiwagi, T Buch, R TI Characterization of particulate from fires burning silicone fluids SO JOURNAL OF HEAT TRANSFER-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME LA English DT Article DE combustion; fire; heat transfer; particulate; radiation ID FLAMES AB The optical properties of particulate emitted from fires burning two distinct polydimethylsiloxane fluids (D-4 and M-2 or MM, where D=(CH3)(2)SiO and M=(CH3)(2)SiO2)were obtained using a transmission cell-reciprocal nephelometer in conjunction with gravimetric sampling. The specific absorption coefficient of particulate ash from fires burning D-4 and MM is significantly lower than that of particulate soot from an acetylene (hydrocarbon) flame. Scattering is the dominant part of extinction in fires burning the silicone fluids. This is very different from extinction by soot particles in hydrocarbon fires, where absorption is approximately five times greater than scattering. Temperatures and particulate volume fractions along the axis of a silicone fire (D-4) were measured using multiwavelength absorption/emission spectroscopy. The structure of the D-4 flames is markedly different from hydrocarbon flames. The temperatures and particulate volume fractions very close to the burner surface are much higher than in comparably sized hydrocarbon flames. C1 Urga Inc, W Lafayette, IN 47906 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Dow Corning Corp, Auburn, MI 48611 USA. RP Sivathanu, Y (reprint author), Urga Inc, W Lafayette, IN 47906 USA. NR 26 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 2 PU ASME-AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENG PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA SN 0022-1481 J9 J HEAT TRANS-T ASME JI J. Heat Transf.-Trans. ASME PD DEC PY 2001 VL 123 IS 6 BP 1093 EP 1097 DI 10.1115/1.1389057 PG 5 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA 500UP UT WOS:000172645400010 ER PT J AU Chrysostom, ETH Vulpanovici, N Masiello, T Barber, J Nibler, JW Weber, A Maki, A Blake, TA AF Chrysostom, ETH Vulpanovici, N Masiello, T Barber, J Nibler, JW Weber, A Maki, A Blake, TA TI Coherent Raman and infrared studies of sulfur trioxide SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE Raman; coherent Raman; CARS; infrared; spectrum; sulfur trioxide ID SYMMETRIC TOP MOLECULES; HIGH-RESOLUTION; FORCE-FIELD; SO3; BAND; CONSTANTS; SPECTRUM; (SO2)-S-32-O-16; SPECTROSCOPY AB High-resolution (0.001 cm(-1)) coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) was used to observe the Q-branch structure of the IR-inactive nu(1) symmetric stretching mode of (SO3)-S-32-O-16 and its various O-18 isotopomers. The nu(1) spectrum of (SO3)-S-32-O-16 reveals two intense Q-branches in the region 1065-1067 cm-1, with surprisingly complex vibrational-rotational structure not resolved in earlier studies. Efforts to simulate this with a simple Fermi-resonance model involving nu(1) and 2nu(4) states do not reproduce the spectral detail, nor do they yield reasonable spectroscopic parameters. A more subtle combination of Fermi resonance and indirect Coriolis interactions with nearby states, 2nu(4) (1 = 0, +/-2), nu(2) + nu(4) (1 = +/-1) 2nu(2) (1 = 0), is suspected and a determination of the location of these coupled states by high-resolution infrared measurements is under way. At medium resolution (0.125 cm(-1)), the infrared spectra reveal Q-branch features from which approximate band origins are estimated for the nu(2), nu(3), and nu(4) fundamental modes of (SO3)-S-32-O-18, (SO2O)-S-32-O-18-O-16, and (SOO2)-S-32-O-18-O-16. These and literature data for (SO3)-S-32-O-16 are used to calculate force constants for SO3 and a comparison is made with similar values for SO2 and SO. The frequencies and force constants are in excellent agreement with those obtained by Martin in a recent ab initio calculation. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science. C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Chem, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Natl Sci Fdn, Arlington, VA 22230 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. RP Nibler, JW (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Dept Chem, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NR 50 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 12 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2852 J9 J MOL SPECTROSC JI J. Mol. Spectrosc. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 210 IS 2 BP 233 EP 239 DI 10.1006/jmsp.2001.8463 PG 7 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Spectroscopy SC Physics; Spectroscopy GA 517MC UT WOS:000173613500008 ER PT J AU Maki, A Blake, TA Sams, RL Vulpanovici, N Barber, J Chrysostom, ETH Masiello, T Nibler, JW Weber, A AF Maki, A Blake, TA Sams, RL Vulpanovici, N Barber, J Chrysostom, ETH Masiello, T Nibler, JW Weber, A TI High-resolution infrared spectra of the nu 2, nu 3, nu 4, and 2 nu(3) bands of (SO3)-S-32-O-16 SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article DE infrared; spectrum; sulfur trioxide ID FOURIER-TRANSFORM; SULFUR-TRIOXIDE; SO3; V2 AB New measurements are reported for the infrared spectrum of sulfur trioxide, (SO3)-S-32-O-16, with resolutions ranging from 0.0015 cm(-1) to 0.0025 cm(-1). Rovibrational constants have been measured for the fundamentals nu(2), nu(3), and nu(4) and the overtone band 2nu(3). Comparisons are made with the earlier high-resolution measurements on SO3, and the high correlation among some of the constants related to the Coriolis coupling of the nu(2) and nu(4) levels is discussed in order to understand the areas of disagreement with the earlier work, Splittings of some of the levels are observed and the splitting constant for K = 3 of the ground state is determined for the first time. Other observed splittings include the K = 1 levels of 2nu(3) (l = 2), the K = 2 levels of nu(3) and nu(4), and the K = 3 levels of nu(2). The analysis shows that there are level crossings between the l = 0 and l = 2 states of 2nu(3) that allow one to determine the separation of the subband centers for these two states even though access to the l = 0 state from the ground state is electric-dipole forbidden. This is a generalized phenomenon that should be found for many other molecules with the same symmetry. The l-type resonance constant, q(3), that causes the splitting of the l(3) = +/-1, k = +/-1 levels of nu(3) also couples the l(3) = 0 and 2 states of 2nu(3). (C) 2001 Elsevier Science. C1 Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Chem, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Natl Sci Fdn, Arlington, VA 22230 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Maki, A (reprint author), 15012 24th Ave SE, Mill Creek, WA 98012 USA. NR 13 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 6 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2852 J9 J MOL SPECTROSC JI J. Mol. Spectrosc. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 210 IS 2 BP 240 EP 249 DI 10.1006/jmsp.2001.8454 PG 10 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Spectroscopy SC Physics; Spectroscopy GA 517MC UT WOS:000173613500009 ER PT J AU Kulin, S Aubin, S Christe, S Peker, B Rolston, SL Orozco, LA AF Kulin, S Aubin, S Christe, S Peker, B Rolston, SL Orozco, LA TI A single hollow-beam optical trap for cold atoms SO JOURNAL OF OPTICS B-QUANTUM AND SEMICLASSICAL OPTICS LA English DT Article DE axicon; dipole traps; laser cooling and trapping; conical lens ID DIPOLE TRAP; LONG; CESIUM; MOMENT; TIMES AB We present an optical trap for atoms which we have developed for precision spectroscopy measurements. Cold atoms are captured in a dark region of space inside a blue-detuned hollow laser beam formed by an axicon. We analyse the light potential in a ray optics picture and experimentally demonstrate trapping of laser-cooled metastable xenon atoms. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Phys & Astron, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. RP NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM Luis.Orozco@SUNYSB.EDU RI Joint Quantum Institute, NIST/UMD/H-4494-2011; rolston, steven/L-5175-2013; OI rolston, steven/0000-0003-1671-4190; Christe, Steven/0000-0001-6127-795X NR 28 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 6 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 1464-4266 J9 J OPT B-QUANTUM S O JI J. Opt. B-Quantum Semicl. Opt. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 3 IS 6 BP 353 EP 357 DI 10.1088/1464-4266/3/6/301 PG 5 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA 514GR UT WOS:000173431200001 ER PT J AU Wikfors, GH Ohno, M AF Wikfors, GH Ohno, M TI Impact of algal research in aquaculture SO JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY LA English DT Review DE cultivation; culture; human food; macroalgae; mariculture; microalgae; seaweeds ID RAINBOW-TROUT; BIOTECHNOLOGY; CANTHAXANTHIN; PIGMENTATION; ASTAXANTHIN; MARICULTURE; GROWTH; ACID AB Algal aquaculture worldwide is estimated to be a $5-6 billion U.S. per year industry. The largest portion of this industry is represented by macroalgal production for human food in Asia, with increasing activity in South America and Africa. The technical foundation for a shift in the last half century from wild harvest to farming of seaweeds lies in scientific research elucidating life histories and growth characteristics of seaweeds with economic interest. In several notable cases, scientific breakthroughs enabling seaweed-aquaculture advances were not motivated by aquaculture needs but rather by fundamental biological or ecological questions. After scientific breakthroughs, development of practical cultivation methods has been accomplished by both scientific and commercial-cultivation interests. Microalgal aquaculture is much smaller in economic impact than seaweed cultivation but is the subject of much research. Microalgae are cultured for direct human consumption and for extractable chemicals, but current use and development of cultured microalgae is increasingly related to their use as feeds in marine animal aquaculture. The history of microalgal culture has followed two main paths, one focused on engineering of culture systems to respond to physical and physiological needs for growing microalgae and the other directed toward understanding the nutritional needs of animals-chiefly invertebrates such as mollusks and crustaceans-that feed upon microalgae. The challenge being addressed in current research on microalgae in aquaculture food chains is to combine engineering and nutritional principles so that effective and economical production of microalgal feed cultures can be accomplished to support an expanding marine animal aquaculture industry. C1 NOAA Fisheries, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Milford, CT 06460 USA. Kochi Univ, Usa Marine Biol Inst, Tosa, Kochi 7811164, Japan. RP Wikfors, GH (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 212 Rogers Ave, Milford, CT 06460 USA. NR 60 TC 48 Z9 50 U1 4 U2 36 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0022-3646 J9 J PHYCOL JI J. Phycol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 37 IS 6 BP 968 EP 974 DI 10.1046/j.1529-8817.2001.01136.x PG 7 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 507LG UT WOS:000173029500008 ER PT J AU Capotondi, A Alexander, MA AF Capotondi, A Alexander, MA TI Rossby waves in the tropical North Pacific and their role in decadal thermocline variability SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE SYSTEM; CLIMATE VARIABILITY; INTERDECADAL VARIABILITY; EL-NINO; HEMISPHERE CIRCULATION; BAROCLINIC WAVES; SST ANOMALIES; COUPLED GCM; MODEL AB A band of enhanced thermocline variability at 10-15 degreesN in the Pacific found in nature also occurs in an ocean general circulation model forced with observed fluxes of momentum, heat, and freshwater over the period 1958-97. The variability in the model is primarily associated with long baroclinic Rossby waves characterized by periods in the decadal range (7-10 yr). The waves are forced by westward propagating Ekman pumping anomalies east of the date line and propagate at a speed of similar to 13 cm s(-1), which is slower than the phase speed of the first mode unforced baroclinic waves (15-16 cm s(-1)). West of the date line, the correlations between thermocline displacements and local Ekman pumping are relatively small, and the ocean signals have a phase speed of similar to 20 em s(-1), very similar to the phase speed of the first baroclinic mode in the western half of the basin (18-20 cm s(-1)). The phase speeds of the ocean model signals have been estimated using cospectral analysis, while the WKB approximation has been used to evaluate the phase speed of the baroclinic Rossby wave modes for the given model stratification. The thermocline displacements are coherent all the way across the basin in the 10 degrees -15 degreesN latitude band. After reaching the western boundary the signal appears to propagate along the boundary, both to the north and the south. Along the southern branch, the signal reaches the equator and propagates along the equator, contributing to tow-frequency equatorial thermocline variability. C1 NOAA CIRES Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP NOAA CIRES Climate Diagnost Ctr, R-CDCI,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM mac@cdc.noaa.gov RI Alexander, Michael/A-7097-2013 OI Alexander, Michael/0000-0001-9646-6427 NR 65 TC 47 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-3670 EI 1520-0485 J9 J PHYS OCEANOGR JI J. Phys. Oceanogr. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 31 IS 12 BP 3496 EP 3515 DI 10.1175/1520-0485(2002)031<3496:RWITTN>2.0.CO;2 PG 20 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 505FT UT WOS:000172903300008 ER PT J AU Wang, ZG Wang, XH Hsiao, BS Phillips, RA Medellin-Rodriguez, FJ Srinivas, S Wang, H Han, CC AF Wang, ZG Wang, XH Hsiao, BS Phillips, RA Medellin-Rodriguez, FJ Srinivas, S Wang, H Han, CC TI Structure and morphology development in syndiotactic polypropylene during isothermal crystallization and subsequent melting SO JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART B-POLYMER PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE syndiotactic polypropylene; crystal structures; morphology; isothermal crystallization; multiple melting; SAXS; wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) ID X-RAY-SCATTERING; TIME-RESOLVED SAXS; ETHER KETONE) PEEK; SMALL-ANGLE; SECONDARY CRYSTALLIZATION; POLYMER CRYSTALLIZATION; CRYSTAL-GROWTH; BEHAVIOR; FRACTIONS; STATE AB Structure and morphology development during the isothermal crystallization and subsequent melting of syndiotactic polypropylene (sPP) was studied with differential scanning calorimetry (I)SQ, time-resolved simultaneous small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) methods with synchrotron radiation. The morphology of sPP isothermally crystallized at 100 degreesC for 3 h was also characterized with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Time- and temperature-dependent parameters such as the long period (L), crystal lamellar thickness (l(c)), amorphous layer thickness (l(a)), scattering invariant (Q), crystallinity (X-c), lateral crystal sizes (L-200 and L-010), and unit cell dimensions (a and b) were extracted from the SAXS and WAXD data. Results indicate that the decreases in L and lo with time are probably due to the formation of thinner crystal lamellae, and the decreases in a and b are due to crystal perfection. The changes in the morphological parameters (Q, X-c, L, and l(c)) during subsequent melting exhibited a two-stage process that was consistent with the multiple melting peaks observed in DSC. The two high-temperature peaks can be attributed to the melting of primary lamellae (at lower temperatures) and recrystallized lamellae (at higher temperatures), An additional minor peak, located at the lowest temperature, was also visible and was related to the melting of thin and defective secondary lamellae. TEM results are consistent with the SAXS data, which supports the assignment of the larger value (l(1)) from the correlation function analysis as l(c). WAXD showed that the thermal expansion was greater along the b axis than the a axis during melting. (C) 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.*. C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Chem, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Basell USA Inc, R&D Ctr, Elkton, MD 21921 USA. ExxonMobil Chem Co, Baytown Polymers Ctr, Baytown, TX 77522 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hsiao, BS (reprint author), SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Chem, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. RI Wang, Zhigang/F-6136-2010 NR 41 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 19 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI NEW YORK PA 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0887-6266 J9 J POLYM SCI POL PHYS JI J. Polym. Sci. Pt. B-Polym. Phys. PD DEC 1 PY 2001 VL 39 IS 23 BP 2982 EP 2995 DI 10.1002/polb.10055 PG 14 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 492EG UT WOS:000172155000006 ER PT J AU Kooistra, WHCF de Boer, MK Vrieling, EG Connell, LB Gieskes, WWC AF Kooistra, WHCF de Boer, MK Vrieling, EG Connell, LB Gieskes, WWC TI Variation along ITS markers across strains of Fibrocapsa japonica (Raphidophyceae) suggests hybridisation events and recent range expansion SO JOURNAL OF SEA RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE dispersal; Fibrocapsa japonica; harmful algal blooms (HAB); hybridisation; ITS; phylogeography; Raphidophyceae ID CHATTONELLA-MARINA RAPHIDOPHYCEAE; STRAND CONFORMATION POLYMORPHISM; GRADIENT GEL-ELECTROPHORESIS; TRANSCRIBED SPACER SEQUENCES; NUCLEAR RIBOSOMAL DNA; SHIPS BALLAST WATER; CONCERTED EVOLUTION; MOLECULAR EVOLUTION; RISK ASSESSMENT; NORTH-AMERICAN AB The flagellate micro-alga Fibrocapsa japonica can form harmful algal blooms:along all temperate coastal regions of the world. The species was first observed in coastal waters of Japan and the western US in the 1970s-, it has been reported regularly worldwide since. To unravel whether this apparent range expansion can be tracked, we assessed genetic variation among nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS sequences, obtained from sixteen global:strains collected over the course of three decades. Ten sequence positions showed polymorphism across the strains. Nine out of these revealed ambiguities in several or most sequences sampled. The oldest strain collected (LB-2161) was the only one without such intra-individual polymorphism. In the others, the proportion of ambiguities at variable sites increased with more recent collection date. The pattern does not result from loss of variation due to sexual reproduction and random drift in culture because sister cultures CS-332 and NIES-136 showed virtually the same ITS-pattern after seven years of separation. Neither are the patterns explained by recent range expansion of a single genotype, because in that case one would expect lowest genetic diversity in the recently invaded North Sea, instead. polymorphism is highest there. Recent ballast-water-mediated mixing of formerly isolated populations and subsequent ongoing sexual reproduction among them can explain the increase in ambiguities. The species' capacity to form harmful blooms may well have been enhanced through increased genetic diversity of regional populations. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd All rights reserved. C1 Staz Zool Anton Dohrn, I-80121 Naples, Italy. Univ Groningen, Ctr Biol, Dept Marine Biol, Ctr Ecol & Evolutionary Studies, NL-9750 AA Haren, Netherlands. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Environm Conservat Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Kooistra, WHCF (reprint author), Staz Zool Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, I-80121 Naples, Italy. EM kooistra@alpha.szn.it OI Kooistra, Wiebe/0000-0002-8641-9739 NR 72 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1385-1101 J9 J SEA RES JI J. Sea Res. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 46 IS 3-4 BP 213 EP 222 DI 10.1016/S1385-1101(01)00086-7 PG 10 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 512LW UT WOS:000173326700003 ER PT J AU Sander, LC Wise, SA AF Sander, LC Wise, SA TI The influence of column temperature on selectivity in reversed-phase liquid chromatography for shape-constrained solutes SO JOURNAL OF SEPARATION SCIENCE LA English DT Review DE temperature control; monomeric phase; polymeric phase; liquid crystallin phase; shape selectivity ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; POLYBUTADIENE-COATED ZIRCONIA; BONDED STATIONARY PHASES; ALKYL CHAIN CONFORMATION; ORGANOCHLOROSILANE PATHWAY; PHYTOPLANKTON PIGMENTS; CRYSTALLINE POLYMERS; RAMAN-SPECTROSCOPY; SEPARATION; RETENTION AB Relationships between column temperature and retention behavior are reviewed for separations in reversed-phase liquid chromatography on hydrocarbonaceous bonded phases. Changes in selectivity are observed to occur with changes in temperature for a wide variety of stationary phase types. The largest temperature effects are observed for long alkyl chain length stationary phases and liquid crystalline stationary phases. Changes in stationary phase conformational structure are characterized by spectroscopic approaches, and correlations are made with retention behavior. In general, improved separations of isomers are usually possible at reduced column temperature. Applications are presented for classes of compounds that exhibit well-defined (constrained) molecular structure. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Sander, LC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8392, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM lane.sander@nist.gov NR 53 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 2 U2 13 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 1615-9306 J9 J SEP SCI JI J. Sep. Sci. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 24 IS 12 BP 910 EP 920 DI 10.1002/1615-9314(20011201)24:12<910::AID-JSSC910>3.0.CO;2-A PG 11 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 509QU UT WOS:000173161800003 ER PT J AU Pitcher, GC Franco, JM Doucette, GJ Powell, CL Mouton, A AF Pitcher, GC Franco, JM Doucette, GJ Powell, CL Mouton, A TI Paralytic shellfish poisoning in the abalone Haliotis midae on the west coast of South Africa SO JOURNAL OF SHELLFISH RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Symposium on Abalone Biology, Fisheries and Culture CY FEB 06-11, 2000 CL UNIV CAPE TOWN, CAPE TOWN, SOUTH AFRICA HO UNIV CAPE TOWN DE Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning; saxitoxin; abalone; Hatiotis midae; South Africa ID CLAM SAXIDOMUS-GIGANTEUS; BUTTER CLAM; TOXINS; SIPHON; PERFORMANCE; TUBERCULATA; MELANIN AB In April 1999, monitoring on two West Coast abalone farms provided evidence of the presence of Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP) toxins in the cultured abalone Haliotis midae. Subsequent analysis of wild animals collected from the West Coast also revealed the accumulation of PSP toxins in these gastropods. The toxicity of individual animals as measured by the AOAC mouse bioassay showed considerable variation, ranging from below the assay detection limit to a maximum of 1609 mug STXeq 100g(-1). Initial observations found PSP toxins in abalone to be coincident with blooms of Alexandrium catenella indicating that this dinoflagellate was the probable cause of abalone toxicity. Subsequent detection by receptor binding assay, of toxicity in abalone on the South Coast, an area considered free of A. catenella blooms, casts some doubt as to the source of the toxins. The toxin composition in the abalone as determined by HPLC was dominated by STX, and differed significantly from the toxin profile of A. catenella and the co-occurring mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis. Either these findings indicated a high capacity for biotransformation of PSP toxins by abalone or that A. catenella was not the source of the toxin. Investigation of the anatomical distribution of toxins revealed that they were not evenly distributed throughout the abalone tissues, but appeared to concentrate in outer layer tissue. The muscular foot made a disproportionately low contribution to the total toxin content of the mollusc, whereas the epipodial fringe, although comprising a small proportion of the abalone total weight, contributed substantially to the total toxin content. The epipodial fringe is typically included with the muscular foot as that part of the animal marketed for human consumption. The negative impacts of PSP contamination on abalone spawning and larval survival are presented and the Findings of this study are compared to observations of PSP toxins in the abalone Haliotis tuberculata on the Galician coast. The inability of abalone to detoxify or depurate accumulated PSP toxins below the regulatory level threatens the future of the established abalone fishery and the newly developed aquaculture operations on the West Coast of South Africa. C1 Marine & Coastal Management, ZA-8012 Cape Town, South Africa. Arc Onderstepoort Vet Inst, ZA-0110 Onderstepoort, South Africa. NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Marine Biotoxins Program, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Inst Invest Marinas Punta Betin, Vigo 36208, Spain. RP Pitcher, GC (reprint author), Marine & Coastal Management, Private Bag X2, ZA-8012 Cape Town, South Africa. EM gpitcher@mcm.wcape.gov.za RI Doucette, Gregory/M-3283-2013 NR 29 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 6 PU NATL SHELLFISHERIES ASSOC PI GROTON PA C/O DR. SANDRA E. SHUMWAY, UNIV CONNECTICUT, 1080 SHENNECOSSETT RD, GROTON, CT 06340 USA SN 0730-8000 J9 J SHELLFISH RES JI J. Shellfish Res. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 20 IS 2 BP 895 EP 904 PG 10 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 520AZ UT WOS:000173758900042 ER PT J AU Lewis, CVW Weinberg, JR Davis, CS AF Lewis, CVW Weinberg, JR Davis, CS TI Population structure and recruitment of the bivalve Arctica islandica (Linnaeus, 1767) on Georges Bank from 1980-1999 SO JOURNAL OF SHELLFISH RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Arctica islandica; Georges Bank; recruitment; growth; population dynamics ID LARVAE PLACOPECTEN-MAGELLANICUS; SPISULA-SOLIDISSIMA; NORTHWEST ATLANTIC; OCEAN QUAHOGS; GROWTH LINES; SEA; SURFCLAM; MOLLUSCA; WATERS; RA-228 AB Arctica islandica is a commercially important bivalve from the North Atlantic Ocean. Due to its slow growth rate and longevity, long-term studies are needed to understand its population dynamics, particularly recruitment. This study describes the spatial distribution and population structure of A. islandica on Georges Bank, USA from 1980-1999. Results are based on samples collected with a hydraulic clam dredge during National Marine Fisheries Service ocean shellfish surveys. In all surveys from 1980-1999, individuals were abundant on the south flank of Georges Bank between 60 and 75 m depth. In the 1980s, size distributions in tows were typically unimodal, and the population was dominated by large individuals, 75-90 mm in length. In contrast, bimodal size distributions were observed at many stations in the 1990s, and small individuals (<70 mm in length) often represented 20-50%, of the catch (by number), These small individuals were the result of spawning in the 1980s. Ages of clams were estimated from shell banding at one station in 1994. Most individuals had less than 40 bands, and individuals between 21 and 28 were rare. Among young individuals, modes were centered on 7 and 12 bands; assuming band formation is approximately annual, this suggests recruitment by cohorts spawned during 1986 or 1987 and 1981 or 1982. These results imply that annual recruitment of small A. islandica on Georges Bank has been highly variable during the last 40 years and suggest an increase in recruitment to the fishery after 1990. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Integrat Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Integrat Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NR 67 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 7 PU NATL SHELLFISHERIES ASSOC PI GROTON PA C/O DR. SANDRA E. SHUMWAY, UNIV CONNECTICUT, 1080 SHENNECOSSETT RD, GROTON, CT 06340 USA SN 0730-8000 EI 1943-6319 J9 J SHELLFISH RES JI J. Shellfish Res. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 20 IS 3 BP 1135 EP 1144 PG 10 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 526JN UT WOS:000174127300029 ER PT J AU Vedula, VR Glass, SJ Saylor, DM Rohrer, GS Carter, WC Langer, SA Fuller, ER AF Vedula, VR Glass, SJ Saylor, DM Rohrer, GS Carter, WC Langer, SA Fuller, ER TI Residual-stress predictions in polycrystalline alumina SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID GRAIN-SIZE DEPENDENCE; THERMAL-EXPANSION ANISOTROPY; FRACTURE ENERGY; CERAMICS; MICROSTRUCTURE; AL2O3; COMPOSITES; BOUNDARIES AB Microstructure-level residual stresses occur in polycrystalline ceramics during processing, as a result of thermal expansion anisotropy and crystallographic misorientation across the grain boundaries. Depending on the grain size, the magnitude of these stresses can be sufficiently high to cause spontaneous microcracking when cooled from the processing temperature. They are also likely to affect where cracks initiate and propagate under macroscopic loading. The magnitudes of residual stresses in untextured and textured alumina samples have been predicted using experimentally determined grain orientations and object-oriented finite-element analysis. The crystallographic orientations have been obtained using electron-backscattered diffraction. The residual stresses are lower and the stress distributions are narrower in the textured samples, in comparison with those in the untextured samples. Crack initiation and propagation also have been simulated, using a Griffith-like fracture criterion. The grain-boundary-energy:surface-energy ratios required for computations are estimated using atomic-force-microscopy thermal-groove measurements. C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Ceram Mat Dept, Albuquerque, NM 87185 USA. Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. MIT, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Vedula, VR (reprint author), United Technol Res Ctr, E Hartford, CT 06108 USA. RI Carter, W/K-2406-2012; Rohrer, Gregory/A-9420-2008 OI Rohrer, Gregory/0000-0002-9671-3034 NR 27 TC 74 Z9 74 U1 1 U2 16 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, PO BOX 6136, WESTERVILLE, OH 43086-6136 USA SN 0002-7820 J9 J AM CERAM SOC JI J. Am. Ceram. Soc. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 84 IS 12 BP 2947 EP 2954 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 503MY UT WOS:000172803300030 ER PT J AU Josell, D Wheeler, D Huber, WH Bonevich, JE Moffat, TP AF Josell, D Wheeler, D Huber, WH Bonevich, JE Moffat, TP TI A simple equation for predicting superconformal electrodeposition in submicrometer trenches SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID COPPER AB We present a single variable first-order differential equation for predicting the occurrence of superconformal electrodeposition. The equation presumes that the dependence of deposition rate on surface coverage of the accelerator is known (e.g., derived from voltammetry experiments)on planar electrodes. A simplified growth geometry, based on the recently proposed mechanism of curvature enhanced accelerator coverage, is used to permit simplification of the trench-filling problem. The resulting solution is shown to reduce computational time from hours to seconds, while yielding reasonably accurate predictions of the parameter values required for trench filling. (C) 2001 The Electrochemical Society. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Josell, D (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Wheeler, Daniel/C-8994-2009 OI Wheeler, Daniel/0000-0002-2653-7418 NR 10 TC 86 Z9 87 U1 2 U2 12 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 148 IS 12 BP C767 EP C773 DI 10.1149/1.1414287 PG 7 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 492KD UT WOS:000172166800018 ER PT J AU Ohno, Y Daubach, RO AF Ohno, Y Daubach, RO TI Integrating sphere simulation on spatial nonuniformity errors in luminous flux measurement SO JOURNAL OF THE ILLUMINATING ENGINEERING SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Conference of the Illuminating-Engineering-Society-of-North-America CY 2000 CL NEW YORK, NEW YORK SP Illuminating Engn Soc N Amer ID REALIZATION AB To obtain general knowledge on the spatial nommiformity errors of an integrating sphere photometer associated with the spatial intensity distributions of test lamps, a series of computer simulations have been conducted for various designs of an integrating sphere measuring different types of lamps. An integrating sphere simulation program, previously developed for the realization of the luminous flux unit at NIST, has been utilized for this analysis. The program simulates interreflections in an integrating sphere and calculates the final luminance distributions on the sphere wall, as well as the detector output. Using this program, simulations have been conducted on a 2 in integrating sphere having a 30 cm circular baffle, with varied sphere wall reflectance (p = 80 to 98 percent) and baffle reflectances, the size and location of the baffle, and the angular response of the detector. Measurement errors (with respect to an isotropic point source) were calculated for actual intensity distribution data of eight different types of incandescent and discharge lamps. The results show, with a well-designed integrating sphere photometer with no contamination of coating, measurement uncertainties (k=2) on the order of one percent (p = 80 percent) to 0.1 percent (p = 98 percent) can be expected for typical general service lamps with no reflectors, measured against a calibration source of uniform intensity distribution. Larger errors are shown with integrating sphere photometers not properly designed. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. OSRAM SYLVANIA Inc, Beverly, MA USA. RP Ohno, Y (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 11 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 4 PU ILLUMINAT ENG SOC NORTH AMER PI NEW YORK PA 120 WALL ST, 17TH FL, NEW YORK, NY 10005-4001 USA SN 0099-4480 J9 J ILLUM ENG SOC JI J. Illum. Eng. Soc. PD WIN PY 2001 VL 30 IS 1 BP 105 EP + PG 12 WC Optics SC Optics GA 750TV UT WOS:000187015100011 ER PT J AU Kim, JP Yeo, JG Paik, U Jung, YG Park, JG Hackley, VA AF Kim, JP Yeo, JG Paik, U Jung, YG Park, JG Hackley, VA TI Modification of electrokinetic behavior of CeO2 abrasive particles in chemical mechanical polishing for shallow trench isolation SO JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th Seoul International Symposium on the Physics of Semiconductors and Applications CY NOV 01-03, 2000 CL CHEJU, SOUTH KOREA ID PLANARIZATION AB Ceria (CeO2) slurry stability and oxide-to-nitride Selectivity in the shallow trench isolation chemical mechanical polishing (STI CMP) process were manipulated with the modification of ceria surface potentials. The electrophoretic mobility Of CeO2 particles is strongly dependent oil suspension pH as well as ionizable acrylic polymer. With modification of surface potentials, the isoelectric point (pH(iep)) of ceria shifted toward acidic pH values. resulting in ail increasing negative surface potential at pH values between 5 and 7. This surface modification resulted in ail increase of oxide removal rate due to mutually repulsive electrostatic forces between modified CeO2 abrasive particle and SiO2 film. When modified ceria particles are dispersed at a pH near the pH(iep) of silicon nitride, where the surface potential of silicon nitride is minimal, the removal rate of nitride is sharply reduced and thus oxide-to-nitride selectivity is improved by a factor of roughly 1:50. C1 Hanyang Univ, Dept Ceram Engn, Micromultilayered Ceram Forming Lab, Seoul 133791, South Korea. Changwon Natl Univ, Dept Ceram Sci & Engn, Chang Won 641773, South Korea. Hanyang Univ, Adv Semicond Mat & Device Dev Ctr, Seoul 133791, South Korea. NIST, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kim, JP (reprint author), Hanyang Univ, Dept Ceram Engn, Micromultilayered Ceram Forming Lab, Seoul 133791, South Korea. NR 12 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 3 PU KOREAN PHYSICAL SOC PI SEOUL PA 635-4, YUKSAM-DONG, KANGNAM-KU, SEOUL 135-703, SOUTH KOREA SN 0374-4884 J9 J KOREAN PHYS SOC JI J. Korean Phys. Soc. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 39 SU S BP S197 EP S200 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 506KC UT WOS:000172968700048 ER PT J AU Paik, U Kim, JP Jung, YS Jung, YG Katoh, T Park, JG Hackley, VA AF Paik, U Kim, JP Jung, YS Jung, YG Katoh, T Park, JG Hackley, VA TI The effect of Si dissolution on the stability of silica particles and its influence on chemical mechanical polishing for interlayer dielectrics SO JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th Seoul International Symposium on the Physics of Semiconductors and Applications CY NOV 01-03, 2000 CL CHEJU, SOUTH KOREA ID IONIC-STRENGTH; NITRIDE AB As a silica slurry for interlayer dielectric CMP is prepared in the alkaline region to accelerate the chemical corrosion process of plasma enhanced tetraethylorthosilicate (PETEOS), Si ions are dissolved to the point where it will adversely affect the colloidal stability of the silica particles. Under alkaline conditions above pH 9, silica solubility sharply increases and the silica layer is dissolved with the formation of silicic acid and, subsequently, ionized silicate species that results in a decrease of surface potential due to electrical double layer compression As the silica surface is modified with water soluble polymer, the decrease of surface potential above pH 9 disappears and results instead in an increase in the stability of silica particles dispersed in the alkaline region. Microscratches on wafers with the modified slurry were reduced and the. removal rate in CMP processing was increased. C1 Hanyang Univ, Dept Ceram Engn, Seoul 133791, South Korea. Changwon Natl Univ, Dept Ceram Sci & Engn, Chang Won 641773, South Korea. Hanyang Univ, Adv Semicond Mat & Device Dev Ctr, Seoul 133791, South Korea. NIST, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Paik, U (reprint author), Hanyang Univ, Dept Ceram Engn, Seoul 133791, South Korea. NR 18 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 5 PU KOREAN PHYSICAL SOC PI SEOUL PA 635-4, YUKSAM-DONG, KANGNAM-KU, SEOUL 135-703, SOUTH KOREA SN 0374-4884 J9 J KOREAN PHYS SOC JI J. Korean Phys. Soc. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 39 SU S BP S201 EP S204 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 506KC UT WOS:000172968700049 ER PT J AU Bohn, JL Nesbitt, DJ Gallagher, A AF Bohn, JL Nesbitt, DJ Gallagher, A TI Field enhancement in apertureless near-field scanning optical microscopy SO JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA A-OPTICS IMAGE SCIENCE AND VISION LA English DT Article ID LIGHT-SCATTERING; SINGLE MOLECULES; RAMAN-SCATTERING; FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY; DIFFRACTION LIMIT; WAVE SCATTERING; METAL TIPS; PROBE TIP; SURFACE; SPECTROSCOPY AB The near field of an apertureless near-field scanning optical microscopy probe is investigated with a multiple-multipole technique to obtain optical fields in the vicinity of a silicon probe tip and a glass substrate. The results demonstrate that electric field enhancements of > 15 relative to the incident fields can be achieved near a silicon tip, implying intensity enhancements of several orders of magnitude. This enhancement arises both from the antenna effect of the elongated probe and from a proximity effect when the probe is near the substrate surface and its image dipoles play a role. (C) 2001 Optical Society of America. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Bohn, JL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 37 TC 51 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 4 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0740-3232 J9 J OPT SOC AM A JI J. Opt. Soc. Am. A-Opt. Image Sci. Vis. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 18 IS 12 BP 2998 EP 3006 DI 10.1364/JOSAA.18.002998 PG 9 WC Optics SC Optics GA 496HJ UT WOS:000172389900005 PM 11760198 ER PT J AU Donohue, MJ Boland, RC Sramek, CM Antonelis, GA AF Donohue, MJ Boland, RC Sramek, CM Antonelis, GA TI Derelict fishing gear in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands: Diving surveys and debris removal in 1999 confirm threat to coral reef ecosystems SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE marine debris; contaminants; Hawaiian monk seal; coral reef; fishing; Northwestern Hawaiian Islands ID CONTINENTAL-SHELF; MARINE DEBRIS; ABUNDANCE; NORTH AB Marine debris threatens Northwestern Hawaiian Islands' (NWHI) coral reef ecosystems. Debris, a contaminant, entangles and kills endangered Hawaiian monk seals (Monachus schauinslandi), coral, and other wildlife. We describe a novel multi-agency effort using divers to systematically survey and remove derelict fishing gear from two NWHI in 1999. 14 t of derelict fishing gear were removed and debris distribution, density, type and fouling level documented at Lisianski Island and Pearl and Hermes Atoll. Reef debris density ranged from 3.4 to 62.2 items/ km(2). Trawl netting was the most frequent debris type encountered (88%) and represented the greatest debris component recovered by weight (35%), followed by monofilament gillnet (34%), and maritime line (23%). Most debris recovered, 72%, had light or no fouling, suggesting debris may have short oceanic circulation histories. Our study demonstrates that derelict fishing gear poses a persistent threat to the coral reef ecosystems of the Hawaiian Archipelago. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 NOAA, Commissioned Corps, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Honolulu Lab, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Hawaii, Corp Res, Joint Inst Marine & Atmospher Res, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP NOAA, Commissioned Corps, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Honolulu Lab, 2570 Dole St, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM mary.donohue@noaa.gov NR 35 TC 86 Z9 97 U1 2 U2 22 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 42 IS 12 BP 1301 EP 1312 DI 10.1016/S0025-326X(01)00139-4 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 507VP UT WOS:000173052200018 PM 11827117 ER PT J AU Wong, CR AF Wong, CR TI Complexities of using discrete tidal zoning for high resolution surveys in shallow water SO MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOCIETY JOURNAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on High Resolution Surveys in Shallow Waters CY OCT, 1999 CL SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA AB Discrete tidal zoning is a methodology used by the National Ocean Service (NOS) to provide tide reducers for hydrographic surveys. Analyses of historical tide data., models, and other research are used to describe the tidal characteristics of a given survey area to generate co-tidal charts of co-range and co-phase lines. The number of zones for a particular survey depends upon the complexity of the tide in the area. Each zone is described by a range ratio and a time correction to a water Level station in operation during the survey. Tide reducers are compiled by applying the appropriate time and range corrections to the sounding data relative to chart datum which is Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW). Shallow water areas typically have the most complex tidal characteristics where the amplitude of the tide reducers can be a significant percentage of the overall sounding depth and can dominate the overall error budget. In high resolution surveys using multi-beam technology, discrete tidal zoning introduces unwanted jumps when soundings cross from one zone to another. NOS is pursuing research into the application of smooth continuous functions for tide reducers to replace discrete tidal zoning. NOS is developing tools such as Tidal Constituent and. Residual Interpolation (TCARI) and Kinematic Global Positioning System (GPS) for operational vertical control. However, these tools still require water Level station installations prior to the survey for the development of tidal datum ties to geodetic datum using GPS and to map MLLW relative to the ellipsoid. C1 NOAA Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Operat Oceanog Prod, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Wong, CR (reprint author), NOAA Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Operat Oceanog Prod, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 6 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA C/O I CLAYION MATTHEWS, 1828 L ST, NW, 9TH FL, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0025-3324 J9 MAR TECHNOL SOC J JI Mar. Technol. Soc. J. PD WIN PY 2001 VL 35 IS 4 BP 51 EP 57 PG 7 WC Engineering, Ocean; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA 539LR UT WOS:000174872100006 ER PT J AU Gesch, D Wilson, R AF Gesch, D Wilson, R TI Development of a seamless multisource topographic/bathymetric elevation model of Tampa Bay SO MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOCIETY JOURNAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on High Resolution Surveys in Shallow Waters CY OCT, 1999 CL SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA AB Many applications of geospatial data, in coastal environments require knowledge of the near-shore topography and bathymetry. However, because existing topographic and bathymetric data have been. collected independently for different purposes, it has been difficult to use them together at the land/water interface owing to differences in format, projection, resolution, accuracy, and datums. As a first step toward solving the problems of integrating diverse coastal datasets, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) are collaborating on a joint demonstration project to merge their data for the Tampa Bay region of Florida. The best available topographic and bathymetric data were extracted from the USGS National Elevation Dataset and the NOAA hydrographic survey database, respectively. Before being merged., the topographic and bathymetric datasets were processed with. standard geographic information system tools to place them in a common horizontal reference frame. Also, a key part of the preprocessing was transformation to a common vertical reference through the use of VDatum, a new tool created by NOAA's National Geodetic Survey for vertical datum conversions. The final merged product is a seamless topographic/bathymetric model covering the Tampa Bay region at a grid spacing of I arc-second. Topographic LIDAR data were processed and merged with the bathymetry to demonstrate the incorporation of recent third party data sources for several test areas. A primary application of a merged topographic/bathymetric elevation model is for user-defined shoreline delineation, in which the user decides on the tidal condition (for example, low or high water) to be superimposed on the elevation data to determine the spatial position of the water line. Such a use of merged topographic/bathymetric data could, lead to the development of a shoreline zone, which could reduce redundant mapping efforts by federal, state, and local agencies by allowing them to customize their portrayals of the shoreline using a standard baseline elevation dataset. C1 USGS, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD USA. NOAA Natl Ocean Serv, Silver Spring, MD USA. RP Gesch, D (reprint author), USGS, EROS Data Ctr, Sioux Falls, SD USA. OI Gesch, Dean/0000-0002-8992-4933 NR 11 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 4 PU MARINE TECHNOLOGY SOC INC PI WASHINGTON PA C/O I CLAYION MATTHEWS, 1828 L ST, NW, 9TH FL, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0025-3324 J9 MAR TECHNOL SOC J JI Mar. Technol. Soc. J. PD WIN PY 2001 VL 35 IS 4 BP 58 EP 64 PG 7 WC Engineering, Ocean; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA 539LR UT WOS:000174872100007 ER PT J AU Carlini, DB Young, RE Vecchione, M AF Carlini, DB Young, RE Vecchione, M TI A molecular phylogeny of the octopoda (Mollusca : Cephalopoda) evaluated in light of morphological evidence SO MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION LA English DT Article ID CODON USAGE; COLEOID CEPHALOPODS; MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD; SEQUENCE DATA; GENE; SELECTION; DROSOPHILA; EVOLUTION; ABUNDANCE; LEVEL AB In this paper we examine the phylogenetic relationships of the Octopoda utilizing molecular sequence data from the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene and compare results from analyses of molecular data with classifications and phylogenies based on previous morphological studies. Partial COI sequences (657 bp, excluding primers) were obtained from 28 species representing most of the diversity in the Order Octopoda, along with a sequence from the established sister taxon to the Octopoda, Vampyroteuthis infernalis. Our results exhibit a number of basic differences from inferences based on standard morphological data. We attempt to resolve these differences based on our confidence in various morphological features. An important finding is the failure of the molecular data to support the monophyly of the Octopodidae. This family contains over 90% of the species in the Suborder Incirrata and has always been difficult to define. Statistical tests constraining Octopodidae monophyly by use of parsimony and maximum-likelihood techniques suggest that all incirrates may be derived from octopodids. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science. C1 Univ Rochester, Dept Biol, Rochester, NY 14627 USA. Univ Hawaii, Dept Oceanog, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Natl Museum Nat Hist, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Systemat Lab, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Carlini, DB (reprint author), American Univ, Dept Biol, 101 Hurst Hall,4400 Massachusetts Ave NW, Washington, DC 20016 USA. NR 40 TC 43 Z9 48 U1 2 U2 15 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 1055-7903 EI 1095-9513 J9 MOL PHYLOGENET EVOL JI Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 21 IS 3 BP 388 EP 397 DI 10.1006/mpev.2001.1022 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 511EH UT WOS:000173251300005 PM 11741381 ER PT J AU Burnett, JH Levine, ZH Shirley, EL AF Burnett, JH Levine, ZH Shirley, EL TI Hidden in plain sight: Calcium fluoride's intrinsic birefringence SO PHOTONICS SPECTRA LA English DT Article C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Burnett, JH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 1 PU LAURIN PUBL CO INC PI PITTSFIELD PA BERKSHIRE COMMON PO BOX 1146, PITTSFIELD, MA 01202 USA SN 0731-1230 J9 PHOTON SPECTRA JI Photon. Spect. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 35 IS 12 BP 88 EP + PG 4 WC Optics SC Optics GA 499UW UT WOS:000172589600037 ER PT J AU Bennett, LH Della Torre, E Fry, RA AF Bennett, LH Della Torre, E Fry, RA TI Modeling of intermediate behavior in Co/Pt vertical magnetization multilayers SO PHYSICA B LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Symposium on Hysteresis and Micromagnetics Modeling CY MAY 21-23, 2001 CL UNIV GEORGE WASHINGTON, ASHBURN, VIRGINIA HO UNIV GEORGE WASHINGTON DE Preisach model; modeling; magnetization; multilayers ID THIN-FILMS; PERPENDICULAR MAGNETIZATION; MAGNETOOPTICAL MEDIUM; IDENTIFICATION; PARAMETERS; ANISOTROPY; ALLOYS AB Magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE) hysteresis loops were acquired at various radial positions on a 25 mm diameter disk of a (0.3 nm Co/1.2 nm Pt)(15) multilayer. Two distinct types of behavior: unimodal, with two stable states, and bimodal, with four stable states. were observed. At the center of the disk. the loop exhibited bimodal features. At the outer edge, the reversal behavior was significantly altered, and the loop was unimodal. The radial variations in the magnetization are attributed to diffusion and interface effects arising, from nonuniform heating in the film deposition process. We model these media to understand the physics of the magnetization processes, The bimodal loops are characterized by columns of CoPt3 and of Pt threading the multilayers, strongly coupling them, and fully polarizing the Pt layers. Then, this thread is lost due to the different growth conditions at the edge of the disk. altering the polarization of the Pt layers. The overall behavior is modeled by assuming that in file unimodal region. there are a certain number of smooth layers starting at the substrate. and the remaining lavers are rougher. III the intermediate region. vertical threads start forming at random points whose length increases as the medium becomes more bimodal, When the medium is fully bimodal, it consists solely of CoPt3 and Pt threads that pierce the entire medium. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 George Washington Univ, Inst Magnet Res, Ashburn, VA 20147 USA. Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD USA. RP Bennett, LH (reprint author), George Washington Univ, Inst Magnet Res, 20101 Acad Way, Ashburn, VA 20147 USA. NR 17 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4526 J9 PHYSICA B JI Physica B PD DEC PY 2001 VL 306 IS 1-4 BP 228 EP 234 DI 10.1016/S0921-4526(01)01009-2 PG 7 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 501LC UT WOS:000172685300043 ER PT J AU Huang, Q He, T Regan, KA Rogado, N Hayward, M Haas, MK Inumaru, K Cava, RJ AF Huang, Q He, T Regan, KA Rogado, N Hayward, M Haas, MK Inumaru, K Cava, RJ TI Temperature dependence of the structural parameters of the non-oxide perovskite superconductor MgCNi3 SO PHYSICA C LA English DT Article DE no-oxide perovskite; structure parameters; neutron powder diffraction AB We report the structural parameters of superconducting MgCxNi3 (x = 0.96, T-c = 7.3 K) as a function of temperature, from 2 to 295 K, determined by neutron powder diffraction profile refinement. The compound has the perovskite structure over the whole temperature range, with symmetry Pm (3) over barm and a = 3.81221(5) Angstrom at 295 K: no structural or long range magnetic ordering transitions were observed. The lattice parameter a and tho Debye-Waller factors for the individual atoms decrease smoothly with decreasing temperature. There are no unusual changes of the structural parameters near T-c. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Mat & Nucl Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Princeton Univ, Dept Chem, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Princeton Univ, Princeton Mat Inst, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Huang, Q (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Mat & Nucl Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RI Inumaru, Kei/J-9292-2015; OI Hayward, Michael/0000-0002-6248-2063 NR 5 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4534 J9 PHYSICA C JI Physica C PD DEC 1 PY 2001 VL 363 IS 4 BP 215 EP 218 DI 10.1016/S0921-4534(01)01068-1 PG 4 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 492TG UT WOS:000172183200001 ER PT J AU Heavner, TP Jefferts, SR Dunn, GH AF Heavner, TP Jefferts, SR Dunn, GH TI Atomic mass of Li-6 using a Penning-ion-trap mass spectrometer SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID CYCLOTRON; ELECTRON; CS-133 AB The atomic mass of Li-6 has been measured using a Penning-ion-trap mass spectrometer to be 6.015 122 795(16) u. The fractional measurement uncertainty of +/-2.7 x 10(-9) represents a 30-fold improvement over that of the accepted published value. External ion sources were used to create ions outside the cryogenic (4 K) environment of the Penning trap and an ion-transport beamline was used to deliver ions into the trap for measurement. The ion mass ratios of Li-6(+): C-12(2+) and Li-6(+):D-3(+) were measured using this apparatus and the atomic mass of neutral Li-6 was derived from these ratios. A Measurement of the He+:D-2(+) mass ratio with a fractional uncertainty of +/-1.1 x 10(-9) and differing from the accepted Published value by a fractional amount -0.6 x 10(-9) is also reported. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Time & Frequency Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Heavner, TP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Time & Frequency Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 25 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD DEC PY 2001 VL 64 IS 6 AR 062504 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.64.062504 PG 8 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 500CK UT WOS:000172608200034 ER PT J AU Quijada, MA Simpson, JR Vasiliu-Doloc, L Lynn, JW Drew, HD Mukovskii, YM Karabashev, SG AF Quijada, MA Simpson, JR Vasiliu-Doloc, L Lynn, JW Drew, HD Mukovskii, YM Karabashev, SG TI Temperature dependence of low-lying electronic excitations of LaMnO3 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID COLOSSAL-MAGNETORESISTANCE; OPTICAL-CONDUCTIVITY; DOUBLE EXCHANGE; LA1-XSRXMNO3; SPECTRA; POLARON; LA1-XCAXMNO3; RESISTIVITY; FILMS AB We report on the optical properties of undoped single crystal LaMnO3, the parent compound of the colossal magnetoresistive manganites. Near-normal-incidence-reflectance measurements are reported in the frequency range of 20-50 000 cm(-1) and in the temperature range 10-300 K. The optical conductivity sigma (1)(omega) is derived by performing a Kramers-Kronig analysis of the reflectance data. The far-infrared spectrum of sigma (1)(omega) displays the infrared active optical phonons. While several of the phonons soften as the temperature is raised, no anomalies in the width or frequency of the phonons are observed at the Neel temperature of the sample (T(N)similar to 139 K). The high-frequency sigma (1)(omega) is characterized by the onset of absorption near 1.5 eV, apeak at 2 eV, and a second larger peak at 4 eV. The 2-eV feature has been identified as optical transitions across the Jahn-Teller split e(g) levels. The spectral weight of this feature increases in the low-temperature state. This implies a transfer of spectral weight from the UV to the visible region associated with the paramagnetic to antiferromagnetic state. We discuss the results in terms of the double-exchange processes that affect the optical processes in this magnetic material. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Phys, Mat Res Lab, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Moscow Power Engn Inst, Moscow, Russia. RP Quijada, MA (reprint author), NASA, GSFC, Code 551, Greenbelt, MD 20740 USA. EM manuel.quijada@gsfc.nasa.gov NR 26 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 EI 1550-235X J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD DEC 1 PY 2001 VL 64 IS 22 AR 224426 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.64.224426 PG 7 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 502FP UT WOS:000172733300069 ER PT J AU Mansfield, ML Douglas, JF Garboczi, EJ AF Mansfield, ML Douglas, JF Garboczi, EJ TI Intrinsic viscosity and the electrical polarizability of arbitrarily shaped objects SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E LA English DT Review ID EXCLUDED-VOLUME INTERACTIONS; KIRKWOOD-RISEMAN MODEL; SMALL APERTURES; HYDRODYNAMIC FRICTION; MONTE-CARLO; ELECTROSTATIC CAPACITANCE; POLYNOMIAL APPROXIMATIONS; RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES; BROWNIAN PARTICLES; DILUTE SUSPENSION AB The problem of calculating the electric polarizability tensor a, of objects of arbitrary shape has been reformulated in terms of path integration and implemented computationally. The method simultaneously yields the electrostatic capacity C and the equilibrium charge density. These functionals of particle shape are important in many materials science applications, including the conductivity and viscosity of filled materials and suspensions. The method has been validated through comparison with exact results (for the sphere, the circular disk, touching spheres, and tori), it has been found that 10(6) trajectories yield an accuracy of about four and three significant figures for C and alpha (e), respectively. The method is fast: For simple objects, 10(6) trajectories require about 1 min on a PC. It is also versatile: Switching from one object to another is easy. Predictions have also been made for regular polygons, polyhedra, and right circular cylinders, since these shapes are important in applications and since numerical calculations of high stated accuracy are available. Finally, the path-integration method has been applied to estimate transport properties of both linear flexible polymers (random walk chains of spheres) and lattice model dendrimer molecules. This requires probing of an ensemble of objects. For linear chains, the distribution function of C and of the trace (alpha (e)), are found to be universal in a size coordinate reduced by the chain radius of gyration. For dendrimers, these distribution functions become increasingly sharp with generation number. It has been found that C and alpha (e) provide important information about the distribution of molecular size and shape and that they are important for estimating the Stokes friction and intrinsic viscosity of macromolecules. C1 Stevens Inst Technol, Dept Chem & Biol Chem, Hoboken, NJ 07030 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg Mat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Stevens Inst Technol, Dept Chem & Biol Chem, Hoboken, NJ 07030 USA. NR 157 TC 70 Z9 70 U1 1 U2 21 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2470-0045 EI 2470-0053 J9 PHYS REV E JI Phys. Rev. E PD DEC PY 2001 VL 64 IS 6 AR 061401 DI 10.1103/PhysRevE.64.061401 PN 1 PG 16 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical SC Physics GA 502CN UT WOS:000172726300021 PM 11736179 ER PT J AU Herron, JT AF Herron, JT TI Modeling studies of the formation and destruction of NO in pulsed barrier discharges in nitrogen and air SO PLASMA CHEMISTRY AND PLASMA PROCESSING LA English DT Article DE barrier discharge; kinetics; air; nitrogen; nitric oxide; water; data; modeling ID EVALUATED KINETIC DATA; ELECTRON; N-2; AFTERGLOW; PLASMA AB This paper presents the results of modeling studies on the formation and destruction of NO in pulsed harrier discharges in nitrogen and air. The goals of this work are to identify the major processes involved in the formation and destruction of NO in air discharges, to distinguish between oxidative and reductive paths for NO destruction, to explore the potential importance of excited state reactions, to evaluate the role of water in such systems, and to identify the "final" products in the absence of heterogeneous processes. In all cases, the systems were modeled with 100 x 10(4)% (100ppm) of added NO, with and without 3% added water. The focus in all of this work is chemistry in the post-pulse regime. C1 NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Herron, JT (reprint author), NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 28 TC 36 Z9 39 U1 0 U2 6 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0272-4324 J9 PLASMA CHEM PLASMA P JI Plasma Chem. Plasma Process. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 21 IS 4 BP 581 EP 609 DI 10.1023/A:1012003218939 PG 29 WC Engineering, Chemical; Physics, Applied; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Engineering; Physics GA 501WZ UT WOS:000172710200006 ER PT J AU Bauer, BJ Wallace, WE Fanconi, BM Guttman, CM AF Bauer, BJ Wallace, WE Fanconi, BM Guttman, CM TI "Covalent cationization method" for the analysis of polyethylene by mass spectrometry SO POLYMER LA English DT Article DE matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization; polyethylene; polyolefin ID LASER-DESORPTION IONIZATION; POLYMERS AB Polyethylene and other polyolefins have not been amenable to mass spectrometric characterization of molecular mass distribution due to the ineffectiveness of conventional methods of cationization. The lack of polar groups, unsaturation, and aromaticity, excludes cationization methods that are used commonly for polymers. A new method is introduced in which an organic cation is covalently bonded to the polymer to produce the necessary ionization for successful matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight mass spectrometry. A strong MALDI signal results from modified polymers that give no response in their unmodified form. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bauer, BJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8541, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 16 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0032-3861 J9 POLYMER JI Polymer PD DEC PY 2001 VL 42 IS 25 BP 9949 EP 9953 DI 10.1016/S0032-3861(01)00539-0 PG 5 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 474EA UT WOS:000171091600011 ER PT J AU Dunkers, JP Phelan, FR Zimba, CG Flynn, KM Sanders, DP Peterson, RC Parnas, RS AF Dunkers, JP Phelan, FR Zimba, CG Flynn, KM Sanders, DP Peterson, RC Parnas, RS TI The prediction of permeability for an epoxy/E-glass composite using optical coherence tomographic images SO POLYMER COMPOSITES LA English DT Article ID FIBROUS POROUS-MEDIA; NAVIER-STOKES EQUATION; LATTICE BGK MODELS; MICROSCALE FLOW; INPLANE FLOW; ULTRASOUND AB Knowledge of the permeability tensor in liquid composite molding is important for process optimization. Unfortunately, experimental determination of permeability is difficult and time consuming. Numerical calculation of permeability from a model reinforcement can circumvent experimentation. However, permeability predictions often rely on a model reinforcement that does not accurately mimic the actual microstructure. A rapid, nondestructive technique called optical coherence tomography (OCT) can image the microstructure of a composite in minutes. Actual microstructural information can be then used to improve the accuracy of the model and therefore the predicted permeability. Additionally, the influence on fiber volume fraction and microstructural variability on permeability can be systematically studied. In this work, binary images were generated from the low contrast OCT data through image de-noising, contrast enhancement and feature recognition. The resulting data were input to a lattice-Boltzmann model for permeability prediction. The influence of the fiber volume fraction, tow surface area, average mean free channel path, and variable microstructure are discussed in terms of their individual and synergistic effects on permeability. The calculated axial and transverse permeabilities from the images show very good agreement with the experimental values. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. MIT, Dept Elect Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RP Dunkers, JP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Li, Xingde/F-7663-2012 NR 24 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 5 PU SOC PLASTICS ENG INC PI BROOKFIELD PA 14 FAIRFIELD DR, BROOKFIELD, CT 06804-0403 USA SN 0272-8397 J9 POLYM COMPOSITE JI Polym. Compos. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 22 IS 6 BP 803 EP 814 DI 10.1002/pc.10582 PG 12 WC Materials Science, Composites; Polymer Science SC Materials Science; Polymer Science GA 507GP UT WOS:000173018900009 ER PT J AU Lim, K Zhang, H Tempczyk, A Bonander, N Toedt, J Howard, A Eisenstein, E Herzberg, O AF Lim, K Zhang, H Tempczyk, A Bonander, N Toedt, J Howard, A Eisenstein, E Herzberg, O TI Crystal structure of YecO from Haemophilus influenzae (HI0319) reveals a methyltransferase fold and a bound S-adenosylhomocysteine SO PROTEINS-STRUCTURE FUNCTION AND BIOINFORMATICS LA English DT Article DE YecO; Haemophilus influenzae; EC2.1.1; methyltransferases; structural genomics ID N-METHYLTRANSFERASE; PROTEIN; MECHANISM; ADENOSYLMETHIONINE; CRYSTALLOGRAPHY; ALIGNMENT; SYSTEM AB The crystal structure of YecO from Haemophilus influenzae (HI0319), a protein annotated in the sequence databases as hypothetical, and that has not been assigned a function, has been determined at 2.2-Angstrom resolution. The structure reveals a fold typical of S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent (AdoMet) methyltransferase enzymes. Moreover, a processed cofactor, S-adenosyl-L-homo-cysteine (AdoHcy), is bound to the enzyme, further confirming the biochemical function of HI0319 and its sequence family members. An active site arginine, shielded from bulk solvent, interacts with an anion, possibly a chloride ion, which in turn interacts with the sulfur atom of AdoHcy. The AdoHcy and nearby protein residues delineate a small solvent-excluded substrate binding cavity of 162 Angstrom (3) in volume. The environment surrounding the cavity indicates that the substrate molecule contains a hydrophobic moiety and an anionic group. Many of the residues that define the cavity are invariant in the HI0319 sequence family but are not conserved in other methyltransferases. Therefore, the substrate specificity of YecO enzymes is unique and differs from the substrate specificity of all other methyltransferases sequenced to date. Examination of the Enzyme Commission list of methyltransferases prompted a manual inspection of 10 possible substrates using computer graphics and suggested that the ortho-substituted benzoic acids fit best in the active site. (C) 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Univ Maryland, Maryland Biotechnol Inst, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. IIT, Chicago, IL 60616 USA. RP Herzberg, O (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Maryland Biotechnol Inst, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, 9600 Gudelsky Dr, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. EM osnat@carb.nist.gov RI ID, IMCACAT/D-5867-2014 FU NCRR NIH HHS [1P41-RR12408-01A1]; NIGMS NIH HHS [P01 GM7890-1] NR 32 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0887-3585 J9 PROTEINS JI Proteins PD DEC 1 PY 2001 VL 45 IS 4 BP 397 EP 407 DI 10.1002/prot.10004 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 499KD UT WOS:000172569600012 PM 11746687 ER PT J AU Kielpinski, D Ben-Kish, A Britton, J Meyer, V Rowe, MA Itano, WM Wineland, DJ Sackett, C Monroe, C AF Kielpinski, D. Ben-Kish, A. Britton, J. Meyer, V. Rowe, M. A. Itano, W. M. Wineland, D. J. Sackett, C. Monroe, C. TI RECENT RESULTS IN TRAPPED-ION QUANTUM COMPUTING AT NIST SO QUANTUM INFORMATION & COMPUTATION LA English DT Article AB We review recent experiments on entanglement, Bell's inequality, and decoherence-free subspaces in a quantum register of trapped Be-9(+) ions. We have demonstrated entanglement of up to four ions [1] using the technique of Molmer and Sorensen [2]. This method produces the state (vertical bar up arrow up arrow >+vertical bar down arrow down arrow >)/root 2 for two ions and the state (vertical bar down arrow down arrow down arrow down arrow > + vertical bar up arrow up arrow up arrow up arrow >)/root 2- for four ions. We generate the entanglement deterministically in each shot of the experiment. Measurements on the two-ion entangled state violates Bell's inequality at the 8 sigma level [3]. Because of the high detector efficiency of our apparatus, this experiment closes the detector loophole for Bell's inequality measurements for the first time. This measurement is also the first violation of Bell's inequality by massive particles that does not implicitly assume results from quantum mechanics. Finally, we have demonstrated reversible encoding of an arbitrary qubit, originally contained in one ion, into a decoherence-free subspace (DFS) of two ions [4]. The DFS-encoded qubit resists applied collective dephasing noise and retains coherence under ambient conditions 3.6 times longer than does an unencoded qubit. The encoding method, which uses single-ion gates and the two-ion entangling gate, demonstrates all the elements required for two-qubit universal quantum logic. C1 [Kielpinski, D.; Ben-Kish, A.; Britton, J.; Meyer, V.; Rowe, M. A.; Itano, W. M.; Wineland, D. J.] NIST, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. [Sackett, C.] Univ Virginia, Dept Phys, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. [Monroe, C.] Univ Michigan, Dept Phys, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Kielpinski, D (reprint author), NIST, Div Time & Frequency, Mailstop 847,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM davidk@boulder.nist.gov RI Monroe, Christopher/G-8105-2011; OI Kielpinski, David/0000-0002-2816-6892; Britton, Joe/0000-0001-8103-7347 FU NSA; ARDA; ARO; ONR FX This research was supported by the NSA, ARDA, ARO, and ONR. This paper is a contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology and is not subject to U.S. copyright. NR 32 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 3 PU RINTON PRESS, INC PI PARAMUS PA 565 EDMUND TERRACE, PARAMUS, NJ 07652 USA SN 1533-7146 J9 QUANTUM INF COMPUT JI Quantum Inform. Comput. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 1 SI SI BP 113 EP 123 PG 11 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Physics, Particles & Fields; Physics, Mathematical SC Computer Science; Physics GA V31RX UT WOS:000208901800012 ER PT J AU Simpson, JJ Hufford, GL Pieri, D Berg, JS AF Simpson, JJ Hufford, GL Pieri, D Berg, JS TI Failures in detecting volcanic ash from a satellite-based technique - Response SO REMOTE SENSING OF ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Editorial Material ID ERUPTION; CLOUDS AB Prata et al. [Remote Sens. Environ. (2001)] state that our analysis [Remote Sens. Environ. 72 (2000) 191] "suffers from a fundamental flaw in its methodology and numerous errors in fact and interpretation." We assert that Prata et al. [Remote Sens. Environ. (2001)] are incorrect. Our original analysis, augmented herein, shows that from an aviation safety perspective, their T-4-T-5 volcanic ash detection algorithm does not meet the requirements of the aviation industry. For arbitrary satellite scenes, their algorithm: (1) underdetects airborne volcanic ash; (2) yields numerous false alarms; and (3) does not satisfy the 5 min warning imperative mandated by the aviation industry. Independent evidence and unique in situ validation data from the NASA DC-8 encounter with volcanic products from the recent Hekla eruption further support our original analysis and conclusions. Factors affecting the usefulness of their algorithm within the context of aviation safety include, but are not limited to, ambient atmospheric water vapor, ground and juvenile water in the magma as well as its chemical composition, cloud cover, atmospheric ice crystals, and the general applicability of the theoretical assumptions underlying their T-4-T-5 volcanic ash detection algorithm. The new analyses presented herein, as well as those of Simpson et al. [Remote Sens. Environ. 72 (2000) 191], show that new approaches are needed to address the complex problem of accurate and rapid detection of airborne volcanic ash. 2001 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Digital Image Anal Lab, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Natl Weather Serv, Anchorage, AK USA. Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. RP Simpson, JJ (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Digital Image Anal Lab, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. NR 31 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 655 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0034-4257 J9 REMOTE SENS ENVIRON JI Remote Sens. Environ. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 78 IS 3 BP 347 EP 357 DI 10.1016/S0034-4257(01)00230-9 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 500NM UT WOS:000172633700013 ER PT J AU Dryer, M Fry, CD Sun, W Deehr, C Smith, Z Akasofu, SI Andrews, MD AF Dryer, M Fry, CD Sun, W Deehr, C Smith, Z Akasofu, SI Andrews, MD TI Prediction in real time of the 2000 July 14 heliospheric shock wave and its companions during the 'Bastille' Epoch(*) SO SOLAR PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SOLAR-WIND DISTURBANCES; GEOMAGNETIC STORMS; INTERPLANETARY; SIMULATION; SCINTILLATION; MHD AB Prediction of solar-generated disturbances and their three-dimensional propagation through interplanetary space continues to present a vitally important operational space weather forecasting objective. This paper presents the first successful real-time prediction of a series of major heliospheric shock waves at Earth, including the one from the 14 July 2000 (`Bastille Day') flare. An ensemble of three models and their predictions were distributed to a world-wide group of interested scientists as part of an informal Internet space weather forecast research program. Two of the models, STOA (Shock Time of Arrival) and ISPM (Interplanetary Shock Propagation Model), presently in operation by the US Air Force Weather Agency, provided predictions of shock arrival time (SAT) that were, respectively, 0.5 hours after and 3.7 hours before the observed arrival. The third model, HAFv.2 (Hakamada-Akasofu-Fry version 2.0) predicted a time 0.3 hours after the observed shock arrival time (14:37 UT, 15 July 2000). Of primary interest to this study is the third model, firstly in terms of its capability of propagating shocks through non-uniform solar wind conditions, and secondly, in terms of its ability to integrate multiple solar events and display them graphically along with the background solar wind. This latter capability was brought to bear on ten real-time-reported flares, some with CMEs (coronal mass ejections) that took place as companions to the Bastille flare during the period 7-15 July 2000. Some limited statistics are given regarding the three models' shock arrival prediction capability at Earth, as an extension of our earlier studies with this three model ensemble in the prediction of SAT. HAFv.2, however, was able to describe not only the ten events and their interaction as measured at Earth, but also at the spacecraft NEAR (orbiting the asteroid, Eros, at 1.8 AU), and CASSINI (en route, at 4.0 AU, to Saturn). Several important points are noted: (1) this epoch represents a small statistical sample that should be expanded; and (2) the three models, based on theory, empiricism, and simulations represent the state of the art that should presage a similar community process. This paper was presented earlier as an Invited Talk at the American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting, December 14-19, 2000, in San Francisco, CA, U.S.A.toward space weather objectives in the Sun-Earth domain. C1 Explorat Phys Int Inc, Milford, NH 03055 USA. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Alaska, Inst Geophys, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Int Arctic Res Ctr, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Computat Phys Inc, Washington, DC 20375 USA. RP Dryer, M (reprint author), Explorat Phys Int Inc, Milford, NH 03055 USA. RI xue, yansheng/A-9712-2012 NR 27 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0038-0938 J9 SOL PHYS JI Sol. Phys. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 204 IS 1-2 BP 267 EP 286 PG 20 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 524BU UT WOS:000173992700017 ER PT J AU Lepping, RP Berdichevsky, DB Burlaga, LF Lazarus, AJ Kasper, J Desch, MD Wu, CC Reames, DV Singer, HJ Smith, CW Ackerson, KL AF Lepping, RP Berdichevsky, DB Burlaga, LF Lazarus, AJ Kasper, J Desch, MD Wu, CC Reames, DV Singer, HJ Smith, CW Ackerson, KL TI The Bastille Day magnetic clouds and upstream shocks: Near-Earth interplanetary observations SO SOLAR PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS; SOLAR-WIND; MAGNETOSPHERE; SPACECRAFT; LASCO AB The energetic charged particle, interplanetary magnetic field, and plasma characteristics of the 'Bastille Day' shock and ejecta/magnetic cloud events at 1 AU occurring over the days 14-16 July 2000 are described. Profiles of MeV (WIND/LEMT) energetic ions help to organize the overall sequence of events from the solar source to 1 AU. Stressed are analyses of an outstanding magnetic cloud (MC2) starting late on 15 July and its upstream shock about 4 hours earlier in WIND magnetic field and plasma data. Also analyzed is a less certain, but likely, magnetic cloud (MC1) occurring early on 15 July; this was separated from MC2 by its upstream shock and many heliospheric current sheet (HCS) crossings. Other HCS crossings occurred throughout the 3-day period. Overall this dramatic series of interplanetary events caused a large multi-phase magnetic storm with min Dst lower than -300 nT. The very fast solar wind speed (greater than or equal to 1100 km s(-1)) in and around the front of MC2 (for near average densities) was responsible for a very high solar wind ram pressure driving in the front of the magnetosphere to geocentric distances estimated to be as low as approximate to 5 R-E, much lower than the geosynchronous orbit radius. This was consistent with magnetic field observations from two GOES satellites which indicated they were in the magnetosheath for extended times. A static force-free field model is used to fit the two magnetic cloud profiles providing estimates of the clouds' physical and geometrical properties. MC2 was much larger than MC1, but their axes were nearly antiparallel, and their magnetic fields had the same left-handed helicity. MC2's axis and its upstream shock normal were very close to being perpendicular to each other, as might be expected if the cloud were driving the shock at the time of observation. The estimated axial magnetic flux carried by MC2 was 52x10(2)0 Mx, which is about 5 times the typical magnetic flux estimated for other magnetic clouds in the WIND data over its first 4 years and is 17 times the flux of MC1. This large flux is due to both the strong axially-directed field of MC2 (46.8 nT on the axis) and the large radius (R-0=0.189 AU) of the flux tube. MC2's average speed is consistent with the expected transit time from a halo-CME to which it is apparently related. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. MIT, Ctr Space Res, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Delaware, Bartol Res Inst, Newark, DE 19716 USA. Univ Iowa, Dept Phys & Astron, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. Emergent Informat Technol, Largo, MD 20774 USA. RP Lepping, RP (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Kasper, Justin/D-1152-2010 OI Kasper, Justin/0000-0002-7077-930X NR 36 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0038-0938 J9 SOL PHYS JI Sol. Phys. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 204 IS 1-2 BP 287 EP 305 PG 19 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 524BU UT WOS:000173992700018 ER PT J AU Araujo-Pradere, EA Fuller-Rowell, TJ AF Araujo-Pradere, EA Fuller-Rowell, TJ TI Evaluation of the STORM-time ionospheric empirical model for the Bastille Day event SO SOLAR PHYSICS LA English DT Article AB Recent theoretical model simulations of the ionospheric response to geomagnetic storms have provided the understanding for the development of an empirical storm-time ionospheric model (STORM). The empirical model is driven by the previous time-history of a(p), and is designed to scale the quiet-time F-layer critical frequency (f(o)F(2)) to account for storm-time changes in the ionosphere. The model provides a useful, yet simple tool for modeling of the perturbed ionosphere. The quality of the model prediction has been evaluated by comparing with the observed ionospheric response during the Bastille Day (July 2000) storm. With a maximum negative D-st of -290 nT and an a(p) of 400, this magnetic perturbation was the strongest of year 2000. For these conditions, the model output was compared with the actual ionospheric response from all available stations, providing a reasonable latitudinal and longitudinal coverage. The comparisons show that the model captures the decreases in electron density particularly well in the northern summer hemisphere. In winter, the observed ionospheric response was more variable, showing a less consistent response, imposing a more severe challenge to the empirical model. The value of the model has been quantified by comparing the root mean square error (RMSE) of the STORM predictions with the monthly mean. The results of this study illustrate that the STORM model reduces the RMSE at the peak of the disturbance from 0.36 to 0.22, a significant improvement over climatology. C1 Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Araujo-Pradere, EA (reprint author), Univ Colorado, CIRES, 325 Broadway,R-SEC, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 7 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0038-0938 J9 SOL PHYS JI Sol. Phys. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 204 IS 1-2 BP 317 EP 324 PG 8 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 524BU UT WOS:000173992700020 ER PT J AU Raeder, J Wang, YL Fuller-Rowell, TJ Singer, HJ AF Raeder, J Wang, YL Fuller-Rowell, TJ Singer, HJ TI Global simulation of magnetospheric space weather effects of the Bastille Day storm SO SOLAR PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID 3-DIMENSIONAL MHD SIMULATION; CURRENT-VOLTAGE RELATIONSHIP; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; SOLAR-WIND; MAGNETIC-FIELD; IONOSPHERE; RECONNECTION; MECHANISMS; ENERGY AB We present results from a global simulation of the interaction of the solar wind with Earth's magnetosphere, ionosphere, and thermosphere for the Bastille Day geomagnetic storm and compare the results with data. We find that during this event the magnetosphere becomes extremely compressed and eroded, causing 3 geosynchronous GOES satellites to enter the magnetosheath for an extended time period. At its extreme, the magnetopause moves at local noon as close as 4.9 R-E to Earth which is interpreted as the consequence of the combined action of enhanced dynamic pressure and strong dayside reconnection due to the strong southward interplanetary magnetic field component B-z, which at one time reaches a value of -60 nT. The lobes bulge sunward and shield the dayside reconnection region, thereby limiting the reconnection rate and thus the cross polar cap potential. Modeled ground magnetic perturbations are compared with data from 37 sub-auroral, auroral, and polar cap magnetometer stations. While the model can not yet predict the perturbations and fluctuations at individual ground stations, its predictions of the fluctuation spectrum in the 0-3 mHz range for the sub-auroral and high-latitude regions are remarkably good. However, at auroral latitudes (63degrees to 70degrees magnetic latitude) the predicted fluctuations are slightly too high. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO USA. RP Raeder, J (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. NR 23 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 1 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0038-0938 J9 SOL PHYS JI Sol. Phys. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 204 IS 1-2 BP 325 EP 338 PG 14 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 524BU UT WOS:000173992700021 ER PT J AU Yildirim, T Reisner, B Udovic, TJ Neumann, DA AF Yildirim, T Reisner, B Udovic, TJ Neumann, DA TI The combined neutron scattering and first-principles study of solid state protonic conductors SO SOLID STATE IONICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Conference on Solid State Protonic Conductors (SSPC10) CY SEP 24-28, 2000 CL MONTPELLIER, FRANCE DE proton conductors; neutron scattering; first-principles calculations; density functional; strontium cerate; Ba2In2O5; RbHSO4 ID PHASE-TRANSITIONS; DYNAMICS; BA2IN2O5; OXYGEN AB The need for more efficient batteries and fuel cells to be used for vehicle propulsion, photovoltaic energy storage, and self-contained power sources has led to increased effort in the development of improved materials with high proton conductivity. In this paper, we outline the utility of neutron scattering methods in conjunction with first-principles total-energy calculations for characterizing the structure and proton dynamics in such materials, namely, SrCe1 - xScxO3 -deltaHgamma, Ba2In2O5 + deltaH2 delta and RbHSO4. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. James Madison Univ, Dept Chem, Harrisonburg, VA 22807 USA. RP Yildirim, T (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Room E112,Bldg 235,100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI yildirim, taner/A-1290-2009; OI Reisner, Barbara/0000-0003-3160-0351 NR 19 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-2738 J9 SOLID STATE IONICS JI Solid State Ion. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 145 IS 1-4 BP 429 EP 435 DI 10.1016/S0167-2738(01)00940-7 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Physics GA 491ER UT WOS:000172095500055 ER PT J AU Yamamori, H Itoh, M Sasaki, H Shoji, A Benz, SP Dresselhaus, PD AF Yamamori, H Itoh, M Sasaki, H Shoji, A Benz, SP Dresselhaus, PD TI All-NbN digital-to-analog converters for a programmable voltage standard SO SUPERCONDUCTOR SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Superconductive Electronics Conference CY JUN 19-22, 2001 CL OSAKA, JAPAN ID JOSEPHSON-JUNCTIONS; FABRICATION; ARRAYS AB Five-bit all-NbN digital-to-analog converters (DACs) for a programmable voltage standard have been fabricated using NbN/TiNx/NbN Josephson junctions and their operation has been demonstrated. The DAC consists of six arrays of 128, 128, 256, 512, 1024 and 2048 junctions per array. We have measured the current-voltage characteristics for the junction arrays driven with a 16 GHz microwave signal at 4.2 and 10 K, resulting in constant-voltage steps with heights larger than 2 mA. The maximum output voltage for the DAC was 136 mV, indicating that all 4096 junctions in the DAC yielded a voltage corresponding to the microwave frequency through the ac Josephson effect. C1 Natl Inst Adv Ind Sch & Technol, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058568, Japan. Chiba Inst Technol, Chiba 2750016, Japan. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Yamamori, H (reprint author), Natl Inst Adv Ind Sch & Technol, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058568, Japan. NR 11 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 4 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-2048 J9 SUPERCOND SCI TECH JI Supercond. Sci. Technol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 14 IS 12 BP 1048 EP 1051 DI 10.1088/0953-2048/14/12/314 PG 4 WC Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 506XY UT WOS:000172998100014 ER PT J AU Hadfield, RH Burnell, G Kang, DJ Blamire, MG Dresselhaus, P Benz, SP AF Hadfield, RH Burnell, G Kang, DJ Blamire, MG Dresselhaus, P Benz, SP TI Nanofabricated SNS junction series arrays in superconductor-normal metal bilayers SO SUPERCONDUCTOR SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Superconductive Electronics Conference CY JUN 19-22, 2001 CL OSAKA, JAPAN AB We have applied our existing focused ion beam based nanoscale planar SNS bridge junction technology to the fabrication of series arrays, with a view to lumped array applications. Single junctions are created in a micrometre-width bilayer track (125 nm Nb on 75 nm Cu) by milling a trench 50 nm wide in the upper superconducting layer. Individual junctions with non-hysteretic, resistively-shunted current-voltage characteristics, critical current I-C similar to 1 mA and characteristic voltage ICRN similar to 50 muV at 4.2 K can be fabricated routinely. The characteristics of 10-junction series arrays at junction spacings of 0.2 mum to 1.6 mum have been studied at 4.2 K and above. Locking of all the junctions in the array under an applied microwave field is observed as the transition temperature is approached. This effect is achieved at a lower temperature for shorter junction spacings, suggesting a penetration depth-dependent electromagnetic coupling mechanism. Measurements of differential resistance versus current reveal the I-C distribution of individual junctions within the array. Spreads of critical current deltaI(C) = I-Cmax/I-Cmin similar to 1.5 at 4.2 K are typically observed. The spread in normal state resistance, R-N between junctions is negligible in comparison, as the unbroken normal metal layer shunts all of the junctions in the array. This allows locking to be achieved in spite of the appreciable spread in I-C. C1 Univ Cambridge, Dept Mat Sci, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, England. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Electromagnet Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Hadfield, RH (reprint author), Univ Cambridge, Dept Mat Sci, Pembroke St, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, England. EM rhh20@hermes.cam.ac.uk RI Burnell, Gavin/C-8950-2009; Hadfield, Robert/L-8081-2013 OI Burnell, Gavin/0000-0002-9486-0639; Hadfield, Robert/0000-0002-8084-4187 NR 14 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-2048 J9 SUPERCOND SCI TECH JI Supercond. Sci. Technol. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 14 IS 12 BP 1086 EP 1089 DI 10.1088/0953-2048/14/12/322 PG 4 WC Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 506XY UT WOS:000172998100022 ER PT J AU Jain, S Lall, U AF Jain, S Lall, U TI Floods in a changing climate: Does the past represent the future? SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID NINO SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; WESTERN UNITED-STATES; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURES; OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE SYSTEM; EL-NINO; NORTH PACIFIC; MILLENNIAL TIMESCALES; VARIABILITY; ENSO; TELECONNECTIONS AB Hydrologists have traditionally assumed that the annual maximum flood process at a location is independent and identically distributed. While nonstationarities in the flood process due to land use changes have long been recognized, it is only recently becoming clear that structured interannual, interdecadal, and longer time variations in planetary climate impart the temporal structure to the flood frequency process at flood control system design and operation timescales. The influence of anthropogenic climate change on the nature of floods is also an issue of societal concern. Here we focus on (1) a diagnosis of variations in the frequency of floods that are synchronous with low-frequency climate state and (2) an exploration of limiting flood probability distributions implied by a long simulation of a model of the El Nino/Southern Oscillation. Implications for flood risk analysis are discussed. C1 Univ Colorado, Climate Diagnost Ctr, NOAA, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO USA. Columbia Univ, Dept Earth & Environm Engn, New York, NY 10027 USA. Columbia Univ, Int Res Inst Climate Predict, New York, NY 10027 USA. RP Jain, S (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Climate Diagnost Ctr, NOAA, CIRES, R-CDC1,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Jain, Shaleen/B-2923-2011; Lall, Upmanu/B-7992-2009 OI Jain, Shaleen/0000-0003-1792-4421; Lall, Upmanu/0000-0003-0529-8128 NR 45 TC 103 Z9 105 U1 5 U2 22 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 37 IS 12 BP 3193 EP 3205 DI 10.1029/2001WR000495 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 511UB UT WOS:000173283000026 ER PT J AU Prchlik, L Sampath, S Gutleber, J Bancke, G Ruff, AW AF Prchlik, L Sampath, S Gutleber, J Bancke, G Ruff, AW TI Friction and wear properties of WC-Co and Mo-Mo2C based functionally graded materials SO WEAR LA English DT Article DE wear; FGMs; thermal spraying; carbides ID SPRAY DEPOSITS; COATINGS; INDENTATION; DAMAGE AB Wear resistant coatings based on functionally graded materials (FGMs) applied on industrial machinery components can reduce weight, increase adhesion strength, decrease internal stresses and improve the resistance against propagation of surface defects. Macroscale FGMs offer a new method of surface engineering to produce tailored tribological properties. In order to fully exploit the FGM concepts, an efficient fabrication with advanced process control assuring the stability of the resulting properties is desirable. The fundamental understanding of wear damage modes of each layer, as well as the development of predictive models for through-thickness behavior can increase the industrial applicability of graded coatings. In the present study, two industrially relevant FGM coatings were investigated: high-velocity-oxygen-fuel (HVOF) deposited WC-Co/stainless steel and plasma sprayed Mo-Mo2C/stainless steel FGMs. For both deposition processes, high degree of automation was achieved and linearly graded coatings were successfully prepared. Sliding friction and abrasive wear responses were evaluated through thickness and damage mechanisms controlling the coefficient of friction and wear rates were described. A correlation between composition, microstructure characteristics and damage modes was established. The enhancement of Mo-Mo2C coating properties through FGM approach with stainless steel was reported. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Ctr Thermal Spray Res, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Prchlik, L (reprint author), SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Ctr Thermal Spray Res, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. NR 20 TC 44 Z9 51 U1 3 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0043-1648 J9 WEAR JI Wear PD DEC PY 2001 VL 249 IS 12 BP 1103 EP 1115 DI 10.1016/S0043-1648(01)00839-0 PG 13 WC Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 494MG UT WOS:000172286000010 ER PT J AU Adam, G Siewert, TA Quinn, TP Vigliotti, DP AF Adam, G Siewert, TA Quinn, TP Vigliotti, DP TI Contact tube temperature during GMAW SO WELDING JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB In gas metal arc welding (GMAW), a spool continuously feeds an electrode through a contact tube that positions and transfers current to the electrode. The contact tube is usually made of copper alloy because the material has good thermal and electrical conductivity. Contact tube failure results when the tube hole grows to where the tube can no longer accurately direct the electrode; when the tube-electrode interface causes electrode velocity to fluctuate or stop. The first two failure modes occur when sliding contact causes wear and the hole in the contact tube increases in size. The third failure mode occurs when debris builds up on the tube's interior until mechanical interference between the electrode and tube hinders the electrode feed and causes the arc to become unstable. In all cases, stick-slip mechanisms can cause variations in an electrode's feed speed, making the arc unstable (Refs.1, 2). As wear enlarges the hole in the tube, the electrode can suddenly shift contact points, causing intermittent contact, at the least, or arcing inside the tube at the worst. Arcing could weld the electrode to the tube, causing the electrode to stop and the arc length to increase until the contact tube melts. If debris or dirt accumulates in the contact tube, wire-feed speed (WFS) can fluctuate, resulting in arc instability. Spatter accumulated on the contact tube face that narrows or closes the hold for the electrode is another common cause of failure. Each mechanism that causes contact-tube failure worsens as temperature rises. Wear also increases with higher temperatures (Refs. 3,4). The object of this article is to understand the important heating and cooling mechanisms of the contact tube. C1 NIST, Boulder, CO USA. RP Adam, G (reprint author), NIST, Boulder, CO USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER WELDING SOC PI MIAMI PA 550 N W LEJEUNE RD, MIAMI, FL 33126 USA SN 0043-2296 J9 WELD J JI Weld. J. PD DEC PY 2001 VL 80 IS 12 BP 37 EP 41 PG 5 WC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 746LH UT WOS:000186747500008 ER PT J AU Wardle, WJ Minello, TJ Webb, JW Wu, TH Jewett-Smith, J AF Wardle, WJ Minello, TJ Webb, JW Wu, TH Jewett-Smith, J TI Algal pigments, meiofauna, and macrofauna from two edaphic salt marsh microhabitats in Galveston Bay, Texas, USA SO WETLANDS LA English DT Article DE salt marsh; Spartina alterniflora; benthic microalgae; meiofauna; macrofauna; macroorganic matter ID SHRIMP PALAEMONETES-PUGIO; SMALL-SCALE PATTERNS; SPARTINA-ALTERNIFLORA; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; NATANT MACROFAUNA; NEKTON USE; PENAEUS-SETIFERUS; TIDAL MARSH; ABUNDANCE; PREDATION AB Small-scale spatial patterns in abundance on the salt marsh surface were examined by comparing microalgal pigment concentrations and densities of meiofauna and macrofauna between interculm and interplant microhabitats in low-elevation edge natural and created marshes of Galveston Bay, Texas, USA. The interculm microhabitat consisted of sediments located within clusters of Spartina alterniflora culms, and the interplant microhabitat was located between clusters of culms. Paired interculm and interplant sediment samples were taken from 16 marshes in both fall and spring. No significant differences were found in concentrations of chlorophyll a or pheophytin a between microhabitats. The biomass of macroorganic matter was significantly greater in the interculm microhabitat. The meiofauna was dominated by nematodes and the macrofauna by annelid worms and peracarid crustaceans. Mean densities of almost all meiofaunal and macrofaunal taxa were greater in interculm samples, although not all differences were statistically significant. No taxa had significantly greater densities in interplant samples. Although sampling techniques can affect results, these data agree with small-scale distributional data from other low-elevation, salt marsh habitats. The interculm microhabitat should be considered when sampling organisms in salt marshes, as well as the more typically sampled interplant microhabitat. The interculm microhabitat at Galveston occupied between 9.5 and 31.9% of the marsh surface. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Marine Biol, Galveston, TX 77551 USA. US Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Galveston, TX 77551 USA. Texas A&M Int Univ, Dept Nat Sci, Killam Lib, Laredo, TX 78041 USA. RP Wardle, WJ (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Marine Biol, 5007 Ave U, Galveston, TX 77551 USA. NR 55 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 7 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0277-5212 J9 WETLANDS JI Wetlands PD DEC PY 2001 VL 21 IS 4 BP 474 EP 483 DI 10.1672/0277-5212(2001)021[0474:APMAMF]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 505NK UT WOS:000172918700003 ER PT J AU Tynan, CT DeMaster, DP Peterson, WT AF Tynan, CT DeMaster, DP Peterson, WT TI Endangered right whales an the southeastern Bering Sea shelf SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NOAA, NWFSC, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Tynan, CT (reprint author), NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. NR 7 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD NOV 30 PY 2001 VL 294 IS 5548 BP 1894 EP 1894 DI 10.1126/science.1065682 PG 1 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 497PQ UT WOS:000172465000049 PM 11729308 ER PT J AU Roberts, CM Bohnsack, JA Gell, F Hawkins, JP Goodridge, R AF Roberts, CM Bohnsack, JA Gell, F Hawkins, JP Goodridge, R TI Effects of marine reserves on adjacent fisheries SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SPOTTED SEA-TROUT; FLORIDA WATERS; MANAGEMENT; PHILIPPINES; MORTALITY; GROWTH; PARK; DRUM; FISH AB Marine reserves have been widely promoted as conservation and fishery management tools. There are robust demonstrations of conservation benefits, but fishery benefits remain controversial. We show that marine reserves in Florida (United States) and St. Lucia have enhanced adjacent fisheries. Within 5 years of creation, a network of five small reserves in St. Lucia increased adjacent catches of artisanal fishers by between 46 and 90%, depending on the type of gear the fishers used. In Florida, reserve zones in the Merritt island National Wildlife Refuge have supplied increasing numbers of world record-sized fish to adjacent recreational fisheries since the 1970s. Our study confirms theoretical predictions that marine reserves can play a key role in supporting fisheries. C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Organism & Evolutionary Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Univ York, Dept Environm, York YO10 5DD, N Yorkshire, England. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm Fisheries, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ W Indies, Fac Nat Sci, Dept Marine Resource & Environm Management, Cave Hill, Barbados. RP Roberts, CM (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Dept Organism & Evolutionary Biol, 16 Divin Ave, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. NR 30 TC 541 Z9 560 U1 17 U2 203 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD NOV 30 PY 2001 VL 294 IS 5548 BP 1920 EP 1923 DI 10.1126/science.294.5548.1920 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 497PQ UT WOS:000172465000057 PM 11729316 ER PT J AU Philipona, R Dutton, EG Stoffel, T Michalsky, J Reda, I Stifter, A Wendling, P Wood, N Clough, SA Mlawer, EJ Anderson, G Revercomb, HE Shippert, TR AF Philipona, R Dutton, EG Stoffel, T Michalsky, J Reda, I Stifter, A Wendling, P Wood, N Clough, SA Mlawer, EJ Anderson, G Revercomb, HE Shippert, TR TI Atmospheric longwave irradiance uncertainty: Pyrgeometers compared to an absolute sky-scanning radiometer, atmospheric emitted radiance interferometer, and radiative transfer model calculations SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID CLIMATE RESEARCH; WAVE-RADIATION; CALIBRATION; ACCURACY AB Because atmospheric longwave radiation is one of the most fundamental elements of an expected climate change, there has been a strong interest in improving measurements and model calculations in recent years. Important questions are how reliable and consistent are atmospheric longwave radiation measurements and calculations and what are the uncertainties? The First International Pyrgeometer and Absolute Sky-scanning Radiometer Comparison, which was held at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement program's Southern Great Plains site in Oklahoma, answers these questions at least for midlatitude summer conditions and reflects the state of the art for atmospheric longwave radiation measurements and calculations. The 15 participating pyrgeometers were all calibration-traced standard instruments chosen from a broad international community. Two new chopped pyrgeometers also took part in the comparison. An absolute sky-scanning radiometer (ASR), which includes a pyroelectric detector and a reference blackbody source, was used for the first time as a reference standard instrument to field calibrate pyrgeometers during clear-sky nighttime measurements. Owner-provided and uniformly determined blackbody calibration factors were compared. Remarkable improvements and higher pyrgeometer precision were achieved with field calibration factors. Results of nighttime and daytime pyrgeometer precision and absolute uncertainty are presented for eight consecutive days of measurements, during which period downward longwave irradiance varied between 260 and 420 W m(-2). Comparisons between pyrgeometers and the absolute ASR, the atmospheric emitted radiance interferometer, and radiative transfer models LBLRTM and MODTRAN show a surprisingly good agreement of <2 W m(-2) for nighttime atmospheric longwave irradiance measurements and calculations. C1 Phys Meteorol Observatorium Davos, World Radiat Ctr, CH-7260 Davos, Switzerland. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. SUNY Albany, Atmospher Sci Res Ctr, Albany, NY 12203 USA. DLR, Inst Atmospher Phys, D-82234 Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany. Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Atmospher & Environm Res Inc, Lexington, MA 02421 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Space Sci & Engn, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Philipona, R (reprint author), Phys Meteorol Observatorium Davos, World Radiat Ctr, Dorfstr 33, CH-7260 Davos, Switzerland. EM rphilipona@pmodwrc.ch; edutton@cmdl.noaa.gov; thomas_stoffel@nrel.gov; joe@asrc.cestm.albany.edu; ibrahim_reda@nrel.gov; peter.wendling@dlr.de; nwood@cwdl.noaa.gov; clough@aer.com; mlawer@aer.com; ganderson@plh.af.mil; hankr@ssec.wisc.edu; timothy.shippert@pnl.gov NR 22 TC 63 Z9 63 U1 1 U2 12 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV 27 PY 2001 VL 106 IS D22 BP 28129 EP 28141 DI 10.1029/2000JD000196 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 495TE UT WOS:000172355800008 ER PT J AU Schell, B Ackermann, IJ Hass, H Binkowski, FS Ebel, A AF Schell, B Ackermann, IJ Hass, H Binkowski, FS Ebel, A TI Modeling the formation of secondary organic aerosol within a comprehensive air quality model system SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID ACID DEPOSITION MODEL; CARBON CONCENTRATIONS; GAS-PHASE; AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; BIOGENIC HYDROCARBONS; SOURCE APPORTIONMENT; PARTICULATE MATTER; CHEMICAL MECHANISM; ELEMENTAL CARBON; ABSORPTION-MODEL AB The Secondary Organic Aerosol Model (SORGAM) has-been developed for use in comprehensive air quality model systems. Coupled to a chemistry-transport model, SORGAM is capable of simulating secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation including the production of low-volatility products and their subsequent gas/particle partitioning. The current model formulation assumes that all SOA compounds interact and form a quasi-ideal solution. This has significant impact on the gas/particle partitioning, since in this case the saturation concentrations of the SOA compounds depend on the composition of the SOA and the amount of absorbing material present. Box model simulations have been performed to investigate the sensitivity of the model against several parameters. Results clearly show the importance of the temperature dependence of saturation concentrations on the partitioning process. Furthermore, SORGAM has been coupled to the comprehensive European Air Pollution and Dispersion/Modal Aerosol Dynamics Model for Europe air quality model system, and results of a three-dimensional model application are presented. The model results indicate that assuming interacting SOA compounds, biogenic and anthropogenic contributions significantly influence each other and cannot be treated independently. C1 Ford Res Ctr Aachen, D-52072 Aachen, Germany. NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Cologne, Inst Geophys & Meteorol, Project EURAD, D-50931 Cologne, Germany. RP Schell, B (reprint author), Ford Res Ctr Aachen, Susterfeldstr 200, D-52072 Aachen, Germany. EM bschell@ford.com NR 64 TC 347 Z9 354 U1 7 U2 66 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV 27 PY 2001 VL 106 IS D22 BP 28275 EP 28293 DI 10.1029/2001JD000384 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 495TE UT WOS:000172355800019 ER PT J AU Ramanathan, V Crutzen, PJ Lelieveld, J Mitra, AP Althausen, D Anderson, J Andreae, MO Cantrell, W Cass, GR Chung, CE Clarke, AD Coakley, JA Collins, WD Conant, WC Dulac, F Heintzenberg, J Heymsfield, AJ Holben, B Howell, S Hudson, J Jayaraman, A Kiehl, JT Krishnamurti, TN Lubin, D McFarquhar, G Novakov, T Ogren, JA Podgorny, IA Prather, K Priestley, K Prospero, JM Quinn, PK Rajeev, K Rasch, P Rupert, S Sadourny, R Satheesh, SK Shaw, GE Sheridan, P Valero, FPJ AF Ramanathan, V Crutzen, PJ Lelieveld, J Mitra, AP Althausen, D Anderson, J Andreae, MO Cantrell, W Cass, GR Chung, CE Clarke, AD Coakley, JA Collins, WD Conant, WC Dulac, F Heintzenberg, J Heymsfield, AJ Holben, B Howell, S Hudson, J Jayaraman, A Kiehl, JT Krishnamurti, TN Lubin, D McFarquhar, G Novakov, T Ogren, JA Podgorny, IA Prather, K Priestley, K Prospero, JM Quinn, PK Rajeev, K Rasch, P Rupert, S Sadourny, R Satheesh, SK Shaw, GE Sheridan, P Valero, FPJ TI Indian Ocean Experiment: An integrated analysis of the climate forcing and effects of the great Indo-Asian haze SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID CLOUD CONDENSATION NUCLEI; ANTHROPOGENIC SULFATE AEROSOLS; GLOBAL RADIATION BUDGET; ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS; CARBONACEOUS AEROSOLS; AIRBORNE MEASUREMENTS; STRATOCUMULUS CLOUDS; TROPOSPHERIC AEROSOL; EFFECTIVE RADIUS; NATIONAL CENTER AB Every year, from December to April, anthropogenic haze spreads over most of the North Indian Ocean, and South and Southeast Asia. The Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX) documented this Indo-Asian haze at scales ranging from individual particles to its contribution to the regional climate forcing. This study integrates the multiplatform. observations (satellites, aircraft, ships, surface stations, and balloons) with one- and four-dimensional models to derive the regional aerosol forcing resulting from the direct, the semidirect and the two indirect effects. The haze particles consisted of several inorganic and carbonaceous species, including absorbing black carbon clusters, fly ash, and mineral dust. The most striking result was the large loading of aerosols over most of the South Asian region and the North Indian Ocean. The January to March 1999 visible optical depths were about 0.5 over most of the continent and reached values as large as 0.2 over the equatorial Indian ocean due to long-range transport. The aerosol layer extended as high as 3 km. Black carbon contributed about 14% to the fine particle mass and 11% to the visible optical depth. The single-scattering albedo estimated by several independent methods was consistently around 0.9 both inland and over the open ocean. Anthropogenic sources contributed as much as 80% (+/- 10%) to the aerosol loading and the optical depth. The in situ data, which clearly support the existence of the first indirect effect (increased aerosol concentration producing more cloud drops with smaller effective radii), are used to develop a composite indirect effect scheme. The Indo-Asian aerosols impact the radiative forcing through a complex set of heating (positive forcing) and cooling (negative forcing) processes. Clouds and black carbon emerge as the ma or players. The dominant factor, however, is the large negative forcing (-20 +/- 4 W m(-2)) at the surface and the comparably large atmospheric heating. Regionally, the absorbing haze decreased the surface solar radiation by an amount comparable to 50% of the total ocean heat flux and nearly doubled the lower tropospheric solar heating. We demonstrate with a general circulation model how this additional heating significantly perturbs the tropical rainfall patterns and the hydrological cycle with implications to global climate. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Ctr Atmospher Sci, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Max Planck Inst Chem, D-55020 Mainz, Germany. Natl Phys Lab, New Delhi 110012, India. Inst Tropospher Res, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany. Arizona State Univ, Dept Geol & Chem, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Indiana Univ, Dept Chem, Bloomington, IN 47401 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Civil & Environm Engn, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. Univ Hawaii, Dept Oceanog, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Lab Sci Climat & Environm, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Nevada, Desert Res Inst, Reno, NV 89506 USA. Phys Res Lab, Ahmadabad 380009, Gujarat, India. Florida State Univ, Dept Meteorol, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Calif Riverside, Dept Chem, Riverside, CA 92521 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Vikram Sarabhai Space Ctr, Space Phys Lab, Trivandrum 695022, Kerala, India. Meteorol Dynam Lab, F-75005 Paris, France. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Geophys, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Ramanathan, V (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Ctr Atmospher Sci, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. EM ram@fiji.ucsd.edu RI Heymsfield, Andrew/E-7340-2011; Crutzen, Paul/F-6044-2012; Prather, Kimberly/A-3892-2008; Collins, William/J-3147-2014; Ogren, John/M-8255-2015; Andreae, Meinrat/B-1068-2008; Lelieveld, Johannes/A-1986-2013; Quinn, Patricia/R-1493-2016; OI Prather, Kimberly/0000-0003-3048-9890; Collins, William/0000-0002-4463-9848; Ogren, John/0000-0002-7895-9583; Andreae, Meinrat/0000-0003-1968-7925; Quinn, Patricia/0000-0003-0337-4895; Prospero, Joseph/0000-0003-3608-6160; McFarquhar, Greg/0000-0003-0950-0135 NR 87 TC 782 Z9 809 U1 12 U2 158 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV 27 PY 2001 VL 106 IS D22 BP 28371 EP 28398 DI 10.1029/2001JD900133 PG 28 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 495TE UT WOS:000172355800026 ER PT J AU Park, RJ Stenchikov, GL Pickering, KE Dickerson, RR Allen, DJ Kondragunta, S AF Park, RJ Stenchikov, GL Pickering, KE Dickerson, RR Allen, DJ Kondragunta, S TI Regional air pollution and its radiative forcing: Studies with a single-column chemical and radiation transport model SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; VERTICAL DISTRIBUTIONS; CONVECTIVE-TRANSPORT; SULFATE AEROSOLS; PHOTOLYSIS RATES; CLOUD ENSEMBLE; UNITED-STATES; CLIMATE; CHEMISTRY; ATMOSPHERE AB This study focuses on the effects of subgrid (on general circulation model (GCM) scales) convective venting of the planetary boundary layer to the free troposphere and on the interactive effects of aerosols, ozone, UV actinic flux, and radiative forcing of climate. We developed a single-column chemical transport model (SCCTM) consistent with the global Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) GCM and Chemical Transport Model (CTM). The SCCTM includes vertical transport by convection, turbulent mixing, a flexible photochemical scheme, and interactive calculations of radiative fluxes and photolysis rates. The model is designed as a chemical and physical core to be used in a completely interactive GCM. At this time it is driven by data from the GEOS Data Assimilation System archived by the Data Assimilation Office at NASA Goddard. We simulated an ozone/aerosol pollution episode in the Baltimore-Washington region and a convective event in the central United States. These physically distinct case studies provide a thorough test for the chemical scheme and physical parameterizations employed in the SCCTM. The ozone episode simulation showed strong sensitivity to aerosol optical depth, with increased average PBL ozone due to the effects of aerosols on photolysis rates. Observed aerosols produced a surface cooling of up to 100 W m(-2) and stabilized the atmosphere suppressing convection. In the convective event over Oklahoma a squall line carried pollutants into the free troposphere increasing O-3 by up to 35 ppbv and peroxyacetylnitrate by up to 400 pptv. The maximum instantaneous radiative forcing due to this ozone reached 0.75 W m(-2) at the tropopause level. Accurate representation of the interaction among particles, trace gases, radiation, and convection is essential for global climate models. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Meteorol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Environm Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. NOAA, Off Res & Applicat, NESDIS, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Park, RJ (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Meteorol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM gera@envsci.rutgers.edu RI Allen, Dale/F-7168-2010; Pickering, Kenneth/E-6274-2012; Georgiy, Stenchikov/J-8569-2013; Kondragunta, Shobha/F-5601-2010; Park, Rokjin/I-5055-2012; Dickerson, Russell/F-2857-2010 OI Allen, Dale/0000-0003-3305-9669; Kondragunta, Shobha/0000-0001-8593-8046; Park, Rokjin/0000-0001-8922-0234; Dickerson, Russell/0000-0003-0206-3083 NR 84 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV 27 PY 2001 VL 106 IS D22 BP 28751 EP 28770 DI 10.1029/2001JD001182 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 495TE UT WOS:000172355800052 ER PT J AU Petrash, S Cregger, T Zhao, B Pokidysheva, E Foster, MD Brittain, WJ Sevastianov, V Majkrzak, CF AF Petrash, S Cregger, T Zhao, B Pokidysheva, E Foster, MD Brittain, WJ Sevastianov, V Majkrzak, CF TI Changes in protein adsorption on self-assembled monolayers with monolayer order: Comparison of human serum albumin and human gamma globulin SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID X-RAY REFLECTIVITY; NEUTRON REFLECTION; STRUCTURAL CONFORMATION; COMPETITIVE ADSORPTION; ORGANIC MONOLAYERS; SURFACE-PROPERTIES; LYSOZYME LAYERS; HEXADECYLTRICHLOROSILANE; REFLECTOMETRY; FLUORESCENCE AB The role that alkyl chain packing density in a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) plays in the adsorption of protein to the SAM surface was investigated using in situ neutron reflectivity (NR) and total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) measurements of the adsorption behavior of human serum albumin (HSA) and human immunoglobulin G (HGG). The proteins differ particularly in the fact that HSA has specific binding pockets for alkyl chains while HGG does not. NR results show that HSA adsorbs from a 1.0 mg/mL solution as a single layer on the SAMs, with the protein interpenetrating into a less densely packed SAM, but not into a more densely packed SAM. Likewise, the kinetics of the HSA adsorption to the SAMs varies markedly with the alkyl chain packing. In contrast, both the structure of the adsorbed layer and adsorption kinetics vary little with the alkyl chain packing density in the case of HGG adsorbing from solution. HGG also does not penetrate into loosely packed SAMs. NR results reveal that the HGG adsorbs as two layers, with the layer closest to the SAM being more tightly packed. When HSA and HGG compete for adsorption sites on a SAM, HGG effectively displaces HSA from a tightly packed SAM, but does not compete effectively with HSA adsorbed tenaciously onto a loosely packed SAM. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Reactor Radiat, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Moscow Transplantol & Artificial Organ Res Inst, Moscow 123182, Russia. Univ Akron, Maurice Morton Inst Polymer Sci, Akron, OH 44325 USA. RP Foster, MD (reprint author), Univ Akron, Dept Polymer Sci, Akron, OH 44325 USA. NR 35 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD NOV 27 PY 2001 VL 17 IS 24 BP 7645 EP 7651 DI 10.1021/la011192u PG 7 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 494VH UT WOS:000172306200031 ER PT J AU Chernova, NV Busby, MS AF Chernova, NV Busby, MS TI A redescription of the Shantar snailfish, Liparis schantarensis (Scorpaeniformes : Liparidae), with new records from the southeastern Kamchatka Peninsula SO ICHTHYOLOGICAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE redescription; Liparidae; Liparis schantarensis; distribution AB Validity of the species Liparis schantarensis (Lindberg and Dulkeit, 1929) (Scorpaeniformes: Liparidae) is confirmed and redescribed based on six new specimens collected in Avacha Bay on the southeastern Kamchatka Peninsula. These specimens are the first records of this species reported in more than 70 years and the first outside the Sea of Okhotsk. Distinguished from almost all other members of the genus Liparis by a comblike anteriormost part of the dorsal fin, both males and females have 5-7 elongated anterior dorsal fin rays, with the distal ends free of the membrane for about one-half to two-thirds the length of the ray. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Resource Assessment & Conservat Engn Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Zool, Dept Ichthyol, St Petersburg 199034, Russia. RP Busby, MS (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Resource Assessment & Conservat Engn Div, 7600 Sand Point Way NE,Bldg 4, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 11 TC 2 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG TOKYO PI TOKYO PA 3-3-13, HONGO, BUNKYO-KU, TOKYO, 113, JAPAN SN 1341-8998 J9 ICHTHYOL RES JI Ichthyol. Res. PD NOV 26 PY 2001 VL 48 IS 4 BP 429 EP 434 DI 10.1007/s10228-001-8169-7 PG 6 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 499JN UT WOS:000172568200013 ER PT J AU Kitching, J Hollberg, L Knappe, S Wynands, R AF Kitching, J Hollberg, L Knappe, S Wynands, R TI Compact atomic clock based on coherent population trapping SO ELECTRONICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID FREQUENCY STANDARDS; MICROWAVE AB A simple, compact, low-power physics package for a vapour-cell atomic clock is described. The device measures 6.6 x 1.6 x 1.3 cm and dissipates less than 30 mW of electrical power without thermal control. The instability is 1.3 x 10(-10)/root[tau/(s)] for integration times tau below 100 s. Applications for this device include distributed telecommunications systems, advanced global positioning system (GPS) receivers and laboratory instrumentation. C1 NIST, Time & Frequency Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Bonn, Inst Angew Phys, D-53115 Bonn, Germany. RP Kitching, J (reprint author), NIST, Time & Frequency Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 9 TC 37 Z9 39 U1 2 U2 15 PU IEE-INST ELEC ENG PI HERTFORD PA MICHAEL FARADAY HOUSE SIX HILLS WAY STEVENAGE, HERTFORD SG1 2AY, ENGLAND SN 0013-5194 J9 ELECTRON LETT JI Electron. Lett. PD NOV 22 PY 2001 VL 37 IS 24 BP 1449 EP 1451 DI 10.1049/el:20010959 PG 3 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA 501LW UT WOS:000172687000016 ER PT J AU Gonzalez, C Allison, TC Lim, EC AF Gonzalez, C Allison, TC Lim, EC TI Hartree-Fock dispersion probe of the equilibrium structures of small microclusters of benzene and naphthalene: Comparison with second-order Moeller-Plesset geometries SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID AB-INITIO; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURES; QUANTUM-CHEMISTRY; CLUSTERS; DIMERS; ANTHRACENE; ENERGY; TRIMER; TRANSITION; PREDICTION AB The equilibrium structures of small microclusters of benzene and naphthalene were computed by a simple Hartree-Fock dispersion (HFD) model, in which a self-consistent field calculation is supplemented by an empirical dispersion term. The minimum energy conformers so obtained with the 6-31G basis set are essentially identical to those obtained from a second-order Weller-Plesset calculation with the same basis set. The trends in relative stabilities are also in general accord with those from the correlated ab initio calculation. These results demonstrate the utility of the HFD models in the conformational search of aromatic clusters. C1 Univ Akron, Dept Chem, Akron, OH 44325 USA. NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lim, EC (reprint author), Univ Akron, Dept Chem, Akron, OH 44325 USA. NR 30 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD NOV 22 PY 2001 VL 105 IS 46 BP 10583 EP 10587 DI 10.1021/jp012341k PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 497QA UT WOS:000172465900012 ER PT J AU Shaw, JA AF Shaw, JA TI Polarimetric measurements of long-wave infrared spectral radiance from water SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article ID POLARIZATION; SURFACE AB Polarimetric measurements of the thermal infrared spectral radiance from water are reported and are compared with calculations from a recently published model over the spectral range of 600-1600 cm(-1) (6.25-16.67-mum wavelength). In this spectral range, warm water viewed under a dry, clear atmosphere appears vertically polarized by 6-12%. The measured spectral degree of polarization agrees with calculations within the measurement uncertainty (similar to0.5% polarization in spectral regions with high atmospheric transmittance and 1.5% polarization in spectral regions with low atmospheric transmittance). Uncertainty also arises from temporal changes in water and air temperatures between measurements at orthogonal polarization states, indicating the desirability of simultaneous measurements for both polarization states. (C) 2001 Optical Society of America. C1 Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Montana State Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. EM jshaw@ece.montana.edu NR 17 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD NOV 20 PY 2001 VL 40 IS 33 BP 5985 EP 5990 DI 10.1364/AO.40.005985 PG 6 WC Optics SC Optics GA 493UY UT WOS:000172242900001 PM 18364893 ER PT J AU Miller, SW Arkin, PA Joyce, R AF Miller, SW Arkin, PA Joyce, R TI A combined microwave/infrared rain rate algorithm SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID PRECIPITATION CLIMATOLOGY PROJECT; GLOBAL PRECIPITATION; PHYSICAL RETRIEVALS; SSM/I; IMAGER; IMPLEMENTATION; INDEXES; SPACE AB A combined Microwave/Infrared Rain Rate Algorithm (MIRRA) is presented. Historically, infrared algorithms have benefited from excellent temporal sampling, but the relationship between cloud top temperature and surface rain rate is very indirect. Alternatively, passive microwave algorithms are typically more physically direct and accurate, yet the associated sensors do not provide favourable temporal sampling for daily and monthly rainfall amounts. MIRRA is an attempt to utilize the strengths of these two broad approaches to rain rate measurement from space. The algorithm has been tested and developed using data from the TOGA-COARE campaign, with shipboard radar rain rate estimates used as truth. Results indicate enhanced performance in bias, correlation and rms error for MIRRA compared with other infrared and combined algorithms at the instantaneous scale, while retaining the good performance of geostationary algorithms at daily and monthly scales. C1 Raytheon ITSS, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. NOAA, Off Global Programs, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Washington, DC 20233 USA. RP Miller, SW (reprint author), Raytheon ITSS, 4400 Forbes Blvd, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. RI Arkin, Phillip/F-5808-2010 NR 24 TC 46 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 5 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA 11 NEW FETTER LANE, LONDON EC4P 4EE, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD NOV 20 PY 2001 VL 22 IS 17 BP 3285 EP 3307 DI 10.1080/01431160152609155 PG 23 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 490BF UT WOS:000172029800004 ER PT J AU Pu, Y White, H Rafailovich, MH Sokolov, J Patel, A White, C Wu, WL Zaitsev, V Schwarz, SA AF Pu, Y White, H Rafailovich, MH Sokolov, J Patel, A White, C Wu, WL Zaitsev, V Schwarz, SA TI Probe diffusion in thin PS free-standing films SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID GLASS-TRANSITION TEMPERATURE; SCANNING-FORCE MICROSCOPY; CONFINED POLYMER MELTS; SURFACE; POLYSTYRENE; INTERFACE; DYNAMICS; SPECTROSCOPY; SIMULATIONS; MOBILITY AB Dynamic secondary ion mass spectrometry was performed to determine the dynamics of thin free-standing polystyrene films by investigating probe diffusion in a high molecular weight polymer matrix. It is found that the temperature dependence of the diffusion of small molecular probes can be described by the WLF equation above bulk T-g, whereas a weaker dependence is found below T-g for PS films with total thickness as thin as 69 nm. The results of probe diffusion as a function of film thicknesses show no change of T-g for the free-standing films with thickness ranging from 33 to 200 nm. C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. NIST, Div Polymer, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. CUNY Queens Coll, Dept Phys, Flushing, NY 11367 USA. RP SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. NR 35 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0024-9297 EI 1520-5835 J9 MACROMOLECULES JI Macromolecules PD NOV 20 PY 2001 VL 34 IS 24 BP 8518 EP 8522 DI 10.1021/ma002183f PG 5 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 493YE UT WOS:000172250400019 ER PT J AU Haljan, PC Coddington, I Engels, P Cornell, EA AF Haljan, PC Coddington, I Engels, P Cornell, EA TI Driving Bose-Einstein-Condensate vorticity with a rotating normal cloud SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID COLLECTIVE EXCITATIONS; QUANTIZED VORTICES; VORTEX FORMATION; SUPERFLUID HE-4; GAS; TEMPERATURE AB We have developed an evaporative cooling technique that accelerates the rotation of an ultracold Rb-87 gas, confined in a static harmonic potential. As a normal gas is evaporatively spun up and cooled below quantum degeneracy, it is found to nucleate vorticity in a Bose-Einstein condensate. Measurements of the condensate's aspect ratio and surface-wave excitations are consistent with effective rigid-body rotation. Rotation rates of up to 94% of the centrifugal limit are inferred. A threshold in the normal cloud's rotation is observed for the intrinsic nucleation of the first vortex. The threshold value lies below the prediction for a nucleation mechanism involving the excitation of surface waves of the condensate. C1 Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Haljan, PC (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 37 TC 254 Z9 255 U1 2 U2 5 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD NOV 19 PY 2001 VL 87 IS 21 AR 210403 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.87.210403 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 496NA UT WOS:000172400600003 PM 11736325 ER PT J AU Ngai, KL Bao, LR Yee, AF Soles, CL AF Ngai, KL Bao, LR Yee, AF Soles, CL TI Correlation of positron annihilation and other dynamic properties in small molecule glass-forming substances SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SUPERCOOLED LIQUIDS; FREE-VOLUME; DIELECTRIC-RELAXATION; TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENCE; AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS; PHYSICAL PROPERTIES; ALPHA-RELAXATION; ORTHO-TERPHENYL; TRANSITION; SCATTERING AB Positron annihilation spectroscopy is used to characterize the ortho-positronium lifetime, tau (3), in a broad range of small molecule organic glasses over a wide temperature range. The magnitude and thermal variations Of tau (3) reflect changes in the dielectric ce-relaxation time tau (alpha), and its non-Arrhenius or "fragile" characteristics. tau (3) also displays striking similarities with the fast relaxations reflected in the hydrogen-weighted mean square atomic displacements (u(2)). The parallel temperature variations of (u(2)(T/T-g)), tau (3) (T/T-g), and tau (alpha) (T/T-g), and their similar patterns of change between the different glasses, are discussed in terms of anharmonicity in the intermolecular caging potentials and the subnanometer density heterogeneities. C1 USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ngai, KL (reprint author), USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. RI Yee, Albert/E-5398-2010 OI Yee, Albert/0000-0002-5762-6042 NR 34 TC 74 Z9 74 U1 0 U2 14 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD NOV 19 PY 2001 VL 87 IS 21 AR 215901 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.87.215901 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 496NA UT WOS:000172400600029 PM 11736351 ER PT J AU Nicks, DK Benner, RL AF Nicks, DK Benner, RL TI Subminute measurements of SO2 at low parts per trillion by volume mixing ratios in the atmosphere SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article ID SULFUR INTERCOMPARISON EXPERIMENT; CHEMILUMINESCENCE DETECTOR; DIMETHYL SULFIDE; DIOXIDE; AEROSOLS; GASIE; CHROMATOGRAPHY; CONCLUSIONS; INSTRUMENT; EMISSIONS AB The continuous sulfur dioxide detector (CSD) is a sensitive instrument for reliable measurements at high time resolution in the atmosphere. This new instrument is based on a SO2, measurement technique utilizing the sulfur chemiluminescence detector, previously validated in a rigorously blind experiment sponsored by the National Science Foundation. Simplified sample handling, denuder separation technology, and the intrinsic sensitivity and fast response of the detector permit measurement at levels below 100 parts per trillion by volume in tens of seconds with the CSD. The CSD provides a differential measurement where response from ambient SO2 is determined by the difference between air containing SO2 and air scrubbed Of SO2, where both air samples contain other detectable sulfur species. Digital signal post processing with phase-locked amplification of the detector signal enhances the precision and temporal resolution of the CSD. Oversampling of the detector signal at 10 Hz permits subsequent data retrieval to be adapted to changing ambient levels by either enhancing signal to noise when sulfur dioxide levels are low or by maximizing temporal resolution of derived data when levels are high. The instrument has advantages over existing instruments based on chromatographic separation in that the CSD provides accurate and reliable measurements at low parts per trillion by volume sulfur dioxide with high time resolution. The CSD is compact and automated and does not require cryogenic materials, making this instrument suitable for remote field locations. The high temporal resolution, specificity for SO2, and sensitivity of the CSD make it a good candidate for installation on an aircraft. Airborne studies Of SO2 with a sensitive, fast time response instrument may offer new insight into the understanding of phenomena such as gas-to-particle conversion, long-range transport of pollutants, and the oxidation of biogenically produced sulfur gases. C1 Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Dept Chem & Biochem, Fairbanks, AK USA. Hartwick Coll, Dept Chem, Oneonta, NY 13820 USA. RP NOAA, Aeron Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM dnicks@al.noaa.gov; bennerr@hartwick.edu NR 31 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV 16 PY 2001 VL 106 IS D21 BP 27769 EP 27776 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 494XZ UT WOS:000172312300038 ER PT J AU Rice, DW AF Rice, DW TI A family tree for heavyweights SO SCIENCE LA English DT Letter C1 Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Rice, DW (reprint author), Natl Marine Mammal Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way,Bldg 4, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD NOV 16 PY 2001 VL 294 IS 5546 BP 1459 EP 1459 PG 1 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 493TX UT WOS:000172240500020 PM 11713776 ER PT J AU Barnes, KA Douglas, JF Liu, DW Karim, A AF Barnes, KA Douglas, JF Liu, DW Karim, A TI Influence of nanoparticles and polymer branching on the dewetting of polymer films SO ADVANCES IN COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT European Research Conference on Interfaces and Colloidal Systems CY SEP 18-23, 1999 CL AGHIA PELAGHIA, GREECE DE nanoparticles; polymer branching; dewetting ID LIVING POLYMERIZATION; LATTICE MODEL; MELT RHEOLOGY; SOAP BUBBLES; LIQUID-FILMS; THIN; POLYSTYRENES; RUPTURE; MICROGELS; SURFACES AB Previous studies have shown that spun-cast films of unentangled synthetic polymers commonly dewet inorganic or organic substrates, leading to technologically detrimental results for many applications. We illustrate two strategies for influencing polymer film dewetting on inorganic and organic substrates. First, the addition of small amounts of C-60 fullerene nanoparticles to the spin-casting polymer solutions of model synthetic polymers [polystyrene (PS) and polybutadiene (PB)] leads to a significant inhibition of film dewetting on Si. This effect is associated with the formation of a diffuse fullerene layer near the solid substrate that frustrates the dewetting hole growth process. Next, we consider polymer branching effects on the dewetting of various generations of hypergraft polymer poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (PEOX) films cast on high molecular weight polystyrene substrates. The early stage of dewetting is found to be similar in a zeroth generation GO hypergraft (a comb polymer) and a G2 hyper-graft (resembling a spherical 'micro-gel' particle). The late stage of dewetting in the G2 films, however, differs significantly from the low generation films because of an inhibition of hole coalescence in the intermediate stage of film dewetting. This behavior resembles previous observations of dewetting in 'entangled' polystyrene films. Thus, the viscoelasticity of the polymer film can have an inhibitory effect on film dewetting, leading to changes in the dewetted film morphology rather than a suppression of film dewetting. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, 100 Bureau Dr,Stop 8542, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jack.douglas@nist.gov; alamgir.karim@nist.gov NR 42 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 2 U2 22 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0001-8686 EI 1873-3727 J9 ADV COLLOID INTERFAC JI Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. PD NOV 15 PY 2001 VL 94 IS 1-3 SI SI BP 83 EP 104 DI 10.1016/S0001-8686(01)00056-2 PG 22 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 491CT UT WOS:000172091000007 ER PT J AU Vomel, H Toohey, DW Deshler, T Kroger, C AF Vomel, H Toohey, DW Deshler, T Kroger, C TI Sunset observations of ClO in the arctic polar vortex and implications for ozone loss SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID IN-SITU MEASUREMENTS; LOWER STRATOSPHERE; MODEL SIMULATIONS; WINTER; ANTARCTICA; CHEMISTRY; DEPLETION AB Chlorine oxide (CIO) was measured in situ in the perturbed arctic vortex from a balloon launched near Kiruna, Sweden, 67 degreesN, at sunset on January 27, 2000. Between 20 and 23 km, the time-dependent behavior of CIO agrees with the functional form for the kinetics of CIO + CIO + M --> Cl2O2 + M. The temporal change of CIO is described well by the integral of a rate expression that includes this reaction and thermal decomposition of Cl2O2. The value for the rate coefficient that best describes the observed decreases in CIO is consistent with the upper limit of the currently recommended value, and agrees well with the results of a recent laboratory study of CIO recombination at 190-195 K. These results reinforce the link between man-made chlorine compounds and ozone losses in the polar regions. C1 NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Colorado, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Wyoming, Dept Atmospher Sci, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Vomel, H (reprint author), NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Toohey, Darin/A-4267-2008 OI Toohey, Darin/0000-0003-2853-1068 NR 16 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD NOV 15 PY 2001 VL 28 IS 22 BP 4183 EP 4186 DI 10.1029/2001GL013413 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 490CG UT WOS:000172032400008 ER PT J AU Roberts, JM Flocke, F Weinheimer, A Tanimoto, H Jobson, BJ Riemer, D Apel, E Atlas, E Donnelly, S Stroud, V Johnson, K Weaver, R Fehsenfeld, FC AF Roberts, JM Flocke, F Weinheimer, A Tanimoto, H Jobson, BJ Riemer, D Apel, E Atlas, E Donnelly, S Stroud, V Johnson, K Weaver, R Fehsenfeld, FC TI Observations of APAN during TexAQS 2000 SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID PHASE TROPOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; PEROXYACETYL NITRATE; THERMAL-DECOMPOSITION; ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; BIOGENIC HYDROCARBONS; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; REGIONAL OZONE; PAN; MPAN; PPN AB Measurements of peroxycarboxylic nitric anhydrides (PANs) made in Houston, Texas during TexAQS (Texas Air Quality Study) 2000 showed a relatively abundant PAN compound that had not been identified in previous studies in North America [cf. Williams et al., 2000]. This compound was hypothesized to be peroxyacrylic nitric anhydride {CH2=CHC(O)OONO2, APAN} based on the work of Tanimoto and Akimoto, [2001]. APAN was synthesized and characterized on one of the two GC systems used to make those measurements, subsequent to the TexAQS 2000 field study, confirming that APAN was observed during TexAQS 2000, both on the ground and in airborne measurements. Mixing ratios of APAN were estimated from the response of the system to PAN and PPN and ranged up to 502 pptv, which was 30% of PAN. High APAN values were associated with the precursor species 1,3-butadiene and acrolein, which had local petrochemical sources. The presence of APAN at these unprecedented levels demonstrates the impact of these reactive VOC species, and may have associated health effects. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Tokyo, Adv Sci & Technol Res Ctr, Tokyo, Japan. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Roberts, JM (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Roberts, James/A-1082-2009; Tanimoto, Hiroshi/E-6779-2010; Fehsenfeld, Frederick/I-4876-2013; Atlas, Elliot/J-8171-2015; OI Roberts, James/0000-0002-8485-8172; Tanimoto, Hiroshi/0000-0002-5424-9923; Jobson, Bertram/0000-0003-1812-9745 NR 28 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD NOV 15 PY 2001 VL 28 IS 22 BP 4195 EP 4198 DI 10.1029/2001GL013466 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 490CG UT WOS:000172032400011 ER PT J AU Papineau, JM AF Papineau, JM TI Wintertime temperature anomalies in Alaska correlated with ENSO and PDO SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLIMATOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Alaska; Aleutian low; El Nino-Southern Oscillation; pacific decadal oscillation; Pacific/North American patterns; temperature anomalies; temperature inversions ID NINO SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; NORTH PACIFIC; EL-NINO; CLIMATE VARIABILITY; HEIGHT FIELD; HEMISPHERE; PRECIPITATION; FLUCTUATIONS; AMERICA; PATTERN AB Wintertime (November-March) surface air temperatures at 14 stations throughout the state of Alaska are correlated with the Southern Oscillation Index and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation index, for the years 1954-2000. On the seasonal and monthly timescales, the principal results are: (i) During El Nino winters, temperatures are near normal in western Alaska but significantly warmer than normal for the eastern two-thirds of the state. (ii) La Nina winters produce significant below normal temperatures statewide. (iii) Temperature patterns produced during El Nino, La Nina, and neutral winters are modified by the concurrent state of the North Pacific sea-surface temperature anomalies, as indicated by the Pacific Decadal Oscillation index. On the sub-monthly timescale, temperatures across Alaska are to the first order correlated with the alternating zonal to meridional Pacific/North American pattern. Analysis of daily winter temperatures at Fairbanks indicates that cold anomalies are more frequent and are longer in duration than warm anomalies, primarily due to radiational cooling of the boundary layer and the subsequent formation of deep temperature inversions. The development of strong inversions over the interior of Alaska limits the response of temperatures to changes in the synoptic-scale flow pattern. Warm anomalies in contrast to cold anomalies, are primarily a function of warm air advection, therefore temperatures during warm anomalies fluctuate in phase with changes in the synoptic-scale flow. Ultimately, air temperatures across Alaska are a function of: synoptic-scale forcings, radiative cooling of the boundary layer as well as local and regional effects such as downslope and drainage winds. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 Natl Weather Serv, Anchorage, AK 99502 USA. RP Papineau, JM (reprint author), Natl Weather Serv, 6930 Sand Lake Rd, Anchorage, AK 99502 USA. NR 30 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 1 U2 8 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 0899-8418 J9 INT J CLIMATOL JI Int. J. Climatol. PD NOV 15 PY 2001 VL 21 IS 13 BP 1577 EP 1592 DI 10.1002/joc.686 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 499QC UT WOS:000172581000001 ER PT J AU Atha, DH Kasprzak, W O'Connell, CD Shapiro, BA AF Atha, DH Kasprzak, W O'Connell, CD Shapiro, BA TI Prediction of DNA single-strand conformation polymorphism: analysis by capillary electrophoresis and computerized DNA modeling SO NUCLEIC ACIDS RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID RNA STRUCTURE-ANALYSIS; SECONDARY STRUCTURE; MUTATIONS AB We have analyzed previously three representative p53 single-point mutations by capillary-electrophoresis single-strand conformation polymorphism (CE-SSCP). In the current study, we compared our CE-SSCP results with the potential secondary structures predicted by an RNA/DNA-folding algorithm with DNA, energy rules, used in conjunction with a computer analysis workbench called STRUCTURELAB. Each of these mutations produces measurable shifts in CE migration times relative to wild type. Using computerized folding analysis, each of the mutations was found to have a conformational difference relative to wild type, which accounts for the observed differences in CE migration. Additional properties exhibited in the CE electropherograms were also explained using the computerized analysis. These include the appearance of secondary peaks and the temperature dependence of the electrophoretic patterns. The results yield insight into the mechanism of SSCP and how the conditions of this measurement, especially temperature, may be optimized to improve the sensitivity of the SSCP method. The results may also impact other diagnostic methods, which would benefit by a better understanding of DNA single-strand conformation polymorphisms to optimize conditions for enzymatic cleavage and DNA hybridization reactions. C1 NIST, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NCI, Canc Res Ctr, Lab Expt & Computat Biol, Frederick, MD 21702 USA. NCI, IRSP, SAIC Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702 USA. RP Atha, DH (reprint author), NIST, Div Biotechnol, Bldg 227,Room A-243, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. FU NCI NIH HHS [N01-CO-56000] NR 14 TC 22 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 1 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0305-1048 J9 NUCLEIC ACIDS RES JI Nucleic Acids Res. PD NOV 15 PY 2001 VL 29 IS 22 BP 4643 EP 4653 DI 10.1093/nar/29.22.4643 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 496CK UT WOS:000172378000015 PM 11713314 ER PT J AU Zaliznyak, IA Tranquada, JM Erwin, R Moritomo, Y AF Zaliznyak, IA Tranquada, JM Erwin, R Moritomo, Y TI Spin-entropy-driven melting of the charge order in La1.5Sr0.5CoO4 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID PEROVSKITE COBALT OXIDES; MAGNETIC ORDER; STRIPE ORDER; TRANSITION; LA1.6-XND0.4SRXCUO4; SUPERCONDUCTIVITY; LA0.5SR1.5MNO4; FLUCTUATIONS; MANGANITES; PHYSICS AB We studied the melting of the charge order in the half-doped tetragonal perovskite La1.5Sr0.5CoO4 by elastic neutron scattering. We found that diffuse peaks, corresponding to the breathing-type modulation of oxygen positions in the CoO6 octahedra, disappear above T-c = 825(27) K. This melting of the diffuse superstructure is reversible (no change in the correlation lengths upon annealing is observed) and accompanied by a large nonlinear thermal expansion along the tetragonal c axis, with a cusp at T-c. We conclude that quenched disorder of the doped Sr ions is at the origin of this anisotropic charge glass state. We also suggest that its melting is driven by the transition from the intermediate- to the high-spin state of Co3+ ion, which is favored by the spin entropy at high T. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Nagoya Univ, CIRSE, Nagoya, Aichi 4648601, Japan. RP Zaliznyak, IA (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RI Tranquada, John/A-9832-2009; Zaliznyak, Igor/E-8532-2014 OI Tranquada, John/0000-0003-4984-8857; Zaliznyak, Igor/0000-0002-9886-3255 NR 21 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 EI 1550-235X J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD NOV 15 PY 2001 VL 64 IS 19 AR 195117 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.64.195117 PG 4 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 494WB UT WOS:000172307900051 ER PT J AU Radovic, M Barsoum, MW El-Raghy, T Wiederhorn, S AF Radovic, M Barsoum, MW El-Raghy, T Wiederhorn, S TI Tensile creep of fine grained (3-5 mu m) Ti3SiC2 in the 1000-1200 degrees C temperature range SO ACTA MATERIALIA LA English DT Article DE creep; high temperature; oxidation ID MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; POLYCRYSTALS; PLASTICITY; CERAMICS AB In this paper we report on the tensile creep behavior of fine-grained (3-5 mum) Ti3SiC2 in the 1000-1200 degreesC temperature, T, range and the 10-100 MPa stress, sigma, range. The creep behavior is characterized by three regimes a primary, quasi-steady state and a tertiary. In the quasi-steady state range and over the entire range of testing temperatures and stresses, the minimum creep rate, (epsilon) over dot(min) is given by: (epsilon) over dot(min)(s(-1)) = (epsilon) over dot(0).exp[19 +/-1].(sigma/sigma (0))(1.5 +/-0.1).exp[(-445 +/- 10) kJ/mol / RT] where sigma (0) = MPa and (epsilon) over dot(0) = 1 s(-1). The times to failure, t(f), were fitted to an expression of the form: t(f)(s) = t(0).exp[-2 +/-1].[(epsilon) over dot(min)/(epsilon) over dot(0)](-0.9 +/-0.1) where t(0) = 1 s. Interrupted creep tests show that volume-conserving plastic deformation is the dominant source of strain during the secondary creep regime, while cavities and microcracks are responsible for the acceleration of the creep rate during the tertiary creep regime. Like in ice, large internal stresses, especially at high stresses, are developed in Ti3SiC2 during deformation, as a consequence of its extreme plastic anisotropy. The response of Ti3SiC2 to stress appears to be determined by a competition between the rates of accumulation and relaxation of these internal stresses. (C) 2001 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Drexel Univ, Dept Mat Engn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Barsoum, MW (reprint author), Drexel Univ, Dept Mat Engn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. NR 36 TC 54 Z9 54 U1 2 U2 13 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1359-6454 J9 ACTA MATER JI Acta Mater. PD NOV 14 PY 2001 VL 49 IS 19 BP 4103 EP 4112 DI 10.1016/S1359-6454(01)00243-9 PG 10 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 493UD UT WOS:000172241100018 ER PT J AU Luy, B Marino, JP AF Luy, B Marino, JP TI H-1-P-31 CPMG-correlated experiments for the assignment of nucleic acids SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID RNA STRUCTURE DETERMINATION; P-31 NMR; H-1 RESONANCES; DNA; BACKBONE; OLIGONUCLEOTIDES; CONFORMATION; SPECTROSCOPY; RELAXATION; COMPLEXES C1 Univ Maryland, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Biotechnol Inst, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. RP Marino, JP (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Biotechnol Inst, 9600 Gudelsky Dr, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. RI Luy, Burkhard/I-1918-2013 OI Luy, Burkhard/0000-0001-9580-6397 FU NIGMS NIH HHS [GM-59107-01] NR 24 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0002-7863 J9 J AM CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Chem. Soc. PD NOV 14 PY 2001 VL 123 IS 45 BP 11306 EP 11307 DI 10.1021/ja0166747 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 493TQ UT WOS:000172239900027 PM 11697980 ER PT J AU Oliver, LM Fisher, WS Winstead, JT Hemmer, BL Long, ER AF Oliver, LM Fisher, WS Winstead, JT Hemmer, BL Long, ER TI Relationships between tissue contaminants and defense-related characteristics of oysters (Crassostrea virginica) from five Florida bays SO AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE eastern oyster; crassostrea virginica; defense system; hemocyte and hemolymph responses; chemical contamination; bioaccumulation; pathophysiology ID COMMON MARINE MUSSEL; PERKINSUS-MARINUS; EASTERN OYSTERS; MYTILUS-EDULIS; CHEMI-LUMINESCENCE; APALACHICOLA BAY; IMMUNE FUNCTION; HEMOCYTES; CHEMILUMINESCENCE; EXPOSURE AB Evidence linking bivalve defense responses with pollutant exposure is increasing. Contaminant effects on immune or defense responses could influence the ability of an organism to resist infectious disease. This study explored relationships between xenobiotic chemicals accumulated in oyster (Crassostrea virginica) tissue and various measures of putative oyster internal defense activities and physiological condition. Defense-related and physiological measurements were made on individual oysters collected from 22 sites at five Florida bays and pooled oyster tissue from each site was analyzed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), metals and certain pesticides. Chemical concentrations, physiological condition, and hemocyte and hemolymph characteristics varied across bays and among sites within a bay. Within-bay comparisons showed that sites with high oyster defense-related activities often had accompanying high tissue concentrations of one or more classes of xenobiotic chemicals. Correlation analysis performed across bays demonstrated significant positive relationships between most defense-related characteristics and at least one contaminant, including various PAH, PCB and trace metal analytes. In combination with other recent studies, these results strengthen the hypothesis that certain xenobiotic chemicals may be associated with elevated oyster hemocyte activities, even though the ultimate influence on disease resistance remains unknown. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. NOAA, Natl Ctr Coastal Ocean Sci, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Oliver, LM (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Gulf Ecol Div, 1 Sabine Isl Dr, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. EM oliver.leah@epa.gov NR 52 TC 58 Z9 62 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-445X EI 1879-1514 J9 AQUAT TOXICOL JI Aquat. Toxicol. PD NOV 12 PY 2001 VL 55 IS 3-4 BP 203 EP 222 DI 10.1016/S0166-445X(01)00161-8 PG 20 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology GA 483UJ UT WOS:000171654000008 PM 11595310 ER PT J AU Pu, Y Rafailovich, MH Sokolov, J Gersappe, D Peterson, T Wu, WL Schwarz, SA AF Pu, Y Rafailovich, MH Sokolov, J Gersappe, D Peterson, T Wu, WL Schwarz, SA TI Mobility of polymer chains confined at a free surface SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID FORCE MICROSCOPY; THIN-FILMS; DYNAMICS; SIMULATION; MELT; INTERDIFFUSION; REPTATION; INTERFACE; WALLS AB Dynamic secondary ion mass spectrometry was used to investigate the chain mobility of polystyrene (MW ranging from 4.3 to 957 kg/mol) at the free surface. The data show that the diffusion coefficient was reduced relative to the bulk value within a distance, d less than or equal to 4R(g), from the surface and scaled as 1/N-2.5 at fixed d. These results are in excellent agreement with self-consistent field calculations of the surface segmental distribution and provide the first direct confirmation of various theoretical models that predict asymmetric segmental fluctuation which arises from surface induced orientation of polymer chains. C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Ward Melville High Sch, Setauket, NY 11794 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. CUNY Queens Coll, Dept Phys, Flushing, NY 11367 USA. RP Pu, Y (reprint author), SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. NR 25 TC 53 Z9 53 U1 3 U2 11 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD NOV 12 PY 2001 VL 87 IS 20 AR 206101 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.87.206101 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 492TD UT WOS:000172182900027 PM 11690488 ER PT J AU Sutton, P Roberts, D Elvidge, C Baugh, K AF Sutton, P Roberts, D Elvidge, C Baugh, K TI Census from Heaven: An estimate of the global human population using night-time satellite imagery SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; ENVIRONMENT; EMISSIONS AB Night-time satellite imagery provided by the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program's Operational Linescan System (DMSP OLS) is evaluated as a means of estimating the population of all the cities of the world based on their areal extent in the image. A global night-time image product was registered to a dataset of 2000 known city locations with known populations. A relationship between areal extent and city population discovered by Tobler and Nordbeck is identified on a nation by nation basis to estimate the population of the 22920 urban clusters that exist in the night-time satellite image. The relationship between city population and city areal extent was derived from 1597 city point locations with known population that landed in a 'lit' area of the image. Due to conurbation, these 1597 cities resulted in only 1383 points of analysis for performing regression. When several cities fell into one 'lit' area their populations were summed. The results of this analysis allow for an estimate of the urban population of every nation of the world. By using the known percent of population in urban areas for every nation a total national population was also estimated. The sum of these estimates is a total estimate of the global human population, which in this case was 6.3 billion. This is fairly close to the generally accepted contemporaneous (1997) estimate of the global population which stood at approximately 5.9 billion. C1 Univ Denver, Dept Geog, Denver, CO 80208 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Geog, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. NOAA, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, Solar Terr Phys Div, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Sutton, P (reprint author), Univ Denver, Dept Geog, Denver, CO 80208 USA. RI Elvidge, Christopher/C-3012-2009; Sutton, Paul/A-6764-2013 OI Sutton, Paul/0000-0001-6972-3256 NR 49 TC 161 Z9 171 U1 4 U2 50 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI LONDON PA 11 NEW FETTER LANE, LONDON EC4P 4EE, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD NOV 10 PY 2001 VL 22 IS 16 BP 3061 EP 3076 DI 10.1080/01431160010007015 PG 16 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 480KU UT WOS:000171461200001 ER EF