FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Stein, AF Lamb, D AF Stein, AF Lamb, D TI Chemical indicators of sulfate sensitivity to nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE aerosols; sulfate and nitrate; chemical indicators; photochemical oxidants; air quality; photochemical modeling ID ACID DEPOSITION; HOMOGENEOUS OXIDATION; EMISSION REDUCTIONS; SULFUR-DIOXIDE; WET DEPOSITION; UNITED-STATES; OZONE; MODEL; MECHANISM; GENERATION AB The formation of aerosol sulfate (SO42-) in eastern North America is chemically linked to the emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOC) through oxidation of the gaseous precursor, sulfur dioxide (SO2). The response of sulfate production to controls in NOx and VOC emissions depends, in part, on the resulting changes in oxidant levels and the competition that naturally exists between the gas- and aqueous-phase pathways for SO2 oxidation. We propose the use of a combination of concentrations of nitric acid, particulate nitrate, hydrogen peroxide, and ambient sulfate as a nondimensional indicator of the effectiveness of VOC or NOx controls in decreasing SO42- abundance. The concentrations of these indicator species were calculated from a series of photochemical model simulations with varying rates of NOx and VOC emissions using a three-dimensional Eulerian model (MODELS-3) that covers the northeastern United States. This study shows that ambient sulfate concentrations are likely to decrease more effectively as VOC emissions are reduced, when the nondimensional indicator is less than a certain threshold. However, a higher value of the indicator identifies a regime in which NOx emissions reductions are more effective for reducing sulfate than are VOC emissions. In addition, a description of the sulfate-formation pathways, along with a theoretical analysis of the transition between NOx- and VOC-sensitive regimes, provides a strong rationale for the use of the sulfate sensitivity indicator. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Stein, AF (reprint author), NOAA, Air Resources Lab, 1315 EW Highway,Room 3316, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RI Stein, Ariel/G-1330-2012; Stein, Ariel F/L-9724-2014 OI Stein, Ariel F/0000-0002-9560-9198 NR 39 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0747-7309 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 107 IS D20 AR 4449 DI 10.1029/2001JD001088 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 636PY UT WOS:000180466200122 ER PT J AU Stolzenburg, M Marshall, TC Rust, WD Bartels, DL AF Stolzenburg, M Marshall, TC Rust, WD Bartels, DL TI Two simultaneous charge structures in thunderstorm convection SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE thunderstorm; charge; electrical structure ID NEW-MEXICO THUNDERSTORM; ELECTRIC-FIELD; 2 THUNDERSTORMS; SQUALL LINE; PRECIPITATION; SIZE; EVOLUTION; SOUNDINGS; REGIONS; SYSTEM AB [1] A pair of simultaneous, horizontally displaced, thunderstorm electric field soundings are used to investigate an existing conceptual model of thunderstorm charge structure. The soundings show that two different vertical charge structures, one in the updraft and one outside the updraft, can exist at the same time inside a storm, as depicted in the existing model. The data suggest that the two charge structures can be relatively close together, since the soundings are separated by only 3 to 8 km horizontally in the convective region of the storm. Horizontal extent of the charge structures is estimated to be at least 4 km x 4 km. The differences in the two charge structures are coincident with substantial differences over this same 3 to 8 km horizontal distance in the reflectivity structure, updraft speed, and lightning activity of the convection. The nonupdraft sounding was made through the intense reflectivity core found at middle levels in the convection. Additional electric field complexity and additional charge regions were found in the nonupdraft sounding, and the lightning-related electric field changes tended to be larger in magnitude and more numerous in that sounding than in the updraft sounding. C1 Univ Mississippi, Dept Phys & Astron, University, MS 38677 USA. NOAA, Environm Res Lab, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. NOAA, Environm Res Lab, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Stolzenburg, M (reprint author), Univ Mississippi, Dept Phys & Astron, University, MS 38677 USA. OI Stolzenburg, Maribeth/0000-0001-8773-8101 NR 37 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0747-7309 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 107 IS D18 AR 4352 DI 10.1029/2001JD000904 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 635YH UT WOS:000180427400018 ER PT J AU Welton, EJ Voss, KJ Quinn, PK Flatau, PJ Markowicz, K Campbell, JR Spinhirne, JD Gordon, HR Johnson, JE AF Welton, EJ Voss, KJ Quinn, PK Flatau, PJ Markowicz, K Campbell, JR Spinhirne, JD Gordon, HR Johnson, JE TI Measurements of aerosol vertical profiles and optical properties during INDOEX 1999 using micropulse lidars SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE aerosols; lidar; extinction; backscatter; Indian Ocean ID TROPICAL INDIAN-OCEAN; MARINE BOUNDARY-LAYER; 6-WAVELENGTH LIDAR; TRANSPORT; SECTION; RATIO; ACE-1; MODEL AB [1] Micropulse lidar (MPL) systems were used to measure aerosol properties during the Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX) 1999 field phase. Measurements were made from two platforms: the NOAA ship R/V Ronald H. Brown, and the Kaashidhoo Climate Observatory (KCO) in the Maldives. Sun photometers were used to provide aerosol optical depths (AOD) needed to calibrate the MPL. This study focuses on the height distribution and optical properties (at 523 nm) of aerosols observed during the campaign. The height of the highest aerosols (top height) was calculated and found to be below 4 km for most of the cruise. The marine boundary layer (MBL) top was calculated and found to be less than 1 km. MPL results were combined with air mass trajectories, radiosonde profiles of temperature and humidity, and aerosol concentration and optical measurements. Humidity varied from approximately 80% near the surface to 50% near the top height during the entire cruise. The average value and standard deviation of aerosol optical parameters were determined for characteristic air mass regimes. Marine aerosols in the absence of any continental influence were found to have an AOD of 0.05+/-0.03, an extinction-to-backscatter ratio (S ratio) of 33+/-6 sr, and peak extinction values around 0.05 km(-1) (near the MBL top). The marine results are shown to be in agreement with previously measured and expected values. Polluted marine areas over the Indian Ocean, influenced by continental aerosols, had AOD values in excess of 0.2, S ratios well above 40 sr, and peak extinction values approximately 0.20 km(-1) (near the MBL top). The polluted marine results are shown to be similar to previously published values for continental aerosols. Comparisons between MPL derived extinction near the ship (75 m) and extinction calculated at ship level using scattering measured by a nephelometer and absorption using a particle soot absorption photometer were conducted. The comparisons indicated that the MPL algorithm (using a constant S ratio throughout the lower troposphere) calculates extinction near the surface in agreement with the ship-level measurements only when the MBL aerosols are well mixed with aerosols above. Finally, a review of the MPL extinction profiles showed that the model of aerosol vertical extinction developed during an earlier INDOEX field campaign (at the Maldives) did not correctly describe the true vertical distribution over the greater Indian Ocean region. Using the average extinction profile and AOD obtained during marine conditions, a new model of aerosol vertical extinction was determined for marine atmospheres over the Indian Ocean. A new model of aerosol vertical extinction for polluted marine atmospheres was also developed using the average extinction profile and AOD obtained during marine conditions influenced by continental aerosols. C1 Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. Univ Miami, Dept Phys, Coral Gables, FL 33124 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Univ Warsaw, Inst Geophys, PL-02093 Warsaw, Poland. Sci Syst & Applicat Inc, Lanham, MD 20706 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Welton, EJ (reprint author), Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. RI Welton, Ellsworth/A-8362-2012; Campbell, James/C-4884-2012; Voss, Kenneth /A-5328-2013; Flatau, Piotr/E-2219-2011; Quinn, Patricia/R-1493-2016 OI Campbell, James/0000-0003-0251-4550; Voss, Kenneth /0000-0002-7860-5080; Quinn, Patricia/0000-0003-0337-4895 NR 28 TC 104 Z9 111 U1 4 U2 22 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0747-7309 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 107 IS D19 AR 8019 DI 10.1029/2000JD000038 PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 635YT UT WOS:000180428300013 ER PT J AU Wetherald, RT Manabe, S AF Wetherald, RT Manabe, S TI Simulation of hydrologic changes associated with global warming SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE global warming; coupled ocean-atmosphere models; climate models; soil moisture changes; runoff changes; drought ID OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE MODEL; SUMMER DRYNESS; TRANSIENT RESPONSES; GRADUAL CHANGES; COUPLED MODEL; MEAN RESPONSE; INCREASED CO2; CIRCULATION AB [1] Using the results obtained from a coupled ocean-atmosphere-land model with medium computational resolution, we investigated how the hydrology of the continents changes in response to the combined increases of greenhouse gases and sulfate aerosols in the atmosphere, which are determined based upon the IS92a scenario. In order to extract the forced response from natural, internal variability, the difference between the mean of an eight-member ensemble of numerical experiments and a control experiment are used for the present analysis. The global mean surface air temperature of the coupled model increases by about 2.3 degreesC above the preindustrial level by the middle of the 21st century. Accompanying the warming, the global mean rates of both precipitation and evaporation increase by 5.2%, yielding the average increase in the rate of runoff by approximately 7.3%. The increase in the rate of runoff simulated by the model is particularly large in high northern latitudes, where the runoff from some rivers such as the Mackenzie and Ob may increase by as much as 20%. Runoff from many European rivers increases by more than 20%. Runoff also increases substantially in some tropical rivers such as the Amazon and Ganges. However, the percentage changes in simulated runoff from many other tropical rivers and middle latitude rivers are smaller with both positive and negative signs. In middle and high latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere, soil moisture tends to decrease in summer, whereas it increases in winter. However, in many semi-arid regions in subtropical and middle latitudes, soil moisture is reduced during most of a year. These semi-arid regions include the southwestern part of North America, the northeastern part of China in the Northern Hemisphere, and the region in the vicinity of the Kalahari Desert and southern part of Australia in the Southern Hemisphere. Since a semi-arid region usually surrounds a desert, the reduction of soil moisture in such a region often results in the expansion of the desert. Soil moisture is also reduced during the dry season in many semi-arid regions. For example, it is reduced in the savannahs of Africa and South America during winter and early spring in the Southern Hemisphere. In the Northern Hemisphere, it is reduced at the Mediterranean coast of Europe in summer. C1 Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. Frontier Res Syst Global Change, Kanagawa, Japan. RP Wetherald, RT (reprint author), Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Forrestal Campus,Forrestal Rd,US Route 1, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. EM rw@gfdl.noaa.gov; manabe@splash.princeton.edu NR 26 TC 112 Z9 118 U1 6 U2 41 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 107 IS D19 AR 4379 DI 10.1029/2001JD001195 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 635YT UT WOS:000180428300046 ER PT J AU Wood, AW Maurer, EP Kumar, A Lettenmaier, DP AF Wood, AW Maurer, EP Kumar, A Lettenmaier, DP TI Long-range experimental hydrologic forecasting for the eastern United States SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE climate downscaling; hydrologic forecast; seasonal forecast; streamflow forecast; eastern United States ID SURFACE PARAMETERIZATION SCHEMES; CIRCULATION MODEL OUTPUT; CATCHMENT-BASED APPROACH; REGIONAL CLIMATE-CHANGE; RIVER BASIN EXPERIMENT; SEASONAL PREDICTIONS; SPECTRAL MODEL; LOCAL CLIMATE; VIC-2L MODEL; SIMULATION AB We explore a strategy for long-range hydrologic forecasting that uses ensemble climate model forecasts as input to a macroscale hydrologic model to produce runoff and streamflow forecasts at spatial and temporal scales appropriate for water management. Monthly ensemble climate model forecasts produced by the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/Climate Prediction Center global spectral model (GSM) are bias corrected, downscaled to 1/8degrees horizontal resolution, and disaggregated to a daily time step for input to the Variable Infiltration Capacity hydrologic model. Bias correction is effected by evaluating the GSM ensemble forecast variables as percentiles relative to the GSM model climatology and then extracting the percentiles' associated variable values instead from the observed climatology. The monthly meteorological forecasts are then interpolated to the finer hydrologic model scale, at which a daily signal that preserves the forecast anomaly is imposed through resampling of the historic record. With the resulting monthly runoff and streamflow forecasts for the East Coast and Ohio River basin, we evaluate the bias correction and resampling approaches during the southeastern United States drought from May to August 2000 and also for the El Nino conditions of December 1997 to February 1998. For the summer 2000 study period, persistence in anomalous initial hydrologic states predominates in determining the hydrologic forecasts. In contrast, the El Nino-condition hydrologic forecasts derive direction both from the climate model forecast signal and the antecedent land surface state. From a qualitative standpoint the hydrologic forecasting strategy appears successful in translating climate forecast signals to hydrologic variables of interest for water management. C1 Univ Washington, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NOAA, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Climate Predict Ctr, Camp Springs, MD 20748 USA. RP Wood, AW (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Box 352700, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RI Maurer, Edwin/C-7190-2009; Wood, Andrew/L-5133-2013; lettenmaier, dennis/F-8780-2011 OI Maurer, Edwin/0000-0001-7134-487X; Wood, Andrew/0000-0002-6231-0085; lettenmaier, dennis/0000-0003-3317-1327 NR 44 TC 359 Z9 364 U1 3 U2 78 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0747-7309 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 107 IS D20 AR 4429 DI 10.1029/2001JD000659 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 636PY UT WOS:000180466200086 ER PT J AU Yvon-Lewis, SA Butler, JH AF Yvon-Lewis, SA Butler, JH TI Effect of oceanic uptake on atmospheric lifetimes of selected trace gases SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE oceanic uptake; lifetime; atmosphere; halocarbon; carbonyl sulfide; air-sea gas exchange ID OZONE DEPLETION POTENTIALS; HENRYS LAW CONSTANTS; OH REACTION-KINETICS; METHYL-BROMIDE; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; CARBONYL SULFIDE; CHLOROBROMOMETHANE CH2CLBR; CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS; NATURAL-WATERS; PACIFIC-OCEAN AB We have calculated from a 2degrees x 2degrees grid of oceanic properties the contribution of oceanic loss to the overall lifetimes of a number of anthropogenic and naturally produced trace gases involved in global warming and stratospheric ozone depletion. The model, originally developed for atmospheric methyl bromide, can be used for any well-mixed trace gas where the seawater degradation rate constants and solubilities are known. Of the gases tested, it is clear that known oceanic chemical degradation processes alone are not significant sinks for most HFCs and HCFCs. Chemical degradation in the oceans is a substantial sink for COS (28%) and COCl2 (8%) and a minor sink for CH3Cl (<2%) and CH3I (2.5%), and it should be considered when determining atmospheric lifetimes and sink strengths for these gases. Biological degradation processes are likely to increase the oceanic uptake rates of many gases. C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Yvon-Lewis, SA (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RI Yvon-Lewis, Shari/E-4108-2012 OI Yvon-Lewis, Shari/0000-0003-1378-8434 NR 67 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0747-7309 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 107 IS D20 AR 4414 DI 10.1029/2001JD001267 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 636PY UT WOS:000180466200067 ER PT J AU Zhang, H Menzel, WP AF Zhang, H Menzel, WP TI Improvement in thin cirrus retrievals using an emissivity-adjusted CO2 slicing algorithm SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE modified CO2 slicing; thin cirrus; cloud emissivity; surface emissivity ID AIRBORNE LIDAR; CLOUD; VAS; MODELS AB CO2 slicing has been generally accepted as a useful algorithm for determining cloud top pressure (CTP) and effective cloud amount (ECA) for tropospheric clouds above 600 hPa. To date, the technique has assumed that the surface emissivity is that of a blackbody in the long-wavelength infrared radiances and that the cloud emissivities in spectrally close bands are approximately equal. The modified CO2 slicing algorithm considers adjustments of both surface emissivity and cloud emissivity ratio. Surface emissivity is adjusted according to the surface types. The ratio of cloud emissivities in spectrally close bands is adjusted away from unity according to radiative transfer calculations. The new CO2 slicing algorithm is examined with Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Airborne Simulator (MAS) CO2 band radiance measurements over thin clouds and validated against Cloud Lidar System (CLS) measurements of the same clouds; it is also applied to Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) Sounder data to study the overall impact on cloud property determinations. For high thin clouds an improved product emerges, while for thick and opaque clouds there is little change. For very thin clouds, the CTP increases by about 10-20 hPa and RMS (root mean square bias) difference is approximately 50 hPa; for thin clouds, the CTP increase is about 10 hPa bias and RMS difference is approximately 30 hPa. The new CO2 slicing algorithm places the clouds lower in the troposphere. C1 Univ Wisconsin, CIMSS, SSEC, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Univ Wisconsin, NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Zhang, H (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, CIMSS, SSEC, Room 415,1225 W Dayton St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RI Menzel, W. Paul/B-8306-2011 OI Menzel, W. Paul/0000-0001-5690-1201 NR 22 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0747-7309 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 107 IS D17 AR 4327 DI 10.1029/2001JD001037 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 635YF UT WOS:000180427200007 ER PT J AU Antonov, JI Levitus, S Boyer, TP AF Antonov, JI Levitus, S Boyer, TP TI Steric sea level variations during 1957-1994: Importance of salinity SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article DE temperature and salinity variability; steric sea level; sea level rise; climate change; Labrador sea ID OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE MODEL; NORTH-ATLANTIC OCEAN; INTERPENTADAL VARIABILITY; THERMAL-EXPANSION; WORLD OCEAN; TOPEX/POSEIDON; TEMPERATURE; PACIFIC; RISE AB [1] Spatially averaged (50 degreesS-65 degreesN) temperature and salinity changes in the 0-3000 m layer during the 1957-1994 period resulted in a sea level rise at a mean rate of about 0.55 mm per year. About 10% of this rate is due to a decrease of the volume mean salinity. The magnitude of total steric sea level (TSSL) changes and the ratio of thermosteric and halosteric anomalies to TSSL anomaly are nonuniform geographically. Salinity effects are critically important to the TSSL changes in some regions of the ocean. For example, the thermosteric anomaly is nearly compensated by the halosteric anomaly in the subpolar North Atlantic. This fact will cause erroneous heat content estimates based on altimetric observations from space if a climatological salinity is assumed. Based on the present historical archive of salinity data, a decrease in global mean salinity has occurred. This increase of fresh water would cause sea level rise at a rate of 1.3 +/- 0.5 mm/yr if the added water comes from sources other than floating sea ice. C1 NOAA, NODC, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Univ Corp Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO USA. RP Antonov, JI (reprint author), NOAA, NODC, E-OC5,1315 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 35 TC 106 Z9 112 U1 3 U2 23 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD SEP-NOV PY 2002 VL 107 IS C12 AR 8013 DI 10.1029/2001JC000964 PG 8 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 638ME UT WOS:000180574100013 ER PT J AU Bakhanov, VV Ostrovsky, LA AF Bakhanov, VV Ostrovsky, LA TI Action of strong internal solitary waves on surface waves SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article DE internal waves; surface waves; wave interaction; remote sensing; soliton ID INVESTIGATION PROJECT; GEORGIA STRAIT; WIND WAVES; SAR IMAGES; OCEAN; RADAR; MODULATION; CANADA; SIGNATURES; SOLITONS AB [1] Transformation of gravity capillary surface waves on the current created by a large-amplitude internal wave (IW) is considered. The trajectories of surface wave packets in a domain of coordinate and wave number are calculated for different IW amplitudes. In particular, the location of maxima and minima of the surface wave (SW) spectral density W with respect to the IW profile is studied. It is shown that for sufficiently large-amplitude internal solitary waves (solitons) propagating in the same direction as the surface wave the minimum of W for all SW lengths is situated over the crest of the soliton. The corresponding "critical'' value of the soliton amplitude is calculated. The noncollinear propagation of internal and surface waves is also considered. Finally, some numerical results obtained using the kinetic equation that describes the transformation of W in a field of large-amplitude internal wave solitons are presented that are in agreement with the qualitative description and with recent observations of radar scattering from strong internal waves in a coastal area. C1 Russian Acad Sci, Inst Appl Phys, Nizhnii Novgorod 603095, Russia. NOAA, Zel Technol, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Bakhanov, VV (reprint author), Russian Acad Sci, Inst Appl Phys, 46 Ulyanov St, Nizhnii Novgorod 603095, Russia. EM lev.a.ostrovsky@noaa.gov NR 31 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 107 IS C10 AR 3139 DI 10.1029/2001JC001052 PG 10 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 638JN UT WOS:000180568000013 ER PT J AU Bauer, S Swenson, MS Griffa, A AF Bauer, S Swenson, MS Griffa, A TI Eddy mean flow decomposition and eddy diffusivity estimates in the tropical Pacific Ocean: 2. Results SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article DE eddy heat flux; horizontal diffusivity; Lagrangian observations; Lagrangian timescale; surface drifters; tropical Pacific ID EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; SURFACE CURRENTS; VARIABILITY; DISPERSION; TRANSPORT; SATELLITE; ATLANTIC; DRIFTERS AB Eddy diffusivity of the surface velocity field in the tropical Pacific Ocean was estimated using satellite-tracked drifting buoys (1979 through mid-1996). The tropical Pacific surface current system is characterized by nonstationarity, strong meridional shear, and an energetic mesoscale velocity field. Eddy diffusivity may be defined as the integral of the autocovariance of Lagrangian eddy velocities, requiring both stationary and homogeneous statistics of the eddy field. Eddy velocities were obtained by removing a splined mean field to eliminate mean shear from observations binned (1) spatially to group data that have similar dispersion characteristics and (2) temporally to create stationary eddy statistics. Zonal diffusivity estimates are up to approximate to7 times larger than meridional diffusivity estimates in the high eddy energy regions. This anisotropy is associated with the meridional mesoscale wave motion (i.e., by equatorial and tropical instability waves) that increases eddy variance but does not lead to a proportional increase in water parcel diffusion because of the coherent character of the trajectory motion, at least for initial time lags. Simple autoregressive models of first and second order are used to describe and classify the resulting eddy statistics. An independent confirmation of the diffusivity estimate in the central/eastern Pacific was obtained by comparing tracer flux divergence computed from a parameterization using diffusivity estimates of our analysis with that from direct eddy Reynolds stress flux divergence. Our results show that diffusivity can be estimated for regions not considered previously either because of sparse data or the complexities of the velocity field. C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Fleet Numer Meteorol & Oceanog Ctr, Monterey, CA USA. CNR, Ist Studio Oceanog Fis, La Spezia, Italy. RP Bauer, S (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NR 28 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 107 IS C10 AR 3154 DI 10.1029/2000JC000613 PG 18 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 638JN UT WOS:000180568000030 ER PT J AU Boyer, TP Levitus, S AF Boyer, TP Levitus, S TI Harmonic analysis of climatological sea surface salinity SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID TROPICAL PACIFIC-OCEAN; NORTH-ATLANTIC OCEAN; SEASONAL-VARIATIONS; INDIAN-OCEAN; CURRENT SYSTEM; CARIBBEAN SEA; BARRIER-LAYER; ARABIAN SEA; MIXED-LAYER; TEMPERATURE AB [1] A Fourier decomposition of the World Ocean Atlas 1998 (WOA98) fields of climatological monthly mean salinity is used to describe the annual cycle of sea surface salinity (SSS). Global data sets of river runoff and evaporation minus precipitation (E - P) are used to put the annual cycle of SSS in the context of the global climate system. Most of the world ocean is shown to have an annual cycle of less than 0.3 on the practical salinity scale (PSS). Areas with an annual cycle larger than 0.3 include the northern Indian Ocean, the tropical Pacific and Atlantic, and the northern North Atlantic. C1 Natl Oceanog Data Ctr, Ocean Climate Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Boyer, TP (reprint author), Natl Oceanog Data Ctr, Ocean Climate Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 58 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD SEP-NOV PY 2002 VL 107 IS C12 AR 8006 DI 10.1029/2001JC000829 PG 14 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 638ME UT WOS:000180574100006 ER PT J AU Delcroix, T McPhaden, M AF Delcroix, T McPhaden, M TI Interannual sea surface salinity and temperature changes in the western Pacific warm pool during 1992-2000 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article ID NINO SOUTHERN-OSCILLATION; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; EL-NINO; TROPICAL PACIFIC; FRESH POOL; OCEAN ANALYSES; BARRIER-LAYER; MIXED-LAYER; TOGA DECADE; VARIABILITY AB [1] Sea surface salinity (SSS) and sea surface temperature (SST) in the western Pacific warm pool (130-180 degreesE; 10 degreesN-10 degreesS) are analyzed for the period 1992-2000 taking advantage of complementary data from the ship of opportunity program and the Tropical Atmosphere-Ocean (TAO)-Triangle Trans-Ocean Buoy Network (TRITON) array of moored buoys. Covariability of these variables with surface wind stress, surface zonal currents, evaporation, precipitation, and barrier layer thickness is also examined. These fields all go through large oscillations related to the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle, most notably during the record breaking 1997-1998 El Nino and subsequent strong 1998-2000 La Nina. East of about 160 degreesE, during El Nino, precipitation minus evaporation increases in the equatorial band, in conjunction with anomalous increases in westerly winds, eastward surface currents, SST, and decreases in SSS. Opposite tendencies are evident during La Nina. Peak to peak 2 degreesN-2 degreesS averaged variations reached as much as 1.2 m s(-1) for zonal currents and 1.5 practical salinity units (psu) for SSS. West of about 160 degreesE, SST cools during El Nino and warms during La Nina, opposite to what occurs further east. To understand these SST tendencies west of 160 degreesE, a proxy indicator for barrier layer formation is developed in terms of changes in the zonal gradient of SSS (partial derivativeS/partial derivativex). Zonal SSS gradients have been shown in modeling studies to be related to barrier layer formation via subduction driven by converging zonal currents in the vicinity of the salinity front at the eastern edge of the warm pool. Correlation between changes in partial derivativeS/partial derivativex and changes in SST a few degrees longitude to the west is significantly nonzero, consistent with the idea that increased barrier layer thickness is related to warmer SSTs during periods of westward surface flow associated with La Nina, and vice versa during El Nino. Direct evidence of barrier layer thickness variations in support of this hypothesis is also presented. C1 IRD LEGOS, F-31400 Toulouse, France. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Delcroix, T (reprint author), IRD LEGOS, 18 Ave Ed Belin, F-31400 Toulouse, France. RI McPhaden, Michael/D-9799-2016; Delcroix, Thierry/I-6103-2016 OI Delcroix, Thierry/0000-0002-8850-4865 NR 67 TC 50 Z9 52 U1 3 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD SEP-NOV PY 2002 VL 107 IS C12 AR 8002 DI 10.1029/2001JC000862 PG 17 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 638ME UT WOS:000180574100002 ER PT J AU Intrieri, JM Fairall, CW Shupe, MD Persson, POG Andreas, EL Guest, PS Moritz, RE AF Intrieri, JM Fairall, CW Shupe, MD Persson, POG Andreas, EL Guest, PS Moritz, RE TI An annual cycle of Arctic surface cloud forcing at SHEBA SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article DE remote sensing; atmospheric radiation; polar meteorology; clouds; forcing ID RADIATION BUDGET EXPERIMENT; SEA-ICE; FLUXES; OCEAN; ATMOSPHERE; SENSITIVITY; CALIBRATION; ALGORITHM; CLIMATE; IMPACT AB [1] We present an analysis of surface fluxes and cloud forcing from data obtained during the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean (SHEBA) experiment, conducted in the Beaufort and Chuchki Seas and the Arctic Ocean from November 1997 to October 1998. The measurements used as part of this study include fluxes from optical radiometer sets, turbulent fluxes from an instrumented tower, cloud fraction from a depolarization lidar and ceilometer, and atmospheric temperature and humidity profiles from radiosondes. Clear-sky radiative fluxes were modeled in order to estimate the cloud radiative forcing since direct observation of fluxes in cloud-free conditions created large statistical sampling errors. This was particularly true during summer when cloud fractions were typically very high. A yearlong data set of measurements, obtained on a multiyear ice floe at the SHEBA camp, was processed in 20-day blocks to produce the annual evolution of the surface cloud forcing components: upward, downward, and net longwave and shortwave radiative fluxes and turbulent (sensible and latent heat) fluxes. We found that clouds act to warm the Arctic surface for most of the annual cycle with a brief period of cooling in the middle of summer. Our best estimates for the annual average surface cloud forcings are -10 W m(-2) for shortwave, 38 W m(-2) for longwave, and -6 W m(-2) for turbulent fluxes. Total cloud forcing (the sum of all components) is about 30 W m(-2) for the fall, winter, and spring, dipping to a minimum of -4 W m(-2) in early July. We compare the results of this study with satellite, model, and drifting station data. C1 NOAA, Sci & Technol Corp, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. USA, Cold Reg Res & Engn Lab, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. USN, Postgrad Sch, Monterey, CA USA. Univ Washington, Appl Phys Lab, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. RP Intrieri, JM (reprint author), NOAA, Sci & Technol Corp, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Shupe, Matthew/F-8754-2011; Intrieri, Janet/D-5608-2015 OI Shupe, Matthew/0000-0002-0973-9982; NR 35 TC 200 Z9 201 U1 3 U2 12 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 107 IS C10 AR 8039 DI 10.1029/2000JC000439 PG 14 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 638JN UT WOS:000180568000005 ER PT J AU Jury, MR Enfield, DB Melice, JL AF Jury, MR Enfield, DB Melice, JL TI Tropical monsoons around Africa: stability of El Nino-Southern Oscillation associations and links with continental climate SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article DE African climate; tropical Atlantic; Indian Ocean; monsoon ID INDIAN-OCEAN; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; SURFACE-TEMPERATURE; EQUATORIAL ATLANTIC; RAINFALL ANOMALIES; HURRICANE ACTIVITY; SST VARIABILITY; SUMMER RAINFALL; EAST-AFRICA; DYNAMICS AB Interannual fluctuations of monsoons around Africa and the stability of associations with the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and African rainfall are studied. The statistical analysis employs sea surface temperature (SST), surface and upper winds, and surface pressure averaged over key monsoon areas of the tropical Atlantic and Indian Oceans. The time series span the period 1958-1998, and wavelet analysis is applied to localize relationships in time as well as in frequency and enable us to examine how the amplitude and time delay at interannual scales varies through the record. Comparisons are made with Nino3 SST and other known ENSO signals in the African hemisphere. It is found that upper zonal winds over the tropical Atlantic are an integral part of the global ENSO. Zonal winds are associated with SST changes in the equatorial east Atlantic, which are antiphase to those in the west-central Indian Ocean. A composite analysis of warm and cool events in the Indian Ocean reveals that evaporation, radiative fluxes, and wind curl interact constructively. Anticyclonic curl (depression of isotherms) leads warm events, while cool events may initiate from oceanic advection and are sustained by evaporative fluxes. Rainfall fluctuations across Africa are analyzed, and three coherent areas are identified: West (Sahel-Guinea), Southern (Kalahari-Zambezi), and East (Kenya-Tanzania). Multivariate regression algorithms are fitted to the continuous filtered rainfall series over the period 1958-1988. Using three monsoon indices in a multivariate model, about 40% of the variance is explained at zero lag. An influential variable for most African rainfall areas is the zonal wind over the tropical Atlantic. The north-south SST gradient in the tropical Atlantic modulates rainfall in West Africa as expected. At 6 month lead, surface pressure in the north Indian Ocean is a key determinant for West African climate. For southern African rainfall, SST in the southwest Indian Ocean and monsoon indices in the west-central Indian Ocean play significant roles. East African rainfall fluctuations are linked with zonal winds in the east Indian Ocean. The findings address current Climate Variability and Predictability program (CLIVAR) priorities for understanding how continental climate interacts with ENSO and other regional modes of variability. C1 Univ Zululand, Dept Geog, ZA-3886 Kwa Dlangezwa, South Africa. NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. UPMC, Inst Rech Dev, Lab Oceanog Dynam & Climatol, F-29280 Plouzane, France. RP Jury, MR (reprint author), Univ Zululand, Dept Geog, ZA-3886 Kwa Dlangezwa, South Africa. RI Enfield, David/I-2112-2013 OI Enfield, David/0000-0001-8107-5079 NR 65 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 107 IS C10 AR 3151 DI 10.1029/2000JC000507 PG 17 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 638JN UT WOS:000180568000027 ER PT J AU Ladd, C Bond, NA AF Ladd, C Bond, NA TI Evaluation of the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis in the NE Pacific and the Bering Sea SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article DE shortwave radiation; winds; NCEP; Bering Sea ID BUOY OBSERVATIONS; NCEP REANALYSES; SEASONAL CYCLE; SURFACE WINDS; WEST-COAST; OCEAN; RADIATION; ATMOSPHERE; ALASKA; FLUXES AB The quality of the National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP)/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) reanalysis surface forcing fields is evaluated for the Bering Sea and the NE Pacific using a series of buoy measurements from 1995 to 2000. Because the mooring data have not been assimilated into the reanalysis, they provide an independent measure of the accuracy of the reanalysis in these regions. Emphasis is placed on 10 m winds and shortwave radiation, as they are important parameters for forcing ocean models. Except close to the coast where the reanalysis does not adequately account for the blocking influence of the topography, wind directions were accurately estimated by the reanalysis. Comparisons with the reanalysis suggest a small bias with NCEP 10 m winds greater than observed by similar to5%. In the Bering Sea, downward shortwave radiation in the reanalysis is overestimated by roughly 70-80 W m(-2) averaged over the summer data. In the NE Pacific, the reanalysis overestimates downward shortwave radiation by approximately 20 W m(-2) in both summer and winter. Inaccurate representation of clouds in the reanalysis model is the most likely reason for the overestimate. Analysis of weather patterns during periods of particularly large overestimation of shortwave radiation suggests that the reanalysis better reproduces cloudiness during synoptic-scale cyclonic disturbances and is less able to accurately reproduce low clouds and sea fog in fair weather conditions. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Ocean, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Ladd, C (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RI Ladd, Carol/M-6159-2014 OI Ladd, Carol/0000-0003-1065-430X NR 27 TC 50 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 107 IS C10 AR 3158 DI 10.1029/2001JC001157 PG 9 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 638JN UT WOS:000180568000034 ER PT J AU Maes, C McPhaden, MJ Behringer, D AF Maes, C McPhaden, MJ Behringer, D TI Signatures of salinity variability in tropical Pacific Ocean dynamic height anomalies SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article DE physical oceanography; equatorial Pacific; salinity; sea level variability; El Nino ID WESTERN EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; SEA-SURFACE SALINITY; DATA ASSIMILATION; EL-NINO; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; WARM POOL; TEMPERATURE; LEVEL; SCALES AB [1] The vertical variability of the salinity field, with emphasis on interannual timescales, is examined within the tropical Pacific Ocean (10 degreesN-10 degreesS) using a compilation of the conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) casts for the period 1975-1998. Compared to the vertical dependence of temperature that exhibits a systematic maximum variability at the depth of the main thermocline, the salinity typically shows a maximum variability in the surface layers. One notable region where this rule is violated is the southwestern and central Pacific Ocean. Below the surface, salinity variability is correlated with the strong gradients in mean salinity above and below the subsurface salinity maximum. It is shown that using conventional mean T-S curves to estimate salinity profiles from temperature observations leads to strong biases because of the large scatter around the T-S relationships. From the surface to the bottom of the thermocline, the dispersion of the T-S diagrams is large regardless of whether the conditions are representative of "El Nino'' or "La Nina'' conditions. Error introduced in computing the dynamic height anomaly (DHA) is larger than 2 dyn. cm (dynamic centimeters) throughout the tropical Pacific if salinity variability is neglected. This error represents 30% of the total variability of the sea surface height in the western Pacific, and more than 50% in the south central Pacific. In order to estimate salinity variability when direct measurements are not available, an empirical orthogonal function analysis of existing temperature and salinity profiles was conducted. It is shown that a relatively low number of dominant modes, typically less than 6, are sufficient to explain 80% or more of the total variance. The separate contributions of the temperature and salinity fields to the DHA are then examined. The salinity contribution is generally smaller than the temperature contribution, though in some instances the two oppose one another, resulting in lowered dynamic height anomalies. These results confirm that salinity variability should not be neglected in ocean analyses that attempt to infer vertical changes in density from sea level fluctuations within the tropical Pacific Ocean. C1 Inst Rech Dev, Lab Etud Geophys & Oceanog Spatiales, F-31401 Toulouse 4, France. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NOAA, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Maes, C (reprint author), Inst Rech Dev, Lab Etud Geophys & Oceanog Spatiales, 18 Ave Belin, F-31401 Toulouse 4, France. RI maes, christophe/L-4049-2015; McPhaden, Michael/D-9799-2016 OI maes, christophe/0000-0001-6532-7141; NR 47 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD SEP-NOV PY 2002 VL 107 IS C12 AR 8012 DI 10.1029/2000JC000737 PG 13 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 638ME UT WOS:000180574100012 ER PT J AU Nalli, NR Stowe, LL AF Nalli, NR Stowe, LL TI Aerosol correction for remotely sensed sea surface temperatures from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration advanced very high resolution radiometer SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article DE SST; aerosol; AVHRR; retrieval; infrared ID AVHRR DATA; SATELLITE RETRIEVALS; VOLCANIC AEROSOLS; EL-NINO; ELIMINATION; ALGORITHM; AERONET; BIAS AB [1] This research presents the first-phase derivation and implementation of daytime aerosol correction algorithms for remotely sensed sea surface temperature (SST) from the advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) instrument flown onboard NOAA polar orbiting satellites. To accomplish this, a long-term (1990-1998), global AVHRR-buoy match-up database was created by merging the NOAA/NASA Pathfinder Atmospheres and Pathfinder Oceans data sets. The merged data set is unique in that it includes daytime estimates of aerosol optical depth (AOD) derived from AVHRR channel 1 (0.63 mum) under global conditions of significant aerosol loading. Histograms of retrieved AOD reveal monomodal, lognormal distributions for both tropospheric and stratospheric aerosol modes. It is then shown empirically that the SST depression caused under each aerosol mode can be expressed as a linear function in two predictors, these being the slant path AOD retrieved from AVHRR channel 1 along with the ratio of channels 1 and 2 normalized reflectances. On the basis of these relationships, parametric equations are derived to provide an aerosol correction for retrievals from the daytime NOAA operational multichannel and nonlinear SST algorithms. Separate sets of coefficients are utilized for two aerosol modes: tropospheric (i.e., dust, smoke, haze) and stratospheric/tropospheric (i.e., following a major volcanic eruption). The equations are shown to significantly reduce retrieved SST bias using an independent set of match-ups. Eliminating aerosol-induced bias in both real-time and retrospective processing will enhance the utility of the AVHRR SST for the general user community and in climate research. C1 Colorado State Univ, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, NOAA, NESDIS,E RA3, Washington, DC 20233 USA. NOAA, Off Res & Applicat, NESDIS, Washington, DC 20233 USA. RP Nalli, NR (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, NOAA, NESDIS,E RA3, Washington, DC 20233 USA. RI Nalli, Nicholas/F-6731-2010 OI Nalli, Nicholas/0000-0002-6914-5537 NR 42 TC 29 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 107 IS C10 AR 3172 DI 10.1029/2001JC001162 PG 18 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 638JN UT WOS:000180568000049 ER PT J AU Persson, POG Fairall, CW Andreas, EL Guest, PS Perovich, DK AF Persson, POG Fairall, CW Andreas, EL Guest, PS Perovich, DK TI Measurements near the Atmospheric Surface Flux Group tower at SHEBA: Near-surface conditions and surface energy budget SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article DE surface energy budget; arctic pack ice meteorology; Arctic annual cycle ID SEA-ICE; TRANSFER-COEFFICIENTS; SOLAR IRRADIANCE; HEAT; SNOW; TEMPERATURE; MODEL; INSTRUMENTATION; SENSITIVITY; CALIBRATION AB [1] Measurements at the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean Experiment (SHEBA) Atmospheric Surface Flux Group (ASFG) tower site from October 1997 to October 1998 are used to describe the annual cycle of the near-surface environment and the surface energy budget (SEB). Comparisons with historical data and climatological estimates suggest that the SHEBA site was 3-8degreesC warmer in March and April. The unique SHEBA profile measurements showed that the mean near-surface environment is strongly stable during 6 winter months, and near neutral or weakly stable during the other months. However, one-hour data show that neutral stratification does occur 25% of the time during the winter. The monthly mean flux profiles suggest that turbulent processes cool the near-surface atmosphere during the winter and warm it during the summer, though the sign of the sensible heat flux is negative during both the winter and July. The SHEBA SEB calculation is unique in its nearly exclusive use of observed rather than derived values. The magnitude of the best estimate of the annual net observed surface energy surplus at SHEBA (8.2 W m(-2)) was consistent with the observed surface ice and snowmelt and was in reasonable agreement with most previous estimates of the net annual SEB over the Arctic pack ice. However, the partitioning of the various components of the SEB differed in the SHEBA data. The SHEBA site had unusually large incoming longwave radiation in the fall and spring, giving an annual mean that was larger by 10.4-19.3 W m(-2). The site also had substantially less incoming solar radiation during most months than in previous estimates, producing a difference in the annual mean of 5.0-9.5 W m(-2) when compared to these estimates. The observed magnitudes of the sensible (-2.2 W m(-2)) and latent (1.1 W m(-2)) heat fluxes at SHEBA were smaller than previous climatological estimates, as were the conductive flux estimates (2.4-5.0 W m(-2)) at this site. Estimates of the measurement errors suggest that they are not likely to alter the conclusions concerning the SEB terms presented here but will prevent us from conclusively determining the reasons for the net thinning of the ice observed during SHEBA. C1 NOAA, ETL, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. USA, Cold Reg Res & Engn Lab, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. USN, Postgrad Sch, Monterey, CA USA. RP Persson, POG (reprint author), NOAA, ETL, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 63 TC 177 Z9 179 U1 5 U2 19 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 107 IS C10 AR 8045 DI 10.1029/2000JC000705 PG 35 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 638JN UT WOS:000180568000022 ER PT J AU Richter-Menge, JA McNutt, SL Overland, JE Kwok, R AF Richter-Menge, JA McNutt, SL Overland, JE Kwok, R TI Relating arctic pack ice stress and deformation under winter conditions SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article DE sea ice; stress; deformation; remote sensing ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; SEA-ICE; CO2 SENSITIVITY; CLIMATE MODEL; BEAUFORT SEA; DYNAMICS; SIMULATION; MECHANICS; THICKNESS; SYSTEM AB [1] Together, thermodynamic and dynamic processes determine the thickness distribution of the ice cover on polar oceans, which governs the exchange of energy between the atmosphere and the ocean. Key to the dynamic processes is the mechanical behavior of the ice cover. During the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean (SHEBA) field experiment, we deployed sensors to measure the internal ice stress at several locations within a 15 x 15 km area. These measurements are combined with satellite- derived ice motion and imagery products. The objective is to make a first step toward using these data sources for evaluating sea ice dynamics models by assessing whether the stress signal can be qualitatively linked to the regional-scale (10-100 km) deformation activity. Four case studies are presented, each with distinguishing characteristics: consolidation of the seasonal ice zone against the Alaskan coast (5-7 December 1997); advancement of the consolidation zone into the perennial ice pack (11-13 December); extreme divergence (14-17 January); and consolidation of the pack against Wrangel Island and the Siberian coast (20-23 February). The results of this analysis (1) demonstrate that stress measurements are related to the regional deformation behavior of the ice cover, (2) confirm that regional-scale ice dynamics is primarily a function of coastal geometry and sustained, large-scale wind direction and magnitude, (3) provide continued evidence that the ice pack behaves as a granular hardening plastic, and (4) encourage pursuit of efforts to use direct measurements of ice stress and deformation in the formulation and development of sea ice dynamics models. C1 CRREL, Erdc, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Richter-Menge, JA (reprint author), CRREL, Erdc, 72 Lyme Rd, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. RI Kwok, Ron/A-9762-2008 OI Kwok, Ron/0000-0003-4051-5896 NR 39 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 107 IS C10 AR 8040 DI 10.1029/2000JC000477 PG 15 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 638JN UT WOS:000180568000007 ER PT J AU Schweiger, AJ Lindsay, RW Francis, JA Key, J Intrieri, JM Shupe, MD AF Schweiger, AJ Lindsay, RW Francis, JA Key, J Intrieri, JM Shupe, MD TI Validation of TOVS Path-P data during SHEBA SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article DE TOVS; sea ice; validation; atmospheric profiles; cloud cover ID SATELLITE SOUNDERS 3I; ATMOSPHERIC-TEMPERATURE; CLOUD CLIMATOLOGY; IMAGERS ISCCP; SEA-ICE; RETRIEVALS; SURFACE; RESOLUTION; ALGORITHMS; RADIATION AB [1] Products from the TIROS-N Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS) Polar Pathfinder (Path-P) data set are compared with surface measurements and other satellite remote sensing retrievals during the Surface Heat Balance of the Arctic Ocean (SHEBA) field program (October 1997 to September 1998). The comparison provides estimates of Path-P retrieval uncertainties. Results are placed in the context of the natural variability and timescales of variability to allow potential users to judge the applicability of the data set for their purpose. Results show temperature profiles to be accurate within 3 K, total column precipitable water within 2 mm annually, and surface temperature within 3 K. Uncertainties in temperature retrieval are below "within-season'' variability during all times of the year. Uncertainties in water vapor retrieval during winter and summer are slightly below observed variability in those seasons but are well below during spring. Uncertainty in retrieved cloud fraction is highly dependent on the timescale of observations. Cloud fractions from the surface and satellite are well correlated (correlation coefficient > 0.7) at timescales greater than 4 days but show weaker correlation at shorter timescales. Uncertainty in TOVS-retrieved cloud fraction is less than 20% for 5-day averages. In winter, TOVS-retrieved cloud fractions are higher than those reported in standard meteorological observations but match those derived from lidar data. This supports the notion that standard meteorological observations may underestimate cloudiness in winter. Cloud-top temperatures measured from the surface (lidar/radar) are significantly different from those estimated using TOVS and Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) radiances, which highlights the fundamental and inherent dissimilarity between these two measurement techniques. C1 Univ Washington, Appl Phys Lab, Polar Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98109 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USA. Univ Wisconsin, NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Off Res & Applicat, Madison, WI USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO USA. Sci & Technol Corp, Hampden Sydney, VA USA. RP Schweiger, AJ (reprint author), Univ Washington, Appl Phys Lab, Polar Sci Ctr, 1013 NE 40th St, Seattle, WA 98109 USA. RI Key, Jeffrey/F-5597-2010; Shupe, Matthew/F-8754-2011; Intrieri, Janet/D-5608-2015; Lindsay, Ron/S-9083-2016 OI Key, Jeffrey/0000-0001-6109-3050; Shupe, Matthew/0000-0002-0973-9982; NR 36 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 107 IS C10 AR 8041 DI 10.1029/2000JC000453 PG 20 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 638JN UT WOS:000180568000009 ER PT J AU Sun, C Watts, DR AF Sun, C Watts, DR TI Heat flux carried by the Antarctic Circumpolar Current mean flow SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article DE ACC; heat flux; GEM ID GRAVEST EMPIRICAL MODE; SOUTH-ATLANTIC OCEAN; TRANSPORT AB [1] A stream function projection of historical hydrographic data is applied to study the heat flux problem in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC). The ACC is defined as a circumpolar band consisting of mean streamlines passing through Drake Passage. Its mean path exhibits a globally meandering pattern. The calculation of zonal heat transport shows that the ACC warms along its equatorward segments (South Atlantic and Indian Ocean) and cools along its poleward segment (South Pacific). The primary heat sources for the ACC system are two western boundary currents, the Brazil Current and the Agulhas Current. The mean baroclinic flow relative to 3000 dbar carries 0.14 PW poleward heat flux across 56 degreesS and 0.08 PW across 60degreesS. C1 Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Sun, C (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. NR 19 TC 22 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD SEP PY 2002 VL 107 IS C9 AR 3119 DI 10.1029/2001JC001187 PG 13 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 638AM UT WOS:000180546200002 ER PT J AU Taylor, MA Enfield, DB Chen, AA AF Taylor, MA Enfield, DB Chen, AA TI Influence of the tropical Atlantic versus the tropical Pacific on Caribbean rainfall SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article DE Caribbean; rainfall; El Nino; tropical Atlantic; warm pool; model ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; WARM EVENTS; EL-NINO; PRECIPITATION; CLIMATE; ANOMALIES; PATTERNS; OCEAN AB [1] The Caribbean rainfall season runs from May through November and is distinctly bimodal in nature. The bimodality allows for a convenient division into an early season (May-June-July) and a late season (August-September-October). Evidence suggests that interannual variability in the early season is influenced strongly by anomalies in the sea surface temperatures of the tropical North Atlantic, with positive anomalies over a narrow latitudinal band (0degrees-20degreesN) being associated with enhanced Caribbean rainfall. The coincidence of this band with the main development region for tropical waves suggests a modification of the development of the waves by the warmer tropical Atlantic. The strong influence of the tropical North Atlantic wanes in the late season, with the equatorial Pacific and equatorial Atlantic becoming more significant modulators of interannual variability. The spatial pattern of significant correlation suggests strongly the influence of the El Nino/ La Nina phenomenon, with a warm Pacific associated with a depressed late season and vice versa. There additionally seems to be a robust relationship between late season Caribbean rainfall and an east-west gradient of sea surface temperature (SST) between the two equatorial oceanic basins. Oppositely signed SST anomalies in the NINO3 region and the central equatorial Atlantic (0degrees-15degreesW, 5degreesS-5degreesN) are well correlated with Caribbean rainfall for this period. C1 Univ W Indies, Dept Phys, Mona, Jamaica. NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Phys Oceanog Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Taylor, MA (reprint author), Univ W Indies, Dept Phys, Mona, Jamaica. RI Enfield, David/I-2112-2013 OI Enfield, David/0000-0001-8107-5079 NR 38 TC 86 Z9 86 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD SEP PY 2002 VL 107 IS C9 AR 3127 DI 10.1029/2001JC001097 PG 14 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 638AM UT WOS:000180546200010 ER PT J AU Xiong, XZ Li, W Lubin, D Stamnes, K AF Xiong, XZ Li, W Lubin, D Stamnes, K TI Evaluating the principles of cloud remote sensing with AVHRR and MAS imagery over SHEBA SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article DE remote sensing; clouds and radiation; Arctic ID HIGH-RESOLUTION RADIOMETER; RADIATION MEASUREMENTS; INFRARED CHANNELS; CALIBRATION; SURFACE; MODELS; COVER AB [1] A rigorous discrete ordinates radiative transfer formulation has been applied to two Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) images extracted from telemetry collected by the CCGS Des Groseilliers satellite tracking system during SHEBA to estimate cloud optical depth and effective radius of the cloud droplet size distribution. The two cases, from 2 and 3 June 1998, were chosen for analysis because (1) the images contained mostly liquid water clouds and (2) contemporaneous MODIS Airborne Simulator (MAS) overflight imagery was available for these AVHRR overpasses. The objective is to apply the same detailed radiative transfer formulation to both the MAS and AVHRR data so that the quality of the retrievals from the latter can be evaluated. Retrievals of cloud optical properties from MAS are assumed to be more reliable, because (1) all MAS channels have direct radiometric calibration, (2) the higher spatial resolution of MAS (50 m nadir versus 1.1 km nadir with AVHRR) should yield smaller uncertainties related to partially cloudy pixels in a given study area, and (3) effective droplet radius can be retrieved directly from the MAS 1.62-mum m channel without additional uncertainties involved with subtracting a thermal radiance component. Examination of the retrievals from both sensors in these two cases reveals considerable spatial variability (more than a factor of 2) in cloud optical depth, on a variety of scales ranging from tens of meters to tens of kilometers, even for relatively uniform liquid water clouds. Retrievals of cloud effective droplet radius from AVHRR are generally consistent with those from MAS, suggesting that AVHRR can be reliably used to estimate this quantity. However, AVHRR-based retrievals of cloud optical depth are subject to large errors that result from small uncertainties in the absolute radiometric calibration of AVHRR channel 2. Using recalibration coefficients from one of the more robust AVHRR postlaunch calibration efforts, the cloud optical depths that we retrieved from NOAA 14 AVHRR channel 2 are consistently 30-50% larger than those obtained from MAS. The intercomparison of MAS and AVHRR retrievals of cloud optical depth also revealed errors with AVHRR due to partial cloud cover, and these errors are not immediately apparent when examining the AVHRR retrievals alone. If the AVHRR retrievals are averaged to spatial resolutions of order 10-30 km, they appear to become more stable for use in applications such as atmospheric energy budget calculations. C1 NOAA, Atmospher Res & Applicat Div, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Stevens Inst Technol, Hoboken, NJ 07030 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RP Xiong, XZ (reprint author), NOAA, Atmospher Res & Applicat Div, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RI Xiong, Xiaozhen/F-6591-2010 NR 21 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 107 IS C10 AR 8036 DI 10.1029/2000JC000424 PG 13 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 638JN UT WOS:000180568000002 ER PT J AU Richardson, MI Wilson, RJ Rodin, AV AF Richardson, MI Wilson, RJ Rodin, AV TI Water ice clouds in the Martian atmosphere: General circulation model experiments with a simple cloud scheme SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article DE Mars; water; clouds; ice; climate; cycle ID THERMAL EMISSION SPECTROMETER; VERTICAL-DISTRIBUTION; INFRARED MEASUREMENTS; MARS ATMOSPHERE; VAPOR; CYCLE; DUST; TEMPERATURES; CLIMATE AB [1] We present the first comprehensive general circulation model study of water ice condensation and cloud formation in the Martian atmosphere. We focus on the effects of condensation in limiting the vertical distribution and transport of water and on the importance of condensation for the generation of the observed Martian water cycle. We do not treat cloud ice radiative effects, ice sedimentation rates are prescribed, and we do not treat interactions between dust and cloud ice. The model generates cloud in a manner consistent with earlier one-dimensional (1-D) model results, typically evolving a uniform (constant mass mixing ratio) vertical distribution of vapor, which is capped by cloud at the level where the condensation point temperature is reached. Because of this vertical distribution of water, the Martian atmosphere is generally very far from fully saturated, in contrast to suggestions based upon interpretation of Viking data. This discrepancy results from inaccurate representation of the diurnal cycle of air temperatures in the Viking Infrared Thermal Mapper (IRTM) data. In fact, the model suggests that only the northern polar atmosphere in summer is consistently near its column-integrated holding capacity. In this case, the column amount is determined primarily by the temperature of the northern polar ice cap. Comparison of the water cycle generated by the model with and without atmospheric ice condensation and precipitation shows two major roles for water ice cloud. First, clouds are essential to the observed rapid return of atmospheric water to the surface in late northern summer, as ice sedimentation forces the water column to shrink in response to the downward motion of the condensation level, concentrating water near surface sinks. Second, ice sedimentation limits the amount of water that is transported between the hemispheres through the Hadley circulation. This latter effect is used to greatly improve the model simulation of the annual water cycle by increasing ice sedimentation rates. The model is thus shown to be able to reasonably reproduce the annual cycles of vapor and ice cloud as compared to Viking data. In addition, the model is shown able to reproduce near-instantaneous maps of water ice derived from Hubble Space Telescope images. The seasonal evolution of the geographic distribution of water ice compares reasonably well with Viking and Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) observations, except in the prediction of a weak tropical cloud belt in southern summer. Finally, it is shown that the tropical cloud belt is generated in the model by the cooling of water vapor entrained in the upwelling branch of the Hadley cell. Decline of the tropical cloud belt in mid northern summer is shown to be related to an increase in air temperatures, rather than to decreases in water vapor supply or the vigor of Hadley cell ascent. By equinox, the cloud belt experiences a second major decline event, this time due to a reduction in vapor supply. The ability of the model to emulate many aspects of observed cloud behavior is encouraging, as is the ability of enhanced ice sedimentation to improve the overall quality of the water cycle simulation. However, significant work remains to be done before all observational constraints can be matched simultaneously. Specifically, in order for the generally good fit to all other data to be attained, cloud ice particle sizes about an order of magnitude too large must be used. C1 CALTECH, Dept Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. Space Res Inst, Planetary Phys Div, Moscow 117997, Russia. RP Richardson, MI (reprint author), CALTECH, Dept Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RI Rodin, Alexander/L-1904-2013 OI Rodin, Alexander/0000-0002-3601-7790 NR 44 TC 59 Z9 59 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD SEP PY 2002 VL 107 IS E9 AR 5064 DI 10.1029/2001JE001804 PG 29 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 639LP UT WOS:000180630500002 ER PT J AU Durrans, SR Julian, LT Yekta, M AF Durrans, SR Julian, LT Yekta, M TI Estimation of depth-area relationships using radar-rainfall data SO JOURNAL OF HYDROLOGIC ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE hydrologic data; rainfall; data analysis; Arkansas ID L-MOMENT AB Depth-area relationships, such as those published by the National Weather Service in TP 40 and the NOAA Atlas 2, enable conversion of point rainfall depths to areal average depths for the same storm duration and recurrence interval. This problem of conversion is most germane to hydrologic analyses for moderate to large drainage basins, where point rainfall depths are not representative of the spatial distribution of a storm event. Historically, depth-area relationships have been developed on the basis of data from dense networks of recording gauges. However, with the ongoing accumulation of radar-rainfall records, radar-rainfall data represent an alternative to gauging data. This paper summarizes what is believed to be the first study made under the auspices of the National Weather Service (NWS) for evaluation of the potential of NEXRAD radar-rainfall data for development of geographically fixed depth-area relationships. Objectives were to evaluate the use of radar-rainfall data for development of depth-area relationships and to identify potential obstacles that might hinder use of such data. Data analyzed for this study are those recorded for the Arkansas-Red Basin River Forecast Center (ABRFC), and span the period of time from May 1993, to September 2000. Conclusions of this study are that data heterogeneities and shortness of data records are major factors limiting development of depth-area relationships on the basis of radar-rainfall data. Possible biases in radar estimates of extreme rainfall are also of concern. Depth-area curves developed for the ABRFC, presented herein, are reasonably consistent with those presented in NWS publications but should only be considered as preliminary. C1 Univ Alabama, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA. Natl Weather Serv, Hydrometeorol Design Studies Ctr, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Durrans, SR (reprint author), Univ Alabama, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA. NR 27 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 1 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 1084-0699 J9 J HYDROL ENG JI J. Hydrol. Eng. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 7 IS 5 BP 356 EP 367 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2002)7:5(356) PG 12 WC Engineering, Civil; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 585GZ UT WOS:000177518200002 ER PT J AU Lu, KP Lee, S Han, CC AF Lu, KP Lee, S Han, CC TI Transmission in irradiated hydroxyethyl methacrylate copolymer at elevated temperatures SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID POLY(METHYL METHACRYLATE); 2-HYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE; MOLECULAR-WEIGHT; GAMMA-RADIATION; WATER TRANSPORT; CRYSTALS; TRANSMITTANCE; POLYSTYRENE; BEHAVIOR; POLYMERS AB Transmission losses were monitored in the ultraviolet-visible spectra of irradiated hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) copolymer at elevated temperatures. The transmission in irradiated HEMA in the ultraviolet and visible wave length range was almost the same for doses 400 kGy less than or equal to Phi less than or equal to 1000 kGy, but was smaller than that of the nonirradiated HEMA copolymer. The reduction in transmission in the irradiated specimens was attributed to the presence of color centers. The concentration of color centers was enhanced by thermal annealing. The transmission data (or absorption data) at 467 nm was found in good agreement with the theoretical model in which the color center production followed a first-order kinetic process. The rate constant satisfies the Arrhenius equation, and the corresponding activation energy is 17.37 kJ/mol and is independent of the dosage. The results were compared with those reported. in the literature. C1 Natl Tsing Hua Univ, Dept Mat Sci, Hsinchu, Taiwan. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymer, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lu, KP (reprint author), Natl Tsing Hua Univ, Dept Mat Sci, Hsinchu, Taiwan. NR 40 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DR, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 0884-2914 J9 J MATER RES JI J. Mater. Res. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 17 IS 9 BP 2260 EP 2265 DI 10.1557/JMR.2002.0332 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 592ZY UT WOS:000177967800014 ER PT J AU Xu, HKHK Eichmiller, FC Smith, DT Schumacher, GE Giuseppetti, AA Antonucci, JM AF Xu, HKHK Eichmiller, FC Smith, DT Schumacher, GE Giuseppetti, AA Antonucci, JM TI Effect of thermal cycling on whisker-reinforced dental resin composites SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE-MATERIALS IN MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; RESTORATIVE MATERIALS; FRACTURE-TOUGHNESS; TENSILE-STRENGTH; FIBER COMPOSITES; SILICON-NITRIDE; FILLER CONTENT; HUMAN ENAMEL; INDENTATION; HARDNESS AB The mechanical properties of dental resin composites need to be improved in order to extend their use to high stress-bearing applications such as crown and bridge restorations. Recent studies used single crystal ceramic whiskers to reinforce dental composites. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of thermal cycling on whisker-reinforced composites. It was hypothesized that the whisker composites would not show a reduction in mechanical properties or the breakdown of whisker-resin interface after thermal cycling. Silicon carbide whiskers were mixed with silica particles, thermally fused, then silanized and incorporated into resin to make flexural specimens. The filler mass fraction ranged from 0% to 70%. The specimens were thermal cycled in 5 degreesC and 60 degreesC water baths, and then fractured in three-point bending to measure strength. Nano-indentation was used to measure modulus and hardness. No significant loss in composite strength, modulus and hardness was found after 10(5) thermal cycles (family confidence coefficient=0.95; Tukey's multiple comparison test). The strength of whisker composite increased with filler level up to 60%, then plateaued when filler level was further increased to 70%; the modulus and hardness increased monotonically with filler level. The strength and modulus of whisker composite at 70% filler level were significantly higher than the non-whisker controls both before and after thermal cycling. SEM revealed no separation at the whisker-matrix interfaces, and observed resin remnants on the pulled-out whiskers, indicating strong whisker-resin bonding even after 10(5) thermal cycles. In conclusion, novel dental resin composites containing silica-fused whiskers possessed superior strength and modulus compared to non-whisker composites both before and after thermal cycling. The whisker-resin bonding appeared to be resistant to thermal cycling in water, so that no loss in composite strength or stiffness occurred after prolonged thermal cycling. (C) 2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Bldg 224,Room A-153, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM hockin.xu@nist.gov RI Smith, Douglas/I-4403-2016 OI Smith, Douglas/0000-0002-9358-3449 NR 54 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0957-4530 EI 1573-4838 J9 J MATER SCI-MATER M JI J. Mater. Sci.-Mater. Med. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 13 IS 9 BP 875 EP 883 DI 10.1023/A:1016504530133 PG 9 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 578DJ UT WOS:000177101900010 PM 15348553 ER PT J AU Donati, C Franz, S Glotzer, SC Parisi, G AF Donati, C Franz, S Glotzer, SC Parisi, G TI Theory of non-linear susceptibility and correlation length in glasses and liquids SO JOURNAL OF NON-CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Discussion Meeting on Relaxations in Complex Systems (IDMRCS) CY JUN 17-23, 2001 CL IRAKLION, GREECE ID SUPERCOOLED LIQUIDS; POLYMER MELT; MEAN-FIELD; TRANSITION; DYNAMICS; HETEROGENEITIES; EQUILIBRIUM; DIFFUSION; SYSTEMS; RELAXATIONS AB Within the framework of the effective potential theory of the structural glass transition, we calculate for the p-spin model and for a hard sphere liquid in the hypernetted chain approximation a static non-linear susceptibility related to a four-point density correlation function, and show that it diverges in mean field with exponent gamma = 1/2 as the critical temperature T-c is approached from below. When T-c is approached from above, we calculate for the p-spin model a time dependent non-linear susceptibility and show that there is a characteristic time where this susceptibility has a maximum, and that this time grows with decreasing T. This susceptibility diverges as T-c is approached from above, and has key features in common with a generalized susceptibility related to particle displacements, previously introduced to measure correlated particle motion in simulations of glass-forming liquids. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Abdus Salam ICTP, I-34100 Trieste, Italy. NIST, Ctr Theoret & Computat Mat Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Chem Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Roma La Sapienza, I-00185 Rome, Italy. RP Franz, S (reprint author), Abdus Salam ICTP, Strada Costiera 11,POB 563, I-34100 Trieste, Italy. RI franz, silvio/G-6963-2012; Donati, Claudio/J-5180-2012; OI Donati, Claudio/0000-0001-8688-1651 NR 50 TC 128 Z9 128 U1 1 U2 23 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-3093 J9 J NON-CRYST SOLIDS JI J. Non-Cryst. Solids PD SEP PY 2002 VL 307 BP 215 EP 224 AR PII S0022-3093(02)01461-8 DI 10.1016/S0022-3093(02)01461-8 PG 10 WC Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 594FJ UT WOS:000178038100030 ER PT J AU Caliskan, G Kisliuk, A Tsai, AM Soles, CL Sokolov, AP AF Caliskan, G Kisliuk, A Tsai, AM Soles, CL Sokolov, AP TI Influence of solvent on dynamics and stability of a protein SO JOURNAL OF NON-CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Discussion Meeting on Relaxations in Complex Systems (IDMRCS) CY JUN 17-23, 2001 CL IRAKLION, GREECE ID INELASTIC NEUTRON-SCATTERING; EGG-WHITE LYSOZYME; ROOM-TEMPERATURE; LIGAND-BINDING; MYOGLOBIN; TREHALOSE; WATER; HYDRATION; GLASS; TRANSITION AB Proteins are often dissolved in viscous glass-forming solvents to provide thermal stability and preserve biochemical activity. However, the mechanisms by which this preservation is achieved are unclear. This issue of biopreservation is undoubtedly affected by both thermodynamic and dynamic parameters. The latter parameters will control the rate of conformational transitions of the protein that accompany biological activity. In the present communication we observe variations of local conformational motions of lysozyme indifferent solvents by using low-frequency Raman spectroscopy. We demonstrate that at low temperatures liquid glycerol provides a stronger suppression of the fast conformational motions of the protein than glassy trehalose. This demonstrates that solvent viscosity is not the only parameter that controls protein dynamics, and details of the protein-solvent interactions might be important in the biopreservation process. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Akron, Dept Polymer Sci, Akron, OH 44325 USA. Human Genome Sci Inc, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Sokolov, AP (reprint author), Univ Akron, Dept Polymer Sci, Akron, OH 44325 USA. NR 27 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-3093 J9 J NON-CRYST SOLIDS JI J. Non-Cryst. Solids PD SEP PY 2002 VL 307 BP 887 EP 893 AR PII S0022-3093(02)01541-7 DI 10.1016/S0022-3093(02)01541-7 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 594FJ UT WOS:000178038100120 ER PT J AU Konjevic, N Lesage, A Fuhr, JR Wiese, WL AF Konjevic, N Lesage, A Fuhr, JR Wiese, WL TI Experimental stark widths and shifts for spectral lines of neutral and ionized atoms (A critical review of selected data for the period 1989 through 2000) SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL REFERENCE DATA LA English DT Review DE critically evaluated data; full width at half maximum intensity; neutral atoms; positive ions; Stark broadening parameters; Stark shifts; Stark widths ID HE-I LINES; SELF-REVERSED LINES; XE-III LINES; BROADENING PARAMETERS; ASTROPHYSICAL INTEREST; TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENCE; MULTICHARGED IONS; TRANSITION-PROBABILITIES; ARGON LINES; AR-I AB A critical review of the available experimental data on Stark widths and shifts for spectral lines of nonhydrogenic neutral atoms and positive ions has been carried out. The review covers the period from 1989 through the end of 2000 and represents a continuation of earlier critical reviews up to 1988. Data tables containing the selected experimental Stark broadening parameters are presented with estimated accuracies. Guidelines for the accuracy estimates, developed during the previous reviews, are summarized again. The data are arranged according to elements and spectra, and these are presented in alphabetical and numerical order, respectively. A total of 77 spectra are covered, and the material on multiply charged ions has significantly increased. Comparisons with comprehensive calculations based on semiclassical theory are made whenever possible, since the comparison with theory has often been a principal motivation for the experiments. (C) 2002 by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the United States. All rights reserved. C1 Inst Phys, YU-11081 Belgrade, Yugoslavia. Observ Paris, F-92195 Meudon, France. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Konjevic, N (reprint author), Inst Phys, POB 68, YU-11081 Belgrade, Yugoslavia. NR 218 TC 199 Z9 203 U1 2 U2 40 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0047-2689 J9 J PHYS CHEM REF DATA JI J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data PD SEP PY 2002 VL 31 IS 3 BP 819 EP 927 PG 109 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Physics GA 593BU UT WOS:000177972300004 ER PT J AU Kessler, WS AF Kessler, WS TI Mean three-dimensional circulation in the northeast tropical Pacific SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID GULF-OF-TEHUANTEPEC; COSTA-RICA DOME; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; SUBSURFACE COUNTERCURRENTS; SURFACE CURRENTS; THERMAL DOMES; DRIFTER DATA; SEA-LEVEL; OCEAN; WIND AB Historical XBT data are used to construct a mean climatology of the three-dimensional geostrophic circulation in the northeast tropical Pacific (southwest of Mexico and Central America) and are diagnosed based on linear dynamics forced with satellite scatterometer winds. Unlike the familiar central tropical Pacific, where the zonal scales are very large and the wind forcing nearly a function of latitude alone, the North Pacific east of about 120degreesW is strongly influenced by wind jets blowing through gaps in the Central American cordillera. The curl imposed by these wind jets imprints on the ocean, producing a distinctive pattern of thermocline topography and geostrophic currents that are consistent with the Sverdrup balance. Notably, the weakening of the North Equatorial Countercurrent near 110degreesW is due to the wind forcing. Given the observed stratification and wind stress curl, planetary vorticity conservation also determines the distribution of vertical velocity in the region, with about 3.5 Sv (Sv = 10(6) m(3) s(-1)) of upwelling through the base of the thermocline under the Costa Rica Dome. This upwelling is associated with stretching of the water column under the dome, which thereby causes the northern "Subsurface Counter Current'' (SSCC or Tsuchiya Jet) to turn away from the equator; about half the transport of the SSCC upwells through the thermocline via this mechanism. This may be part of the process by which intermediate-depth water, flowing into the Pacific from the south, is brought to the surface and into the Northern Hemisphere. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Kessler, WS (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 58 TC 70 Z9 73 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-3670 J9 J PHYS OCEANOGR JI J. Phys. Oceanogr. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 32 IS 9 BP 2457 EP 2471 DI 10.1175/1520-0485-32.9.2457 PG 15 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 588GX UT WOS:000177694700003 ER PT J AU Lien, RC D'Asaro, EA McPhaden, MJ AF Lien, RC D'Asaro, EA McPhaden, MJ TI Internal waves and turbulence in the upper central equatorial Pacific: Lagrangian and Eulerian observations SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID 1997-98 EL-NINO; SURFACE-LAYER; DIURNAL CYCLE; GRAVITY-WAVES; MIXED-LAYER; UPPER OCEAN; DISSIPATION; UNDERCURRENT; VARIABILITY; SHEAR AB In the shear stratified flow below the surface mixed layer in the central equatorial Pacific, energetic near-N (buoyancy frequency) internal waves and turbulence mixing were observed by the combination of a Lagrangian neutrally buoyant float and Eulerian mooring sensors. The turbulence kinetic energy dissipation rate epsilon and the thermal variance diffusion rate chi were inferred from Lagrangian frequency spectral levels of vertical acceleration and thermal change rate, respectively, in the turbulence inertial subrange. Variables exhibiting a nighttime enhancement include the vertical velocity variance (dominated by near-N waves), epsilon, and chi. Observed high levels of turbulence mixing in this low-Ri (Richardson number) layer, the so-called deep-cycle layer, are consistent with previous microstructure measurements. The Lagrangian float encountered a shear instability event. Near-N waves grew exponentially with a 1-h timescale followed by enhanced turbulence kinetic energy and strong dissipation rate. The event supports the scenario that in the deep-cycle layer shear instability may induce growing internal waves that break into turbulence. Superimposed on few large shear-instability events were background westward-propagating near-N waves. The floats' ability to monitor turbulence mixing and internal waves was demonstrated by comparison with previous microstructure measurements and with Eulerian measurements. C1 Univ Washington, Appl Phys Lab, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Coll Ocean & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. Univ Washington, Appl Phys Lab, Coll Ocean & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Lien, RC (reprint author), Univ Washington, Appl Phys Lab, 1013 NE 40th St, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. RI McPhaden, Michael/D-9799-2016 NR 44 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-3670 J9 J PHYS OCEANOGR JI J. Phys. Oceanogr. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 32 IS 9 BP 2619 EP 2639 DI 10.1175/1520-0485-32.9.2619 PG 21 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 588GX UT WOS:000177694700013 ER PT J AU Shah, N Green, MA Neumann, DA AF Shah, N Green, MA Neumann, DA TI Phase stability in the LnCa(2)Mn(2)O(7) (Ln = Pr, Nd, Sm and Gd) Ruddlesden-Popper series SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF SOLIDS LA English DT Article DE magnetic materials; magnetic properties; phase equilibria ID COLOSSAL MAGNETORESISTANCE; ELECTRONIC-PROPERTIES; METAL-INSULATOR; MANGANATES; CHARGE; PR1-XCAXMNO3; CRYSTAL AB The synthesis of the Ruddlesden-Popper series, LnCa(2)Mn(2)O(7), (Ln = Pr, Nd, Sm and Gd) is described and their structure and electronic properties investigated. The reduction in size of the A-site cation causes an increase in the distortion of their orthorhombic structures (space group Cmcm). All of these compounds form with a perovskite impurity, the amount of which increases on reduction of the cation size. The synthesis temperature also alters the amount of perovskite impurity in the phase, but only to a lower limit, implying the perovskite phase is intrinsic to the material and that a phase equilibrium exists between the layered Ruddlesden-Popper and perovskite phases, which is controlled by the cation size. The magnetic susceptibility show transitions characteristic of the perovskite phase, therefore little direct information can be obtained about the Ruddlesden-Popper phases, except that ferromagnetism is not observed in any of these materials. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Royal Inst Great Britain, London W1X 4BS, England. UCL, Dept Chem, Christopher Ingold Labs, London WC1H 0AJ, England. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Green, MA (reprint author), Royal Inst Great Britain, 21 Albemarle St, London W1X 4BS, England. EM mark@ri.ac.uk NR 19 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 3 U2 9 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-3697 J9 J PHYS CHEM SOLIDS JI J. Phys. Chem. Solids PD SEP PY 2002 VL 63 IS 9 BP 1779 EP 1786 AR PII S0022-3697(01)00264-7 DI 10.1016/S0022-3697(01)00265-7 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Physics GA 578FL UT WOS:000177106700021 ER PT J AU Shreiner, RH AF Shreiner, RH TI Stability of standard electrolytic conductivity solutions in glass containers SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE conductivity; containers; packaging; potassium chloride; stability; standards ID KCL SOLUTIONS; ABSOLUTE DETERMINATION; 50-DEGREES-C; 0-DEGREES-C; CONDUCTANCE AB The stability of solutions having an electrolytic conductivity, kappa, of 5 muS/cm to 100 000 muS/cm packaged in glass screw-cap bottles, glass serum bottles, and glass ampoules was monitored for 1 year to 2 years. The conductivity was determined by measuring the ac resistance of the solution. Mass loss was also monitored for solutions packaged in bottles. The solutions were prepared using KCl in water (kappa greater than or equal to 100 muS/cm) or KCl in 30 % (by mass) n-propanol 70 % (by mass) water (kappa less than or equal to 15 muS/cm). The conductivity changes were compared by packaging type and by nominal kappa. The main causes of the kappa changes are evaporation (screw-cap bottles) and leaching (screw-cap bottles, serum bottles, and ampoules). Evaporation is determined from mass loss data; leaching occurs from the glass container with no change in mass. The choice of optimal packaging, which depends on the conductivity level, is the packaging in which kappa changes the least with time. Ampoules are the most suitable packaging for standards having nominal kappa values of 500 muS/cm to 100 000 muS/cm. Screw-cap bottles are most suitable for standards having a nominal kappa of 5 muS/cm to 100 muS/cm. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM rubina.schreiner@nist.gov NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 11 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 107 IS 5 BP 393 EP 399 DI 10.6028/jres.107.032 PG 7 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 611TL UT WOS:000179033800001 PM 27446739 ER PT J AU Ma, L Zhou, J Lau, A Low, S deWit, R AF Ma, L Zhou, J Lau, A Low, S deWit, R TI Self-similarity simplification approaches for the modeling and analysis of Rockwell hardness indentation SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE analytical modeling; cumulative superposition; diamond indenter; FEA; finite element analysis; indentation; Rockwell hardness; self-similarity ID FINITE-ELEMENT ANALYSIS; DEFORMABLE INDENTER; BALL INDENTATION; HALF-SPACE; CONTACT; BRINELL AB The indentation process of pressing a Rockwell diamond indenter into inelastic material has been studied to provide a means for the analysis, simulation and prediction of Rockwell hardness tests. The geometrical characteristics of the spheroconical-shaped Rockwell indenter are discussed and fit to a general function in a self-similar way. The complicated moving boundary problem in Rockwell hardness tests is simplified to an intermediate stationary one for a flat die indenter using principle of similarity and cumulative superposition approach. This method is applied to both strain hardening and strain rate dependent materials. The effects of different material properties and indenter geometries on the indentation depth are discussed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Drexel Univ, Dept Mech Engn & Mech, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM li.ma@nist.gov; samuel.low@nist.gov; roland.dewit@nist.gov NR 31 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 15 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 107 IS 5 BP 401 EP 412 DI 10.6028/jres.107.033 PG 12 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 611TL UT WOS:000179033800002 PM 27446740 ER PT J AU Arp, U AF Arp, U TI Influence of the vertical emittance on the calculability of the synchrotron ultraviolet radiation facility SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE calculability; electron beam emittance; storage ring; synchrotron radiation; weak focusing ID STORAGE-RING; VUV REGIONS; SURF-III; UV; CALIBRATION; IRRADIANCE AB A method to include the influence of the vertical electron beam emittance onto the calculability of synchrotron radiation is introduced. It accounts for the finite vertical size and angular spread of the electron beam through a convolution procedure. The resulting angular spread of synchrotron radiation can differ significantly from the ideal Schwinger result, depending on the conditions. For the Synchrotron Ultraviolet Radiation Facility detailed results on the influence of the electron emittance for total power and polarization calculations are presented. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM uwe.arp@nist.gov RI Arp, Uwe/C-2854-2009; OI Arp, Uwe/0000-0002-6468-9455 NR 18 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 7 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 107 IS 5 BP 419 EP 423 DI 10.6028/jres.107.035 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 611TL UT WOS:000179033800004 PM 27446742 ER PT J AU Mighell, AD AF Mighell, AD TI Lattice matching (LM) - Prevention of inadvertent duplicate publications of crystal structures SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE crystallography; identification; lattice matching; mathematical lattices; multiple publication of the same structure; reduction AB Lattice-matching techniques have proved to be extremely effective for the identification of unknown crystalline materials. A commonly employed lattice-matching strategy is based on matching the reduced cell of an unknown against a database of known materials represented by their respective standard reduced cells. The success of the method relies on the fact that the lattice or the lattice plus chemical information (e. g., element types) is highly characteristic of a material-like a fingerprint. Because of its intrinsic power, the procedure has many and diverse applications-in materials characterization, in nano-technology, in epitaxial growth, in materials design, etc. An especially fruitful role for the method is in the journal publication process as the quality of the scientific literature can be enhanced. The focus herein is on the major role that lattice matching can play in the prevention of inadvertent duplicate publications of the same structure and in the determination of key cross-references. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM alan.mighell@nist.gov NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 9 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 107 IS 5 BP 425 EP 429 DI 10.6028/jres.107.036 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 611TL UT WOS:000179033800005 PM 27446743 ER PT J AU Randa, J AF Randa, J TI Noise-parameter uncertainties: A Monte Carlo simulation SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE amplifier noise; measurement errors; noise; noise measurement; simulation; uncertainty ID AMPLIFIER NOISE AB This paper reports the formulation and results of a Monte Carlo study of uncertainties in noise-parameter measurements. The simulator permits the computation of the dependence of the uncertainty in the noise parameters on uncertainties in the underlying quantities. Results are obtained for the effect due to uncertainties in the reflection coefficients of the input terminations, the noise temperature of the hot noise source, connector variability, the ambient temperature, and the measurement of the output noise. Representative results are presented for both uncorrelated and correlated uncertainties in the underlying quantities. The simulation program is also used to evaluate two possible enhancements of noise-parameter measurements: the use of a cold noise source as one of the input terminations and the inclusion of a measurement of the "reverse configuration," in which the noise from the amplifier input is measured directly. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM randa@boulder.nist.gov NR 15 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 10 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 107 IS 5 BP 431 EP 444 DI 10.6028/jres.107.037 PG 14 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 611TL UT WOS:000179033800006 PM 27446744 ER PT J AU Ren, SC Hsu, NN Eitzen, DG AF Ren, SC Hsu, NN Eitzen, DG TI Transient Green's tensor for a layered solid half-space with different interface conditions SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bond integrity; dynamic elasticity; fundamental solution; Green's function; interface condition; layered half-space; NDE theoretical mechanics; wave mechanics AB Pulsed ultrasonic techniques can be and have been used to examine the interface conditions of a bonded structure. To provide a theoretical basis for such testing techniques we model the structure as a layer on top of a half-space, both of different elastic properties, with various interface bonding conditions. The exact dynamic Green's tensor for such a structure is explicitly derived from the three-dimensional equations of motion. The final solution is a series. Each term of the series corresponds to a successive arrival of a "generalized ray" and each is a definite line integral along a fixed path which can be easily computed numerically. Willis' method is used in the derivation. A new scheme of automatic generation of the arrivals and ray paths using combinatorial analysis, along with the summation of the corresponding products of reflection coefficients is presented. A FORTRAN code is developed for computation of the Green's tensor when both the source and the detector are located on the top surface. The Green's tensor is then used to simulate displacements due to pulsed ultrasonic point sources of known time waveform. Results show that the interface bonding conditions have a great influence on the transient displacements. For example, when the interface bonding conditions vary, some of the first few head waves and regular reflected rays change polarities and amplitudes. This phenomenon can be used to infer the quality of the interface bond of materials in ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation. In addition the results are useful in the study of acoustic microscopy probes, coatings, and geo-exploration. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM nelson.hsu@nist.gov; donald.eitzen@nist.gov NR 16 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 10 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 107 IS 5 BP 445 EP 473 DI 10.6028/jres.107.038 PG 29 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 611TL UT WOS:000179033800007 PM 27446745 ER PT J AU Tewary, VK AF Tewary, VK TI Theory of elastic wave propagation in anisotropic film on anisotropic substrate: TiN film on single-crystal Si SO JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID SURFACE ACOUSTIC-WAVES; ELASTODYNAMIC GREENS-FUNCTIONS; THIN-FILMS; NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION; HALF-SPACES; SOLIDS; CONSTANTS; PLATES; DISPERSION; THICKNESS AB The delta-function representation of the elastodynamic Green's function is used to derive an expression for the elastic wave forms on the surface of an anisotropic thin film on an anisotropic substrate due to a point or a line source located at the surface of the film. The dispersion relation for surface acoustic waves (SAWs) is obtained from the poles of the Green's function. A computationally efficient algorithm is formulated to obtain the elastic constants and the density of the film from the SAW dispersion data. The theory is used to analyze measured SAW dispersion relations in a titanium nitride film on silicon. The analysis yields values of the elastic constants and the density of the film. Excellent agreement is obtained between the theoretical and experimental dispersion results. Calculated wave forms for the surface wave due to a pulsed line source on the surface of the film are reported. C1 Natl Inst Stand Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Tewary, VK (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 39 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACOUSTICAL SOC AMER AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0001-4966 J9 J ACOUST SOC AM JI J. Acoust. Soc. Am. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 112 IS 3 BP 925 EP 935 DI 10.1121/1.1499131 PN 1 PG 11 WC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology SC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology GA 593MZ UT WOS:000177996400015 PM 12243180 ER PT J AU Biernacki, JJ Richardson, JM Stutzman, PE Bentz, DP AF Biernacki, JJ Richardson, JM Stutzman, PE Bentz, DP TI Kinetics of slag hydration in the presence of calcium hydroxide SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID BLAST-FURNACE SLAG; ALKALINE ACTIVATION; PORTLAND-CEMENT; BLENDS; MODEL AB The reaction between ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) having an empirical formula of C(7.88)S(7.39)M(3)A and calcium hydroxide (CH) was investigated. The kinetics of the reaction were explored. Thermogravimetric analysis was used to monitor the consumption of CH from which irate constants were determined. Based on Knudsen's kinetic model, activation energies of 14.5, 17.9, and 22.6 kJ/mol were determined for three different mass ratios of slag and CH reacted over a temperature range of 15degrees to 50degreesC and hydrated for a period of time from 0 to 32 days. A comparison of the kinetics of the slag/CH reaction was made with slag/portland cement hydration. The basic features of both appear similar. C1 Tennessee Technol Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Cookeville, TN 38505 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Biernacki, JJ (reprint author), Tennessee Technol Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Cookeville, TN 38505 USA. NR 26 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, PO BOX 6136, WESTERVILLE, OH 43086-6136 USA SN 0002-7820 J9 J AM CERAM SOC JI J. Am. Ceram. Soc. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 85 IS 9 BP 2261 EP 2267 DI 10.1111/j.1151-2916.2002.tb00445.x PG 7 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 592VN UT WOS:000177957700021 ER PT J AU Wiederhorn, SM Dretzke, A Rodel, J AF Wiederhorn, SM Dretzke, A Rodel, J TI Crack growth in soda-lime-silicate glass near the static fatigue limit SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID STRESS-CORROSION AB The atomic force microscope (AFM) was used to explore the nature of features formed on the surfaces of cracks in sodalime-silicate glass that were held at stress intensity factors below the crack growth threshold. All studies were conducted in water. Cracks were first propagated at a stress intensity factor above the crack growth threshold and then arrested for 16 h at a stress intensity factor below the threshold. The stress intensity factor was then raised to reinitiate crack growth. The cycle was repeated multiple times, varying the hold stress intensity factor, the hold time, and the propagation stress intensity factor. Examination of the fracture surface by optical microscopy showed surface features that marked the points of crack arrest during the hold time. These features were identical to those reported earlier by Michalske in a similar study of crack arrest. A study with the AFM showed these features to be a consequence of a bifurcation of the crack surface. During the hold period, waviness developed along the crack front so that parts of the front propagated out of the original fracture plane, while other parts propagated into the plane. Crack growth changed from the original flat plane to a bifurcated surface with directions of as much as 3degrees to 5degrees to the original plane. This modification of crack growth behavior cannot be explained by a variation in the far-field stresses applied to the crack. Nor can the crack growth features be explained by chemical fluctuations within the glass. We speculate that changes in crack growth direction are a consequence of an enhancement in the corrosion rate on the flank of the crack at stresses below the apparent crack growth threshold in a manner described recently by Chuang and Fuller. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Tech Univ Darmstadt, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany. RP Wiederhorn, SM (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 14 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, PO BOX 6136, WESTERVILLE, OH 43086-6136 USA SN 0002-7820 J9 J AM CERAM SOC JI J. Am. Ceram. Soc. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 85 IS 9 BP 2287 EP 2292 DI 10.1111/j.1151-2916.2002.tb00449.x PG 6 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 592VN UT WOS:000177957700025 ER PT J AU Vannitsem, S Toth, Z AF Vannitsem, S Toth, Z TI Short-term dynamics of model errors SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID ENSEMBLE PREDICTION; GROWTH; PREDICTABILITY; SYSTEM; ATMOSPHERE; FORECASTS AB The natural instability of the atmosphere is at the origin of the rapid amplification of errors coming from the uncertainty on the initial conditions and from the imperfect representation (the model) of the atmospheric dynamics. In this paper, the short-term dynamics of model error is examined in the context of low-order chaotic dynamical systems. A mathematical model describing the dynamics of this error is first derived where some of the key ingredients of its erratic behavior are incorporated, namely, the variability of the local Lyapunov exponents and of the model error source term along the dominant unstable direction. The analysis of this simplified equation indicates that depending on the nature of the model error sources (here limited to a white noise or an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process), the mean square error initially follows either a linear or a quadratic evolution, the latter being generic. The numerical analysis of the Lorenz 1984 low-order atmospheric system, in which the model error source is associated with the inaccurate estimate of one of its parameters, supports the main features demonstrated by the simplified mathematical model. However, it also reveals a more involved behavior of the mean square error, which can be traced back to some intrinsic properties of the underlying dynamics not incorporated in the simplified model. The role of the truncation of the small scales of the flow on the dynamics of the larger scales is also studied in two spatially distributed systems. In this context, the mean square error closely follows a quadratic evolution for short times. In the light of these results, the classical view of the linear evolution of the mean square error advanced thus far in the literature should be reassessed. C1 Inst Royal Meteorol Belgique, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium. NCEP, EMC, SAIC, Camps Springs, MD USA. RP Vannitsem, S (reprint author), Inst Royal Meteorol Belgique, Ave Circulaire 3, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium. RI Toth, Zoltan/I-6624-2015 OI Toth, Zoltan/0000-0002-9635-9194 NR 27 TC 28 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 59 IS 17 BP 2594 EP 2604 DI 10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059<2594:STDOME>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 578KC UT WOS:000177115500006 ER PT J AU Andreas, EL Hicks, BB AF Andreas, EL Hicks, BB TI Comments on "Critical test of the validity of Monin-Obukhov similarity during convective conditions'' SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Editorial Material C1 USA, Cold Reg Res & Engn Lab, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Andreas, EL (reprint author), USA, Cold Reg Res & Engn Lab, 72 Lyme Rd, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. NR 10 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 59 IS 17 BP 2605 EP 2607 PG 3 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 578KC UT WOS:000177115500007 ER PT J AU Shima, M Salamanca-Riba, L McMichael, RD Moffat, TP AF Shima, M Salamanca-Riba, L McMichael, RD Moffat, TP TI Magnetic properties of ultrathin laminated Co/Cu films prepared by electrodeposition SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID GIANT MAGNETORESISTANCE; COBALT FILMS; CO FILMS; CURIE-TEMPERATURE; CU(001) SURFACE; THIN-FILMS; GROWTH; MULTILAYERS; ANISOTROPY; MONOLAYERS AB The magnetic properties of a series of electrodeposited [Co (x ML)/Cu (17 ML)](100) multilayers have been examined as a function of the cobalt layer thickness. The multilayers were grown on Si(100) covered with a highly textured Cu(100) seed layer. Films with a cobalt layer thickness less than x < 1.7 monolayer equivalents (ML) exhibit superparamagnetic behavior due to the finite size of the cobalt islands comprising the discontinuous multilayer structure. In contrast, in films with x. 1.7 ML the lateral length scale becomes large enough to stabilize ferromagnetism and the giant magnetoresistance effect is observed. The influence of magnetocrystalline anisotropy is not apparent until 2.5 > x > 3.7 ML. The coercivity increases between 1.6 and 9 ML, reflecting the combined influence of the magnetocrystalline anisotropy and surface roughness. (C) 2002 The Electrochemical Society. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Mat & Nucl Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Shima, M (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Mat & Nucl Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RI McMichael, Robert/J-8688-2012; Salamanca-Riba, Lourdes/B-3785-2009; OI Salamanca-Riba, Lourdes/0000-0001-8155-6403; McMichael, Robert/0000-0002-1372-664X NR 44 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 149 IS 9 BP C439 EP C444 DI 10.1149/1.1494826 PG 6 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 583JK UT WOS:000177404600036 ER PT J AU Rosenlof, KH AF Rosenlof, KH TI Transport changes inferred from HALOE water and methane measurements SO JOURNAL OF THE METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Stratospheric Variations and Climate CY NOV 12-15, 2002 CL FUKUOKA, JAPAN ID GENERALIZED ELIASSEN-PALM; LOWER STRATOSPHERE; VAPOR; TEMPERATURES; INCREASE; WAVES AB Changes in water vapor and methane covering the period 1992 through April 2001 are discussed. Global increases in 2 x CH4 + H2O are evident, however there is significant spatial structure at levels between 10 and 100 hPa. Anti-correlated decreases in methane and increases in water vapor are noted in the upper stratosphere; these are associated with a slowing of the mass flux into the upper stratosphere and a concomitant increase in residence time above 10 hPa. Increases greater than those due to the surface increase in methane are more difficult to explain. One possibility is changes in the water vapor flux into the middle and upper stratosphere associated with a widening of the tropical upwelling. Another possible cause is a change in the ratio of summer/winter net upwelling. Additionally, the first 3 years of the period considered appear anomalous at many levels simultaneously. It is postulated that this is due to enhanced vertical mixing at the start of the data record. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Rosenlof, KH (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, Mail Stop RAL6,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Rosenlof, Karen/B-5652-2008 OI Rosenlof, Karen/0000-0002-0903-8270 NR 31 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 3 PU METEOROLOGICAL SOC JPN PI TOKYO PA C/O JPN METEOROL AGENCY 1-3-4 OTE-MACHI, CHIYODA-KU, TOKYO, JAPAN SN 0026-1165 J9 J METEOROL SOC JPN JI J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 80 IS 4B BP 831 EP 848 DI 10.2151/jmsj.80.831 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 615FN UT WOS:000179235300006 ER PT J AU Shiotani, M Fujiwara, M Hasebe, F Hashizume, H Vomel, H Oltmans, SJ Watanabe, T AF Shiotani, M Fujiwara, M Hasebe, F Hashizume, H Vomel, H Oltmans, SJ Watanabe, T TI Ozonesonde observations in the equatorial eastern Pacific - the Shoyo-Maru survey SO JOURNAL OF THE METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on Stratospheric Variations and Climate CY NOV 12-15, 2002 CL FUKUOKA, JAPAN ID STRATOSPHERE-TROPOSPHERE EXCHANGE; GROUND-BASED OBSERVATIONS; TROPICAL TROPOPAUSE; WATER-VAPOR; KELVIN WAVE; NASA DC-8; AIRCRAFT; OCEAN AB We have conducted GPS radiosonde and ozonesonde observations on board the research vessel "Shoyo-Maru" in the equatorial eastern Pacific. These observations took place in September and October 1999 as a part of the Soundings of Ozone and Water in the Equatorial Region (SOWER)/Pacific mission. The mean profile of ozone is similar to that for the dry season (September to October) at San Cristobal, Galapagos (0.9degreesS, 89.6degreesW) located in the equatorial eastern Pacific. The mean tropospheric ozone concentration is about 40 ppbv with a maximum in the mid-troposphere. Compared with the mean profile during the dry season at Watukosek,. Indonesia (7.5degreesS, 112.6degreesE), this mid-tropospheric maximum is larger, and a sharp increase of ozone below the tropopause begins at a lower altitude for the Shoyo-Maru profile. We frequently observed layers in which ozone and humidity are highly anti-correlated. These layers have vertical scales from several kilometers to several hundred meters. Horizontal scales of these layers are roughly 1000 km, which may correspond to time scales of about 2 days, since the vessel sailed about 500 km/day. These layers are related to northerly winds, which bring in wet and ozone-poor air from the inter-tropical convergence zone situated in the northern side of the main cruise track. Similar layers were observed in ozone profiles at San Cristobal and Watukosek, mostly during the dry season, suggesting the existence of layers advected without vertical mixing. C1 Kyoto Univ, Radio Sci Ctr Space & Atmosphere, Uji, Kyoto 6110011, Japan. Ibaraki Univ, Dept Environm Sci, Mito, Ibaraki, Japan. Hokkaido Univ, Grad Sch Environm Earth Sci, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060, Japan. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Tohoku Natl Fisheries Res Inst, Shiogama, Japan. RP Shiotani, M (reprint author), Kyoto Univ, Radio Sci Ctr Space & Atmosphere, Uji, Kyoto 6110011, Japan. RI Fujiwara, Masatomo/F-7852-2012 NR 32 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 4 PU METEOROLOGICAL SOC JPN PI TOKYO PA C/O JPN METEOROL AGENCY 1-3-4 OTE-MACHI, CHIYODA-KU, TOKYO, JAPAN SN 0026-1165 J9 J METEOROL SOC JPN JI J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 80 IS 4B BP 897 EP 909 DI 10.2151/jmsj.80.897 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 615FN UT WOS:000179235300010 ER PT J AU Schloesser, DW Nalepa, TF AF Schloesser, DW Nalepa, TF TI Comparison of 5 benthic samplers to collect burrowing mayfly nymphs (Hexagenia spp : Ephemeroptera : Ephemeridae) in sediments of the Laurentian Great Lakes SO JOURNAL OF THE NORTH AMERICAN BENTHOLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE mayfly; sampler comparison; lentic sediments; Laurentian Great Lakes ID ERIE; RECOVERY; MACROINVERTEBRATES; RETURN; RIVER; GRABS AB The recent return of burrowing mayfly nymphs (Hexagenia spp.) to western Lake Erie of the Laurentian Great Lakes has prompted a need to find a sampler to obtain the most accurate (i.e., highest mean density) and precise (i.e., lowest mean variance) abundance estimates of nymphs. The abundance of burrowing nymphs is important because it is being used as a measure of ecosystem health to determine management goals for fisheries and pollution abatement programs for waters in both North America and Europe. We compared efficiencies of 5 benthic grab samplers (Ponar, Ekman, petite Ponar, Petersen, and orange-peel) to collect nymphs from sediments of western Lake Erie and Lake St. Clair. Samplers were used at one site with soft substrates in both lakes in 1997 (Ponar, Ekman, petite Ponar, and Petersen) and 1998 (Ponar and Ekman), and at one site with soft and one site with hard substrates in Lake St. Clair in 1999 (Ponar and orange-peel). In addition, the Ponar, Ekman, and Petersen samplers were used at one site with soft substrates of western Lake Erie in 2000 to examine the causes of differences among samplers. The Ponar was more accurate than the other samplers; it collected the highest densities of nymphs for 31 of 32 date and site comparisons. In soft substrates, the order of decreasing overall densities was: Ponar>Petersen>petite Ponar>Ekman in western Lake Erie and Ponar>Petersen> Ekman>petite Ponar in Lake St. Clair in 1997, Ponar>Ekman in both lakes in 1998, and Ponar>orange-peel in Lake St. Clair in 1999. In hard substrates, the Ponar was more accurate than the orange-peel in Lake St. Clair in 1999. Precision of the Ponar was generally greater than the Ekman, petite Ponar, and Petersen but similar to the orange-peel. Higher densities of nymphs obtained with the Ponar than other grabs are attributed to its relatively heavy weight, which allows it to sample deeper in sediments than the Ekman and petite Ponar. Also, the Ponar has a screened top, which allows it to minimize hydraulic shock waves more than the Petersen, and uniform sides, which allow it to sample nymphs more uniformly through sediments than the orange-peel. We recommend that future estimates of burrowing mayfly densities be obtained with a standard Ponar sampler similar to the one used in our study because it will yield the most accurate and precise measurements of burrowing mayfly nymphs such as Hexagenia spp. C1 US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Schloesser, DW (reprint author), US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM don_schloesser@usgs.gov NR 48 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 10 PU NORTH AMER BENTHOLOGICAL SOC PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMSPHIRE STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0887-3593 J9 J N AM BENTHOL SOC JI J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 21 IS 3 BP 487 EP 501 DI 10.2307/1468485 PG 15 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 586HG UT WOS:000177578100011 ER PT J AU Kopanski, JJ Marchiando, JF Rennex, BG AF Kopanski, JJ Marchiando, JF Rennex, BG TI Comparison of experimental and theoretical scanning capacitance microscope signals and their impact on the accuracy of determined two-dimensional carrier profiles SO JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY B LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Workshop on Fabrication, Characterization, and Modelling of Ultra-Shallow Doping Profiles in Semiconductors CY APR 22-26, 2001 CL NAPA VALLE, CALIFORNIA SP Amer Vacuum Soc, Accurel Syst Int, ATOMIKA Instruments GmbH, Camecs, Digital Instruments, Evans Analyt Grp, Phys Electr ID P-N-JUNCTIONS; IMAGES AB The accuracy with which two-dimensional carrier profiles can be extracted from scanning capacitance microscopy (SCM) images of doped structures in silicon depends on the model used to interpret the SCM differential capacitance data. This work validates models. of the SCM by comparing the calculated SCM signal to the measured signal for a variety of sample parameters, measurement conditions, and capacitance sensors from different manufacturers. The magnitude of the capacitance sensor high-frequency voltage is measured and its effect on DeltaC-V curves and extracted carrier profiles is quantified. Two nonidealities commonly observed in SCM signals, U-shaped C-V curves and double zero crossing in the SCM signal at the p-n junctions, are related to the measurement parameters and explained. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kopanski, JJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8121, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 14 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 1 PU A V S AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 1071-1023 J9 J VAC SCI TECHNOL B JI J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 20 IS 5 BP 2101 EP 2107 DI 10.1116/1.1511238 PG 7 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Physics GA 605GK UT WOS:000178669200051 ER PT J AU Trainer, VL Hickey, BM Homer, RA AF Trainer, VL Hickey, BM Homer, RA TI Biological and physical dynamics of domoic acid production off the Washington coast SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID DIATOM PSEUDONITZSCHIA-AUSTRALIS; SOUTHERN VANCOUVER ISLAND; US WEST-COAST; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; RAZOR CLAMS; CALIFORNIA; BLOOMS; WATERS AB The relationship among Pseudo-nitzschia distributions, particulate toxin levels in seawater, and the energetic and highly variable water masses of an upwelling-dominated region are explored using data collected during summer cruises off the Washington coast in 1997 and 1998. In the early summer of both years, an area of maximum domoic acid (DA) accumulation was located approximately 50 km off the coast within a counterclockwise, cold feature known as the Juan de Fuca eddy. The stations in the eddy with the highest domoic acid concentrations coincided with high numbers of Pseudo-nitzschia pseudodelicatissima (Hasle) Hasle (2.7 mug DA equivalents L(-1), up to 0.6 x 10(6) cells L(-1) in 1997 and 0.2 mug DA equivalents L(-1), up to 0.2 X 10(6) cells L(-1) in 1998), a species known to produce toxin in this region. Other known toxin-producing species were sometimes present, but at <5% of the total Pseudo-nitzschia population when >0.1 mug DA equivalents L(-1) were measured. In 1998, large-scale surveys indicated that high levels of particulate DA in seawater persisted at least until 1 October, covering a maximum area of 100 km(2) off the Washington coast in midsummer. The appearance of high levels of DA (up to 2.7 mug DA equivalents L(-1)), coincident with high numbers of P. pseudodelicatissima (up to 15.4 x 10(6) cells L(-1)) at Kalaloch beach on the central coast in late September, was followed by the accumulation of record levels of toxin in razor clams. This toxic episode was preceded by a downwelling-favorable wind event, with associated onshore transport in near-surface layers. We suggest that the Juan de Fuca eddy may be one source of DA to the Washington coast. The duration of upwelling and the exact timing of fall storms likely play an influential role in the intensity of the bloom and the movement of toxic cells from the eddy to the coast. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Trainer, VL (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM vera.l.trainer@noaa.gov NR 30 TC 95 Z9 95 U1 3 U2 18 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPHY PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710-4446 USA SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 47 IS 5 BP 1438 EP 1446 PG 9 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 594ZF UT WOS:000178081800015 ER PT J AU Aronson, RB Precht, WF Toscano, MA Koltes, KH AF Aronson, RB Precht, WF Toscano, MA Koltes, KH TI The 1998 bleaching event and its aftermath on a coral reef in Belize SO MARINE BIOLOGY LA English DT Review ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; HOLOCENE REEF; FLESHY ALGAE; GLOVERS REEF; PATCH REEFS; SAN-BLAS; MORTALITY; ECOLOGY; VARIABILITY; PATTERNS AB Widespread thermal anomalies in 1997-1998, due primarily to regional effects of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation and possibly augmented by global warming, caused severe coral bleaching worldwide. Corals in all habitats along the Belizean barrier reef bleached as a result of elevated sea temperatures in the summer and fall of 1998, and in fore-reef habitats of the outer barrier reef and offshore platforms they showed signs of recovery in 1999. In contrast, coral populations on reefs in the central shelf lagoon died off catastrophically. Based on an analysis of reef cores, this was the first bleaching-induced mass coral mortality in the central lagoon in at least the last 3,000 years. Satellite data for the Channel Cay reef complex, the most intensively studied of the lagoonal reefs, revealed a prolonged period of elevated sea-surface temperatures (SSTs) in the late summer and early fall of 1998. From 18 September to I October 1998, anomalies around this reef averaged +2.2degreesC, peaking at 4.0degreesC above the local HotSpot threshold. In situ temperature records from a nearby site corroborated the observation that the late summer and early fall of 1998 were extraordinarily warm compared to other years. The lettuce coral, Agaricia tenuifolia, which was the dominant occupant of space on reef slopes in the central lagoon, was nearly eradicated at Channel Cay between October 1998 and January 1999. Although the loss of Ag. tenuifolia opened extensive areas of carbonate substrate for colonization, coral cover remained extremely low and coral recruitment was depressed through March 2001. High densities of the sea urchin Echinometra viridis kept the cover of fleshy and filamentous macroalgae to low levels, but the cover of an encrusting sponge, Chondrilla cf. nucula, increased. Further increases in sponge cover will impede the recovery of Ag. tenuifolia and other coral species by decreasing the availability of substrate for recruitment and growth. If coral populations are depressed on a long-term basis, the vertical accretion of skeletal carbonates at Channel Cay will slow or cease over the coming decades, a time during which global-warming scenarios predict accelerated sea-level rise. C1 Dauphin Isl Sea Lab, Dauphin Isl, AL 36528 USA. Univ S Alabama, Dept Marine Sci, Mobile, AL 36688 USA. PBS&J, Miami, FL 33172 USA. NOAA NESDIS ORA ORAD ERA31, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Off Insular Affairs, Dept Interior, Washington, DC 20240 USA. RP Aronson, RB (reprint author), Dauphin Isl Sea Lab, 101 Bienville Blvd, Dauphin Isl, AL 36528 USA. RI kohki, sowa/D-2955-2011 NR 102 TC 106 Z9 117 U1 2 U2 49 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0025-3162 J9 MAR BIOL JI Mar. Biol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 141 IS 3 BP 435 EP 447 DI 10.1007/s00227-002-0842-5 PG 13 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 606EZ UT WOS:000178722300004 ER PT J AU Piniak, GA AF Piniak, GA TI Effects of symbiotic status, flow speed, and prey type on prey capture by the facultatively symbiotic temperate coral Oculina arbuscula SO MARINE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PARTICLE CAPTURE; ASTRANGIA-DANAE; SCLERACTINIAN CORALS; MONTASTREA-CAVERNOSA; EXPERIMENTAL ECOLOGY; ALCYONIUM-SIDERIUM; MADRACIS-MIRABILIS; BRINE SHRIMP; SOFT CORAL; WATER-FLOW AB Symbiotic temperate corals can supplement prey capture by the coelenterate host with autotrophic carbon production by endosymbiotic zooxanthellae. To test the relationship between heterotrophic consumption and photosynthetic energy, prey capture by symbiotic and aposymbiotic specimens of the temperate scleractinian coral Oculina arbuscula (Verrill) was measured in January-April 2001. Corals were tested in a laboratory flume at five flow speeds, using Artemia franciscana cysts and nauplii as prey. Per-polyp capture rate and feeding efficiency were independent of symbiotic condition. Capture rate increased with flow speed, while capture efficiency declined. The location of capture shifted from the upstream to downstream side of the coral as flow speed increased. Differences in capture rate, location, and feeding efficiency for cysts and live brine shrimp nauplii were likely due to prey size rather than swimming ability. C1 Duke Univ, Marine Lab, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Piniak, GA (reprint author), Duke Univ, Marine Lab, 135 Duke Marine Lab Rd, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. NR 41 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 9 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0025-3162 J9 MAR BIOL JI Mar. Biol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 141 IS 3 BP 449 EP 455 DI 10.1007/s00227-002-0825-6 PG 7 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 606EZ UT WOS:000178722300005 ER PT J AU Stoudt, MR Ricker, RE AF Stoudt, MR Ricker, RE TI The relationship between grain size and the surface roughening behavior of Al-Mg alloys SO METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A-PHYSICAL METALLURGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SERRATED FLOW; DEFORMATION; SHEET AB The inhomogeneous surface deformation generated during metal forming presents significant challenges to the use of high-strength, lightweight alloys in automotive applications through the initiation of strain localizations that produce both tearing during metal forming and increased friction between mating die surfaces. Thus, a generic understanding of the relationships between plastic strain, grain size, and deformation-induced roughness at the free surface is needed before forming models can be fully developed to accurately predict the behavior and, ultimately, the changes in the friction within the dies. This research examines the roughening behavior of a solid solution strengthened, commercial Al-Mg alloy. The results of this evaluation indicate that the standard roughness measures increase with uniaxial plastic strain in a manner that can be represented by a simple linear estimate. The results also demonstrate that the roughening rate (dR(a)/depsilon(pl)) is dependent on the grain size in this alloy, and the relationship between the roughening rate and grain size also appears to be linear for the range of grain sizes included in this evaluation. However, examinations of the roughened surfaces reflect that the roughening process is a highly complex combination of mechanisms and it is strongly influenced by grain size. As a result, representing the complex changes that occur during roughening of a free surface by plastic deformation with a single number calculated from profilometry scans may be too coarse of a measure to fully describe these changes when modeling roughness-dependent behavior or properties. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Stoudt, MR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Ricker, Richard/H-4880-2011 OI Ricker, Richard/0000-0002-2871-4908 NR 28 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 10 PU MINERALS METALS MATERIALS SOC PI WARRENDALE PA 184 THORN HILL RD, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 1073-5623 J9 METALL MATER TRANS A JI Metall. Mater. Trans. A-Phys. Metall. Mater. Sci. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 33 IS 9 BP 2883 EP 2889 DI 10.1007/s11661-002-0273-4 PG 7 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 595VR UT WOS:000178129700012 ER PT J AU Black, ML Gamache, JF Marks, FD Samsury, CE Willoughby, HE AF Black, ML Gamache, JF Marks, FD Samsury, CE Willoughby, HE TI Eastern Pacific Hurricanes Jimena of 1991 and Olivia of 1994: The effect of vertical shear on structure and intensity SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID TROPICAL CYCLONE INTENSIFICATION; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; INNER CORE STRUCTURE; VORTEX ROSSBY-WAVES; GULF-OF-MEXICO; DOPPLER RADAR; KINEMATIC STRUCTURE; ENVIRONMENTAL FLOW; SPIRAL BANDS; ALLEN 1980 AB Shear is a key inhibitor of tropical cyclone intensification. Although its signature is readily recognized in satellite imagery and theoretical or modeling studies provide some insight, detailed observations have been limited. Airborne radar and in situ observations in Hurricanes Jimena of 1991 and Olivia of 1994 are a step toward better understanding. Each storm was observed on two consecutive days. Initially, both had small eyes, 16-18-km radius, and maximum winds of;57 m s(-1) over sea surface temperatures (SST) >28degreesC in easterly environmental shear. Jimena maintained constant intensity or weakened gradually for 2 days in 13-20 m s(-1) easterly shear. Olivia intensified in 8 m s(-1) shear on the first day. Overnight, the shear diminished to reverse and became westerly. On the second day, Olivia weakened as the shear increased to >15 m s(-1) from the west, the storm moved over cooler SST, and became surrounded by dryer air. As convection weakened and the outer rainbands ceased to be effective barriers, relative flow due to the environmental shear penetrated more deeply into the vortex core. In both storms, shear controlled the convective structure. Convection organized itself into axisymmetric rings as Olivia intensified in weak shear. When both storms encountered stronger shear, radar reflectivity and vertical motion had strong wavenumber-1 components. Highest reflectivity lay generally to the left of the shear. Most radar echoes and updrafts formed in the downshear quadrant of the storm and advected around the eye with 60%-80% of the swirling wind, consistent with vortex Rossby wave propagation. The buoyant updrafts accelerated and reflectivity increased as they passed through the left-of-shear semicircle. On the upshear side, the updrafts rose through the 0degreesC isotherm, and hydrometeors fell out or froze. Reflectivity declined as the echoes transformed into lower-tropospheric downdrafts overlain by glaciated upper-tropospheric updrafts in the right-of-shear semicircle. In relatively weak shear, clusters of echoes could be tracked completely around the eye. Each time the clusters passed through the downshear and left-of-shear quadrants, new echoes would form. In strong shear, all echoes were short lived, and none could be tracked around the eye. Echoes appeared downshear of the center and completed their life cycles on the left side of the shear vector where the composite reflectivities were greatest. C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Willoughby, HE (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, 4301 Rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RI Marks, Frank/A-5733-2011; Gamache, John/A-9702-2014; Black, Michael/C-3250-2014 OI Marks, Frank/0000-0003-0371-5514; Gamache, John/0000-0001-5624-0378; Black, Michael/0000-0001-9528-2888 NR 58 TC 153 Z9 168 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 130 IS 9 BP 2291 EP 2312 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<2291:EPHJOA>2.0.CO;2 PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 578JK UT WOS:000177113500009 ER PT J AU Pitman, RL AF Pitman, RL TI Alive and whale - A missing cetacean resurfaces in the Tropics SO NATURAL HISTORY LA English DT Article C1 NOAA, Washington, DC 20230 USA. RP Pitman, RL (reprint author), NOAA, Washington, DC 20230 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER MUSEUM NAT HISTORY PI NEW YORK PA ATTN: LIBRARY SERIALS UNIT CENTRAL PK WEST AT 79TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10024-5192 USA SN 0028-0712 J9 NAT HIST JI Nat. Hist. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 111 IS 7 BP 32 EP + PG 3 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 584UG UT WOS:000177486700012 ER PT J AU Mori, N Liu, PC Yasuda, T AF Mori, N Liu, PC Yasuda, T TI Analysis of freak wave measurements in the Sea of Japan SO OCEAN ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE freak wave; wave statistics; wave height distribution; wavelet analysis; Sea of Japan AB This paper presents an analysis of a set of available freak wave measurements gathered from several periods of continuous wave recordings made in the Sea of Japan during 19861990 by the Ship Research Institute of Japan. The analysis provides an ideal opportunity to catch a glimpse of the statistics of freak waves in the ocean. The results show that a well-defined freak wave may occur in the developed wind-wave condition: S(f)proportional tof(-4), with single-peak directional spectra. The crest and trough amplitude distributions of the observed sea waves including freak waves are different from the Rayleigh distribution, although the wave height distribution tends to agree with the Rayleigh distribution. Freak waves can be readily identified from the wavelet spectrum where a strong energy density occurs in the spectrum, and is instantly surged and seemingly carried over to the high-frequency components at the instant the freak wave occurs. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 CRIEPI, Dept Fluid Mech, Chiba 27011, Japan. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Gifu Univ, Grad Course Environm & Renewable Energy Syst, Gifu 50111, Japan. RP Mori, N (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Coastal & Ocean Engn Div, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. EM mori@criepi.denken.or.jp RI Mori, Nobuhito/B-8627-2008 OI Mori, Nobuhito/0000-0001-9082-3235 NR 20 TC 84 Z9 91 U1 1 U2 9 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0029-8018 J9 OCEAN ENG JI Ocean Eng. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 29 IS 11 BP 1399 EP 1414 AR PII S0029-8018(01)00073-7 DI 10.1016/S0029-8018(01)00073-7 PG 16 WC Engineering, Marine; Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Ocean; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA 561TY UT WOS:000176159900007 ER PT J AU Liu, PC Hawley, N AF Liu, PC Hawley, N TI Wave grouping characteristics in nearshore Great Lakes II SO OCEAN ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE wave groupings; Great Lakes; near shore waves AB This is a sequel with extensive new data to Liu's (Liu, 2000a. Wave grouping characteristics in nearshore Great Lakes. Ocean Engineering 27, 1221-1230) exploratory study on wave grouping characteristics in the nearshore Great Lakes. We analyze recent GLERL time-series measurements recorded by pressure sensors deployed at four nearshore stations in southern Lake Michigan during 1998-1999. With the advantage of continued application of time-frequency wavelet spectrum analysis, the extensive new measurements substantially confirmed the effectiveness of the empirical characterization of wave grouping parameters defined in Liu. We show that a wave group is really the basic element for a detailed understanding of wave processes, in contrast to the conventional approach of using a frequency spectrum as the basic element, which depends on the recording length and requires the data to be stationary. While studying wave time-series alone does not really alleviate the vast intricacies of the wind wave processes, the embodiment of wave grouping as the predominant feature in the wind wave processes clearly represents a significant step for-ward toward sound conceptual advancement. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Liu, PC (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. NR 5 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0029-8018 J9 OCEAN ENG JI Ocean Eng. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 29 IS 11 BP 1415 EP 1425 AR PII S0029-8018(01)00079-8 DI 10.1016/S0029-8018(01)00079-8 PG 11 WC Engineering, Marine; Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Ocean; Oceanography SC Engineering; Oceanography GA 561TY UT WOS:000176159900008 ER PT J AU Protasenko, VV Kuno, M Gallagher, A Nesbitt, DJ AF Protasenko, VV Kuno, M Gallagher, A Nesbitt, DJ TI Fluorescence of single ZnS overcoated CdSe quantum dots studied by apertureless near-field scanning optical microscopy SO OPTICS COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article ID RAMAN-SCATTERING; METAL-SURFACES; ENHANCEMENT; MOLECULES; NANOCRYSTALLITES; LUMINESCENCE; SENSITIVITY; RESOLUTION; TIPS AB The fluorescence of single ZnS overcoated CdSe quantum dots (QDs) embedded in the evanescent optical field above a prism surface has been studied using an apertureless near-field scanning optical microscope (ANSOM). We demonstrate that the fluorescence intensity of an individual QD can be enhanced by as much as fivefold for a silicon (Si) probe located over the QD. Furthermore, the ratio of fluorescence intensity with the probe directly over versus adjacent to the QD is substantially greater (up to 90-fold). This higher contrast in the ANSOM images results from interference between direct and probe-scattered fluorescence for the adjacent-probe geometry. These optical enhancements are very sensitive to probe tip cleaning, while this has negligible effect on the topological images. The typical full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the ANSOM images is 30-40 mn, while the FWHM of the topographic image is similar to20 nm. While this optical FWHM is 10-20-fold below the optical diffraction limit, conversion from non-contact to intermittent contact mode is predicted to increase the enhancements and decrease the ANSOM FWHM by major factors. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Nesbitt, DJ (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Kuno, Masaru/K-2673-2012 NR 37 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0030-4018 J9 OPT COMMUN JI Opt. Commun. PD SEP 1 PY 2002 VL 210 IS 1-2 BP 11 EP 23 AR PII S0030-4018(02)01759-5 DI 10.1016/S0030-4018(02)01759-5 PG 13 WC Optics SC Optics GA 590TY UT WOS:000177840400002 ER PT J AU Churilov, SS Joshi, YN Reader, J AF Churilov, SS Joshi, YN Reader, J TI Analysis of 5p(6)5d-(5p(6)5f+5p(6)6p+5p(5)5d(2)+5p(5)5d6s) transitions in Tl XIII, Pb XIV, and Bi XV and revised wavelengths for 5p(6) S-1(0)-5p(5)5d(3/2,5/2)(1) transitions in Hg XIII, Tl XIV, Pb XV, and Bi XVI SO PHYSICA SCRIPTA LA English DT Article AB Spectra of mercury, thallium, lead, and bismuth were photographed from 70 A to 250 A on two grazing-incidence spectrographs with low-inductance vacuum sparks. About fifty-five 5p(6)5d-(5p(6)5f+5P(6)6p+5p(5)5d(2) + 5P(5)5d6s) transitions were identified in each of the spectra of T1 XIII, Pb XIV, and Bi XV The 5d(2)D(3/2),(5/2) fine-structure interval was determined as 29267 cm(-1) in in TI XIII, 33195cm(-1) in Pb XIV, and 37370cm(-1) in Bi XV Hartree-Fock and parametric least-squares-fitting calculations were carried out to interpret the 5p(6)5f+5p(6)6p+5p(5)+5d(5)+5p(5)5d6s configurations in these three ions. Earlier identifications of the 5p(61)S(0)-5p5(5)d(3/2, 5/2)(1) transitions in Hg XIII, T1 XIV, Pb XV, and Bi XVI were revised. C1 St Francis Xavier Univ, Dept Phys, Antigonish, NS B2G 2W5, Canada. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Spect, Troitsk 142090, Moscow Region, Russia. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Churilov, SS (reprint author), St Francis Xavier Univ, Dept Phys, Antigonish, NS B2G 2W5, Canada. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ROYAL SWEDISH ACAD SCIENCES PI STOCKHOLM PA PUBL DEPT BOX 50005, S-104 05 STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN SN 0031-8949 J9 PHYS SCRIPTA JI Phys. Scr. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 66 IS 3 BP 213 EP 221 DI 10.1238/Physica.Regular.066a00213 PG 9 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 591YQ UT WOS:000177908200004 ER PT J AU Bannister, ME Krause, HF Djuric, N Popovic, DB Dunn, GH Chung, YS Smith, ACH AF Bannister, ME Krause, HF Djuric, N Popovic, DB Dunn, GH Chung, YS Smith, ACH TI Merged-beam measurements of electron-impact excitation of Al(2+) (3s (2)S -> 3p (2)P) SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID ENERGY-LOSS TECHNIQUE; CROSS-SECTIONS; TRANSITION; C3+; 2S AB Absolute cross sections for electron-impact excitation of the 3s(2)S-->3p(2)P transition in Al(2+) were measured near threshold using the merged electron-ion beams energy-loss technique. Although the present results are lower than the previous crossed-beams fluorescence measurements of Dunn [Phys. Rev. A 66, 032706 (2002)] by about 30%, these two experimental excitation cross sections at threshold are in agreement when the energy resolutions and total expanded uncertainties are considered. The present results are in excellent agreement with the published close-coupling calculations, but lie about 30% lower than the distorted-wave predictions. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Phys, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Chungnam Natl Univ, Dept Phys, Taejon 305764, South Korea. UCL, Dept Phys & Astron, London WC1E 6BT, England. RP Bannister, ME (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Phys, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM bannisterme@ornl.gov OI Bannister, Mark E./0000-0002-9572-8154 NR 19 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD SEP PY 2002 VL 66 IS 3 AR 032707 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.66.032707 PG 4 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 600GP UT WOS:000178382500066 ER PT J AU Dunn, GH Belic, DS Cisneros, C Crandall, DH Falke, RA Gregory, D AF Dunn, GH Belic, DS Cisneros, C Crandall, DH Falke, RA Gregory, D TI Absolute emission cross sections for electron-impact excitation of the 3p-3s transition in Al2+ SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID SODIUM ISOELECTRONIC SEQUENCE; ENERGY-LOSS TECHNIQUE; MERGED-BEAMS METHODS; 2S-2P EXCITATION; IONS; POLARIZATION; COEFFICIENTS; COLLISION; RADIATION; LINES AB Crossed beams of electrons and Al2+ ions combined with fluorescence detection were used to measure the absolute cross section for electron-impact excitation of the ions to yield 186.3 nm and 185.5 nm photons from the 3s-3p transition. The measured cross section near the 6.7 eV threshold energy is about 16x10(-16) cm(2), and some resonance structure near threshold is indicated. Total relative uncertainties (1sigma) are typically about 6%, to be combined with an 11% absolute calibration uncertainty. Total uncertainties at high confidence level (90%) are around 20%, using a coverage factor of 1.7. Comparisons made with various theoretical calculations, specifically distorted wave and nine-state close coupling, show better agreement of experimental values with distorted wave calculations, with the measured values being higher near threshold than the most recent close-coupling calculations. C1 Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Belgrade, Fac Phys, YU-11001 Belgrade, Serbia Monteneg. Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Ctr Ciencias Fis, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico. US DOE, Washington, DC 20545 USA. Optometrix Inc, Seattle, WA 98058 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Dunn, GH (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 43 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD SEP PY 2002 VL 66 IS 3 AR 032706 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.66.032706 PG 7 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 600GP UT WOS:000178382500065 ER PT J AU Kozuma, M Akamatsu, D Deng, L Hagley, EW Payne, MG AF Kozuma, M Akamatsu, D Deng, L Hagley, EW Payne, MG TI Steep optical-wave group-velocity reduction and "storage" of light without on-resonance electromagnetically induced transparency SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID ATOMIC VAPOR; PROPAGATION; PULSE; GAS AB We report on experimental investigation of optical-pulse group-velocity reduction and probe-pulse "regeneration" using a Raman scheme. This scheme, which does not rely on the commonly used on-one-photon-resonance electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) process, has many advantages over the conventional method that critically relies on the transparency window created by an EIT process. We demonstrate significant reduction of the group velocity, less probe-field loss, reduced probe-pulse distortion, and high probe-pulse regeneration efficiency. C1 Tokyo Inst Technol, Dept Phys, Meguro Ku, Tokyo 1528550, Japan. NIST, Div Electron & Opt Phys, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Georgia So Univ, Dept Phys, Statesboro, GA 30460 USA. RP Kozuma, M (reprint author), Tokyo Inst Technol, Dept Phys, Meguro Ku, 2-12-1 O Okayama, Tokyo 1528550, Japan. RI Deng, Lu/B-3997-2012; Hagley, Edward/B-4285-2012 NR 14 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD SEP PY 2002 VL 66 IS 3 AR 031801 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.66.031801 PG 4 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 600GP UT WOS:000178382500010 ER PT J AU Buchanan, JDR Hase, TPA Tanner, BK Chen, PJ Gan, L Powell, CJ Egelhoff, WF AF Buchanan, JDR Hase, TPA Tanner, BK Chen, PJ Gan, L Powell, CJ Egelhoff, WF TI Anomalously large intermixing in aluminum-transition-metal bilayers SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID X-RAY-SCATTERING; TUNNEL-JUNCTIONS; PHASE FORMATION; FERROMAGNETIC TUNNEL; ROOM-TEMPERATURE; AL(110) SURFACES; AL INTERFACE; MAGNETORESISTANCE; DISSOCIATION; BARRIER AB Intermixing has been studied in thin films of the form X/Al and Al/X, where X represents the transition metals in rows 4, 5, and 6 of the periodic table. Samples were grown by dc magnetron sputter deposition at room temperature and investigated using grazing-incidence x-ray reflectometry. Scans of the specular reflectivity have been fitted to determine the total interface width. We deduce the intermixing profile at the interface and separate it from the topographical roughness. Here intermixing has been measured in the great majority of the systems, and we find that there is a wide range in the extent of the intermixing. We bring to the attention of the thin-film community the surprisingly large degree of intermixing at room temperature in many cases. This phenomenon is not predicted by bulk diffusion parameters. C1 Univ Durham, Dept Phys, Durham DH1 3LE, England. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Buchanan, JDR (reprint author), Univ Durham, Dept Phys, South Rd, Durham DH1 3LE, England. NR 21 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD SEP 1 PY 2002 VL 66 IS 10 AR 104427 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.66.104427 PG 5 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 601RF UT WOS:000178460900066 ER PT J AU Dimeo, RM Neumann, DA Glanville, Y Minor, DB AF Dimeo, RM Neumann, DA Glanville, Y Minor, DB TI Pore-size dependence of rotational tunneling in confined methyl iodide SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID NEUTRON-SCATTERING; METHANE MOLECULES; GROUP DYNAMICS; EXCITATIONS; GLASS; SPECTROSCOPY; LIQUID AB High resolution inelastic incoherent neutron scattering measurements have been performed on methyl iodide, a quantum rigid rotor, confined to porous silica glasses with varying pore size distributions. A simple geometrical model composed of weakly and strongly disordered molecules is applied to describe the disordered tunneling molecules, and it is found that the strongly disordered rotors are constrained to three molecular layers. No simple relationship is found between the pore size distribution and the barrier height distribution, thus suggesting that the tunneling line shape cannot be expressed as a simple integral over the pore size distribution. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Phys, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ceram Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 25 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9950 EI 2469-9969 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD SEP 1 PY 2002 VL 66 IS 10 AR 104201 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.66.104201 PG 5 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 601RF UT WOS:000178460900034 ER PT J AU Raphael, MP Ravel, B Huang, Q Willard, MA Cheng, SF Das, BN Stroud, RM Bussmann, KM Claassen, JH Harris, VG AF Raphael, MP Ravel, B Huang, Q Willard, MA Cheng, SF Das, BN Stroud, RM Bussmann, KM Claassen, JH Harris, VG TI Presence of antisite disorder and its characterization in the predicted half-metal Co2MnSi SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID SPIN POLARIZATION; HEUSLER ALLOYS; MAGNETIC-PROPERTIES; POINT-CONTACT; FERROMAGNET; NIMNSB; GROWTH; FILMS AB The Heusler alloy Co2MnSi is predicted to be a half-metallic ferromagnet and thus is considered a promising candidate for incorporation into spintronic devices. Recent theoretical calculations have shown that antisite disorder of a few percent in some Heuslers can destroy half metallicity, emphasizing the importance of characterizing samples for disorder. In this work we compare the magnetic, structural, and transport properties of Co2MnSi for bulk single-crystal boules, polycrystalline arc-melted buttons and polycrystalline thin films. The lattice parameter, coercivity, and saturation magnetization of the single-crystal and arc-melted samples are statistically identical. On the other hand, the residual resistivity ratio rho(300 K)/rho(5 K) shows sharp contrasts, with the single crystal and the arc-melted button having ratios of 6.5 and 2.7, respectively. Neutron-diffraction experiments show that the antisite disorder for the arc-melted samples is zero for Mn-Si antisite disorder, but between 10 and 14 % for Co-Mn antisite disorder. We postulate this to be the cause for the increased amount of defect-induced scattering in the electrical transport measurements of the arc-melted samples. The thin films, similarly, have lattice constants, magnetic properties, and room-temperature resistivities that approach those of the single crystal. The best films, however, have residual resistivity ratios of 1.4. By comparing these films to single crystalline thin films grown in other studies, we again find evidence supporting Co-Mn antisite disorder as the primary scattering mechanism. C1 USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat & Nucl Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Raphael, MP (reprint author), USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. RI Stroud, Rhonda/C-5503-2008; Willard, Matthew/A-8492-2009; Harris, Vincent/A-8337-2009 OI Stroud, Rhonda/0000-0001-5242-8015; Willard, Matthew/0000-0001-5052-8012; NR 22 TC 145 Z9 148 U1 1 U2 31 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD SEP 1 PY 2002 VL 66 IS 10 AR 104429 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.66.104429 PG 6 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 601RF UT WOS:000178460900068 ER PT J AU Lacevic, N Starr, FW Schroder, TB Novikov, VN Glotzer, SC AF Lacevic, N Starr, FW Schroder, TB Novikov, VN Glotzer, SC TI Growing correlation length on cooling below the onset of caging in a simulated glass-forming liquid SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E LA English DT Article ID SPATIALLY HETEROGENEOUS DYNAMICS; HIGHLY SUPERCOOLED LIQUIDS; LONG-LIVED STRUCTURES; LENNARD-JONES LIQUID; MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS; COMPUTER-SIMULATION; POLYMER MELT; SPIN-GLASSES; TRANSITION; RELAXATION AB We present a calculation of a fourth-order, time-dependent density correlation function that measures higher-order spatiotemporal correlations of the density of a liquid. From molecular dynamics simulations of a glass-forming Lennard-Jones liquid, we find that the characteristic length scale of this function has a maximum as a function of time which increases steadily beyond the characteristic length of the static pair correlation function g(r) in the temperature range approaching the mode coupling temperature from above. This length scale provides a measure of the spatially heterogeneous nature of the dynamics of the liquid in the alpha-relaxation regime. C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Chem Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. NIST, Ctr Theoret & Computat Mat Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21210 USA. Roskilde Univ Ctr, IMFUFA, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Automat & Electrometry, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia. RP Lacevic, N (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Dept Chem Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RI Starr, Francis/C-7703-2012 NR 46 TC 66 Z9 66 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1539-3755 J9 PHYS REV E JI Phys. Rev. E PD SEP PY 2002 VL 66 IS 3 AR 030101 DI 10.1103/PhysRevE.66.030101 PN 1 PG 4 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical SC Physics GA 604LU UT WOS:000178623300001 PM 12366089 ER PT J AU Seidel, D Weston, K Kootval, H AF Seidel, D Weston, K Kootval, H TI Sexism still an obstacle for women scientists SO PHYSICS TODAY LA English DT Letter ID PARTICIPATION; METEOROLOGY; HYDROLOGY C1 NOAA, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. World Meteorol Org, Geneva, Switzerland. RP Seidel, D (reprint author), NOAA, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0031-9228 J9 PHYS TODAY JI Phys. Today PD SEP PY 2002 VL 55 IS 9 BP 82 EP 82 DI 10.1063/1.1522230 PG 1 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 590UD UT WOS:000177841100033 ER PT J AU Noren, DP AF Noren, DP TI Thermoregulation of weaned northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris) pups in air and water SO PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL ZOOLOGY LA English DT Article ID HALICHOERUS-GRYPUS; PHOCA-VITULINA; GRAY SEALS; TRANSITION; ONTOGENY; VO2 AB Fasting weaned northern elephant seal pups (Mirounga angustirostris) experience diverse environmental conditions on land and in water on a daily basis. Each environment undoubtedly induces distinct energetic costs that may vary for pups of differing body condition. To determine the energetic costs associated with different environmental conditions and whether costs vary between individuals, body mass, surface area, volume, body composition, resting metabolic rate, and core body temperature were determined for 17 weaned northern elephant seal pups from Ano Nuevo, California. Metabolic rate and body temperature were measured for pups resting in air (20.9degrees +/- 0.8degreesC), cold water (3.8degrees +/- 0.4degreesC), and warm water (14.5degrees +/- 0.2degreesC). Resting metabolic rate increased with body mass (range: 62.0-108.0 kg) and was also correlated with lean mass and lipid mass. Metabolic rates ranged from 293.6 to 512.7 mL O-2 min(-1) and were lowest for pups resting in cold water. Thermal conductance, calculated from metabolic rate and core body temperature, ranged from 3.1 to 15.2 W degreesC(-1), with the highest values in air and the lowest values in cold water. Metabolic responses to the three environmental conditions did not differ with individual variation in body condition. For all elephant seal pups, a consequence of high lipid content is that thermoregulatory costs are greatest on land and lowest in cold water, a pattern that contrasts markedly with terrestrial mammals. C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. RP Noren, DP (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, NOAA, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Bldg 4,7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 41 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 3 U2 12 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 1522-2152 J9 PHYSIOL BIOCHEM ZOOL JI Physiol. Biochem. Zool. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 75 IS 5 BP 513 EP 523 DI 10.1086/342254 PG 11 WC Physiology; Zoology SC Physiology; Zoology GA 638QP UT WOS:000180582000010 PM 12529852 ER PT J AU Hedden, RC Bauer, BJ Smith, AP Grohn, F Amis, E AF Hedden, RC Bauer, BJ Smith, AP Grohn, F Amis, E TI Templating of inorganic nanoparticles by PAMAM/PEG dendrimer-star polymers SO POLYMER LA English DT Article DE star polymer; dendrimer; nanoparticle ID POLY(AMIDOAMINE) DENDRIMERS; METAL NANOPARTICLES; GOLD NANOPARTICLES; CDS NANOCLUSTERS; NANOCOMPOSITES; CATALYSIS; SEMICONDUCTORS; HYDROGENATION; MONODISPERSE; STABILIZER AB Poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers with amine endgroups (PAMAM-NH2) are converted to starlike copolymers by grafting of monofunctional poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) 'arms' onto the dendrimer endgroups. Generation 4, 7, and 10 dendrimers are converted to 60-arm, 235-arm, and 750-arm PAMAM/PEG stars, respectively. The dendrimer-stars are studied as polymer templates for stabilization of gold and cadmium sulfide nanoparticles of 1-6 nm diameter. PAMAM/PEG star templating reactions are studied by aqueous gel permeation chromatography, ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. PAMAM/PEG stars effectively control nanoparticle size in the same way as PAMAM-NH2 dendrimers. However, PAMAM/PEG stars are miscible with a wider range of solvents and with selected polymers (e.g. polymethyl methacrylate). Potential applications of dendrimer-inorganic hybrid materials (solution-phase catalysis, additives for polymer blends) could benefit from the versatile solubility of PAMAM/PEG stars. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hedden, RC (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Hedden, Ronald/M-3909-2014 OI Hedden, Ronald/0000-0003-3571-1403 NR 36 TC 79 Z9 82 U1 6 U2 39 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0032-3861 J9 POLYMER JI Polymer PD SEP PY 2002 VL 43 IS 20 BP 5473 EP 5481 AR PII S0032-3861(02)00428-7 DI 10.1016/S0032-3861(02)00428-7 PG 9 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 593DX UT WOS:000177976900012 ER PT J AU Yao, HY Zhu, J Morgan, AB Wilkie, CA AF Yao, HY Zhu, J Morgan, AB Wilkie, CA TI Crown ether-modified clays and their polystyrene nanocomposites SO POLYMER ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID HYBRID; MONTMORILLONITE; INTERCALATION; SILICATES; FIRE AB Crown ether-modified clays were obtained by the combination of sodium and potassium clays with crown ethers and cryptands. Polystyrene nanocomposites were prepared by bulk polymerization in the presence of these clays. The structures of nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Their thermal stability and flame retardancy were measured by thermogravimetric analysis and cone calormetry, respectively. Nanocomposites can be formed only from the potassium clays; apparently the sodium clays are not sufficiently organophilic to enable nanocomposite formation. The onset temperature of the degradation is higher for the nanocomposites compared to virgin polystyrene, and the peak heat release rate is decreased by 25% to 30%. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Chem, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Fire Sci Div, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Morgan, AB (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Chem, POB 1881, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA. RI Morgan, Alexander/A-9672-2009 NR 18 TC 29 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 16 PU SOC PLASTICS ENG INC PI BROOKFIELD PA 14 FAIRFIELD DR, BROOKFIELD, CT 06804-0403 USA SN 0032-3888 J9 POLYM ENG SCI JI Polym. Eng. Sci. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 42 IS 9 BP 1808 EP 1814 DI 10.1002/pen.11073 PG 7 WC Engineering, Chemical; Polymer Science SC Engineering; Polymer Science GA 603NE UT WOS:000178565300003 ER PT J AU Karim, A Yurekli, K Meredith, C Amis, E Krishnamoorti, R AF Karim, A Yurekli, K Meredith, C Amis, E Krishnamoorti, R TI Combinatorial methods for polymer materials science: Phase behavior of nanocomposite blend films SO POLYMER ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID MODIFIED LAYERED SILICATES; MELT INTERCALATION; BARRIER PROPERTIES; MODEL; DISCOVERY; LIBRARY AB Polymer materials are often mixed with inorganic materials in the bulk to enhance properties, including mechanical, electrical, thermal, and physical. Such property enhancements are induced not only by the physical presence of the filler but also significantly by the interaction of the polymer with the filler via altering the local properties of the polymer material. In this regard, recently layered silicate nanocomposites have been shown to be effective in modifying the polymer properties because of their high surface area of contact between the polymer and the high aspect ratio nanoparticle. Potential property enhancements should also occur in polymer nanocomposite thin films owing to nanoparticle orientation from film confinement effects. In this paper we investigate the effect of layered silicate nanoparticles on the phase behavior of a classic polymer blend using small angle neutron scattering and compare those results to phase diagrams obtained by high throughput combinatorial methods. C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Houston, Dept Chem Engn, Houston, TX 77204 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Chem Engn, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. RP Karim, A (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Meredith, Carson/B-3323-2009; Krishnamoorti, Ramanan/F-7914-2011 OI Meredith, Carson/0000-0003-2519-5003; Krishnamoorti, Ramanan/0000-0001-5831-502X NR 31 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 16 PU SOC PLASTICS ENG INC PI BROOKFIELD PA 14 FAIRFIELD DR, BROOKFIELD, CT 06804-0403 USA SN 0032-3888 J9 POLYM ENG SCI JI Polym. Eng. Sci. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 42 IS 9 BP 1836 EP 1840 DI 10.1002/pen.11076 PG 5 WC Engineering, Chemical; Polymer Science SC Engineering; Polymer Science GA 603NE UT WOS:000178565300006 ER PT J AU Verkouteren, JR Windsor, ES Conny, JM Perkins, RL Ennis, JT AF Verkouteren, JR Windsor, ES Conny, JM Perkins, RL Ennis, JT TI Analysis of kaolinite/chrysotile mixtures by ashing and X-ray diffraction SO POWDER DIFFRACTION LA English DT Article ID CHRYSOTILE ASBESTOS; SERPENTINE MINERALS; POWDER-DIFFRACTION; KAOLINITE; IRON AB A simple ashing procedure for a mixture containing kaolinite and chrysotile is described that converts kaolinite to amorphous metakaolinite while retaining the diffraction intensity of chrysotile. This ashing procedure removes the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern overlap between kaolinite and chrysotile that can interfere with the analysis of even high concentrations of chrysotile. Samples are ashed at 460degreesC in a muffle furnace for 40 h to completely convert kaolinite to metakaolinite. The complete conversion of 1 g of kaolinite under these conditions was determined for two standard kaolinite samples from Georgia, KGa-1 and KGa-2. Two of the most common types of commercial chrysotile, long-fiber Canadian and short-fiber Californian chrysotile, are demonstrated to retain diffraction intensity after ashing at 460degreesC. Both chrysotile samples have the same integrated intensity for the (002) reflection prior to ashing, although the peak breadths for the two samples are quite different. Ashing at 480 and 500degreesC reduces the diffraction intensities of both chrysotile samples by 15%, and broadens the peaks by. approximately 3%. Using the prescribed ashing procedure and x-ray diffraction with an internal corundum standard, two kaolinite-bearing building materials containing chrysotile near 0.01 mass fraction were analyzed. The ashing procedure has additional advantages in reducing some samples to powders and removing volatile components, thereby eliminating some sample preparation procedures and concentrating any chrysotile present in the sample. The removal of volatile components improves the sensitivity of XRD analysis to concentrations below 0.01 mass fraction chrysotile. (C) 2002 International Centre for Diffraction Data. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Res Triangle Inst, Ctr environm Measurements & Qual Assurance, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27709 USA. RP Verkouteren, JR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jennifer.verkouteren@nist.gov NR 23 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 4 PU J C P D S-INT CENTRE DIFFRACTION DATA PI NEWTOWN SQ PA 12 CAMPUS BLVD, NEWTOWN SQ, PA 19073-3273 USA SN 0885-7156 EI 1945-7413 J9 POWDER DIFFR JI Powder Diffr. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 17 IS 3 BP 196 EP 201 DI 10.1154/1.1481038 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA 592GU UT WOS:000177929200006 ER PT J AU Wong-Ng, W Kaduk, JA Dillingham, J AF Wong-Ng, W Kaduk, JA Dillingham, J TI Crystal structures and reference diffraction patterns of BaSrR4O8 SO POWDER DIFFRACTION LA English DT Article ID CRITICAL-CURRENT DENSITY; BOND-VALENCE PARAMETERS; SUPERCONDUCTING TAPES; LASER DEPOSITION; PHASE-RELATIONS; BUFFER LAYERS; THIN-FILMS; SYSTEM; PRESSURE AB The structure of BaSrR4O8 (where R=La, Nd, Sm, Gd, Eu, Dy, Ho, Y, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu) has been investigated, and the X-ray reference patterns of these compounds have been prepared using the Rietveld refinement technique. BaSrR2O4 are isostructural to BaR2O4, which have the CaFe2O4 structure type (orthorhombic, Pnam). The cell parameters of these compounds (R=Lu to La) range from 10.125 04(10) to 10.5501(8) Angstrom for a, 3.362 49(3) to 3.692 04(24) Angstrom for b, 11.846 91(13) to 12.5663(9) Angstrom for c, and 403.33 to 489.47 Angstrom(3) for V, respectively. There is a linear relationship between V and the Shannon ionic radius of R. Unlike the BaR2O4 compositions (R=Tm, Lu, and Yb), which produced a mixture of Ba3R4O9 and unreacted lanthanide oxides, single-phase BaSrTm4O8, BaSrLu4O8, and BaSrYb4O8 were successfully prepared. (C) 2002 International Centre for Diffraction Data. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. BP Amoco Chem, Naperville, IL 60566 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Geol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Wong-Ng, W (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 31 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU J C P D S-INT CENTRE DIFFRACTION DATA PI NEWTOWN SQ PA 12 CAMPUS BLVD, NEWTOWN SQ, PA 19073-3273 USA SN 0885-7156 J9 POWDER DIFFR JI Powder Diffr. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 17 IS 3 BP 202 EP 209 DI 10.1154/1.1483324 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA 592GU UT WOS:000177929200007 ER PT J AU Reiff, AM AF Reiff, AM TI Existence of weak solutions to the elastic string equations in three dimensions SO QUARTERLY OF APPLIED MATHEMATICS LA English DT Article AB Many applied problems resulting in hyperbolic conservation laws are nonstrictly hyperbolic. As of yet, there is no comprehensive theory to describe the solutions of these systems. We examine the equations modeling an elastic string of infinite length in three-dimensional space, restricted to possess non-simple eigenvalues of constant multiplicity. We show that there exists a weak solution of the nonstrictly hyperbolic conservation law when the total variation of the initial data is sufficiently small. The proof technique is similar to Glimm's classical existence for hyperbolic conservation laws, but necessarily departs from Glimm's proof by not requiring strict hyperbolicity. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymer, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Reiff, AM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymer, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 12 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER MATHEMATICAL SOC PI PROVIDENCE PA 201 CHARLES ST, PROVIDENCE, RI 02940-2213 USA SN 0033-569X J9 Q APPL MATH JI Q. Appl. Math. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 60 IS 3 BP 401 EP 424 PG 24 WC Mathematics, Applied SC Mathematics GA 578QM UT WOS:000177129700001 ER PT J AU Araujo-Pradere, EA Fuller-Rowell, TJ AF Araujo-Pradere, EA Fuller-Rowell, TJ TI STORM: An empirical storm-time ionospheric correction model - 2. Validation SO RADIO SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE ionospheric modeling; empirical modeling; geomagnetic storms; ionospheric storms; validation AB [1] STORM is an empirical ionospheric correction model designed to capture the changes in F region electron density during geomagnetic storms. The model is driven by the previous 33 hours of a(p), and the output is used to scale the quiet time F region critical frequency (foF2) to account for increases or decreases in electron density resulting from a storm. The model provides a simple tool for modeling the perturbed ionosphere. The quality of the model has been evaluated by comparing the predictions of the model with the observed ionospheric response during the six storms in the year 2000. The model output has been compared with the actual ionospheric response at 15 ionosonde stations for each storm. The comparisons show that the model captures the decreases in electron density particularly well in summer and equinox at midlatitudes and high latitudes but is less accurate in winter. The value of the model has been quantified by comparing the daily root mean square error of the STORM predictions with the monthly mean. The results of the validation show that there is a 33% improvement of the STORM model predictions over the monthly median during the storm days and that the model captures more than half of the increase in variability on the storm days, a significant advance over climatology. C1 Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, SEC, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Araujo-Pradere, EA (reprint author), Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, SEC, 325 Broadway,R-SEC, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 11 TC 40 Z9 45 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0048-6604 J9 RADIO SCI JI Radio Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 37 IS 5 AR 1071 DI 10.1029/2002RS002620 PG 14 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications GA 635KD UT WOS:000180397300004 ER PT J AU Araujo-Pradere, EA Fuller-Rowell, TJ Codrescu, MV AF Araujo-Pradere, EA Fuller-Rowell, TJ Codrescu, MV TI STORM: An empirical storm-time ionospheric correction model - 1. Model description SO RADIO SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE ionospheric modeling; empirical modeling; geomagnetic storms; ionospheric storms; validation ID GEOMAGNETIC STORMS; THERMOSPHERE AB [1] Using data from 75 ionosonde stations and 43 storms, and based on the knowledge gained from simulations from a physically based model, we have developed an empirical ionospheric storm-time correction model. The model is designed to scale the quiet time F region critical frequency (foF2) to account for storm-time changes in the ionosphere. The model is driven by a new index based on the integral of the a(p) index over the previous 33 hours weighted by a filter obtained by the method of singular value decomposition. Ionospheric data were sorted as a function of season and latitude and by the intensity of the storm, to obtain the corresponding dependencies. The good fit to the data at midlatitudes for storms during summer and equinox enable a reliable correction, but during winter and near the equator, the model does not improve significantly on the quiet time International Reference Ionosphere predictions. This model is now included in the international recommended standard IRI2000 [Bilitza, 2001] as a correction factor for perturbed conditions. C1 Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, SEC, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Araujo-Pradere, EA (reprint author), Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, SEC, 325 Broadway,R-SEC, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 19 TC 71 Z9 79 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0048-6604 J9 RADIO SCI JI Radio Sci. PD SEP-OCT PY 2002 VL 37 IS 5 AR 1070 DI 10.1029/2001RS002467 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications GA 635KD UT WOS:000180397300003 ER PT J AU Roman, CT Raposa, KB Adamowicz, SC James-Pirri, MJ Catena, JG AF Roman, CT Raposa, KB Adamowicz, SC James-Pirri, MJ Catena, JG TI Quantifying vegetation and nekton response to tidal restoration of a New England salt marsh SO RESTORATION ECOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 15th Biennial Meeting of the Estuarine-Research-Federation CY SEP 25-30, 1999 CL NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA SP Estuarine Res Federat DE Fundulus heteroclitus; nekton; Phragmites australis; restoration; Rhode Island; salt marsh; Spartina ID FUNDULUS-HETEROCLITUS; PHRAGMITES-AUSTRALIS; POPULATIONS; MUMMICHOGS; SALINITY; WETLAND; USA AB Tidal flow to salt marshes throughout the northeastern United States is often restricted by roads, dikes, impoundments, and inadequately sized culverts or bridge openings, resulting in altered ecological structure and function. In this study we evaluated the response of vegetation and nekton (fishes and decapod crustaceans) to restoration of full tidal flow to a portion of the Sachuest Point salt marsh, Middletown, Rhode Island. A before, after, control, impact study design was used, including evaluations of the tide-restricted marsh, the same marsh after reintroduction of tidal flow (i.e., tide-restored marsh), and an unrestricted control marsh. Before tidal restoration vegetation of the 3.7-ha tide-restricted marsh was dominated by Phragmites australis and was significantly different from the adjacent 6.3-ha Spartina -dominated unrestricted control marsh (analysis of similarities randomization test, p < 0.001). After one growing season vegetation of the tide-restored marsh had changed from its pre-restoration condition (analysis of similarities randomization test, p < 0.005). Although not similar to the unrestricted control marsh, Spartina patens and S. alterniflora abundance increased and abundance and height of Phragmites significantly declined, suggesting a convergence toward typical New England salt marsh vegetation. Before restoration shallow water habitat (creeks and pools) of the unrestricted control marsh supported a greater density of nekton compared with the tide-restricted marsh (analysis of variance, p < 0.001), but after one season of restored tidal flow nekton density was equivalent. A similar trend was documented for nekton species richness. Nekton density and species richness from marsh surface samples were similar between the tide-restored marsh and unrestricted control marsh. Fundulus heteroclitus and Palaemonetes pugio were the numerically dominant fish and decapod species in all sampled habitats. This study provides an example of a quantitative approach for assessing the response of vegetation and nekton to tidal restoration. C1 Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Natl Pk Serv, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Univ Rhode Isl, USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NOAA, Gloucester, MA 01930 USA. RP Roman, CT (reprint author), Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Natl Pk Serv, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 34 TC 56 Z9 60 U1 2 U2 23 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 1061-2971 J9 RESTOR ECOL JI Restor. Ecol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 10 IS 3 BP 450 EP 460 DI 10.1046/j.1526-100X.2002.01036.x PG 11 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 583AM UT WOS:000177383400005 ER PT J AU Gray, A Simenstad, CA Bottom, DL Cornwell, TJ AF Gray, A Simenstad, CA Bottom, DL Cornwell, TJ TI Contrasting functional performance of juvenile salmon habitat in recovering wetlands of the Salmon River estuary, Oregon, USA SO RESTORATION ECOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 15th Biennial Meeting of the Estuarine-Research-Federation CY SEP 25-30, 1999 CL NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA SP Estuarine Res Federat DE dike removal; estuary; juvenile salmon; restoration; salt marsh; wetland function ID SALT-MARSH; RESTORATION; RESIDENCE; CRITERIA AB For an estuarine restoration project to be successful it must reverse anthropogenic effects and restore lost ecosystem functions. Restoration projects that aim to rehabilitate endangered species populations make project success even more important, because if misjudged damage to already weakened populations may result. Determining project success depends on our ability to assess the functional state or "performance" and the trajectory of ecosystem development. Mature system structure is often the desired "end point" of restoration and is assumed to provide maximum benefit for target species; however, few studies have measured linkages between structure and function and possible benefits available from early recovery stages. The Salmon River estuary, Oregon, U.S.A., offers a unique opportunity to simultaneously evaluate several estuarine restoration projects and the response of the marsh community while making comparisons with a concurring undiked portion of the estuary. Dikes installed in three locations in the estuary during the early 1960s were removed in 1978, 1987, and 1996, creating a "space-for-time substitution" chronosequence. Analysis of the marsh community responses enables us to use the development state of the three recovering marshes to determine a trajectory of estuarine recovery over 23 years and to make comparisons with a reference marsh. We assessed the rate and pattern of juvenile salmon habitat development in terms of fish density, available prey resources, and diet composition of wild juvenile Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (chinook salmon). Results from the outmigration of 1998 and 1999 show differences in fish densities, prey resources, and diet composition among the four sites. Peaks in chinook salmon densities were greatest in the reference site in 1998 and in the youngest (1996) site in 1999. The 1996 marsh had higher densities of chironomids (insects; average 864/m(2) ) and lower densities of amphipods (crustaceans; average 8/m(3) ) when compared with the other sites. Fauna differences were reflected in the diets of juvenile chinook with those occupying the 1978 and 1996 marshes based on insects (especially chironomids), whereas those from the 1987 and reference marshes were based on crustaceans (especially amphipods). Tracking the development of recovering emergent marsh ecosystems in the Salmon River estuary reveals significant fish and invertebrate response in the first 2 to 3 years after marsh restoration. This pulse of productivity in newly restored systems is part of the trajectory of development and indicates some level of early functionality and the efficacy of restoring estuarine marshes for juvenile salmon habitat. However, to truly know the benefits consumers experience in recovering systems requires further analysis that we will present in forthcoming publications. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Wetland Ecosyst Team, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Oregon Dept Fish & Wildlife, Div Res, Corvallis, OR 97333 USA. RP Gray, A (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Wetland Ecosyst Team, 1122 Boat St, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 39 TC 54 Z9 56 U1 6 U2 46 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 1061-2971 J9 RESTOR ECOL JI Restor. Ecol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 10 IS 3 BP 514 EP 526 DI 10.1046/j.1526-100X.2002.01039.x PG 13 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 583AM UT WOS:000177383400010 ER PT J AU Neckles, HA Dionne, M Burdick, DM Roman, CT Buchsbaum, R Hutchins, E AF Neckles, HA Dionne, M Burdick, DM Roman, CT Buchsbaum, R Hutchins, E TI A monitoring protocol to assess tidal restoration of salt marshes on local and regional scales SO RESTORATION ECOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 15th Biennial Meeting of the Estuarine-Research-Federation CY SEP 25-30, 1999 CL NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA SP Estuarine Res Federat DE assessment; monitoring protocols; salt marsh; tidal restoration; tidal restrictions ID NEW-ENGLAND ESTUARY; SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA; DECOMPOSITION; SALINITY; WETLAND; MANAGEMENT; MITIGATION; CRITERIA; HABITAT; PLANTS AB Assessing the response of salt marshes to tidal restoration relies on comparisons of ecosystem attributes between restored and reference marshes. Although this approach provides an objective basis for judging project success, inferences can be constrained if the high variability of natural marshes masks differences in sampled attributes between restored and reference sites. Furthermore, such assessments are usually focused on a small number of restoration projects in a local area, limiting the ability to address questions regarding the effectiveness of restoration within a broad region. We developed a hierarchical approach to evaluate the performance of tidal restorations at local and regional scales throughout the Gulf of Maine. The cornerstone of the approach is a standard protocol for monitoring restored and reference salt marshes throughout the region. The monitoring protocol was developed by consensus among nearly 50 restoration scientists and practitioners. The protocol is based on a suite of core structural measures that can be applied to any tidal restoration project. The protocol also includes additional functional measures for application to specific projects. Consistent use of the standard protocol to monitor local projects will enable pooling information for regional assessments. Ultimately, it will be possible to establish a range of reference conditions characterizing natural tidal wetlands in the region and to compare performance curves between populations of restored and reference marshes for assessing regional restoration effectiveness. C1 USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Augusta, ME 04330 USA. Wells Natl Estuarine Res Reserve, Wells, ME USA. Univ New Hampshire, Dept Nat Resources, Jackson Estuarine Lab, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Univ Rhode Isl, USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, Narragansett, RI USA. Massachusetts Audubon Soc, Wenham, MA USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Gloucester, MA USA. RP Neckles, HA (reprint author), USGS Patuxent Wildlife Res Ctr, 26 Ganneston Dr, Augusta, ME 04330 USA. NR 45 TC 54 Z9 63 U1 7 U2 39 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 1061-2971 J9 RESTOR ECOL JI Restor. Ecol. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 10 IS 3 BP 556 EP 563 DI 10.1046/j.1526-100X.2002.02033.x PG 8 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 583AM UT WOS:000177383400013 ER PT J AU Brown, SS Stark, H Ciciora, SJ McLaughlin, RJ Ravishankara, AR AF Brown, SS Stark, H Ciciora, SJ McLaughlin, RJ Ravishankara, AR TI Simultaneous in situ detection of atmospheric NO3 and N2O5 via cavity ring-down spectroscopy SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article ID MARINE BOUNDARY-LAYER; DIFFERENTIAL OPTICAL-ABSORPTION; LONG-TERM OBSERVATION; STRATOSPHERIC NO3; TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENCE; RADICAL CONCENTRATIONS; VISIBLE SPECTROSCOPY; DIURNAL-VARIATION; TROPOSPHERIC NO3; NITRATE RADICALS AB This article describes the application of cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CaRDS) to the simultaneous concentration measurement of nitrate radical, NO3, and dinitrogen pentoxide, N2O5, in the ambient atmosphere. The sensitivity for detection of both NO3 and N2O5 is 0.5 pptv (2sigma) for a 5 s integration, comparable to or better than previous measurements of NO3 (e.g., via DOAS), but with significantly better time resolution. Furthermore, direct measurement of N2O5 represent a previously unavailable capability. Concentrations of both species are measured simultaneously in two separate flow systems and optical cavities pumped by the same pulsed dye laser at 662 nm. One of the flow systems remains at ambient temperature for detection of NO3, while the other is heated to 80 degreesC to induce thermal decomposition of N2O5 providing a measurement of the sum of the NO3 and N2O5 concentrations. This article outlines a series of laboratory and field tests of the instrument's performance. Important considerations include signal acquisition, zero measurements, aerosol interference, flow system losses, and the conversion efficiency for N2O5 thermolysis to NO3. We describe the limitations of this method and show how they can be quantified and accounted for in field measurements. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Brown, SS (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, R-AL2,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Stark, Harald/E-7433-2010; Brown, Steven/I-1762-2013; Ravishankara, Akkihebbal/A-2914-2011; McLaughlin, Richard/I-4386-2013; Ciciora, Steven/I-4916-2013 NR 66 TC 81 Z9 81 U1 4 U2 29 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 73 IS 9 BP 3291 EP 3301 DI 10.1063/1.1499214 PG 11 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 586TC UT WOS:000177600300025 ER PT J AU Pallett, DS Lamel, L AF Pallett, DS Lamel, L TI Automatic transcription of broadcast news data (vol 37, pg 1, 2002) SO SPEECH COMMUNICATION LA English DT Correction C1 CNRS, LIMSI, Spoken Language Proc Grp, F-91403 Orsay, France. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP CNRS, LIMSI, Spoken Language Proc Grp, BP 133, F-91403 Orsay, France. EM david.pallett@nist.gov; lamel@limsi.fr NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6393 EI 1872-7182 J9 SPEECH COMMUN JI Speech Commun. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 38 IS 1-2 BP 211 EP 211 AR PII S0167-6393(02)00051-1 DI 10.1016/S0167-6393(02)00051-1 PG 1 WC Acoustics; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Acoustics; Computer Science GA 596KW UT WOS:000178164900015 ER PT J AU Lu, CJ Senz, S Hesse, D AF Lu, CJ Senz, S Hesse, D TI The impact of YSZ surface steps on structure and morphology of La2Zr2O7 islands growing on YSZ(100) surfaces by vapour-solid reaction SO SURFACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE atomic force microscopy; electron microscopy; surface chemical reaction; compound formation; epitaxy; stepped single crystal surfaces ID YTTRIA-STABILIZED ZIRCONIA; OXIDE FUEL-CELLS; LANTHANUM MANGANITE; REACTION FRONT; ELECTROLYTE; MECHANISM; ZRO2; LA AB La2Zr2O7 (LZO) islands of well-defined crystallographic orientation are growing on YSZ(100) single crystal surfaces, when the latter are exposed to La2O3 vapours at elevated temperature. The initial stage of this topotaxial vapour solid reaction is investigated by HRTEM, AFM, and XRD, specifically considering the influence of steps on the YSZ(100) surface onto the LZO nucleation process. It is shown how this influence results in a particular structure and morphology of the LZO islands. Compared with the. previously studied cases of LZO island formation on flat surface regions and at the rims of surface pits, new features are observed. These are discussed in terms of the preferred nucleation of the islands at step kinks, their specific growth kinetics under the influence of the step edges, and the partial relaxation of stresses arising in the growing islands by the deformation of the step edges. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Max Planck Inst Microstruct Phys, D-06120 Halle Saale, Germany. NIST, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hesse, D (reprint author), Max Planck Inst Microstruct Phys, Weinberg 2, D-06120 Halle Saale, Germany. NR 17 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0039-6028 J9 SURF SCI JI Surf. Sci. PD SEP 1 PY 2002 VL 515 IS 2-3 BP 507 EP 516 AR PII S0039-6028(02)01969-6 DI 10.1016/S0039-6028(02)01969-6 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Physics GA 590YF UT WOS:000177851700031 ER PT J AU Ferdin, ME Kvitek, RG Bretz, CK Powell, CL Doucette, GJ Lefebvre, KA Coale, S Silver, MW AF Ferdin, ME Kvitek, RG Bretz, CK Powell, CL Doucette, GJ Lefebvre, KA Coale, S Silver, MW TI Emerita analoga (Stimpson) - possible new indicator species for the phycotoxin domoic acid in California coastal waters SO TOXICON LA English DT Article DE domoic acid; harmful algal blooms; HPLC-UV; indicator species; mussel toxicity; Pseudo-nitzschia; sand crabs ID PSEUDO-NITZSCHIA BACILLARIOPHYCEAE; DIATOM PSEUDONITZSCHIA-AUSTRALIS; WEST-COAST; SEA LIONS; SAND CRAB; SHELLFISH; MORTALITY; OUTBREAK; TOXIN AB Blooms of domoic acid (DA) synthesizing diatoms (Pseudo-nitzschia spp.) have been associated with the death and injury of hundreds of marine shorebirds and mammals, exposed humans to potentially serious health risks, and threatened to significantly impact coastal fisheries and commerce dependent on marine resources. While indicator organisms are widely utilized to monitor for marine biotoxins like paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins, a reliable intertidal indicator species to monitor DA remains to be identified. Here we evaluate and confirm the utility of the common sand crab (Emerita analoga) as an indicator for DA in comparison with sea mussels (Mytilus californianus). Mussels and sand crabs, collected from natural populations in Santa Cruz, California (April 1999-February 2000), were tested for DA using the HPLC-UV method. Toxin loads in sand crabs ranged from below detectable limits to 13.4 mug DA g(-1) and coincided with the abundance of DA producing Pseudonitzschia species nearshore. Toxin levels in mussels collected during the study period were below HPLC-UV detectable limits. The rise and fall of DA in sand crabs in synchrony with Pseudo-nitzschia abundance, combined with this common intertidal species' accessibility and ease of DA extraction, clearly indicate the utility of sand crabs as a reliable, cost-effective monitoring tool for DA in the nearshore coastal environment. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Calif State Univ Monterey Bay, Monterey, CA 93955 USA. Natl Ocean Serv, Marine Biotoxins Program, NOAA, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Biol, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. RP Kvitek, RG (reprint author), Calif State Univ Monterey Bay, Monterey, CA 93955 USA. EM rikk_kvitek@csumb.edu RI Doucette, Gregory/M-3283-2013 NR 35 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 17 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0041-0101 J9 TOXICON JI Toxicon PD SEP PY 2002 VL 40 IS 9 BP 1259 EP 1265 AR PII S0041-0101(02)00129-0 DI 10.1016/S0041-0101(02)00129-0 PG 7 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 604EM UT WOS:000178603500002 PM 12220710 ER PT J AU Moser, ML Ocker, PA Stuehrenberg, LC Bjornn, TC AF Moser, ML Ocker, PA Stuehrenberg, LC Bjornn, TC TI Passage efficiency of adult pacific lampreys at hydropower dams on the lower Columbia River, USA SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID LAMPETRA-TRIDENTATA AB Hydropower dams in the lower Columbia River may contribute to declines in the populations of anadromous Pacific lamprey Lampetra tridentata by limiting access to historical spawning locations. To identify obstacles to migration, we documented the movements of radio-tagged adult Pacific lampreys in specific areas of fishways (entrances, collection channels, transition areas, ladders, and counting stations) at the first three dams they encounter as they move upstream (Bonneville, The Dalles, and John Day). From 1997 to 2000, 147-299 radio-tagged lampreys were released downstream from Bonneville Dam. In 1997 and 2000, we also moved 50 radio-tagged lampreys each year to positions upstream from Bonneville Dam to assess the passage success of fish that had not passed through an entire fishway (i.e., "naive fish"). The passage efficiency of lampreys at Bonneville Dam was 38-47%, and the median time required to pass over the dam ranged from 4.4 to 5.7 d. In contrast, 50-82% of the lampreys passed over The Dalles Dam in each year, and passage times ranged from 2.0 to 4.0 d. Passage efficiency was lowest at John Day Dam, but that estimate was based on relatively few fish. After entering the fishways, lampreys had the greatest difficulty (1) negotiating collection channels and transition areas that lacked attachment sites and (2) passing through the Bonneville Dam counting stations. Unexpectedly high passage success was documented in the ladders, where maximum current velocities could exceed 2.4 m/s. We found no evidence that lampreys released downstream from Bonneville Dam had higher passage success at The Dalles Dam than naive fish. In each year up to 60% of the lampreys made multiple entrances at the fishways, indicating that lampreys persistently attempted to pass upstream. Dams in the lower Columbia River impede adult Pacific lamprey migration, and only 3% of the fish we tagged reached areas above John Day Dam. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. USA, Walla Walla Dist, Walla Walla, WA 99362 USA. Univ Idaho, US Geol Survey, Idaho Cooperat Fish & Wildlife Res Unit, Moscow, ID 83843 USA. RP Moser, ML (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd East, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. NR 23 TC 67 Z9 71 U1 1 U2 24 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 131 IS 5 BP 956 EP 965 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2002)131<0956:PEOAPL>2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 589CN UT WOS:000177740600012 ER PT J AU Zhang, JZ Berberian, G Wanninkhof, R AF Zhang, JZ Berberian, G Wanninkhof, R TI Long-term storage of natural water samples for dissolved oxygen determination SO WATER RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE water sample; long-term storage; dissolved oxygen determination AB A method for preserving natural water samples for dissolved oxygen analysis is recommended. The conventional method of using greased glass stoppers have been found to cause an increase in oxygen concentration by, 12% over 1-month period as a result of evaporation of water sample through micro-gaps and concurrent intrusion of air into the water sample bottles. Sealing the sample bottles with water has been found to be the optimal storage method. It permits a 100.2+/-0.3% recovery of dissolved oxygen concentration from storage seawater samples over 4 months. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, OCD, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Cooperat Inst Marine & Atmospher Studies, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Zhang, JZ (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, OCD, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RI Zhang, Jia-Zhong/B-7708-2008; Berberian, George/A-6095-2017 OI Zhang, Jia-Zhong/0000-0002-1138-2556; NR 4 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0043-1354 J9 WATER RES JI Water Res. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 36 IS 16 BP 4165 EP 4168 AR PII S0043-1354(02)00093-3 DI 10.1016/S0043-1354(02)00093-3 PG 4 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 604DM UT WOS:000178600700026 PM 12405426 ER PT J AU Ban, K Gharavi, H AF Ban, K Gharavi, H TI IEEE 802.11 FHSS receiver design for cluster-based multihop video communications SO WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS & MOBILE COMPUTING LA English DT Article DE wireless communications; IEEE 802.11; ad hoc networks; ITU-T H.263+; RTP (real-time transport protocol); video partitioning ID GMSK SIGNALS; PERFORMANCE; BAND AB Recently, we proposed an ad hoc, cluster-based, multihop network architecture for video communications using IEEE 802.11 FHSS (Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum) wireless LAN (WLAN) technology with 2GFSK (2-level Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying) modulation capable of I Mb s(-1) transmission. To increase the transmission rate to 2 Mb s(-1) for higher-quality video communications, we evaluated the performance of the IEEE 802.11 FHSS system when a 4GFSK modulation option is selected. Since the 2 Mb s(-1) system utilizing 4GFSK modulation is not very efficient in terms of Radio Frequency (RF) range, to improve its performance for multihop applications a combination of diversity and noncoherent Viterbi equalizer are considered. For video transmission, we employed a bitstream-splitting technique together with a packet-based error-protection strategy to combat packet drops under multipath fading conditions. The real-time transport protocol (RTP), user datagram protocol (UDP), and Internet protocol (IP) are used for video streaming. This includes an RTP packetization scheme to control the packet size and to improve the error-resilient decoding of the partitioned video signal. The paper includes the simulation results showing the effects of the receiver design and diversity on the quality of the received video signals. Published in 2002 by John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gharavi, H (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr Stop 8920, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 13 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 1530-8669 J9 WIREL COMMUN MOB COM JI Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput. PD SEP PY 2002 VL 2 IS 6 BP 595 EP 605 DI 10.1002/wcm.85 PG 11 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Engineering; Telecommunications GA 609UV UT WOS:000178923700006 ER PT J AU Northway, MJ Popp, PJ Gao, RS Fahey, DW Toon, GC Bui, TP AF Northway, MJ Popp, PJ Gao, RS Fahey, DW Toon, GC Bui, TP TI Relating inferred HNO3 flux values to the denitrification of the 1999-2000 Arctic vortex SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID POLAR STRATOSPHERIC CLOUDS; WINTER STRATOSPHERE; CONDENSATION; PARTICLES AB Extensive populations of large HNO3-containing particles were observed in situ in the 1999-2000 Arctic winter vortex. Assuming nitric acid trihydrate (NAT) composition, the associated values of instantaneous gravitational flux of HNO3 are between 1.10(8) and 5.10(10) molec cm(-3) km day(-1) and are the largest ever derived from in situ measurements. The relationship between these observed populations and observed denitrification in the 1999-2000 Arctic vortex is developed using constraints of NAT formation and sedimentation. This analysis of the 1999-2000 winter provides a useful guide to interpreting future observations of polar stratospheric clouds and denitrification in the polar regions. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. RP NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM northway@al.noaa.gov RI Fahey, David/G-4499-2013; Gao, Ru-Shan/H-7455-2013 OI Fahey, David/0000-0003-1720-0634; NR 16 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD AUG 31 PY 2002 VL 29 IS 16 AR 1816 DI 10.1029/2002GL015000 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 622ET UT WOS:000179634100007 ER PT J AU Orsi, AH Smethie, WM Bullister, JL AF Orsi, AH Smethie, WM Bullister, JL TI On the total input of Antarctic waters to the deep ocean: A preliminary estimate from chlorofluorocarbon measurements SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article DE Antarctic; chlorofluorocarbon; inventory; production; deep; ocean ID LABRADOR SEA-WATER; NORTH-ATLANTIC; BOTTOM WATER; SOUTHERN-OCEAN; WEDDELL SEA; HYDROGRAPHIC SECTION; WILKES-LAND; SLOPE FRONT; CIRCULATION; STRATIFICATION AB [1] Deep ocean inventories of dissolved chlorofluorocarbon-11 (CFC-11) along representative sections off Antarctica provide the first estimate of the overall strength of all dense water sources in the Southern Ocean. Their formation rates are reported for three density layers that span the main water masses involved in the lower limb of the Thermohaline Circulation (THC). The bottom layer is supplied via sinking of Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) produced at a few continental shelves. The middle layer receives the offshore injection of ventilated Modified Circumpolar Deep Water (MCDW) produced along much of the lengthy Antarctic Slope Front. The top layer is ventilated by northward export of Antarctic Surface Water into the Upper Circumpolar Deep Water of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Average Southern Ocean inputs to the upper two layers of the deep ocean for the 1970-1990 period are derived on the basis of the CFC-11 distributions along meridional sections, the mean CFC-11 saturations of all water mass ingredients, and the inferred mixing leading to production of dense source waters. About 5.4 +/- 1.7 Sv (1 SV-10(6) m(3)s(-1)) of near-freezing Shelf Water ventilate the bottom layer, and 4.7 +/- 1.7 Sv and 3.6 +/- 1.3 Sv of cold Antarctic Surface Water ventilate the middle and top layers. Therefore the total contribution of ventilated Southern Ocean waters to the lower limb of the global THC is about 14 Sv. This is close to the about 17 Sv estimated for North Atlantic near-surface sources from CFC-11 inventories. Their entrainment of 7.4 +/- 2.4 Sv of CFC-poor subsurface Lower Circumpolar Deep Water during the formation and sinking of AABW and MCDW raises the total Southern Ocean input to the deep ocean to about 21 Sv. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Oceanog, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. RP Orsi, AH (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Oceanog, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NR 42 TC 100 Z9 100 U1 1 U2 26 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD AUG 31 PY 2002 VL 107 IS C8 AR 3122 DI 10.1029/2001JC000976 PG 17 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 633YP UT WOS:000180312800003 ER PT J AU Wing, S Sibeck, DG Wiltberger, M AF Wing, S Sibeck, DG Wiltberger, M TI Geosynchronous magnetic field temporal response to solar wind and IMF variations SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE geosynchronous magnetic field; response lag time; IMF southward turning; pressure pulse; MHD-data comparisons; temporal response ID IONOSPHERIC CONVECTION; DYNAMIC PRESSURE; SOUTHWARD TURNINGS; MAGNETOSPHERE; PROPAGATION; ORBIT; POLAR; ELECTRODYNAMICS; MAGNETOPAUSE; DEPENDENCE AB We investigate the time-dependent response of the geosynchronous magnetic field to variations in the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) orientation and sudden changes in the solar wind dynamic pressure. Because IMF discontinuities drape about the magnetopause, we expect the response to southward IMF turnings to occur nearly simultaneously over a wide range of local times. By contrast, the pressure variations launched by solar wind tangential discontinuities aligned with the spiral IMF into the magnetosheath should keep pace with the solar wind and generally strike the postnoon magnetopause first. Consistent with these predictions, we find that the magnetospheric magnetic field strength begins to diminish at all dayside local times within 4 to 5 min following the estimated arrival time of southward IMF turnings at the subsolar magnetopause, and that the nightside field begins to reconfigure within 12 min. By contrast, the response to pressure variations generally appears some 2.2 min after the arrival of the discontinuity in the noon-dusk sector, 4.4 min later in the noon-dawn sector, and 8.8 min later on the nightside. C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. Dartmouth Coll, Dept Phys & Astron, Wilder Lab 6127, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. NOAA, RESE, Space Environm Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Wing, S (reprint author), Johns Hopkins Univ, Appl Phys Lab, 11100 Johns Hopkins Rd, Laurel, MD 20723 USA. RI Wiltberger, Michael/B-8781-2008; Sibeck, David/D-4424-2012 OI Wiltberger, Michael/0000-0002-4844-3148; NR 38 TC 31 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD AUG 31 PY 2002 VL 107 IS A8 AR 1222 DI 10.1029/2001JA009156 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 622FK UT WOS:000179635800003 ER PT J AU Dai, P Mook, HA Hayden, SM Hiess, A Lee, SH Dogan, F AF Dai, P Mook, HA Hayden, SM Hiess, A Lee, SH Dogan, F TI Magnetism and superconductivity in YBa2Cu3O6+x superconductors SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS B LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th Conference on Physical Phenomena at High Magnetic Filds CY OCT 19-25, 2001 CL SANTA FE, NEW MEXICO C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Phys & Astron, Knoxville, TN 37966 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Solid State, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Univ Bristol, HH Wills Phys Lab, Bristol BS8 1TL, Avon, England. Inst Max Von Laue Paul Langevin, F-38042 Grenoble, France. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Dai, P (reprint author), Univ Tennessee, Dept Phys & Astron, Knoxville, TN 37966 USA. RI Hayden, Stephen/F-4162-2011; Dai, Pengcheng /C-9171-2012 OI Hayden, Stephen/0000-0002-3209-027X; Dai, Pengcheng /0000-0002-6088-3170 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA JOURNAL DEPT PO BOX 128 FARRER ROAD, SINGAPORE 912805, SINGAPORE SN 0217-9792 J9 INT J MOD PHYS B JI Int. J. Mod. Phys. B PD AUG 30 PY 2002 VL 16 IS 20-22 BP 3147 EP 3147 DI 10.1142/S021797920201378X PG 1 WC Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter; Physics, Mathematical SC Physics GA 598WU UT WOS:000178300100060 ER PT J AU Bao, W Aeppli, G Christianson, AD Fisk, Z Hundley, MF Lacerda, AH Lynn, JW Pagliuso, PG Sarrao, JL Thompson, JD AF Bao, W Aeppli, G Christianson, AD Fisk, Z Hundley, MF Lacerda, AH Lynn, JW Pagliuso, PG Sarrao, JL Thompson, JD TI Magnetic properties of heavy fermion superconductors CeRhIn5 and Ce2RhIn8 SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS B LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th Conference on Physical Phenomena at High Magnetic Fields CY OCT 19-25, 2001 CL SANTA FE, NM ID CEIN3 AB Some recent neutron scattering works on CeRhIn5 and Ce2RhIn8, together with related resistivity and specific heat measurements, are summarized. In spite of its layered crystal structure, CeRhIn5 is shown to be 3 dimensional both magnetically and in transport. We also find that the Fisher-Langer behavior is closely followed in CeRhIn5. This may circumvent the Kondo lattice model and support applying established Fermi-liquid superconductivity theory to heavy fermion superconductors. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NEC Res, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. Florida State Univ, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Los Alamos Natl Lab, POB 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. RI Pagliuso, Pascoal/C-9169-2012; Bao, Wei/E-9988-2011; christianson, andrew/A-3277-2016 OI Bao, Wei/0000-0002-2105-461X; christianson, andrew/0000-0003-3369-5884 NR 22 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 7 PU WORLD SCIENTIFIC PUBL CO PTE LTD PI SINGAPORE PA 5 TOH TUCK LINK, SINGAPORE 596224, SINGAPORE SN 0217-9792 EI 1793-6578 J9 INT J MOD PHYS B JI Int. J. Mod. Phys. B PD AUG 30 PY 2002 VL 16 IS 20-22 BP 3244 EP 3249 DI 10.1142/S0217979202014073 PG 6 WC Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter; Physics, Mathematical SC Physics GA 598WU UT WOS:000178300100089 ER PT J AU Andreas, EL Guest, PS Persson, POG Fairall, CW Horst, TW Moritz, RE Semmer, SR AF Andreas, EL Guest, PS Persson, POG Fairall, CW Horst, TW Moritz, RE Semmer, SR TI Near-surface water vapor over polar sea ice is always near ice saturation SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article DE air-sea-ice interaction; humidity measurements; leads; polar marine boundary layer; SHEBA; water vapor ID RESCALING HUMIDITY SENSORS; WESTERN WEDDELL SEA; BOUNDARY-LAYER; TRANSFER-COEFFICIENTS; TEMPERATURES WELL; ENERGY EXCHANGE; ARCTIC-OCEAN; HEAT-FLUX; INVERSIONS; FORMULATION AB [1] During our yearlong participation in the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean experiment (SHEBA), we found the measured relative humidity, figured for saturation with respect to ice, to almost always be near 100%. Often, multiple humidity sensors even showed supersaturation. Four months of observations over sea ice in the Antarctic showed the same behavior. These frequent, ubiquitous, and reproducible measurements are too compelling to discount. We hypothesize that the high relative humidity is a consequence of plentiful water vapor given up by leads and polynyas. We thus develop a simple time-dependent vapor budget model that we solve analytically to assess the role of leads in supplying water vapor to the polar atmospheric boundary layer. The solution to that model shows that (1) because the polar marine boundary layer is generally thin, its timescale for reaching moisture equilibrium is much shorter than the timescale of the synoptic processes that tend to disrupt equilibrium, and (2) because they have relatively warm surfaces, open leads and polynyas supply water vapor more rapidly than the surrounding sea ice surface can remove it, despite an open water fractional area that may be only 5%. In concert, the two processes commonly lead to water vapor densities in the boundary layer over sea ice that are near the value for ice saturation. C1 USA, Cold Reg Res & Engn Lab, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. USN, Postgrad Sch, Dept Meteorol, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Univ Washington, Polar Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. RP Andreas, EL (reprint author), USA, Cold Reg Res & Engn Lab, 72 Lyme Rd, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. NR 59 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 3 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD AUG 30 PY 2002 VL 107 IS C10 AR 8033 DI 10.1029/2000JC000411 PG 15 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 633YD UT WOS:000180311700004 ER PT J AU Intrieri, JM Shupe, MD Uttal, T McCarty, BJ AF Intrieri, JM Shupe, MD Uttal, T McCarty, BJ TI An annual cycle of Arctic cloud characteristics observed by radar and lidar at SHEBA SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article DE lidar; radar; remote sensing; clouds; polar meteorology; climatology ID ICE; RADIATION; OCEAN; AVHRR; SEA AB [1] The temporal distributions of cloudiness, vertical distribution of cloud boundary heights, and occurrence of liquid phase in clouds are determined from radar and lidar data sets collected from October 1997 to October 1998 during the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean (SHEBA) project. The radar/lidar combination was necessary for comprehensive cloud detection over a variety of physical conditions and is significantly more detailed (5-9 s temporal resolution, 30-40 m vertical resolution) than measurements made by surface observers or satellites. The combined measurements revealed that clouds were almost continuously present, with an annual average occurrence of 85%, and displayed an overall annual trend of a cloudier summer and clearer winter. A monthly averaged cloud occurrence maximum of 97% was observed in September and a minimum of 63% was observed in February. Monthly averaged lowest cloud base heights were between 0.25 and 1.0 km above ground level (agl) and monthly averaged highest cloud top heights were between 2.5 and 5.5 km agl, and displayed no significant seasonal variation. The number of cloud layers was typically I or 2, with the summer months tending to be multilayered. The lidar utilized depolarization ratios to detect liquid water; the percentage of lidar-observed clouds containing liquid was 73% for the year. The least amount of liquid water phase was observed during December in 25% of the lidar-detected clouds and the maximum was observed during July in 95% of the lidar-detected clouds. Liquid was distributed in a combination of all-liquid and mixed phase clouds, and was detected at altitudes as high as 6.5 km agl and at temperatures as low as -34degreesC. C1 NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Sci & Technol Corp, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Intrieri, JM (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Sci & Technol Corp, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI McCarty, Brandi/H-5971-2013; Shupe, Matthew/F-8754-2011; Intrieri, Janet/D-5608-2015 OI Shupe, Matthew/0000-0002-0973-9982; NR 32 TC 72 Z9 73 U1 2 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD AUG 30 PY 2002 VL 107 IS C10 AR 8030 DI 10.1029/2000JC000423 PG 17 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 633YD UT WOS:000180311700001 ER PT J AU Bohnenstiehl, DR Tolstoy, M Dziak, RP Fox, CG Smith, DK AF Bohnenstiehl, DR Tolstoy, M Dziak, RP Fox, CG Smith, DK TI Aftershock sequences in the mid-ocean ridge environment: an analysis using hydroacoustic data SO TECTONOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE earthquake sequence; Omori law; endeavour segment; easter microplate; oceanic transform; normal fault ID TRANSFORM-FAULT ZONE; DE-FUCA RIDGE; EARTHQUAKE SOURCE PARAMETERS; LINK CLUSTER-ANALYSIS; EASTER MICROPLATE; VOLCANIC ACTIVITY; FRACTURE-ZONES; OMORI FORMULA; T-WAVES; SEISMICITY AB Hydroacoustic data from autonomous arrays and the U.S. Navy's Sound Surveillance System (SOSUS) provide an opportunity to examine the temporal and spatial properties of seismicity along portions of the slow-spreading Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR), intermediate-spreading Juan de Fuca Ridge (JdFR) and fast-spreading East Pacific Rise (EPR). Aftershock and foreshock events are selected from the hydroacoustic earthquake catalog using single-link cluster (SLC) analysis, with a combined space-time metric. In the regions examined, hydroacoustic data improve the completeness level of the earthquake catalog by similar to1.5-2.0 orders of magnitude, allowing the decay constant,p, of the modified Omori law (MOL) to be determined for individual sequences. A non-parametric goodness-of-fit test indicates six of the seven sequences examined are described well by a MOL model. The p-values obtained for individual ridge and transform sequences using hydroacoustic data are larger than that previously estimated from the analysis of a stacked sequence generated from teleseismic data. For three sequences along the Siqueiros, Discovery and western Blanco Transforms, p-values are estimated to be similar to0.94-1.29. The spatial distribution of aftershocks suggests that the mainshock rupture is constrained by intra-transform spreading centers at these locations. An aftershock sequence following a 7.1M(s) thrust event near the northern edge of the Easter Microplate exhibits p=1.02 +/- 0.11. Within the sequence, aftershocks are located to the north of a large topographic ridge, which may represent the surface expression of the shallow-dipping fault that ruptured during the mainshock. Two aftershock sequences near 24degrees25'N and 16degrees35'N on the MAR exhibit higher p-values, 1.74 +/- 0.23 and 2.37 +/- 1.65, although the latter estimate is not well constrained because of the small number of aftershocks. Larger p-values along the ridge crest might reflect a hotter thermal regime in this setting. Additional monitoring, however, will be needed to determine if p-value differences between the ridge and transform sequences are robust. A 1999 sequence on the Endeavour segment of the JdFR, which has been correlated with changes in the hydrothermal system, is described poorly by the MOL model. The failure of the MOL model, the anomalously large number of earthquakes within the sequence and absence of a clearly dominant mainshock are inconsistent with aftershock activity and the simple tectonic origin that has been proposed previously for this sequence. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. Oregon State Univ, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Marine Resources Studies, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Bohnenstiehl, DR (reprint author), Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, 61 Route 9W,Box 1000, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. RI Wright, Dawn/A-4518-2011 OI Wright, Dawn/0000-0002-2997-7611 NR 59 TC 59 Z9 59 U1 1 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0040-1951 J9 TECTONOPHYSICS JI Tectonophysics PD AUG 30 PY 2002 VL 354 IS 1-2 BP 49 EP 70 AR PII S0040-1951(02)00289-5 DI 10.1016/S0040-1951(02)00289-5 PG 22 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 595EG UT WOS:000178093400003 ER PT J AU Trainer, VL AF Trainer, VL TI Marine biology - Unveiling an ocean phantom SO NATURE LA English DT Editorial Material ID PFIESTERIA-PISCICIDA; FISH KILLS; DINOFLAGELLATE C1 NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Trainer, VL (reprint author), NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. NR 10 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 6 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD AUG 29 PY 2002 VL 418 IS 6901 BP 925 EP 926 DI 10.1038/418925a PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 588AP UT WOS:000177677500026 PM 12198528 ER PT J AU Schoeberl, MR Newman, PA Lait, LR McGee, TJ Burris, JF Browell, EV Grant, WB Richard, EC von der Gathen, P Bevilacqua, R Mikkelsen, IS AF Schoeberl, MR Newman, PA Lait, LR McGee, TJ Burris, JF Browell, EV Grant, WB Richard, EC von der Gathen, P Bevilacqua, R Mikkelsen, IS TI An assessment of the ozone loss during the 1999-2000 SOLVE/THESEO 2000 Arctic campaign SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE ozone loss; polar ozone; SOLVE ozone loss ID POLAR VORTEX; POTENTIAL VORTICITY; WINTER; STRATOSPHERE; DEPLETION; SYSTEM; MODEL AB Ozone observations from ozonesondes, the lidars aboard the DC-8, in situ ozone measurements from the ER-2, and satellite ozone measurements from Polar Ozone and Aerosol Measurement III (POAM) were used to assess ozone loss during the Sage III Ozone Loss and Validation Experiment (SOLVE) and Third European Stratospheric Experiment on Ozone (THESEO) 1999-2000 Arctic campaign. Two methods of analysis were used. In the first method a simple regression analysis of the data time series is performed on the ozonesonde and POAM measurements within the vortex. In the second method the ozone measurements from all available ozone data were injected into a free-running diabatic trajectory model and were carried forward in time from 1 December to 15 March. Vortex ozone loss was then estimated by comparing the ozone values of those parcels initiated early in the campaign with those parcels injected later in the campaign. Despite the variety of observational techniques used during SOLVE, the measurements provide a fairly consistent picture. Over the whole vortex the largest ozone loss occurs between 550 and 400 K potential temperatures (similar to23-16 km) with over 1.5 ppmv (similar to55%) lost by 15 March, the end of the SOLVE mission period. An ozone loss rate of 0.04-0.05 ppmv/day was computed for 15 March. The total column loss was between 44 and 57 DU or 11-15%. Ozonesondes launched after 15 March suggest that an additional 0.5 ppmv or more ozone was lost between 15 March and 1 April. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NASA, Div Atmospher Sci, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, Potsdam, Germany. USN, Res Lab, Remote Sensing Div, Washington, DC 20375 USA. Danish Meteorol Inst, Div Geophys, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark. RP Schoeberl, MR (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 916,Bldg 33,Room E311A, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI von der Gathen, Peter/B-8515-2009; Grant, William/B-8311-2009; Newman, Paul/D-6208-2012; McGee, Thomas/G-4951-2013 OI von der Gathen, Peter/0000-0001-7409-1556; Grant, William/0000-0002-1439-3285; Newman, Paul/0000-0003-1139-2508; NR 37 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0747-7309 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD AUG 28 PY 2002 VL 107 IS D20 AR 8261 DI 10.1029/2001JD000412 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 634XM UT WOS:000180367800001 ER PT J AU Testa, JW AF Testa, JW TI Does predation on neonates inherently select for earlier births? SO JOURNAL OF MAMMALOGY LA English DT Article DE birthing synchrony; juvenile mortality; predator-prey; predator swamping ID SOUTH-CENTRAL ALASKA; JUVENILE SURVIVAL; CALF MORTALITY; REPRODUCTIVE SYNCHRONY; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; MOUNTAIN SHEEP; NATIONAL-PARK; TAILED DEER; RED DEER; MOOSE AB I hypothesize that predation on newborn young represents a seasonal analog to time-lagged predator-prey cycles and can cause directional selection against late birthing. Newborn offspring represent an irruption of vulnerable prey to which predators can respond by adapting their search efforts to find and capture these prey. Those born early would be the 1st to achieve the size or mobility necessary to escape predators. Simple models of predation on moose calves were used to demonstrate how changes in predator efficiency as newborns appear, combined with a short period of offspring vulnerability, would produce selection against late birthing. Of the 9 published studies of mammals, 6 showed evidence of selection against late-born young that could be driven by predation on neonates. If true, this hypothesis has consequences for the way we interpret evidence for "predator swamping" and optimal birthing periods in mammals and other taxa with synchronous reproduction. C1 Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Anchorage, AK 99518 USA. RP Testa, JW (reprint author), US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Marine Mammals Management, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 1011 E Tudor Rd, Anchorage, AK 99503 USA. EM ward.testa@noaa.gov NR 37 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 6 PU ALLIANCE COMMUNICATIONS GROUP DIVISION ALLEN PRESS PI LAWRENCE PA 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0022-2372 J9 J MAMMAL JI J. Mammal. PD AUG 27 PY 2002 VL 83 IS 3 BP 699 EP 706 DI 10.1644/1545-1542(2002)083<0699:DPONIS>2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 589QD UT WOS:000177770800006 ER PT J AU Lin-Gibson, S Brunner, L Vanderhart, DL Bauer, BJ Fanconi, BM Guttman, CM Wallace, WE AF Lin-Gibson, S Brunner, L Vanderhart, DL Bauer, BJ Fanconi, BM Guttman, CM Wallace, WE TI Optimizing the covalent cationization method for the mass spectrometry of polyolefins SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID POLYETHYLENE; POLYMERS AB Previously a new method was introduced for the mass spectrometry of saturated polyolefins Whereby an organic cation is covalently bonded to the polymer to produce the necessary ionization for the creation of intact gas-phase macromolecules by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI).(1) In the present study that methodology was further optimized to produce mass spectra for higher molecular mass materials than had been achieved previously. NIST Standard Reference Material polyethylenes were extensively studied and found to give molecular masses that were systematically low, typically about two-thirds of the values determined classically. However, when comparison was made between conventional copper metal cationization of end-functionalized polybutadiene and the same material hydrogenated and subsequently covalently cationized, excellent agreement was found when the molecular mass distributions of these two materials were compared. Reasons for this discrepancy are explored and discussed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wallace, WE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 19 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0024-9297 J9 MACROMOLECULES JI Macromolecules PD AUG 27 PY 2002 VL 35 IS 18 BP 7149 EP 7156 DI 10.1021/ma020619g PG 8 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 588EQ UT WOS:000177688800056 ER PT J AU McGuirk, JM Lewandowski, HJ Harber, DM Nikuni, T Williams, JE Cornell, EA AF McGuirk, JM Lewandowski, HJ Harber, DM Nikuni, T Williams, JE Cornell, EA TI Spatial resolution of spin waves in an ultracold gas SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID TRANSPORT-PROPERTIES; POLARIZED GAS; BOSE-GAS; HYDROGEN; MIXTURES AB We present the first spatially resolved images of spin waves in a gas. The complete longitudinal and transverse spin field as a function of time and space is reconstructed. Frequencies and damping rates for a standing-wave mode are extracted and compared with theory. C1 Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Quantum Phys Div, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada. NIST, Div Electron & Opt Phys, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP McGuirk, JM (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Quantum Phys Div, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 25 TC 66 Z9 66 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD AUG 26 PY 2002 VL 89 IS 9 AR 090402 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.090402 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 585MR UT WOS:000177529000002 PM 12190382 ER PT J AU Ono, IK O'Hern, CS Durian, DJ Langer, SA Liu, AJ Nagel, SR AF Ono, IK O'Hern, CS Durian, DJ Langer, SA Liu, AJ Nagel, SR TI Effective temperatures of a driven system near jamming SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SOFT GLASSY MATERIALS; FOAM MECHANICS; BUBBLE-SCALE; RHEOLOGY; DYNAMICS; BEHAVIOR; MODEL AB Fluctuations in a model of a sheared, zero-temperature foam are studied numerically. Five different quantities that independently reduce to the true temperature in an equilibrium thermal system are calculated. One of the quantities is calculated up to an unknown coefficient. The other four quantities have the same value and all five have the same shear-rate dependence. These results imply that statistical mechanics is useful for the system even though it is far from thermal equilibrium. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Chem & Biochem, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Univ Chicago, James Franck Inst, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. NIST, Informat Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ono, IK (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Chem & Biochem, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. RI Durian, Douglas/D-7013-2012; O'Hern, Corey/I-3459-2014 OI Durian, Douglas/0000-0003-3240-2381; O'Hern, Corey/0000-0002-8272-5640 NR 19 TC 149 Z9 149 U1 2 U2 21 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD AUG 26 PY 2002 VL 89 IS 9 AR 095703 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.095703 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 585MR UT WOS:000177529000034 PM 12190414 ER PT J AU Stroud, CA Roberts, JM Williams, EJ Hereid, D Angevine, WM Fehsenfeld, FC Wisthaler, A Hansel, A Martinez-Harder, M Harder, H Brune, WH Hoenninger, G Stutz, J White, AB AF Stroud, CA Roberts, JM Williams, EJ Hereid, D Angevine, WM Fehsenfeld, FC Wisthaler, A Hansel, A Martinez-Harder, M Harder, H Brune, WH Hoenninger, G Stutz, J White, AB TI Nighttime isoprene trends at an urban forested site during the 1999 Southern Oxidant Study SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE urban air quality; pollution; isoprene; nitrate radical; oxidant; PTRMS ID DIFFERENTIAL OPTICAL-ABSORPTION; SOUTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; METHYL VINYL KETONE; OXIDATION-PRODUCTS; BIOGENIC HYDROCARBONS; BOUNDARY-LAYER; OZONE PRODUCTION; REGIONAL OZONE; CHEMISTRY; MPAN AB [1] Measurements of isoprene and its oxidation products, methacrolein, methyl vinyl ketone and peroxymethacrylic nitric anhydride, were conducted between 13 June and 14 July 1999, at the Cornelia Fort Airpark during the Nashville intensive of the Southern Oxidant Study. Trends in isoprene and its oxidation products showed marked variability from night-to-night. The reaction between isoprene and the nitrate radical was shown to be important to the chemical budget of isoprene and often caused rapid decay of isoprene mixing ratios in the evening. Trends in methacrolein, methyl vinyl ketone, and peroxymethacrylic nitric anhydride were steady during the evening isoprene decay period, consistent with their slow reaction rate with the nitrate radical. For cases when isoprene sustained and even increased in mixing ratio throughout the night, the observed isoprene oxidation rates via the hydroxyl radical, ozone, and the nitrate radical were all small. Sustained isoprene mixing ratios within the nocturnal boundary layer give a unique opportunity to capture hydroxyl radical photochemistry at sunrise as isoprene was observed to rapidly convert to its first stage oxidation products before vertical mixing significantly redistributed chemical species. The observed nighttime isoprene variability at urban, forested sites is related to a complex coupling between nighttime boundary layer dynamics and chemistry. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Innsbruck, Inst Ion Phys, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Atmospher Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Environm & Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Stroud, CA (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM cstroud@acd.ucar.edu; James.M.Roberts@noaa.gov; Eric.J.Williams@noaa.gov; dhereid@al.noaa.gov; Wayne.M.Angevine@noaa.gov; Fred.C.Fehsenfeld@noaa.gov; armin.wisthaler@uibk.ac.at; armin.hansel@uibk.ac.at; mxm86@psu.edu; HartwigHarder@psu.edu; brune@essc.psu.edu; Gerd.Hoenninger@iup.uni-heidelberg.de; jochen@atmos.ucla.edu; Allen.B.White@noaa.gov RI Roberts, James/A-1082-2009; Williams, Eric/F-1184-2010; Angevine, Wayne/H-9849-2013; Fehsenfeld, Frederick/I-4876-2013; White, Allen/A-7946-2009; Harder, Hartwig/L-2511-2014; Stutz, Jochen/K-7159-2014; Hansel, Armin/F-3915-2010 OI Roberts, James/0000-0002-8485-8172; Angevine, Wayne/0000-0002-8021-7116; Harder, Hartwig/0000-0002-6868-714X; Hansel, Armin/0000-0002-1062-2394 NR 31 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD AUG 24 PY 2002 VL 107 IS D16 AR 4291 DI 10.1029/2001JD000959 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 634EJ UT WOS:000180326800003 ER PT J AU Sorensen, M Ljokjel, K Storebakken, T Shearer, KD Skrede, A AF Sorensen, M Ljokjel, K Storebakken, T Shearer, KD Skrede, A TI Apparent digestibility of protein, amino acids and energy in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed a fish meal based diet extruded at different temperatures SO AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article DE rainbow trout; extrusion-temperature; digestibility ID SALMO-GAIRDNERI; SOYBEAN-MEAL; MINK; CHICKEN AB A fish meal/wheat flour based dry ingredient mix was extruded at three different temperatures (100, 125 and 150 degreesC), by varying extrusion conditions according to two different methods. Employing method 1, the temperature of the conditioner, torque, screw speed, pressure, feed rate and process water of the extruder were varied. Whereas in method 2, conditioner temperature and screw speed were kept constant, and the variation in process water input was restricted. The diets, which contained yttrium oxide as an inert maker, were fed to three replicate groups of rainbow trout. Feces for digestibility determination were obtained by stripping. The results showed that the differences in extrusion temperature caused no significant differences in apparent digestibilities of crude protein, individual amino acids or energy. The apparent digestibility of cysteine was significantly higher for diets produced by method 1 than by method 2. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Inst Aquaculture Res AS, AKVAFORSK, N-1432 As, Norway. Agr Univ Norway, Dept Anim Sci, N-1432 As, Norway. NOAA, NMFS, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Storebakken, T (reprint author), Inst Aquaculture Res AS, AKVAFORSK, N-1432 As, Norway. EM trond.storebakken@akvaforsk.nlh.no RI storebakken, trond/E-8050-2011 OI storebakken, trond/0000-0002-4525-2098 NR 27 TC 42 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0044-8486 J9 AQUACULTURE JI Aquaculture PD AUG 23 PY 2002 VL 211 IS 1-4 BP 215 EP 225 AR PII S0044-8486(01)00887-0 DI 10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00887-0 PG 11 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 588BL UT WOS:000177680500017 ER PT J AU Tuo, JS Jaruga, P Rodriguez, H Dizdaroglu, M Bohr, VA AF Tuo, JS Jaruga, P Rodriguez, H Dizdaroglu, M Bohr, VA TI The Cockayne syndrome group B gene product is involved in cellular repair of 8-hydroxyadenine in DNA SO JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID OXIDATIVELY DAMAGED DNA; TANDEM MASS-SPECTROMETRY; BASE EXCISION-REPAIR; COLI FPG PROTEIN; SUBSTRATE-SPECIFICITY; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; GLYCOSYLASE ACTIVITY; IONIZING-RADIATION; PUTATIVE HELICASES AB Cockayne syndrome (CS) is a human disease characterized by sensitivity to sunlight, severe neurological abnormalities, and accelerated aging. CS has two complementation groups, CS-A and CS-B. The CSB gene encodes the CSB protein with 1493 amino acids. We previously reported that the CSB protein is involved in cellular repair of 8-hydroxyguanine, an abundant lesion in oxidatively damaged DNA and that the putative helicase motif V/VI of the CSB may play a role in this process. The present study investigated the role of the CSB protein in cellular repair of 8-hydroxyadenine (8-OH-Ade), another abundant lesion in oxidatively damaged DNA. Extracts of CS-B-null cells and mutant cells with site-directed mutation in the motif VI of the putative helicase domain incised 8-hydroxyadenine in vitro less efficiently than wild type cells. Furthermore, CS-B-null and motif VI mutant cells accumulated more 8-hydroxyadenine in their genomic DNA than wild type cells after exposure to gamma-radiation at doses of 2 or 5 Gy. These results suggest that the CSB protein contributes to cellular repair of 8-OH-Ade and that the motif VI of the putative helicase domain of CSB is required for this activity. C1 NIA, Lab Mol Gerontol, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bohr, VA (reprint author), NIA, Lab Mol Gerontol, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA. RI Jaruga, Pawel/M-4378-2015 NR 48 TC 60 Z9 62 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3996 USA SN 0021-9258 J9 J BIOL CHEM JI J. Biol. Chem. PD AUG 23 PY 2002 VL 277 IS 34 BP 30832 EP 30837 DI 10.1074/jbc.M204814200 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 586JA UT WOS:000177579800056 PM 12060667 ER PT J AU Breit, M Gao, M von Plessen, G Lemmer, U Feldmann, J Cundiff, ST AF Breit, M Gao, M von Plessen, G Lemmer, U Feldmann, J Cundiff, ST TI Formation dynamics of layer-by-layer self-assembled films probed by second harmonic generation SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID RANDOM-SEQUENTIAL ADSORPTION; IN-SITU INVESTIGATIONS; MULTILAYER FORMATION; 2ND-HARMONIC GENERATION; MOLECULAR FILMS; SURFACE; POLYELECTROLYTES; DEPOSITION; INTERFACES; MONOLAYERS AB We investigate the formation dynamics of self-assembled polyelectrolyte multilayers on glass substrates by in situ and ex situ second harmonic generation (SHG) measurements and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The time dependence of the SHG signal during the adsorption process is attributed to a time dependent surface potential of the polyelectrolyte film. The dynamics can be quantitatively understood using a random sequential adsorption (RSA) model for the buildup of a film consisting of polyelectrolyte disks with polydisperse sizes. Differences between wet and dry films are also investigated. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Munich, Dept Phys, Photon & Optoelect Grp, D-80799 Munich, Germany. Univ Munich, CeNS, D-80799 Munich, Germany. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Breit, M (reprint author), Univ Munich, Dept Phys, Photon & Optoelect Grp, D-80799 Munich, Germany. RI Cundiff, Steven/B-4974-2009; Lemmer, Uli/F-8257-2012 OI Cundiff, Steven/0000-0002-7119-5197; Lemmer, Uli/0000-0001-9892-329X NR 37 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD AUG 22 PY 2002 VL 117 IS 8 BP 3956 EP 3960 DI 10.1063/1.1495839 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 582KZ UT WOS:000177351100047 ER PT J AU Ambjornsson, T Apell, SP Konkoli, Z Di Marzio, EA Kasianowicz, JJ AF Ambjornsson, T Apell, SP Konkoli, Z Di Marzio, EA Kasianowicz, JJ TI Charged polymer membrane translocation SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID NANOMETER-SCALE PORE; POLYNUCLEOTIDE MOLECULES; CHAIN; TRANSITION; NANOPORE; BARRIER AB We study the process of charged polymer translocation, driven by an external electric potential, through a narrow pore in a membrane. We assume that the number of polymer segments, m, having passed the entrance pore mouth, is a slow variable governing the translocation process. Outside the pore the probability that there is an end segment at the entrance pore mouth, is taken as the relevant parameter. In particular we derive an expression for the free energy as a function of m, F(m). F(m) is used in the Smoluchowski equation in order to obtain the flux of polymers through the pore. In the low voltage regime we find a thresholdlike behavior and exponential dependence on voltage. Above this regime the flux depends linearly on the applied voltage. At very high voltages the process is diffusion limited and the flux saturates to a constant value. The model accounts for all features of the recent experiments by Henrickson [Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 3057 (2000)] for the flux of DNA molecules through an alpha-hemolysin pore as a function of applied voltage. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics. C1 Chalmers Univ Technol, Dept Appl Phys, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden. Univ Gothenburg, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ambjornsson, T (reprint author), Chalmers Univ Technol, Dept Appl Phys, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden. RI Konkoli, Zoran/D-3668-2013; OI Konkoli, Zoran/0000-0002-5468-1388; Ambjornsson, Tobias/0000-0002-6439-8842 NR 21 TC 124 Z9 125 U1 2 U2 15 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD AUG 22 PY 2002 VL 117 IS 8 BP 4063 EP 4073 DI 10.1063/1.1486208 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 582KZ UT WOS:000177351100060 ER PT J AU Andrews, DH Gianola, AJ Lineberger, WC AF Andrews, DH Gianola, AJ Lineberger, WC TI On the photoelectron spectrum of AgO- SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID LASER PHOTODETACHMENT; NEGATIVE-IONS; X SYSTEM; SPECTROSCOPY; TRANSITION; ELECTRON; MOLECULES; ENERGIES; STATES; BAND C1 Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Lineberger, WC (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 26 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD AUG 22 PY 2002 VL 117 IS 8 BP 4074 EP 4076 DI 10.1063/1.1494979 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 582KZ UT WOS:000177351100061 ER PT J AU Misra, V Dirmeyer, PA Kirtman, BP Juang, HMH Kanamitsu, M AF Misra, V Dirmeyer, PA Kirtman, BP Juang, HMH Kanamitsu, M TI Regional simulation of interannual variability over South America SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE South America; low-level jet; interannual variability; regional climate; moisture budget ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; RANGE FORECAST MODEL; EL-NINO; MONTHLY PRECIPITATION; NORTHEAST BRAZIL; SPECTRAL MODEL; SOIL HYDROLOGY; OSCILLATION; ATLANTIC; CLIMATE AB [1] Three regional climate simulations covering the austral summer season during three contrasting phases of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation cycle were conducted with the Regional Spectral Model (RSM) developed at the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP). The simulated interannual variability of precipitation over the Amazon River Basin, the Intertropical Convergence Zone, the Pacific and Atlantic Ocean basins, and extratropical South America compare reasonably well with observations. The RSM optimally filters the peturbations about a time-varying base field, thereby enhancing the information content of the global NCEP reanalysis. The model is better than the reanalysis in reproducing the observed interannual variability of outgoing longwave radiation at both high frequencies (3-30 days) and intraseasonal (30-60 days) scales. The low-level jet shows a peak in its speed in 1998 and a minimum in the 1999 simulations. The lag correlation of the jet index with convection over various areas in continental South America indicates that the jet induces precipitation over the Pampas region downstream. A detailed moisture budget was conducted over various subregions. This budget reveals that moisture flux convergence determines most of the interannual variability of precipitation over the Amazon Basin, the Atlantic Intertropical Convergence Zone, and the Nordeste region of Brazil. However, both surface evaporation and surface moisture flux convergence were found to be critical in determining the interannual variability of precipitation over the southern Pampas, Gran Chaco area, and the South Atlantic Convergence Zone. C1 Inst Global Environm & Soc Inc, Ctr Ocean Land Atmosphere Studies, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Climate Predict Ctr, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Div Climate Res, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RP Misra, V (reprint author), Inst Global Environm & Soc Inc, Ctr Ocean Land Atmosphere Studies, 4041 Powder Mill Rd,Suite 302, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RI Dirmeyer, Paul/B-6553-2016 OI Dirmeyer, Paul/0000-0003-3158-1752 NR 28 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0747-7309 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD AUG 22 PY 2002 VL 107 IS D20 AR 8036 DI 10.1029/2001JD900216 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 634JP UT WOS:000180336500001 ER PT J AU Gadzuk, JW AF Gadzuk, JW TI On the detection of chemically-induced hot electrons in surface processes: from X-ray edges to schottky barriers SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B LA English DT Article ID LOCALIZED DYNAMIC PERTURBATIONS; HOLE-PAIR EXCITATIONS; METAL-SURFACES; STICKING PROBABILITY; EXCITED ELECTRONS; ATOM SCATTERING; EMISSION; COLLISIONS; MODEL; FEMTOCHEMISTRY AB The potential involvement of electron-hole pair excitations in atomic/molecular processes such as sticking/adsorption/dissociation at metal surfaces has long been debated, particularly by those previously involved with similar issues in electron spectroscopies of localized core levels in solids. Recent experiments have detected hot electrons produced as various gases were adsorbed on a thin metal film that formed a Schottky barrier with an n-type Si substrate upon which the film was deposited. Drawing upon analogies with spectroscopic processes leading to the X-ray edge singularity, a theoretical model for the electronically nonadiabatic effects is presented here that accounts for the observed hot electron production. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gadzuk, JW (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 76 TC 58 Z9 58 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1520-6106 J9 J PHYS CHEM B JI J. Phys. Chem. B PD AUG 22 PY 2002 VL 106 IS 33 BP 8265 EP 8270 DI 10.1021/jp025761y PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 584ND UT WOS:000177472800039 ER PT J AU Lee, SH Broholm, C Ratcliff, W Gasparovic, G Huang, Q Kim, TH Cheong, SW AF Lee, SH Broholm, C Ratcliff, W Gasparovic, G Huang, Q Kim, TH Cheong, SW TI Emergent excitations in a geometrically frustrated magnet SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID KAGOME LATTICE; PYROCHLORE ANTIFERROMAGNET; SPIN LIQUID; FLUCTUATIONS; TRANSITION; GLASS AB Frustrated systems are ubiquitous(1-3), and they are interesting because their behaviour is difficult to predict; frustration can lead to macroscopic degeneracies and qualitatively new states of matter. Magnetic systems offer good examples in the form of spin lattices, where all interactions between spins cannot be simultaneously satisfied(4). Here we report how unusual composite spin degrees of freedom can emerge from frustrated magnetic interactions in the cubic spinel ZnCr2O4. Upon cooling, groups of six spins self-organize into weakly interacting antiferromagnetic loops, whose directors-the unique direction along which the spins are aligned, parallel or antiparallel-govern all low-temperature dynamics. The experimental evidence comes from a measurement of the magnetic form factor by inelastic neutron scattering; the data show that neutrons scatter from hexagonal spin clusters rather than individual spins. The hexagon directors are, to a first approximation, decoupled from each other, and hence their reorientations embody the long-sought local zero energy modes for the pyrochlore lattice. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. RP Lee, SH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Broholm, Collin/E-8228-2011 OI Broholm, Collin/0000-0002-1569-9892 NR 20 TC 309 Z9 310 U1 12 U2 100 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD AUG 22 PY 2002 VL 418 IS 6900 BP 856 EP 858 DI 10.1038/nature00964 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 585YR UT WOS:000177555600032 PM 12192404 ER PT J AU Levin, PS Achord, S Feist, BE Zabel, RW AF Levin, PS Achord, S Feist, BE Zabel, RW TI Non-indigenous brook trout and the demise of Pacific salmon: a forgotten threat? SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE chinook salmon; population growth rate; habitat quality; endangered species; non-indigenous species ID CHINOOK SALMON; BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS; GLOBAL CHANGE; RIVER-BASIN; FISH; SURVIVAL; ECOLOGY; STREAMS; SNAKE; INTRODUCTIONS AB Non-indigenous species may be the most severe environmental threat the world now faces. Fishes, in particular, have been intentionally introduced worldwide and have commonly caused the local extinction of native fish. Despite their importance, the impact of introduced fishes on threatened populations of Pacific salmon has never been systemically examined. Here, we take advantage of several unique datasets from the Columbia River Basin to address the impact of non-indigenous brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis, on threatened spring/summer-run chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. More than 41 000 juvenile chinook were individually marked, and their survival in streams without brook trout was nearly double the survival in streams with brook trout. Furthermore, when brook trout were absent, habitat quality was positively associated with chinook survival, but when brook trout were present no relationship between chinook survival and habitat quality was evident. The difference in juvenile chinook survival between sites with, and without, brook trout would increase population growth rate (lambda) by ca. 2.5%. This increase in A would be sufficient to reverse the negative population growth observed in many chinook populations. Because many of the populations we investigated occur in wilderness areas, their habitat has been considered pristine; however, our results emphasize that non-indigenous species are present and may have a dramatic impact, even in remote regions that otherwise appear pristine. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Levin, PS (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM phil.levin@noaa.gov OI Feist, Blake/0000-0001-5215-4878 NR 60 TC 31 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 16 PU ROYAL SOC PI LONDON PA 6-9 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON SW1Y 5AG, ENGLAND SN 0962-8452 J9 P ROY SOC B-BIOL SCI JI Proc. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. PD AUG 22 PY 2002 VL 269 IS 1501 BP 1663 EP 1670 DI 10.1098/rspb.2002.2063 PG 8 WC Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 587EM UT WOS:000177627600005 PM 12204126 ER PT J AU Pieri, D Ma, C Simpson, JJ Hufford, G Grindle, T Grove, C AF Pieri, D Ma, C Simpson, JJ Hufford, G Grindle, T Grove, C TI Analyses of in-situ airborne volcanic ash from the February 2000 eruption of Hekla Volcano, Iceland SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SATELLITE-BASED TECHNIQUE; FAILURES AB [1] A McDonnell- Douglas DC-8 NASA research aircraft inadvertently flew into an airborne volcanic ash plume from the 26 February 2000 eruption of Hekla Volcano. Filter samples from the aircraft were compared with "normal use'' and "pristine clean'' filters using SEM, energy-dispersive x-ray spectrometer, and Nicolet FTIR spectrophotometer analyses. These analyses confirm that the DC-8 encountered airborne volcanic ash from Hekla Volcano. This result is supported by independent onboard heated aerosol observations at the time of the encounter. The analyses further demonstrate the ambiguous nature of the dual band thermal IR ("split window'') method for detecting volcanic ash from the point of view of aviation safety. They also highlight the utility of in situ aircraft filter-based observations of volcanic aerosols for scientific purposes. C1 CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. CALTECH, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Digital Image Anal Lab, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Natl Weather Serv, Anchorage, AK 99513 USA. NASA, Dryden Flight Res Ctr, Edwards AFB, CA 93523 USA. RP CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, M-S 183-501,4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. EM dave@lithos.jpl.nasa.gov; chi@gps.caltech.edu; jsimpson@ucsd.edu; gary.hufford@noaa.gov; thomas.grindle@mail.dfrc.nasa.gov; cindy@lithos.jpl.nasa.gov NR 11 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD AUG 21 PY 2002 VL 29 IS 16 AR 1772 DI 10.1029/2001GL013688 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 622DL UT WOS:000179631200002 ER PT J AU Wood, BE Karovska, M Raymond, JC AF Wood, BE Karovska, M Raymond, JC TI Analysis of H-2 emission from Mira B in ultraviolet spectra from the Hubble Space Telescope SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE accretion, accretion disks; binaries : close; stars : individual (o Ceti); stars : winds, outflows; ultraviolet : stars ID MOLECULAR-HYDROGEN; INTERSTELLAR-MEDIUM; EVOLVED STARS; FINAL ARCHIVE; O-CETI; WIND; VARIABLES; LYMAN; CO; DISSOCIATION AB We analyze Lyalpha fluoresced H-2 lines observed in the UV spectrum of Mira B. We identify 13 different sequences fluoresced by 13 different H-2 transitions within the Lyalpha line. The observed H-2 line ratios within these sequences imply significant line opacity, so we use a Monte Carlo radiative transfer code to model the line ratios, correcting for opacity effects. We find that the observed line ratios can best be reproduced by assuming that the H-2 is fluoresced in a layer between the observer and Mira B with a temperature and column density of T = 3600 K and log N(H-2) = 17.3, respectively. The strengths of H-2 absorption features within the Lyalpha line are roughly consistent with this temperature and column. We use the total flux fluoresced within the 13 sequences to infer the Lyalpha profile seen by the H-2. In order to explain differences between the shape of this and the observed profile, we have to assume that the observed profile suffers additional interstellar (or circumstellar) H I Lyalpha absorption with a column density of about log N (H I) = 20.35. We also have to assume that the observed pro le is about a factor of 2.5 lower in flux than the pro le seen by the H-2, and a couple of possible explanations for this behavior are presented. Several lines of evidence lead us to tentatively attribute the fluoresced emission to H-2 that is heated in a photodissociation front within Mira A's wind a few AU from Mira B, although it is possible that interaction between the winds of Mira A and B may also play a role in heating the H-2. We estimate a Mira B mass-loss rate of (M) over dot = 5 x 10(-13) M-. yr(-1) and a terminal velocity of V-infinity = 250 km s(-1), based on wind absorption features in the Mg II h and k lines. We note, however, that the wind is variable and IUE Mg II spectra suggest significantly higher mass-loss rates during the IUE era. C1 Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NIST, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Smithsonian Astrophys Observ, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RP Wood, BE (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 61 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD AUG 20 PY 2002 VL 575 IS 2 BP 1057 EP 1077 DI 10.1086/341478 PN 1 PG 21 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 583VF UT WOS:000177430600037 ER PT J AU Coakley, JA Tahnk, WR Jayaraman, A Quinn, PK Devaux, C Tanre, D AF Coakley, JA Tahnk, WR Jayaraman, A Quinn, PK Devaux, C Tanre, D TI Aerosol optical depths and direct radiative forcing for INDOEX derived from AVHRR: Theory SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE INDOEX; aerosols; aerosol optical depth; remote sensing of aerosols; radiative forcing of climate ID INDIAN-OCEAN EXPERIMENT; CALIBRATION COEFFICIENTS; NOAA AVHRR; ATMOSPHERE; ALGORITHM; SATELLITE; CHANNELS; MODEL AB [1] A scheme is presented for retrieving aerosol properties for ocean regions from reflected sunlight at both the visible and near infrared wavelengths measured by the NOAA advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR). For the Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX), aerosols were presumed to be a mixture of a continental haze that had small particles, contained soot, and absorbed sunlight, and a marine haze that had large particles and absorbed practically no sunlight. Because of the difference in particle sizes, the two aerosols reflect sunlight differently at visible and near infrared wavelengths. Reflectances at visible and near infrared wavelengths were thus used to determine mixing fractions for the continental and marine aerosols and the optical depth of the aerosol mixture. The fractions and optical depths along with the optical properties of the aerosols were then used in radiative transfer calculations to estimate the diurnally averaged top of the atmosphere and surface aerosol direct radiative forcing for ocean regions. Comparison of retrieved optical depths at visible and near infrared wavelengths with surface measurements revealed that several different retrieval schemes employing a variety of aerosol types provided comparable levels of agreement, but none of the aerosol models or retrieval schemes produced ratios of the near infrared to visible optical depths that agreed with the ratios obtained with the surface measurements. In estimating the top of the atmosphere radiative forcing, errors in the retrieved optical depths were in some cases found to be partially compensated by the effect of the aerosol on the radiative flux. For example, different aerosol models led to retrieved optical depths that differed by as much as 60%, but the top of the atmosphere forcing obtained with the models differed by less than 35% for cloud-free conditions. When aerosols absorb sunlight, there is no comparable compensation for the surface forcing. Cloud conditions contribute sizable uncertainties to estimates of the aerosol direct radiative forcing. For INDOEX, estimates of the aerosol direct radiative forcing for average cloud conditions were obtained by (1) setting the forcing to zero for all 1 1 latitude-longitude boxes that contained any amount of upper-level cloud; (2) ascribing to regions with upper-level clouds the radiative forcing obtained for regions having only low-level clouds and, (3) setting the forcing to zero for all regions containing upper-level clouds and all portions of regions overcast by low-level clouds. Relative differences in the extreme values for the top of the atmosphere aerosol direct radiative forcing were less than 50%, but for the surface, the relative differences of the extreme values reached 70%. C1 Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Phys Res Lab, Planetary Atmospher Sci Div, Ahmedabad 380009, Gujarat, India. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Sci & Technol Lille, CNRS, Opt Atmospher Lab, Villeneuve Dascq, France. RP Coakley, JA (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Ocean Adm 104, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RI Quinn, Patricia/R-1493-2016 OI Quinn, Patricia/0000-0003-0337-4895 NR 28 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0747-7309 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD AUG 20 PY 2002 VL 107 IS D19 AR 8009 DI 10.1029/2000JD000182 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 624JQ UT WOS:000179756900001 ER PT J AU Sheridan, PJ Jefferson, A Ogren, JA AF Sheridan, PJ Jefferson, A Ogren, JA TI Spatial variability of submicrometer aerosol radiative properties over the Indian Ocean during INDOEX SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE aerosol hygroscopic growth factor; f (RH); direct aerosol radiative forcing; aerosol optical properties; climate forcing; vertical profiles ID SCATTERING; NEPHELOMETER; CLOSURE; ACE-2 AB [1] In situ measurements of aerosol optical and hygroscopic properties were made over the Indian Ocean onboard the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) C-130 aircraft as part of the 1999 Intensive Field Phase (IFP) of the Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX). Research flights were conducted primarily in the Northern Hemisphere to the west and southwest (i.e., downwind) of the Indian subcontinent, although several flights crossed the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) into the much cleaner Southern Hemisphere air. The optical and hygroscopic properties of submicrometer aerosols were measured most of the time, although measurements on aerosol particles smaller than similar to3 mum have also been reported. Low-altitude (0-1 km altitude) measurements of the submicrometer aerosol light scattering coefficient (sp, adjusted to standard temperature and pressure) in the INDOEX pollution aerosol showed a median value of 53 Mm 1, which is a factor of similar to2-5 higher than the median values during polluted periods at remote North American marine/coastal sites but similar to those observed at rural U. S. stations during high-aerosol periods. Submicrometer light absorption coefficients were even higher compared with the North American measurements, at 4-23 times those median values. Single-scattering albedo (omega(0)) measurements showed that the Indian Ocean pollution aerosol was highly absorbing, with mean values at ambient relative humidity between 0.84 and 0.87 for low-altitude flight segments conducted in the Northern Hemisphere. The aerosol hygroscopic growth factor, defined as f(RH) = sigma(sp (RH= 85%)) /sigma(sp (RH=40%)), averaged 1.58 for flight segments below 1 km altitude and north of 5 degreesN. This is a substantially lower f (RH) than typically observed at midcontinent Northern Hemisphere sites, although it is nearly identical to that observed at these sites when aerosols were influenced by agricultural burning or dust episodes in the surrounding area. Aerosol optical properties over the Indian Ocean also showed significant variability in both the horizontal and the vertical on very short spatial and temporal scales. Cloud-free level flight segments of only similar to10-30-min duration showed a mean variability (standard deviation/mean) in the 1-min average ambient aerosol extinction coefficient of similar to18% and a mean difference between the lowest and the highest segment extinction measurement of 39%. Vertical profiles conducted over the Northern Hemisphere Indian Ocean showed two major types of profiles. One type showed nearly constant to decreasing aerosol scattering with increasing altitude, while the other type displayed elevated aerosol layers that did not appear to be associated with boundary layer aerosols and were occasionally separated from them by relatively clear layers. These intense elevated layers, which were present in 52% of all profiles, often showed scattering coefficients several times as large as those measured near the surface. A change in synoptic-scale circulation patterns halfway through the project may have caused more of these elevated decoupled layers to be observed during the second half of the IFP and may have caused them to be observed at higher altitudes. C1 NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Sheridan, PJ (reprint author), NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Jefferson, Anne/K-4793-2012; Ogren, John/M-8255-2015 OI Ogren, John/0000-0002-7895-9583 NR 24 TC 50 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0747-7309 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD AUG 20 PY 2002 VL 107 IS D19 AR 8011 DI 10.1029/2000JD000166 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 624JQ UT WOS:000179756900003 ER PT J AU Anderson, DL AF Anderson, DL TI Use of radioanalytical techniques at the US Food and Drug Administration. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, FDA Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 18 PY 2002 VL 224 MA 056-NUCL BP U93 EP U93 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 583RM UT WOS:000177422300486 ER PT J AU Antonucci, JM McDonough, WG Liu, DW Skrtic, D AF Antonucci, JM McDonough, WG Liu, DW Skrtic, D TI Effect of polymer matrices on methacrylate conversion and mechanical strength of bioactive composites based on amorphous calcium phosphate. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 18 PY 2002 VL 224 MA 407-POLY BP U431 EP U431 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 583RM UT WOS:000177422302282 ER PT J AU Antonucci, JM Fowler, BO Dickens, SH Richards, ND AF Antonucci, JM Fowler, BO Dickens, SH Richards, ND TI Novel dental resins from trialkoxysilanes and dental monomers by in situ formation of oligomeric silyl ethers and silsequioxanes. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymer, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Chicago, IL USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 18 PY 2002 VL 224 MA 336-POLY BP U406 EP U406 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 583RM UT WOS:000177422302211 ER PT J AU Babushok, VI Tsang, W AF Babushok, VI Tsang, W TI Kinetic modeling of high temperature heptane combustion. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 18 PY 2002 VL 224 MA 036-IEC BP U616 EP U616 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 583RL UT WOS:000177422203111 ER PT J AU Bardo, AM DeJong, ES Goldner, LS Marino, JP AF Bardo, AM DeJong, ES Goldner, LS Marino, JP TI Single molecule spectroscopic techniques for the characterization of individual RNA molecules and proteins. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 18 PY 2002 VL 224 MA 165-ANYL BP U138 EP U138 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 583RL UT WOS:000177422200590 ER PT J AU Blasie, JK Kneller, LR Majkrzak, CF AF Blasie, JK Kneller, LR Majkrzak, CF TI Neutron interferometry of vectorially-oriented single monolayers of membrane proteins & their artificial synthetic maquettes SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Penn, Dept Chem, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 18 PY 2002 VL 224 MA 123-PHYS BP U312 EP U312 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 583RM UT WOS:000177422301622 ER PT J AU Blevins, LG Yang, NYC Mulholland, GW Davis, RW Steel, EB AF Blevins, LG Yang, NYC Mulholland, GW Davis, RW Steel, EB TI Early soot from inverse diffusion flames. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Sandia Natl Labs, Combust Res Facil, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 18 PY 2002 VL 224 MA 135-FUEL BP U578 EP U578 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 583RL UT WOS:000177422202966 ER PT J AU Chase, B Rabolt, J Stranick, S Michaels, C AF Chase, B Rabolt, J Stranick, S Michaels, C TI Infrared spectrometry: Faster and smaller. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 DuPont Co Inc, DuPont Expt Stn, Corp Ctr Analyt Sci, Wilmington, DE 19880 USA. Univ Delaware, Newark, DE 19716 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 18 PY 2002 VL 224 MA 198-ANYL BP U143 EP U143 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 583RL UT WOS:000177422200623 ER PT J AU Cicerone, MT Tellington, A Trost, L Sokolov, A Caliskan, G AF Cicerone, MT Tellington, A Trost, L Sokolov, A Caliskan, G TI Increased protein stabilization in optimally plasticized glass. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Akron, Akron, OH 44325 USA. Brigham Young Univ, Dept Chem, Provo, UT 84602 USA. NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 18 PY 2002 VL 224 MA 164-BIOT BP U226 EP U226 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 583RL UT WOS:000177422201028 ER PT J AU Cole, KD Akerman, B AF Cole, KD Akerman, B TI Controlling electrophoretic trapping of circular DNA: Developments for improved analytical and preparative media. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Chalmers Univ Technol, Dept Phys Chem, S-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden. NIST, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20999 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 18 PY 2002 VL 224 MA 142-BIOT BP U222 EP U222 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 583RL UT WOS:000177422201006 ER PT J AU Currie, LA AF Currie, LA TI Detection and quantification limits: Basic concepts, international harmonization and outstanding issues. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 18 PY 2002 VL 224 MA 094-ENVR BP U532 EP U532 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 583RL UT WOS:000177422202710 ER PT J AU Davis, CH Karim, A Beers, KL Crosby, AJ Smith, AP Amis, EJ AF Davis, CH Karim, A Beers, KL Crosby, AJ Smith, AP Amis, EJ TI Polymer science at the NIST combinatorial methods center. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 18 PY 2002 VL 224 MA 166-PMSE BP U514 EP U514 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 583RM UT WOS:000177422302805 ER PT J AU Dickens, SH Antonucci, JM Fowler, BO AF Dickens, SH Antonucci, JM Fowler, BO TI Evaluation of the interactions of a silane agent with dental monomers by near infrared spectroscopy. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 18 PY 2002 VL 224 MA 410-POLY BP U431 EP U431 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 583RM UT WOS:000177422302285 ER PT J AU Douglas, JF Ferreiro, V Warren, J Karim, A AF Douglas, JF Ferreiro, V Warren, J Karim, A TI Observation of growth pulsations in polymer dendritic crystallization in thin PEO/PMMA blend films. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Lille, Lille, France. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 18 PY 2002 VL 224 MA 764-POLY BP U485 EP U485 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 583RM UT WOS:000177422302639 ER PT J AU Froyd, KD Lovejoy, ER AF Froyd, KD Lovejoy, ER TI Thermodynamic measurements of H2SO4/H2O molecular cluster ions. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Froyd, Karl/H-6607-2013 NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 18 PY 2002 VL 224 MA 232-PHYS BP U329 EP U329 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 583RM UT WOS:000177422301730 ER PT J AU Han, CC Wang, H Shimizu, K Kim, H Hobbie, EK Wang, ZG AF Han, CC Wang, H Shimizu, K Kim, H Hobbie, EK Wang, ZG TI Structure development from simultaneous phase separation and crystallization of metallocene polyolefin blends. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Wang, Zhigang/F-6136-2010; Hobbie, Erik/C-8269-2013 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 18 PY 2002 VL 224 MA 761-POLY BP U484 EP U484 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 583RM UT WOS:000177422302636 ER PT J AU Hapeman, CJ Pierpoint, AC AF Hapeman, CJ Pierpoint, AC TI Deactivation, disposal and vat management of Amitraz. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 USDA ARS, Environm Qual Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Miami, FL USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 18 PY 2002 VL 224 MA 062-ENVR BP U527 EP U527 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 583RL UT WOS:000177422202678 ER PT J AU Hedden, RC Bauer, BJ Lee, HJ Wu, WL AF Hedden, RC Bauer, BJ Lee, HJ Wu, WL TI Determination of closed pore content in nanoporous thin films by SANS contrast match. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 18 PY 2002 VL 224 MA 120-PMSE BP U507 EP U507 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 583RM UT WOS:000177422302761 ER PT J AU Holder, E Lakowicz, JR DiCesare, N Briggman, K Gryczynski, I Malicka, J Shen, YB Gryczynski, Z AF Holder, E Lakowicz, JR DiCesare, N Briggman, K Gryczynski, I Malicka, J Shen, YB Gryczynski, Z TI Intensified fluorescence by metal modified radiative rates. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Maryland, Sch Med, Ctr Fluorescence Spect, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. NIST, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Holder, Elisabeth/C-9741-2011 OI Holder, Elisabeth/0000-0002-0478-4119 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 18 PY 2002 VL 224 MA 318-PHYS BP U343 EP U343 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 583RM UT WOS:000177422301815 ER PT J AU Jiang, YL Song, FH Stivers, JT AF Jiang, YL Song, FH Stivers, JT TI Electrostatic stabilization of an oxacarbenium ion by uracil DNA glycosylase. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol & Mol Sci, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Univ Maryland, Inst Biotechnol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NIST, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 18 PY 2002 VL 224 MA 140-BIOL BP U177 EP U177 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 583RL UT WOS:000177422200819 ER PT J AU Kennedy, SW Washburn, N Sehgal, A Karim, A Amis, EJ AF Kennedy, SW Washburn, N Sehgal, A Karim, A Amis, EJ TI Combinatorial assay of cells on topographically patterned surfaces. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 18 PY 2002 VL 224 MA 236-BIOT BP U237 EP U237 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 583RL UT WOS:000177422201100 ER PT J AU Krueger, S AF Krueger, S TI Structure and function of biological macromolecules in solution: SANS experimental methods. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 18 PY 2002 VL 224 MA 171-PHYS BP U320 EP U320 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 583RM UT WOS:000177422301669 ER PT J AU Landis, FA Moore, RB Page, KA Han, CC AF Landis, FA Moore, RB Page, KA Han, CC TI SAXS analysis of the thermal relaxation behavior of oriented perfluorosulfonate ionomer membranes SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ So Mississippi, Dept Polymer Sci, Hattiesburg, MS 39406 USA. RI Moore, Robert/E-9619-2011 OI Moore, Robert/0000-0001-9057-7695 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 18 PY 2002 VL 224 MA 272-PMSE BP U531 EP U531 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 583RM UT WOS:000177422302911 ER PT J AU Lee, HJ Soles, CL Liu, DW Bauer, BJ Wu, WL AF Lee, HJ Soles, CL Liu, DW Bauer, BJ Wu, WL TI X-ray reflectivity as a metrology to characterize pore size distributions in low-K dielectric films. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 18 PY 2002 VL 224 MA 119-PMSE BP U507 EP U507 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 583RM UT WOS:000177422302760 ER PT J AU Lenhart, JL Lin, EK Soles, CL Jones, RL Wu, WL Fischer, DA Sambasivan, S Goldfarb, D Angelopoulos, M AF Lenhart, JL Lin, EK Soles, CL Jones, RL Wu, WL Fischer, DA Sambasivan, S Goldfarb, D Angelopoulos, M TI Probing surface and bulk deprotection in resist films using NEXAFS. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 18 PY 2002 VL 224 MA 094-PMSE BP U503 EP U503 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 583RM UT WOS:000177422302735 ER PT J AU Lin, EK Wu, WL AF Lin, EK Wu, WL TI High-resolution measurements of the lithographic process with neutrons and X-rays: From understanding physical phenomena to structural characterization. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 18 PY 2002 VL 224 MA 093-PMSE BP U503 EP U503 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 583RM UT WOS:000177422302734 ER PT J AU Lin-Gibson, S Pathak, JA Schmidt, G Han, CC AF Lin-Gibson, S Pathak, JA Schmidt, G Han, CC TI Rheology of poly(ethylene oxide)/clay solutions. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Louisiana State Univ, Dept Chem, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 18 PY 2002 VL 224 MA 237-PMSE BP U525 EP U526 PN 2 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 583RM UT WOS:000177422302876 ER PT J AU Lin-Gibson, S Brunner, L VanderHart, DL Bauer, BJ Fanconi, BM Guttman, CM Wallace, WE AF Lin-Gibson, S Brunner, L VanderHart, DL Bauer, BJ Fanconi, BM Guttman, CM Wallace, WE TI MALDI MS characterization of covalent cationized polyethylene SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 18 PY 2002 VL 224 MA 218-POLY BP U389 EP U389 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 583RM UT WOS:000177422302094 ER PT J AU Linstrom, PJ AF Linstrom, PJ TI Combining heterogeneous physical property data sets. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 18 PY 2002 VL 224 MA 037-CINF BP U344 EP U344 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 583RL UT WOS:000177422201672 ER PT J AU Lovejoy, ER Froyd, KD Curtius, J AF Lovejoy, ER Froyd, KD Curtius, J TI Measurements of cluster ion thermodynamics relevant to atmospheric nucleation. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Mainz, Inst Phys Atmosphare, D-6500 Mainz, Germany. Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO USA. RI Curtius, Joachim/A-2681-2011; Froyd, Karl/H-6607-2013 OI Curtius, Joachim/0000-0003-3153-4630; NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 18 PY 2002 VL 224 MA 343-PHYS BP U347 EP U347 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 583RM UT WOS:000177422301840 ER PT J AU Mackey, EA Oflaz, RD Wise, SA AF Mackey, EA Oflaz, RD Wise, SA TI Neutron activation analysis of marine mammal liver tissues for the national biomonitoring specimen bank. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 18 PY 2002 VL 224 MA 106-ENVR BP U534 EP U534 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 583RL UT WOS:000177422202722 ER PT J AU Matsuba, G Shimizu, K Wang, H Wang, ZG Han, CC AF Matsuba, G Shimizu, K Wang, H Wang, ZG Han, CC TI Correlation between phase separation and crystallization in poly(ethylene-co-hexene) and poly(ethylene-co-octene). SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Wang, Zhigang/F-6136-2010 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 18 PY 2002 VL 224 MA 206-PMSE BP U521 EP U521 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 583RM UT WOS:000177422302845 ER PT J AU Migler, KB Pathak, JA Hudson, SD AF Migler, KB Pathak, JA Hudson, SD TI Structure formation in micro-confined polymeric emulsions. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, Div Polymer, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 18 PY 2002 VL 224 MA 682-POLY BP U472 EP U472 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 583RM UT WOS:000177422302557 ER PT J AU Neta, P Behar, D Grodkowski, J AF Neta, P Behar, D Grodkowski, J TI Pulse radiolysis studies of reaction kinetics in ionic liquids. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 18 PY 2002 VL 224 MA 165-IEC BP U635 EP U635 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 583RL UT WOS:000177422203240 ER PT J AU Ozensoy, E Hess, C Meier, D Goodman, DW AF Ozensoy, E Hess, C Meier, D Goodman, DW TI In-situ infrared spectroscopic investigation of CO and NO adsorption on Pd(111) at quasi-atmospheric pressures. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Chem, College Stn, TX 77842 USA. NIST, Proc Measurements Grp, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 18 PY 2002 VL 224 MA 134-COLL BP U417 EP U417 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 583RL UT WOS:000177422202082 ER PT J AU Percec, V Dulcey, AE Miura, Y Edlund, U Balagurusamy, VSK Hudson, SD Duan, H Heiney, PA AF Percec, V Dulcey, AE Miura, Y Edlund, U Balagurusamy, VSK Hudson, SD Duan, H Heiney, PA TI Solvophobically driven self-assembly of chiral supramolecular dendrimers. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Penn, Dept Chem, Roy & Diana Vagelos Labs, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Nagoya Univ, Grad Sch Engn, Dept Mol Design & Engn, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan. Royal Inst Technol, Dept Polymer Technol, Stockholm, Sweden. Univ Penn, Dept Phys & Astron, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD USA. EM percec@sas.upenn.edu; dulcey@sas.upenn.edu RI Percec, Virgil/H-6316-2014 OI Percec, Virgil/0000-0001-5926-0489 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 18 PY 2002 VL 224 MA 566-POLY BP U455 EP U455 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 583RM UT WOS:000177422302441 ER PT J AU Percec, V Dulcey, AE Miura, Y Edlund, U Glodde, M Bera, TK Rudick, JG Balagurusamy, VSK Hudson, SD Heiney, PA AF Percec, V Dulcey, AE Miura, Y Edlund, U Glodde, M Bera, TK Rudick, JG Balagurusamy, VSK Hudson, SD Heiney, PA TI Self-assembling dendrons as biological mimics to investigate the origins of order and chirality. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Penn, Dept Chem, Roy & Diana Vagelos Labs, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Nagoya Univ, Dept Mol Design & Engn, Grad Sch Engn, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan. Royal Inst Technol, Dept Polymer Technol, S-10044 Stockholm, Sweden. NIST, Polymers Div, Gaithersburg, MD USA. Univ Penn, Dept Phys & Astron, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. EM percec@sas.upenn.edu RI Percec, Virgil/H-6316-2014 OI Percec, Virgil/0000-0001-5926-0489 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 18 PY 2002 VL 224 MA 022-POLY BP U360 EP U361 PN 2 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 583RM UT WOS:000177422301900 ER PT J AU Pivovar, AM Tarek, M AF Pivovar, AM Tarek, M TI Dynamic behavior of several cytochrome C structural states. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Henri Poincare, Chim Theor Lab, Vandoeuvre Les Nancy, France. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 18 PY 2002 VL 224 MA 075-PHYS BP U305 EP U305 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 583RM UT WOS:000177422301575 ER PT J AU Prabhu, VM Jones, R Lin, EK Lenhart, JL Soles, CL Wu, WL Goldfarb, DL Angelopoulos, M AF Prabhu, VM Jones, R Lin, EK Lenhart, JL Soles, CL Wu, WL Goldfarb, DL Angelopoulos, M TI Reaction front induced roughness in developed chemically amplified photoresists. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. IBM Corp, Div Res, TJ Watson Res Ctr, Yorktown Hts, NY 10598 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 18 PY 2002 VL 224 MA 095-PMSE BP U503 EP U503 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 583RM UT WOS:000177422302736 ER PT J AU Ravishankara, AR AF Ravishankara, AR TI Chemistry in the global troposphere: From climate to regional air quality. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NOAA, Skaggs Res Ctr, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 18 PY 2002 VL 224 MA 087-PHYS BP U307 EP U307 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 583RM UT WOS:000177422301587 ER PT J AU Rosen, S Lovejoy, ER Froyd, KD Curtius, J AF Rosen, S Lovejoy, ER Froyd, KD Curtius, J TI Studies of the HSO4-(H2SO4)(X)SO3 cluster ions: Kinetics, thermodynamics, and ab initio calculations. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Studies, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Studies, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Mainz, Inst Atmospher Phys, D-6500 Mainz, Germany. RI Curtius, Joachim/A-2681-2011; Froyd, Karl/H-6607-2013 OI Curtius, Joachim/0000-0003-3153-4630; NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 18 PY 2002 VL 224 MA 234-PHYS BP U329 EP U329 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 583RM UT WOS:000177422301732 ER PT J AU Rumble, JR AF Rumble, JR TI Chemical information careers in the government. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Off Measurement Serv, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 18 PY 2002 VL 224 MA 098-CINF BP U353 EP U353 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 583RL UT WOS:000177422201731 ER PT J AU Rumble, JR AF Rumble, JR TI Copyright and the EU database directive: Issues for chemistry. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, Off Measurement Serv, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 18 PY 2002 VL 224 MA 073-CINF BP U349 EP U349 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 583RL UT WOS:000177422201706 ER PT J AU Ryerson, T AF Ryerson, T TI Airborne observations of power plant, urban, and petrochemical emissions effects on tropospheric ozone photochemistry. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Tropospher Chem Grp, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 18 PY 2002 VL 224 MA 084-PHYS BP U307 EP U307 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 583RM UT WOS:000177422301584 ER PT J AU Sandahl, JF Baldwin, DH Scholz, NL Jenkins, JJ AF Sandahl, JF Baldwin, DH Scholz, NL Jenkins, JJ TI Electrophysiological measures of copper neurotoxicity in COHO salmon. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Oregon State Univ, Dept Environm & Mol Toxicol, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. NOAA, NMFS, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Miami, FL USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 18 PY 2002 VL 224 MA 044-AGRO BP U103 EP U103 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 583RL UT WOS:000177422200381 ER PT J AU Shimizu, K Wang, H Wang, ZG Matsuba, G Han, CC AF Shimizu, K Wang, H Wang, ZG Matsuba, G Han, CC TI Phase behavior in polyolefin blend. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 18 PY 2002 VL 224 MA 207-PMSE BP U521 EP U521 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 583RM UT WOS:000177422302846 ER PT J AU Stafford, CM Harrison, C Karim, A Amis, EJ AF Stafford, CM Harrison, C Karim, A Amis, EJ TI Measuring the modulus of polymer films by strain-induced buckling instabilities SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 18 PY 2002 VL 224 MA 220-POLY BP U389 EP U389 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 583RM UT WOS:000177422302096 ER PT J AU Stanley, HE Buldyrev, SV Franzese, G Giovambattista, N La Nave, E Malescio, G Scala, A Sciortino, F Skibininsky, A Starr, FW AF Stanley, HE Buldyrev, SV Franzese, G Giovambattista, N La Nave, E Malescio, G Scala, A Sciortino, F Skibininsky, A Starr, FW TI Slow dynamics and the liquid-liquid phase transition in water. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Boston Univ, Ctr Polymer Studies, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Univ Messina, Dept Phys, Messina, Italy. Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento Fis, I-00185 Rome, Italy. NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD USA. RI Sciortino, Francesco/B-4768-2012; Starr, Francis/C-7703-2012; Giovambattista, Nicolas/I-4369-2015; Buldyrev, Sergey/I-3933-2015; Scala, Antonio/A-2098-2012; Franzese, Giancarlo/A-9655-2009 OI Giovambattista, Nicolas/0000-0003-1149-0693; Scala, Antonio/0000-0002-3414-2686; Franzese, Giancarlo/0000-0003-3006-2766 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 18 PY 2002 VL 224 MA 102-COLL BP U412 EP U412 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 583RL UT WOS:000177422202050 ER PT J AU Stranick, SJ Chase, B Michaels, C AF Stranick, SJ Chase, B Michaels, C TI Near-field microscopies for chemical and material analysis on the nanoscale. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. DuPont Co Inc, Corp Ctr Analyt Sci, Wilmington, DE 19898 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 18 PY 2002 VL 224 MA 225-PMSE BP U524 EP U524 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 583RM UT WOS:000177422302864 ER PT J AU Teetsov, JA Howard, ME Satterfield, M AF Teetsov, JA Howard, ME Satterfield, M TI History of the tellurium chapter of Iota Sigma Pi at University of Texas at Austin. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Gen Elect Global Res & Dev, Combinatorial Chem & Characterizat Technol, Niskayuna, NY 12204 USA. SE Louisiana Univ, Dept Chem & Phys, Hammond, LA 70402 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 18 PY 2002 VL 224 MA 019-HIST BP U596 EP U596 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 583RL UT WOS:000177422203058 ER PT J AU Tsang, W AF Tsang, W TI Some issues on the development of detailed kinetic models for pah formation from heptane combustion. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 18 PY 2002 VL 224 MA 149-FUEL BP U580 EP U580 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 583RL UT WOS:000177422202980 ER PT J AU Zhou, J Deyhim, A Krueger, S Gregurick, S AF Zhou, J Deyhim, A Krueger, S Gregurick, S TI Small angle neutron scattering studies of PNA & DNA systems. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 UMBC, Dept Chem & Biochem, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD AUG 18 PY 2002 VL 224 MA 262-PHYS BP U334 EP U334 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 583RM UT WOS:000177422301760 ER PT J AU Cooke, WF Ramaswamy, V Kasibhatla, P AF Cooke, WF Ramaswamy, V Kasibhatla, P TI A general circulation model study of the global carbonaceous aerosol distribution SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE carbonaceous aerosol; sensitivity studies; aerosol scavenging ID LONG-RANGE TRANSPORT; BLACK CARBON; ELEMENTAL CARBON; UNITED-STATES; SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS; PARTICULATE CARBON; RADIATIVE IMPACT; ORGANIC-CARBON; NOVA-SCOTIA; SOOT AB [1] Atmospheric distributions of carbonaceous aerosols are simulated using the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory SKYHI general circulation model (GCM) (latitude-longitude resolution of similar to3degrees x 3.6degrees). A number of systematic analyses are conducted to investigate the seasonal and interannual variability of the concentrations at specific locations and to investigate the sensitivity of the distributions to various physical parameters. Comparisons are made with several observational data sets. At four specific sites (Mace Head, Mauna Loa, Sable Island, and Bondville) the monthly mean measurements of surface concentrations of black carbon made over several years reveal that the model simulation registers successes as well as failures. Comparisons are also made with averages of measurements made over varying time periods, segregated by geography and rural/remote locations. Generally, the mean measured remote surface concentrations exceed those simulated. Notwithstanding the large variability in measurements and model simulations, the simulations of both black and organic carbon tend to be within about a factor of 2 at a majority of the sites. There are major challenges in conducting comparisons with measurements due to inadequate sampling at some sites, the generally short length of the observational record, and different methods used for estimating the black and organic carbon amounts. The interannual variability in the model and in the few such measurements available points to the need for doing multiyear modeling and to the necessity of comparing with long-term measurements. There are very few altitude profile measurements; notwithstanding the large uncertainties, the present comparisons suggest an overestimation by the model in the free troposphere. The global column burdens of black and organic carbon in the present standard model integration are lower than in previous studies and thus could be regarded as approximately bracketing a lower end of the simulated anthropogenic burden due to these classes of aerosols, based on the current understanding of the carbonaceous aerosol cycle. Of the physical factors examined, the intensity and frequency of precipitation events are critical in governing the column burdens. Biases in the frequency of precipitation are likely the single biggest cause of discrepancies between simulation and observations. This parameter is available from very few sites and thus lacks a comprehensive global data set, unlike, say, monthly mean precipitation. Several multiyear GCM integrations have been performed to evaluate the sensitivity of the global mean black carbon distribution to the principal aerosol parameters, with due regard to variability and statistical significance. The most sensitive parameters, in order of importance, turn out to be the wet deposition, transformation from hydrophobic to hydrophilic state, and the partitioning of the emitted aerosol between the hydrophobic and hydrophilic varieties. From the sensitivity tests, it is estimated that the variations of the global mean column burden and lifetime of black carbon are within about a factor of 2 about their respective standard values. The studies also show that the column burdens over remote regions appear to be most sensitive to changes in each parameter, reiterating the importance of measurements in those locations for a proper evaluation of model simulation of these aerosols. C1 Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, Durham, NC 27708 USA. Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Cooke, WF (reprint author), Duke Univ, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, Box 90328, Durham, NC 27708 USA. RI Kasibhatla, Prasad/A-2574-2010; OI Kasibhatla, Prasad/0000-0003-3562-3737 NR 61 TC 66 Z9 69 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0747-7309 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD AUG 17 PY 2002 VL 107 IS D16 AR 4279 DI 10.1029/2001JD001274 PG 32 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 622HA UT WOS:000179639900004 ER PT J AU Hoffman, JE McElroy, K Lee, DH Lang, KM Eisaki, H Uchida, S Davis, JC AF Hoffman, JE McElroy, K Lee, DH Lang, KM Eisaki, H Uchida, S Davis, JC TI Imaging quasiparticle interference in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+delta SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID SCANNING TUNNELING SPECTROSCOPY; SUPERCONDUCTING GAP ANISOTROPY; FERMI CONTOUR; SURFACE; STATE; SCATTERING; ELECTRONS; DENSITY AB Scanning tunneling spectroscopy of the high-T-c superconductor Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+delta reveals weak, incommensurate, spatial modulations in the tunneling conductance. Images of these energy-dependent modulations are Fourier analyzed to yield the dispersion of their wavevectors. Comparison of the dispersions with photoemission spectroscopy data indicates that quasiparticle interference, due to elastic scattering between characteristic regions of momentum-space, provides a consistent explanation for the conductance modulations, without appeal to another order parameter. These results refocus attention on quasiparticle scattering processes as potential explanations for other incommensurate phenomena in the cuprates. The momentum-resolved tunneling spectroscopy demonstrated here also provides a new technique with which to study quasiparticles in correlated materials. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Electromagnet Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Appl Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Agcy Ind Sci & Technol, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058568, Japan. Univ Tokyo, Dept Superconduct, Tokyo 1138656, Japan. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Mat Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Davis, JC (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Hoffman, Jennifer/H-4334-2011; mcelroy, kyle/D-1816-2013 OI Hoffman, Jennifer/0000-0003-2752-5379; NR 29 TC 383 Z9 386 U1 5 U2 51 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD AUG 16 PY 2002 VL 297 IS 5584 BP 1148 EP 1151 DI 10.1126/science.1072640 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 584BP UT WOS:000177447600039 PM 12142440 ER PT J AU Tjernberg, LO Tjernberg, A Bark, N Shi, Y Ruzsicska, BP Bu, ZM Thyberg, J Callaway, DJE AF Tjernberg, LO Tjernberg, A Bark, N Shi, Y Ruzsicska, BP Bu, ZM Thyberg, J Callaway, DJE TI Assembling amyloid fibrils from designed structures containing a significant amyloid beta-peptide fragment SO BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE Alzheimer's disease; beta-sheet; electron microscopy; molecular modelling; pair correlation ID X-RAY-DIFFRACTION; SOLID-STATE NMR; ALZHEIMERS-DISEASE; SECONDARY STRUCTURE; CELL-CULTURE; CONGO RED; PROTEIN; NEUROTOXICITY; ANTIPARALLEL; AGGREGATION AB The amyloid plaque, consisting of amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta) fibrils surrounded by dystrophic neurites, is an invariable feature of Alzheimer's disease. The determination of the molecular structure of Abeta fibrils is a significant goal that may lead to the structure-based design of effective therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease. Technical challenges have thus far rendered this goal impossible. In the present study, we develop an alternative methodology. Rather than determining the structure directly, we design conformationally constrained peptides and demonstrate that only certain 'bricks' can aggregate into fibrils morphologically identical to A/beta fibrils. The designed peptides include variants of a decapeptide fragment of Abeta, previously shown to be one of the smallest peptides that (1) includes a pentapeptide sequence necessary for Abeta Abeta binding and aggregation and (2) can form fibrils indistinguishable from those formed by full-length Abeta. The secondary structure of these bricks is monitored by CD spectroscopy, and electron microscopy is used to study the morphology of the aggregates formed. We then made various residue deletions and substitutions to determine which structural features are essential for fibril formation. From the constraints, statistical analysis of side-chain pair correlations in beta-sheets and experimental data, we deduce a detailed model of the peptide strand alignment in fibrils formed by these bricks. Our results show that the constrained decapeptide dimers rapidly form an intramolecular, antiparallel beta-sheet and polymerize into amyloid fibrils at low concentrations. We suggest that the formation of an exposed beta-sheet (e.g. an Abeta dimer formed by interaction in the decapeptide region) could be a rate-limiting step in fibril formation. A theoretical framework that explains the results is presented in parallel with the data. C1 N Shore LIJ Res Inst, Manhasset, NY 11030 USA. Karolinska Inst, NEUROTEC, S-14186 Huddinge, Sweden. Biovitrum, Dept Struct Chem, S-11287 Stockholm, Sweden. Karolinska Inst, Dept Clin Neurosci CMM L8 01, S-17176 Stockholm, Sweden. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Karolinska Inst, Med Nobel Inst, Dept Cell & Mol Biol, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden. RP Callaway, DJE (reprint author), N Shore LIJ Res Inst, 350 Community Dr, Manhasset, NY 11030 USA. NR 34 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 6 PU PORTLAND PRESS PI LONDON PA 59 PORTLAND PLACE, LONDON W1N 3AJ, ENGLAND SN 0264-6021 J9 BIOCHEM J JI Biochem. J. PD AUG 15 PY 2002 VL 366 BP 343 EP 351 DI 10.1042/BJ20020229 PN 1 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 587LM UT WOS:000177642400038 PM 12023906 ER PT J AU Neuman, MJ Able, KW AF Neuman, MJ Able, KW TI Quantification of ontogenetic transitions during the early life of a flatfish, windowpane (Scophthalmus aquosus) (Pleuronectiformes scophthalmidae) SO COPEIA LA English DT Article ID JAPANESE FLOUNDER; HISTORY STAGES; METAMORPHOSIS; FISHES; PATTERNS; SKELETON; GROWTH; SIZE AB Patterns of morphological and behavioral transition during the early ontogeny of windowpane, Scophthalmus aquosus, were quantified to examine the sizes (total length, TL) at which ontogenetic events took place. One of seven categorical transitions (i.e., flexion) and eight of 15 meristic and morphometric transitions (e.g.; fin ray and pterygiophore development) occurred between 5 and 10 mm TL. Over 50% of the morphological characters examined were at intermediate stages of development when windowpane were between 10 and 30 mm TL (e.g., eye migration, pelvic fin asymmetry, squamation). The transitional morphology exhibited over this size range coincided with a period of behavioral transition (i.e., pelagic to demersal). By the time windowpane had reached 50 nun TL, morphological transition in all characters was complete and windowpane were capable of burying completely in substrate. Size-independent measures of variability (coefficients of variation, CVs) in character transitions were similar across character types, with the lowest CVs consistently recorded for morphometric transitions (1.73-1.81%). All transitions exhibited minor deviations from the fitted response curves (meristics, behaviors, morphometrics: r(2) = 0.78-0.99 (range), P < 0.0001; morphological stages: chi(2) = 4.8-25.5 (range), P < 0.05). By providing an objective framework for modeling ontogenetic progression, this study facilitates the prediction of the ontogenetic state of an individual knowing only its size and provides suggestions for establishing causal relationships between morphological, behavioral and ecological transitions in this and other species. C1 NOAA, NMFS, SWR, Protected Resource Div,Marine Field Stn, Long Beach, CA USA. Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, Tuckerton, NJ 08087 USA. RP Neuman, MJ (reprint author), NOAA, NMFS, SWR, Protected Resource Div,Marine Field Stn, 501 W Ocean Blvd,Suite 4200, Long Beach, CA USA. NR 43 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER SOC ICHTHYOLOGISTS HERPETOLOGISTS PI CHARLESTON PA UNIV CHARLESTON, GRICE MARINE LABORATORY, 205 FORT JOHNSON RD, CHARLESTON, SC 29412 USA SN 0045-8511 J9 COPEIA JI Copeia PD AUG 15 PY 2002 IS 3 BP 597 EP 609 PG 13 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 588ED UT WOS:000177687400003 ER PT J AU Orrell, TM Carpenter, KE Musick, JA Graves, JE AF Orrell, TM Carpenter, KE Musick, JA Graves, JE TI Phylogenetic and biogeographic analysis of the Sparidae (Perciformes : Percoidei) from cytochrome b sequences SO COPEIA LA English DT Article ID CENTROMERIC SATELLITE DNA; FAMILY PISCES; EVOLUTION; GENE; TELEOSTEI; FISHES AB We used complete sequence of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene to test monophyly of the Sparoidea, Sparidae, six subfamilies of Sparidae, and to elucidate the interrelationships of the 33 recognized sparid genera. The analysis included 40 sparid species, 10 closely related species, 10 basal percoids, and two nonperciform out-group species. The aligned 1140 base pairs of cytochrome b yielded 542 parsimony informative characters. Mutational analysis revealed that third codon position transitions were saturated and, therefore, of questionable use in phylogenetic analysis. However, the third codon position transversions and all first and second codon substitutions were not saturated and thus judged more reliable for inferring evolutionary relationship. Parsimony analysis of the equally weighted nucleotide data, weighted nucleotide data set (saturated position transitions given a weight of zero) supported a monophyletic Sparidae with the inclusion of Spicara, which is traditionally included in Centracanthidae. The previously proposed composition of genera within the six sparid subfamilies (Boopsinae, Denticinae, Diplodinae, Pagellinae, Pagrinae, and Sparinae) were not monophyletic in all analyses. This suggests the feeding types on which the subfamilies are based were independently derived multiple times within sparid fishes. In all analyses, Lethrinidae were sister to Sparidae. Sparoidea (Sparidae, Centracanthidae, Lethrinidae, and Nemipteridae) were monophyletic only in the weighted nucleotide phylogeny. C1 Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Dept Fisheries Sci, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. Old Dominion Univ, Dept Biol, Norfolk, VA USA. RP Orrell, TM (reprint author), Natl Museum Nat Hist, Smithsonian Inst, NMFS Systemat Lab, POB 37012,WC57,MCR-153, Washington, DC 20013 USA. NR 46 TC 33 Z9 41 U1 3 U2 10 PU AMER SOC ICHTHYOLOGISTS HERPETOLOGISTS PI CHARLESTON PA UNIV CHARLESTON, GRICE MARINE LABORATORY, 205 FORT JOHNSON RD, CHARLESTON, SC 29412 USA SN 0045-8511 J9 COPEIA JI Copeia PD AUG 15 PY 2002 IS 3 BP 618 EP 631 DI 10.1643/0045-8511(2002)002[0618:PABAOT]2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 588ED UT WOS:000177687400005 ER PT J AU Chernova, NV Stein, DL AF Chernova, NV Stein, DL TI Ten new species of Psednos (Pisces, Scorpaeniformes : Liparidae) from the Pacific and north Atlantic Oceans SO COPEIA LA English DT Article ID PARALIPARIS; SEA AB For more than 60 years, the mesopelagic liparid genus Psednos was known from the holotype and paratype of a single species collected off South Africa and described in 1927. Over the last decade, examination of material from collections around the world has revealed specimens from all oceans except the South Atlantic. In this paper, we describe 10 more species of the genus from the north Atlantic and north and south Pacific Oceans. In addition, we partially describe, but do not name, three previously unknown species of which we have specimens in very poor condition and provide a provisional key to all known species. The new taxa bring the number of known Psednos species to more than 25. C1 Russian Acad Sci, Inst Zool, St Petersburg 199034, Russia. RP Stein, DL (reprint author), NOAA, OAR, ROSS3, 1315 E W Highway Rm 11805, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 16 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC ICHTHYOLOGISTS HERPETOLOGISTS PI CHARLESTON PA UNIV CHARLESTON, GRICE MARINE LABORATORY, 205 FORT JOHNSON RD, CHARLESTON, SC 29412 USA SN 0045-8511 J9 COPEIA JI Copeia PD AUG 15 PY 2002 IS 3 BP 755 EP 778 PG 24 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 588ED UT WOS:000177687400017 ER PT J AU Masada, CL LaPatra, SE Morton, AW Strom, MS AF Masada, CL LaPatra, SE Morton, AW Strom, MS TI An Aeromonas salmonicida type IV pilin is required for virulence in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss SO DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS LA English DT Article DE virulence; type IV pilin; type II protein secretion ID GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA; EXTRACELLULAR PROTEIN SECRETION; PSEUDOMONAS-AERUGINOSA; PILUS BIOGENESIS; VIBRIO-CHOLERAE; GENE-CLUSTER; TWITCHING MOTILITY; PREPILIN PEPTIDASE; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; LEADER PEPTIDASE AB Aeromonas salmonicida expresses a large number of proven and suspected virulence factors including bacterial surface proteins, extracellular degradative enzymes, and toxins. We report the isolation and characterization of a 4-gene cluster, tapABCD, from virulent A. salmonicida A450 that encodes proteins homologous to components required for type IV pilus biogenesis. One gene, tapA, encodes a protein with high homology to type IV pilus subunit proteins from many Gramnegative bacterial pathogens, including Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Vibrio vulnificus. A survey of A. salmonicida isolates from a variety of sources shows that the tapA gene is as ubiquitous in this species as it is in other members of the Aeromonads. Immunoblotting experiments demonstrate that it is expressed in vitro and is antigenically conserved among the A. salmonicida strains tested. A mutant A. salmonicida strain defective in expression of TapA was constructed by allelic exchange and found to be slightly less pathogenic for juvenile Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout) than wild type when delivered by intraperitoneal injection. In addition, fish initially challenged with a high dose of wild type were slightly more resistant to rechallenge with wild type than those initially challenged with the tapA mutant strain, suggesting that presence of TapA contributes to immunity. Two of the other three genes identified, tapB and tapC, encode proteins with homology to factors known to be required for type IV pilus assembly in P. aeruginosa, but in an as yet unidentified manner. TapB is a member of the ABC-transporter family of proteins that contain characteristic nucleotide-binding regions, and which may provide energy for type IV pilus assembly through the hydrolysis of ATR TapC homologs are integral cytoplasmic membrane proteins that may play a role in pilus anchoring or initiation of assembly. The fourth gene, tapD, encodes a product that shares homology with a family of proteins with a known biochemical function, namely, the type IV prepilin leader peptidases. These bifunctional enzymes proteolytically cleave the leader peptide from the pilin precursor (prepilin) and then N-methylate the newly exposed N-terminal amino acid prior to assembly of the subunits into the pilus structure. We demonstrate that A. salmonicida TapD is able to restore type IV pilus assembly and type II secretion in a P. aeruginosa strain carrying a mutation in its type IV peptidase gene, suggesting that it plays the same role in A. salmonicida. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, US Dept Commerce, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Clear Springs Foods, Buhl, ID 83316 USA. RP NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, US Dept Commerce, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. EM mark.strom@noaa.gov NR 63 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 4 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0177-5103 EI 1616-1580 J9 DIS AQUAT ORGAN JI Dis. Aquat. Org. PD AUG 15 PY 2002 VL 51 IS 1 BP 13 EP 25 DI 10.3354/dao051013 PG 13 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 598DY UT WOS:000178261200002 PM 12240967 ER PT J AU Downs, CA Fauth, JE Halas, JC Dustan, P Bemiss, J Woodley, CM AF Downs, CA Fauth, JE Halas, JC Dustan, P Bemiss, J Woodley, CM TI Oxidative stress and seasonal coral bleaching SO FREE RADICAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE LA English DT Article DE coral bleaching; coral reef; oxidative stress; oxidative damage; stress protein response; free radicals ID HEAT-SHOCK-PROTEIN; MOLECULAR BIOMARKER SYSTEM; OXYGEN-EVOLVING COMPLEX; PHOTOSYSTEM-II; ACTIVE OXYGEN; ELECTRON-TRANSPORT; D1 PROTEIN; ANTHROPOGENIC STRESSORS; ELEVATED-TEMPERATURES; ULTRAVIOLET-RADIATION AB During the past two decades, coral reefs have experienced extensive degradation worldwide. One etiology for this global degradation is a syndrome known as coral bleaching. Mass coral bleaching events are correlated with increased sea-surface temperatures, however, the cellular mechanism underlying this phenomenon is uncertain. To determine if oxidative stress plays a mechanistic role in the process of sea-surface temperature-related coral bleaching, we examined corals along a depth transect in the Florida Keys over a single season that was characterized by unusually high sea-surface temperatures. We observed strong positive correlations between accumulation of oxidative damage products and bleaching in corals over a year of sampling. High levels of antioxidant enzymes and small heat-shock proteins were negatively correlated with levels of oxidative damage products. Corals that experienced oxidative stress had higher chaperonin levels and protein turnover activity. Our results indicate that coral bleaching is tightly coupled to the antioxidant and cellular stress capacity of the symbiotic coral, supporting the mechanistic model that coral bleaching (zooxanthellae loss) may be a final strategy to defend corals from oxidative stress. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. C1 EnVirtue Biotechnol Inc, Walnut Creek, CA USA. US Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Marine Biotechnol Program, Charleston, SC USA. Coll Charleston, Dept Biol, Charleston, SC 29424 USA. US Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Florida Keys Natl Marine Sanctuary, Key Largo, FL USA. Cousteau Soc, Chesapeake, VA USA. RP Downs, CA (reprint author), EnVirtue Biotechnol Inc, 1866 E Market St,Suite 164, Harrisonburg, VA 22801 USA. RI kohki, sowa/D-2955-2011 NR 61 TC 192 Z9 195 U1 6 U2 54 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0891-5849 J9 FREE RADICAL BIO MED JI Free Radic. Biol. Med. PD AUG 15 PY 2002 VL 33 IS 4 BP 533 EP 543 AR PII S0891-5849(02)00907-3 DI 10.1016/S0891-5849(02)00907-3 PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 583EN UT WOS:000177393800013 PM 12160935 ER PT J AU Held, IM Ting, MF Wang, HL AF Held, IM Ting, MF Wang, HL TI Northern winter stationary waves: Theory and modeling SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID FORCED PLANETARY-WAVES; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; STEADY LINEAR-RESPONSE; ZONAL MEAN FLOW; ROSSBY-WAVE; EL-NINO; EXTRATROPICAL RESPONSE; HEMISPHERE WINTER; TELECONNECTION PATTERNS; BAROCLINIC ATMOSPHERE AB A review is provided of stationary wave theory. the theory for the deviations from zonal symmetry of the climate. To help focus the discussion the authors concentrate exclusively on northern winter. Several theoretical issues, including the external Rossby wave dispersion relation and vertical structure, critical latitude absorption, the nonlinear response to orography, and the interaction of forced wave trains with preexisting zonal asymmetries, are chosen for discussion while simultaneously presenting a decomposition of the wintertime stationary wave field using a nonlinear steady-state model. C1 Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Atmospher Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Held, IM (reprint author), Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. NR 94 TC 155 Z9 158 U1 2 U2 29 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD AUG 15 PY 2002 VL 15 IS 16 BP 2125 EP 2144 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<2125:NWSWTA>2.0.CO;2 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 585MW UT WOS:000177529400002 ER PT J AU Hoerling, MP Kumar, A AF Hoerling, MP Kumar, A TI Atmospheric response patterns associated with tropical forcing SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; EL-NINO; NORTHERN-HEMISPHERE; SEASONAL PREDICTABILITY; EXTRATROPICAL RESPONSE; CLIMATE RESPONSE; PACIFIC-OCEAN; ANOMALIES; VARIABILITY; TELECONNECTIONS AB Atmospheric response patterns associated with tropical forcing are examined with general circulation models driven by global sea surface temperature (SST) variations during 1950-99. Specifically the sensitivity of mid-latitude responses to the magnitude and position of tropical SST anomalies is explored. This controversial problem, spanning more than a quarter century now. centers oil whether response patterns over the Pacific-North American region are affected or changed by inter-El Nino variability in tropical forcing. Ensemble methods are used in this Study to reliably identify the signals related to various tropical SST forcings, and the sensitivity is determined from analysis of four different climate models. First, the fraction of Pacific-North American (PNA) wintertime 500-hPa height variability that is potentially predictable and is linked to interannual variations in the global SSTs is identified. This SST-forced component accounts for as much as 20%-30% of the total seasonal mean height variability over portions of the PNA region, and the most important boundary forcing originates from the tropical Pacific Ocean. The spatial expression of the teleconnections that are linked to this potentially predictable SST-forced fraction of height variability is next identified. The leading model pattern is similar to the classic observed teleconnection associated with the linear ENSO signal, and explains 80% of the SST-forced height variance over parts of the North Pacific and North America. Two additional wavelike patterns are identified that are also associated with tropical forcing. One is related to the pattern of tropical SST variations often seen during the transition of the tropical ocean that marks the interlude between ENSO extremes, and the pattern of forcing related to it is distinctly non-ENSO in character. The other is related to the nonlinear component of the atmospheric response to ENSO's extreme opposite phases. Response patterns having annular-like structures over the Northern Hemisphere that are related to multidecadal variations in tropical Indo-Pacific and Atlantic SSTs' are also highlighted. Subtle modifications ill upper-level responses to different tropical SST forcings are shown to yield disproportionate sensitivity in North American surface climate. Particularly pronounced is the reversal ill sign of the precipitation anomalies over the region spanning, the Canadian border to southern California in response to equatorial Pacific convection anomalies shifting from 170degreesE to 140degreesW. The behavior is reproduced in experiments using both realistic and idealized SST anomalies. and this behavior is found to emerge particularly when the far eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean is strongly warmed as occurred during the 1982/83 and 1997/98 El Ninos. Despite the existence of different response patterns to tropical SST forcings. it is shown that the seasonal hindcast skill of PNA 500-hPa heights for 1950-99 originates mainly from the single. leading teleconnection structure. The conclusion drawn from this result is that the atmospheric sensitivity to different tropical SST forcings, though real, is weak and easily masked by the year-to-year climate variations due to internal atmospheric processes. C1 NOAA, CIRES, Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NOAA, NCEP, Climate Predict Ctr, Washington, DC USA. RP Hoerling, MP (reprint author), NOAA, CIRES, Climate Diagnost Ctr, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 53 TC 115 Z9 119 U1 0 U2 15 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD AUG 15 PY 2002 VL 15 IS 16 BP 2184 EP 2203 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<2184:ARPAWT>2.0.CO;2 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 585MW UT WOS:000177529400005 ER PT J AU Alexander, MA Blade, I Newman, M Lanzante, JR Lau, NC Scott, JD AF Alexander, MA Blade, I Newman, M Lanzante, JR Lau, NC Scott, JD TI The atmospheric bridge: The influence of ENSO teleconnections on air-sea interaction over the global oceans SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Review ID SURFACE TEMPERATURE ANOMALIES; NINO-SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; LOW-FREQUENCY VARIABILITY; NORTH PACIFIC-OCEAN; EXTRATROPICAL SST ANOMALIES; DECADAL CLIMATE VARIABILITY; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; TROPICAL INDIAN-OCEAN; 1982-1983 EL-NINO; EASTERN EQUATORIAL PACIFIC AB During El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events, the atmospheric response to sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the equatorial Pacific influences ocean conditions over the remainder of the globe. This connection between ocean basins via the "atmospheric bridge" is reviewed through an examination of previous work augmented by analyses of 50 years of data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction-National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP-NCAR) reanalysis project and coupled atmospheric general circulation (AGCM)-mixed layer ocean model experiments. Observational and modeling studies have now established a clear link between SST anomalies in the equatorial Pacific with those in the North Pacific, north tropical Atlantic, and Indian Oceans in boreal winter and spring. ENSO-related SST anomalies also appear to be robust in the western North Pacific during summer and in the Indian Ocean during fall. While surface heat fluxes are the key component of the atmospheric bridge driving SST anomalies, Ekman transport also creates SST anomalies in the central North Pacific although the full extent of its impact requires further study. The atmospheric bridge not only influences SSTs on interannual timescales but also affects mixed layer depth (MLD), salinity, the seasonal evolution of upper-ocean temperatures, and North Pacific SST variability at lower frequencies. The model results indicate that a significant fraction of the dominant pattern of low-frequency (> 10 yr) SST variability in the North Pacific is associated with tropical forcing. AGCM experiments suggest that the oceanic feedback on the extratropical response to ENSO is complex, but of modest amplitude. Atmosphere-ocean coupling outside of the tropical Pacific slightly modifies the atmospheric Circulation anomalies in the Pacific-North America (PNA) region but these modifications appear to depend on the seasonal cycle and air-sea interactions both within and beyond the North Pacific Ocean. C1 NOAA, CIRES, Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Politecn Catalunya, Lab Engn Maritima, Barcelona, Spain. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. RP Alexander, MA (reprint author), NOAA, CIRES, Climate Diagnost Ctr, R-CDC1,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Newman, Matthew /F-8336-2010; Alexander, Michael/A-7097-2013 OI Newman, Matthew /0000-0001-5348-2312; Alexander, Michael/0000-0001-9646-6427 NR 165 TC 649 Z9 710 U1 28 U2 179 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD AUG 15 PY 2002 VL 15 IS 16 BP 2205 EP 2231 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<2205:TABTIO>2.0.CO;2 PG 27 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 585MW UT WOS:000177529400006 ER PT J AU Kushnir, Y Robinson, WA Blade, I Hall, NMJ Peng, S Sutton, R AF Kushnir, Y Robinson, WA Blade, I Hall, NMJ Peng, S Sutton, R TI Atmospheric GCM response to extratropical SST anomalies: Synthesis and evaluation SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Review ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; NORTH-ATLANTIC OSCILLATION; LOW-FREQUENCY VARIABILITY; DECADAL CLIMATE VARIABILITY; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODELS; LEVEL PRESSURE ANOMALIES; HEAT-FLUX ANOMALIES; PACIFIC-OCEAN; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; INTERDECADAL VARIABILITY AB The advances in our understanding of extratropical atmosphere-ocean interaction over the past decade and a half are examined, focusing on the atmospheric response to sea surface temperature anomalies. The main goal of the paper is to assess what was learned from general circulation model (GCM) experiments over the recent two decades or so. Observational evidence regarding the nature of the interaction and dynamical theory of atmospheric anomalies forced by surface thermal anomalies is reviewed. Three types of GCM experiments used to address this problem are then examined: models with fixed climatological conditions and idealized, stationary SST anomalies; models with seasonally evolving climatology forced with realistic. time-varying SST anomalies; and models coupled to an interactive ocean. From representative recent studies, it is argued that the extratropical atmosphere does respond to changes in underlying SST although the response is small compared to internal (unforced) variability. Two types of interactions govern the response. One is an eddy-mediated process, in which a baroclinic response to thermal forcing induces and combines with changes in the position or strength of the storm tracks. This process can lead to an equivalent barotropic response that feeds back positively on the ocean mixed layer temperature. The other is a linear, thermodynamic interaction in which an equivalent-barotropic low-frequency atmospheric anomaly forces a change in SST and then experiences reduced surface thermal damping due to the SST adjustment. Both processes contribute to an increase in variance and persistence of low-frequency atmospheric anomalies and, in fact, may act together in the natural system. C1 Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Atmospher Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Politecn Catalunya, Lab Engn Maritima, Barcelona, Spain. Lab Ecoulements Geophys & Ind, Grenoble, France. Univ Colorado, NOAA, CIRES, Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Reading, Dept Meteorol, Ctr Global Atmospher Modeling, Reading, Berks, England. RP Kushnir, Y (reprint author), Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. RI Robinson, Walter/I-3782-2012; Kushnir, Yochanan/B-4472-2013; Hall, Nicholas/M-4837-2015; OI Robinson, Walter/0000-0002-6669-7408; Sutton, Rowan/0000-0001-8345-8583 NR 115 TC 350 Z9 374 U1 6 U2 40 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD AUG 15 PY 2002 VL 15 IS 16 BP 2233 EP 2256 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<2233:AGRTES>2.0.CO;2 PG 24 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 585MW UT WOS:000177529400007 ER PT J AU Casey, KS Adamec, D AF Casey, KS Adamec, D TI Sea surface temperature and sea surface height variability in the North Pacific Ocean from 1993 to 1999 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article DE sea surface temperature (SST); sea surface height (SSH); interannual variability; ENSO; TOPEX/Poseidon; AVHRR ID SINGULAR-VALUE DECOMPOSITION; INTERDECADAL VARIABILITY; SATELLITE; SCALES; ENSO AB [1] Correlations between advanced very high resolution radiometer Pathfinder sea surface temperature (SST) and TOPEX sea surface height (SSH) anomalies are calculated for the 7 year period 1993-1999 in the equatorial and North Pacific. These correlations provide measures of SSH and SST covariability and are obtained using an empirical orthogonal function analysis separately on the two fields and a singular value decomposition (SVD) method on both fields simultaneously. These correlations reveal distinct SST-SSH states: a warm, elevated period from January 1993 to December 1994; a cooler, lower phase spanning January 1995 through December 1996; and the strongly variable El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) period spanning 1997-1999. The relationships between these SST-SSH states and the dominant interannual and interdecadal modes of Pacific variability are investigated through correlations with indices for the Southern Oscillation, Pacific-North American (PNA) pattern, and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). When including the tropics, significant correlations between the first SVD mode of the SST-SSH covariability and the interannual ENSO pattern and interdecadal PDO pattern are evident. Restricting the focus to the extratropical North Pacific reveals significant correlations with only the interdecadal PDO pattern. While the first mode reveals connections to the ENSO and PDO patterns, the second SVD mode indicates significant correlations to the PNA pattern for both the tropical and extratropical Pacific. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Oceans & Ice Branch, Lab Hydrospher Proc, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Casey, KS (reprint author), NOAA, UCAR, NESDIS, NODC, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RI Casey, Kenneth/D-4065-2013 OI Casey, Kenneth/0000-0002-6052-7117 NR 20 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD AUG 15 PY 2002 VL 107 IS C8 AR 3099 DI 10.1029/2001JC001060 PG 12 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 611BH UT WOS:000178996200008 ER PT J AU Smith, DC Lavelle, JW Fernando, HJS AF Smith, DC Lavelle, JW Fernando, HJS TI Arctic Ocean mixed-layer eddy generation under leads in sea ice SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article DE convection; Arctic mixed layer; leads; numerical study ID ROTATING STRATIFIED FLUID; TURBULENT CONVECTION; DENSITY INTERFACE; HALINE CONVECTION; LINE PLUMES; MODEL AB [1] Convection in the Arctic Ocean mixed layer occurs under openings in sea ice where new sea ice is formed. The process of brine rejection during ice formation creates negatively buoyant fluid at the surface of ice leads. When the fluid convects downward the ocean mixed layer below the lead is stirred vertically and, through planetary rotational effects, along-lead flows at the lead edges are induced. These vertical and lateral motions have been previously studied using two-dimensional numerical ocean models and observed in field programs such as LeadEx. In this paper the generation of Arctic Ocean eddies through dynamic instabilities is investigated using a three-dimensional, nonhydrostatic ocean model. Results suggest that salt-enriched vortices can develop at the base of the mixed layer as a consequence of brine rejection, but the vortex formation requires a time period of several days, a time long enough that the progenitor lead would likely have closed. The scale of the eddies is found to depend on the magnitude of the buoyancy forcing, the width of the lead, and the duration of the buoyancy forcing. The number of vortices produced depends on lead width and duration of buoyancy forcing but is less sensitive to the magnitude of the buoyancy forcing. Vortex sizes, scaled appropriately, and vortex numbers are compared with those found in recent laboratory studies of convectively driven flows from line segment sources. C1 Arizona State Univ, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. RP Smith, DC (reprint author), Arizona State Univ, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. NR 30 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD AUG 15 PY 2002 VL 107 IS C8 AR 3103 DI 10.1029/2001JC000822 PG 17 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 611BH UT WOS:000178996200004 ER PT J AU Hubert, B Gerard, JC Evans, DS Meurant, M Mende, SB Frey, HU Immel, TJ AF Hubert, B Gerard, JC Evans, DS Meurant, M Mende, SB Frey, HU Immel, TJ TI Total electron and proton energy input during auroral substorms: Remote sensing with IMAGE-FUV SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE substorm; proton; electron; energy; IMAGE-FUV ID STATISTICAL-MODEL; ION PRECIPITATION; LYMAN-ALPHA; THERMOSPHERE; DEPOSITION; IONOSPHERE; SPACECRAFT; SATELLITE; PATTERNS; SYSTEM AB [1] The IMAGE satellite carries three FUV imagers observing N-2 LBH, O I 1356 Angstrom, and HI Lyman alpha emissions in the polar aurora. These simultaneous observations are used to characterize the precipitating electron and proton energy fluxes. The proton energy flux is derived from the Lyman a measurements on the basis of efficiency curves calculated with a Monte Carlo simulation of the proton aurora. The resulting proton contribution to the N-2 LBH and O I 1356 Angstrom emissions is calculated and subtracted to obtain the electron contribution in the other two channels. These two quantities are used to determine the precipitating electron average energy and energy flux. The proton and electron energy fluxes are integrated over the hemisphere to obtain the rate of auroral energy dissipation (hemispheric power) carried by the protons and electrons separately. The time development of the proton and electron aurora during four winter time events is examined. Although the onsets of the proton and electron aurora coincide in time and space, the time of the peak of energy dissipation and the recovery time are often found to differ. The fractional energy flux carried by the protons is highest during quiet periods and reaches a minimum during the most active phase of the substorms. This result is in agreement with the dependence of the fractional proton hemispheric power on magnetic activity measured by NOAA 15. The hemispheric power deduced from the FUV images is compared to the NOAA-deduced values and found to be in reasonable agreement. Sources of uncertainties in the determination of the hemispheric power are discussed on the basis of several sensitivity tests. In particular, it is found that the most critical factor is the assumption made on the energy of the auroral protons if this energy is <25 keV. C1 Univ Liege, Lab Phys Atmospher & Planetaire, B-4000 Liege, Belgium. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Hubert, B (reprint author), Univ Liege, Lab Phys Atmospher & Planetaire, 1 Ave Cointe, B-4000 Liege, Belgium. NR 31 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD AUG 15 PY 2002 VL 107 IS A8 AR 1183 DI 10.1029/2001JA009229 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 611HB UT WOS:000179009600008 ER PT J AU Luhmann, JG Li, Y Arge, CN Gazis, PR Ulrich, R AF Luhmann, JG Li, Y Arge, CN Gazis, PR Ulrich, R TI Solar cycle changes in coronal holes and space weather cycles SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE solar wind sources; coronal holes; solar cycle ID INTERPLANETARY MAGNETIC-FIELD; MASS EJECTIONS; SOURCE-SURFACE; WIND STREAMS; FLUX; EVOLUTION; HELIOSPHERE; STRENGTH; MODEL; SPEED AB [1] Potential field source surface models of the coronal magnetic field, based on Mt. Wilson Observatory synoptic magnetograms, are used to infer the coronal hole sources of low-heliolatitude solar wind over approximately the last three solar cycles. Related key parameters like interplanetary magnetic field and bulk velocity are also calculated. The results illustrate how the evolving contribution of the polar hole sources relative to that from low-latitude and midlatitude active region hole sources can explain solar magnetic field control of long-term interplanetary variations. In particular, the enduring consistent magnetogram record and continuous model displays produce a useful overview of the solar control of interplanetary cycles and trends that affect space weather. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Phys & Astron, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. RP Luhmann, JG (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. EM jgluhmann@ssl.berkeley.edu; yanli@ssl.berkeley.edu; nick.arge@noaa.gov; pgazis@mail.arc.nasa.gov; Ulrich@astro.ucla.edu NR 44 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD AUG 15 PY 2002 VL 107 IS A8 AR 1154 DI 10.1029/2001JA007550 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 611HB UT WOS:000179009600037 ER PT J AU Lafferty, WJ Flaud, JM Burger, H Pawelke, G AF Lafferty, WJ Flaud, JM Burger, H Pawelke, G TI The v(13), v(5)+v(15) and v(9)+v(15) bands of (B2H6)-B-10 SO JOURNAL OF QUANTITATIVE SPECTROSCOPY & RADIATIVE TRANSFER LA English DT Article ID DIBORANE; SPECTRUM AB The 5 mum absorption region of an isotopically pure sample of diborane (B2H6)-B-10 has been analyzed using high-resolution (0.0033 cm(-1)) Fourier transform spectra. A set of precise experimental rotational-vibrational energy levels has been obtained for three vibrational states, the 13(1) fundamental and two combination states, 5(1)15(1) and 9(1) 15(1). These energy levels have been fitted using Hamiltonian matrices which take into account various interactions with nearby lying dark states. However, given the complexity of the resonance scheme and the number of interactions and dark states, it was not possible to reproduce the observed energy levels to within their experimental uncertainty although considerably improved results have been obtained compared with previous studies. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Paris 11, CNRS, Photophys Mol Lab, F-91405 Orsay, France. Berg Univ Gesamthsch Wuppertal, FB 9, D-42097 Wuppertal, Germany. RP Lafferty, WJ (reprint author), NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-4073 J9 J QUANT SPECTROSC RA JI J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf. PD AUG 15 PY 2002 VL 74 IS 4 BP 445 EP 453 AR PII S0022-4073(01)00265-5 DI 10.1016/S0022-4073(01)00265-5 PG 9 WC Optics; Spectroscopy SC Optics; Spectroscopy GA 560AZ UT WOS:000176060200004 ER PT J AU Payne, MG Deng, L AF Payne, MG Deng, L TI "Storage" of light: a useful concept? SO OPTICS COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE non-linear optics; adiabatic approximation ID ELECTROMAGNETICALLY INDUCED TRANSPARENCY; MEDIA; STATE AB We show both analytically and numerically that just fulfil the adiabatic condition is not sufficient to guarantee a production of a replica probe pulse in a Lambda-system coupled to a probe and a coupling lasers. We show that in the adiabatic regime even with identical write (the first) and read (the second) coupling pulses, the regenerated optical field can have a pulse width that is very different from the original probe field. In this case, the regenerated pulse is not a faithful copy of the original probe pulse. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Div Electron & Opt Phys, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Dept Phys, Statesboro, GA 30460 USA. RP Deng, L (reprint author), NIST, Div Electron & Opt Phys, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Deng, Lu/B-3997-2012 NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0030-4018 J9 OPT COMMUN JI Opt. Commun. PD AUG 15 PY 2002 VL 209 IS 4-6 BP 473 EP 479 AR PII S0030-4018(02)01684-X DI 10.1016/S0030-4018(02)01684-X PG 7 WC Optics SC Optics GA 585ZY UT WOS:000177558500030 ER PT J AU Fortier, TM Jones, DJ Ye, J Cundiff, ST Windeler, RS AF Fortier, TM Jones, DJ Ye, J Cundiff, ST Windeler, RS TI Long-term carrier-envelope phase coherence SO OPTICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID NONLINEAR OPTICS; LIGHT-PULSES; CYCLE; GENERATION AB The carrier-envelope phase of the pulse train emitted by a 10-fs mode-locked laser has been stabilized such that carrier-envelope phase coherence is maintained for at least 150 s (measurement limited). The phase coherence time was measured independently of the feedback loop. (C) 2002 Optical Society of America. C1 Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. OFS Fitel Labs, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA. RP Fortier, TM (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Cundiff, Steven/B-4974-2009; Ye, Jun/C-3312-2011; Jones, David/F-5859-2017 OI Cundiff, Steven/0000-0002-7119-5197; NR 15 TC 61 Z9 61 U1 1 U2 6 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0146-9592 J9 OPT LETT JI Opt. Lett. PD AUG 15 PY 2002 VL 27 IS 16 BP 1436 EP 1438 DI 10.1364/OL.27.001436 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA 584TF UT WOS:000177484300022 PM 18026471 ER PT J AU Stahler, M Wynands, R Knappe, S Kitching, J Hollberg, L Taichenachev, A Yudin, V AF Stahler, M Wynands, R Knappe, S Kitching, J Hollberg, L Taichenachev, A Yudin, V TI Coherent population trapping resonances in thermal Rb-85 vapor: D-1 versus D-2 line excitation SO OPTICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SPECTROSCOPY AB We have compared coherent population trapping (CPT) resonances, both experimentally and theoretically, for excitation of the D-1 and D-2 transitions of thermal Rb-85 vapor. Excitation of the D-1 line results in greater resonance contrast than excitation of the D-2 line and in a reduction in the resonance width, in agreement with theoretical expectations. These results translate into a nearly tenfold improvement in performance for the application of CPT resonances to a frequency standard or a sensitive magnetometer when the D-1 line, rather than the D-2 line, is used. (C) 2002 Optical Society of America. C1 Univ Bonn, Inst Angew Phys, D-53115 Bonn, Germany. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Novosibirsk State Univ, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia. RP Stahler, M (reprint author), Univ Bonn, Inst Angew Phys, Wegelerstr 8, D-53115 Bonn, Germany. RI Taichenachev, Aleksei/K-7065-2015; OI Taichenachev, Aleksei/0000-0003-2273-0066; Stahler, Markus/0000-0003-4051-9950 NR 12 TC 107 Z9 108 U1 1 U2 9 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0146-9592 J9 OPT LETT JI Opt. Lett. PD AUG 15 PY 2002 VL 27 IS 16 BP 1472 EP 1474 DI 10.1364/OL.27.001472 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA 584TF UT WOS:000177484300034 PM 18026483 ER PT J AU Wong-Ng, W Cook, LP Suh, J AF Wong-Ng, W Cook, LP Suh, J TI Subsolidus phase relationships of the BaO-Y2O3-CuOx system under carbonate-free conditions at p(O2)=100 Pa and at p(O2)=21 kPa SO PHYSICA C-SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND ITS APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE BaO-Y2O3-CuOx; phase diagrams; carbonate-free; superconductors ID BA-CU-O; CURRENT-DENSITY; EQUILIBRIA; DEPOSITION; TAPES; FILMS; SUPERCONDUCTIVITY; COMPATIBILITIES; 950-DEGREES-C; Y2O3-BAO-CUO AB Current applications of BaO-Y2O3-CuOx phase equilibria are focused on the use of coated-conductor technology for fabrication of superconducting tape. Although such processing is typically carried out with carbonate-free high T-c precursors, the majority of phase equilibrium studies completed to date have utilized BaCO3-derived starting materials. The present study reports results of a BaO-Y2O3-CuOx phase equilibrium investigation at two oxygen pressures using carbonate-free precursors based on BaO. Special apparatus and procedures for handling these atmospherically sensitive compositions are described. Experimental results were used to establish tie-lines in the BaO-rich part of the phase diagram, and have confirmed a difference in tie-line distribution among the Ba2YCu3Ox, Ba4YCu3Ox, BaY2CuO5, and BaCuO2+x phases under carbonate-free conditions relative to those obtained using BaCO3-derived starting materials. By reducing p(O2) from 21 kPa to 100 Pa under carbonate-free conditions, an additional tie-line change among the phases Ba2YCu3Ox, Ba4YCu3Ox, Ba6YCu3Ox, and BaY2CuO5 was observed. These differences can be applied to coated-conductor processing of Ba2YCu3Ox superconducting tapes. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 NIST, Div Ceram, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Geol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Wong-Ng, W (reprint author), NIST, Div Ceram, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 47 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4534 J9 PHYSICA C JI Physica C PD AUG 15 PY 2002 VL 377 IS 1-2 BP 107 EP 113 AR PII S0921-4534(01)01124-8 DI 10.1016/S0921-4534(01)01124-8 PG 7 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 596NT UT WOS:000178171500016 ER PT J AU Kim, CY Bedzyk, MJ Nelson, EJ Woicik, JC Berman, LE AF Kim, CY Bedzyk, MJ Nelson, EJ Woicik, JC Berman, LE TI Site-specific valence-band photoemission study of alpha-Fe2O3 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID ELECTRONIC-STRUCTURE; SPECTROSCOPY; FE2O3 AB We have measured the site-specific valence electronic structure of alpha-Fe2O3 by using a spatially modulated x-ray standing wave as the excitation source for photoemission. Contributions to the valence-band density of states from oxygen and iron ions are separated by this method. Both a bonding and nonbonding state originating from oxygen ions are obtained. The valence densities of states from iron agree well with predictions based on configuration-interaction cluster calculations by Fujimori [Phys. Rev. B 34, 1318 (1986)] which considered charge transfer from ligand to metal. The effects of strong hybridization between Fe and O valence states to x-ray emission and resonance photoemission are also evident. C1 Northwestern Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. Northwestern Univ, Inst Environm & Catalysis, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Natl Synchrotron Light Source, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Kim, CY (reprint author), Northwestern Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. RI Bedzyk, Michael/B-7503-2009; Bedzyk, Michael/K-6903-2013; Kim, Chang-Yong/I-3136-2014 OI Kim, Chang-Yong/0000-0002-1280-9718 NR 14 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD AUG 15 PY 2002 VL 66 IS 8 AR 085115 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.66.085115 PG 4 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 593BW UT WOS:000177972500042 ER PT J AU Deng, L Hagley, EW Kozuma, M Akamatsu, D Payne, MG AF Deng, L Hagley, EW Kozuma, M Akamatsu, D Payne, MG TI Achieving very-low-loss group velocity reduction without electromagnetically induced transparency SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ATOMIC VAPOR; LIGHT-PULSE; PROPAGATION; STORAGE; GAS AB A Raman method is studied experimentally for potential optical-wave group velocity reduction in resonant medium. Specifically, we show that the proposed method can achieve significant group velocity reduction comparable to the conventional electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) method that had been exclusively used to date. In addition, we show that this method has a significantly lower loss compared to the EIT method, and has rich dynamics such as probe pulse narrowing. Such features have applications in the domain of telecommunication technology. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics. C1 NIST, Div Electron & Opt Phys, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Tokyo Inst Technol, Dept Phys, Meguro Ku, Tokyo 1528551, Japan. Georgia So Univ, Dept Phys, Statesboro, GA 30460 USA. RP Deng, L (reprint author), NIST, Div Electron & Opt Phys, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Deng, Lu/B-3997-2012; Hagley, Edward/B-4285-2012 NR 12 TC 13 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD AUG 12 PY 2002 VL 81 IS 7 BP 1168 EP 1170 DI 10.1063/1.1499995 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 581GY UT WOS:000177284400005 ER PT J AU Woicik, JC Nelson, EJ Kronik, L Jain, M Chelikowsky, JR Heskett, D Berman, LE Herman, GS AF Woicik, JC Nelson, EJ Kronik, L Jain, M Chelikowsky, JR Heskett, D Berman, LE Herman, GS TI Hybridization and bond-orbital components in site-specific X-ray photoelectron spectra of rutile TiO2 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SURFACE-STRUCTURE DETERMINATION; ELECTRONIC-STRUCTURE; STANDING WAVES; RESONANT PHOTOEMISSION; OXIDES; SPECTROSCOPY; STATES AB We have determined the Ti and O components of the rutile TiO2 valence band using the method of site-specific x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Comparisons with calculations based on pseudopotentials within the local density approximation reveal the hybridization of the Ti 3d, 4s, and 4p states, and the O 2s and 2p states on each site. These chemical effects are observed due to the large differences between the angular-momentum dependent matrix elements of the photoelectron process. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Chem Engn & Mat Sci, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Univ Rhode Isl, Dept Phys, Kingston, RI 02881 USA. Natl Synchrotron Light Source, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Hewlett Packard Corp, Corvallis, OR 97330 USA. RP Woicik, JC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Jain, Manish/A-8303-2010 OI Jain, Manish/0000-0001-9329-6434 NR 18 TC 97 Z9 97 U1 7 U2 32 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD AUG 12 PY 2002 VL 89 IS 7 AR 077401 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.077401 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 579WE UT WOS:000177200100047 PM 12190555 ER PT J AU Ricotti, M Gnedin, NY Shull, JM AF Ricotti, M Gnedin, NY Shull, JM TI The fate of the first galaxies. I. Self-consistent cosmological simulations with radiative transfer SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE cosmology : theory; galaxies : dwarf; galaxies : evolution; galaxies : formation; galaxies : high-redshift; intergalactic medium ID SIMPLE STELLAR POPULATIONS; INITIAL MASS FUNCTION; PRIMORDIAL GAS; EARLY UNIVERSE; HIGH-REDSHIFT; FIRST STARS; FEEDBACK; REIONIZATION; OBJECTS; CLOUDS AB In cold dark matter (CDM) cosmogonies, low-mass objects play an important role in the evolution of the universe. Not only are they the first luminous objects to shed light in a previously dark universe, but if their formation is not inhibited by their own feedback, they dominate the galaxy mass function until redshift z similar to 5. In this paper we present and discuss the implementation of a three-dimensional cosmological code that includes most of the needed physics to simulate the formation and evolution of the first galaxies with a self-consistent treatment of radiative feedback. The simulation includes continuum radiative transfer using the optically thin variable Eddington tensor (OTVET) approximation and line radiative transfer in the H-2 Lyman-Werner bands of the background UV radiation. We include detailed chemistry for H-2 formation/ destruction, molecular and atomic cooling/heating processes, ionization by secondary electrons, and heating by Lyalpha resonant scattering. We find that the first galaxies (small-halo galaxies) are characterized by bursting star formation, self-regulated by a feedback process that acts on cosmological scales. The mass in stars produced by these objects can exceed the mass in stars produced by normal galaxies; therefore, their impact on cosmic evolution cannot be neglected. The main focus of this paper is on the methodology of the simulations, and we only briefly introduce some of the results. An extensive discussion of the results and the nature of the feedback mechanism are the focus of a companion paper. C1 Univ Colorado, Ctr Astrophys & Space Astron, Dept Astrophys & Planetary Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Ricotti, M (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Ctr Astrophys & Space Astron, Dept Astrophys & Planetary Sci, Campus Box 389, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 45 TC 116 Z9 116 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD AUG 10 PY 2002 VL 575 IS 1 BP 33 EP 48 DI 10.1086/341255 PN 1 PG 16 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 581BH UT WOS:000177270900005 ER PT J AU Ricotti, M Gnedin, NY Shull, JM AF Ricotti, M Gnedin, NY Shull, JM TI The fate of the first galaxies. II. Effects of radiative feedback SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE cosmology : theory; galaxies : dwarf; galaxies : evolution; galaxies : formation; galaxies : high-redshift; intergalactic medium ID COSMOLOGICAL REIONIZATION; IONIZING-RADIATION; LYMAN CONTINUUM; OBJECTS; ESCAPE AB We use three-dimensional cosmological simulations with radiative transfer to study the formation and evolution of the first galaxies in a LambdaCDM cosmology. The simulations include continuum radiative transfer using the optically thin variable Eddington tensor ( OTVET) approximation and line radiative transfer in the H-2 Lyman-Werner bands of the UV background radiation. Chemical and thermal processes are treated in detail, particularly the ones relevant for H-2 formation and destruction. We find that the first luminous objects ("small-halo objects") are characterized by bursting star formation ( SF) that is self-regulated by a feedback process acting on cosmological instead of galactic scales. The global SF history is regulated by the mean number of ionizing photons that escape from each source, epsilon(UV) (f(esc)). It is almost independent of the assumed SF efficiency parameter, epsilon(*), and the intensity of the dissociating background. The main feedback process that regulates the SF is the reformation of H-2 in front of H II regions and inside relic H II regions. The H II regions remain confined inside laments, maximizing the production of H-2 in overdense regions through cyclic destruction/reformation of H-2. If epsilon(UV) (f(esc)) > 10(-7)/epsilon(*), the SF is self-regulated, photoevaporation of small-halo objects dominates the metal pollution of the low-density intergalactic medium, and the mass of produced metals depends only on (f(esc)). If epsilon(UV) (f(esc)) less than or similar to 10(-7)/epsilon(*), positive feedback dominates, and small-halo objects constitute the bulk of the mass in stars and metals until at least redshift z similar to 10. Small-halo objects cannot reionize the universe because the feedback mechanism confines the H II regions inside the large-scale structure laments. In contrast to massive objects ( large halos), which can reionize voids, small-halo objects partially ionize only the dense laments while leaving the voids mostly neutral. C1 Univ Colorado, Ctr Astrophys & Space Astron, Dept Astrophys & Planetary Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Ricotti, M (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Ctr Astrophys & Space Astron, Dept Astrophys & Planetary Sci, Campus Box 389, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 22 TC 160 Z9 160 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD AUG 10 PY 2002 VL 575 IS 1 BP 49 EP 67 DI 10.1086/341256 PN 1 PG 19 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 581BH UT WOS:000177270900006 ER PT J AU Paik, U Yeo, JG Lee, MH Hackley, VA Jung, YG AF Paik, U Yeo, JG Lee, MH Hackley, VA Jung, YG TI Dissolution and reprecipitation of barium at the particulate BaTiO3-aqueous solution interface SO MATERIALS RESEARCH BULLETIN LA English DT Article DE ceramics; photoelectron spectroscopy; surface properties ID CHEMICAL-STATES; TITANATE; SEGREGATION; PEROVSKITES; SURFACE AB The electrokinetic behavior of BaTO3 particles in an aqueous medium exhibited a hysteresis loop with titration direction. As BaTiO3 suspension was titrated toward acidic pH, the amount of Ba2+ dissolution strongly increased, and in the subsequent titration toward alkaline pH, Ba2+ adsorbed and/or reprecipitated on the Ba-depleted BaTiO3 surface. This dissolution-reprecipitation cycle results in the observed hysteresis behavior. An attempt was made to identify the responsible species of the adsorbed/reprecipitated compound by XPS in conjunction with electrokinetic titrations. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Hanyang Univ, Dept Ceram Engn, Seoul 133791, South Korea. Intel Corp, Log Technol Dev, RA2 285, Hillsboro, OR 97124 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Changwon Natl Univ, Dept Ceram Sci & Engn, Kyungnam 641773, South Korea. RP Paik, U (reprint author), Hanyang Univ, Dept Ceram Engn, Seoul 133791, South Korea. NR 18 TC 12 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-5408 J9 MATER RES BULL JI Mater. Res. Bull. PD AUG 8 PY 2002 VL 37 IS 9 BP 1623 EP 1631 AR PII S0025-5408(02)00820-6 DI 10.1016/S0025-5408(02)00820-6 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 590KB UT WOS:000177821100011 ER PT J AU Robertson, NA Cagnoli, G Crooks, DRM Elliffe, E Faller, JE Fritschel, P Gossler, S Grant, A Heptonstall, A Hough, J Luck, H Mittleman, R Perreur-Lloyd, M Plissi, MV Rowan, S Shoemaker, DH Sneddon, PH Strain, KA Torrie, CI Ward, H Willems, P AF Robertson, NA Cagnoli, G Crooks, DRM Elliffe, E Faller, JE Fritschel, P Gossler, S Grant, A Heptonstall, A Hough, J Luck, H Mittleman, R Perreur-Lloyd, M Plissi, MV Rowan, S Shoemaker, DH Sneddon, PH Strain, KA Torrie, CI Ward, H Willems, P TI Quadruple suspension design for advanced LIGO SO CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM GRAVITY LA English DT Article ID GRAVITATIONAL-WAVE DETECTOR; TRIPLE PENDULUM SUSPENSION; FUSED-SILICA FIBERS; THERMAL NOISE; GEO-600; RIBBONS; SYSTEM AB In this paper, we describe the conceptual design for the suspension system for the test masses for Advanced LIGO, the planned upgrade to LIGO, the US laser interferometric gravitational-wave observatory. The design is based on the triple pendulum design developed for GEO 600-the German/UK interferometric gravitational wave detector. The GEO design incorporates fused silica fibres of circular cross-section attached to the fused silica mirror (test mass) in the lowest pendulum stage, in order to minimize the thermal noise from the pendulum modes. The damping of the low-frequency modes of the triple pendulum is achieved by using co-located sensors and actuators at the hi-hest mass of the triple pendulum. Another feature of the design is that global control forces acting on the mirrors, used to maintain the output of the interferometer on a dark fringe, are applied via a triple reaction pendulum, so that these forces can be implemented via a seismically isolated platform. These techniques have been extended to meet the more stringent noise levels planned for in Advanced LIGO. In particular, the Advanced LIGO baseline design requires a quadruple pendulum with a final stage consisting of a 40 kg sapphire mirror, suspended on fused silica ribbons or fibres. The design is chosen to aim to reach a target noise contribution from the suspension corresponding to a displacement sensitivity of 10(-19) m Hz(-1/2) at 10 Hz at each of the test masses. C1 Univ Glasgow, Dept Phys & Astron, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Lanark, Scotland. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NIST, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. MIT, LIGO Lab, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Leibniz Univ Hannover, Inst Atom & Mol Phys, Spekt Abt, D-30167 Hannover, Germany. Stanford Univ, Ginzton Lab, Dept Appl Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. CALTECH, LIGO Lab, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RP Univ Glasgow, Dept Phys & Astron, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Lanark, Scotland. RI Rowan, Sheila/E-3032-2010; Strain, Kenneth/D-5236-2011; Lueck, Harald/F-7100-2011 OI Strain, Kenneth/0000-0002-2066-5355; Lueck, Harald/0000-0001-9350-4846 NR 30 TC 52 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 6 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0264-9381 EI 1361-6382 J9 CLASSICAL QUANT GRAV JI Class. Quantum Gravity PD AUG 7 PY 2002 VL 19 IS 15 BP 4043 EP 4058 AR PII S0264-9381(02)36859-X DI 10.1088/0264-9381/19/15/311 PG 16 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA 590CE UT WOS:000177799300013 ER PT J AU Amitay, Z Kosloff, R Leone, SR AF Amitay, Z Kosloff, R Leone, SR TI Experimental coherent computation of a multiple-input AND gate using pure molecular superpositions (vol 359, pg 8, 2002) SO CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Correction C1 Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Fritz Haber Res Ctr Mol Dynam, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel. RP Amitay, Z (reprint author), Technion Israel Inst Technol, Dept Chem, IL-32000 Haifa, Israel. RI Kosloff, Ronnie/D-2388-2013 OI Kosloff, Ronnie/0000-0001-6201-2523 NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2614 J9 CHEM PHYS LETT JI Chem. Phys. Lett. PD AUG 6 PY 2002 VL 361 IS 5-6 BP 530 EP 530 AR PII S0009-2614(02)00995-8 DI 10.1016/S0009-2614(02)00995-8 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 587YD UT WOS:000177671100026 ER PT J AU Ajayi, T Sherman, K Tang, QS AF Ajayi, T Sherman, K Tang, QS TI Support of marine sustainability science SO SCIENCE LA English DT Letter C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Narragansett Lab, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Nigerian Inst Oceanog & Marine Res, Lagos, Nigeria. Yellow Sea Fisheries Inst, Qingdao 266071, Peoples R China. RP Sherman, K (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Narragansett Lab, 28 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NR 2 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD AUG 2 PY 2002 VL 297 IS 5582 BP 772 EP 772 DI 10.1126/science.297.5582.772 PG 1 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 579RZ UT WOS:000177192800024 PM 12162321 ER PT J AU Verkouteren, JR Wylie, AG AF Verkouteren, JR Wylie, AG TI Anomalous optical properties of fibrous tremolite, actinolite, and ferro-actinolite SO AMERICAN MINERALOGIST LA English DT Article ID AMPHIBOLES; NOMENCLATURE; MESOTHELIOMA AB The fibrillar growth habit and {100} twinning of fibrous amphiboles tend to produce anomalous optical properties. Commercial amosite, and crocidolite always exhibit uniaxial-like optical propel-ties including parallel extinction and two principal indices of refraction. Fibrous members of the actinolite series, however, exhibit a range in optical properties from normal to anomalous. The types of anomalous optical properties that can be displayed by asbestiform members of the actinolite series are described based on a Study of twelve samples. One sample displays uniaxial-like properties, nine display partial development of uniaxial-like properties, and two contain fibers with both orthorhombic and monoclinic optical properties. "Byssolitic" samples of the actinolite series, a fibrous non-asbestiform habit, contain fibers that do not go to extinction in sections oil or near (0 10), probably as a result of I 100 1 twinning. Although anomalous optical properties may confound the identification of fibrous amphiboles, in most cases the refractive indices are predictable and can be used for identification. Because of the range in optical properties, especially extinction angle. reliance solely on parallel extinction to distinguish asbestos from non-asbestiform varieties is not recommended. The fibrillar structure, however, remains the hallmark of the asbestiform habit. C1 NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Geol, Lab Mineral Deposits Res, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Verkouteren, JR (reprint author), NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 27 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU MINERALOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1015 EIGHTEENTH ST, NW SUITE 601, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-004X J9 AM MINERAL JI Am. Miner. PD AUG-SEP PY 2002 VL 87 IS 8-9 BP 1090 EP 1095 PG 6 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Mineralogy GA 583UX UT WOS:000177429600005 ER PT J AU Rao, NM Silin, V Ridge, KD Woodward, JT Plant, AL AF Rao, NM Silin, V Ridge, KD Woodward, JT Plant, AL TI Cell membrane hybrid bilayers containing the G-protein-coupled receptor CCR5 SO ANALYTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE surface plasmon resonance; CCR5; chemokine; alkanethiol; biomimetic; membrane receptor ID SURFACE-PLASMON RESONANCE; MOLECULAR-WEIGHT ANALYTES; SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS; SUPPORTED LIPID BILAYERS; GOLD SURFACES; MONOCLONAL-ANTIBODIES; BOVINE RHODOPSIN; LIGAND-BINDING; HIV-1 ENTRY; ACTIVATION AB A hybrid bilayer membrane is a planar model membrane that is formed at an alkanethiol monolayer-coated gold surface by the spontaneous reorganization of phospholipid vesicles. Membrane vesicles from monkey kidney COS-1 cells also reorganize at an alkanethiol/lipid monolayer-coated surface resulting in the formation of a cell membrane hybrid bilayer. Atomic force microscopy and spectroscopic ellipsometry indicate that the cell membrane layer is equivalent to the thickness of one leaflet of the membrane and is continuous over large areas. Cell membrane hybrid bilayers were formed from membrane vesicles from COS-1 cells that were transiently transfected with a synthetic human CCR5 chemokine receptor gene. Preparations that contained "inside out" and "right side out" membrane vesicles were used. Binding of monoclonal antibodies to either the amino- or carboxyl-terminus of CCR5 was observed by surface plasmon resonance and confirmed the presence and the random orientation of these integral membrane receptors. Specific and concentration-dependent binding of the beta-chemokine RANTES to the cell membrane hybrid confirmed that CCR5 retained ligand-binding activity. The ability to form cell membrane hybrid bilayers that contain functional G-protein-coupled or other multispanning receptors without requiring protein isolation, purification, and reconstitution offers a promising method for the rapid screening of potential ligands. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Ctr Cellular & Mol Biol, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India. Georgetown Univ, Dept Chem, Washington, DC 20057 USA. Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. RP Plant, AL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8313, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 42 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 5 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0003-2697 J9 ANAL BIOCHEM JI Anal. Biochem. PD AUG 1 PY 2002 VL 307 IS 1 BP 117 EP 130 AR PII S0003-2697(02)00003-9 PG 14 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 584ZE UT WOS:000177498000017 PM 12137788 ER PT J AU Mann, JL Kelly, WR MacDonald, BS AF Mann, JL Kelly, WR MacDonald, BS TI Observations of anomalous mass-loss behavior in SRM coals and cokes on drying SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article AB The determination of moisture content in coal and coke is required for the accurate reporting of physical and chemical constituents on a dry mass basis. Interlaboratory comparisons are reported on a dry mass basis and require reproducible assessments of moisture content to minimize differences among laboratories. Comparability between laboratories is necessary to ensure equity in trade and to avoid costly disputes between buyer and seller. Moisture loss was measured as mass (M) loss as a function of time (t) at constant temperature in a dynamic inert nitrogen atmosphere on 10 SRM coals (7 bituminous and 3 subbituminous) and 4 SRM cokes. Three different patterns of mass-loss were observed-ideal (dM/dt = 0), and two anomalous behaviors, negative deviation (dM/ dt < 0) and positive deviation (dM/dt > 0). Bituminous coals with lower moisture (1-4%) and volatile content (33-38%),tend to display either ideal or positive behavior while subbiturninous coals with higher moisture (12-17%) and volatile content (41-47%) display negative behavior. The identification of these different mass-loss patterns demonstrates the potential for method bias depending on the,drying end-point definition (ASTM and LECO) used. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stand Reference Mat Program, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Mann, JL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Div Analyt Chem, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 7 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD AUG 1 PY 2002 VL 74 IS 15 BP 3585 EP 3591 AR UNSP AC0157223 DI 10.1021/ac0157223 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 580MW UT WOS:000177239200010 PM 12175140 ER PT J AU Yu, LL Fassett, JD Guthrie, WF AF Yu, LL Fassett, JD Guthrie, WF TI Detection limit of isotope dilution mass spectrometry SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article AB The detection limit is an important figure of merit for evaluating instrumentation and analytical methods. While the detection limit for techniques using linear calibration functions has been studied extensively, this fundamental metric has rarely been discussed for mass spectrometry that bases the calibration on the principle of isotope dilution.,We have developed a formulation for the detection-limit for isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) after a thorough analysis of the uncertainty of IDMS measurements. The new formulation describes the, IDMS detection limit as a function of the enrichment of the isotopic spike and the linear calibration detection limits measured at the masses for the isotope ratio measurement. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Yu, LL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Yu, Lee/N-7263-2015 OI Yu, Lee/0000-0002-8043-6853 NR 8 TC 27 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD AUG 1 PY 2002 VL 74 IS 15 BP 3887 EP 3891 DI 10.1021/ac011254l PG 5 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 580MW UT WOS:000177239200050 PM 12175180 ER PT J AU Naish, KA Park, LK AF Naish, KA Park, LK TI Linkage relationships for 35 new microsatellite loci in chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha SO ANIMAL GENETICS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Naish, KA (reprint author), Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, 1122 NE Boat St, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. RI Naish, Kerry/F-5768-2014 OI Naish, Kerry/0000-0002-3275-8778 NR 3 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 9 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0268-9146 J9 ANIM GENET JI Anim. Genet. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 33 IS 4 BP 316 EP 318 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2052.2002.t01-4-00886.x PG 4 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science; Genetics & Heredity SC Agriculture; Genetics & Heredity GA 576UZ UT WOS:000177025500015 PM 12139517 ER PT J AU Lotufo, GR Landrum, PF AF Lotufo, GR Landrum, PF TI The influence of sediment and feeding on the elimination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the freshwater amphipod, Diporeia spp. SO AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article DE elimination; Diporeia spp.; fecal elimination; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ID ORGANIC XENOBIOTICS; CHIRONOMUS-RIPARIUS; PONTOPOREIA-HOYI; PCB CONGENERS; TOXICOKINETICS; ASSIMILATION; BIOTRANSFORMATION; BIOAVAILABILITY; BENZO(A)PYRENE; EFFICIENCY AB The elimination of non-polar organic contaminants from sediment dwelling aquatic invertebrates was thought to be dominated by fecal elimination. This was particularly thought to be the case for the amphipod, Diporeia spp. that encapsulates the fecal material in a peritrophic membrane. The elimination of selected PAH congeners by Diporeia spp. was determined in the presence of three solid substrates and under water only conditions. The elimination was generally enhanced by the presence of a solid substrate whether or not the organism employed the material as a food source. The greater the sorptive capacity of the substrate, the greater its influence on the elimination process. Elimination via the fecal route was generally insignificant except for the elimination of BaP in the presence of sediment. In this case, the fecal elimination accounted for up to 40% of the total elimination, and the extent of elimination via the fecal route increased with the amount of fecal material produced. Thus, it is clear from the above effort that the main mechanism for elimination of contaminants in the presence of a substrate is primarily via passive diffusion from the organism with subsequent sorption to the solid substrate, which maintains the chemical activity gradient between the organism and the water. This effort refutes the earlier hypothesis that fecal elimination is the dominant route of elimination for Diporeia spp., and that the peritrophic membrane plays any substantial role in the elimination process. Published by Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd. C1 NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Landrum, PF (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. NR 32 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-445X J9 AQUAT TOXICOL JI Aquat. Toxicol. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 58 IS 3-4 BP 137 EP 149 AR PII S0166-445X(01)00222-3 DI 10.1016/S0166-445X(01)00222-3 PG 13 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Toxicology GA 559YK UT WOS:000176053900002 PM 12007870 ER PT J AU Tittlemier, S Borrell, A Duffe, J Duignan, PJ Fair, P Hall, A Hoekstra, P Kovacs, KM Krahn, MM Lebeuf, M Lydersen, C Muir, D O'Hara, T Olsson, M Pranschke, J Ross, P Siebert, U Stern, G Tanabe, S Norstrom, R AF Tittlemier, S Borrell, A Duffe, J Duignan, PJ Fair, P Hall, A Hoekstra, P Kovacs, KM Krahn, MM Lebeuf, M Lydersen, C Muir, D O'Hara, T Olsson, M Pranschke, J Ross, P Siebert, U Stern, G Tanabe, S Norstrom, R TI Global distribution of halogenated dimethyl bipyrroles in marine mammal blubber SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL LEVELS; WHALES DELPHINAPTERUS-LEUCAS; ORGANOCHLORINE CONTAMINANTS; CHEMICAL RESIDUES; PHOCOENA-PHOCOENA; BOWHEAD WHALES; TROPHIC LEVELS; RINGED SEALS; PCBS; BIOACCUMULATION AB Four halogenated dimethyl bipyrroles (HDBPs), hypothesized to be naturally produced, were quantitated in marine mammal blubber from a number of species obtained from various locations worldwide. HDBPs were found in samples from all locations Studied. Concentrations of total HDBPs (SigmaHDBPs) ranged from 0.4 ng/g lipid weight in ringed seals (Phoca hispida) from the White Sea to 2,540 ng/g lipid weight in Dall's porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli) from the northwestern North Pacific Ocean. At their highest levels, :SHDBPs made up 11% of the total quantitated organohalogen body burden of adult male Dall's porpoises. In two beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) data subsets, it was found that mates contained Significantly higher concentrations of I HDBPs than females. No significant effects of age or sex on SigmaHDBPs were observed in harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) and bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus) data subsets. The geographical distribution of concentrations did not resemble that of the ubiquitous anthropogenic organohalogen, polychlorinated biphenyl congener CB-153. Higher concentrations of HDBPs and different patterns of congeners were observed in samples from Pacific as opposed to non-Pacific Ocean influenced environments. Concentrations of HDBPs in beluga from the Arctic and St. Lawrence River were similar. Their high abundance in north Pacific Ocean biota and widespread occurrence suggest that HDBPs undergo extensive transport from a source located primarily in the Pacific Ocean. Evidence from HDBP congener patterns indicates that both ocean currents and atmospheric transport likely play a role in the movement of HDBPs. These results imply that HDBPs and anthropogenic organohalogens have different sources and support the natural production hypothesis. C1 Carleton Univ, Ctr Analyt & Environm Chem, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada. Univ Barcelona, Dept Anim Biol, Barcelona, Spain. Environm Canada, Natl Wildlife Res Ctr, Hull, PQ, Canada. Massey Univ, IVABS, New Zealand Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Palmerston North, New Zealand. NOAA, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Charleston, SC USA. Univ St Andrews, Sea Mammal Res Unit, St Andrews, Fife, Scotland. Univ Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada. Norwegian Polar Res Inst, Tromso, Norway. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Environm Conservat Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Maurice Lamontagne Inst, Mont Joli, PQ, Canada. Environm Canada, Natl Water Res Inst, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada. Dept Wildlife Management, Barrow, AK USA. Swedish Museum Nat Hist, S-10405 Stockholm, Sweden. Dept Fisheries & Oceans, Inst Ocean Sci, Sydney, NSW, Australia. Univ Kiel, Forsch & Technol Zentrum Westkuste, Busum, Germany. Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Inst Freshwater, Winnipeg, MB, Canada. Ehime Univ, Ctr Marine Environm Studies, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan. RP Norstrom, R (reprint author), Carleton Univ, Ctr Analyt & Environm Chem, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada. RI Borrell, Asuncion/B-8257-2009; Lebeuf, Michel/H-1067-2011; Tanabe, Shinsuke/G-6950-2013; Hall, Ailsa/E-1596-2011; OI Borrell, Asuncion/0000-0002-6714-0724; Muir, Derek/0000-0001-6631-9776 NR 38 TC 34 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 12 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 43 IS 2 BP 244 EP 255 DI 10.1007/s00244-002-1175-6 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 575AR UT WOS:000176923800014 PM 12115051 ER PT J AU Wilkinson, E Harper, GM Brown, A Herczeg, GJ AF Wilkinson, E Harper, GM Brown, A Herczeg, GJ TI The far-ultraviolet spectrum of T Tauri between 912 and 1185 angstrom SO ASTRONOMICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE stars : atmospheres; stars : individual (T Tauri); stars : pre-main-sequence; ultraviolet emission ID MOLECULAR-HYDROGEN; BINARY-SYSTEM; BAND SYSTEM; STARS; ATMOSPHERE; EMISSION; OUTFLOW; TABLE; DISKS; ATLAS AB We report on a Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) spectroscopic observation of the pre-main-sequence star T Tauri, the defining object of pre-main-sequence stars. The FUSE satellite is the only UV instrument currently available that can acquire high-quality spectra between 912 and 1185 Angstrom. The spectrum of T Tau was acquired between 2000 January 15 and 16. Serendipitous observing conditions resulted in a very low noise spectrum that allowed the detection of several weak features, including the first detection of H-2 Werner-band emission in an extrasolar object. C1 Univ Colorado, Ctr Astrophys & Space Astron, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Wilkinson, E (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Ctr Astrophys & Space Astron, Campus Box 391, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 26 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-6256 J9 ASTRON J JI Astron. J. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 124 IS 2 BP 1077 EP 1081 DI 10.1086/341583 PG 5 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 574KQ UT WOS:000176888900035 ER PT J AU McLin, KM Stocke, JT Weymann, RJ Penton, SV Shull, JM AF McLin, KM Stocke, JT Weymann, RJ Penton, SV Shull, JM TI The local Ly alpha forest: Absorbers in galaxy voids SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE galaxies : halos; intergalactic medium; large-scale structure of universe; quasars : absorption lines ID HUBBLE-SPACE-TELESCOPE; H-I SURVEY; LOW-REDSHIFT; ABSORPTION SYSTEMS; GASEOUS EXTENT; DEEP SURVEY; CLOUDS; LINE; ENVIRONMENT; ORIGIN AB We have conducted pointed redshift surveys for galaxies in the direction of bright active galactic nuclei whose Hubble Space Telescope far-UV spectra contain nearby (czless than or similar to30,000 km s(-1)), low column density [12.5 less than or equal to log N-H I (cm(-2)) less than or equal to 14.5] Lyalpha forest absorption systems. Here we present results for four lines of sight that contain nearby (czless than or similar to3000 km s(-1)) Lyalpha absorbers in galaxy voids. Although our data go quite deep [-13 less than or equal to M-B (limit) less than or equal to -14] out to impact parameters of rho less than or similar to 100-250 h(70)(-1) kpc, these absorbers remain isolated and thus appear to be truly intergalactic, rather than part of galaxies or their halos. Since we and others have discovered no galaxies in voids, the only baryons detected in the voids are in the Lyalpha "clouds." Using a photoionization model for these clouds, the total baryonic content of the voids is 4.5%+/-1.5% of the mean baryon density. C1 Univ Colorado, Ctr Astrophys & Space Astron, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Astrophys & Planetary Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Carnegie Inst Washington Observ, Pasadena, CA 91101 USA. Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP McLin, KM (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Ctr Astrophys & Space Astron, Campus Box 391, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 37 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 3 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD AUG 1 PY 2002 VL 574 IS 2 BP L115 EP L118 DI 10.1086/342419 PN 2 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 581BF UT WOS:000177270700003 ER PT J AU Ryaboshapko, A Bullock, R Ebinghaus, R Ilyin, I Lohman, K Munthe, J Petersen, G Seigneur, C Wangberg, I AF Ryaboshapko, A Bullock, R Ebinghaus, R Ilyin, I Lohman, K Munthe, J Petersen, G Seigneur, C Wangberg, I TI Comparison of mercury chemistry models SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE mercury species; numerical models; intercomparison; cloud environment; red-ox system ID GAS-PHASE REACTION; ATMOSPHERIC MERCURY; ELEMENTAL MERCURY; ATOMIC MERCURY; OXIDATION; SOLUBILITY; DEPOSITION; SIMULATION; REDUCTION; FRAMEWORK AB Five mercury (Hg) chemistry models are compared using the same data set for model initialisation. All five models include gas-phase oxidation of Hg(0) to Hg(II) (except for one model), fast reduction-oxidation aqueous reactions between Hg(0) and Hg(II), and adsorption of Hg(II) species to soot particles within droplets. However, the models differ in their detailed treatments of these processes. Consequently, the 48-h simulations reveal similarities but also significant discrepancies among the models. For the simulation that included all Hg species (i.e., Hg(0), Hg(II) and Hg(p)) as well as soot in the initial conditions, the maximum simulated Hg(II) aqueous concentrations ranged from 55 to 148 ng l(-1) whereas the minimum concentrations ranged from 20 to 110 ng l(-1). These results suggest that further experimental work is critically needed to reduce the current uncertainties in the formulation of Hg chemistry models. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Meteorol Synthesizing Ctr E, Moscow 117292, Russia. US EPA, NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. GKSS Forschungszentrum Geesthacht GmbH, D-21502 Geesthacht, Germany. Atmospher & Environm Res, San Ramon, CA 94583 USA. Swedish Environm Res Inst, IVL, S-40258 Gothenburg, Sweden. RP Ryaboshapko, A (reprint author), Meteorol Synthesizing Ctr E, Kedrova Str 8-1, Moscow 117292, Russia. RI Mason, Robert/A-6829-2011 NR 39 TC 56 Z9 59 U1 1 U2 9 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 36 IS 24 BP 3881 EP 3898 AR PII S1352-2310(02)00351-5 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00351-5 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 599VL UT WOS:000178355800002 ER PT J AU Lane, J AF Lane, J TI A heatburst climatology SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 21st Conference on Severe Local Storms CY AUG 12-16, 2002 CL SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS C1 NOAA, NWS, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Lane, J (reprint author), NOAA, NWS, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 83 IS 8 BP 1123 EP + PG 45 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 590FQ UT WOS:000177808000006 ER PT J AU Feingold, G Chuang, PY AF Feingold, G Chuang, PY TI Organic films in clouds SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT News Item C1 NOAA, Washington, DC 20230 USA. RP Feingold, G (reprint author), NOAA, Washington, DC 20230 USA. RI Feingold, Graham/B-6152-2009 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 83 IS 8 BP 1137 EP 1137 PG 1 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 590FQ UT WOS:000177808000023 ER PT J AU Heim, RR AF Heim, RR TI A review of twentieth-century drought indices used in the United States SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SEVERITY INDEX; L-MOMENTS; PALMER; SENSITIVITY C1 NOAA, Climate Monitoring Branch, Sci Serv Div, Natl Climat Data Ctr, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. RP Heim, RR (reprint author), NOAA, Climate Monitoring Branch, Sci Serv Div, Natl Climat Data Ctr, 151 Patton Ave, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. NR 68 TC 595 Z9 630 U1 25 U2 157 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 83 IS 8 BP 1149 EP 1165 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 590FQ UT WOS:000177808000029 ER PT J AU Svoboda, M LeComte, D Hayes, M Heim, R Gleason, K Angel, J Rippey, B Tinker, R Palecki, M Stooksbury, D Miskus, D Stephens, S AF Svoboda, M LeComte, D Hayes, M Heim, R Gleason, K Angel, J Rippey, B Tinker, R Palecki, M Stooksbury, D Miskus, D Stephens, S TI The drought monitor SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID MIDWESTERN UNITED-STATES; SOIL-MOISTURE C1 Univ Nebraska, Natl Drought Mitigat Ctr, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Climate Predict Ctr, Cmp Springs, MD USA. Natl Climat Ctr, Asheville, NC USA. USDA, World Agr Outlook Board, Washington, DC 20250 USA. Illinois State Water Survey, Illinois Climate Off, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. Illinois State Water Survey, Midwest reg Climate Ctr, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. Univ Georgia, Off State Climatologist, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Svoboda, M (reprint author), Univ Nebraska, Natl Drought Mitigat Ctr, 107 1 W Chase Hall, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. NR 18 TC 336 Z9 347 U1 9 U2 39 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 83 IS 8 BP 1181 EP 1190 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 590FQ UT WOS:000177808000031 ER PT J AU Lawrimore, J Heim, RR Svoboda, M Swail, V Englehart, PJ AF Lawrimore, J Heim, RR Svoboda, M Swail, V Englehart, PJ TI Beginning a new era of drought monitoring across North America SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article C1 NOAA, NCDC, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. Natl Drought Mitigat Ctr, Lincoln, NE USA. Meteorol Serv Canada, Climate Res Branch, Toronto, ON, Canada. Creighton Univ, Omaha, NE 68178 USA. RP Lawrimore, J (reprint author), NOAA, NCDC, 151 Patton Ave, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. NR 1 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 83 IS 8 BP 1191 EP 1192 PG 2 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 590FQ UT WOS:000177808000032 ER PT J AU Ryer, CH Lawton, A Lopez, RJ Olla, BL AF Ryer, CH Lawton, A Lopez, RJ Olla, BL TI A comparison of the functional ecology of visual vs. nonvisual foraging in two planktivorous marine fishes SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID ALEWIFE ALOSA-PSEUDOHARENGUS; SUNFISH LEPOMIS-MACROCHIRUS; LATERAL-LINE; SIZE SELECTION; PLANKTONIC PREY; BODY-SIZE; RESPONSES; BEHAVIOR; WATERS AB Some visually foraging planktivorous fish will facultatively engage in nonvisual foraging when opportunities arise or necessity dictates. Yet, little is known about the ecology of nonvisual foraging. We examined the roles of prey size, fish size, and prey density on the nonvisual foraging of walleye pollock, Theragra chalcogramma (40-100 mm total length), and sablefish, Anoplopoma fimbria (66-89 mm), in the laboratory. Both species were size selective, disproportionately consuming large prey just as they do during visual foraging. Large prey were encountered more often, presumably because they were more easily detected by the fish's lateral-line system.. When foraging visually, larger fish consumed more prey, but during nonvisual foraging, there was no foraging advantage to greater fish size. Unlike visual detection distances, lateral-line detection distances may not increase appreciably with fish size. Lastly, prey density influenced nonvisual prey consumption. Walleye pollock were characterized by a type I functional response, whereas sablefish were characterized by a type II functional response. Models of planktivore foraging typically assume negligible foraging by particulate feeders below their visual foraging thresholds. On the basis of this study and field data, we suggest that foraging models for particulate feeders, such as juvenile walleye pollock and sablefish, should account for nonvisual size-selective foraging. C1 NOAA, Fisheries Behav Ecol Program, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, NMFS,Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Univ Queensland, Ctr Marine Studies, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia. Calif State Univ Los Angeles, Dept Biol, Los Angeles, CA 90032 USA. Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Ryer, CH (reprint author), NOAA, Fisheries Behav Ecol Program, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, NMFS,Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NR 34 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 3 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 59 IS 8 BP 1305 EP 1314 DI 10.1139/F02-097 PG 10 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 601KW UT WOS:000178445900006 ER PT J AU Buonaccorsi, VP Kimbrell, CA Lynn, EA Vetter, RD AF Buonaccorsi, VP Kimbrell, CA Lynn, EA Vetter, RD TI Population structure of copper rockfish (Sebastes caurinus) reflects postglacial colonization and contemporary patterns of larval dispersal SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID GENE FLOW; SIZE; DIFFERENTIATION; BOTTLENECKS; CIRCULATION; DIVERSITY; MARINE; DNA AB The copper rockfish (Sebastes caurinus) is a benthic, nonmigratory, rocky reef species with pelagic larval and juvenile stages lasting several months. Adults are commonly distributed in temperate coastal waters of the Pacific Ocean from British Columbia to southern California, including the inland waterways of Puget Sound, Washington, a semi-enclosed fjord system of known postglacial origin. Here, we report the distribution of genetic variation at six microsatellite DNA loci from six locations throughout the species' range. Among four coastal samples, significant population subdivision was detected (F-ST = 0.007), and a significant correlation between genetic and geographic distance was observed. Divergence was large and significant between Puget Sound proper and coastal samples (F-ST = 0.087). A sample taken only 100 km north of Puget Sound (the Canadian Gulf Islands) was also highly divergent from Puget Sound and coastal samples and was genetically intermediate between the two. The Puget Sound sample also displayed significantly lower allelic diversity and a more substantial presence of private alleles. The patterns of genetic divergence and diversity are most consistent with a historical colonization followed by limited oceanographic exchange among geographically proximate locations. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. RP Buonaccorsi, VP (reprint author), Juniata Coll, Dept Biol, 1700 Moore St, Huntingdon, PA 16652 USA. NR 36 TC 64 Z9 65 U1 0 U2 7 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 59 IS 8 BP 1374 EP 1384 DI 10.1139/F02-101 PG 11 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 601KW UT WOS:000178445900013 ER PT J AU Kang, IS Jin, K Wang, B Lau, KM Shukla, J Krishnamurthy, V Schubert, SD Wailser, DE Stern, WF Kitoh, A Meehl, GA Kanamitsu, M Galin, VY Satyan, V Park, CK Liu, Y AF Kang, IS Jin, K Wang, B Lau, KM Shukla, J Krishnamurthy, V Schubert, SD Wailser, DE Stern, WF Kitoh, A Meehl, GA Kanamitsu, M Galin, VY Satyan, V Park, CK Liu, Y TI Intercomparison of the climatological variations of Asian summer monsoon precipitation simulated by 10 GCMs SO CLIMATE DYNAMICS LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODELS; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; HORIZONTAL RESOLUTION; INTRASEASONAL OSCILLATION; CLOUD ENSEMBLE; EAST CHINA; SENSITIVITY; PREDICTABILITY; CONVECTION; PROJECT AB We assesses the overall performance of stateof-the-art atmospheric GCMs in simulating the climatological variations of summer monsoon rainfall over the Asian-Western Pacific region and the systematic errors that are common to a group of GCMs. The GCM data utilized are obtained from 10 GCM groups participated in the CLIVAR/Monsoon GCM Intercomparison Project. The model composite shows that the overall spatial pattern of summer monsoon rainfall is similar to the observed, although the western Pacific rainfall is relatively weak. For the simulated precipitation over the western Pacific, the models can be classified into two categories. The first category of models simulates the precipitation more confined to the equatorial region and weaker precipitation in the subtropical western Pacific compared to the observed. The second category of models simulates large precipitation in the subtropical western Pacific but the region is shifted to the north by 5-10degrees. None of the models realistically reproduce the observed Mei-yu rain band in the region from the East China Sea to the mid Pacific. Most of the models produce a rain band along the continental side of East Asia. The climatological variations of simulated summer rainfall are examined in terms of their amplitude and their principal EOF modes. All models simulate larger amplitudes of the climatological seasonal variation of Indian summer monsoon than the observed, though most models simulate smaller amplitudes in the western Pacific. The ten model composite produces four leading EOF modes over the Asian-western Pacific region, which are remarkably similar to the observed counterparts. The first and second eigenmodes, respectively, represent the smoothed seasonal march of broad-scale monsoon and the onsets of the Indian and East Asian summer monsoon. The third and fourth modes relate to the climatological intraseasonal oscillation (CISO). In contrast to the model composite, several models fail to reproduce the first principal mode, and most models do riot reproduce the observed modes higher than the second. The CISO of precipitation is also examined over the Indian monsoon and the East Asia-western Pacific monsoon regions separately. C1 Seoul Natl Univ, Sch Earth & Environm Sci, Seoul 151742, South Korea. Univ Hawaii, Int Pacific Res Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Climate & Radiat Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Inst Global Environm & Soc Inc, Ctr Ocean Land Atmosphere Studies, Calverton, MD USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Data Adm Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Inst Terr & Planetary Atmospheres, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Meteorol Res Inst, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO USA. Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Camp Springs, MD USA. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Numer Math, Moscow, Russia. Indian Inst Trop Meteorol, Pune, Maharashtra, India. Korea Meteorol Adm, Climate Predict Div, Seoul, South Korea. Inst Atmospher Phys, Beijing, Peoples R China. RP Kang, IS (reprint author), Seoul Natl Univ, Sch Earth & Environm Sci, Seoul 151742, South Korea. EM kang@climate.snu.ac.kr RI Lau, William /E-1510-2012; 안, 민섭/D-9972-2015 OI Lau, William /0000-0002-3587-3691; NR 46 TC 275 Z9 312 U1 5 U2 37 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0930-7575 J9 CLIM DYNAM JI Clim. Dyn. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 19 IS 5-6 BP 383 EP 395 DI 10.1007/s00382-002-0245-9 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 591FZ UT WOS:000177870200002 ER PT J AU Navarra, A Boccaletti, G AF Navarra, A Boccaletti, G TI Numerical general circulation experiments of sensitivity to Earth rotation rate SO CLIMATE DYNAMICS LA English DT Article ID STEADY-STATE MODELS; BASIC STATE; ATMOSPHERE; CLIMATE; INSTABILITY AB The ECHAM4 general circulation model was tested for its skill in reproducing the sensitivity of the general circulation to the rotation rate of the Earth. The experiments have been designed to investigate the behavior of the model under conditions that are not typical of the parametric regime under which the model has been developed. The model was set at spectral T30 resolution, has 19 vertical levels and it includes a rather complete set of physical parametrizations, seasonal and diurnal cycles, and a mixed layer ocean. The other parameters have been prescribed at present climate values to offer a good comparison with the simulation of the present climate (24 h rotation rates). In particular. the present land-sea mass distribution and mountain ranges have been used. The dynamical response to rotation rate changes was investigated by performing sensitivity experiments at fixed rotation rates, from 18 to 360 h. each integrated for 20 years. The latitudinal extent and the strength of the Hadley Cell increased as the rotation rate was decreased, as expected from idealized models and theory. The tropospheric jets underwent a similar evolution, moving poleward and modifying their intensity, as the rotation rate was decreased. The winter stationary waves have been found to be very sensitive to the rotation rate, turning into longer and longer wavelength quickly as the rotation slowed. The model has been also used to investigate the stability of the general circulation to the variations of the rotation rate. The model was run with a rotation period of 240 h and a direct Hadley Circulation equator to pole was observed. The rotation rate was subsequently increased until baroclinic instabilities at midlatitudes appeared. The experiment demonstrated how ECHAM4 handles the unstable character of the eddy-free circulation typical of slow rotations and the transition to turbulent, eddy rich, regimes. The overall results indicate that rotation rate changes need to be taken into account when designing paleoclimatic simulations. The good agreement between the results of the simulations and the bounds provided by the dynamical theories of the general circulation enhances our confidence in the capability of the model to represent the general circulation in different situations from the present climate. C1 Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Navarra, A (reprint author), Inst Nazl Geofis & Vulcanol, Via Gobetti 101, I-40100 Bologna, Italy. NR 25 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0930-7575 J9 CLIM DYNAM JI Clim. Dyn. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 19 IS 5-6 BP 467 EP 483 DI 10.1007/s00382-002-0238-8 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 591FZ UT WOS:000177870200008 ER PT J AU Shivji, M Clarke, S Pank, M Natanson, L Kohler, N Stanhope, M AF Shivji, M Clarke, S Pank, M Natanson, L Kohler, N Stanhope, M TI Genetic identification of pelagic shark body parts for conservation and trade monitoring SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID SPECIES IDENTIFICATION; MULTIPLEX PCR; FISHERY; DNA AB The conservation and management of sharks on a species-specific basis is a pressing need because of the escalating demand for shark fins and the recognition that individual shark species respond differently to exploitation. Difficulties with the identification of many commonly fished sharks and their body parts has resulted in a global dearth of catch and trade information, making reliable assessment of exploitation effects and conservation needs for individual species nearly impossible. We developed and tested a highly streamlined molecular genetic approach based on species-specific, polymerase-chain-reaction primers in an eight-primer multiplex format to discriminate simultaneously between body parts from six shark species common in worldwide pelagic fisheries. The species-specific primers are based on DNA sequence differences among species in the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 2 locus. The primers and multiplex format accurately and sensitively distinguished samples from each of three lamnid (Isurus oxyrinchus , Isurus paucus , and Lamna nasus) and three carcharhinid (Prionace glauca , Carcharhinus obscurus , and Carcharhinus falciformis) species from all but one other shark species encountered in the North Atlantic fishery. Furthermore, the three lamnid primers were robust enough in their discriminatory power to be useful for species diagnosis on a global scale. Preliminary testing of dried fins from Asian and Mediterranean commercial markets suggests that our genetic approach will be useful for determining the species of origin of detached fins, thus allowing the monitoring of trade in shark fins for conservation assessment. Our approach will also facilitate detection of products from protected and other at-risk shark species and may prove useful as a model for development of the high-throughput, genetic, species-diagnosis methods typically required in conservation and management contexts. C1 Nova SE Univ, Oceanog Ctr, Guy Harvey Res Inst, Dania, FL 33004 USA. Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, TH Huxley Sch, London SW7 2BP, England. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NOAA, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceut, Evolutionary Bioinformat, Collegeville, PA 19426 USA. RP Shivji, M (reprint author), Nova SE Univ, Oceanog Ctr, Guy Harvey Res Inst, 8000 N Ocean Dr, Dania, FL 33004 USA. NR 39 TC 90 Z9 99 U1 1 U2 50 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING INC PI MALDEN PA 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN, MA 02148 USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 16 IS 4 BP 1036 EP 1047 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.01188.x PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 579VY UT WOS:000177199500020 ER PT J AU Cortes, E AF Cortes, E TI Incorporating uncertainty into demographic modeling: Application to shark populations and their conservation SO CONSERVATION BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LIFE-HISTORY VARIATION; ELASTICITY ANALYSIS; CARCHARHINUS-PLUMBEUS; NATURAL MORTALITY; SANDBAR SHARK; GROWTH RATE; PARAMETERS; MANAGEMENT; DEPENDENCE; FISHERIES AB I explored the effect of uncertainty in demographic traits on demographic analyses of sharks, an approach not used before for this taxon. I used age-structured life tables and Leslie matrices based on a prebreeding survey and a yearly time step applied only to females to model the demography of 41 populations from 38 species of sharks representing four orders and nine families. I used Monte Carlo simulation to reflect uncertainty in the estimates of demographic traits and to calculate population statistics and elasticities for these populations; I used correlation analysis to identify the demographic traits that explained most of the variation in population growth rates (lambda). The populations I examined fell along a continuum of life-history characteristics that can be linked to elasticity patterns. Sharks characterized by early age at maturity, short lifespan, and large litter size had high lambda values and short generation times, whereas sharks that mature late and have long lifespans and small litters have low lambda values and long generation times. Sharks at the "fast" end of the spectrum tended to have comparable adult and juvenile survival elasticities, whereas sharks at the "slow" end of the continuum had high juvenile survival elasticity and low age-zero survival (or fertility) elasticity. Ratios of adult survival to fertility elasticities and juvenile survival to fertility elasticities suggest that many of the populations studied do not possess the biological attributes necessary to restore lambda to its original level after moderate levels of exploitation. Elasticity analysis suggests that changes in juvenile survival would have the greatest effect on lambda, and correlation analysis indicates that variation in juvenile survival, age at maturity, and reproduction account for most of the variation in lambda. In general, combined results from elasticity and correlation analyses suggest that research, conservation, and management efforts should focus on these demographic traits. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Panama City Lab, Panama City, FL 32408 USA. RP Cortes, E (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Panama City Lab, 3500 Delwood Beach Rd, Panama City, FL 32408 USA. EM cortes@bio.fsu.edu RI Cortes, Enric/H-2700-2013 NR 34 TC 173 Z9 177 U1 9 U2 60 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0888-8892 J9 CONSERV BIOL JI Conserv. Biol. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 16 IS 4 BP 1048 EP 1062 DI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.00423.x PG 15 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 579VY UT WOS:000177199500021 ER PT J AU Rist, MJ Marino, JP AF Rist, MJ Marino, JP TI Fluorescent nucleotide base analogs as probes of nucleic acid structure, dynamics and interactions SO CURRENT ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LA English DT Review ID BACTERIOPHAGE-T4 DNA-POLYMERASE; T7 RNA-POLYMERASE; PTERIDINE NUCLEOSIDE ANALOGS; TIME-RESOLVED FLUORESCENCE; RESONANCE ENERGY-TRANSFER; OPEN COMPLEX-FORMATION; IN-SITU HYBRIDIZATION; 2-AMINOPURINE FLUORESCENCE; CONFORMATIONAL-CHANGES; KINETIC MECHANISM AB Highly fluorescent nucleotide base analogs provide sensitive probes for studying the structure, dynamics and interactions of nucleic acids. These analogs can be incorporated site-specifically into oligonucleotides through standard automated synthetic methods, allowing them to serve as sensitive probes of changes in the microenvironment of bases that may result from variation in buffer condition, ion concentration, temperature or molecular interactions. Global conformational changes in nucleic acids and nucleic acid complexes can also be detected using fluorescent base analogs. A significant strength of fluorescent base analogs is their similarity in molecular constitution and chemical properties to natural bases. In contrast to bulkier chromophores, incorporation of nucleotide base analogs into oligonucleotides can normally be accomplished without introducing significant structural or chemical changes that might alter the measurement. Here, we review the characteristics of currently available fluorescent nucleotide base analogs that have made them useful probes in fluorescence studies of nucleic acids and nucleic acid complexes. A range of applications, that include measurement of fluorescence emission quenching, spectral shifting, depolarization (anisotropy), fluorescence lifetime and fluorescence resonance energy transfer, will be presented to demonstrate the broad utility of fluorescence base analog probes in characterizing the steady-state equilibrium properties and real-time kinetics in nucleic acid systems. C1 Univ Maryland, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. NIST, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. RP Marino, JP (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, 9600 Gudelsky Dr, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. NR 119 TC 168 Z9 170 U1 5 U2 56 PU BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBL LTD PI HILVERSUM PA PO BOX 1673, 1200 BR HILVERSUM, NETHERLANDS SN 1385-2728 J9 CURR ORG CHEM JI Curr. Org. Chem. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 6 IS 9 BP 775 EP 793 DI 10.2174/1385272023373914 PG 19 WC Chemistry, Organic SC Chemistry GA 591FF UT WOS:000177868500002 ER PT J AU Shertzer, KW Ellner, SP AF Shertzer, KW Ellner, SP TI State-dependent energy allocation in variable environments: Life history evolution of a rotifer SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Brachionus calyciflorous; dynamic energy budget model; genetic algorithm; indeterminate growth; life history theory; norm of reaction; rotifers; state-dependent; storage; variable environments ID BRACHIONUS-CALYCIFLORUS PALLAS; OPTIMAL RESOURCE-ALLOCATION; PLANKTONIC ROTIFERS; INDETERMINATE GROWTH; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; REPRODUCTION; SIZE; LIMITATION; STARVATION; RESPONSES AB We present a framework for studying the evolution of state-dependent life history strategies in unpredictable environments. A dynamic energy budget model tracks the flow of energy through individuals and is parameterized using the rotifer species Brachionus calyciflorous. Ingested energy is allocated between new growth, energy reserves, and reproductive effort, in proportions determined by the organism's physiological state, leading to a three-way trade-off when food supplies are unpredictable. The model generates testable predictions regarding how variability in food affects optimal allocation strategies. There is selection for indeterminate growth and for norms of reaction in body size, storage, and age at maturity. Harsher environments select for smaller sizes and increased storage and, consequently, greater ability to withstand starvation. The model's predictions about body size, age at maturity, and effects of food deprivation are consistent with experimental results for B. calyciflorous, indicating that these life history traits have all been shaped by evolution of energy allocation and storage strategies in response to environmental variability. C1 Cornell Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Stat, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Shertzer, KW (reprint author), NOAA, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, 101 Pivers Isl Rd, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. NR 53 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 7 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 0012-9658 J9 ECOLOGY JI Ecology PD AUG PY 2002 VL 83 IS 8 BP 2181 EP 2193 DI 10.2307/3072050 PG 13 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 583WP UT WOS:000177434200013 ER PT J AU Akerman, B Cole, KD AF Akerman, B Cole, KD TI Electrophoretic capture of circular DNA in gels SO ELECTROPHORESIS LA English DT Review DE circular DNA; electrophoretic capture; review ID PULSED-FIELD ELECTROPHORESIS; DOUBLE-STRANDED DNA; AGAROSE GELS; POLYACRYLAMIDE GELS; FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY; SUPERCOILED DNA; DYNAMICS; BEHAVIOR; POLYELECTROLYTES; BIREFRINGENCE AB Results on electrophoretic capture of circular DNA in porous gels are reviewed. Processes which cause arrest of circular forms of DNA during electrophoresis can provide very efficient separation mechanism for the purification of plasmids and bacterial artificial chromosomes if the corresponding linear form is not trapped and therefore removed by the electric field. Two types of such topological traps have been proposed, impalement and lobster traps, and we here review the present experimental support for the existence of these two circle-specific mechanisms. Experiments designed to characterize the traps are discussed, regarding the concentration of the traps as well as their efficiency and capacity to trap both relaxed and supercoiled circular DNA. Studies of the dynamics of the capture process show that the average capture time is on the order of 10 s at 20 V/cm, by which time the circles have migrated several hundred micrometers and have passed hundreds of traps. We also review results on attempts to improve the capacity and efficiency of the trapping process by modification of the gels either by enzymatic treatment or by cogelation of neutral polymers. C1 Chalmers Univ Technol, Dept Phys Chem, S-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Akerman, B (reprint author), Chalmers Univ Technol, Dept Phys Chem, Kemivagen 10, S-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden. NR 47 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 5 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 0173-0835 J9 ELECTROPHORESIS JI Electrophoresis PD AUG PY 2002 VL 23 IS 16 BP 2549 EP 2561 DI 10.1002/1522-2683(200208)23:16<2549::AID-ELPS2549>3.0.CO;2-Q PG 13 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 591PB UT WOS:000177888500002 PM 12210158 ER PT J AU McCoy, DL Jones, JM Anderson, JW Harmon, M Hartwell, I Hameedi, J AF McCoy, DL Jones, JM Anderson, JW Harmon, M Hartwell, I Hameedi, J TI Distribution of cytochrome P4501A1-inducing chemicals in sediments of the Delaware River-Bay system, USA SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE Delaware River; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; dioxins; human reporter gene system ID REPORTER GENE SYSTEM; QUALITY TRIAD; TOXICITY; CONTAMINATION; BIOMARKER; EXPOSURE; KOREA; PAHS AB The Delaware River-Bay system. USA, was the subject of a study by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration that involved chemical and biological analyses, including the use of the biomarker P450 human reporter gene system (HRGS) to document the occurrence and distribution of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1-inducing compounds, Sediment extracts from 81 locations along the Delaware River, Delaware Bay and immediate coastline were tested by utilizing HRGS as an inexpensive screening test, and were also analyzed for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls. with selected stations analyzed for dioxins and furans. Benthic community degradation has been observed Mien equivalents (BaPEq) exceeded 60 mug/g. The average levels of BaPEq for the largely industrialized upper, middle and lower regions of the Delaware River were 107, 62, and 5 mug/g. respectively. excluding outliers. Tributaries leading into river averaged 21 mug/g BaPEq. whereas the central Bay and open coast had relatively low values (2.0 and 0.5 mug/g BaPEq. respectively), The HRGS values were highly correlated with total PAHs measured in the same sediment samples (r(2) 0.81) Overall, contamination levels consistently decreased from the upper and middle river sites as collection locations pro re,sed down through the lower river and ha to the coast. Thus. despite the relatively high contaminant load in the river system, Delaware Bay and the immediate coastline seem to have relatively low levels of contaminants. and, therefore, impacts on the benthic organisms in the hay and coast would not he expected from these findings. C1 Columbia Analyt Serv, Vista, CA 92083 USA. Dept Tox Subst Control, Glendale, CA 91201 USA. NOAA, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Anderson, JW (reprint author), Columbia Analyt Serv, 1185 Pk Ctr Dr,Suite A, Vista, CA 92083 USA. NR 30 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 2 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 21 IS 8 BP 1618 EP 1627 DI 10.1897/1551-5028(2002)021<1618:DOCPIC>2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 573GM UT WOS:000176821000012 PM 12152761 ER PT J AU Ranasinghe, JA Frithsen, JB Kutz, FW Paul, JF Russell, DE Batiuk, RA Hyland, JL Scott, J Dauer, DM AF Ranasinghe, JA Frithsen, JB Kutz, FW Paul, JF Russell, DE Batiuk, RA Hyland, JL Scott, J Dauer, DM TI Application of two indices of benthic community condition in Chesapeake Bay SO ENVIRONMETRICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Environmetrics and Chemometrics CY SEP 08-20, 2000 CL LAS VEGAS, NEVADA DE estuarine benthic invertebrates; multi-habitat biological assessment; benthic index; index of biological integrity; Chesapeake Bay ID OF-MEXICO ESTUARIES; PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE; MACROBENTHIC COMMUNITIES; POLLUTION; MARINE; INDEX; SEDIMENTS; INTEGRITY; GRADIENT AB The Chesapeake Bay Benthic Index of Biotic Integrity (B-IBI) and the Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program's Virginian Province Benthic Index (EMAP-VP BI) were applied to 294 sampling events in Chesapeake Bay and the results were compared. These estuarine benthic indices are intended to identify benthic invertebrate assemblages that have been degraded by low dissolved oxygen concentrations or high concentrations of chemical contaminants. The B-IBI includes several community measures and weights them equally using a simple scoring system that compares them against values expected for undegraded sites. It includes I I measures of species diversity, productivity, indicator species and trophic composition. The EMAP-VP BI uses discriminant function coefficients to weight contributions of species diversity and the abundances of two indicator families. The two indices agreed on degraded or undegraded classifications for benthos at 81.3% of the sites. This level of agreement is within the level of accuracy achieved during index development and, therefore, may approach the limits that can be achieved. The indices were strongly associated (Pearson's r=0.75). The B-IBI was more conservative than the EMAP-VP BI, classifying 72.7% of the disagreements as degraded. The 55 sites where the indices disagreed were distributed in different habitats throughout the Bay except polyhaline sand. Many of the classification disagreements were at sites with index values close to, but on opposite sides of, the degraded-undegraded thresholds, with 49.1 % of the B-IBI values within 0.5 units and 81.8% within 1.0 units; the corresponding values for sites where both indices agreed were only 23.4% and 62.7%, respectively. The pattern for the EMAP-VP BI was similar, with 61.8% and 74.6% of disagreements and only 18.8% and 38.9% of agreements within 0.5 and 1.0 units of the threshold. Although the close agreement suggests that either index is suitable for evaluating the benthic condition, the B-IBI offers some additional advantages. Copyright (C) 2002 John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 So Calif Coastal Water Res Project, Westminster, CA 92683 USA. US EPA, Natl Ctr Environm Assessment, Off Res & Dev 8601, Washington, DC 20460 USA. US EPA, Ctr Environm Sci, Ft George G Meade, MD 20755 USA. US EPA, Atlantic Ecol Div, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. US EPA, Chesapeake Bay Program, Annapolis, MD 21403 USA. NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Sci Applicat Int Corp, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Old Dominion Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Norfolk, VA 23529 USA. RP Ranasinghe, JA (reprint author), So Calif Coastal Water Res Project, 7171 Fenwick Lane, Westminster, CA 92683 USA. RI Ranasinghe, Ananda/D-6130-2011 NR 34 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 2 U2 14 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI W SUSSEX PA BAFFINS LANE CHICHESTER, W SUSSEX PO19 1UD, ENGLAND SN 1180-4009 J9 ENVIRONMETRICS JI Environmetrics PD AUG-SEP PY 2002 VL 13 IS 5-6 BP 499 EP 511 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Statistics & Probability SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Mathematics GA 600BP UT WOS:000178371000009 ER PT J AU Long, ER Hameedi, MJ Sloane, GM Read, LB AF Long, ER Hameedi, MJ Sloane, GM Read, LB TI Chemical contamination, toxicity, and benthic community indices in sediments of the lower Miami River and adjoining portions of Biscayne Bay, Florida SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article ID QUALITY GUIDELINES; US ESTUARIES; MARINE-SEDIMENTS; SOUTHEASTERN US; SPATIAL EXTENT; TRIAD; ECOSYSTEMS AB A large-scale survey of sediment quality in Biscayne Bay, Florida, was conducted in 1995-1996 to characterize the relative degree, geographic patterns, and spatial extent of degraded sediment quality. Chemical analyses and multiple toxicity tests were performed on 226 surficial sediment samples collected over an area of 484 km(2) in greater Biscayne Bay, including saltwater reaches of several tributaries. Benthic samples were collected and analyzed at one-third of the locations. One or more chemical concentrations exceeded effects range median (ERM) values in 35 samples, representing an area of 5.4 km(2) (1.1% of the survey area). Highly toxic conditions in amphipod survival tests occurred in 24 of the samples, representing 62 km(2) (13% of the area). Highly significant results were more frequently observed in three sub-lethal tests: sea urchin fertilization (affecting 47% of the area), sea urchin embryological development (84% of the area), and microbial bioluminescence (51% of the area). The highest levels of chemical contamination (range in mean FIRM quotients of 0.2 to 2.0, average 0.76) were observed in samples from the lower Miami River. The high degree of contamination in the river contrasted sharply with conditions in the bay, where chemical concentrations generally were much lower (range in mean ERM quotients of 0.005 to 0.21, average 0.04). Amphipod survival tests showed a very high degree of correspondence with a gradient in chemical contamination in the river and adjoining reaches of the bay. Correlation analyses, scatter plots, and principal component analyses indicated that both amphipod survival in the laboratory tests and the abundance and diversity of the benthos decreased sharply with increasing concentrations of mixtures of organic compounds and trace metals in the sediments. The triad of analyses provided a strong weight of evidence of pollution-induced degradation of sediment quality in the riverine locations. C1 NOS Natl Ctr Coastal Ocean Sci, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NOS Natl Ctr Coastal Ocean Sci, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Florida Dept Environm Protect, Tallahassee, FL 32399 USA. EVS Environm Consultants, Seattle, WA 98119 USA. RP Long, ER (reprint author), ERL Environm, 3691 Cole Rd South, Salem, OR 97306 USA. NR 40 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 8 PU ESTUARINE RES FEDERATION PI LAWRENCE PA PO BOX 368, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD AUG PY 2002 VL 25 IS 4A BP 622 EP 637 DI 10.1007/BF02804895 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 602WK UT WOS:000178527300011 ER PT J AU Seitzinger, SP Kroeze, C Bouwman, AF Caraco, N Dentener, F Styles, RV AF Seitzinger, SP Kroeze, C Bouwman, AF Caraco, N Dentener, F Styles, RV TI Global patterns of dissolved inorganic and particulate nitrogen inputs to coastal systems: Recent conditions and future projections SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article ID NORTHEASTERN USA; ORGANIC-CARBON; WORLD RIVERS; MODEL; ECOSYSTEMS; OXIDE; EUTROPHICATION; PHOSPHORUS; WATERSHEDS; DEPOSITION AB We examine the global distribution of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and particulate nitrogen (PN) export to coastal systems and the effect of human activities and natural processes on that export. The analysis is based on DIN and PN models that were combined with spatially explicit global databases. The model results indicate the widely uneven geographic distribution of human activities and rates of nitrogen input to coastal systems at the watershed, latitudinal, and regional-continental scales. Future projections in a business-as-usual scenario indicate that DIN export rates increase from approximately 21 Tg N yr(-1) in 1990 to 47 Tg N yr(-1) by 2050. Increased DIN inputs to coastal systems in most world regions are predicted by 2050. The largest increases are predicted for Southern and Eastern Asia, associated with predicted large increases in population, increased fertilizer use to grow food to meet the dietary demands of that population, and increased industrialization. Results of an alternative scenario for North America and Europe in 2050 indicate that reductions in the human consumption of animal protein could reduce fertilizer use and result in substantial decreases in DIN export rates by rivers. In another scenario for 2050, future air pollution control in Europe that would reduce atmospheric deposition of nitrogen oxides in watersheds is predicted to decrease DIN export by rivers, particularly from Baltic and North Atlantic watersheds. Results of a newly developed global PN river export model indicate that total global PN and DIN export by rivers in 1990 are similar, even though the global distribution of the two differ considerably. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, Rutgers Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm Cooperat Marin, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Environm Syst Anal Grp, NL-6700 HB Wageningen, Netherlands. Natl Inst Publ Hlth & Environm, NL-3720 BA Bilthoven, Netherlands. Inst Ecosyst Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545 USA. Commiss European Communities, Joint Res Ctr, Inst Environm & Sustainabil, Climate Change Unit, I-21020 Ispra, Va, Italy. RP Seitzinger, SP (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, Rutgers Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm Cooperat Marin, 71 Dudley Rd, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. EM sybil@imcs.rutgers.edu RI Bouwman, Lex/B-7053-2012; Bouwman, Lex/F-1444-2015 OI Bouwman, Lex/0000-0002-2045-1859 NR 57 TC 140 Z9 147 U1 2 U2 33 PU ESTUARINE RESEARCH FEDERATION PI PORT REPUBLIC PA 2018 DAFFODIL, PO BOX 510, PORT REPUBLIC, MD 20676 USA SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD AUG PY 2002 VL 25 IS 4B BP 640 EP 655 DI 10.1007/BF02804897 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 602WP UT WOS:000178527700002 ER PT J AU Paerl, HW Dennis, RL Whitall, DR AF Paerl, HW Dennis, RL Whitall, DR TI Atmospheric deposition of nitrogen: Implications for nutrient over-enrichment of coastal waters SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Review ID NEUSE RIVER ESTUARY; DISSOLVED ORGANIC NITROGEN; NORTH-ATLANTIC OCEAN; WET DEPOSITION; DRY DEPOSITION; MARINE EUTROPHICATION; CHESAPEAKE BAY; PHYTOPLANKTON COMMUNITIES; INORGANIC NITROGEN; TRANSPORT DISTANCE AB Atmospheric deposition of nitrogen (AD-N) is a significant source of nitrogen enrichment to nitrogen (N)-limited estuarine and coastal waters downwind of anthropogenic emissions. Along the eastern U.S. coast and eastern Gulf of Mexico, AD-N currently accounts for 10% to over 40% of new N loading to estuaries. Extension of the regional acid deposition model (RADM) to coastal shelf waters indicates that 11, 5.6, and 5.6 kg N ha(-1) may be deposited on the continental shelf areas of the northeastern U.S. coast, southeast U.S. coast, and eastern Gulf of Mexico, respectively. AD-N approximates or exceeds riverine N inputs in many coastal regions. From a spatial perspective, AD-N is a unique source of N enrichment to estuarine and coastal waters because, for a receiving water body, the airshed may exceed the watershed by 10-20 fold. AD-N may originate far outside of the currently managed watersheds. AD-N may increase in importance as a new N source by affecting waters downstream of the oligohaline and mesohaline estuarine nutrient filters where large amounts of terrestrially-supplied N are assimilated and denitrified. Regionally and globally, N deposition associated with urbanization (NO(x), peroxyacetyl nitrate, or PAN) and agricultural expansion (NH(4)(+) and possibly organic N) has increased in coastal airsheds. Recent growth and intensification of animal (poultry, swine, cattle) operations in the midwest and mid-Atlantic regions have led to increasing amounts of NH(4)(+) emission and deposition, according to a three decadal analysis of the National Acid Deposition Program network. In western Europe, where livestock operations have dominated agricultural production for the better part of this century, NH(4)(+) is the most abundant form of AD-N. AD-N deposition in the U.S. is still dominated by oxides of N (NO(x)) emitted from fossil fuel combustion; annual NH(4)(+) deposition is increasing, and in some regions is approaching total NO(3)(-) deposition. In receiving estuarine and coastal waters, phytoplankton community structural and functional changes, associated water quality, and trophic and biogeochemical alterations (i.e., algal blooms, hypoxia, food web, and fisheries habitat disruption) are frequent consequences of N-driven eutrophication. Increases in and changing proportions of various new N sources regulate phytoplankton competitive interactions, dominance, and successional patterns. These quantitative and qualitative aspects of AD-N and other atmospheric nutrient sources (e.g., iron) may promote biotic changes now apparent in estuarine and coastal waters, including the proliferation of harmful algal blooms, with cascading impacts on water quality and fisheries. C1 Univ N Carolina, Inst Marine Sci, Morehead City, NC 28557 USA. NOAA, US EPA, Atmospher Modeling Div, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Syracuse Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA. RP Paerl, HW (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Inst Marine Sci, 3431 Arendell St, Morehead City, NC 28557 USA. EM hans_paerl@unc.edu NR 128 TC 127 Z9 136 U1 6 U2 71 PU ESTUARINE RESEARCH FEDERATION PI PORT REPUBLIC PA 2018 DAFFODIL, PO BOX 510, PORT REPUBLIC, MD 20676 USA SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD AUG PY 2002 VL 25 IS 4B BP 677 EP 693 DI 10.1007/BF02804899 PG 17 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 602WP UT WOS:000178527700004 ER PT J AU Bedrov, D Smith, GD Douglas, JF AF Bedrov, D Smith, GD Douglas, JF TI Influence of self-assembly on dynamical and viscoelastic properties of telechelic polymer solutions SO EUROPHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID LIVING POLYMERIZATION; SUPERCOOLED LIQUIDS; LATTICE MODEL; SYSTEMS; SIMULATIONS; TRANSITION; MICELLES; GLASS AB Incipient micellization in a model self-associating telechelic polymer solution results in a network with a transient elastic response that decays by a two-step relaxation: the first is due to a heterogeneous jump-diffusion process involving entrapment of end-groups within well-defined clusters and this is followed by rapid diffusion to neighboring clusters and a decay ( terminal relaxation) due to cluster disintegration. The viscoelastic response of the solution manifests characteristics of both a glass transition and an entangled polymer network. C1 Univ Utah, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bedrov, D (reprint author), Univ Utah, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, 122 S Cent Campus Dr,Room 304, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. NR 23 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 5 U2 15 PU E D P SCIENCES PI LES ULIS CEDEXA PA 7, AVE DU HOGGAR, PARC D ACTIVITES COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEXA, FRANCE SN 0295-5075 J9 EUROPHYS LETT JI Europhys. Lett. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 59 IS 3 BP 384 EP 390 DI 10.1209/epl/i2002-00206-0 PG 7 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 581QP UT WOS:000177304600011 ER PT J AU Gregg, WW Conkright, ME AF Gregg, WW Conkright, ME TI Decadal changes in global ocean chlorophyll SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article AB The global ocean chlorophyll archive produced by the CZCS was revised using compatible algorithms with SeaWiFS. Both archives were then blended with in situ data to reduce residual errors. This methodology permitted a quantitative comparison of decadal changes in global ocean chlorophyll from the CZCS (1979-1986) and SeaWiFS (1997-2000) records. Global spatial distributions and seasonal variability of ocean chlorophyll were similar, but global means decreased over the two observational segments. Major changes were observed regionally: chlorophyll concentrations decreased in the northern high latitudes while chlorophyll in the low latitudes increased. Mid-ocean gyres exhibited limited changes. The overall spatial and seasonal similarity of the two data records suggests that the changes are due to natural variability. These results provide evidence of how the Earth's climate may be changing and how ocean biota respond. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Hydrospher Proc, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NOAA, Natl Oceanog Data Ctr, Ocean Climate Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Lab Hydrospher Proc, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM gregg@cabin.gsfc.nasa.gov; mconkright@nodc.noaa.gov NR 8 TC 69 Z9 70 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD AUG 1 PY 2002 VL 29 IS 15 AR 1730 DI 10.1029/2002GL014689 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 610MX UT WOS:000178964900023 ER PT J AU Li, XF Donato, TF Zheng, QN Pichel, WG Clemente-Colon, P AF Li, XF Donato, TF Zheng, QN Pichel, WG Clemente-Colon, P TI An extraordinary breach of the Gulf Stream north wall by a cold water intrusion SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SOUTH-ATLANTIC BIGHT; CAPE-HATTERAS; SEA; MIDDLE; SHELF AB [1] A breach of the Gulf Stream (GS) North Wall by a parcel of cold Middle Atlantic Bight shelf water was observed from October 2 to 5, 2001 by a sequence of NOAA AVHRR sea surface temperature (SST) images. Unlike the warm/ cold core rings generated by GS meanders, the path of cold water eventually cuts into the GS. Subsequently, the cold water remained intact and eventually penetrated and transversed the entire width of the GS. This is readily apparent in the 3- day SST sequence. Analysis of wind data from a nearby CMAN station reveals a high (over 12.8 m/ s) and persistent (3 days) alongshore wind event occurred prior to the breach. An 11- year time series (1991- 2001) of local wind measurements show that this type of strong and persistent wind situation is uncommon, which may explain why the large- scale surface shelf water breach of the GS has not been previously reported. C1 NOAA, NESDIS, ERA3, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. USN, Res Lab, Remote Sensing Div, Radio Infrared & Opt Branch, Washington, DC 20375 USA. Univ Delaware, Coll Marine Studies, Newark, DE 19716 USA. RP Li, XF (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, ERA3, Room 102,WWBG,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RI Zheng, Quanan/F-9025-2010; Clemente-Colon, Pablo/F-5581-2010; Pichel, William/F-5619-2010; Li, Xiaofeng/B-6524-2008 OI Pichel, William/0000-0001-6332-0149; Li, Xiaofeng/0000-0001-7038-5119 NR 12 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD AUG 1 PY 2002 VL 29 IS 15 AR 1713 DI 10.1029/2002GL015378 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 610MX UT WOS:000178964900040 ER PT J AU Ravishankara, AR Dunlea, EJ Blitz, MA Dillon, TJ Heard, DE Pilling, MJ Strekowski, RS Nicovich, JM Wine, PH AF Ravishankara, AR Dunlea, EJ Blitz, MA Dillon, TJ Heard, DE Pilling, MJ Strekowski, RS Nicovich, JM Wine, PH TI Redetermination of the rate coefficient for the reaction of O(D-1) with N-2 SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC GASES AB The rate coefficient for the reaction of O(D-1) with N-2 at 295 K has been measured in three laboratories to be 3.1x10(-11) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1), with an uncertainty of 10% at the 95% confidence level, and to be 2.1x10(-11) exp {(115+/-10)/T} cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1) as a function of temperature. (The quoted uncertainty in E/R will allow calculation of the uncertainty in the rate constant at various temperatures.) The implications of this finding are to decrease the calculated OH production rate via the reaction of O(D-1) with H2O in the atmosphere by roughly 15% in the mid-troposphere and above and to greatly reduce the uncertainties in the calculated HOx and NOx production rates in the atmosphere. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Leeds, Sch Chem, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Chem & Biochem, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Ravishankara, AR (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, R-AL2,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI blitz, mark/A-1195-2009; Dillon, Terry/A-3921-2011; Strekowski, Rafal/D-2271-2010; Strekowski, Rafal/D-2732-2013; Ravishankara, Akkihebbal/A-2914-2011; Wine, Paul/J-4820-2015; OI Dillon, Terry/0000-0001-8974-9410; Strekowski, Rafal/0000-0003-0030-9318; Strekowski, Rafal/0000-0003-0030-9318; Wine, Paul/0000-0002-5537-4304; Heard, Dwayne/0000-0002-0357-6238 NR 10 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD AUG 1 PY 2002 VL 29 IS 15 AR 1745 DI 10.1029/2002GL014850 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 610MX UT WOS:000178964900009 ER PT J AU Takahashi, K Nakayama, T Matsumi, Y Solomon, S Gejo, T Shigemasa, E Wallington, TJ AF Takahashi, K Nakayama, T Matsumi, Y Solomon, S Gejo, T Shigemasa, E Wallington, TJ TI Atmospheric lifetime of SF5CF3 SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID TRIFLUOROMETHYL SULFUR PENTAFLUORIDE; ENERGY-ELECTRON ATTACHMENT; DISSOCIATION; SPECTROSCOPY AB [1] The vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) absorption spectrum of SF5CF3 was measured over the range 106-200 nm. At 121.6 nm, sigma(base e) = (7.8 +/- 0.6) x 10(-18) cm(2) molecule(-1), in which quoted uncertainty includes two standard deviation from the least- square fit in the Beer- Lambert plot and our estimate of potential systematic errors associated with measurements of the reactant concentrations. The VUV spectrum and literature data for electron attachment and ion-molecule reactions were incorporated into a model of the stratosphere, mesosphere, and lower thermosphere. This information provides better constraints on the atmospheric lifetime and hence on the potential of this highly radiatively- active trace gas to influence the climate system. The atmospheric lifetime of SF5CF3 is dominated by dissociative electron attachment and is estimated to be approximately 950 years. Solar proton events could reduce this to a lower limit of 650 years. C1 Nagoya Univ, Solar Terr Environm Lab, Toyokawa 4428507, Japan. Nagoya Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Toyokawa 4428507, Japan. NOAA, DSRC, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Inst Mol Sci, Okazaki, Aichi 4448585, Japan. Ford Motor Co, Ford Res Lab, Dearborn, MI 48121 USA. RP Nagoya Univ, Solar Terr Environm Lab, Honohara 3-13, Toyokawa 4428507, Japan. EM kent@stelab.nagoya-u.ac.jp; solomon@al.noaa.gov; gejo@ims.ac.jp; twalling@ford.com RI Shigemasa, Eiji/K-1149-2013; Nakayama, Tomoki/I-6230-2014 OI Nakayama, Tomoki/0000-0002-5554-1272 NR 15 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD AUG 1 PY 2002 VL 29 IS 15 AR 1712 DI 10.1029/2002GL015356 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 610MX UT WOS:000178964900041 ER PT J AU Misakian, M Casamento, JP Laug, OB AF Misakian, M Casamento, JP Laug, OB TI Development of emulator for walk-through metal detectors SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY LA English DT Article DE EMI; emulator; magnetic fields; metal detector; personal medical device; walk-through AB Because of anecdotal reports that magnetic fields from walk-through metal detectors may interfere with the operation of personal medical devices, interest has grown in the development of emulators that can simulate the magnetic fields produced by these metal detectors. This paper describes a system that can produce linearly polarized magnetic fields that have temporal characteristics such as those generated by some walk-through metal detectors. Because the electronic components are "off-the-shelf" devices and the coil can be readily fabricated, the system could be used by manufacturers of medical devices to conduct their own electromagnetic interference tests. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. US FDA, CDRH, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. RP Misakian, M (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 6 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0018-9375 J9 IEEE T ELECTROMAGN C JI IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 44 IS 3 BP 486 EP 489 DI 10.1109/TEMC.2002.801775 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA 589GQ UT WOS:000177750800011 ER PT J AU Obrzut, J Noda, N Nozaki, R AF Obrzut, J Noda, N Nozaki, R TI Broadband characterization of high-dielectric constant films for power-ground-decoupling SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT LA English DT Article DE broadband measurements; coaxial discontinuity; decoupling capacitance; dielectric permittivity; microwave characterization; TDR AB We evaluated the broadband dielectric permittivity and impedance characteristics of high dielectric constant films for decoupling capacitance applications at frequencies of 100 to 10 GHz. In order to extend the measurements to the microwave range, we developed an appropriate expression for the input admittance of a thin-film capacitance terminating a coaxial line. The theoretical model treats the capacitance as a distributed network and correlates the network scattering parameter with complex permittivity of the specimen. The method eliminates the systematic uncertainties of the lumped element approximations and is suitable for high-frequency characterization of low-impedance substrates. C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Obrzut, J (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. OI Obrzut, Jan/0000-0001-6667-9712 NR 8 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0018-9456 J9 IEEE T INSTRUM MEAS JI IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 51 IS 4 BP 829 EP 832 DI 10.1109/TIM.2002.803393 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 610ZM UT WOS:000178992000049 ER PT J AU Bowen, L Aldridge, BM Gulland, F Woo, J Van Bonn, W DeLong, R Stott, JL Johnson, ML AF Bowen, L Aldridge, BM Gulland, F Woo, J Van Bonn, W DeLong, R Stott, JL Johnson, ML TI Molecular characterization of expressed DQA and DQB genes in the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) SO IMMUNOGENETICS LA English DT Article DE Mhc; comparative immunology; veterinary immunology; California sea lion ID MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX; BELUGA DELPHINAPTERUS-LEUCAS; CLASS-II LOCI; ALLELIC VARIATION; HLA SYSTEM; DRB GENES; NATURAL-SELECTION; MASS MORTALITY; ELEPHANT SEAL; MONK SEAL AB To date, there are no published MHC sequences from the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus), a thriving species that, by feeding high on the marine food web, could be a sentinel for disturbances in marine and coastal ecosystems. In this study, degenerate primers and RACE technology were used to amplify near-full-length (MhcZaca-DQB) and full-length (MhcZaca-DQA) expressed class II MHC gene products from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of two California sea lions in rehabilitation. Five unique Zaca-DQA sequences and eight unique Zaca-DQB sequences, all encoding functional proteins, were identified in the two animals, indicating the presence of multiple DQ-loci in this species. An additional three Zaca-DQB sequences containing features compatible with pseudogenes or null alleles were also identified. Despite the identification of multiple DQA and DQB sequences, the degree of heterogeneity between them was extremely low. To confirm the limited degree of Zaca-DQ nucleotide variation between individuals, we used denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis to examine putative peptide binding region sequences from the peripheral blood leukocyte-derived RNAs of 19 wild-caught California sea lions from physically distinct populations. The pattern of Zaca-DQ sequence migration was identical between individuals and independent of geographical region. This apparent Zaca-DQ sequence identity between sea lions was confirmed by direct sequencing of individual bands. In combination, these findings raise important questions regarding immunogenetic diversity within this thriving species, and should prompt further research into the existence of a highly polymorphic sea lion class II MHC molecule with sequence features that support traditional peptide binding functions. C1 Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Dept Pathol Microbiol & Immunol, Lab Marine Mammal Immunol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. GGNRA, Marine Mammal Ctr, Sausalito, CA USA. USN, Marine Mammal Program, SPAWARSYSCEN, San Diego, CA 92152 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, NMFS, Seattle, WA USA. Univ Calif Davis, John Muir Inst Environm, Davis, CA 95616 USA. RP Univ Calif Davis, Sch Vet Med, Dept Pathol Microbiol & Immunol, Lab Marine Mammal Immunol, Davis, CA 95616 USA. EM bmaldridge@ucdavis.edu OI Van Bonn, William/0000-0001-5309-3595 NR 70 TC 27 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0093-7711 EI 1432-1211 J9 IMMUNOGENETICS JI Immunogenetics PD AUG PY 2002 VL 54 IS 5 BP 332 EP 347 DI 10.1007/s00251-002-0472-6 PG 16 WC Genetics & Heredity; Immunology SC Genetics & Heredity; Immunology GA 591CN UT WOS:000177862300006 PM 12185537 ER PT J AU Lunetta, RS Alvarez, R Edmonds, CM Lyon, JG Elvidge, CD Bonifaz, R Garcia, C AF Lunetta, RS Alvarez, R Edmonds, CM Lyon, JG Elvidge, CD Bonifaz, R Garcia, C TI NALC/Mexico land-cover mapping results: implications for assessing landscape condition SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID CONTERMINOUS UNITED-STATES; HABITAT; ISSUES AB An inventory of land-cover conditions throughout Mexico was performed using North American Landscape Characterization ( NALC) Landsat Multi-Spectral Scanner (MSS) 'triplicate' images, corresponding to the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s epoch periods. The equivalent of 300 image scenes were analysed using an unsupervised classification approach by a consortium of 13 universities and institutes across Mexico. Accuracy assessments were conducted to validate the 1970s and 1990s results using independent land-cover classifications (reference data) developed from the interpretation of 1: 100 000-scale aerial photography collected in 1973, and Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imagery collected between 1990 and 1993. The 1980s epoch classifications were compared with both reference datasets, collectively. The relative accuracy of the classifications results were 60% for both the 1970s and 1990s epoch and 67% for the 1980s epoch. The significantly ( p= 0.05) higher accuracy for the 1980s epoch ( 67%) was thought to be an aberration resulting from the combined application of two reference datasets, resulting in a random compensation of reference data error. Significantly different ( p= 0.05) results were documented for a subset of Mexico's major habitat regions. Desert and xeric shrublands were most accurate (74%), followed by conifer and xeric dominated habitats (64%) and other mixed habitats (54%). Scenes representing the highest accuracies ( 15 percentile) almost exclusively represented desert and xeric shrub habitat regions, and the lowest (17 percentile) represented predominantly mixed habitat regions. Significant differences among the 13 member consortium universities and institutes were attributed to habitat region assignments. Results indicated that large area spectral based land-cover categorizations should be stratified and processed on a habitat or ecoregion basis. Results also suggested that any future land-cover conversion analysis for Mexico would probably best be accomplished using a post-classification approach, based on major habitat regions, rather than on a scene-by-scene or pixel-wise basis. C1 US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Inst Invest Math Aplicadas & Sistemas, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. US EPA, Nat Exposure Res Lab, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. NOAA, NESDIS, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Direcc Gen Serv Comp Acad, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. Univ Nacl Autonoma Mexico, Fac Ciencias, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. RP Lunetta, RS (reprint author), US EPA, Natl Exposure Res Lab, MD-56, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. RI Elvidge, Christopher/C-3012-2009 NR 27 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 4 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 23 IS 16 BP 3129 EP 3148 DI 10.1080/01431160110071888 PG 20 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 584BG UT WOS:000177446900002 ER PT J AU Raghavan, D He, J Hunston, D Hoffman, D AF Raghavan, D He, J Hunston, D Hoffman, D TI Strain rate dependence of fracture in a rubber-toughened epoxy system SO JOURNAL OF ADHESION LA English DT Article DE acrylic rubber; epoxy; fracture; rate effects; r-curve; toughening; viscoelastic ID ATOMIC-FORCE MICROSCOPY; VISCOELASTIC FRACTURE; TAPPING-MODE; DEFORMATION; ADHESIVES; POLYMERS; BEHAVIOR; HETEROGENEITY; DISPERSIONS; PARTICLES AB The toughening mechanisms in rubber-modified epoxies appear to be viscoelastic in nature since their fracture behavior is dependent on loading rate. This behavior has been studied in detail and modeled for only one system, a model toughened epoxy often used in research work. The present study examines the loading rate effect for a new material based on acrylic rubber by measuring the fracture energy in constant cross-head speed tests conducted over a wide range of speeds. As expected, decreasing the loading rate produced an increase in toughness. Just as in the previous studies, the fracture energies could be modeled with a power law relationship when the loading rate was characterized by the time of failure. Moreover, the parameters involved in the model are quite consistent with the earlier results. For most rates, the behavior was approximately linear elastic with little or no r-curve behavior. Below a critical rate, however, there was a transition to ductile failure with a large r-curve and very high fracture energies. The transition is very sudden which may help explain why some previous studies have observed this effect while others have not. C1 Howard Univ, Dept Chem, Polymer Sci Div, Washington, DC 20059 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg Mat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Dow Chem Co USA, Midland, MI 48674 USA. RP Raghavan, D (reprint author), Howard Univ, Dept Chem, Polymer Sci Div, Washington, DC 20059 USA. NR 31 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 6 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0021-8464 J9 J ADHESION JI J. Adhes. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 78 IS 8 BP 723 EP 739 DI 10.1080/00218460290010458 PG 17 WC Engineering, Chemical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Mechanics SC Engineering; Materials Science; Mechanics GA 581UZ UT WOS:000177313400003 ER PT J AU Peko, BL Champion, RL Rao, MVVS Olthoff, JK AF Peko, BL Champion, RL Rao, MVVS Olthoff, JK TI Measured cross sections and ion energies for a CHF3 discharge SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID RADIOFREQUENCY FLUOROCARBON PLASMAS; INDUCTIVELY-COUPLED PLASMA; HIGH-DENSITY PLASMAS; ELECTRON INTERACTIONS; CF4; COLLISIONS; GASES; DESTRUCTION; RADICALS; H-3(+) AB Trifluoromethane (CHF3) is used in semiconductor plasma processing chambers to achieve high-etch selectivity of an oxide layer over a silicon substrate. Such surface etching is governed by the ion and molecule fluxes near the surface, the concentrations of which are dependent upon species interactions in and their transport through the plasma. In order to assist in the interpretation of ion flux measurements and to provide fundamental data required for plasma modeling, we report the first total cross sections for significant ion-molecule reactions occurring in CHF3 discharges. The reactions studied include collision-induced dissociation for CF3+ on CHF3, dissociative charge transfer for CF3+ and F+ on CHF3, and electron detachment from F- on CHF3. Collision energies range from a few to a few hundred electron volts. In addition, ion-flux energy distributions and relative ion intensities have been measured and are presented for dc townsend discharges with E/N values ranging from 5x10(-18) to 25x10(-18) V m(2) [5 to 25 kTd]. The townsend discharge results are qualitatively interpreted using the cross-section measurements. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics. C1 Coll William & Mary, Dept Phys, Williamsburg, VA 23187 USA. NIST, Div Elect, Elect & Elect Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Peko, BL (reprint author), Univ Denver, Dept Phys & Astron, Denver, CO 80208 USA. NR 24 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 3 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD AUG 1 PY 2002 VL 92 IS 3 BP 1657 EP 1662 DI 10.1063/1.1491276 PG 6 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 574UJ UT WOS:000176907700076 ER PT J AU Fuller-Rowell, TJ Millward, GH Richmond, AD Codrescu, MV AF Fuller-Rowell, TJ Millward, GH Richmond, AD Codrescu, MV TI Storm-time changes in the upper atmosphere at low latitudes SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Symposium on Equatorial Aeronomy (ISEA) CY MAY 17-24, 2000 CL ANTALYA, TURKEY SP USAF Off Sci Res, European Off Aerosp Res & Dev, Int Assoc Geomagnetism & Aeron, USN Res Lab, US Natl Sci Fdn, USN Off Res, Sci Comm Solar Terrestrial Phys, Int Union Radio Sci DE equatorial ionosphere; geomagnetic storm; electrodynamics; thermosphere-ionosphere coupling; thermosphere-ionosphere modeling ID IONOSPHERE-THERMOSPHERE MODEL; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; F-LAYER STORMS; GEOMAGNETIC STORMS; COUPLED ELECTRODYNAMICS; REGION; DRIFTS; MIDDLE; WINDS AB A three-dimensional coupled model of the thermosphere, ionosphere, plasmasphere and electrodynamics has been used to investigate the dynamic and electrodynamic response at low latitudes during a geomagnetic storm. A storm was simulated at equinox and high solar activity, and was characterized by a 12-h enhancement of the high-latitude magnetospheric electric field and auroral precipitation. The deposition of energy at high-latitudes heats the thermosphere and drives equatorward wind surges, and changes the global circulation. The first wave arrives at the equator, 3.5 h after storm onset. The change in the global circulation drives downwelling at low latitudes, which decreases molecular species, and causes a slight positive ionospheric phase. By far the dominant driver of the low latitudes is due to the changes in electrodynamics. The dynamo effect of the altered wind circulation opposes the normal diurnal variation, with downward ion drift during the day and upward drift at night. On the dayside, the equatorial ionization anomaly becomes weaker, the ionospheric F-region peak height is lowered, and the eastward zonal winds are reduced. At night the anomaly is strengthened, the ionosphere is raised, and zonal winds accelerate. The global electrodynamic changes are consistent with earlier results, but the speed of the response was unexpected. The model results showed an equatorial response within 2 h of the storm onset, well before the first gravity waves arrived at the equator. The dynamo action of the mid-latitude wind surges drive an F-region dynamo that can cause charge buildup at the terminators, producing electric fields that immediately leak to the equator. The meridional winds act as the driver of the low-latitude storm response by changing the dynamo action of the winds. In contrast, the zonal winds respond to the redistribution of charge brought about by the electrodynamic changes, rather than acting as a driver of the change. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Colorado, NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. UCL, Atmospher Phys Lab, London, England. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, High Altitude Observ, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP Univ Colorado, NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, 352 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM tim.fuller-rowell@noaa.gov OI Richmond, Arthur/0000-0002-6708-1023 NR 42 TC 111 Z9 111 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1364-6826 EI 1879-1824 J9 J ATMOS SOL-TERR PHY JI J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys. PD AUG-SEP PY 2002 VL 64 IS 12-14 BP 1383 EP 1391 AR PII S1364-6826(02)00101-3 DI 10.1016/S1364-6826(02)00101-3 PG 9 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 589EN UT WOS:000177745800009 ER PT J AU Zhang, R Follows, M Marshall, J AF Zhang, R Follows, M Marshall, J TI Mechanisms of thermohaline mode switching with application to warm equable climates SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE MODEL; BOUNDARY-CONDITIONS; CIRCULATION; VARIABILITY; WATER; HEAT; OSCILLATIONS; CONVECTION; DYNAMICS; FLUX AB A three-box model of haline and thermal mode overturning is developed to study thermohaline oscillations found in a number of ocean general circulation models and that might have occurred in warm equable paleo-climates. By including convective adjustment modified to represent the localized nature of deep convection, the box model shows that a steady haline mode circulation is unstable. For certain ranges of freshwater forcing/vertical diffusivity, a self-sustained oscillatory circulation is found in which haline-thermal mode switching occurs with a period of centuries to millennia. It is found that mode switching is most likely to occur in warm periods of earth's history with, relative to the present climate, a reduced Pole-equator temperature gradient, an enhanced hydrological cycle, and somewhat smaller values of oceanic diffusivities. C1 MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA USA. RP Zhang, R (reprint author), Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM rzhang@splash.princeton.edu RI Follows, Michael/G-9824-2011; Zhang, Rong/D-9767-2014 OI Zhang, Rong/0000-0002-8493-6556 NR 38 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 15 IS 15 BP 2056 EP 2072 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<2056:MOTMSW>2.0.CO;2 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 576LR UT WOS:000177007200004 ER PT J AU Rusticucci, MM Kousky, VE AF Rusticucci, MM Kousky, VE TI A comparative study of maximum and minimum temperatures over argentina: NCEP-NCAR reanalysis versus station data SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article AB This paper compares surface-station temperature observations over Argentina with gridpoint analyses available in the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis dataset. The primary objective is to determine whether the maximum and minimum surface temperatures from the reanalysis can be used to compute statistics on the occurrence of extreme events. The extreme range of topography and geography of Argentina is viewed as a severe test for the reanalysis data. Good agreement, on both the daily and monthly timescales, between the station data and the reanalysis gridpoint data is found over the low-elevation regions in central and eastern Argentina. The agreement is relatively poor for summertime maximum temperatures over northern Argentina. The reanalysis data underestimate the intensity of extreme warm events over northern and southern Argentina and overestimate extreme cold events during winter over central Argentina. High-elevation areas in western Argentina have the poorest correspondence throughout the year. Thus, the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis data have to be used with caution for studies of the magnitude of day-to-day temperature changes. The results of this study indicate that the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis data are sufficient for determining the timing of midlatitude events but are not sufficient for determining the amplitude and frequency in the subtropics and in regions of high relief. The use of anomalies tends to improve the amount of agreement between the reanalysis data and station observations. C1 Univ Buenos Aires, Fac Ciencias Exactas & Nat, Dept Ciencias Atmosfera & Oceanos, RA-1428 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. NOAA, NWS, NCEP, Climat Predict Ctr, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Rusticucci, MM (reprint author), Univ Buenos Aires, Fac Ciencias Exactas & Nat, Dept Ciencias Atmosfera & Oceanos, Ciudad Univ Pab 2, RA-1428 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. NR 6 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 15 IS 15 BP 2089 EP 2101 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<2089:ACSOMA>2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 576LR UT WOS:000177007200006 ER PT J AU Katz, SL AF Katz, SL TI Design of heterothermic muscle in fish SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY LA English DT Review DE fish; swimming; biomechanics; evolution; heterothermy; muscle ID TUNA SWIMMING PERFORMANCE; LARGE WATER TUNNEL; RED MUSCLE; POWER OUTPUT; CONTRACTILE PROPERTIES; SCOMBRID FISHES; MYOXOCEPHALUS-SCORPIUS; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; STENOTOMUS CHRYSOPS; AEROBIC CAPACITY AB Among the tremendous diversity of fish, there are a small number that are considered elite in their swimming performance. These include representatives from the tunas, billfish and sharks. In addition to being elite swimmers, these fish share numerous specialized anatomical features including the structure of their swimming muscles and some form of regional endothermy, termed heterothermy. These heterothermies fall into two classes: those that maintain elevated temperatures in swimming muscles and those that have muscle-derived tissues specialized for delivering warm blood to the brain. Because these versions of heterothermy are manifest in fish whose swimming performance is considered elite, it has been parsimonious to hypothesize that heterothermy is part of an integrated high-performance design. Recognizing that the design of skeletal muscle is hierarchical, the design of heterothermic muscle in fish will be examined within a hierarchical framework. This paper will examine, in order, the specific anatomical specializations, the performance of muscle as a biomaterial and then as a dynamic mechanical structure or device - in each case looking at the extent to which heterothermy is part of an integrated high-performance design or is perhaps just a happy accident. This examination will reveal how difficult it is to make a case for the central importance of heterothermy in the design of these swimming muscle systems. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Katz, SL (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. NR 96 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 8 U2 26 PU COMPANY OF BIOLOGISTS LTD PI CAMBRIDGE PA BIDDER BUILDING CAMBRIDGE COMMERCIAL PARK COWLEY RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 4DL, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 0022-0949 J9 J EXP BIOL JI J. Exp. Biol. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 205 IS 15 BP 2251 EP 2266 PG 16 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 586XU UT WOS:000177612100013 PM 12110659 ER PT J AU Stark, JW Somerton, DA AF Stark, JW Somerton, DA TI Maturation, spawning and growth of rock soles off Kodiak Island in the Gulf of Alaska SO JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE length and age at maturity; spawning period; growth ID OOCYTE GROWTH; MATURITY; FECUNDITY; TELEOSTS; ATRESIA; COAST; SEA AB Northern rock sole Lepidopsetta polyxystra females from the Kodiak Island area, Alaska, reached 50% maturity at 328 mm LT and an average age of 7 years. In contrast, southern rock sole Lepidopsetta bilineata females reached 50% maturity at 347 mm LT and an average age of 9 years. Spawning started in midwinter for northern rock sole and peaked during the spring, while spawning for southern rock sole occurred during the summer. The bottom depth for spawning northern rock sole ranged from 43 to 61 In and averaged 45 m; spawning depth for southern rock sole ranged from 35 to 120 In and averaged 78 m. Both species appeared to develop a single stock of oocytes and to ovulate them in a single spawning. Northern rock sole females grew faster overall (K=0-24) than southern rock sole females (K = 0.12) but reached a smaller maximum length (L-infinity = 430 mm) than southern rock sole (L-infinity = 520mm). Males of both species grew more slowly than females after 5 years of age and reached a smaller maximum length. (C) 2002 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Resource Assessment & Conservat Engn Div, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Stark, JW (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Resource Assessment & Conservat Engn Div, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM jim.stark@noaa.gov RI Stark, James/E-1868-2012 NR 34 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 7 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0022-1112 EI 1095-8649 J9 J FISH BIOL JI J. Fish Biol. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 61 IS 2 BP 417 EP 431 DI 10.1006/jfbi.2002.2047 PG 15 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 603QY UT WOS:000178572300009 ER PT J AU Allan, RP Slingo, A Ramaswamy, V AF Allan, RP Slingo, A Ramaswamy, V TI Analysis of moisture variability in the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts 15-year reanalysis over the tropical oceans SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE water vapor; reanalyses; interannual variability ID CENTER CLIMATE MODEL; WATER-VAPOR; TEMPERATURE AB [1] We compare European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts 15-year reanalysis (ERA-15) moisture over the tropical oceans with satellite observations and the U. S. National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) National Center for Atmospheric Research 40-year reanalysis. When systematic differences in moisture between the observational and reanalysis data sets are removed, the NCEP data show excellent agreement with the observations while the ERA-15 variability exhibits remarkable differences. By forcing agreement between ERA-15 column water vapor and the observations, where available, by scaling the entire moisture column accordingly, the height-dependent moisture variability remains unchanged for all but the 550-850 hPa layer, where the moisture variability reduces significantly. Thus the excess variation of column moisture in ERA-15 appears to originate in this layer. The moisture variability provided by ERA-15 is not deemed of sufficient quality for use in the validation of climate models. C1 Hadley Ctr, Met Off, Bracknell RG12 2SY, Berks, England. Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08452 USA. RP Allan, RP (reprint author), Hadley Ctr, Met Off, London Rd, Bracknell RG12 2SY, Berks, England. RI Allan, Richard/B-5782-2008 OI Allan, Richard/0000-0003-0264-9447 NR 19 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0747-7309 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 107 IS D15 AR 4230 DI 10.1029/2001JD001132 PG 5 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 610TR UT WOS:000178977400031 ER PT J AU Graham, BF Harrowfield, JM Tengrove, RD Lagalante, AF Bruno, TJ AF Graham, BF Harrowfield, JM Tengrove, RD Lagalante, AF Bruno, TJ TI Evidence of a host : guest complex between p-t-butylcalix[4] arene and carbon dioxide SO JOURNAL OF INCLUSION PHENOMENA AND MACROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE carbon dioxide; inclusion complex; p-t-butylcalix[4] arene; supercritical ID CALIXARENES; MOLECULES AB In this paper we report evidence for an inclusion complex between carbon dioxide and p-t-butylcalix[4] arene. The complex was studied with infrared spectroscopy, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, solid-state NMR, and thermogravimetric analysis. Results indicate that 70% of the p-t-butylcalix[ 4] arene cavities could be occupied by a CO2 molecule following exposure at 30 MPa and 40degreesC. C1 Univ Western Australia, Special Res Ctr Adv Mineral & Mat Proc, Dept Chem, Nedlands, WA 6907, Australia. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Graham, BF (reprint author), Univ Western Australia, Special Res Ctr Adv Mineral & Mat Proc, Dept Chem, Stirling Hwy, Nedlands, WA 6907, Australia. RI Graham, Brendan/C-2399-2013 NR 11 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0923-0750 J9 J INCL PHENOM MACRO JI J. Incl. Phenom. Macrocycl. Chem. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 43 IS 3-4 BP 179 EP 182 DI 10.1023/A:1021265822247 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 620CT UT WOS:000179516400003 ER PT J AU Xu, LH Hougen, JT Lees, RM Mekhtiev, MA AF Xu, LH Hougen, JT Lees, RM Mekhtiev, MA TI Torsional angle definitions and linear and quadratic force field variations along the torsional coordinate for CH3OH and CH3CHO SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY LA English DT Article ID REACTION-PATH DYNAMICS; INTERNAL-ROTATION; GLOBAL FIT; FREQUENCIES; MOLECULES; METHANOL; ACETALDEHYDE; ROTOR; PARAMETERS; BARRIERS AB This paper concerns itself primarily with three questions: (i) What is the range of commonly used definitions for the internal rotation angle, and how do variations within this range affect intercomparisons among results from various laboratories? (ii) Do the force-constant and projected-frequency variations with internal rotation angle delivered by present commercial ab initio packages have sufficient precision to allow meaningful extraction of higher-order vibration-torsion-rotation interaction terms? (iii) What fraction of the extensive dynamics literature on vibrational frequencies along the chemical reaction path can be easily adapted for use in high-resolution spectroscopic studies of small-amplitude vibrations in methyl top internal rotor molecules? Aspects of these questions are discussed both from an algebraic and from a numerical computation point of view. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). C1 Univ New Brunswick, Dept Phys Sci, St John, NB E2L 4L5, Canada. NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Melbourne, Sch Resource Management, Creswick, Vic 3363, Australia. RP Xu, LH (reprint author), Univ New Brunswick, Dept Phys Sci, St John, NB E2L 4L5, Canada. RI Xu, Li-Hong/J-5095-2015 NR 32 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-2852 J9 J MOL SPECTROSC JI J. Mol. Spectrosc. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 214 IS 2 BP 175 EP 187 DI 10.1006/jmsp.2002.8573 PG 13 WC Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical; Spectroscopy SC Physics; Spectroscopy GA 589PD UT WOS:000177768100010 ER PT J AU Millie, DF Fahnenstiel, GL Carrick, HJ Lohrenz, SE Schofield, OME AF Millie, DF Fahnenstiel, GL Carrick, HJ Lohrenz, SE Schofield, OME TI Phytoplankton pigments in coastal Lake Michigan: Distributions during the spring isothermal period and relation with episodic sediment resuspension SO JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY LA English DT Article DE CHEMTAX; chlorophyll; cryptophytes; diatoms; HPLC; Laurentian Great Lakes; photopigments ID PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENTS; HPLC MEASUREMENTS; CLASS ABUNDANCES; GREEN-ALGAE; DYNAMICS; COMMUNITIES; LIGHT; PRODUCTIVITY; MICROSCOPY; CHEMTAX AB Phytoplankton pigment distributions during the spring isothermal periods of 1998 and 1999 and their association with episodic sediment resuspension were characterized in coastal waters of southern Lake Michigan. Total and phylogenetic group chl a concentrations (derived using chemical taxonomy matrix factorization of diagnostic carotenoids) corresponded with assemblage and group biovolumes estimated from microscopic enumeration (Pless than or equal to 0.001). Diatoms and cryptophytes dominated assemblages and together typically comprised greater than 85% of relative chl a. Total chl a concentrations and both fucoxanthin.chl a(-1) and alloxanthin.chl a(-1) ratios were similar across depths (P > 0.05), indicating uniform distributions of and photophysiological. states for assemblages and diatoms and cryptophytes, respectively, throughout the mixed water column. Total chl a concentrations were not always spatially uniform from near-shore to offshore waters, with the greatest variability reflecting the influence of tributary inflows upon coastal assemblages. Sediment resuspension strongly influenced water column particle density and light climate; however, total and group chl a concentrations did not correspond with coefficients of K(d) and suspended particulate matter concentrations (P > 0.05). The correspondence of both fight attenuation and suspended particulate matter concentration with relative diatom chl a (Pless than or equal to 0.001) indicated an apparent association between sediment resuspension and diatoms. This, and the negative association (Pless than or equal to 0.0001) between relative diatom and cryptophyte chl a, corresponded with the spatial dominance of diatom and cryptophyte chl a in near-shore and offshore waters, respectively. The presence of viable chl a and fucoxanthin within the surficial sediment layer, established this layer as a potential source of meroplanktonic diatoms for nearshore assemblages. C1 Florida Marine Res Inst, Fish & Wildlife Conservat Commiss, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. Florida Inst Oceanog, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Lake Michigan Field Stn, Muskegon, MI USA. Penn State Univ, Sch Forest Resources Fisheries & Wildlife, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Univ So Mississippi, Dept Marine Sci, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. RP Millie, DF (reprint author), Florida Marine Res Inst, Fish & Wildlife Conservat Commiss, 100 8th Ave SE, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. EM david.millie@fwc.state.fl.us OI Lohrenz, Steven/0000-0003-3811-2975 NR 53 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 6 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0022-3646 J9 J PHYCOL JI J. Phycol. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 38 IS 4 BP 639 EP 648 DI 10.1046/j.1529-8817.2002.01218.x PG 10 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 590RU UT WOS:000177836500004 ER PT J AU Stoliarov, SI Knyazev, VD Slagle, IR AF Stoliarov, SI Knyazev, VD Slagle, IR TI Computational study of the mechanism and product yields in the reaction systems C2H3+CH3 reversible arrow C3H6 reversible arrow H+C3H5 and C2H3+CH3 -> CH4+C2H2 SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID MASTER EQUATION ANALYSIS; THERMAL-ACTIVATION REACTIONS; ENERGY-TRANSFER; REACTION-PATH; TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENCE; UNIMOLECULAR REACTIONS; POLYATOMIC-MOLECULES; RADICAL REACTIONS; ALLYL RADICALS; FALLOFF CURVES AB The mechanism of the radical-radical reaction C2H3 + CH3 (1) was studied by quantum chemical methods. The pathways of reaction channels observed in previous experimental studies, as well as those of other potential channels, were investigated. The results of the quantum chemical study and of the earlier experimental work were used to create a model of the chemically activated route (C2H3 + CH3 reversible arrow C3H6 --> H + C3H5) of reaction 1. In this model, energy- and angular momentum-dependent rate constants are calculated using the RRKM method in combination with the microcanonical variational selection of the transition states. Pressure effects are described by solution of the master equation. Temperature and pressure dependences of the rate constants and product yields were investigated. The model was used to predict the rate constants and branching fractions of reaction I at temperatures and pressures outside the experimental ranges. The same model was used to analyze kinetics of two other reactions which occur on the same potential energy surface: the thermal decomposition of propene (2) and the reaction of H atom with allyl radical, H + C3H5 reversible arrow C3H6 + C2H3 + CH3 (3). The results demonstrate the increasing importance of the CH3 + C2H3 channels in both reactions 2 and 3 at high temperatures (above similar to1500 K). C1 Catholic Univ Amer, Dept Chem, Res Ctr Chem Kinet, Washington, DC 20064 USA. NIST, Phys & Chem Propert Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Knyazev, VD (reprint author), Catholic Univ Amer, Dept Chem, Res Ctr Chem Kinet, Washington, DC 20064 USA. NR 73 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD AUG 1 PY 2002 VL 106 IS 30 BP 6952 EP 6966 DI 10.1021/jp014059j PG 15 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 578EP UT WOS:000177104700007 ER PT J AU Lee, CS Kim, DK Sanchez, J Miranda, P Pajares, A Lawn, BR AF Lee, CS Kim, DK Sanchez, J Miranda, P Pajares, A Lawn, BR TI Rate effects in critical loads for radial cracking in ceramic coatings SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SHARP CONTACT CRACKING; BRITTLE COATINGS; DYNAMIC FATIGUE; LAYER STRUCTURES; CYCLIC FATIGUE; FRACTURE; STRENGTH; DAMAGE; GLASS; SPHERES AB Rate effects in the Hertzian contact loading of model glass/polycarbonate and silicon/polycarbonate bilayers bonded by epoxy adhesive are examined. Glass is used because of its high susceptibility to slow crack growth, making this conventional contribution to the rate dependencies easy to distinguish. Silicon is used as a control material with effectively no slow crack growth. Abrasion damage is introduced into the undersurfaces of the brittle coating layers to provide controlled flaws for the initiation of radial cracks from flexural stresses introduced by the contact loading. Critical loads are measured as a function of loading rate. Comparative flexural strength tests on free-standing abraded specimens show a pronounced rate dependence in the glass but none in the silicon, entirely consistent with slow crack growth effects. The glass/polycarbonate bilayer critical load data show a similar trend, but with stronger loading-rate dependence, suggesting an extraneous contribution to the kinetics from the adhesive/substrate. The silicon/polycarbonate bilayer data also show a loading-rate dependence, albeit much smaller, confirming this last conclusion. Data from cyclic contact tests on the glass/polycarbonate bilayers coincide with the loading-rate data on lifetime plots, eliminating the likelihood of a mechanical component in the fatigue response. It is concluded that the adhesive/substrate contribution is viscoelastic in nature, from energy-dissipating (but noncumulative) anelastic deformation during the cyclic loading. Critical load tests on bilayers with different exposures to external water show no influence of external environment, suggesting that internal moisture is responsible for the slow crack growth in the glass-coating bilayers. C1 Korea Adv Inst Sci & Technol, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Taejon 305701, South Korea. Univ Extremadura, Excuela Ingn Ind, Dept Elect & Ingn Electromecan, E-06071 Badajoz, Spain. Univ Extremadura, Fac Ciencias, Dept Fis, E-06071 Badajoz, Spain. NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Korea Adv Inst Sci & Technol, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Yusong, Taejon 305701, South Korea. RI Sanchez-Gonzalez, Jose/A-5250-2011; Miranda, Pedro/C-4465-2008; Pajares, Antonia/I-3881-2015; Kim, Do Kyung/C-2039-2011 OI Miranda, Pedro/0000-0003-4348-110X; Pajares, Antonia/0000-0002-1086-7586; Kim, Do Kyung/0000-0001-9092-9427 NR 33 TC 44 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 5 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0002-7820 EI 1551-2916 J9 J AM CERAM SOC JI J. Am. Ceram. Soc. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 85 IS 8 BP 2019 EP 2024 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 582RQ UT WOS:000177365300020 ER PT J AU Liu, QH Weng, FZ AF Liu, QH Weng, FZ TI A microwave polarimetric two-stream radiative transfer model SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID DISCRETE-ORDINATE METHOD; 2-STREAM APPROXIMATION; ATMOSPHERE AB The assimilation of satellite microwave measurements and the retrieval of geophysical parameters require a fast and accurate radiative transfer model. In this study, a scheme is developed to solve the vector radiative transfer equation using a polarimetric two-stream approximation. In the scheme, the integration of the phase matrix over azimuth angle is derived as an analytic form that can also be directly utilized for the general radiative transfer scheme. Each Stokes radiance component is expressed as an analytical function of atmospheric and surface optical parameters. The model is applicable for spherical and randomly oriented nonspherical scatters. The differences of brightness temperatures between the polarimetric two-stream model and the matrix operator method are less than 2 K for various frequencies. C1 Colorado State Univ, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NOAA NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD 20748 USA. RP Liu, QH (reprint author), NOAA NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Room 601,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20748 USA. RI Liu, Quanhua/B-6608-2008; Weng, Fuzhong/F-5633-2010 OI Liu, Quanhua/0000-0002-3616-351X; Weng, Fuzhong/0000-0003-0150-2179 NR 23 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 59 IS 15 BP 2396 EP 2402 DI 10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059<2396:AMPTSR>2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 570QU UT WOS:000176669700007 ER PT J AU Moffat, TP Baker, B Wheeler, D Bonevich, JE Edelstein, M Kelly, DR Gan, L Stafford, GR Chen, PJ Egelhoff, WF Josell, D AF Moffat, TP Baker, B Wheeler, D Bonevich, JE Edelstein, M Kelly, DR Gan, L Stafford, GR Chen, PJ Egelhoff, WF Josell, D TI Superconformal electrodeposition of silver in submicrometer features SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID COPPER; TRENCHES AB The generality of the curvature-enhanced accelerator coverage (CEAC) model of superconformal electrodeposition is demonstrated through application to superconformal filling of fine trenches during silver deposition from a selenium-catalyzed silver cyanide electrolyte. The CEAC mechanism involves (i) increase of local metal deposition rate with increasing coverage of a catalytic species adsorbed on the metal/electrolyte interface and (ii) significant change of local coverage of catalyst (and thus local deposition rate) in submicrometer features through the changing area of the metal/electrolyte interface. Electrochemical and X-ray photoelectron experiments with planar electrodes (substrates) are used to identify the catalyst and obtain all kinetic parameters required for the simulations of trench filling. In accord with the model, the electrolyte yields optically shiny, dense films, hysteretic current-voltage curves, and rising current-time transients. Experimental silver deposition in trenches from 350 down to 200 nm wide are presented and compared with simulations based on the CEAC mechanism. All kinetics for the modeling of trench filling come from the studies on planar substrates. The results support the CEAC mechanism as a quantitative formalism for exploring morphological evolution during film growth. (C) 2002 The Electrochemical Society. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Moffat, TP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Wheeler, Daniel/C-8994-2009 OI Wheeler, Daniel/0000-0002-2653-7418 NR 21 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 2 U2 7 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 149 IS 8 BP C423 EP C428 DI 10.1149/1.1490357 PG 6 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 573DY UT WOS:000176815100034 ER PT J AU McLellan, WA Koopman, HN Rommel, SA Read, AJ Potter, CW Nicolas, JR Westgate, AJ Pabst, DA AF McLellan, WA Koopman, HN Rommel, SA Read, AJ Potter, CW Nicolas, JR Westgate, AJ Pabst, DA TI Ontogenetic allometry and body composition of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena, L.) from the western North Atlantic SO JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ontogeny; allometry; harbour porpoise; Phocoena phocoena; energetics ID RATTUS-NORVEGICUS; GROWTH; FUNDY; BAY; DOLPHINS; MUSCLES; SIMILARITY; MORPHOLOGY; MAMMALS; MAINE AB North Atlantic harbour porpoises Phocoena phocoena (L.) face considerable energetic challenges, as they are relatively small marine mammals with an intense reproductive schedule and a cold-water habitat. Postnatal growth of these porpoises was described using ontogenetic allometry and body composition techniques. The cross-sectional sample contained robust calves, immature, and mature porpoises (n = 122) incidentally killed in commercial fishing operations between 1992 and 1998. Total mass and the mass of 26 body components were measured using a standard dissection protocol. Most body components grew similarly in female and male porpoises. Blubber, brain and skull were negatively allometric, while muscle and reproductive tissues exhibited positive allometry. Female heart, liver, intestine and mesenteric lymph node grew at significantly higher rates than in males. Male locomotor muscle and pelvic bones grew significantly faster than in females. High growth rates for visceral and reproductive organs in porpoises, relative to other mammals, may underlie their early maturation and support their intensive, annual reproductive schedule. Relative to other cetaceans, porpoises seem to allocate a larger percentage of their total body mass to blubber. This allocation to blubber, which is greatest in calves (37% of body mass), may provide harbour porpoises with the thermal insulation required to live in cold water. The factors influencing growth rates and differential investments in body composition seem to change at various stages of a porpoise's life. Energy allocation in porpoises seems to shift from an emphasis on developing an insulative blubber layer in young animals to preparing the body for annual reproduction at sexual maturity. C1 Univ N Carolina, Ctr Marine Sci, Wilmington, NC 28403 USA. Duke Univ, Marine Lab, Nicholas Sch Environm, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. Marine Mammal Pathobiol Lab, Florida Dept Environm Protect, St Petersburg, FL 33711 USA. Smithsonian Inst, Div Mammals, Washington, DC 20560 USA. NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP McLellan, WA (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Ctr Marine Sci, 601 S Coll Rd, Wilmington, NC 28403 USA. NR 57 TC 56 Z9 60 U1 1 U2 29 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0952-8369 EI 1469-7998 J9 J ZOOL JI J. Zool. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 257 BP 457 EP 471 DI 10.1017/S0952836902001061 PN 4 PG 15 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 586QE UT WOS:000177595100004 ER PT J AU Cundiff, ST AF Cundiff, ST TI Time domain obse ivation of the Lorentz-local field SO LASER PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SELECTIVE REFLECTION; OPTICAL-RESPONSE; 2-LEVEL SYSTEM; QUANTUM-WELLS; LINE-SHAPE; EXCITATION; SHIFT; GAAS AB The Lorentz local field in a dense atomic vapor is observed using transient-four-wave-mixing, a time domain spectroscopic technique. The local field is manifest as a signal for "negative" delay. The strength of the negative delay signal can be related to the Lorentz-Lorenz shift using perturbation theory or numerical calculations. C1 Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Cundiff, ST (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Cundiff, Steven/B-4974-2009 OI Cundiff, Steven/0000-0002-7119-5197 NR 24 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 4 PU INTERPERIODICA PI BIRMINGHAM PA PO BOX 1831, BIRMINGHAM, AL 35201-1831 USA SN 1054-660X J9 LASER PHYS JI Laser Phys. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 12 IS 8 BP 1073 EP 1078 PG 6 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA 590JU UT WOS:000177820400004 ER PT J AU Steel, DG Cundiff, ST AF Steel, DG Cundiff, ST TI Photon echoes in disordered semiconductor quantum wells SO LASER PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID TWO-DIMENSIONAL EXCITONS; 4-WAVE-MIXING SIGNALS; POLARIZATION STATE; QUASI-2-DIMENSIONAL EXCITONS; COHERENT EMISSION; OPTICAL-RESPONSE; MIXED-CRYSTALS; LINE-SHAPES; BULK GAAS; RELAXATION AB Photon echo spectroscopy provides an important tool for studying excitonic relaxation in disordered GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells. In this paper, we review the application of this methodology to the study of excitons localized due to interface fluctuations, which result in inhomogeneous broadening of the spectrum and relaxation due to migration among localization sites. The temperature and energy dependence of the relaxation rates indicate complex scattering mechanisms. The dependence of the photon echo signal on polarization of the incident pulses shows a dramatic change in the broadening and dephasing characteristics. This response is interpreted in terms of polarization selection of localized versus delocalized excitons. Mechanisms for the polarization dependence are discussed in terms of coupling between opposite spin excitons. C1 Univ Michigan, Harrison M Randall Lab Phys, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Steel, DG (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Harrison M Randall Lab Phys, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RI Cundiff, Steven/B-4974-2009 OI Cundiff, Steven/0000-0002-7119-5197 NR 90 TC 1 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 2 PU INTERPERIODICA PI BIRMINGHAM PA PO BOX 1831, BIRMINGHAM, AL 35201-1831 USA SN 1054-660X J9 LASER PHYS JI Laser Phys. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 12 IS 8 BP 1135 EP 1147 PG 13 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA 590JU UT WOS:000177820400010 ER PT J AU Peterson, WT Gomez-Guteirrez, J Morgan, CA AF Peterson, WT Gomez-Guteirrez, J Morgan, CA TI Cross-shelf variation in calanoid copepod production during summer 1996 off the Oregon coast, USA SO MARINE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID MARINE PLANKTONIC COPEPODS; BENGUELA UPWELLING SYSTEM; ZOOPLANKTON GROWTH-RATES; WEIGHT-SPECIFIC GROWTH; EGG-PRODUCTION RATES; LABORATORY OBSERVATIONS; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; PSEUDOCALANUS SP; EMPIRICAL-MODEL; ENGLISH-CHANNEL AB The fecundity of nine species of adult female calanoid copepods, and molting rates for copepodite stages of Calanus marshallae were measured in 24 h shipboard incubations from samples taken during the upwelling season off the Oregon coast. Hydrographic and chlorophyll measurements were made at approximately 300 stations, and living zooplankton were collected at 36 stations on the continental shelf (< 150 m depth) and 37 stations offshore of the shelf (> 150 m depth) for experimental work. In our experiments, maximum egg production rates (EPR) were observed only for Calanus pacificus and Pseudocalanus mimus, 65.7 and 3.9 eggs fem(-1) day(-1) respectively, about 95% of the maximum rates known from published laboratory observations. EPR of all other copepod species (e.g., C. marshallae, Acartia longiremis and Eucalanus californicus) ranged from 3% to 65% of maximum published rates. Fecundity was not significantly related to body weight or temperature, but was significantly correlated with chlorophyll a concentration for all species except Paracalanus parvus and A. longiremis. Copepod biomass and production in on-shelf waters was dominated by female P. mimus and C. marshallae, accounting for 93% of the adult biomass (3.1 in C m(-3)) and 81% of the adult production (0.19 mg C m(-3) day(-1)). Biomass in the off-shelf environment was dominated by female E. californicus, P. mimus, and C. pacificus, accounting for 95% of the adult biomass (2.2 mg C m(-3)) and 95% of the adult production (0.08 mg C m(-3) day(-1)). Copepodite (C1-C5) production was estimated to be 2.1 mg C m(-3) day 1 (on-shelf waters) and 1.2 mg C m(-3) day(-1) (off-shelf water). Total adult + juvenile production averaged 2.3 mg C m(-3) day(-1) (on-shelf waters) and 1.3 mg C m(-3) day(-1) (off-shelf waters). We compared our measured female weight-specific growth rates to those predicted from the empirical models of copepod growth rates of Huntley and Lopez [Am Nat (1992) 140:201-242] and Hirst and Lampitt [Mar Biol (1998) 132:247-257]. Most of our measured values were lower than those predicted from the equation of Huntley and Lopez. We found good agreement with Hirst and Lampitt for growth rates <0.10 day(-1) but found that their empirical equations underestimated growth at rates > 0.10 day(-1). The mismatch with Hirst and Lampitt resulted because some of our species were growing at maximum rates whereas their composite empirical equations predict "global" averages that do not represent maximum growth rates. C1 Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, NOAA, NMFS, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Ctr Interdisciplinario Ciencias Marinas, Dept Plancton & Ecol Marina, La Paz 23000, Baja California, Mexico. Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Cooperat Inst Marine Resources Studies, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Peterson, WT (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, NOAA, NMFS, 2030 S Marine Sci Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NR 59 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 4 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0025-3162 J9 MAR BIOL JI Mar. Biol. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 141 IS 2 BP 353 EP 365 DI 10.1007/s00227-002-0831-x PG 13 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 593MU UT WOS:000177995900016 ER PT J AU Yang, CC Wu, SY Li, WH Lee, KC Lynn, JW Liu, RS Shen, CH AF Yang, CC Wu, SY Li, WH Lee, KC Lynn, JW Liu, RS Shen, CH TI Short-range magnetic correlations in spinel LiMn2O4 SO MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING B-SOLID STATE MATERIALS FOR ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE neutron diffraction; inelastic neutron scattering; ac magnetic susceptibility measurements ID ANTIFERROMAGNETIC TRANSITION; CATHODE MATERIAL; LOW-TEMPERATURE; DOPED LIMN2O4; ION BATTERIES; LI-7-NMR; PHASES; SYSTEM AB Neutron diffraction, inelastic neutron scattering, and ac magnetic susceptibility measurements were performed to study the magnetic correlations of the Mn spins in a fully oxygenated lithium manganospinel Li0.96Mn2O4. The compound crystallizes into a cubic structure of the Fd (3) over barm symmetry at 300 K and an orthorhombic Fddd symmetry at 150 K. Two separate types of magnetic phase transitions were found, signifying that the Mn3+ and Mn4+ spins order separately at two different temperatures. The magnetic correlations were antiferromagnetic in nature, and were observed to develop below 80 and 55 K, respectively, for the two components. Surprisingly, for both components the correlation lengths reached their maxima at 45 and 30 K, but were still short-range with correlation lengths at similar to 120 and similar to 40 Angstrom, respectively. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Cent Univ, Dept Phys, Chungli 32054, Taiwan. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Taiwan Univ, Dept Chem, Taipei 106, Taiwan. RP Li, WH (reprint author), Natl Cent Univ, Dept Phys, Chungli 32054, Taiwan. RI Liu, Ru-Shi/A-6796-2010 OI Liu, Ru-Shi/0000-0002-1291-9052 NR 22 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0921-5107 J9 MAT SCI ENG B-SOLID JI Mater. Sci. Eng. B-Solid State Mater. Adv. Technol. PD AUG 1 PY 2002 VL 95 IS 2 BP 162 EP 170 AR PII S0921-5107(02)00228-3 DI 10.1016/S0921-5107(02)00228-3 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA 590CF UT WOS:000177799400012 ER PT J AU Rivard, MJ Coursey, BM DeWerd, LA Hanson, WF Huq, MS Ibbott, G Nath, R Williamson, JF AF Rivard, MJ Coursey, BM DeWerd, LA Hanson, WF Huq, MS Ibbott, G Nath, R Williamson, JF TI Comment on "Let's abandon geometry factors other than that of a point source in brachytherapy dosimetry" SO MEDICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Letter C1 Tufts New England Med Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Madison, WI USA. Radiol Phys Ctr, Houston, TX USA. Thomas Jefferson Univ, Jefferson Med Coll, Kimmel Canc Ctr, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA. Yale Univ, New Haven, CT USA. Washington Univ, St Louis, MO USA. RP Rivard, MJ (reprint author), Tufts New England Med Ctr, Boston, MA 02111 USA. NR 6 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC PHYSICISTS MEDICINE AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0094-2405 J9 MED PHYS JI Med. Phys. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 29 IS 8 BP 1919 EP 1920 DI 10.1118/1.1496100 PG 2 WC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 584VR UT WOS:000177489900032 ER PT J AU Ford, MJ AF Ford, MJ TI Applications of selective neutrality tests to molecular ecology SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LA English DT Review DE neutral theory; neutrality test; selection ID POSITIVE DARWINIAN SELECTION; AMINO-ACID POLYMORPHISM; SALMON ONCORHYNCHUS-TSHAWYTSCHA; DOWNY MILDEW RESISTANCE; DNA-SEQUENCE VARIATION; DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER; NATURAL-SELECTION; RECOMBINATION RATES; POPULATION-GENETICS; ADAPTIVE EVOLUTION AB This paper reviews how statistical tests of neutrality have been used to address questions in molecular ecology are reviewed. The work consists of four major parts: a brief review of the current status of the neutral theory; a review of several particularly interesting examples of how statistical tests of neutrality have led to insight into ecological problems; a brief discussion of the pitfalls of assuming a strictly neutral model if it is false; and a discussion of some of the opportunities and problems that molecular ecologists face when using neutrality tests to study natural selection. C1 NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Conservat Biol Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Ford, MJ (reprint author), NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Conservat Biol Div, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RI Ford, Michael/K-3147-2012; Marion-Poll, Frederic/D-8882-2011 OI Marion-Poll, Frederic/0000-0001-6824-0180 NR 198 TC 123 Z9 127 U1 1 U2 25 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0962-1083 J9 MOL ECOL JI Mol. Ecol. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 11 IS 8 BP 1245 EP 1262 DI 10.1046/j.1365-294X.2002.01536.x PG 18 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 577XA UT WOS:000177086900001 PM 12144648 ER PT J AU Kalinowski, ST AF Kalinowski, ST TI Evolutionary and statistical properties of three genetic distances SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY LA English DT Review DE effective size; estimation; genetic distance; isolation; migration; mutation ID AVERAGE HETEROZYGOSITY; PHYLOGENETIC TREES; MOLECULAR-DATA; POPULATIONS; VARIANCES AB Many genetic distances have been developed to summarize allele frequency differences between populations. I review the evolutionary and statistical properties of three popular genetic distances: D (S) , D (A) , and theta, using computer simulation of two simple evolutionary histories: an isolation model of population divergence and an equilibrium migration model. The effect of effective population size, mutation rate, and mutation mechanism upon the parametric value between pairs of populations in these models explored, and the unique properties of each distance are described. The effect of these evolutionary parameters on study design is also investigated and similar results are found for each genetic distance in each model of evolution: large sample sizes are warranted when populations are relatively genetically similar; and loci with more alleles produce better estimates of genetic distance. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Div Conservat Biol, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Kalinowski, ST (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Div Conservat Biol, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RI Kalinowski, Steven/A-7607-2008 NR 24 TC 82 Z9 86 U1 0 U2 9 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0962-1083 J9 MOL ECOL JI Mol. Ecol. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 11 IS 8 BP 1263 EP 1273 DI 10.1046/j.1365-294X.2002.01520.x PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 577XA UT WOS:000177086900002 PM 12144649 ER PT J AU Zupanski, M Zupanski, D Parrish, DF Rogers, E DiMego, G AF Zupanski, M Zupanski, D Parrish, DF Rogers, E DiMego, G TI Four-dimensional variational data assimilation for the blizzard of 2000 SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID ECMWF OPERATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION; STEP-MOUNTAIN COORDINATE; MESOSCALE ETA-MODEL; PRECIPITATION DATA; ANALYSIS SYSTEM; THERMODYNAMIC RETRIEVAL; WEAK CONSTRAINT; DIGITAL-FILTER; SPECTRAL MODEL; ADJOINT MODEL AB Four-dimensional variational (4DVAR) data assimilation experiments for the East Coast winter storm of 25 January 2000 (i.e., "blizzard of 2000'') were performed. This storm has received wide attention in the United States, because it was one of the major failures of the operational forecast system. All operational models of the U. S. National Weather Service (NWS) failed to produce heavy precipitation over the Carolina-New Jersey corridor, especially during the early stage of the storm development. The considered analysis cycle of this study is that of 0000 to 1200 UTC 24 January. This period was chosen because the forecast from 1200 UTC 24 January had the most damaging guidance for the forecasters at the National Weather Service offices and elsewhere. In the first set of experiments, the assimilation and forecast results between the 4DVAR and the operational three-dimensional variational (3DVAR) data assimilation method are compared. The most striking difference is in the accumulated precipitation amounts. The 4DVAR experiment produced almost perfect 24-h accumulated precipitation during the first 24 h of the forecast (after data assimilation), with accurate heavy precipitation over North and South Carolina. The operational 3DVAR-based forecast badly underforecast precipitation. The reason for the difference is traced back to the initial conditions. Apparently, the 4DVAR data assimilation was able to create strong surface convergence and an excess of precipitable water over Georgia. This initial convection was strengthened by a low-level jet in the next 6-12 h, finally resulting in a deep convection throughout the troposphere. In the second set of experiments, the impact of model error adjustment and precipitation assimilation is examined by comparing the forecasts initiated from various 4DVAR experiments. The results strongly indicate the need for the model error adjustment in the 4DVAR algorithm, as well as the clear benefit of assimilation of the hourly accumulated precipitation. C1 NCEP, UCAR Visiting Sci Program, Washington, DC USA. NOAA, NCEP, Environm Modeling Ctr, Washington, DC USA. RP Zupanski, M (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Foothills Campus, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 73 TC 39 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 130 IS 8 BP 1967 EP 1988 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<1967:FDVDAF>2.0.CO;2 PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 563KC UT WOS:000176254000002 ER PT J AU Wicker, LJ Skamarock, WC AF Wicker, LJ Skamarock, WC TI Time-splitting methods for elastic models using forward time schemes SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID ADVECTION SCHEME; HIGHER ORDERS; DISSIPATION; TRANSPORT; ALGORITHM; EXTENSION; EQUATIONS AB Two time-splitting methods for integrating the elastic equations are presented. The methods are based on a third-order Runge-Kutta time scheme and the Crowley advection schemes. The schemes are combined with a forward-backward scheme for integrating high-frequency acoustic and gravity modes to create stable split-explicit schemes for integrating the compressible Navier-Stokes equations. The time-split methods facilitate the use of both centered and upwind-biased discretizations for the advection terms, allow for larger time steps, and produce more accurate solutions than existing approaches. The time-split Crowley scheme illustrates a methodology for combining any pure forward-in-time advection schemes with an explicit time-splitting method. Based on both linear and nonlinear tests, the third-order Runge-Kutta- based time-splitting scheme appears to offer the best combination of efficiency and simplicity for integrating compressible nonhydrostatic atmospheric models. C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP Wicker, LJ (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. NR 20 TC 350 Z9 358 U1 3 U2 18 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 130 IS 8 BP 2088 EP 2097 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<2088:TSMFEM>2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 563KC UT WOS:000176254000009 ER PT J AU Vaughan, DS Carmichael, JT AF Vaughan, DS Carmichael, JT TI Estimating improvement in spawning potential ratios for south Atlantic red drum through bag and size limit regulations SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID POPULATION AB Based on a recent stock assessment of red drum Sciaenops ocellatus along the southern U.S. Atlantic coast (South Carolina to Florida), we calculated the possible gains in the static spawning potential ratio (SPR) from fishing mortality reductions (savings) produced by changing slot (size) and bag limits. Our method for calculating savings provides flexibility to address differences in commercial and recreational fishery regulations, regional stock conditions, and specific gear characteristics, and to account for discard mortality. Gear- and age-specific estimates of fishing mortality rates (F) for 1992-1997 resulted in savings from recreational fishery bag limits given a particular slot size. Relative changes in catch-at-age estimates modified the age-specific F estimates and, hence, the calculated SPR values. Additionally, recreational savings was adjusted to account for a release mortality of 10%. Static SPRs were estimated for (1) bag limits with increasing minimum size limits and a fixed maximum size and (2) bag limits with decreasing maximum size limits and a fixed minimum size. If the current slot limit (14-27 in total length) for the southern region remains unchanged, a bag limit of one fish per angler-trip would be required to attain the stated target of a 40% static SPR specified by the South Atlantic Fishery Management Council. However, the council's target could be attained with higher bag limits if the maximum size limit were reduced from the current level of 27 in, assuming no increase in effort on legal size fish. C1 NOAA, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. N Carolina Div Marine Fisheries, Morehead City, NC 28557 USA. RP Vaughan, DS (reprint author), NOAA, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, 101 Pivers Isl Rd, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. NR 26 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 22 IS 3 BP 895 EP 906 DI 10.1577/1548-8675(2002)022<0895:EIISPR>2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 584UH UT WOS:000177486800020 ER PT J AU Powell, EN Parsons-Hubbard, KM Callender, WR Staff, GM Rowe, GT Brett, CE Walker, SE Raymond, A Carlson, DD White, S Heise, EA AF Powell, EN Parsons-Hubbard, KM Callender, WR Staff, GM Rowe, GT Brett, CE Walker, SE Raymond, A Carlson, DD White, S Heise, EA TI Taphonomy on the continental shelf and slope: two-year trends - Gulf of Mexico and Bahamas SO PALAEOGEOGRAPHY PALAEOCLIMATOLOGY PALAEOECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE taphonomy; preservation; environment of deposition; dissolution; shell carbonate; burial ID HYDROCARBON SEEP COMMUNITIES; OF-MEXICO; DEATH ASSEMBLAGES; CALCIUM-CARBONATE; MOLLUSCAN SHELLS; NORTHERN-GULF; SEDIMENTS; DEEP; SEA; MARINE AB The Shelf and Slope Experimental Taphonomy Initiative was established to measure taphonomic rates in a range of continental shelf and slope environments of deposition (EODs) over a multiyear period. We deployed experiments on the forereef slope off Lee Stocking Island, Bahamas, and on the continental shelf and slope of the Gulf of Mexico for 2 yr in 18 distinctive EODs at depths from 15 to 530 m. Overall, most shells deployed at most sites had relatively minor changes in shell condition. Most EODs generated relatively similar taphonomic signatures. A few sites did produce taphonomic signatures clearly distinguishable from the central group and these sites were characterized by one or more of the following: high rates of oxidation of reduced compounds, presence in the photic zone. and significant burial and exhumation events. Thus, unique taphonomic signatures are created by unique combinations of environmental conditions that include variables associated with regional gradients, such as depth and light. and variables associated with edaphic processes. such as the seepage of brine or petroleum or the resuspension and redeposition of sediment. Most sites, however, showed similar taphonomic signatures, despite the variety of EOD characteristics present, suggesting that insufficient time had elapsed over 2 yr to generate a more diverse array of taphonomic signatures. Discoloration and dissolution were by far the dominant processes over the 2-yr deployment period. Periostracum breakdown, loss of shell weight, and chipping and breakage was less noticeable. EODs were chosen based on the expectation that the process of burial and the influence of depth and sediment type should play the greatest roles in determining between-EOD differences in taphonomic signature. EOD-specific edaphic factors often overrode the influence of geographic-scale environmental gradients. Taphonomic alteration was greater on hardgrounds and in brine-exposed sites than on terrigenous muds. Dissolution was less effective at sites where burial was greatest. Discoloration occurred most rapidly at shallower sites and on hardgrounds. Water depth was less influential in determining taphonomic signature than burial state or sediment type. The limited influence of water depth is likely due to the presence of shallow sites that. for one reason or another, were protected from certain taphonomic processes and deeper sites that were characterized by unusually strong taphonomic signals. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, Haskin Shellfish Res Lab, Piscataway, NJ 08855 USA. Oberlin Coll, Dept Geol, Oberlin, OH 44074 USA. NOAA, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Austin Community Coll, Dept Geol, Austin, TX 78758 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Oceanog, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Univ Cincinnati, Dept Geol, Cincinnati, OH 45221 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Geol, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Geol & Geophys, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Powell, EN (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, Haskin Shellfish Res Lab, 6959 Miller Ave, Piscataway, NJ 08855 USA. NR 85 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0031-0182 J9 PALAEOGEOGR PALAEOCL JI Paleogeogr. Paleoclimatol. Paleoecol. PD AUG 1 PY 2002 VL 184 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 35 AR PII S0031-0182(01)00457-6 DI 10.1016/S0031-0182(01)00457-6 PG 35 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Paleontology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Paleontology GA 571NN UT WOS:000176723600001 ER PT J AU McNamara, D Stephens, G Ramsay, B Prins, E Csiszar, I Elvidge, C Hobson, R Schmidt, C AF McNamara, D Stephens, G Ramsay, B Prins, E Csiszar, I Elvidge, C Hobson, R Schmidt, C TI Fire detection and monitoring products at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article C1 Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Washington, DC 20233 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Geog, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Cooperat Inst Meteorol Satellite Studies, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP McNamara, D (reprint author), Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Washington, DC 20233 USA. RI Elvidge, Christopher/C-3012-2009; Csiszar, Ivan/D-2396-2010 NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 68 IS 8 BP 774 EP 775 PG 2 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 578FX UT WOS:000177107700001 ER PT J AU Miller, KW Durr, S Wieman, CE AF Miller, KW Durr, S Wieman, CE TI rf-induced Sisyphus cooling in an optical dipole trap SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID NEUTRAL ATOMS; MAGNETIC TRAP; LATTICES; COLD AB A cooling process for optical dipole traps, rf-induced Sisyphus cooling in a circularly polarized far-off-resonance trap, is demonstrated. Cooling rates of up to approximate to300 muK/s are observed without significant atom loss. The final temperature achieved was (a somewhat disappointing) 17 muK. Experimental studies and theoretical analysis of this cooling process were carried out, which explain that the temperature limit is due to an equilibrium between the small fraction of total thermal energy that is removed per Sisyphus cycle and the multiple photon recoils that are required to complete each cycle. Light-induced collisional loss made it difficult to operate under conditions where a larger fraction of the energy would be removed. A method for storing atoms in an optical trap with only a single confined spin state is also demonstrated. C1 Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Miller, KW (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Durr, Stephan/C-3760-2017 OI Durr, Stephan/0000-0003-0811-6211 NR 18 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD AUG PY 2002 VL 66 IS 2 AR 023406 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.66.023406 PG 8 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 591HA UT WOS:000177872600083 ER PT J AU Granado, E Huang, Q Lynn, JW Gopalakrishnan, J Greene, RL Ramesha, K AF Granado, E Huang, Q Lynn, JW Gopalakrishnan, J Greene, RL Ramesha, K TI Spin-orbital ordering and mesoscopic phase separation in the double perovskite Ca2FeReO6 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID INTERGRAIN TUNNELING MAGNETORESISTANCE; TRANSITION-TEMPERATURE; ELECTRONIC-STRUCTURE; ROOM-TEMPERATURE; = CA; A(2)FEREO(6); CA2FEMOO6; BA; SR AB Neutron powder diffraction measurements on Ca2FeReO6 reveal that this double perovskite orders ferrimagnetically and shows anomalous lattice parameter behavior below T-C=521 K. Below similar to300 K and similar to160 K we observe that the high-T monoclinic crystal structure separates into two and three monoclinic phases, respectively. A magnetic field suppresses the additional phases at low T in favor of the highest-T phase. These manifestations of the orbital degree of freedom of Re 5d electrons indicate that these electrons are strongly correlated and the title compound is a Mott insulator, with competing spin-orbitally ordered states. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Ctr Superconduct Res, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Maryland, Mat Engn Program, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Indian Inst Sci, Solid State & Struct Chem Unit, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India. RP Granado, E (reprint author), Lab Nacl Luz Sincrotron, Caixa Postal 6129, BR-13083970 Campinas, SP, Brazil. RI Granado, Eduardo/F-5389-2012; Ramesha, K/F-5769-2013 NR 27 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 3 U2 8 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD AUG 1 PY 2002 VL 66 IS 6 AR 064409 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.66.064409 PG 5 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 591ZM UT WOS:000177911700064 ER PT J AU Kang, HJ Dai, PC Mandrus, D Jin, R Mook, HA Adroja, DT Bennington, SM Lee, SH Lynn, JW AF Kang, HJ Dai, PC Mandrus, D Jin, R Mook, HA Adroja, DT Bennington, SM Lee, SH Lynn, JW TI Doping evolution of the phonon density of states and electron-lattice interaction in Nd2-xCexCuO4+delta SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID HIGH-TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTORS; T-C; ANOMALOUS-DISPERSION; COPPER-OXIDE; LINE-SHAPE; LO PHONONS; OF-STATES; BI2SR2CACU2O8+DELTA; LA1.85SR0.15CUO4; ENERGY AB We use inelastic neutron scattering to study the evolution of the generalized phonon density of states (GDOS) of the n-type high-T-c superconductor Nd2-xCexCuO4+delta, from the half-filled Mott-insulator (x=0) to the T-c=24 K superconductor (x=0.15). Upon doping the CuO2 planes in Nd2CuO4+delta with electrons by Ce substitution, the most significant change in the GDOS is the softening of the highest phonon branches associated with the Cu-O bond stretching and out-of-plane oxygen vibration modes. However, most of the softening occurs within the first few percent of Ce doping, and is not related to the electron-doping-induced nonsuperconducting-superconducting transition at xapproximate to0.12. These results suggest that the electron-lattice coupling in the n-type high-T-c superconductors is weaker than that in the p-type materials. C1 Univ Tennessee, Dept Phys & Astron, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Solid State, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Rutherford Appleton Lab, ISIS Facil, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Univ Tennessee, Dept Phys & Astron, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. EM daip@ornl.gov RI Dai, Pengcheng /C-9171-2012; Mandrus, David/H-3090-2014 OI Dai, Pengcheng /0000-0002-6088-3170; NR 27 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9950 EI 2469-9969 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD AUG 1 PY 2002 VL 66 IS 6 AR 064506 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.66.064506 PG 5 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 591ZM UT WOS:000177911700095 ER PT J AU Rezende, SM Azevedo, A de Aguiar, FM Fermin, JR Egelhoff, WF Parkin, SSP AF Rezende, SM Azevedo, A de Aguiar, FM Fermin, JR Egelhoff, WF Parkin, SSP TI Three-layer model for exchange anisotropy SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID FERROMAGNETIC-RESONANCE; BIASED FILMS; THIN-FILMS; NIO; INTERFACES; SUBSTRATE; BILAYERS AB Recent x-ray absorption measurements have indicated that the interface between the antiferromagnetic (AF) and the ferromagnetic (FM) layers in AF/FM bilayers instead of being abrupt, consists of a thin layer with uncompensated spins. Here the effect of an interfacial layer between the AF and FM layers on the ferromagnetic resonance response is investigated using a three-layer model for the exchange anisotropy. The calculated dependence of the resonance field with the azimuthal angle of the in-plane external field agrees quite well with experimental data in several samples, lending support to the existence of the uncompensated interfacial layer. C1 Univ Fed Pernambuco, Dept Fis, BR-50670901 Recife, PE, Brazil. Univ Zulia, Fac Ciencias, Dept Fis, Maracaibo 4001, Zulia, Venezuela. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. IBM Corp, Almaden Res Ctr, San Jose, CA 95120 USA. RP Rezende, SM (reprint author), Univ Fed Pernambuco, Dept Fis, BR-50670901 Recife, PE, Brazil. RI Parkin, Stuart/D-2521-2012; Rezende, Sergio/G-4570-2014 OI Rezende, Sergio/0000-0002-3806-411X NR 21 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD AUG 1 PY 2002 VL 66 IS 6 AR 064109 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.66.064109 PG 6 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 591ZM UT WOS:000177911700031 ER PT J AU Thomas, KJ Lee, YS Chou, FC Khaykovich, B Lee, PA Kastner, MA Cava, RJ Lynn, JW AF Thomas, KJ Lee, YS Chou, FC Khaykovich, B Lee, PA Kastner, MA Cava, RJ Lynn, JW TI Antiferromagnetism, ferromagnetism, and magnetic phase separation in Bi2Sr2CoO6+delta SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID SPIN-STATE TRANSITION; OXYGEN NONSTOICHIOMETRY; MAGNETORESISTANCE; SCATTERING; TRANSPORT; PHYSICS; OXIDES; CHARGE AB We present results of a study of the magnetism in Bi2Sr2CoO6+delta, the Co analog of the high T-c superconductor Bi2Sr2CuO6+delta. This system evolves from an antiferromagnetic (AF) insulator to an unusual ferromagnetic (FM) insulator as delta is reduced from similar to0.5 to similar to0.25. When delta is close to 0.5, the Co ions have formal oxidation state 3+ and order antiferromagnetically at T(N)similar to250 K. The deltasimilar to0.25 crystal has equal numbers of Co2+ and Co3+ and exhibits FM behavior with a moment similar to1.5mu(b)/Co at 5 T and a Curie temperature T-c similar to100 K. Single crystal neutron scattering (both polarized and unpolarized), magnetization, and resistivity measurements have been used to characterize the evolution of the magnetic and transport properties between these two doping limits. For crystals with 0.25<δ<0.5, both FM and AF Bragg peaks are observed with neutrons, above a critical field H-c. Field-dependent neutron diffraction measurements confirm that the FM peaks result from ferromagnetic domains, which coexist with antiferromagnetic domains, and have a net moment above the critical field. The suppression of Neel order and accompanying increase in the volume of the FM domains with decreasing delta is measured for samples with 0.25<δ<0.5. We discuss this behavior in the context of phase separation resulting in a hole rich, Co3+ AF phase and a hole poor, Co2+-Co3+ FM phase. In addition, the rich phenomenology of the interacting magnetic domains can be explained by mapping to a form of the random field Ising model. C1 MIT, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. MIT, Ctr Mat Sci & Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Princeton Univ, Dept Chem, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Thomas, KJ (reprint author), MIT, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RI Khaykovich, Boris/A-7376-2012 OI Khaykovich, Boris/0000-0002-9490-2771 NR 29 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD AUG 1 PY 2002 VL 66 IS 5 AR 054415 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.66.054415 PG 18 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 591HE UT WOS:000177873000080 ER PT J AU Tomaszkiewicz, I AF Tomaszkiewicz, I TI The enthalpy of formation of cubic boron nitride SO POLISH JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE enthalpy of formation; cubic boron nitride; fluorine combustion calorimetry ID STANDARD MOLAR ENTHALPIES; TEMPERATURE 298.15-K; THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES AB The massic energies of combustion in fluorine of two specimens of cubic boron nitride have been measured in a bomb calorimeter, the standard molar enthalpy of formation Delta(f)H(m)(0) (c-BN, cr, 298.15 K) = -254.6 +/- 1.5 and the enthalpy of polymorphic transition Delta(trs)H(m)(0) (298.15 K) = -3.5 +/- 1.5 of the process: h-BN (cr) --> c-BN (cr) have been determined. Those quantities are compared with the values determined previously. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem & Phys Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Polish Acad Sci, Inst Phys Chem, PL-01224 Warsaw, Poland. RP Tomaszkiewicz, I (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem & Phys Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 42 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 4 U2 7 PU POLISH CHEMICAL SOCIETY PI WARSAW PA C/O POLISH ACAD SCIENCES, INST PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY, UL KASPRZAKA 44/52, 01-224 WARSAW, POLAND SN 0137-5083 J9 POL J CHEM JI Pol. J. Chem. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 76 IS 8 BP 1163 EP 1173 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 577HU UT WOS:000177056100011 ER PT J AU Lenhart, JL van Zanten, JH Dunkers, JP Parnas, RS AF Lenhart, JL van Zanten, JH Dunkers, JP Parnas, RS TI Using a localized fluorescent dye to probe the glass/resin interphase SO POLYMER COMPOSITES LA English DT Article ID GLASS-TRANSITION TEMPERATURE; POLYMER SURFACES; EPOXY CURE; INTERFACE; FILMS; SIZE AB A novel technique has been developed to study the buried polymer/substrate interfacial regions by localizing a fluorescent probe on the substrate surface. Epoxy functional multi-layers of silane coupling agents were deposited on glass and doped with small amounts of a fluorescently labeled silane-coupling agent (FLSCA). When the dye-doped silane layers were immersed in an epoxy/amine cured resin, a blue shift in the emission maximum was measured after resin cure. Silane layers of varying thickness were tested. Thicker layers showed smaller fluorescence shifts during cure, suggesting incomplete resin penetration into these layers. The fluorescence sensitivity to the interfacial reaction was verified with external reflection Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTTR) of the silane layers immersed only in the amine hardener. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Univ Connecticut, Inst Mat Sci, Storrs, CT 06296 USA. Univ Connecticut, Dept Chem Engn, Storrs, CT 06296 USA. RP Lenhart, JL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, 100 Bur Dr Stop 8541, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 27 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 9 PU SOC PLASTICS ENG INC PI BROOKFIELD PA 14 FAIRFIELD DR, BROOKFIELD, CT 06804-0403 USA SN 0272-8397 J9 POLYM COMPOSITE JI Polym. Compos. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 23 IS 4 BP 555 EP 563 DI 10.1002/pc.10456 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Composites; Polymer Science SC Materials Science; Polymer Science GA 588DB UT WOS:000177684700008 ER PT J AU Teplyakov, A Obmolova, G Tordova, M Thanki, N Bonander, N Eisenstein, E Howard, AJ Gilliland, GL AF Teplyakov, A Obmolova, G Tordova, M Thanki, N Bonander, N Eisenstein, E Howard, AJ Gilliland, GL TI Crystal structure of the YjeE protein from Haemophilus influenzae: A putative atpase involved in cell wall synthesis SO PROTEINS-STRUCTURE FUNCTION AND GENETICS LA English DT Article DE ATPase; cell wall synthesis; nucleotide binding fold; structural genomics ID ESCHERICHIA-COLI; HELICASE DOMAIN; RECOGNITION; HSLU; SEQUENCES; FOLD; MODE AB A hypothetical protein encoded by the gene YjeE of Haemophilus influenzae was selected as part of a structural genomics project for X-ray analysis to assist with the functional assignment. The protein is considered essential to bacteria because the gene is present in virtually all bacterial genomes but not in those of archaea or eukaryotes. The amino acid sequence shows no homology to other proteins except for the presence of the Walker A motif G-X-X-X-X-G-K-T that indicates the possibility of a nucleotide-binding protein. The YjeE protein was cloned, expressed, and the crystal structure determined by the MAD method at 1.7-Angstrom resolution. The protein has a nucleotide-binding fold with a four-stranded parallel beta-sheet flanked by antiparallel beta-strands on each side. The topology of the beta-sheet is unique among P-loop proteins and has features of different families of enzymes. Crystallization of YjeE in the presence of ATP and Mg2+ resulted in the structure with ADP bound in the P-loop. The ATPase activity of YjeE was confirmed by kinetic measurements. The distribution of conserved residues suggests that the protein may work as a "molecular switch" triggered by ATP hydrolysis. The phylogenetic pattern of YjeE suggests its involvement in cell wall biosynthesis. (C) 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc. C1 Univ Maryland, Maryland Biotechnol Inst, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Rockville, MD USA. IIT, Ctr Synchrotron Radiat Res & Instrumentat, Biol Chem & Phys Sci Dept, Chicago, IL 60616 USA. RP Teplyakov, A (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Maryland Biotechnol Inst, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, 9600 Gudelsky Dr, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. RI ID, IMCACAT/D-5867-2014; OI Teplyakov, Alexey/0000-0003-0296-0016 FU NIGMS NIH HHS [P01-GM57890] NR 34 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 0 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0887-3585 J9 PROTEINS JI Proteins PD AUG 1 PY 2002 VL 48 IS 2 BP 220 EP 226 DI 10.1002/prot.10114 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 570EN UT WOS:000176646100010 PM 12112691 ER PT J AU Levine, J AF Levine, J TI Time and frequency distribution using satellites SO REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS LA English DT Review AB I will discuss how time and frequency information can be distributed using satellites. I will focus on using the signals transmitted by the US global positioning system satellites, but I will also discuss other satellite-based systems such as the Russian GLONASS system, the proposed European Galileo System and two-way satellite time transfer, which uses active ground stations that communicate with each other through an active satellite. C1 Univ Colorado, Time & Frequency Div, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, JILA, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Univ Colorado, Time & Frequency Div, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 22 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0034-4885 EI 1361-6633 J9 REP PROG PHYS JI Rep. Prog. Phys. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 65 IS 8 BP 1119 EP 1164 AR PII S0034-4885(02)98967-0 DI 10.1088/0034-4885/65/8/201 PG 46 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 588NE UT WOS:000177706900001 ER PT J AU Jones, DJ Potma, EO Cheng, JX Burfeindt, B Pang, Y Ye, J Xie, XS AF Jones, DJ Potma, EO Cheng, JX Burfeindt, B Pang, Y Ye, J Xie, XS TI Synchronization of two passively mode-locked, picosecond lasers within 20 fs for coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article ID TI-SAPPHIRE LASERS; HIGH-SENSITIVITY; FEMTOSECOND; RESOLUTION AB We report on the synchronization of two commercial picosecond Ti:sapphire lasers with unprecedented low temporal jitter between the pulse trains. Pulse jitter is reduced from a few picoseconds to 20 fs with a stability of several hours. The technology enabling the tight pulse synchronization is reviewed in this article. We demonstrate the usefulness of the synchronization scheme by applying the technique to coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy. It is shown that CARS images can be acquired with a significant improvement in signal-to-noise ratio. This level of performance brings the fluctuations of the CARS signal down to the fundamental photon shot-noise limit. We present detailed statistical analysis of the pulse jitter and CARS noise along with enhanced CARS vibrational images of polymer beads. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Harvard Univ, Dept Chem & Biol Chem, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Coherent Inc, Coherent Laser Grp, Santa Clara, CA 95054 USA. RP Jones, DJ (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Ye, Jun/C-3312-2011; Jones, David/F-5859-2017 NR 17 TC 58 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 14 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 73 IS 8 BP 2843 EP 2848 DI 10.1063/1.1492001 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 577HJ UT WOS:000177055200002 ER PT J AU Gan, L Gomez, RD Castillo, A Chen, PJ Powell, CJ Egelhoff, WF AF Gan, L Gomez, RD Castillo, A Chen, PJ Powell, CJ Egelhoff, WF TI Ultra-thin aluminum oxide as a thermal oxidation barrier on metal films SO THIN SOLID FILMS LA English DT Article DE thermal oxidation; protective barrier; ultra-thin metal films ID MAGNETIC TUNNEL-JUNCTIONS; SITU NATURAL OXIDATION; IN-SITU; LOW-RESISTANCE; MAGNETORESISTANCE AB We have investigated the role of aluminum oxide films as barriers to thermal oxidation of Co, Ni, Fe, Ni80Fe20, Mn, Ta, Cu and Cr in air. The oxidation of the film is monitored by measuring the electrical resistance following a brief anneal in air. We find that 0.3 and 1 nm Al protect the underlying metal film against thermal oxidation in air at temperatures of a few hundred degrees above the temperature at which the unprotected metal oxidizes. These results suggest that magnetic tunnel junction samples could be annealed in air after the oxidation of Al. The expected benefits of the annealing in air would include the oxidation of any remaining metallic Al, a more uniform Al2O3 thickness, and a sharper metal/Al2O3 interface. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gan, L (reprint author), Bldg 222,Room 248, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 19 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0040-6090 J9 THIN SOLID FILMS JI Thin Solid Films PD AUG 1 PY 2002 VL 415 IS 1-2 BP 219 EP 223 AR PII S0040-6090(02)00622-3 DI 10.1016/S0040-6090(02)00622-3 PG 5 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Materials Science; Physics GA 596ZW UT WOS:000178198000033 ER PT J AU Hsu, SM Zhang, J Yin, ZF AF Hsu, SM Zhang, J Yin, ZF TI The nature and origin of tribochemistry SO TRIBOLOGY LETTERS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 3rd International Conference on Tribochemistry CY SEP 10-12, 2001 CL KRAKOW, POLAND SP Polish Petr Co ORLEN SA, Petro Oil DE tribochemistry; nanoscratch; chemical reactions; lubrication; friction polymers ID TEMPERATURES; EMISSION; SURFACES; MODEL; ACID AB Tribochemistry can be defined as the chemical reactions that occur between the lubricant/environment and the surfaces under boundary lubrication conditions. The precise nature of the chemical reactions is not well understood. What causes the reactions to take place is also a subject of speculation. Surface analysis of the surface and the reaction products yields insufficient information for a full understanding of the nature and origin of the chemical reactions. The reaction mixture is complex and the quantity is very small. Classical analytical techniques provide elemental concentration but the organic portion of the reaction products eludes definition. Recent observation of surface emissions of electrons, charged particles, from rubbing surfaces invites speculation that this emission provides the source of energy causing tribochemical reactions to take place. This study reviews our current knowledge of tribochemistry and examines the issue of the source of tribochemistry in boundary lubrication. Experiments were designed to examine the issue of whether mechanical disruption of surface bonds can lead to the formation of reaction products. The second issue is whether these reaction products correspond to those observed under normal rubbing conditions. Thermally induced reaction products were also examined for comparison. Surfaces covered with a monolayer of stearic acid molecules were scratched by a glass lens covered with a layer of diamond particles. Unidirectional scratches were made at 20-30 nm depth. The reaction products were monitored by a grazing angle FTIR capable of detecting the spectrum of a monolayer. The spectrum was then compared with the spectrum from a thermally heated case and a rubbed case. Results suggest that such scratching indeed produces similar reaction products. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hsu, SM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 19 TC 37 Z9 37 U1 5 U2 20 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1023-8883 J9 TRIBOL LETT JI Tribol. Lett. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 13 IS 2 BP 131 EP 139 DI 10.1023/A:1020112901674 PG 9 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 590TQ UT WOS:000177838700011 ER PT J AU Kelley, JGW Behringer, DW Thiebaux, HJ Balasubramaniyan, B AF Kelley, JGW Behringer, DW Thiebaux, HJ Balasubramaniyan, B TI Assimilation of SST data into a real-time Coastal Ocean Forecast System for the US East Coast SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID GULF-STREAM; MODEL; PREDICTION AB The real-time, three-dimensional, limited-area Coastal Ocean Forecast System (COFS) has been developed for the northwestern Atlantic Ocean and implemented at the National Centers for Environmental Prediction. COFS generates a daily nowcast and 1-day forecast of water level, temperature, salinity, and currents. Surface forcing is provided by 3-h forecasts from the National Weather Service's Eta Model, a mesoscale atmospheric prediction model. Lateral oceanic boundary conditions are based on climatic data. COFS assimilates in situ sea surface temperature (SST) observations and multichannel satellite SST retrievals for the past 48 h. SST predictions from the assimilating and nonassimilating versions of COFS were compared with independent observations and a 14-km-resolution multichannel SST analysis. The assimilation of SST data reduced the magnitude and the geographic extent of COFS's characteristic positive temperature bias north of the Gulf Stream. The root-mean-square SST differences between the COFS predictions and in situ observations were reduced by up to 47%-50%. Qualitative comparisons were also made between predictions from the assimilating and nonassimilating versions and thermal profiles measured by expendable bathythermographs. These comparisons indicated that the assimilation scheme had positive impact in reducing temperature differences in the top 300 m at most locations. However, the subsurface comparisons also show that, in dynamically complex regions such as the Gulf Stream, the continental slope, or the Gulf of Maine, the data assimilation system has difficulty reproducing the observed ocean thermal structure and would likely benefit from the direct assimilation of observed profiles. C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Coast Survey Dev Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Environm Modeling Ctr, Washington, DC 20233 USA. RP Kelley, JGW (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Coast Survey Dev Lab, N CS13,SSMC3,Rm 7825,1315 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 50 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 17 IS 4 BP 670 EP 690 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2002)017<0670:AOSDIA>2.0.CO;2 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 574NY UT WOS:000176897500003 ER PT J AU Simpson, JJ Hufford, GL Pieri, D Servranckx, R Berg, JS Bauer, C AF Simpson, JJ Hufford, GL Pieri, D Servranckx, R Berg, JS Bauer, C TI The February 2001 eruption of Mount Cleveland, Alaska: Case study of an aviation hazard SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID SATELLITE-BASED TECHNIQUE; DETECTING VOLCANIC ASH; FAILURES AB Mount Cleveland, Alaska (52degrees49'N, 169degrees57'W), located on Chuginadak Island, erupted on 19 February 2001. The atmosphere-volcanic plume interactions that occurred as part of this event led to several serious encounters of commercial aircraft with the ash. A number of continental and oceanic air traffic control areas were affected. Here, a detailed case study of the eruption, subsequent movement of the airborne plume, and operational response is presented. The likelihood of such encounters in the future may be reduced as a result of lessons learned from this event. Some potential new assets for improving the detection of and response to the airborne volcanic ash hazard to aviation also are discussed. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Digital Image Anal Lab, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. NOAA, Natl Weather Serv Alaska Reg, Anchorage, AK USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA USA. Meteorol Serv Canada, Canadian Meteorol Ctr, Montreal, PQ, Canada. RP Simpson, JJ (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Digital Image Anal Lab, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. NR 28 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 17 IS 4 BP 691 EP 704 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2002)017<0691:TFEOMC>2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 574NY UT WOS:000176897500004 ER PT J AU Hanstrum, BN Mills, GA Watson, A Monteverdi, JP Doswell, CA AF Hanstrum, BN Mills, GA Watson, A Monteverdi, JP Doswell, CA TI The cool-season tornadoes of California and southern Australia SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID PREDICTION SYSTEM; STORMS; ENVIRONMENTS; THUNDERSTORM; RAINBAND; BUOYANCY AB Examples of cool-season tornadic thunderstorms in California and southern Australia are examined. Almost one-half of the reported Australian tornadoes and the majority of those in California occur in the cool season. It is shown that in both areas the typical synoptic pattern shows an active midlatitude trough just upstream, with a strong jet streak aloft. In both areas the tornadic thunderstorms occur with weak to moderate levels of thermodynamic instability in the lower troposphere but with extremely high values of low-level positive and bulk shear. Statistical tests on null cases (nontornadic thunderstorms) in the Central Valley of California indicate that large values of 0-1-km shear provide a discriminator for more damaging (F1-F3) tornadoes, whereas bulk measures of buoyancy, such as CAPE, do not. Australian case studies and tornado proximity soundings show similar characteristics. A "cool-season tornadic thunderstorm potential'' diagnostic for Australian conditions, based on regional NWP analyses and forecasts, is described. It identifies those locations at which negative 700-hPa surface lifted index, near-surface convergence, and surface-850 hPa shear >11 m s(-1) are forecast to occur simultaneously, and it shows considerable potential as an objective alert for forecasters. During the winter of 1996, all nine occasions on which tornadoes were reported were successfully identified in 24-h forecasts. After a variety of assessments suggested the value of this diagnostic, and following positive forecaster feedback during preoperational trials, it became an operational forecast product in May of 2000. C1 Bur Meteorol, Res Ctr, Melbourne, Vic 3001, Australia. Bur Meteorol, Perth, WA, Australia. Bur Meteorol, Adelaide, SA, Australia. San Francisco State Univ, San Francisco, CA 94132 USA. NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Mills, GA (reprint author), Bur Meteorol, Res Ctr, Box 1289K, Melbourne, Vic 3001, Australia. RI Doswell III, Charles/E-7662-2010 NR 37 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 17 IS 4 BP 705 EP 722 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2002)017<0705:TCSTOC>2.0.CO;2 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 574NY UT WOS:000176897500005 ER PT J AU Market, PS Cissell, D AF Market, PS Cissell, D TI Formation of a sharp snow gradient in a Midwestern heavy snow event SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID CONDITIONAL SYMMETRIC INSTABILITY; STABILITY; VORTICITY; CYCLONES AB A case study of the 13-14 March 1999 heavy snow event across southern Missouri and neighboring states is presented. Of the many features that made this storm notable, the very sharp gradient on the northern periphery of the snowfall field was most intriguing. Moreover, that the snowfall field was confined to the southern half of the state resulted in snow-free regions across central Missouri where significant accumulations had been predicted. The focus of this study was thus to reveal the cause of such large snowfall gradients. Little evidence exists of convective snowfall over Missouri through 1200 UTC 14 March 1999, when this study ends. Analyses confirm that the release of neither convective instability nor conditional symmetric instability was responsible for the large snowfall gradient on the northern boundary. Instead, the juxtaposition of dry and moist airstreams from the north and south, respectively, as components of a deformation zone ultimately defined the large snowfall gradient across southern Missouri. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Soil & Atmospher Sci, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. Natl Weather Serv Off, Springfield, MO USA. RP Univ Missouri, Dept Soil & Atmospher Sci, 203 Gentry Hall, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. EM marketp@missouri.edu NR 33 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 EI 1520-0434 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 17 IS 4 BP 723 EP 738 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2002)017<0723:FOASSG>2.0.CO;2 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 574NY UT WOS:000176897500006 ER PT J AU Bunkers, MJ AF Bunkers, MJ TI Vertical wind shear associated with left-moving supercells SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID THUNDERSTORMS; HELICITY; MORPHOLOGY; TORNADOES; WSR-88D AB Vertical wind shear parameters are presented for 60 left-moving supercells across the United States, 53 of which produced severe hail (greater than or equal to1.9 cm). Hodographs corresponding to environments of left-moving supercells have a tendency to be more linear than those of their right-moving supercell counterparts. When curvature is present in the hodographs of the left-moving supercells, it is typically confined to the lowest 0.5-1 km. Values of 0-6-km wind shear for left-moving supercells-both bulk and cumulative-are within the ranges commonly found in right-moving supercell environments, but the shear values do occur toward the lower end of the spectrum. Conversely, the absolute values of storm-relative helicity (SRH) for left-moving supercells are much smaller, on average, than what occur for right-moving supercells (although SRH values for many right-moving supercells also fall well below general guidelines for mesocyclone development). A significant fraction of the 0-3-km SRH (25%) and 0-1-km SRH (65%) for left-moving supercells is positive, owing to the shallow clockwise curvature of the hodographs. However, nearly all of the 1-3-km SRH for left-moving supercells is negative, with absolute values comparable in magnitude to those for right-moving supercells. A limited climatological analysis of vertical wind shear associated with convective environments across parts of the central United States suggests that clockwise curvature of the low-level shear vector is most common in the central/southern plains, partially explaining the preeminence of right-moving supercells in that area. In contrast, hodographs are more linear over the northern high plains, suggesting left-moving supercells may be relatively more common there. It would be beneficial to implement operational radar algorithms that can detect mesoanticyclones across the United States. C1 NOAA, NWS, Weather Forecast Off, Rapid City, SD 57701 USA. RP Bunkers, MJ (reprint author), NOAA, NWS, Weather Forecast Off, 300 E Signal Dr, Rapid City, SD 57701 USA. NR 47 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 17 IS 4 BP 845 EP 855 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2002)017<0845:VWSAWL>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 574NY UT WOS:000176897500014 ER PT J AU Gale, JJ Gallus, WA Jungbluth, KA AF Gale, JJ Gallus, WA Jungbluth, KA TI Toward improved prediction of mesoscale convective system dissipation SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; SQUALL LINES; WARM-SEASON; REAR-INFLOW; COMPLEXES; PRECIPITATION; MODEL; EVOLUTION AB The complex issue of mesoscale convective system (MCS) dissipation over the central United States is investigated using both observations and Eta Model output from 47 cases that occurred during May-August 1998-99 in Iowa and surrounding states. The cold pool-shear balance theory of Rotunno et al. and Weisman, through tests with observational data, is not found to correlate well with actual dissipation of these MCSs. Differences are discussed that may account for the discrepancies between the results of the present study and the cold pool-shear balance theory. Both surface (SSRI) and elevated (ESRI) system-relative inflow tend to decrease as the MCSs near dissipation, due in part to a decrease in MCS speed of movement. A low-level jet (LLJ) affects most of the MCSs at some time during their life cycles, and there is a tendency for MCSs that were once affected by an LLJ to dissipate once no longer affected by an LLJ. A few cases experience significant decreases in the 850-500- and 700-500-mb lapse rates just prior to dissipation, indicating MCS movement into more stable environments. Maximum 0-2-km equivalent potential temperature decreases during the life cycle, but most often from a very high value to a moderate value that still implies adequate energy for the MCSs. To determine the best model predictors of MCS dissipation, many parameters are examined from the Eta Model. Among these, only a decrease in the 850-mb equivalent potential temperature advection may be a potential predictor of MCS dissipation. C1 Iowa State Univ, Dept Geol & Atmospher Sci, Ames, IA 50011 USA. Natl Weather Serv, Forecast Off, Johnston, IA USA. RP Gallus, WA (reprint author), Iowa State Univ, Dept Geol & Atmospher Sci, 3010 Agron Hall, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NR 31 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 17 IS 4 BP 856 EP 872 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2002)017<0856:TIPOMC>2.0.CO;2 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 574NY UT WOS:000176897500015 ER PT J AU Elmore, KL Stensrud, DJ Crawford, KC AF Elmore, KL Stensrud, DJ Crawford, KC TI Explicit cloud-scale models for operational forecasts: A note of caution SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID ENSEMBLE PREDICTION; DATA ASSIMILATION; THUNDERSTORM; SENSITIVITY; SIMULATION; SYSTEM; TIME; NMC AB As computational capacity has increased, cloud-scale numerical models are slowly being modified from pure research tools to forecast tools. Previous studies that used cloud-scale models as explicit forecast tools, in much the same way as a mesoscale model might be used, have met with limited success. Results presented in this paper suggest that this is due, at least in part, to the nature of cloud-scale models themselves. Results from over 700 cloud-scale model runs indicate that, in some cases, differences in the initial soundings that are smaller than can be measured by the current observing system result in unexpected differences in storm longevity. In other cases, easily measurable differences in the initial soundings do not result in significant differences in storm longevity. There unfortunately appears to be no set of parameters that can be used to determine whether the initial sounding is near some part of the cloud-model parameter space that displays this sensitivity. Because different cloud models share similar philosophies, if not similar design, this sensitivity to initial soundings places a fundamental limit on how well the current slate of cloud-scale models can be expected to perform as explicit forecast tools. Given these results, it is not clear that using state-of-the-art cloud-scale models as explicit forecasting tools is appropriate. However, cloud-model ensembles may help to address some inescapable problems with explicit forecasts from cloud models. The most useful application of cloud-scale models in operational forecasts may be a probabilistic one in which the models are used as members of ensembles, a process that has been demonstrated for models of larger-scale processes. C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Oklahoma Climate Survey, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Elmore, KL (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. NR 35 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 17 IS 4 BP 873 EP 884 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2002)017<0873:ECSMFO>2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 574NY UT WOS:000176897500016 ER PT J AU Craven, JP Jewell, RE Brooks, HE AF Craven, JP Jewell, RE Brooks, HE TI Comparison between observed convective cloud-base heights and lifting condensation level for two different lifted parcels SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article AB Approximately 400 Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS) observations of convective cloud-base heights at 2300 UTC were collected from April through August of 2001. These observations were compared with lifting condensation level (LCL) heights above ground level determined by 0000 UTC rawinsonde soundings from collocated upper-air sites. The LCL heights were calculated using both surface-based parcels (SBLCL) and mean-layer parcels (MLLCL-using mean temperature and dewpoint in lowest 100 hPa). The results show that the mean error for the MLLCL heights was substantially less than for SBLCL heights, with SBLCL heights consistently lower than observed cloud bases. These findings suggest that the mean-layer parcel is likely more representative of the actual parcel associated with convective cloud development, which has implications for calculations of thermodynamic parameters such as convective available potential energy (CAPE) and convective inhibition. In addition, the median value of surface-based CAPE (SBCAPE) was more than 2 times that of the mean-layer CAPE (MLCAPE). Thus, caution is advised when considering surface-based thermodynamic indices, despite the assumed presence of a well-mixed afternoon boundary layer. C1 NOAA, NWS, Storm Predict Ctr, Norman, OK 73069 USA. NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Craven, JP (reprint author), NOAA, NWS, Storm Predict Ctr, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. NR 21 TC 65 Z9 68 U1 0 U2 12 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 17 IS 4 BP 885 EP 890 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2002)017<0885:CBOCCB>2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 574NY UT WOS:000176897500017 ER PT J AU Gaffin, DM AF Gaffin, DM TI Unexpected warming induced by foehn winds in the lee of the Smoky Mountains SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID WAVES AB On 2 January 1999, a southeasterly foehn wind produced a narrow band of temperatures up to 10degreesC (18degreesF) warmer than the surrounding area in the central Great Tennessee Valley on the northwest side of the Smoky Mountains. This particular event was interesting in comparison with other documented foehn wind events in that the dewpoint temperature rose substantially along with the actual temperature, resulting in little change in the observed surface relative humidity. A relatively warm and nearly saturated 850-hPa air mass around the highest ridges of the Smoky Mountains was found to be the source of the adiabatically compressed air observed on the northwest side of the Smoky Mountains. The observed foehn winds across the central Great Tennessee Valley were not unusually strong during the afternoon, with surface wind gusts reaching 13 m s(-1) (26 kt). However, mountain waves may have been associated with the foehn winds on 2 January 1999, because a strong surface pressure gradient was in place across the mountain range, winds in excess of 15 m s(-1) (30 kt) were observed in a stable layer at 850 hPa blowing nearly perpendicular to the highest Smoky Mountain ridges, and favorable vertical wind and terrain profiles were present. Any mountain wave activity likely remained close to the mountains away from any of the observation stations in the Great Tennessee Valley. Also, high relative humidity levels (>70%) throughout much of the boundary layer near the Great Tennessee Valley may have reduced the strength of the foehn winds. C1 Natl Weather Serv, Morristown, TN 37814 USA. RP Gaffin, DM (reprint author), Natl Weather Serv, 5974 Commerce Blvd, Morristown, TN 37814 USA. NR 12 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 17 IS 4 BP 907 EP 915 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2002)017<0907:UWIBFW>2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 574NY UT WOS:000176897500020 ER PT J AU Maddox, RA Zhang, J Gourley, JJ Howard, KW AF Maddox, RA Zhang, J Gourley, JJ Howard, KW TI Weather radar coverage over the contiguous United States SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID WSR-88D AB Terrain and radar beam-elevation data are used to examine the spatial coverage provided by the national operational network of Doppler weather radars. This information is of importance to a wide variety of users, and potential users, of radar data from the national network. Charts generated for radar coverage at 3 and 5 km above mean sea level show that radar surveillance near 700 and 500 hPa is very limited for some portions of the contiguous United States. Radar coverage charts at heights of 1, 2, and 3 km above ground level illustrate the extent of low-level radar data gathered above the actual land surface. These maps indicate how restricted the national radar network coverage is at low levels, which limits the usefulness of the radar data, especially for quantitative precipitation estimation. The analyses also identify several regions of the contiguous United States in which weather phenomena are sampled by many adjacent radars. Thus, these regions are characterized by very comprehensive radar information that could be used in many kinds of research studies. C1 NOAA, Environm Res Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Maddox, RA (reprint author), NWS Forecast Off, 520 N Pk Ave,Suite 304, Tucson, AZ 85719 USA. RI Gourley, Jonathan/C-7929-2016 OI Gourley, Jonathan/0000-0001-7363-3755 NR 15 TC 119 Z9 120 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 17 IS 4 BP 927 EP 934 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2002)017<0927:WRCOTC>2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 574NY UT WOS:000176897500022 ER PT J AU Skrede, G Storebakken, T Skrede, A Sahlstrom, S Sorensen, M Shearer, KD Slinde, E AF Skrede, G Storebakken, T Skrede, A Sahlstrom, S Sorensen, M Shearer, KD Slinde, E TI Lactic acid fermentation of wheat and barley whole meal flours improves digestibility of nutrients and energy in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) diets SO AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article DE lactic acid fermentation; barley; wheat; beta-glucans; phytic acid; starch; energy; digestibility; zinc; sodium, Atlantic salmon ID RAINBOW-TROUT; BROILER-CHICKENS; GASTROINTESTINAL-TRACT; ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; ENZYME-ACTIVITIES; BETA-GLUCANASE; SOYBEAN-MEAL; FISH FEEDS; STARCH; MACRONUTRIENTS AB The effects of lactic acid fermentation of wheat and barley whole meal flours (WMF) on digestibility parameters in Atlantic salmon were studied. The WMFs were inoculated with a specific Lactobacillus strain and fermented for 16 h at 30 C prior to mixing with other feed ingredients and processing by extrusion. Fermentation of the WMFs significantly decreased total starch (P < 0.01) and total mixed-linked (1 - 3)(1 - 4)-beta-glucan (P < 0.001) contents in both cereals. Soluble beta-glucans decreased (P < 0.001) from 25.2 to 12.0 g kg(-1) dry matter in barley WMF during fermentation. In Experiment 1, where diets with 24% untreated wheat or barley WMF and 12%, 24%, or 36% fermented WMFs were fed to Atlantic salmon (0.5 kg) for 25 days, there were indications of improved starch and fat digestibility by fermentation. Experiment 2 comprised diets containing 24% untreated or fermented wheat or barley WMFs fed to each of triplicate groups of Atlantic salmon (0.5 kg) during a 17-day experimental period. This experiment showed that protein (P < 0.001), fat (P < 0.05) and energy (P < 0.001) were more efficiently digested in diets with wheat than in diets with barley. Apparent digestibility of starch was greatly improved by fermentation (P < 0.001), more in barley diets (from 47.5% to 67.0%) than in wheat diets (from 51.7% to 65.4%). Improvements in digestibility of fat (P < 0.05) and energy (P < 0.001) were obtained by fermenting the cereals. The absorption of Na was higher for salmon fed wheat than barley diets (P < 0.05). Fermentation resulted in improved Na absorption (P < 0.01); from 68.8% to 73.2% for wheat diets and from 60.3% to 71.7% for barley diets. Fermentation caused a significant (P < 0.05) improvement in Zn absorption from 32.7% to 40.5% for wheat diets and from 33.2% to 43.5% for barley diets. This may be related to the significant reduction in phytic acid levels seen in both fermented cereals (P < 0.001). In conclusion, the potential of wheat and especially barley as ingredients in salmon diets is greatly improved by fermentation. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 MATFORSK, Norwegian Food Res Inst, N-1430 As, Norway. AKVAFORSK, Inst Aquaculture Res AS, N-1432 As, Norway. Agr Univ Norway, Dept Anim Sci, N-1432 As, Norway. NOAA, NMFS, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Skrede, G (reprint author), MATFORSK, Norwegian Food Res Inst, Osloveien 1, N-1430 As, Norway. RI storebakken, trond/E-8050-2011 OI storebakken, trond/0000-0002-4525-2098 NR 55 TC 29 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0044-8486 J9 AQUACULTURE JI Aquaculture PD JUL 31 PY 2002 VL 210 IS 1-4 BP 305 EP 321 AR PII S0044-8486(01)00851-1 DI 10.1016/S0044-8486(01)00851-1 PG 17 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 579TY UT WOS:000177195000019 ER PT J AU Bach, W Banerjee, NR Dick, HJB Baker, ET AF Bach, W Banerjee, NR Dick, HJB Baker, ET TI Discovery of ancient and active hydrothermal systems along the ultra-slow spreading Southwest Indian Ridge 10 degrees-16 degrees E SO GEOCHEMISTRY GEOPHYSICS GEOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE Southwest Indian Ridge; hydrothermal plumes; tectonics; hydrothermal deposits; geochemical fluxes; 3015 Marine Geology and Geophysics : heat flow (benthic) and hydrothermal processes; 3035 Marine ID MID-ATLANTIC RIDGE; DE-FUCA RIDGE; OCEANIC-CRUST; MIDOCEAN RIDGES; SULFIDE DEPOSIT; MINERALOGY; CHEMISTRY; PLUMES; SERPENTINIZATION; 26-DEGREES-N AB [1] We report the discovery of active and fossil hydrothermal systems during R/V Knorr Cruise 162, Legs VII and IX along a 400 km long segment of the ultra-slow Southwest Indian Ridge (SWIR) between 10 and 16degreesE, where the effective spreading rate for mantle upwelling is the slowest of any ocean ridge explored to date (8.4 mm yr(-1) full rate). Eight of forty-one optical/temperature profiles contain hydrothermal plume characteristics that indicate firm evidence for two active vent sites and tentative evidence for as many as three others. Fossil hydrothermal material was recovered in 6 of the 38 dredge hauls and includes an occurrence of partially oxidized sulfide breccias, four deposits ofsepiolite and silica, as well as Mn-oxide and nontronite cemented breccias. The massive sulfide deposit likely developed during mixing of upwelling hot fluids with cold seawater within a shallow permeable fault breccia along a deep-seated normal fault bounding the southern rift valley wall. Silica and sepiolite deposits were found mostly on the rift valley walls and likely formed during low-to moderate-temperature ultramafic-hosted hydrothermal activity. The abundance of hydrothermal material and the frequency of localized hydrothermal activity is remarkable because the mantle upwelling and magma supply rates, and hence the magmatic heat input, along this section of the SWIR are lower than on any other explored segment of the global mid-ocean ridge system. This observation suggests that high mantle upwelling and magma supply rates are not required to drive mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal systems and that a close relationship between magmatic heat input and hydrothermal activity may not be established at the ultra-slow end of the ridge spreading spectrum. The frequency and distribution of hydrothermal activity in the study area may reflect a largely tectonic control on fluid circulation, with hydrothermal vent sites being preferentially associated with long-lived faults that provide fluid pathways. Our results suggest the contribution of magma-starved ridge segments to the global ocean-lithosphere geochemical budget is potentially much larger than previously thought. C1 Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Marine Chem & Geochem, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Univ Alberta, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3, Canada. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Geol & Geophys, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Bach, W (reprint author), Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Marine Chem & Geochem, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RI Bach, Wolfgang/D-3713-2017 OI Bach, Wolfgang/0000-0002-3099-7142 NR 59 TC 53 Z9 60 U1 3 U2 20 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 1525-2027 J9 GEOCHEM GEOPHY GEOSY JI Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. PD JUL 31 PY 2002 VL 3 AR 1044 DI 10.1029/2001GC000279 PG 15 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 579MT UT WOS:000177182300002 ER PT J AU Denschlag, JH Simsarian, JE Haffner, H McKenzie, C Browaeys, A Cho, D Helmerson, K Rolston, SL Phillips, WD AF Denschlag, JH Simsarian, JE Haffner, H McKenzie, C Browaeys, A Cho, D Helmerson, K Rolston, SL Phillips, WD TI A Bose-Einstein condensate in an optical lattice SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS B-ATOMIC MOLECULAR AND OPTICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID STANDING LIGHT-WAVE; BLOCH OSCILLATIONS; ULTRACOLD ATOMS; NEUTRAL ATOMS; DIFFRACTION; SUPERFLUID; PASSAGE; ARRAYS; TRAPS; GAS AB We have performed a number of experiments with a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) in a one-dimensional optical lattice. Making use of the small momentum spread of a BEC and standard atom optics techniques, a high level of coherent control over an artificial solid-state system is demonstrated. We are able to load the BEC into the lattice ground state with a very high efficiency by adiabatically turning on the optical lattice. We coherently transfer population between lattice states and observe their evolution. Methods are developed and used to perform band spectroscopy. We use these techniques to build a BEC accelerator and a novel, coherent, large-momentum-transfer beam-splitter. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Denschlag, JH (reprint author), Univ Innsbruck, Inst Expt Phys, Technikerstr 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. RI Hecker Denschlag, Johannes/B-6047-2008; Haeffner, Hartmut/D-8046-2012; Helmerson, Kristian/E-3683-2013; rolston, steven/L-5175-2013; Browaeys, Antoine/E-1547-2017 OI Hecker Denschlag, Johannes/0000-0003-1984-4994; Haeffner, Hartmut/0000-0002-5113-9622; rolston, steven/0000-0003-1671-4190; NR 40 TC 207 Z9 210 U1 1 U2 18 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-4075 J9 J PHYS B-AT MOL OPT JI J. Phys. B-At. Mol. Opt. Phys. PD JUL 28 PY 2002 VL 35 IS 14 BP 3095 EP 3110 AR PII S0953-4075(02)37598-9 DI 10.1088/0953-4075/35/14/307 PG 16 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 585EV UT WOS:000177512400010 ER PT J AU Almog, O Gallagher, DT Ladner, JE Strausberg, S Alexander, P Bryan, P Gilliland, GL AF Almog, O Gallagher, DT Ladner, JE Strausberg, S Alexander, P Bryan, P Gilliland, GL TI Structural basis of thermostability - Analysis of stabilizing mutations in subtilisin BPN ' SO JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID CALCIUM-INDEPENDENT SUBTILISIN; ENGINEERED DISULFIDE BOND; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; PROTEASE; PROTEINS; SUBTILASES; PRODOMAIN AB The crystal structures of two thermally stabilized subtilisin BPN' variants, S63 and S88, are reported here at 1.8 and 1.9 Angstrom resolution, respectively. The micromolar affinity calcium binding site (site A) has been deleted (Delta75-83) in these variants, enabling the activity and thermostability measurements in chelating conditions. Each of the variants includes mutations known previously to increase the thermostability of calcium-independent subtilisin in addition to new stabilizing mutations. S63 has eight amino acid replacements: D41A, M50F, A73L, Q206W, Y217K, N218S, S221C, and Q271E. S63 has 75-fold greater stability than wild type subtilisin in chelating conditions (10 mm EDTA). The other variant, S88, has ten site-specific changes: Q2K, S3C, P5S, K43N, M50F, A73L, Q206C, Y217K, N218S, and Q271E. The two new cysteines form a disulfide bond, and S88 has 1000 times greater stability than wild type subtilisin in chelating conditions. Comparisons of the two new crystal structures (S63 in space group P2(1) with Angstrom cell constants 41.2, 78.1, 36.7, and beta = 114.6degrees and S88 in space group P2(1)2(1)2(1) with cell constants 54.2, 60.4, and 82.7) with previous structures of subtilisin BPN' reveal that the principal changes are in the N-terminal region. The structural bases of the stabilization effects of the new mutations Q2K, S3C, P5S, D41A, Q206C, and Q206W are generally apparent. The effects are attributed to the new disulfide cross-link and to improved hydrophobic packing, new hydrogen bonds, and other rearrangements in the N-terminal region. C1 Univ Maryland, Inst Biotechnol, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. Ben Gurion Univ Negev, Fac Hlth Sci, Dept Clin Biochem, IL-84105 Beer Sheva, Israel. RP Gallagher, DT (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Inst Biotechnol, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, 9600 Gudelsky Dr, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. NR 30 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC PI BETHESDA PA 9650 ROCKVILLE PIKE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-3996 USA SN 0021-9258 J9 J BIOL CHEM JI J. Biol. Chem. PD JUL 26 PY 2002 VL 277 IS 30 BP 27553 EP 27558 DI 10.1074/jbc.M111777200 PG 6 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 577HR UT WOS:000177055900106 PM 12011071 ER PT J AU Anderson, DM Overpeck, JT Gupta, AK AF Anderson, DM Overpeck, JT Gupta, AK TI Increase in the Asian southwest monsoon during the past four centuries SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID EURASIAN SNOW COVER; ARABIAN-SEA; LATE QUATERNARY; NORTH-ATLANTIC; INDIAN MONSOON; SCALE EVENTS; RAINFALL; CLIMATE; VARIABILITY; RECORD AB Climate reconstructions reveal unprecedented warming in the past century; however, little is known about trends in aspects such as the monsoon. We reconstructed the monsoon winds for the past 1000 years using fossil Globigerina bulloides abundance in box cores from the Arabian Sea and found that monsoon wind strength increased during the past four centuries as the Northern Hemisphere warmed. We infer that the observed link between Eurasian snow cover and the southwest monsoon persists on a centennial scale. Alternatively, the forcing implicated in the warming trend (volcanic aerosols, solar output, and greenhouse gases) may directly affect the monsoon. Either interpretation is consistent with the hypothesis that the southwest monsoon strength will increase during the coming century as greenhouse gas concentrations continue to rise and northern latitudes continue to warm. C1 NOAA, Paleoclimatol Program, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Arizona, Dept Geosci, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Univ Arizona, Inst Study Planet Earth, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. Indian Inst Technol, Kharagpur 721302, W Bengal, India. RP Anderson, DM (reprint author), NOAA, Paleoclimatol Program, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI anderson, david/E-6416-2011 NR 42 TC 196 Z9 210 U1 5 U2 41 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD JUL 26 PY 2002 VL 297 IS 5581 BP 596 EP 599 DI 10.1126/science.1072881 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 577GY UT WOS:000177054200049 PM 12142536 ER PT J AU Hill, RJ AF Hill, RJ TI Possible alternative to R-lambda-scaling of small-scale turbulence statistics SO JOURNAL OF FLUID MECHANICS LA English DT Article ID LOCALLY ISOTROPIC TURBULENCE; FULLY-DEVELOPED TURBULENCE; NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS; PRESSURE STATISTICS; REYNOLDS-NUMBERS; ACCELERATION; FIELD AB Traditionally, trends of universal turbulence statistics are presented versus R-lambda, which is the Reynolds number based on Taylor's scale and the root-mean-square (rms) of a component of velocity u(rms). lambda and u(rms), and hence R-lambda, do not have the attribute of universality. The ratio of rms fluid-particle acceleration to the rms of the acceleration caused by the viscous force, R-a, is an alternative to R-lambda. R-a is a Reynolds number. It is composed of statistics of the small scales of turbulence. It can be evaluated with single-wire hot-wire anemometry. Like R-lambda, it can be partially evaluated by means of flow similarity. Direct measurement of R-a is challenging; therefore, R-a is not a replacement for R-lambda. For isotropic turbulence the relationship between R-a and R-lambda is given. Anisotropic turbulence is discussed. C1 Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Hill, RJ (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 31 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4221 USA SN 0022-1120 J9 J FLUID MECH JI J. Fluid Mech. PD JUL 25 PY 2002 VL 463 BP 403 EP 412 DI 10.1017/S0022112002008984 PG 10 WC Mechanics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Mechanics; Physics GA 584PE UT WOS:000177475400016 ER PT J AU Abdulagatov, IM Emirov, SN Gairbekov, KA Magomaeva, MA Askerov, SY Ramazanova, EN AF Abdulagatov, IM Emirov, SN Gairbekov, KA Magomaeva, MA Askerov, SY Ramazanova, EN TI Effective thermal conductivity of fluid-saturated porous mica ceramics at high temperatures and high pressures SO INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH LA English DT Article AB The effective thermal conductivity (ETC) of fluid-saturated porous mica ceramics with open pores was measured over a temperature range from 275 to 423 K and at pressures up to 400 MPa using a steady-state parallel-plate apparatus. It is an absolute, steady-state measurement device with an operational temperature range of 273-1273 K and a pressure range up to 1500 MPa. We used argon and water as pore saturants. The estimated accuracy of the method is +/-2%. The porosity of the samples was 2%, 14%, and 26%. The effect of pressure, temperature, and porosity on the ETC behavior of the fluid (Ar and H2O)-saturated porous mica ceramic was studied. A sharp increase of the ETC was found for porous mica ceramic with gas (Ar) saturated at low pressures (between 0.1 and 100 MPa) along the various isotherms, while for the same sample saturated with water, the pressure dependence of the ETC displayed very weakly. The measured values of the ETC for a fluid-saturated porous mica ceramic were compared with the values predicted by various theoretical and semiempirical models. The effect of the size, shape, and distribution of the pores on the ETC of porous mica ceramic was discussed. C1 Russian Acad Sci, Dagestan Sci Ctr, Inst Geothermal Problems, Makhachkala 367003, Dagestan, Russia. RP Abdulagatov, IM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 45 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0888-5885 J9 IND ENG CHEM RES JI Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. PD JUL 24 PY 2002 VL 41 IS 15 BP 3586 EP 3593 DI 10.1021/ie0200196 PG 8 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA 575TZ UT WOS:000176965700010 ER PT J AU Samuni, A Goldstein, S Russo, A Mitchell, JB Krishna, MC Neta, P AF Samuni, A Goldstein, S Russo, A Mitchell, JB Krishna, MC Neta, P TI Kinetics and mechanism of hydroxyl radical and OH-adduct radical reactions with nitroxides and with their hydroxylamines SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID AROMATIC HYDROXYLATION; AQUEOUS-SOLUTIONS; TEREPHTHALATE; SUPEROXIDE; RADIOLYSIS; DOSIMETER; IRON(II); TEMPOL AB Stable nitroxide radicals are potent antioxidants and are among the most effective non-thiol radioprotectants, although they react with hydroxyl radicals more slowly than typical phenolic antioxidants or thiols. Surprisingly, the reduced forms of cyclic nitroxides, cyclic hydroxylamines, are better reductants yet have no radioprotective activity. To clarify the reason for this difference, we studied the kinetics and mechanisms of the reactions of nitroxides and their hydroxylamines with OH radicals and with OH-adducts by using pulse radiolysis, fluorimetric determination of phenolic radiation products, and electron paramagnetic resonance spectrometric determination of nitroxide concentrations following radiolysis. Competition kinetics with phenylalanine as a reference compound in pulse radiolysis experiments yielded rate constants of (4.5 +/- 0.4) x 10(9) m(-1) s(-1) for the reaction of (OH)-O-. radical with 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl (TPO), 4-hydroxy-TPO (4-OH-TPO), and 4-oxo-TPO (4-O-TPO), (3.0 +/- 0.3) x 10(9) m(-1) s(-1) for deuterated 4-O-TPO, and (1.0 +/- 0.1) x 10(9) m(-1) s(-1) for the hydroxylamine 4-OH-TPO-H. The kinetic isotope effect suggests the occurrence of both (OH)-O-. addition to the aminoxyl moiety of 4-O-TPO and H-atom abstraction from the 2- or 6-methyl groups or from the 3- and 5-methylene positions. This conclusion was further supported by final product analysis, which demonstrated that (OH)-O-. partially oxidizes 4-O-TPO to the corresponding oxoammonium cation. The rate constants for the reactions of the nitroxides with the OH-adducts of phenylalanine and terephthalate have been determined to be near 4 x 10(6) m(-1) s(-1), whereas the hydroxylamine reacted at least 50 times slower, if at all. These findings indicate that the reactivity toward (OH)-O-. does not explain the differences between the radioprotective activities of nitroxides and hydroxylamines. Instead, the radioprotective activity of nitroxides, but not of hydroxylamines, can be partially attributed to their ability to detoxify OH-derived secondary radicals. C1 Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Hadassah Med Sch, Fac Med, Dept Mol Biol, IL-91120 Jerusalem, Israel. NCI, Radiat Biol Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Dept Phys Chem, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Samuni, A (reprint author), Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Hadassah Med Sch, Fac Med, Dept Mol Biol, IL-91120 Jerusalem, Israel. NR 28 TC 99 Z9 100 U1 3 U2 49 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0002-7863 J9 J AM CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Chem. Soc. PD JUL 24 PY 2002 VL 124 IS 29 BP 8719 EP 8724 AR UNSP JA017587H DI 10.1021/ja017587h PG 6 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 575EF UT WOS:000176933100044 PM 12121116 ER PT J AU Bhat, RR Fischer, DA Genzer, J AF Bhat, RR Fischer, DA Genzer, J TI Fabricating planar nanoparticle assemblies with number density gradients SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Letter ID METAL-SURFACES; FILMS; POLYMER; ORIENTATION; PARTICLES; ARRAYS; SENSOR AB We report on preparing assemblies of gold nanoparticles with continuous gradients in number density on flat silica-covered substrates. The methodology consists of (i) first forming a one-dimensional molecular gradient of amino groups (-NH2) on the substrate by vapor deposition of amine-terminated silane molecules, followed by (ii) attachment of gold nanoparticles to -NH2 functional groups by immersing the substrate in a colloidal gold solution. Experiments using atomic force microscopy reveal that the number density of nanoparticles on the substrate varies continuously as a function of the position on the substrate. Near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure studies confirm that the nanoparticle number density gradient is closely correlated with the concentration gradient of -NH2 groups anchored to the substrate. We demonstrate that the number density of nanoparticles within the gradient and the length of the gradient can be tuned by controlling the vapor diffusion of silane molecules. In addition we show that this simple methodology can be further extended to create double gradients, thus producing "a valley in nanoparticle concentration". C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Genzer, J (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 29 TC 83 Z9 85 U1 4 U2 30 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD JUL 23 PY 2002 VL 18 IS 15 BP 5640 EP 5643 AR UNSP LA025524M DI 10.1021/la025524m PG 4 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 574RN UT WOS:000176903500002 ER PT J AU Lin, EK Lee, HJ Lynn, GW Wu, WL O'Neill, ML AF Lin, EK Lee, HJ Lynn, GW Wu, WL O'Neill, ML TI Structural characterization of a porous low-dielectric-constant thin film with a non-uniform depth profile SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID X-RAY REFLECTIVITY; PORE-SIZE; ORGANOSILICATES; SCATTERING AB High-resolution x-ray reflectivity (XR) and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) are applied to characterize both the nonuniform depth profile and pore structure of a low-dielectric-constant (low-k) thin film as prepared on a silicon substrate. The XR data show that the density depth profile has a multilayered structure with a dense, nonporous top layer and a less dense, porous bulk layer. A scattering invariant analysis of the SANS data is used to determine the average chord length of the pores, (14.8+/-2.0) nm, independent of the depth profile. Given the elemental composition of the film, the XR and SANS data are combined to calculate the mass density of the top layer, (1.13+/-0.05) g/cm(3), the porosity of the less dense layer, (0.28+/-0.10), and the wall density, (0.92+/-0.15) g/cm(3). (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymer, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Air Prod & Chem Inc, Elect Technol, Allentown, PA 18195 USA. RP Lin, EK (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymer, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM eric.lin@nist.gov NR 17 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 1305 WALT WHITMAN RD, STE 300, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 EI 1077-3118 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD JUL 22 PY 2002 VL 81 IS 4 BP 607 EP 609 DI 10.1063/1.1495079 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 574CV UT WOS:000176871600013 ER PT J AU Booth, JC Ono, RH Takeuchi, I Chang, KS AF Booth, JC Ono, RH Takeuchi, I Chang, KS TI Microwave frequency tuning and harmonic generation in ferroelectric thin film transmission lines SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article AB We evaluate dielectric tuning on nanosecond time scales in ferroelectric Ba0.3Sr0.7TiO3 thin films by measuring nonlinear harmonic generation at a fundamental frequency of 3 GHz. We compare the form of the distributed nonlinear capacitance per unit length C(V-rf) extracted from a simple model of harmonic generation in coplanar waveguide transmission line structures with the nonlinear capacitance C(V-dc) measured using a dc bias voltage, and obtain excellent agreement for temperatures in the range 235-295 K. This demonstrated agreement implies that full dielectric tuning can be expected in these ferroelectric thin films on nanosecond time scales, and also demonstrates that detrimental high-frequency nonlinear effects in device structures can be accurately predicted based on dc biased measurements. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Maryland, Ctr Superconduct Res, Dept Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Booth, JC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 10 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD JUL 22 PY 2002 VL 81 IS 4 BP 718 EP 720 DI 10.1063/1.1494854 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 574CV UT WOS:000176871600050 ER PT J AU Jaksch, D Venturi, V Cirac, JI Williams, CJ Zoller, P AF Jaksch, D Venturi, V Cirac, JI Williams, CJ Zoller, P TI Creation of a molecular condensate by dynamically melting a Mott insulator SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE; MEAN-FIELD THEORY; HUBBARD MODEL; SUPERFLUID; TRANSITION; ATOMS AB We propose the creation of a molecular Bose-Einstein condensate by loading an atomic condensate into an optical lattice and driving it into a Mott insulator with exactly two atoms per site. Molecules in a Mott insulator state are then created under well defined conditions by photoassociation with essentially unit efficiency. Finally, the Mott insulator is melted and a superfluid state of the molecules is created. We study the dynamics of this process and photoassociation of tightly trapped atoms. C1 Univ Innsbruck, Inst Theoret Phys, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. Max Planck Inst Quantum Opt, D-85748 Garching, Germany. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Jaksch, D (reprint author), Univ Innsbruck, Inst Theoret Phys, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. RI Williams, Carl/B-5877-2009; Jaksch, Dieter/F-1964-2010; Zoller, Peter/O-1639-2014 OI Zoller, Peter/0000-0003-4014-1505 NR 17 TC 150 Z9 154 U1 0 U2 14 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD JUL 22 PY 2002 VL 89 IS 4 AR 040402 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.040402 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 572HQ UT WOS:000176768700002 PM 12144471 ER PT J AU Hoelzel, AR Natoli, A Dahlheim, ME Olavarria, C Baird, RW Black, NA AF Hoelzel, AR Natoli, A Dahlheim, ME Olavarria, C Baird, RW Black, NA TI Low worldwide genetic diversity in the killer whale (Orcinus orca): implications for demographic history SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE population bottleneck; population genetics; marine mammals ID MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; MUTATION-RATES; MICROSATELLITE LOCI; POPULATION-GROWTH; MARINE MAMMALS; SPERM WHALES; SEQUENCE; BEHAVIOR; DIFFERENTIATION; POLYMORPHISM AB A low level of genetic variation in mammalian populations where the census population size is relatively large has been attributed to various factors, such as a naturally small effective population size, historical bottlenecks and social behaviour. The killer whale (Orcinus orca) is an abundant, highly social species with reduced genetic variation. We find no consistent geographical pattern of global diversity and no mtDNA variation within some regional populations. The regional lack of variation is likely to be due to the strict matrilineal expansion of local populations. The worldwide pattern and paucity of diversity may indicate a historical bottleneck as an additional factor. C1 Univ Durham, Dept Biol Sci, Durham DH1 3LE, England. NMFS, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Auckland, Sch Biol Sci, Auckland 1, New Zealand. Dalhousie Univ, Dept Biol, Halifax, NS B3H 4J1, Canada. Monterey Bay Cetacean Project, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. RP Hoelzel, AR (reprint author), Univ Durham, Dept Biol Sci, South Rd, Durham DH1 3LE, England. EM a.r.hoelzel@dur.ac.uk NR 41 TC 79 Z9 83 U1 8 U2 44 PU ROYAL SOC PI LONDON PA 6-9 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON SW1Y 5AG, ENGLAND SN 0962-8452 J9 P ROY SOC B-BIOL SCI JI Proc. R. Soc. B-Biol. Sci. PD JUL 22 PY 2002 VL 269 IS 1499 BP 1467 EP 1473 DI 10.1098/rspb.2002.2033 PG 7 WC Biology; Ecology; Evolutionary Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology GA 578RE UT WOS:000177132100008 PM 12137576 ER PT J AU Prasad, VK Kant, Y Gupta, PK Elvidge, C Badarinath, KVS AF Prasad, VK Kant, Y Gupta, PK Elvidge, C Badarinath, KVS TI Biomass burning and related trace gas emissions from tropical dry deciduous forests of India: A study using DMSP-OLS data and ground-based measurements SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID BRAZIL AB Biomass burning is one of the major sources of trace gas emissions in the atmosphere. In India the major sources of biomass burning include deforestation, shifting cultivation, accidental fires, controlled burning, fire wood burning, burning from agricultural residues and burning due to fire lines. Studies on biomass burning practices gain importance due to increasing anthropogenic activities and increasing rates of deforestation. Satellite data have been widely used over the globe to monitor the rates of deforestation and also with respect to biomass burning studies. But, much of the polar orbiting satellites, due to their repetitive cycle, have limitations in observing such events and in the tropics, due to cloud cover, getting a cloud-free image during the daytime is difficult. In this study we used Defence Meteorological Satellite Program Operational Line Scanner (DMSP-OLS) night-time data to study the biomass burning events over a period of 10 years from 1987 to 1998 for the Eastern Ghats region, covering the northern part of Andhra Pradesh, India. Two ground-based experiments were carried out to quantify the emissions from biomass burning practices. The results of the study with respect to trace gases suggested emission ratios for CO, CH4, NOx and N2O during the burning to be about 12.3%, 1.29%, 0.29% and 0.07% at the first site and 12.5%, 1.59%, 0.29% and 0.05% at the second site, suggesting low inter-fire variability between the sites. The variation has been attributed to the fuel load, vegetation characteristics, site conditions and local meteorological parameters affecting the relative amounts of combustion. Using the DMSP OLS derived areal estimates of active fires, the trace gas emissions released from the biomass burning were quantified. The results suggested the emissions of 8.2x10(10) gCO(2), 1.8x10(8) gCO, 6.0x10(6) gN(2)O, 3.0x10(6) gNO(x) and 1.2x10(8) gCH(4) during March 1987. The emissions increased to 1.0x10(11) gCO(2), 2.3x10(8) gCO, 7.8x10(6) gN(2)O, 3.9x10(7) gNO(x) and 1.6x10(8) gCH(4), over a period of 10 years. The results of the analysis suggest the possible use of monitoring biomass burning events from DMSP-OLS night-time data. C1 Natl Remote Sensing Agcy, Dept Space, Govt India, Hyderabad 500037, Andhra Pradesh, India. Natl Phys Lab, New Delhi 110012, India. NOAA, NESDIS, Natl Geophys Data Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Prasad, VK (reprint author), Natl Remote Sensing Agcy, Dept Space, Govt India, Hyderabad 500037, Andhra Pradesh, India. RI Elvidge, Christopher/C-3012-2009 NR 32 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 14 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD JUL 20 PY 2002 VL 23 IS 14 BP 2837 EP 2851 DI 10.1080/01431160110109598 PG 15 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 575LY UT WOS:000176948800006 ER PT J AU Acker, JG Brown, CW Hine, AC Armstrong, E Kuring, N AF Acker, JG Brown, CW Hine, AC Armstrong, E Kuring, N TI Satellite remote sensing observations and aerial photography of storm-induced neritic carbonate transport from shallow carbonate platforms SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID OCEAN; SEDIMENTATION; ACCUMULATION; BANK AB Shallow carbonate platforms are a significant source of biogenic calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in the marine environment, second in production only to coral reefs. The mechanisms by which platform-derived neritic carbonates are transported to the pelagic water column and deep benthos are significant to the geological history of shallow carbonate platforms and the role of neritic carbonates in the marine carbon cycle. Aerial photography and satellite remote sensing observations of the Bahamas Banks and Bermuda indicate that major sediment transport events are caused by strong surface winds associated with storm systems. While this mechanism is not unexpected, these observations provide an initial assessment of the potential ability of remote sensing to detect these events and quantify the offshore mass transport of neritic carbonate. Strategies for observational monitoring of selected platform environments are described. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NOAA, NESDIS, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Univ S Florida, Dept Marine Sci, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Phys Oceanog DAAC, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Acker, JG (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Code 902, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Brown, Christopher/B-8213-2008 OI Brown, Christopher/0000-0002-9905-6391 NR 16 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 3 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD JUL 20 PY 2002 VL 23 IS 14 BP 2853 EP 2868 DI 10.1080/01431160110106122 PG 16 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 575LY UT WOS:000176948800007 ER PT J AU Alpert, B Greengard, L Hagstrom, T AF Alpert, B Greengard, L Hagstrom, T TI Nonreflecting boundary conditions for the time-dependent wave equation SO JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID PERFECTLY MATCHED LAYER; SCATTERING PROBLEMS; ABSORPTION; SIMULATION AB We describe a new, efficient approach to the imposition of exact nonreflecting boundary conditions for the scalar wave equation. We compare the performance of our approach with that of existing methods by coupling the boundary conditions to finite-difference schemes. Numerical experiments demonstrate a significant gain in accuracy at no additional cost. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science (USA). C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NYU, Courant Inst Math Sci, New York, NY 10012 USA. Univ New Mexico, Dept Math & Stat, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM alpert@boulder.nist.gov; greengard@cims.nyu.edu; hagstrom@math.unm.edu NR 42 TC 64 Z9 78 U1 2 U2 8 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0021-9991 EI 1090-2716 J9 J COMPUT PHYS JI J. Comput. Phys. PD JUL 20 PY 2002 VL 180 IS 1 BP 270 EP 296 DI 10.1006/jcph.2002.7093 PG 27 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Mathematical SC Computer Science; Physics GA 574NG UT WOS:000176896000013 ER PT J AU Lin, EK Soles, CL Goldfarb, DL Trinque, BC Burns, SD Jones, RL Lenhart, JL Angelopoulos, M Willson, CG Satija, SK Wu, WL AF Lin, EK Soles, CL Goldfarb, DL Trinque, BC Burns, SD Jones, RL Lenhart, JL Angelopoulos, M Willson, CG Satija, SK Wu, WL TI Direct measurement of the reaction front in chemically amplified photoresists SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID DEEP-ULTRAVIOLET RESISTS; ACID DIFFUSION; POLYMER-FILMS; SIMULATIONS AB The continuing drive by the semiconductor industry to fabricate smaller structures using photolithography will soon require dimensional control at length scales comparable to the size of the polymeric molecules in the materials used to pattern them. The current technology, chemically amplified photoresists, uses a complex reaction-diffusion process to delineate patterned areas with high spatial resolution. However, nanometer-level control of this critical process is limited by the lack of direct measurements of the reaction front. We demonstrate the use of x-ray and neutron reflectometry as a general method to measure the spatial evolution of the reaction-diffusion process with nanometer resolution. Measuring compositional profiles, provided by deuterium-labeled reactant groups for neutron scattering contrast, we show that the reaction front within the material is broad rather than sharply defined and the compositional profile is altered during development. Measuring the density profile, we directly correlate the developed film structure with that of the reaction front. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. IBM Corp, Thomas J Watson Res Ctr, Yorktown Hts, NY 10598 USA. Univ Texas, Dept Chem, Austin, TX 78712 USA. Univ Texas, Dept Chem Engn, Austin, TX 78712 USA. RP Lin, EK (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 30 TC 73 Z9 73 U1 1 U2 14 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD JUL 19 PY 2002 VL 297 IS 5580 BP 372 EP 375 DI 10.1126/science.1072092 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 574LV UT WOS:000176892600043 PM 12130778 ER PT J AU Bartels, RA Paul, A Green, H Kapteyn, HC Murnane, MM Backus, S Christov, IP Liu, YW Attwood, D Jacobsen, C AF Bartels, RA Paul, A Green, H Kapteyn, HC Murnane, MM Backus, S Christov, IP Liu, YW Attwood, D Jacobsen, C TI Generation of spatially coherent light at extreme ultraviolet wavelengths SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID HIGH-ORDER HARMONICS; SOFT X-RAYS; LASER; PHASE; INTERFEROMETRY; RADIATION; AMPLIFIER; EMISSION; DYNAMICS; PULSES AB We present spatial coherence measurements of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light generated through the process of high-harmonic up-conversion of a femtosecond laser. With a phase-matched hollow-fiber geometry, the generated beam was found to exhibit essentially full spatial coherence. The coherence of this laser-like EUV source was shown by recording Gabor holograms of small objects. This work demonstrates the capability to perform EUV holography with a tabletop experimental setup. Such an EUV source, with low divergence and high spatial coherence, can be used for experiments involving high-precision metrology, inspection of optical components for EUV lithography, and microscopy and holography with nanometer resolution. Furthermore, the short time duration of the EUV radiation ( a few femtoseconds) will enable EUV microscopy and holography to be performed with ultrahigh time resolution. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Sofia, Dept Phys, BU-1126 Sofia, Bulgaria. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Ctr Xray Opt, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Phys & Astron, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. RP Murnane, MM (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Backus, Sterling/C-2506-2008; Kapteyn, Henry/H-6559-2011; Christov, Ivan/D-4446-2014; Jacobsen, Chris/E-2827-2015 OI Kapteyn, Henry/0000-0001-8386-6317; Christov, Ivan/0000-0002-9146-6708; Jacobsen, Chris/0000-0001-8562-0353 NR 30 TC 248 Z9 252 U1 7 U2 55 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD JUL 19 PY 2002 VL 297 IS 5580 BP 376 EP 378 PG 3 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 574LV UT WOS:000176892600044 PM 12130779 ER PT J AU Bargu, S Powell, CL Coale, SL Busman, M Doucette, GJ Silver, MW AF Bargu, S Powell, CL Coale, SL Busman, M Doucette, GJ Silver, MW TI Krill: a potential vector for domoic acid in marine food webs SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE krill; Pseudo-nitzschia; domoic acid; harmful algal blooms; toxic algae; trophic transfer; food webs ID PSEUDO-NITZSCHIA BACILLARIOPHYCEAE; TARGETED FLUORESCENT-PROBES; CRAB CANCER-MAGISTER; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; CENTRAL CALIFORNIA; EUPHAUSIA-SUPERBA; FEEDING-BEHAVIOR; ANTARCTIC KRILL; WEST-COAST; SEA LIONS AB Over the past decade, blooms of the domoic acid (DA) producing diatom Pseudonitzschia have been responsible for numerous deaths of marine mammals and birds in Monterey Bay, California. Euphausiids (krill) are important members of the local zooplankton grazer community and comprise the primary diet of squid, baleen whales, and many seabirds. Krill are thus a key potential vector for the transfer of DA to higher trophic level organisms in Monterey Bay. A better understanding of the quantitative trophic interactions and body burden of DA in krill is required to predict whether they tan act as an effective vector for this neurotoxin. Here we report results of toxin analyses and gut content examinations of krill Euphausia pacifica collected from Monterey Bay in 2000. Corresponding counts of toxic Pseudo-nitzschia species in the water and their cellular DA concentrations were also obtained at the collection sites. Toxin analysis by receptor binding assay demonstrated that DA in krill tissue varied between 0.1 to 44 mug DA equiv. g(-1) tissue (confirmed by tandem mass spectrometry), with levels corresponding to the abundance of toxic Pseudo-nitzschia species present in the water. The occurrence of Pseudo-nitzschia australis frustules in the digestive tract of E. pacifica verified that a toxic species of this diatom was an important part of their diet and thus implicated this phytoplankter as the source of DA. These findings provide compelling evidence for the role of krill as a potential transfer agent of the phycotoxin DA to higher trophic levels in marine food web. C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Ocean Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. NOAA, Marine Biotoxins Program, NOS Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RP Bargu, S (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Ocean Sci, 1156 High St, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. EM sibelbargu@hotmail.com RI Doucette, Gregory/M-3283-2013 NR 57 TC 64 Z9 66 U1 4 U2 33 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PD JUL 18 PY 2002 VL 237 BP 209 EP 216 DI 10.3354/meps237209 PG 8 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 585QD UT WOS:000177535300019 ER PT J AU Baird, RW Borsani, JF Hanson, MB Tyack, PL AF Baird, RW Borsani, JF Hanson, MB Tyack, PL TI Diving and night-time behavior of long-finned pilot whales in the Ligurian Sea SO MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES LA English DT Article DE diving; foraging; Globicephala; pilot whale; diel behavior ID DEEP AB Pilot whales Globicephala spp. have long been thought to be deep divers, yet little information is available on dive depths. During August 1999 we obtained detailed dive data from suction-cup-attached time-depth recorder/VHF radio tags deployed on 5 long-finned pilot whales G. melas. Pilot whales were tagged for short periods (average 5 h ind.(-1)) in deep (>2000 m) waters of the Ligurian Sea, off the NW coast of Italy. During the day all 5 whales spent their time in the top 16 m of the water column, and visible surface activities consisted primarily of rest and social behaviors. Tags remained attached after dark on 2 whales and shortly after sunset both whales made several deep dives (max. 360 and 648 m). Velocity on these deep dives was greater than during shallow dives either during the day or at night, suggesting that these deep dives function primarily for foraging. Our results confirm the supposition that long-finned pilot whales can dive deep, particularly within 2 h after sunset, which is the time that vertically migrating prey become more readily available as they move closer to the surface. C1 Dalhousie Univ, Dept Biol, Halifax, NS B3H 4J1, Canada. Ist Cent Ric Appl Mare, I-00166 Rome, Italy. Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Friday Harbor, WA 98250 USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Biol, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Baird, RW (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pivers Isl Rd, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. EM rwbaird@is.dal.ca RI Tyack, Peter/D-6209-2013 OI Tyack, Peter/0000-0002-8409-4790 NR 21 TC 47 Z9 48 U1 2 U2 18 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0171-8630 J9 MAR ECOL PROG SER JI Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser. PD JUL 18 PY 2002 VL 237 BP 301 EP 305 DI 10.3354/meps237301 PG 5 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 585QD UT WOS:000177535300027 ER PT J AU Sunda, W Kieber, DJ Kiene, RP Huntsman, S AF Sunda, W Kieber, DJ Kiene, RP Huntsman, S TI An antioxidant function for DMSP and DMS in marine algae SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID DIMETHYLSULFOXIDE DMSO; MEDITERRANEAN-SEA; HYDROXYL RADICALS; RATE CONSTANTS; SULFUR; SEAWATER; IRON; DIMETHYLSULFONIOPROPIONATE; PHYTOPLANKTON; CONVERSION AB The algal osmolyte dimethylsulphoniopropionate (DMSP) and its enzymatic cleavage product dimethylsulphide (DMS) contribute significantly to the global sulphur cycle(1-3), yet their physiological functions are uncertain(4). Here we report results that, together with those in the literature(5,6), show that DMSP and its breakdown products (DMS, acrylate, dimethylsulphoxide, and methane sulphinic acid) readily scavenge hydroxyl radicals and other reactive oxygen species, and thus may serve as an antioxidant system, regulated in part by enzymatic cleavage of DMSP. In support of this hypothesis, we found that oxidative stressors, solar ultraviolet radiation(7), CO2 limitation(8), Fe limitation, high Cu2+ (ref. 9) and H2O2 substantially increased cellular DMSP and/or its lysis to DMS in marine algal cultures. Our results indicate direct links between such stressors and the dynamics of DMSP and DMS in marine phytoplankton, which probably influence the production of DMS and its release to the atmosphere. As oxidation of DMS to sulphuric acid in the atmosphere provides a major source of sulphate aerosols and cloud condensation nuclei(3), oxidative stressors-including solar radiation and Fe limitation-may be involved in complex ocean-atmosphere feedback loops that influence global climate and hydrological cycles(1,2). C1 NOAA, Beaufort Lab, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Dept Chem, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. Univ S Alabama, Dept Marine Sci, Mobile, AL 36688 USA. RP Sunda, W (reprint author), NOAA, Beaufort Lab, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. NR 30 TC 487 Z9 507 U1 7 U2 121 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD JUL 18 PY 2002 VL 418 IS 6895 BP 317 EP 320 DI 10.1038/nature00851 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 574BF UT WOS:000176868000040 PM 12124622 ER PT J AU Scott, GI Fulton, MH Wirth, EF Chandler, GT Key, PB Daugomah, JW Bearden, D Chung, KW Strozier, ED DeLorenzo, M Sivertsen, S Dias, A Sanders, M Macauley, JM Goodman, LR LaCroix, MW Thayer, GW Kucklick, J AF Scott, GI Fulton, MH Wirth, EF Chandler, GT Key, PB Daugomah, JW Bearden, D Chung, KW Strozier, ED DeLorenzo, M Sivertsen, S Dias, A Sanders, M Macauley, JM Goodman, LR LaCroix, MW Thayer, GW Kucklick, J TI Toxicological studies in tropical ecosystems: An ecotoxicological risk assessment of pesticide runoff in South Florida estuarine ecosystems SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE endosulfan; Florida Bay; South Florida; semipermeable membrane devices; oysters; copepods; clams ID BIOASSAY; BAY AB A multiyear study in the C-111 canal system and associated sites in Florida Bay was undertaken to determine the potential pesticide risk that exists in South Florida. After the examination of extensive pesticide concentration data in surface water, tissues, and semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs), canal contamination seems to be derived from the extensive agricultural production that drains into the C-111 canal. The results of this study indicate that runoff from agricultural processes led to quantifiable pesticide residues in both canal and bay surface water, which occasionally exceeded current water quality criteria. The major pesticide of concern was endosulfan, which was detected at 100% of the sites sampled. Endosulfan exposure did not cause any acute effects in fish and crustaceans deployed in field bioassays. Chronic effects were observed in copepods, clams, and oysters but could not be attributed to endosulfan exposure. The decision to alter the C-111 canal flow and allow increased freshwater flow into the adjacent Everglades National Park may result in discharges of pesticides into the Everglades. Continued monitoring in this area is needed during this change in flow regime. C1 Natl Ocean Serv, US Dept Commerce, NOAA,Natl Ctr Coastal Ocean Sci, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res,Charleston, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Univ S Carolina, Sch Publ Hlth, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. US EPA, Off Res & Dev, NHEEL, Gulf Ecol Div, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561 USA. Natl Ocean Serv, US Dept Commerce, NOAA, Natl Ctr Coastal Ocean Sci,Ctr Coastal Fisheries, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Charleston Lab, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RP Wirth, EF (reprint author), Natl Ocean Serv, US Dept Commerce, NOAA,Natl Ctr Coastal Ocean Sci, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res,Charleston, 219 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM ed.wirth@noaa.gov NR 35 TC 58 Z9 58 U1 1 U2 16 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD JUL 17 PY 2002 VL 50 IS 15 BP 4400 EP 4408 AR UNSP JF011356C DI 10.1021/jf011356c PG 9 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 573DB UT WOS:000176813100040 PM 12105977 ER PT J AU Jiang, YL Song, FH Stivers, JT AF Jiang, YL Song, FH Stivers, JT TI Electrostatic stabilization of an oxacarbenium ion by uracil DNA glycosylase. SO BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 Johns Hopkins Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol & Mol Sci, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD USA. Univ Maryland, Inst Biotechnol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0006-2960 J9 BIOCHEMISTRY-US JI Biochemistry PD JUL 16 PY 2002 VL 41 IS 28 MA 140 BP 8992 EP 8992 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 572LW UT WOS:000176777000159 ER PT J AU Travis, JC Zwinkels, JC Mercader, F Ruiz, A Early, EA Smith, MV Noel, M Maley, M Kramer, GW Eckerle, KL Duewer, DL AF Travis, JC Zwinkels, JC Mercader, F Ruiz, A Early, EA Smith, MV Noel, M Maley, M Kramer, GW Eckerle, KL Duewer, DL TI An international evaluation of holmium oxide solution reference materials for wavelength calibration in molecular absorption spectrophotometry SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article AB Commercial spectrophotometers typically use absorption-based wavelength calibration reference materials to provide wavelength accuracy for their applications. Low-mass fractions of holmium oxide (Ho2O3) in dilute acidic aqueous solution and in glass matrixes have been favored for use as wavelength calibration materials on the basis of spectral coverage and absorption band shape. Both aqueous and glass Ho2O3 reference materials are available commercially and through various National Metrology Institutes (NMIs). Three NMIs of the North American Cooperation in Metrology (NORAMET) have evaluated the performance of Ho3+(aq)-based Certified Reference Materials (CRMs) under "routine" operating conditions using commercial instrumentation. The study was not intended to intercompare national wavelength scales but to demonstrate comparability of wavelength measurements among the participants and between two versions of the CRMs. It was also designed to acquire data from a variety of spectrophotometers for use in a NIST study of wavelength assignment algorithms and to provide a basis for a possible reassessment of NIST-certified Ho3+(aq) band locations. The resulting data show a substantial level of agreement among laboratories, instruments, CRM preparations, and peak-location algorithms. At the same time, it is demonstrated that the wavelength comparability of the five participating instruments can actually be improved by calibrating all of the instruments to the consensus Ho3+(aq) band locations. This finding supports the value ofabsorption-based wavelength standards for calibrating absorption spectrophotometers. Coupled with the demonstrated robustness of the band position values with respect to preparation and measurement conditions, it also supports the concept of extending the present approach to additional NMIs in order to certify properly prepared dilute acidic Ho2O3 solution as an intrinsic wavelength standard. C1 NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Res Council Canada, Inst Natl Measurement Stand, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada. Ctr Nacl Metrol, Div Met, Queretaro 76900, Mexico. Ctr Nacl Metrol, Opt & Radiometr Div, Queretaro 76900, Mexico. NIST, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Duewer, DL (reprint author), NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Duewer, David/B-7410-2008 NR 23 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD JUL 15 PY 2002 VL 74 IS 14 BP 3408 EP 3415 AR UNSP AC0255680 DI 10.1021/ac0255680 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 573TD UT WOS:000176846200022 PM 12139047 ER PT J AU Kitching, J Knappe, S Hollberg, L AF Kitching, J Knappe, S Hollberg, L TI Miniature vapor-cell atomic-frequency references SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MICROWAVE; SPECTROSCOPY; STANDARDS AB We propose a sub-millimeter-scale vapor-cell atomic-frequency reference based on a micromachined vapor cell, all-optical excitation, and advanced diode-laser technology. We analyze theoretically the performance of such a device as a function of cell size. Initial measurements on small-scale vapor cells support the theoretical treatment. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Kitching, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, MS 847-10,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 13 TC 132 Z9 136 U1 6 U2 18 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD JUL 15 PY 2002 VL 81 IS 3 BP 553 EP 555 DI 10.1063/1.1494115 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 569JQ UT WOS:000176599600055 ER PT J AU Lee, JH Landrum, PF Koh, CH AF Lee, JH Landrum, PF Koh, CH TI Toxicokinetics and time-dependent PAH toxicity in the amphipod Hyalella Azteca SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID FRESH-WATER AMPHIPODS; SEDIMENT-ASSOCIATED FLUORANTHENE; AQUATIC TOXICITY; ORGANIC-CHEMICALS; MODEL; LETHAL; BIOCONCENTRATION; EXPOSURE; BIOASSAYS; DIPOREIA AB The relationship between toxicokinatics and time-dependent PAH toxicity to Hyalella azteca was examined to test the constant critical body residue (CBR) model. A constant CBR model is based on the assumption that the body residue for 50% mortality is constant for each PAH across exposure times. With a constant CBR, kinetic parameters determined through kinetic experiments would be similar to those estimated from time series toxicity data. Time-dependent toxicity was investigated using three types of data: time series LC50 data, LT50(cl, and CBR values measured at multiple exposure times for live and dead animals. Kinetic parameters were measured independently. The constant CBR model did not predict the PAH toxicity time course for H. azteca. Since a first-order kinetic model predicted the bioaccumulation of the parent PAH except for naphthalene, this result is not due to a failure to predict the internal dose (body residue). The influence of metabolites on toxicity was negligible except for naphthalene. The LC50 values at multiple exposure times decreased to an incipient lethal concentration after H. azteca reached steady state. Measured CBR values also decreased with increasing exposure time. Thus, the time course of PAH toxicity is determined not only by the bioconcentration kinetics but also by the cumulative toxicity with increasing exposure time. Therefore, time-to-death or hazard models must be developed as a complement to toxicokinetic models to describe and predict the toxicity time course. C1 Seoul Natl Univ, Dept Oceanog, Seoul 151742, South Korea. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Landrum, PF (reprint author), Seoul Natl Univ, Dept Oceanog, Seoul 151742, South Korea. NR 33 TC 37 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 21 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUL 15 PY 2002 VL 36 IS 14 BP 3124 EP 3130 DI 10.1021/es0112011 PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 573WR UT WOS:000176855600015 PM 12141494 ER PT J AU Lee, JH Landrum, PF Koh, CH AF Lee, JH Landrum, PF Koh, CH TI Prediction of time-dependent PAH toxicity in Hyalella azteca using a damage assessment model SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID AQUATIC TOXICITY; CHEMICALS; BIOCONCENTRATION; TOXICOKINETICS; FISH AB A damage assessment model (DAM) was developed to describe and predict the toxicity time course for PAH in Hyalella azteca. The DAM assumes that death occurs when the cumulative damage reaches a critical point and was described by a combination of both first-order toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic models. In aqueous exposures, body residues increase in proportion to the water concentration. Damage is assumed to accumulate in proportion to the accumulated residue and damage recovery in proportion to the cumulative damage when damage is reversible. As a result, the toxicity time course, LC50(t) is determined by both a damage recovery rate and an elimination rate. The constant critical body residue (CBR) and the critical area under the curve (CAUC) models can be derived as two extreme cases from the DAM, and all three models were reanalyzed using a hazard modeling approach. As a result, the critical cumulative damage (D-L) is the determinant of the concentration-time response relationship and not simply the CBR or the CAUC. Finally, from the DAM, two parameters, a damage recovery rate constant k(r), and the killing rate k(t), were estimated and found to be relatively constant for selected PAH. C1 Seoul Natl Univ, Dept Oceanog, Seoul 151742, South Korea. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. RP Landrum, PF (reprint author), Seoul Natl Univ, Dept Oceanog, Seoul 151742, South Korea. NR 24 TC 65 Z9 70 U1 1 U2 18 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUL 15 PY 2002 VL 36 IS 14 BP 3131 EP 3138 DI 10.1021/es011202d PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 573WR UT WOS:000176855600016 PM 12141495 ER PT J AU Alexander, M Scott, J AF Alexander, M Scott, J TI The influence of ENSO on air-sea interaction in the Atlantic SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID NINO-SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; TROPICAL ATLANTIC; SURFACE TEMPERATURE; SST VARIABILITY; NORTH-ATLANTIC; PACIFIC; OCEAN; CIRCULATION AB [1] Observations and model experiments are used to investigate the influence of El Nino/the Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on air-sea interaction in the north Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea. In one experiment, observed sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the tropical Pacific are specified as boundary conditions in an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM), while SSTs over the remainder of the global oceans are simulated by a mixed layer model. The observed warming in the tropical North Atlantic and cooling in the Gulf of Mexico in the winter/spring after ENSO peaks is well simulated by the model. Prior to the basin wide warming, latent heat fluxes generate negative SST anomalies in the Caribbean during August-October. Ocean-atmosphere coupling outside of the tropical Pacific significantly enhances the warm season atmospheric response to ENSO in the Caribbean region. C1 NOAA, CIRES Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Alexander, M (reprint author), NOAA, CIRES Climate Diagnost Ctr, R-CDC1,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Alexander, Michael/A-7097-2013 OI Alexander, Michael/0000-0001-9646-6427 NR 22 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUL 15 PY 2002 VL 29 IS 14 AR 1701 DI 10.1029/2001GL014347 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 610MV UT WOS:000178964600006 ER PT J AU Grell, GA Devenyi, D AF Grell, GA Devenyi, D TI A generalized approach to parameterizing convection combining ensemble and data assimilation techniques SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID LARGE-SCALE ENVIRONMENT; CUMULUS CLOUD ENSEMBLE; FORECASTS; SYSTEMS; MODELS AB [1] A new convective parameterization is introduced that can make use of a large variety of assumptions previously introduced in earlier formulations. The assumptions are chosen so that they will generate a large spread in the solution. We then show two methods in which ensemble and data assimilation techniques may be used to find the best value to feed back to the larger scale model. First, we can use simple statistical methods to find the most probable solution. Second, the ensemble probability density function can be considered as an appropriate "prior'' (a'priori density) for Bayesian data assimilation. Using this "prior'', and information about observation likelihood, measured meteorological or climatological data can be directly assimilated into model fields. Given proper observations, the application of this technique is not restricted to convective parameterizations, but may be applied to other parameterizations as well. C1 Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Forecast Syst Lab, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Grell, GA (reprint author), NOAA, OAR, FSL, Skaggs Res Ctr, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI grell, georg/B-6234-2015 OI grell, georg/0000-0001-5214-8742 NR 16 TC 596 Z9 629 U1 9 U2 56 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUL 15 PY 2002 VL 29 IS 14 AR 1693 DI 10.1029/2002GL015311 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 610MV UT WOS:000178964600013 ER PT J AU Moore, WS Krest, J Taylor, G Roggenstein, E Joye, S Lee, R AF Moore, WS Krest, J Taylor, G Roggenstein, E Joye, S Lee, R TI Thermal evidence of water exchange through a coastal aquifer: Implications for nutrient fluxes SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID STATES CONTINENTAL-SHELF; GULF-OF-MEXICO; GROUNDWATER DISCHARGE; SEA-WATER; ZONE AB [1] We report the discovery of a semi-confined, high permeability zone (HPZ) 2 meters below the sea bed where exchanges between coastal aquifers and the ocean occur. A temperature probe placed in the HPZ recorded a 1degreesC semidiurnal cycle. The cycle was in phase with the tide, indicating tidal pumping was driving water exchange through the HPZ. We use these temperature variations to quantify water exchange between the HPZ and the ocean. Water in the HPZ is enriched in nutrients and radium; both total dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus correlate strongly with dissolved Ra-226. We use these correlations and previously quantified subterranean fluxes of Ra-226 to demonstrate that this system may be a significant source of nutrients to the coastal ocean. C1 Univ S Carolina, Dept Geol Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. NOAA, Natl Undersea Res Ctr, Wilmington, NC 28403 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Marine Sci, Wilmington, NC 28403 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Marine Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RP Moore, WS (reprint author), Univ S Carolina, Dept Geol Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. RI Krest, James/C-2528-2009; Moore, Willard/B-6096-2016 OI Moore, Willard/0000-0001-5930-5325 NR 18 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 16 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUL 15 PY 2002 VL 29 IS 14 AR 1704 DI 10.1029/2002GL014923 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 610MV UT WOS:000178964600003 ER PT J AU Wilson, RJ Banfield, D Conrath, BJ Smith, MD AF Wilson, RJ Banfield, D Conrath, BJ Smith, MD TI Traveling waves in the Northern Hemisphere of Mars SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE; INSTABILITY; DYNAMICS; EDDIES AB [1] Analysis of temperature retrievals from Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer data has revealed the presence of regular, eastward propagating waves in the Northern Hemisphere. A large amplitude, zonal wave 1 with a long (similar to20 sol) period is particularly prominent during early winter (L-s = 220-270degrees). After L-s = 270degrees, a weaker and more rapidly propagating (6.5 sol period) zonal wave 1 is dominant. These waves have a deep vertical structure (>40 km) correlated with the axis of the winter hemisphere westerly jet. Simulations with a Mars general circulation model suggest that the fast wave is associated with baroclinic instability due to the strong meridional temperature gradient at the surface and is consistent with surface pressure oscillations seen in Viking Lander data. By contrast, the slow wave has the appearance of a large-amplitude Rossby wave that is coupled with an inertially unstable region in the subtropics. C1 NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Astron, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Wilson, RJ (reprint author), NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RI Smith, Michael/C-8875-2012; OI Banfield, Don/0000-0003-2664-0164 NR 20 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUL 15 PY 2002 VL 29 IS 14 AR 1684 DI 10.1029/2002GL014866 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 610MV UT WOS:000178964600022 ER PT J AU Reid, K Murphy, EJ Loeb, V Hewitt, RP AF Reid, K Murphy, EJ Loeb, V Hewitt, RP TI Krill population dynamics in the Scotia Sea: variability in growth and mortality within a single population SO JOURNAL OF MARINE SYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE Scotia Sea; Antarctic krill Euphausia superba; population dynamics; growth; mortality ID SOUTH-GEORGIA; ANTARCTIC KRILL; EUPHAUSIA-SUPERBA; FLUCTUATIONS; ECOSYSTEM; DIET; ICE AB Understanding the demographics of Antarctic krill over large scales may be complicated by regional differences in the processes that govern population structure. The influence of regional differences in growth and mortality on population size structure was examined using data on the length-frequency distribution of krill in the Scotia Sea using samples from the South Shetland Islands and South Georgia collected annually from 1991 to 2000. A correction function, which took account of the higher growth rate at South Georgia, produced a consistent similarity in the position of the modal size classes that was not present in the raw data. Optimising the mortality rate, to minimise the differences in the growth corrected length-frequency distribution, suggested a higher mortality rate at South Georgia that the South Shetlands. The intra-specific variations in growth and mortality rates are consistent with published values and with other Euphausiids species. Having accounted for the demographic plasticity, it is apparent that strong recruitment of the smallest size class of krill is represented in both populations simultaneously. It appears that first-year krill are advected into different regions of the Scotia Sea where the resultant population size structure is determined by regional differences in growth and mortality. The majority of the commercial harvest of krill in the Antarctic occurs in a relatively small number of regional fisheries within the Scotia Sea and is managed using population models based on a single set of demographic parameters. Where substantial differences in these parameters exist between fishing areas, the calculation of catch limits should take these differences into account. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 British Antarctic Survey, NERC, Cambridge CB3 0ET, England. Moss Landing Marine Labs, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. RP Reid, K (reprint author), British Antarctic Survey, NERC, High Cross,Madingley Rd, Cambridge CB3 0ET, England. NR 19 TC 34 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0924-7963 J9 J MARINE SYST JI J. Mar. Syst. PD JUL 15 PY 2002 VL 36 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 10 AR PII S0924-7963(02)00131-8 DI 10.1016/S0924-7963(02)00131-8 PG 10 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Geology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 576FJ UT WOS:000176991900001 ER PT J AU Newbury, NR AF Newbury, NR TI Raman gain: pump-wavelength dependence in single-mode fiber SO OPTICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID OPTICAL FIBERS AB The magnitude of the stimulated Raman gain spectrum will depend on the absolute pump wavelength. Measurements of the pump-wavelength scaling of the stimulated Raman gain of several single-mode fibers are presented. The measurements were obtained by use of two techniques: a brute-force comparison of gain versus pump wavelength and a more elegant comparison of the asymmetry in the Stokes and anti-Stokes Raman gain spectrum at a fixed pump wavelength. This second asymmetry technique has the advantage that it is independent of the uncertainties typically associated with relative measurements of optical power. (C) 2002 Optical Society of America. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Newbury, NR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 8 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 2 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0146-9592 J9 OPT LETT JI Opt. Lett. PD JUL 15 PY 2002 VL 27 IS 14 BP 1232 EP 1234 DI 10.1364/OL.27.001232 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA 574EJ UT WOS:000176875200010 PM 18026412 ER PT J AU Bagci, VMK Gulseren, O Yildirim, T Gedik, Z Ciraci, S AF Bagci, VMK Gulseren, O Yildirim, T Gedik, Z Ciraci, S TI Metal nanoring and tube formation on carbon nanotubes SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID GOLD ATOMS; NANOWIRES; CONDUCTANCE; MECHANISMS; CONTACTS AB The structural and electronic properties of aluminum-covered single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNT's) are studied from first principles for a large number of coverages. Aluminum-aluminum interaction, that is stronger than aluminum-tube interaction, prevents uniform metal coverage, and hence gives rise to the clustering. However, a stable aluminum ring and aluminum nanotube with well defined patterns can also form around the semiconducting SWNT's and lead to metallization. The persistent current in the Al nanoring is discussed to show that a high magnetic field can be induced at the center of SWNT. C1 Bilkent Univ, Dept Phys, TR-06533 Bilkent, Turkey. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Penn, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP Bilkent Univ, Dept Phys, TR-06533 Bilkent, Turkey. RI yildirim, taner/A-1290-2009 NR 31 TC 31 Z9 34 U1 3 U2 19 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9950 EI 2469-9969 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD JUL 15 PY 2002 VL 66 IS 4 AR 045409 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.66.045409 PG 5 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 583UA UT WOS:000177426400083 ER PT J AU Chang, EK Shirley, EL AF Chang, EK Shirley, EL TI Ab initio calculation of KLV Auger spectra in Si SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID LINE-SHAPES; ELECTRON CORRELATION; RATES; SEMICONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; ENERGIES; YIELDS; NA; AL AB We present an ab initio Green's-function formalism for predicting CCV Auger spectra for solids. The formalism takes into account core-hole screening, final-state interaction effects, and angular momentum dependence. It is applied to calculate the KL1V and KL2,3V Auger spectra for bulk silicon. We achieve fair agreement with high-resolution Auger experiments recently performed on silicon and gain a more quantitative understanding of the role of the final-state hole-hole interaction in Auger processes. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Chang, EK (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 8441, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 24 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 EI 1550-235X J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD JUL 15 PY 2002 VL 66 IS 3 AR 035106 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.66.035106 PG 6 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 582FF UT WOS:000177338500039 ER PT J AU Shacklette, JM Cundiff, ST AF Shacklette, JM Cundiff, ST TI Role of excitation-induced shift in the coherent optical response of semiconductors SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID GAAS QUANTUM-WELLS; EXCITON-EXCITON INTERACTIONS; 4-WAVE-MIXING SIGNALS; LINE-SHAPE; PULSES; LIGHT; NONLINEARITIES; TRANSITIONS; DEPENDENCE; RELAXATION AB A transient four-wave-mixing signal is shown to arise from an excitation induced shift. In semiconductors, this signal can be comparable to or stronger than signals arising from saturation, local fields, or excitation induced dephasing. Calculations using modified optical Bloch equations show that multiple peaks in the transient four-wave-mixing spectrum are a signature of an excitation induced shift contributing to the signal. We observe this experimentally from a semiconductor multiple quantum well and confirm the presence of a shift directly using spectrally resolved differential transmission. C1 Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Shacklette, JM (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Cundiff, Steven/B-4974-2009 OI Cundiff, Steven/0000-0002-7119-5197 NR 42 TC 54 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD JUL 15 PY 2002 VL 66 IS 4 AR 045309 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.66.045309 PG 6 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 583UA UT WOS:000177426400059 ER PT J AU Argyriou, DN Lynn, JW Osborn, R Campbell, B Mitchell, JF Ruett, U Bordallo, HN Wildes, A Ling, CD AF Argyriou, DN Lynn, JW Osborn, R Campbell, B Mitchell, JF Ruett, U Bordallo, HN Wildes, A Ling, CD TI Glass transition in the polaron dynamics of colossal magnetoresistive manganites SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CHARGE; LA1.2SR1.8MN2O7; LA0.7CA0.3MNO3; LA1-XCAXMNO3; COMPETITION; TEMPERATURE; SCATTERING AB Neutron scattering measurements on a bilayer manganite near optimal doping show that the short-range polaron correlations are completely dynamic at high T , but then freeze upon cooling to a temperature T*approximate to310 K . This glass transition suggests that the paramagnetic/insulating state arises from an inherent orbital frustration that inhibits the formation of a long-range orbital- and charge-ordered state. Upon further cooling into the ferromagnetic-metallic state (T-C=114 K) , where the polarons melt, the diffuse scattering quickly develops into a propagating, transverse optic phonon. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, Intense Pulsed Neutron Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Inst Max Von Laue Paul Langevin, F-38042 Grenoble 09, France. RP Hahn Meitner Inst Berlin GmbH, Glienicker Str 100, D-14109 Berlin, Germany. EM argyriou@hmi.de RI Campbell, Branton/A-3990-2008; Ling, Chris D/B-2228-2009; Osborn, Raymond/E-8676-2011; Bordallo, Heloisa/I-6836-2012 OI Ling, Chris D/0000-0003-2205-3106; Osborn, Raymond/0000-0001-9565-3140; Bordallo, Heloisa/0000-0003-0750-0553 NR 22 TC 70 Z9 70 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 EI 1079-7114 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD JUL 15 PY 2002 VL 89 IS 3 AR 036401 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.036401 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 569JP UT WOS:000176599500029 PM 12144407 ER PT J AU Menon, S Nibarger, JP Gibson, GN AF Menon, S Nibarger, JP Gibson, GN TI A framework for understanding molecular ionization in strong laser fields SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS B-ATOMIC MOLECULAR AND OPTICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MULTIELECTRON DISSOCIATIVE IONIZATION; CHARGE-ASYMMETRIC DISSOCIATION; DIATOMIC-MOLECULES; COULOMB EXPLOSION; ENHANCED IONIZATION; PULSES; IODINE; IONS; DYNAMICS; H-2(+) AB The aim of this paper is to examine the role of excited states and multi-electron interactions in molecular ionization by strong laser fields. We present new data on the. ionization and dissociation of iodine molecules that reveal important aspects of the strong field-molecule interaction in the short pulse regime: Our data,along with previous studies, is inconsistent with the simplest and commonly accepted model of molecular ionization in a strong laser field and this has led us to examine closely the individual ionization steps. We have found that a molecule can ionize into several distinct configurations predominantly through multi-electron interactions and the abundance of such configurations-is-dependent on internuclear separation: The ionization appears to be dominated by pairs of states With gerade and ungerade symmetry, as they have a large dipole coupling and the transition is near resonant with the strong laser field. In a one-electron. electron molecule, this pair consists of the ground and first excited state whereas in a two-electron molecule this corresponds to the lowest lying. pair of ionic states. In this paper, we propose a framework for organizing the numerous ionization pathways based on the-electronic configuration of the initial charge state. C1 Univ Connecticut, Dept Phys, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Menon, S (reprint author), Univ Connecticut, Dept Phys, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. NR 34 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 7 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-4075 J9 J PHYS B-AT MOL OPT JI J. Phys. B-At. Mol. Opt. Phys. PD JUL 14 PY 2002 VL 35 IS 13 BP 2961 EP 2974 AR PII S0953-4075(02)31159-3 DI 10.1088/0953-4075/35/13/309 PG 14 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 582PP UT WOS:000177360600014 ER PT J AU Fawzy, WM Lovejoy, CM Nesbitt, DJ Hougen, JT AF Fawzy, WM Lovejoy, CM Nesbitt, DJ Hougen, JT TI Observation and analysis of the infrared spectra of O-2-HF near 3950 cm(-1) and O-2-DF near 2900 cm(-1) SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ROTATIONAL ENERGY-LEVELS; CLOSED-SHELL PARTNER; CENTRIFUGAL-DISTORTION TERMS; OXIDE VANDERWAALS MOLECULES; FINE-STRUCTURE SPECTRUM; DIATOMIC MOLECULE; ELECTRONIC-STATE; LINE-INTENSITIES; HYDROGEN-BOND; NITRIC-OXIDE AB Spectra were recorded in the H-F stretching fundamental region for O-2-HF and in the D-F region for O-2-DF, using a laser difference-frequency spectrometer coupled to a slit-nozzle expansion. By varying the ratio of oxygen to carrier gas, beam temperatures ranging from 5 to 16 K were obtained. One standard uncertainty for the relative frequency position of unblended lines is 0.0001 cm(-1). Each spectrum was visually subdivided into a stronger (cold) spectrum and a weaker (hot) spectrum. Lines in the cold spectrum were fit to nearly experimental error, using a rotational Hamiltonian for open-shell complexes taken from the literature. For O-2-DF, 21 rotational and spin-rotational parameters (10 each for the upper and lower state plus the band origin) were used to fit 86 transitions to a standard deviation of 0.0002 cm(-1). For O-2-HF, 23 rotational and spin-rotational parameters were used to fit 83 transitions to a standard deviation of 0.0003 cm(-1). The slightly poorer quality of the fit for O-2-HF than for O-2-DF is probably related to the somewhat larger vibrational amplitudes expected for the van der Waals motions in the protonated species. In spite of strenuous efforts, a simultaneous global fit to measurement error of the eight cold-spectrum branches and fourteen hot-spectrum branches could not be achieved, suggesting some improvement in the model used to derive the fitting Hamiltonian may be necessary. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics. C1 United Arab Emirates Univ, Fac Sci, Dept Chem, Al Ain, U Arab Emirates. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Fawzy, WM (reprint author), Univ Alexandria, Fac Sci, Dept Chem, Alexandria, Egypt. NR 44 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD JUL 8 PY 2002 VL 117 IS 2 BP 693 EP 705 DI 10.1063/1.1482370 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 566JR UT WOS:000176424800019 ER PT J AU Wilson, NS Dolan, JW Snyder, LR Carr, PW Sander, LC AF Wilson, NS Dolan, JW Snyder, LR Carr, PW Sander, LC TI Column selectivity in reversed-phase liquid chromatography III. The physico-chemical basis of selectivity SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article DE column selectivity; selectivity; steric selectivity; hydrophobic interaction; soluble parameters; shape selectivity; hydrogen bonding; stationary phases, LC; ion-exchange interaction ID SHAPE SELECTIVITY; SEPARATION; SOLUTES AB Reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RP-LC) retention data for 23 additional solutes have been acquired to further test and evaluate a general relationship from part I: log alpha = log (k/k(ref)) = eta((i))'H + sigma((ii))'S + beta((iii))'A + alpha((iv))'B + kappa((v))'C (1) The physico-chemical origin of terms i-v above is examined here by comparing values of (a) the solute parameters of Eq. (1) (eta', sigma', etc.) vs. solute molecular structure, and (b) the column parameters (H, S, etc.) vs. column properties (ligand length and concentration, pore diameter, end-capping). We conclude that terms i-v correspond, respectively, to hydrophobic (i), steric (ii), hydrogen bonding (iii, iv) and ionic (v) interactions between solute and stationary phase. While steric interaction (term ii) is superficially similar to what previously has been defined as "shape selectivity", the role of the solute and column in determining steric selectivity (term ii) appears more complex than previously proposed for "shape selectivity". Similarly, what has previously been called hydrogen bonding between donor solutes and an acceptor group in the stationary phase (term iv) is very likely an oversimplification. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 LC Resources Inc, Walnut Creek, CA 94596 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Chem, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Snyder, LR (reprint author), LC Resources Inc, 2930 Camino Diablo,Suite 110, Walnut Creek, CA 94596 USA. NR 19 TC 113 Z9 119 U1 3 U2 23 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD JUL 5 PY 2002 VL 961 IS 2 BP 217 EP 236 AR PII S0021-9673(02)00658-1 DI 10.1016/S0021-9673(02)00658-1 PG 20 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 579WN UT WOS:000177201500004 PM 12184620 ER PT J AU McKenna-Lawlor, SMP Dryer, M Smith, Z Kecskemety, K Fry, CD Sun, W Deehr, CS Berdichevsky, D Kudela, K Zastenker, G AF McKenna-Lawlor, SMP Dryer, M Smith, Z Kecskemety, K Fry, CD Sun, W Deehr, CS Berdichevsky, D Kudela, K Zastenker, G TI Arrival times of Flare/Halo CME associated shocks at the Earth: comparison of the predictions of three numerical models with these observations SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE interplanetary physics; energetic particles; interplanetary shocks; solar wind plasma ID CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS; SOLAR ENERGETIC PARTICLES; INTERPLANETARY SHOCKS; GEOMAGNETIC STORM; WIND SPACECRAFT; FLARES; ACCELERATION; EVOLUTION; EVENTS; WAVES AB The arrival times at L1 of eleven travelling shocks associated both with X-ray flaring and with halo CMEs recorded aboard SOHO/LASCO have been considered. Close to the Sun the velocities of these events were estimated using either Type II radio records or CME speeds. Close to the Earth the shocks were detected in the data of various solar wind plasma, interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and energetic particle experiments aboard SOHO, ACE, WIND, INTERBALL-1 and IMP-8. The real-time shock arrival predictions of three numerical models, namely the Shock Time of Arrival Model (STOA), the Interplanetary Shock Propagation Model (ISPM) and the Hakamada-Akasofu-Fry Solar Wind Model (HAFv.2) were tested against these observations. This is the first time that energetic protons (tens of keV to a few MeV) have been used to complement plasma and IMF data in validating shock propagation models. The models were all generally successful in predicting shock arrivals. STOA provided the smallest values of the "predicted minus measured" arrival times and displayed a typical predictive precision better than about 8 h. The ratio of the calculated standard deviation of the transit times to Earth to the standard deviation of the measurements was estimated for each model (treating interacting events as composite shocks) and these ratios turned out to be 0.60, 1.15 and 1.02 for STOA, ISPM and HAFv.2, respectively. If an event in the sample for which the shock velocity was not well known is omitted from consideration, these ratios become 0.36, 0.76 and 0.81, respectively. Larger statistical samples should now be tested. The ratio of the in situ shock velocity and the "Sun to L1" transit velocity (V-sh/V-tr) was in the range of 0.7-0.9 for individual, non-interacting, shock events. HAFv.2 uniquely provided information on those changes in the COBpoint (the moving Connection point on the shock along the IMF to the OBserver) which directly influenced energetic particle rise times. This model also illustrated the non-uniform upstream conditions through which the various shocks propagated; furthermore it simulated shock deformation on a scale of fractions of an AU. On the spatial scale (300 RE), where near-Earth spacecraft are located, the passing shocks, in conformity with the models, were found to be locally planar. ne shocks also showed tilting relative to the Sun-Earth line, probably reflecting the inherent directionality associated with their solar origin. C1 Natl Univ Ireland, Space Technol Ireland, Maynooth, Kildare, Ireland. Explorat Phys Int Inc, Milford, NH 03055 USA. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. KFKI, Res Inst Particle & Nucl Phys, Budapest, Hungary. Univ Alaska, Inst Geophys, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Emergent Informat Technol Inc, Largo, MD 20774 USA. NASA, GSFC, Extraterr Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Inst Expt Phys, Kosice, Slovakia. Moscow Space Res Inst, Moscow 117997, Russia. RP McKenna-Lawlor, SMP (reprint author), Natl Univ Ireland, Space Technol Ireland, Maynooth, Kildare, Ireland. RI xue, yansheng/A-9712-2012 NR 69 TC 30 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 0 PU EUROPEAN GEOPHYSICAL SOC PI KATLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, 37191 KATLENBURG-LINDAU, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 20 IS 7 BP 917 EP 935 PG 19 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 583HW UT WOS:000177402900004 ER PT J AU Sun, W Dryer, M Fry, CD Deehr, CS Smith, Z Akasofu, SI Kartalev, MD Grigorov, KG AF Sun, W Dryer, M Fry, CD Deehr, CS Smith, Z Akasofu, SI Kartalev, MD Grigorov, KG TI Real-time forecasting of ICME shock arrivals at L1 during the "April Fool's Day" epoch: 28 March-21 April 2001 SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE interplanetary physics; flare and stream dynamics; interplanetary shocks; magnetosheric physics; storms and substorms ID INTERPLANETARY AB The Sun was extremely active during the "April Fool's Day" epoch of 2001. We chose this period between a solar flare on 28 March 2001 to a final shock arrival at Earth on 21 April 2001. The activity consisted of two presumed helmet-streamer blowouts, seven M-class flares, and nine X-class flares, the last of which was behind the west limb. We have been experimenting since February 1997 with real-time, end-to-end forecasting of interplanetary coronal mass ejection (ICME) shock arrival times. Since August 1998, these forecasts have been distributed in real-time by e-mail to a list of interested scientists and operational USAF and NOAA forecasters. They are made using three different solar wind models. We describe here the solar events observed during the April Fool's 2001 epoch, along with the predicted and actual shock arrival times, and the ex post facto correction to the real-time coronal shock speed observations. It appears that the initial estimates of coronal shock speeds from Type II radio burst observations and coronal mass ejections were too high by as much as 30%. We conclude that a 3-dimensional coronal density model should be developed for application to observations of solar flares and their Type II radio burst observations. C1 Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Geophys, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Explorat Phys Int Inc, Milford, NH USA. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO USA. Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Int Arctic Res Ctr, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Bulgarian Acad Sci, Inst Mech, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria. RP Sun, W (reprint author), Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Inst Geophys, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RI xue, yansheng/A-9712-2012 NR 7 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 0 PU EUROPEAN GEOPHYSICAL SOC PI KATLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, 37191 KATLENBURG-LINDAU, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 20 IS 7 BP 937 EP 945 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 583HW UT WOS:000177402900005 ER PT J AU Crane, JL MacDonald, DD Ingersoll, CG Smorong, DE Lindskoog, RA Severn, CG Berger, TA Field, LJ AF Crane, JL MacDonald, DD Ingersoll, CG Smorong, DE Lindskoog, RA Severn, CG Berger, TA Field, LJ TI Evaluation of numerical sediment quality targets for the St. Louis River Area of Concern SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ACID-VOLATILE SULFIDE; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; FRESH-WATER ECOSYSTEMS; TOXICITY; GUIDELINES; DESORPTION; KINETICS; CADMIUM; MARINE AB Numerical sediment quality targets (SQTs) for the protection of sediment-dwelling organisms have been established for the St. Louis River Area of Concern (AOC), I of 42 current AOCs in the Great Lakes basin. The two types of SQTs were established primarily from consensus-based sediment quality guidelines. Level I SQTs are intended to identify contaminant concentrations below which harmful effects on sediment-dwelling organisms are unlikely to be observed. Level II SQTs are intended to identify contaminant concentrations above which harmful effects on sediment-dwelling organisms are likely to be observed. The predictive ability of the numerical SQTs was evaluated using the matching sediment chemistry and toxicity data set for the St. Louis River AOC. This evaluation involved determination of the incidence of toxicity to amphipods (Hyalella azteca) and midges (Chironomus tentans) within five ranges of Level II SQT quotients (i.e., mean probable effect concentration quotients [PEC-Qs]). The incidence of toxicity was determined based on the results of 10-day toxicity tests with amphipods (endpoints: survival and growth) and 10-day toxicity tests with midges (endpoints: survival and growth). For both toxicity tests, the incidence of toxicity increased as the mean PEC-Q ranges increased. The incidence of toxicity observed in these tests was also compared to that for other geographic areas in the Great Lakes region and in North America for 10- to 14-day amphipod (H. azteca) and 10- to 14-day midge (C. tentans or C riparius) toxicity tests. In general, the predictive ability of the mean PEC-Qs was similar across geographic areas. The results of these predictive ability evaluations indicate that collectively the mean PEC-Qs provide a reliable basis for classifying sediments as toxic or not toxic in the St. Louis River AOC, in the larger geographic areas of the Great Lakes, and elsewhere in North America. C1 Minnesota Pollut Control Agcy, Environm Outcomes Div, St Paul, MN 55155 USA. MacDonald Environm Sci Ltd, Nanaimo, BC V9T 1W6, Canada. US Geol Survey, Columbia Environm Res Ctr, Columbia, MO 65201 USA. EVS Environm Consultants, Seattle, WA 98119 USA. NOAA, Off Response & Restorat, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Crane, JL (reprint author), Minnesota Pollut Control Agcy, Environm Outcomes Div, 520 Lafayette Rd N, St Paul, MN 55155 USA. NR 37 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 43 IS 1 BP 1 EP 10 DI 10.1007/s00244-002-1155-x PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 560CL UT WOS:000176064200001 PM 12045868 ER PT J AU Bloomfield, DS Mathioudakis, M Christian, DJ Keenan, FP Linsky, JL AF Bloomfield, DS Mathioudakis, M Christian, DJ Keenan, FP Linsky, JL TI Opacity in the upper atmosphere of AU Mic SO ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE atomic data; stars : activity; stars : atmospheres; stars : individual : AU Mic; stars : late-type; ultraviolet : stars ID EMISSION-LINE RATIOS; ON-ORBIT PERFORMANCE; C-III; APPROXIMATE CALCULATION; IMPACT EXCITATION; SPECTRAL-LINES; X-RAY; TRANSITIONS; STRENGTHS; IONS AB In this paper we investigate the validity of the optically thin assumption in the transition region of the late-type star AU Mic. We use Far-Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE) observations of the C III multiplet and O VI resonance lines, hence yielding information at two different levels within the atmosphere. Significant deviations from the optically thin fluxes are found for C III in both quiescent and flare spectra, where only 60% of the flux is actually observed. This could explain the apparent deviation of C III observed in emission measure distributions. We utilize escape probabilities for both homogeneous and inhomogeneous geometries and calculate optical depths as high as 10 for the C III 1175.71 Angstrom component of the multiplet. Using a lower limit to the electron density (10(11) cm(-3))we derive an effective thickness of <100 km for the scattering layer. The emission originates from very small and compact regions, consistent with a filling factor of 10(-5) derived for the flare plasma. C1 Queens Univ Belfast, Dept Pure & Appl Phys, Belfast BT7 1NN, Antrim, North Ireland. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO USA. RP Bloomfield, DS (reprint author), Queens Univ Belfast, Dept Pure & Appl Phys, Belfast BT7 1NN, Antrim, North Ireland. RI Bloomfield, Shaun/G-5809-2011; OI Bloomfield, Shaun/0000-0002-4183-9895; Christian, Damian/0000-0003-1746-3020 NR 35 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU E D P SCIENCES PI LES ULIS CEDEXA PA 7, AVE DU HOGGAR, PARC D ACTIVITES COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEXA, FRANCE SN 0004-6361 J9 ASTRON ASTROPHYS JI Astron. Astrophys. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 390 IS 1 BP 219 EP 224 DI 10.1051/0004-6361:20020690 PG 6 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 576AE UT WOS:000176980000027 ER PT J AU Widmann, JF Presser, C Leigh, SD AF Widmann, JF Presser, C Leigh, SD TI Extending the dynamic range of phase doppler interferometry measurements SO ATOMIZATION AND SPRAYS LA English DT Article ID LESS-THAN UNITY; SIZE AB It has been well established that the dynamic range of phase Doppler interferometry (PDI) size measurements is limited by the dynamic range of the photomultiplier tube detectors (PMT). A statistical method is presented to overcome this limitation by combining data sets collected using different PMT gains, which allows discrimination between different size ranges. The method is discussed and validated using a simulation in which droplets are sampled from monomodal and multimodal size distributions. The technique is also applied to experimental data collected in a reacting methanol spray. Experimental measurements of monodisperse droplets and polydisperse particles are presented showing that PMT saturation does not preclude accurate size measurements when using frequency-domain signal processors that operate with one-bit analog-to-digital conversion. The results presented question the accepted dynamic range limitation of PDI systems, as well as the methods of optimizing the PMT gain reported in the literature. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Widmann, JF (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 29 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU BEGELL HOUSE INC PI NEW YORK PA 145 MADISON AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016 USA SN 1044-5110 J9 ATOMIZATION SPRAY JI Atom. Sprays PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 12 IS 4 BP 513 EP 537 DI 10.1615/AtomizSpr.v12.i4.90 PG 25 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA 610RL UT WOS:000178974400009 ER PT J AU Gerber, LR Kareiva, PM Bascompte, J AF Gerber, LR Kareiva, PM Bascompte, J TI The influence of life history attributes and fishing pressure on the efficacy of marine reserves SO BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE marine reserves; ricker model; fishing pressure; life history; reserve size ID FISHERIES AB Two key questions regarding "no-take" marine reserves are: (1) how effective are reserves likely to be, and (2) how does effectiveness vary with life history attributes and the relative size of reserves. To investigate these questions, we use a simple Ricker model that includes fishing, larval dispersal, and larval loss while in a planktonic pool, and that tracks protected and unprotected populations. We applied two different measures of reserve effectiveness to our simulation results. One metric was intended to reflect goals oriented towards conservation and the second was intended to reflect fishery enhancement goals, Both metrics compare the situation before reserves are established to after the reserve has been in place and a new equilibrium was reached. Yield effectiveness is defined as the total equilibrium annual harvest after reserves are established divided by the total annual harvest before reserves are established. Conservation effectiveness is defined as the average adult density inside the reserve divided by the average density in the same area prior to reserve establishment. A substantial fraction of the 5120 simulated parameter combinations representing different harvest rates and life history attributes went extinct in the absence of a reserve, and these scenarios leading to extinction could be predicted accurately (85% aptly classified) simply on the basis of exploitation rate and population growth rate. Of the cases that did not go extinct, we compared the performance of reserves as measured by each effectiveness metric. Few of the cases (less than 8%) produced effective reserves as measured in terms of increased harvest; whereas over half of the cases resulted in effective reserves as measured by conservation effectiveness. Moreover, the two measures of reserve effectiveness were only weakly correlated. Simple linear regression or polynomial regression could explain at most 23% of the variation in reserve effectiveness as measured by either metric. As expected, the size of the reserve area had a marked and typically negative effect on total annual yield, which suggests that while marine protected areas may do a good job of conserving protected populations, there will generally be pressure from the fishing community to keep them small because of their tendency to reduce total catch. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Natl Ctr Ecol Anal & Synth, Santa Barbara, CA 93101 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Estac Biol Donana, CSIC, E-41013 Seville, Spain. RP Gerber, LR (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Natl Ctr Ecol Anal & Synth, 735 State St,Suite 300, Santa Barbara, CA 93101 USA. RI Bascompte, Jordi/B-7596-2008; CSIC, EBD Donana/C-4157-2011 OI Bascompte, Jordi/0000-0002-0108-6411; CSIC, EBD Donana/0000-0003-4318-6602 NR 19 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 3 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0006-3207 J9 BIOL CONSERV JI Biol. Conserv. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 106 IS 1 BP 11 EP 18 AR PII S0006-3207(01)00224-5 DI 10.1016/S0006-3207(01)00224-5 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 556DR UT WOS:000175834500002 ER PT J AU Miller, MW Gerstner, CL AF Miller, MW Gerstner, CL TI Reefs of an uninhabited Caribbean island: fishes, benthic habitat, and opportunities to discern reef fishery impact SO BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE Navassa; artisanal fisheries; coral reefs ID CORAL-REEFS; MARINE RESERVE; JAMAICA AB Navassa Island is a tiny, (5 km(2)) uninhabited US protectorate located between Jamaica and Haiti. It is part of the Caribbean Islands National Wildlife Refuge, under the jurisdiction of the US Fish and Wildlife Service. We conducted a quantitative assessment of Navassa's coral reef fishes and benthic habitat, in order to assist with the development of conservation plan for the island. The shallow reefs of Navassa (<23m) have high live coral cover (range 20-26.1%), high degree of architectural complexity (rugosity index range 1.4-1.9), and moderate abundance of the keystone grazing urchin, Diadenia antillarum, at all sites (mean 2.9 +/- 0.9 per 30 m(2)). Despite its remoteness, an unregulated, artisanal fishery (primarily using traps and hook and line) carried out by Haitians is the primary mode of human impact on Navassa reefs. Even so, reef fish communities exhibit high density (range 97-140 fish per 60 m(2)) and retain representation by large snapper, grouper and herbivores, which are mostly lacking in nearby Caribbean locations with high fishing pressure. Thus, Navassa reefs appear to be trophically intact with fish populations relatively "unexploited," presenting a conservation challenge and a research opportunity. The regulation and conservation of the fishery will be difficult, due to the international nature of the situation. However, given the apparently small impact that artisanal fisheries have yet had on its reef communities, Navassa presents a possibly unique opportunity to study the ecological functioning of a relatively trophically intact Caribbean reef, and represents a strong imperative for conservation, monitoring, and research. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. John G Shedd Aquarium, Dept Conservat, Chicago, IL 60605 USA. RP Miller, MW (reprint author), NOAA, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 75 Virgina Beach Dr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NR 26 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 2 U2 22 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0006-3207 J9 BIOL CONSERV JI Biol. Conserv. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 106 IS 1 BP 37 EP 44 AR PII S0006-3207(01)00227-0 DI 10.1016/S0006-3207(01)00227-0 PG 8 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 556DR UT WOS:000175834500005 ER PT J AU LeMone, MA Grossman, RL McMillen, RT Liou, KN Ou, SC Mckeen, S Angevine, W Ikeda, K Chen, F AF LeMone, MA Grossman, RL McMillen, RT Liou, KN Ou, SC Mckeen, S Angevine, W Ikeda, K Chen, F TI Cases-97: Late-morning warming and moistening of the convective boundary layer over the Walnut River Watershed SO BOUNDARY-LAYER METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE convective boundary layer; diurnal cycle; mixed layer; radiative heating; surface-mixed layer interaction; vegetation and soil moisture effects ID WIND PROFILER; HAPEX-MOBILHY; ATMOSPHERE; FLUX; BUDGETS; SURFACE; HEAT; AIRCRAFT; FIFE; MOISTURE AB Aircraft, radiosonde, surface-flux, and boundary-layer wind profiler data from the Cooperative Atmosphere Surface Exchange Study's 1997 field project, CASES-97, are combined with synoptic data to study the evolution of the vertically-averaged mixed-layer potential temperature [Theta]and mixing-ratio [Q] on three nearly-cloudless days from 1000 CST to 1200 CST (local noon is approximately 1230 CST). This was achieved through examination of the terms in the time-tendency (`budget') equations for [Theta]and [Q]. We estimate three of the terms - local time rate of change, vertical flux divergence, and horizontal advection. For the [Q]-budget, vertical flux divergence usually dominates, but horizontal advection is significant on one of the three days. The [Q]-budget balances for two of the three days to within the large experimental error. For the Theta-budget, vertical flux divergence accounts for most of the morning warming, with horizontal advection of secondary importance. The residual in the Theta-budget has the same sign for all three days, indicating that not all the heating is accounted for. We can balance the [Theta]-budgets to within experimental error on two of the three days by correcting the vertical-flux divergence for apparent low biases in the flux measurements of one of the aircraft and in the surface fluxes, and accounting for direct heating of the mixed layer by radiative flux divergence allowing for the effects of carbonaceous aerosols. The [Theta];-budget with these corrections also balances on the third day if horizontal gradients from synoptic maps are used to estimate the horizontal advection. However, the corrected budget for this day does not balance if the horizontal gradient in the advection term is estimated using CASES-97 aircraft and radiosondes; we suggest that persistent mesoscale circulations led to an overestimate of the horizontal gradient and hence horizontal advection. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Univ Colorado, PAOS, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus Div, Oak Ridge, TN USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Atmospher Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP LeMone, MA (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RI Chen, Fei/B-1747-2009; McKeen, Stuart/H-9516-2013; Angevine, Wayne/H-9849-2013 OI Angevine, Wayne/0000-0002-8021-7116 NR 63 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 2 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0006-8314 J9 BOUND-LAY METEOROL JI Bound.-Layer Meteor. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 104 IS 1 BP 1 EP 52 DI 10.1023/A:1015569104180 PG 52 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 554RX UT WOS:000175751900001 ER PT J AU Xu, Q Gu, W AF Xu, Q Gu, W TI Semigeostrophic frontal boundary layer SO BOUNDARY-LAYER METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article DE Ekman boundary layer; frontal boundary layer; viscous semigeostrophy ID BAROCLINIC EADY WAVE; POTENTIAL VORTICITY; NONLINEAR EQUILIBRATION; VISCOUS SEMIGEOSTROPHY; DYNAMICS; FRONTOGENESIS; EVOLUTION; EQUATIONS; MODELS AB The viscous semigeostrophic solutions obtained for the baroclinic Eady wave fronts are analyzed for the generation of the cross-frontal temperature gradient in the boundary layer. In the case of free-slip boundaries, the cross-frontal gradient is maximally generated at the surface by meridional temperature advection. In the case of no-slip boundaries, surface friction reduces the meridional temperature advection in the boundary layer: The maximum generation occurs above the surface layer and the temperature gradient at the surface is maintained by vertical diffusion. The no-slip solution is compared with the Ekman-layer model solution. Errors are quantified for the use of the Ekman-layer model in the mature state of frontogenesis. The surface frontogenesis is found to be affected by diffusivity both directly and indirectly. The direct effect of diffusivity is represented explicitly by the diffusion term in the potential temperature equation. The indirect effect of diffusivity is related implicitly to the temperature advection caused by the viscous part of the ageostrophic motion whose horizontal velocity component is defined by the frictional wind deflection (away from the geostrophy). The direct effect of diffusivity is frontolytical, whilst the indirect effect of diffusivity is frontogenetic in the mesoscale vicinity of the front. The indirect effect of diffusivity contributes dominantly to the mesoscale surface frontogenesis for the free-slip case, but it is offset by the divergence of the dynamic part of the ageostrophic motion at the surface level for the non-slip case. C1 Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Xu, Q (reprint author), Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. NR 17 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0006-8314 J9 BOUND-LAY METEOROL JI Bound.-Layer Meteor. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 104 IS 1 BP 99 EP 110 DI 10.1023/A:1015565624074 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 554RX UT WOS:000175751900004 ER PT J AU Vecchione, M Collins, MA Sweeney, MJ AF Vecchione, M Collins, MA Sweeney, MJ TI Systematics, ecology and biology of cirrate octopods: Workshop report SO BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material ID CEPHALOPODA AB Cirrate octopods are conspicuous members of the benthopelagic and bathypelagic communities and include some of the largest invertebrates of the deep-sea. Although they have often been considered to be rare members of deep-sea communities, recent trawling has shown that the relative abundance of some cirrates, especially opisthoteuthids, may be locally or regionally high (e.g., Boyle et al., 1998). Cirrates also are presumed to be primitive, morphologically similar to ancestral octopods (Young et al., 1998), although recent observations indicate unexpected adaptations such as bioluminescence (Johnsen et al., 1999) and possibly diverse feeding modes (Vecchione and Young, 1997). Therefore, knowledge of cirrates may contribute substantially to understanding cephalopod evolution as well as deep-sea biology and ecology. However, because they are fragile, the condition of specimens collected up until the past decade generally has been very poor, and our knowledge of the group is rudimentary. New methods, such as video-tapes recorded in-situ and gentle collection by submersibles, have allowed substantial new observations and renewed interest in the group. C1 Natl Museum Nat Hist, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Systemat Lab, Washington, DC 20560 USA. Univ Aberdeen, Dept Zool, Aberdeen AB24 2TN, Scotland. Smithsonian Inst, Dept Invertebrate Zool, Natl Museum Nat Hist, Washington, DC 20560 USA. RP Vecchione, M (reprint author), Natl Museum Nat Hist, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Systemat Lab, Washington, DC 20560 USA. NR 10 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 5 PU ROSENSTIEL SCH MAR ATMOS SCI PI MIAMI PA 4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY, MIAMI, FL 33149 USA SN 0007-4977 J9 B MAR SCI JI Bull. Mar. Sci. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 71 IS 1 BP 79 EP 94 PG 16 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 674CU UT WOS:000182619900008 ER PT J AU Elliott, WP Ross, RJ Blackmore, WH AF Elliott, WP Ross, RJ Blackmore, WH TI Recent changes in NWS upper-air observations with emphasis on changes from VIZ to Vaisala radiosondes. SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID CLIMATE; HUMIDITY; RECORDS; ERRORS AB Recent changes in the NWS upper-air observing network are listed and an analysis is presented of the change in 1995 from VIZ to Vaisala radiosonde instruments. Results are shown for 14 stations at 850, 700, 500, 100,,and 50 hPa and at both 0000 and 1200 UTC. This change in radiosonde type resulted in detectable shifts in the means of temperature, height, dewpoint, and relative humidity at the time of the change. The largest differences in temperature occur at the 100- and 50-hPa levels and are likely related to radiation effects on the sensors. However, the magnitude and, in some cases, the sign of the difference was found to vary depending on pressure level, time of day, region, and season. Thus, no single networkwide adjustment to eliminate artificial shifts seems possible. C1 NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Off Operat Syst, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Blackmore, WH (reprint author), NSW HQ,W-OPS22,SSMCII,Room 4324,1325 East West, Silver Spring, MD 20902 USA. NR 17 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 83 IS 7 BP 1003 EP + DI 10.1175/1520-0477(2002)083<1003:RCINUA>2.3.CO;2 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 579EJ UT WOS:000177165200029 ER PT J AU Kanamitsu, M Kumar, A Juang, HMH Schemm, JK Wang, WQ Yang, FL Hong, SY Peng, PT Chen, W Moorthi, S Ji, M AF Kanamitsu, M Kumar, A Juang, HMH Schemm, JK Wang, WQ Yang, FL Hong, SY Peng, PT Chen, W Moorthi, S Ji, M TI NCEP dynamical seasonal forecast system 2000 SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODELS; DATA ASSIMILATION SYSTEM; SOLAR-RADIATION; CLIMATE SIMULATIONS; PREDICTION; PARAMETERIZATION; SENSITIVITY; OCEAN; VARIABILITY; ABSORPTION AB The new National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) numerical seasonal forecast system is described in detail. The new system is aimed at a next-generation numerical seasonal prediction in which focus is placed on land processes, initial conditions, and ensemble methods, in addition to the tropical SST forcing. The atmospheric model physics is taken from the NCEP-National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) re-analysis model, which has more comprehensive land hydrology and improved physical processes. The model was further upgraded by introducing three new parameterization schemes: 1) the relaxed Arakawa-Schubert (RAS) convective parameterization, which improved middle latitude response to tropical heating; 2) Chou's shortwave radiation, which corrected surface radiation fluxes; and 3) Chou's longwave radiation scheme together with. smoothed mean orography that reduced model warm bias. Atmospheric initial-conditions were taken from the operational NCEP Global Data Assimilation System, allowing the seasonal forecast to start from realistic initial conditions and to seamlessly connect with the short- and medium-range forecasts. The Pacific basin ocean model is the same as that in the old NCEP seasonal system and is coupled to the new atmospheric model with a two-tier approach. The operational atmospheric forecast is performed once a month with a 20-member ensemble. Prior to the forecast, 10-member ensemble hindcasts of the same month from 1979 to the present are performed to define model climatology and model forecast skill. The system has been running routinely since April 2000, and the products are available online at NWS's ftp site. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Dept 0224, Div Climate Res, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. NOAA, NCEP, Climate Predict Ctr, Camp Springs, MD USA. NOAA, NCEP, Environm Modeling Ctr, Camp Springs, MD USA. Yonsei Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seoul 120749, South Korea. NOAA, Off Global Programs, Silver Spring, MD USA. RP Kanamitsu, M (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Dept 0224, Div Climate Res, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RI Hong, Song-You/I-3824-2012; Yang, Fanglin/A-1948-2013 NR 46 TC 176 Z9 185 U1 3 U2 11 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 83 IS 7 BP 1019 EP + DI 10.1175/1520-0477(2002)083<1019:NDSFS>2.3.CO;2 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 579EJ UT WOS:000177165200030 ER PT J AU Weitkamp, L Neely, K AF Weitkamp, L Neely, K TI Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) ocean migration patterns: insight from marine coded-wire tag recoveries SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID BRITISH-COLUMBIA; EL-NINO; SURVIVAL; POPULATIONS; SIZE AB We investigated geographic variation in the ocean migration of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) by examining recovery locations of 1.77 million coded-wire tagged fish from 90 hatcheries and 36 wild populations along the west coast of North America. Principal component, cluster, and similarity analyses were used to reveal both large- and small-scale variation in marine recovery patterns. We identified 12 distinct ocean distribution patterns, each associated with a particular geographic region. Despite these distinct patterns, however, fish from a given population were widely dispersed in the coastal ocean. Recovery patterns for tagged wild populations were consistent with those of hatchery populations from the same region, suggesting that marine distributions based on hatchery populations are reasonable proxies for distributions of wild populations. These region-specific distribution patterns suggest unappreciated life history diversity for coho salmon in the marine environment. When combined with region-specific adult size variation, they suggest migratory differences earlier in the ocean residence period as well. These results provide a novel framework with which to view geographic variation in salmon ocean ecology, conservation, and management. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Mukilteo Field Stn, Mukilteo, WA 98275 USA. RP Weitkamp, L (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. NR 32 TC 52 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 12 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 59 IS 7 BP 1100 EP 1115 DI 10.1139/F02-075 PG 16 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 590MR UT WOS:000177827100004 ER PT J AU Reid, D Orlova, M AF Reid, D Orlova, M TI Geological and evolutionary underpinnings for the success of Ponto-Caspian species invasions in the Baltic Sea and North American Great Lakes SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID INVADERS; MELTDOWN; HISTORY; FAUNA AB Between 1985 and 2000, similar to70% of new species that invaded the North American Great Lakes were endemic to the Ponto-Caspian (Caspian, Azov, and Black seas) basins of eastern Europe. Sixteen Ponto-Caspian species were also established in the Baltic Sea as of 2000. Many Ponto-Caspian endemic species are characterized by wide environmental tolerances and high phenotypic variability. Ponto-Caspian fauna evolved over millions of years in a series of large lakes and seas with widely varying salinities and water levels and alternating periods of isolation and open connections between the Caspian Sea and Black Sea depressions and between these basins and the Mediterranean Basin and the World Ocean. These conditions probably resulted in selection of Ponto-Caspian endemic species for the broad environmental tolerances and euryhalinity many exhibit. Both the Baltic Sea and the Great Lakes are geologically young and present much lower levels of endemism. The high tolerance of Ponto-Caspian fauna to varying environmental conditions, their ability to survive exposure to a range of salinities, and the similarity in environmental conditions available in the Baltic Sea and Great Lakes probably contribute to the invasion success of these species. Human activities have dramatically increased the opportunities for transport and introduction and have played a catalytic role. C1 NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Zool, St Petersburg 199034, Russia. RP Reid, D (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM david.reid@noaa.gov RI Orlova, Marina/A-5125-2017 NR 55 TC 64 Z9 75 U1 0 U2 8 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA-N R C RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA BUILDING M 55, OTTAWA, ON K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 59 IS 7 BP 1144 EP 1158 DI 10.1139/F02-099 PG 15 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 590MR UT WOS:000177827100007 ER PT J AU Vanderploeg, HA Nalepa, TF Jude, DJ Mills, EL Holeck, KT Liebig, JR Grigorovich, IA Ojaveer, H AF Vanderploeg, HA Nalepa, TF Jude, DJ Mills, EL Holeck, KT Liebig, JR Grigorovich, IA Ojaveer, H TI Dispersal and emerging ecological impacts of Ponto-Caspian species in the Laurentian Great Lakes SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Review ID MUSSEL DREISSENA-POLYMORPHA; AMPHIPOD ECHINOGAMMARUS-ISCHNUS; GOBY NEOGOBIUS-MELANOSTOMUS; ZEBRA MUSSELS; SAGINAW BAY; NORTH-AMERICA; BYTHOTREPHES-CEDERSTROEMI; ROUND GOBY; FOOD-WEB; ST-CLAIR AB We describe, explain, and "predict" dispersal and ecosystem impacts of six Ponto-Caspian endemic species that recently invaded the Great Lakes via ballast water. The zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha, and quagga mussel, Dreissena bugensis, continue to colonize hard and soft substrates of the Great Lakes and are changing ecosystem function through mechanisms of ecosystem engineering (increased water clarity and reef building), fouling native mussels, high particle filtration rate with selective rejection of colonial cyanobacteria in pseudofeces, alteration of nutrient ratios, and facilitation of the rapid spread of their Ponto-Caspian associates, the benthic amphipod Echinogammarus ischnus and the round goby, Neogobius melanostomus, which feeds on zebra mussels. The tubenose goby,Proterorhinus marmoratus, which does not feed on zebra mussels, has not spread rapidly. Impacts of these benthic invaders vary with site: in some shallow areas, habitat changes and the Dreissena --> round goby --> piscivore food chain have improved conditions for certain native game fishes and waterfowl; in offshore waters, Dreissena is competing for settling algae with the native amphipod Diporeia spp., which are disappearing to the detriment of the native deep-water fish community. The predatory cladoceran Cercopagis pengoi may compete with small fishes for zooplankton and increase food-chain length. C1 NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Univ Michigan, Ctr Great Lakes & Aquat Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Cornell Biol Field Stn, Bridgeport, NY 13030 USA. Univ Windsor, Great Lakes Inst Environm Res, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada. Estonian Marine Inst, EE-11216 Tallinn, Estonia. RP Vanderploeg, HA (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. EM Henry.Vanderploeg@noaa.gov RI Mensinger, Allen/B-7349-2013; Ojaveer, Henn/K-2160-2016; OI Ojaveer, Henn/0000-0003-2742-6063; Liebig, James/0000-0002-0433-9066; Vanderploeg, Henry/0000-0003-1358-8475 NR 102 TC 313 Z9 319 U1 19 U2 143 PU CANADIAN SCIENCE PUBLISHING, NRC RESEARCH PRESS PI OTTAWA PA 65 AURIGA DR, SUITE 203, OTTAWA, ON K2E 7W6, CANADA SN 0706-652X EI 1205-7533 J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 59 IS 7 BP 1209 EP 1228 DI 10.1139/F02-087 PG 20 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 590MR UT WOS:000177827100011 ER PT J AU Soares, CG AF Soares, CG TI Standards for intravascular brachytherapy dosimetry SO CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Symposium on New Trends in Biophysics (NTB 2001) CY SEP 23-26, 2001 CL RECIFE, BRAZIL DE standards; intravascular brachytherapy; beta particle; dosimetry; low energy photon; Sr-90; P-32; X-ray ID CALIBRATION AB The dosimetry of intravascular brachytherapy sources is quite difficult due to the small size of the sources and the close proximity at which measurements are necessary. The development of National Standards for the dosimetry of these sources is described in this paper as well as predictions of how these standards will be changed and improved upon in the future. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Soares, CG (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8460, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU CELLULAR & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY PI NOISY-LE-GRAND PA PROF R WEGMANN RESIDENCE HAUSSMANN 1 AVENUE DU PAVE NEUF, 93160 NOISY-LE-GRAND, FRANCE SN 0145-5680 J9 CELL MOL BIOL JI Cell. Mol. Biol. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 48 IS 5 BP 441 EP 443 AR UNSP 0145-5680/02 PG 3 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Cell Biology GA 573PW UT WOS:000176840900003 PM 12146695 ER PT J AU Carnes, CL Kapoor, PN Klabunde, KJ Bonevich, J AF Carnes, CL Kapoor, PN Klabunde, KJ Bonevich, J TI Synthesis, characterization, and adsorption studies of nanocrystalline aluminum oxide and a bimetallic nanocrystalline aluminum oxide/magnesium oxide SO CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID UNIQUE SURFACE-CHEMISTRY; MIXED-METAL OXIDES; CHEMICAL REAGENTS; MAGNESIUM-OXIDE; OXIDATIVE DEHYDROGENATION; SULFUR-TRIOXIDE; SILICA-ALUMINAS; GAMMA-ALUMINA; NANOPARTICLES; CATALYSTS AB Nanocrystals of Al2O3 and Al2O3/MgO have been produced by a modified aerogel synthesis involving the corresponding aluminum tri-tert-butoxide, magnesium methoxide, toluene, methanol, ethanol, and water. The resulting oxides are in the form of powders having crystallites of about 2 nm or less in dimension. These crystallites have been studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) methods, and were found to possess high surface areas and pore volumes (800 m(2)/g for Al2O3 and 790 m2/g for Al2O3/MgO, compared to 450 m2/g for MgO). As seen with other metal oxides, once they are produced as nanoparticles, their reactivity is greatly enhanced on a per unit surface area basis. This is thought to be due to morphological differences, whereas larger crystallites have only a small percentage of reactive sites on the surface, smaller crystallites possess much higher surface concentration of such sites per unit surface area. Elemental analysis, X-ray diffraction, and infrared spectroscopy have been used to characterize these nanoparticles, and reactions with CCl4, SO2, and Paraoxon have demonstrated significantly enhanced reactivity and/or capacity compared with common commercial forms of the oxide powders. A significant feature is that, by a cogellation synthesis, Al2O3 and MgO have been intermingled, which engenders enhanced reactivity/capacity over the pure forms of nanoscale Al2O3 or MgO toward a chemical warfare surrogate (Paraoxon) and an acid gas (SO2). This serves as an example where tailored synthesis of a nanostructured formulation can yield special benefits. C1 Kansas State Univ, Dept Chem, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Klabunde, KJ (reprint author), Kansas State Univ, Dept Chem, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA. NR 55 TC 73 Z9 75 U1 2 U2 34 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0897-4756 J9 CHEM MATER JI Chem. Mat. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 14 IS 7 BP 2922 EP 2929 DI 10.1021/cm011590i PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 575CQ UT WOS:000176929000019 ER PT J AU Park, SH Gies, H Toby, BH Parise, JB AF Park, SH Gies, H Toby, BH Parise, JB TI Characterization of a new microporous lithozincosilicate with ANA topology SO CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID RAY-POWDER DIFFRACTION; MAS NMR-SPECTROSCOPY; POLLUCITE STRUCTURE; LITHOSILICATE; SILICATE; ANALCIME; ZEOLITE; FAMILY; UNITS AB A new microporous lithozincosilicate (Cs12Li13[Li3Zn8Si37O96].4H(2)O), an analogue of pollucite (CsAlSi2O6) and analcime (NaAlSi2O6), contains lithium in both framework and nonframework sites. This represents the first example of the incorporation of lithium into the ANA framework structure type. The analysis of the crystal structure used X-ray and neutron powder diffraction techniques, which reveal partially ordered sites in the framework occupied by Li, Zn, and Si atoms. The framework sites are occupied in a manner to distribute the low valent cations as far apart as possible. The pore system of the material consists of large cuboctahedra, occupied by Cs and water molecules, and smaller vacancies available for siting of nonframework Li bounded by six- and eight-membered rings of framework tetrahedra. C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Geosci, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Ruhr Univ Bochum, Inst Geol, D-44801 Bochum, Germany. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Chem, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. RP SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Geosci, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. EM sohpark@notes.ec.sunysb.edu; jparise@notes.cc.sunysb.edu RI Toby, Brian/F-3176-2013; Gies, Hermann/B-6637-2009; Park, So-Hyun/F-3746-2017 OI Toby, Brian/0000-0001-8793-8285; Gies, Hermann/0000-0002-2110-2458; Park, So-Hyun/0000-0003-3127-7662 NR 32 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 3 U2 10 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0897-4756 EI 1520-5002 J9 CHEM MATER JI Chem. Mat. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 14 IS 7 BP 3187 EP 3196 DI 10.1021/cm020226w PG 10 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 575CQ UT WOS:000176929000055 ER PT J AU Fujita, T Shimizu, M Hiramatsu, N Fukada, H Hara, A AF Fujita, T Shimizu, M Hiramatsu, N Fukada, H Hara, A TI Purification of serum precursor proteins to vitelline envelope (choriogenins) in masu salmon, Oncorhynchus masou SO COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY B-BIOCHEMISTRY & MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE antibody; choriogenin; liver; masu salmon; precursor; purification; serum; vitelline envelope-related protein ID FEMALE-SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE; ZONA-RADIATA-PROTEINS; FISH ORYZIAS-LATIPES; LOW-MOLECULAR-WEIGHT; TAIMEN HUCHO-PERRYI; COD GADUS-MORHUA; EGG ENVELOPE; STRUCTURAL-ANALYSIS; SAKHALIN TAIMEN; HATCHING ENZYME AB Three vitelline envelope-related proteins (VERPs), very-high-molecular-weight VERP (vhVERP), high-molecular-weight VERP (hVERP) and low-molecular-weight VERP (IVERP) were purified from female masu salmon serum. The apparent molecular weights of vhVERP, hVERP and IVERP, in their native state, were 520, 88 and 54 kDa, respectively, by gel-filtration chromatography Very-high-molecular-weight VERP comprises two subunits, corresponding to 175 and 126 kDa. On SDS-PAGE, hVERP and IVERP migrate at 53 and 47 kDa, respectively. Amino acid analysis of vhVERP and hVERP showed that they share a high content of glutamic acid and proline. By contrast, IVERP is rich in glutamic acid and asparatic acid. These features are in good agreement with the amino acid composition of the vitelline envelope. Immuno-biochemical analysis suggested that vhVERP is derived from hVERP by polymerization and/or aggregation. Antibodies against hVERP and IVERP specifically immunostained the vitelline envelope and liver of female masu salmon. In addition, both hVERP and IVERP were induced in the serum of estrogen-treated male fish. Taken together, it is suggested that hVERP and IVERP are homologous molecules with choriogenin H and choriogenin L in medaka, respectively. These results indicate that hVERP and IVERP are precursor proteins to the vitelline envelope (choriogenins) in masu salmon. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Hokkaido Univ, Div Marine Biosci, Grad Sch Fisheries Sci, Hakodate, Hokkaido 0418611, Japan. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Zool, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Hara, A (reprint author), Hokkaido Univ, Div Marine Biosci, Grad Sch Fisheries Sci, 3-1-1 Minato, Hakodate, Hokkaido 0418611, Japan. NR 38 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1096-4959 J9 COMP BIOCHEM PHYS B JI Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B-Biochem. Mol. Biol. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 132 IS 3 BP 599 EP 610 AR PII S1096-4959(02)00075-1 DI 10.1016/S1096-4959(02)00075-1 PG 12 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Zoology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Zoology GA 576WP UT WOS:000177030300011 PM 12091106 ER PT J AU Lee, KH Guttenberg, N McCrary, V AF Lee, KH Guttenberg, N McCrary, V TI Standardization aspects of eBook content formats SO COMPUTER STANDARDS & INTERFACES LA English DT Article DE eBook; content format; Open eBook Publication Structure; PDF; standardization; XML ID E-BOOKS; ELECTRONIC BOOKS; REVOLUTION AB This paper presents the necessity and direction of a standard for representing contents of electronic books (eBooks). To identify the current problems of content formats, as a case study, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the Open eBook Publication Structure (OEBPS) and Portable Document Format (PDF) in terms of functional aspects as well as critical standardization issues such as interoperability, openness, applicability, and extensibility. Particularly, this paper suggests an Extensible Markup Language (XML)-based improvement of the OEB format as a standard. This paper also describes that PDF can be used together for different aspects of publishing process. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, IT Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM kyongho@nist.gov RI Guttenberg, Nicholas/F-9782-2010 OI Guttenberg, Nicholas/0000-0001-8789-2141 NR 24 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 15 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0920-5489 EI 1872-7018 J9 COMPUT STAND INTER JI Comput. Stand. Interfaces PD JUL PY 2002 VL 24 IS 3 BP 227 EP 239 AR PII S0920-5489(02)00032-6 DI 10.1016/S0920-5489(02)00032-6 PG 13 WC Computer Science, Hardware & Architecture; Computer Science, Software Engineering SC Computer Science GA 565MH UT WOS:000176373700004 ER PT J AU Rust, BW AF Rust, BW TI Fitting nature's basic functions Part III: Exponentials, sinusoids, and nonlinear least squares SO COMPUTING IN SCIENCE & ENGINEERING LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Rust, BW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8910, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 6 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE COMPUTER SOC PI LOS ALAMITOS PA 10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1314 USA SN 1521-9615 J9 COMPUT SCI ENG JI Comput. Sci. Eng. PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 4 IS 4 BP 72 EP 77 DI 10.1109/MCISE.2002.1014982 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications SC Computer Science GA 567KF UT WOS:000176483400012 ER PT J AU Seim, HE Blanton, JO Gross, T AF Seim, HE Blanton, JO Gross, T TI Direct stress measurements in a shallow, sinuous estuary SO CONTINENTAL SHELF RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th Biennial Conference on the Physics of Estuaries and Coastal Seas (PECS) CY OCT 07-11, 2000 CL NORFOLK, VIRGINIA DE USA; Georgia; Satilla River; estuary; circulation; momentum balance ID PARTIALLY MIXED ESTUARY AB Observations from a 4 element mooring array collected in a bend of a shallow, sinuous estuary are used to describe the flow, density structure and momentum balance over a 10-day period. In general, the flow in the lower 3 in is stratified on ebb and unstratified on flood and shear is concentrated near the bed on flood and nearly uniform throughout the water column on ebb. At spring tides stratification is reduced and the flows I in above bottom (mab) are consistently greatest at the downstream end of the bend. The along-channel density gradient is weakest during spring tides owing to zero gradient over most of ebb flow. At neap tides vertical stratification is strong enough to raise the gradient Richardson number well above 0.25 for most of the ebb tide. Currents are weaker and do not display a regular along-channel pattern. The variation in density and current structure is interpreted to result from variations in cross-channel circulation associated with the channel bend. At spring tides, the cross-channel circulation appears to be strong enough to overturn the water column whereas at neap tides stratification is strong enough to halt the overturning. Reynolds stress measured with a Benthic Acoustic Stress Sensor undergoes a four-fold increase between near, and spring tide. The drag coefficient relative to flow at I mab is 0.0015-0.0025. Bed stress in the bend is estimated using this drag coefficient and the maximum instantaneous velocity at I mab over the array. Because of the along-channel variability in current speed, the estimated bed stress is roughly twice as large as the measured Reynolds stress in the middle of the bend. The estimated bed stress is found to balance the horizontal pressure gradient and local acceleration, implying that a depth-averaged linear momentum balance adequately describes the dynamics on the bend when the impact of the cross-channel circulation is taken into account in the estimate of the bottom stress. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Marine Sci, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA. Skidaway Inst Oceanog, Savannah, GA USA. NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Silver Spring, MD USA. RP Seim, HE (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Dept Marine Sci, Chapel Hill, NC 27514 USA. NR 15 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0278-4343 J9 CONT SHELF RES JI Cont. Shelf Res. PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 22 IS 11-13 BP 1565 EP 1578 AR PII S0278-4343(02)00029-8 DI 10.1016/S0278-4343(02)00029-8 PG 14 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 592GW UT WOS:000177929600002 ER PT J AU Caceres, M Valle-Levinson, A Sepulveda, HH Holderied, K AF Caceres, M Valle-Levinson, A Sepulveda, HH Holderied, K TI Transverse variability of flow and density in a Chilean fjord SO CONTINENTAL SHELF RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th Biennial Conference on the Physics of Estuaries and Coastal Seas (PECS) CY OCT 07-11, 2000 CL NORFOLK, VIRGINIA DE acoustic current meters; ageostrophic flow; South America; Chile; Aysen; fjords; Aysen Fjord; physical oceanography; ADCP; momentum balance; physics of estuaries; fjords oceanography ID TIDAL MODEL; DEPTH; WIND; SEA AB Measurements of velocity and density profiles were made to describe the transverse structure of the flow in Aysen Fjord, Southern Chile (45.2degreesS and 73.3degreesW). Current profiles were made with a 307.2 kHz acoustic doppler current profiler (ADCP) during 20 repetitions of a cross-Fjord transect during one semidiurnal tidal cycle. The transect had a similar to 320degrees orientation, 3 km length, and its bathymetry consisted of two channels, one on the southern side (230 m depth) and the other on the northern side (180 m depth), separated by a bank ca, 65 m depth, which was located similar to 1 km from the northern coast. Density measurements to a maximum depth of 50 m were made at the extremes of each transect repetition and over the bank. Also, a total of nine CTD stations that covered the surroundings of the bank was sampled 2 days prior to the ADCP sampling. During the sampling period the mean Row showed a three layer structure that was consistent with up-fjord wind-induced exchange: a thin (< 8 m) weak outflow close to the surface due to river discharge; a layer of inflow, (down-wind) underneath attributed to the effect of wind-stress; and a deep compensatory outflow due to the barotropic pressure gradient set up by the wind. The bank caused the strongest wind-induced not inflows and outflows to be shifted to the channels and also disrupted the three-layer structure. Also, the strongest tidal current amplitudes were located over the bank. The near-surface flow and density distributions suggested that the transverse dynamics were ageostrophic in a layer above similar to 50 m. This was indicated by the wind-induced shifting of the location of salt water intrusion from the northern side to the southern side of the Ford. Density measurements also suggested an alternation to quasigeostrophic conditions in this upper layer during calm winds. Below this layer the dynamics remained quasi geostrophic. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Serv Hidrograf & Oceanograf Armada Chile, Valparaiso, Chile. Old Dominion Univ, Ctr Coastal Phys Oceanog, Dept Ocean Earth & Atmospher Sci, Norfolk, VA 23529 USA. NOAA, Ctr Coastal Monitoring & Assessment, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Caceres, M (reprint author), Serv Hidrograf & Oceanograf Armada Chile, Errazuriz 232,Casilla 324, Valparaiso, Chile. EM div.technica02.oc@shoa.cl RI Sepulveda, Hector/C-3712-2011 OI Sepulveda, Hector/0000-0002-0131-6627 NR 30 TC 27 Z9 31 U1 1 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0278-4343 J9 CONT SHELF RES JI Cont. Shelf Res. PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 22 IS 11-13 BP 1683 EP 1698 AR PII S0278-4343(02)00032-8 DI 10.1016/S0278-4343(02)00032-8 PG 16 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 592GW UT WOS:000177929600011 ER PT J AU Valle-Levinson, A Wong, KC Bosley, KT AF Valle-Levinson, A Wong, KC Bosley, KT TI Response of the lower Chesapeake Bay to forcing from Hurricane Floyd SO CONTINENTAL SHELF RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th Biennial Conference on the Physics of Estuaries and Coastal Seas (PECS) CY OCT 07-11, 2000 CL NORFOLK, VIRGINIA DE water exchange; Hurricane Floyd; buoyancy forcing; wind forcing; Chesapeake Bay ID POINT AB Water density and velocity data from a similar to 70-day period deployment across the entrance to the Chesapeake Bay were used in conjunction with wind velocity and sea level records to describe the response of the lower part of the estuary to forcing from Hurricane Floyd in mid-September 1999. Forcing associated with Floyd consisted of northeasterly winds during the 4 days prior to the passage of the storm eye over the lower Chesapeake Bay with hourly values that peaked at similar to 21 m/s. After the passage of the eye of the storm on 16 September, winds shifted rapidly to northwesterly and peaked at 27 m/s. Buoyancy forcing from Floyd consisted of at least 2000 m(3)/S of direct freshwater input to the lower Chesapeake Bay. This was added to the runoff from the surrounding land that was already saturated with precipitation from tropical storm Dennis that affected the area of the lower bay in early September 1999. Northeasterly winds prior to the eye passage over the lower bay caused not inflow over the shallow northern half of the bay entrance and outflow in the deep channel to the south of the entrance, This outflow veered clockwise with depth. The change to northwesterly winds coincided with a pulse of freshwater that caused a salinity drop throughout the water column of up to 8 units in I day. Wind and river discharge set up a seaward barotropic pressure gradient force that drove net outflow everywhere across the entrance to the bay thus hindering any inflow and effectively flushing water out. The barotropic pressure gradient must have overcome the tendency of the baroclinic pressure gradient, related to the buoyancy input, to drive salty water into the estuary. It is estimated that approximately one-third of the net outflow was caused by wind forcing and two-thirds by freshwater discharge. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Old Dominion Univ, Dept Ocean Earth & Atmospher Sci, Ctr Coastal Phys Oceanog, Norfolk, VA 23529 USA. Univ Delaware, Coll Marine Studies, Newark, DE 19716 USA. Natl Ocean Serv, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Norfolk, VA 23529 USA. RP Valle-Levinson, A (reprint author), Old Dominion Univ, Dept Ocean Earth & Atmospher Sci, Ctr Coastal Phys Oceanog, Norfolk, VA 23529 USA. NR 10 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0278-4343 J9 CONT SHELF RES JI Cont. Shelf Res. PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 22 IS 11-13 BP 1715 EP 1729 AR PII S0278-4343(02)00034-1 DI 10.1016/S0278-4343(02)00034-1 PG 15 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 592GW UT WOS:000177929600013 ER PT J AU Blanton, JO Lin, GQ Elston, SA AF Blanton, JO Lin, GQ Elston, SA TI Tidal current asymmetry in shallow estuaries and tidal creeks SO CONTINENTAL SHELF RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th Biennial Conference on the Physics of Estuaries and Coastal Seas (PECS) CY OCT 07-11, 2000 CL NORFOLK, VIRGINIA DE shallow-water tides; tidal creeks; estuarine dynamics; USA; Georgia; Portugal ID SALT; SYSTEMS; PROPAGATION; CIRCULATION; DISTORTION; PORTUGAL; MIRA AB We examine tidal asymmetry in a 100-km long coastal plain estuary, a 15-km long tidal creek closed at the end, and a small side channel of a coastal plain estuary closed at low water. Current meter and water depth data were harmonically analyzed for M2 and the M4 and M6 overtide. The results are displayed in a plot of tidal current versus water level and the effects of the M2, M2+ M4, and M2 + M4 + M6 are compared in order to show how overtides affect tidal asymmetry in the different systems. The long estuary showed a gradual increase in tidal current asymmetry. The current takes on a more progressive nature as it goes into the estuary, as indicated by increasing lags between high or low water and the corresponding slack water. On the other hand, the tidal creek has its reflection point at the head, a relatively short distance from the observations, which reflects the incident tidal wave more efficiently. The tidal creek has a hi-h salt marsh which is covered only an hour or so before high water. Since its intertidal areas flood and drain near the time of high water, maximum flood and ebb currents occur a short time before and after high water slack throughout the tidal creek. Most of the tidal energy is dissipated at the end of the creek where M6/M2 of the tidal current almost doubles. The small side channel has tidal flats that become covered soon after the time of low water, The relative time of maximum Rood and ebb currents occurs much closer to the time of low-water-slack, which contrasts significantly to the timing in the tidal creek channel surrounded by high salt marsh. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Skidaway Inst Oceanog, Savannah, GA 31411 USA. NOAA, Marine Modeling Program, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NOAA, Anal Program, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Blanton, JO (reprint author), Skidaway Inst Oceanog, 10 Ocean Sci Circle, Savannah, GA 31411 USA. NR 15 TC 70 Z9 80 U1 2 U2 21 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0278-4343 J9 CONT SHELF RES JI Cont. Shelf Res. PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 22 IS 11-13 BP 1731 EP 1743 AR PII S0278-4343(02)00035-3 DI 10.1016/S0278-4343(02)00035-3 PG 13 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 592GW UT WOS:000177929600014 ER PT J AU Chiappone, M Swanson, DW Miller, SL Smith, SG AF Chiappone, M Swanson, DW Miller, SL Smith, SG TI Large-scale surveys on the Florida Reef Tract indicate poor recovery of the long-spined sea urchin Diadema antillarum SO CORAL REEFS LA English DT Article DE coral reefs; Florida Keys; herbivory; sea urchins ID MASS MORTALITY; POPULATION-DYNAMICS; CORAL-REEFS; JAMAICA; COMMUNITY; PHILIPPI; DENSITY; BLOOMS C1 Univ N Carolina, Ctr Marine Sci, Key Largo, FL 33037 USA. Univ N Carolina, NOAA, Natl Undersea Res Ctr, Key Largo, FL 33037 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Div Marine Biol & Fisheries, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Chiappone, M (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Ctr Marine Sci, 515 Caribbean Dr, Key Largo, FL 33037 USA. NR 26 TC 32 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0722-4028 J9 CORAL REEFS JI Coral Reefs PD JUL PY 2002 VL 21 IS 2 BP 155 EP 159 DI 10.1007/s00338-002-0232-y PG 5 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 584XX UT WOS:000177495000007 ER PT J AU Miller, MW Bourque, AS Bohnsack, JA AF Miller, MW Bourque, AS Bohnsack, JA TI An analysis of the loss of acroporid corals at Looe Key, Florida, USA: 1983-2000 SO CORAL REEFS LA English DT Article DE acropora cervicornis; Acropora palmata; Florida Keys; coral decline ID REEF; COMMUNITY AB The Caribbean reef-building corals Acropora palmata and Acropora cervicornis have undergone widespread declines in the past two decades, leading to their designation as candidates for listing under the United States Endangered Species Act. Whole-reef censuses in 1983 and 2000 at Looe Key National Marine Sanctuary in the Florida Keys provide estimates of areal loss of live Acropora spp. cover. Area (square meters) of live coral cover was quantified from depiction on scaled base maps of extent of coral cover observed by a snorkeler on each reef spur at each census. Certain thickets appear to have been persistent (though none expanded), but the total area of live A. palmata at Looe Key is estimated to have declined by 93% and A. cervicornis by 98% during this 17-year interval. It is likely that acroporid populations may have already undergone substantial decline prior to our initial census in 1983. C1 NOAA Fisheries, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Miller, MW (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 75 Virginia Beach Dr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NR 15 TC 47 Z9 54 U1 0 U2 8 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0722-4028 J9 CORAL REEFS JI Coral Reefs PD JUL PY 2002 VL 21 IS 2 BP 179 EP 182 DI 10.1007/s00338-002-0228-7 PG 4 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 584XX UT WOS:000177495000011 ER PT J AU Sun, C Watts, DR AF Sun, C Watts, DR TI A view of ACC fronts in streamfunction space SO DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART I-OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH PAPERS LA English DT Article DE hydrography; streamfunction projection; ACC fronts; AAIW; SAMW ID ANTARCTIC CIRCUMPOLAR CURRENT; GRAVEST EMPIRICAL MODE; SOUTHERN-OCEAN; WATER MASSES; INTERMEDIATE WATER; DRAKE PASSAGE; TASMANIA AB The fronts and water masses in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) are examined with a streamfunction projection of historical hydrographic data. The study shows that only structural criterion provides circumpolarly consistent and time-invariant definition for ACC fronts. The Polar Front position varies little in the streamfunction space, but the Subantarctic Front exhibits significant meridional deflection. Two types of the Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) are identified: the Pacific-Atlantic type represents the recently-formed AAIW through the along isopycnal subduction of polar surface waters; the Indian-Australian type represents relatively old AAIW which is strongly modified by the Agulhas water. The Subantarctic Mode Water (SAMW) is located in the South Pacific and south of Australia. There is evidence that the SAMW in the southeast Pacific originates from polar surface waters. Therefore the eastward freshening and cooling of SAMW is ascribed to influences from the south. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Princeton Univ, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Sun, C (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. NR 23 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0967-0637 J9 DEEP-SEA RES PT I JI Deep-Sea Res. Part I-Oceanogr. Res. Pap. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 49 IS 7 BP 1141 EP 1164 AR PII S0967-0637(02)00027-4 DI 10.1016/S0967-0637(02)00027-4 PG 24 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 589UC UT WOS:000177777900002 ER PT J AU Johns, WE Townsend, TL Fratantoni, DM Wilson, WD AF Johns, WE Townsend, TL Fratantoni, DM Wilson, WD TI On the Atlantic inflow to the Caribbean Sea (vol 49, pg 211, 2002) SO DEEP-SEA RESEARCH PART I-OCEANOGRAPHIC RESEARCH PAPERS LA English DT Correction C1 Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. USN, Res Lab, Stennis Space Ctr, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Phys Oceanog, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Phys Oceanog Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Johns, WE (reprint author), Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RI Fratantoni, David/C-7121-2011 NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 3 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0967-0637 J9 DEEP-SEA RES PT I JI Deep-Sea Res. Part I-Oceanogr. Res. Pap. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 49 IS 7 BP 1307 EP 1307 AR PII S0967-0637(02)00026-2 DI 10.1016/S0967-0637(02)00026-2 PG 1 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 589UC UT WOS:000177777900011 ER PT J AU Chen, CS Ji, RB Schwab, DJ Beletsky, D Fahnenstiel, GL Jiang, MS Johengen, TH Vanderploeg, H Eadie, B Budd, JW Bundy, MH Gardner, W Cotner, J Lavrentyev, PJ AF Chen, CS Ji, RB Schwab, DJ Beletsky, D Fahnenstiel, GL Jiang, MS Johengen, TH Vanderploeg, H Eadie, B Budd, JW Bundy, MH Gardner, W Cotner, J Lavrentyev, PJ TI A model study of the coupled biological and physical dynamics in Lake Michigan SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE ecosystem; coupled biological and physical model; phytoplankton growth; microbial processes; Lake Michigan ID MESOTROPHIC RESERVOIR LAC; ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS; SIMULATION-MODEL; ECOLOGICAL MODEL; KEWEENAW CURRENT; GREAT-LAKES; PHYTOPLANKTON; PLANKTON; COMMUNITIES; ONTARIO AB A coupled physical and biological model was developed for Lake Michigan. The physical model was the Princeton ocean model (POM) driven directly by observed winds and net surface heat flux. The biological model was an eight-component, phosphorus-limited, lower trophic level food web model, which included phosphate and silicate for nutrients, diatoms and non-diatoms for dominant phytoplankton species, copepods and protozoa for dominant zooplankton species, bacteria and detritus. Driven by observed meteorological forcings, a 1-D modeling experiment showed a controlling of physical processes on the seasonal variation of biological variables in Lake Michigan: diatoms grew significantly in the subsurface region in early summer as stratification developed and then decayed rapidly in the surface mixed layer when silicate supplied from the deep stratified region was reduced as a result of the formation of the thermocline. The non-diatoms subsequently grew in mid and late summer under a limited-phosphate environment and then declined in the fall and winter as a result of the nutrient consumption in the upper eutrophic layer, limitation of nutrients supplied from the deep region and meteorological cooling and wind mixing. The flux estimates suggested that the microbial loop had a significant contribution in the growth of microzooplankton and hence, to the lower-trophic level food web system. The model results agreed with observations, suggesting that the model was robust to capture the basic seasonal variation of the ecosystem in Lake Michigan. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Univ Massachusetts Dartmouth, Sch Marine Sci & Technol, New Bedford, MA 02744 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. NOAA, GLERL, Lake Michigan Field Stn, Muskegon, MI 49441 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Marine Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Michigan Technol Univ, Dept Geol Engn & Sci, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. Natl Acad Sci, Estuarine Res Ctr, St Leonard, MD 20005 USA. Univ Texas, Dept Mat Sci, Austin, TX 78712 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Akron, Dept Biol, Akron, OH 44325 USA. RP Chen, CS (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts Dartmouth, Sch Marine Sci & Technol, 706 S Rodney French Blvd, New Bedford, MA 02744 USA. RI Schwab, David/B-7498-2012; Ji, Rubao/I-1970-2015; OI Ji, Rubao/0000-0002-8839-5427; Beletsky, Dmitry/0000-0003-4532-0588; Vanderploeg, Henry/0000-0003-1358-8475 NR 52 TC 63 Z9 67 U1 0 U2 21 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD JUL 1 PY 2002 VL 152 IS 2-3 BP 145 EP 168 AR PII S0304-3800(02)00026-1 DI 10.1016/S0304-3800(02)00026-1 PG 24 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 570AJ UT WOS:000176635400004 ER PT J AU Ji, RB Chen, CS Budd, JW Schwab, DJ Beletsky, D Fahnenstiel, GL Johengen, TH Vanderploeg, H Eadie, B Cotner, J Gardner, W Bundy, M AF Ji, RB Chen, CS Budd, JW Schwab, DJ Beletsky, D Fahnenstiel, GL Johengen, TH Vanderploeg, H Eadie, B Cotner, J Gardner, W Bundy, M TI Influences of suspended sediments on the ecosystem in Lake Michigan: a 3-D coupled bio-physical modeling experiment SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE ecosystem; coupled biological and physical model; phytoplankton growth; microbial processes; Lake Michigan ID PHOSPHORUS; BACTERIOPLANKTON; PHYTOPLANKTON; BACTERIA AB The influence of suspended sediments on the Lake Michigan ecosystem was examined using a 3-dimensional (3-D) coupled biological and physical model developed by Chen et al. (part 1). The model was driven by the realistic meteorological forces observed in March 1998, with daily inputs of suspended sediment concentration that were derived from temporally and spatially interpolated satellite imagery. The model results show the significant impact of a seasonally recurring coastal resuspension plume on the spatial and temporal variation of the nutrients and plankton in southern Lake Michigan. The plume-released nutrients played an essential role in maintaining the nutrient level in the lake. Although the growth of phytoplankton in the plume depended on the availability of nutrients and light, the offshore decrease in phytoplankton biomass still satisfied the Sverdrup's relationship. Cross-shore fluxes of nutrients and phytoplankton were controlled by episodic wind events with a period of approximate to 5-7 days: offshore during southward winds and onshore during northward winds. The flux estimates for biological variables suggest that the microbial food web is a key contributor to secondary production in southern Lake Michigan and the lower trophic level food web system could be dynamically divided into two decoupled loops: (1) detritus-bacteria-microzooplankton-large zooplankton: and (2) nutrient-phytoplankton-detritus. The model-predicted spatial distributions of nutrients and phytoplankton were in reasonable agreement with observations taken during the 1998 EEGLE interdisciplinary cruises. suggesting that the model was sufficiently robust to capture the basic characteristics of the Lake Michigan ecosystem during the plume event. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Marine Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Michigan Technol Univ, Dept Geol Engn & Sci, Houghton, MI 49931 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. NOAA, GLERL, Lake Michigan Field Stn, Muskegon, MI 49441 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Ecol Evolut & Behav, St Paul, MN 55108 USA. Univ Texas, Dept Marine Sci, Austin, TX 78712 USA. Natl Acad Sci, Estuarine Res Ctr, Washington, DC 20005 USA. RP Chen, CS (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Marine Sci, Athens, GA 30602 USA. RI Schwab, David/B-7498-2012; Ji, Rubao/I-1970-2015; OI Ji, Rubao/0000-0002-8839-5427; Beletsky, Dmitry/0000-0003-4532-0588; Vanderploeg, Henry/0000-0003-1358-8475 NR 25 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD JUL 1 PY 2002 VL 152 IS 2-3 BP 169 EP 190 AR PII S0304-3800(02)00027-3 DI 10.1016/S0304-3800(02)00027-3 PG 22 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 570AJ UT WOS:000176635400005 ER PT J AU Downs, CA Shigenaka, G Fauth, JE Robinson, CE Huang, A AF Downs, CA Shigenaka, G Fauth, JE Robinson, CE Huang, A TI Cellular physiological assessment of bivalves after chronic exposure to spilled Exxon Valdez crude oil using a novel molecular diagnostic biotechnology SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PRINCE-WILLIAM-SOUND; HEAT-SHOCK PROTEINS; GLUTATHIONE-PEROXIDASE; OXIDATIVE STRESS; MYTILUS-TROSSULUS; BIOMARKER SYSTEM; DIOL-EPOXIDE; IN-VIVO; ALASKA; METABOLISM AB The objective of this study was to determine the cellular physiological status of the bivalves Mya arenaria and Mytilus trossulus in an area experiencing a 10-yr chronic exposure of spilled Exxon Valdez crude oil in Prince William Sound Bivalves were collected from.,well-characterized oiled and unoiled sites. We used a novel biotechnology (Environmental Cellular Diagnostic S stem) to determine (i) if bivalves Were Physiologically stressed, (ii) the nature of the altered physiological state, and (iii) whether the bivalves were responding to an exposure of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Molecular diagnostic analysis indicated that bivalve's at the oiled site were experiencing both oxidative and xenobiotic stress, resulting in increased. protein turnover and chaperone activity. Bivalves from the impacted area were responding specifically to a PAH-xenobiotic exposure and accumulating protein-PAH adducts. Finally, species-specific responses were observed that could be related to the habitat preferences of each species We conclude that bivalves inhabiting a site impacted by crude oil from. the 1989 Exxon Valdez spill showed clear indications,of cellular physiological stress. C1 Envirtue Biotechnol Inc, Walnut Creek, CA 94598 USA. NOAA, Hazardous Mat Response Div, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Charleston, Dept Biol, Charleston, SC 29424 USA. RP Downs, CA (reprint author), Envirtue Biotechnol Inc, 2255 Ygracio Valley Rd,Suite H-1, Walnut Creek, CA 94598 USA. EM craigdowns@envirtue.com NR 84 TC 37 Z9 42 U1 4 U2 14 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD JUL 1 PY 2002 VL 36 IS 13 BP 2987 EP 2993 DI 10.1021/es011433k PG 7 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 569GA UT WOS:000176591600044 PM 12144276 ER PT J AU Huber, AH Gilliam, RC Feingersh, H Kelly, R AF Huber, AH Gilliam, RC Feingersh, H Kelly, R TI Effects of meteorology on the transport and dispersion of emissions from the WTC recovery site SO EPIDEMIOLOGY LA English DT Meeting Abstract C1 NOAA, Atmospher Sci Modeling Div, Air Resources Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Marine Earth & Atmospher Sci, State Climate Off N Carolina, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. US EPA, Reg 2, New York, NY USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT ST, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106-3621 USA SN 1044-3983 J9 EPIDEMIOLOGY JI Epidemiology PD JUL PY 2002 VL 13 IS 4 MA 242 BP S123 EP S123 PG 1 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA 565PL UT WOS:000176378600237 ER PT J AU Ciannelli, L AF Ciannelli, L TI Effects of spatial variability, associated with a frontal structure, on predictions of age-0 walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) growth around the Pribilof Islands, Bering Sea SO ESTUARINE COASTAL AND SHELF SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE age-0 pollock; Theragra chalcogramma; spatial-explicit models; bioenergetics; fronts; Pribilof Islands; Bering Sea ID FISH GROWTH; GOBIUSCULUS-FLAVESCENS; REACTION DISTANCE; EXPLICIT MODELS; ALASKA; PREY; ZOOPLANKTON; TURBIDITY; TURBULENCE; PREDATION AB Age-0 walleye pollock growth along a frontal transect around the Pribilof Islands, Bering Sea, was estimated by using a spatially-explicit bioenergetics model. Predicted growth patterns along the transect were tested against the spatial resolution of the model, to examine the extent to which informative results were affected by the input spatial resolution. Results of model implementation to the Pribilof Islands scenario showed that on average fish residing in the offshore region of the transect were exposed to areas in which growth potential was two to three times higher than in the inshore region. Modelling results corroborated well with independent indicators of age-0 pollock growth, such as age-specific length and Fulton condition index from fish collected at the same location examined with the model. In spite of the better feeding and growth potential of the offshore region, age-0 pollock were found mainly in the inshore portion of the transect. Evidently, other factors, besides habitat energetics, needed to be considered to explain the distribution of age-0 pollock around the islands. Predictions of age-0 pollock growth along the transect were highly sensitive to the input spatial resolution of the model, but only at a spatial scale larger than a threshold of about 1000-2500 m. It is proposed that such threshold represents the limit beyond which important physical and biological boundaries are crossed and consequently model predictions derived from average conditions become biased. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Ciannelli, L (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, RACE, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 48 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0272-7714 J9 ESTUAR COAST SHELF S JI Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 55 IS 1 BP 151 EP 165 DI 10.1006/ecss.2001.0893 PG 15 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 608ED UT WOS:000178831400011 ER PT J AU Huber, ML Yang, JC AF Huber, ML Yang, JC TI A thermodynamic analysis of fuel vapor characteristics in an aircraft fuel tank ullage SO FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID EQUATION; STATE AB As a prerequisite to a comprehensive analysis of aircraft fuel tank fire and explosion hazards, a vapor-liquid equilibrium thermodynamic analysis was developed to assess the fuel vapor behavior in an aircraft fuel tank ullage. The analysis was based on the Peng-Robinson equation of state and the extended corresponding-states method. Jet-A fuel was treated as a pseudo-single-component fluid and as a binary mixture. The calculated fuel,air mass ratios from the binary-mixture model followed the trend observed in previous measurements more closely than those from the pseudo-single-component model. The calculated results also demonstrated that for a given amount of fuel, increasing the tank temperature could potentially cause an initially non-flammable fuel,,air vapor in the ullage to become flammable. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 NIST, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Yang, JC (reprint author), NIST, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 16 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0379-7112 J9 FIRE SAFETY J JI Fire Saf. J. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 37 IS 5 BP 517 EP 524 AR PII S0379-7112(02)00013-9 DI 10.1016/S0379-7112(02)00013-9 PG 8 WC Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 546DP UT WOS:000175256900005 ER PT J AU DeVries, DA Grimes, CB Prager, MH AF DeVries, DA Grimes, CB Prager, MH TI Using otolith shape analysis to distinguish eastern Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean stocks of king mackerel SO FISHERIES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE shape analysis; Fourier; otolith; Scomberomorus; stock composition; maximum likelihood ID SCOMBEROMORUS-CAVALLA; MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD; STRIPED BASS; OF-MEXICO; DISCRIMINANT-ANALYSIS; FISHERY COMPOSITION; SCALE MORPHOLOGY; FOURIER-ANALYSIS; IDENTIFICATION; PATTERNS AB In winter, king mackerel from eastern Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic stocks mix off southeast Florida. where they support a large fishery. Neither tagging nor genetics has yielded a way to estimate mixing rates accurately. For management purposes, and based on tagging data from the mid-1970s, all of these fish have been considered to be from the Gulf stock. Our objectives were to examine the feasibility of using otolith shape data to distinguish the two stocks, and if the method proved feasible, to use it to estimate stock composition in the winter mixed-stock fishery. In the feasibility phase of the study, we collected shape data from sagittae of 355 female king mackerel taken during summer spawning seasons, 1986-1993, outside the winter mixing area, Gulf fish were taken off the Florida panhandle and Atlantic fish from waters north of Cape Canaveral, FL. Shape data, obtained from the posterior half of the sagitta. included area, perimeter, and standardized Fourier amplitudes. Using a training set of 250 fish and a stepwise discriminant procedure, we selected a set of variables that correctly classified 80.4%, of Atlantic and 85.7% of eastern Gulf fish of the remaining 105 individuals. In the application phase of the study, we estimated mixed-stock composition in the 1996-1997 winter fishery. Shape data were extracted from sagittae of 363 females taken from distinct areas during the 1996 spawning season. A training subset of the data and a stepwise discriminant procedure were used to select a set of variables that correctly classified 71.1% of Atlantic and 77.5% of eastern Gulf fish in the remaining data (test set). We used that set of variables and a maximum likelihood method to estimate composition of the ensuing mixed-stock fishery from a sample of 463 females taken in that fishery. The resulting estimate was that 99.8% of individuals in the winter landings were from the Atlantic stock and only 0.2% were from the eastern Gulf stock, with a standard error of 3.4%. Using otolith shape data, it is possible to distinguish individuals from eastern Gulf and Atlantic stocks of king mackerel and to estimate stock composition in the mixed-stock fishery. Our estimate of that stock composition is consistent with other recent studies. but is markedly different from the composition presently assumed in management. Because management can be ineffective if based on inaccurate estimates of stock composition. we recommend that such information be used regularly in management and that corresponding estimates be made in future years. Such continued analysis would serve both to confirm our results and to estimate year-to-year variability in stock composition of the mixed fishery. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Panama City, FL 32408 USA. RP DeVries, DA (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 3500 Delwood Beach Rd, Panama City, FL 32408 USA. NR 48 TC 70 Z9 78 U1 4 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-7836 J9 FISH RES JI Fish Res. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 57 IS 1 BP 51 EP 62 AR PII S0165-7836(01)00332-0 DI 10.1016/S0165-7836(01)00332-0 PG 12 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 563WX UT WOS:000176281100005 ER PT J AU Kastelle, CR Forsberg, JE AF Kastelle, CR Forsberg, JE TI Testing for loss of Rn-222 from Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) otoliths SO FISHERIES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Rn-222 loss; Pb-210/Ra-226 disequilibrium; Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) radiometric ages; otoliths ID FISH OTOLITHS; PB-210-RA-226 DISEQUILIBRIA; PB-210/RA-226 DISEQUILIBRIA; MACRURONUS-NOVAEZELANDIAE; HOPLOSTETHUS-ATLANTICUS; RADIOMETRIC ANALYSIS; AGE-DETERMINATION; BLUE GRENADIER; ORANGE ROUGHY; VALIDATION AB Radiometric ageing of fish by measuring the disequilibrium of Pb-210/Ra-226 found in otoliths has been used by numerous researchers in over 15 different studies. The ultimate goal of the previous research has been to validate conventional ageing methods. If Rn-222, an intermediary between Ra-226 and Pb-210, escapes from the otoliths, the radiometric age would be biased young. The goal of this study was to test for this bias using Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) otoliths collected in 1960 and analyzed in 1997. If Rn-222 loss occurred, the estimated radiometric age would be less than the 37 year span between collection and analysis. In comparison to other fish species, Pacific halibut otoliths were found to have an unusually low activity of Pb-210 and Ra-226. Low activity measurements lead to radiometric age estimates with very large estimated errors. All estimated radiometric ages for the Pacific halibut otoliths were much greater than 37 years. This suggests that Rn-222 is not escaping from the otoliths and that radiometric ages are not biased low. However, considering the estimated error, the results are not definitive. This study should be repeated using a different species that is known to have a higher activity of Pb-210 and Ra-226. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Kastelle, CR (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way Ne,Bld 4, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 24 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-7836 J9 FISH RES JI Fish Res. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 57 IS 1 BP 93 EP 98 AR PII S0165-7836(01)00339-3 DI 10.1016/S0165-7836(01)00339-3 PG 6 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 563WX UT WOS:000176281100009 ER PT J AU Allman, RJ Grimes, CB AF Allman, RJ Grimes, CB TI Temporal and spatial dynamics of spawning, settlement, and growth of gray snapper (Lutjanus griseus) from the West Florida shelf as determined from otolith microstructures SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID CARIBBEAN REEF FISH; AGE-0 RED SNAPPER; GULF-OF-MEXICO; RECRUITMENT; LARVAL; HABITATS; BAY; SEASONALITY; POPULATIONS; INCREMENTS AB The goal of our study was to understand the spatial and temporal variation in spawning and settlement of gray snapper (Lutjanus griseus) along the West Florida shelf (WFS). Juvenile gray snapper were collected over two consecutive years from sea grass meadows with a benthic scrape and otter trawl. Spawning, settlement, and growth patterns were compared across three sampling regions (Panhandle, Big bend, and Southwest) by using otolith microstructure. Histology of adult gonads was also used for an independent estimate of spawning time. Daily growth increments were visible in the lapilli of snapper 11-150 mm standard length; ages ranged from 38 to 229 days and estimated average planktonic larval duration was 25 days. Estimated growth rates ranged from 0.60 to 1.02 mm/d and did not differ among the three sampling regions, but did differ across sampling years. Back-calculated fertilization dates from otoliths indicated that juveniles in the Panhandle and Big Bend were mainly summer spawned fish, whereas Southwest juveniles had winter and summer fertilization dates. Settlement occurred during summer both years and in the winter of 1997 for the southern portion of the WFS. Moon phase did not appear to be strongly correlated with fertilization or settlement. Histological samples of gonads from adults collected near the juvenile sampling areas indicated a summer spawning period. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Panama City, FL 32408 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. RP Allman, RJ (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 3500 Delwood Beach Rd, Panama City, FL 32408 USA. NR 53 TC 32 Z9 36 U1 3 U2 11 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 100 IS 3 BP 391 EP 403 PG 13 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 582DA UT WOS:000177333400001 ER PT J AU Browne, P Laake, JL DeLong, RL AF Browne, P Laake, JL DeLong, RL TI Improving pinniped diet analyses through identification of multiple skeletal structures in fecal samples SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID HARBOR SEAL; DIGESTION; OTOLITHS; BEAKS; SIZE AB Marine mammal diet is typically characterized by identifying fish otoliths and cephalopod beaks retrieved from stomachs and fecal material (scats). The use and applicability of these techniques has been the matter of some debate given inherent biases associated with the method. Recent attempts to identify prey using skeletal remains in addition to beaks and otoliths are an improvement; however, difficulties incorporating these data into quantitative analyses have limited results for descriptive analyses such as frequency of occurrence. We attempted to characterize harbor seal (Phoca vitulina) diet in an area where seals co-occur with several salmon species, some endangered and all managed by state or federal agencies, or both. Although diet was extremely variable within sampling date, season, year, and between years, the frequency and number of individual prey were at least two times greater for most taxa when prey structures in addition to otoliths were identified. Estimating prey mass in addition to frequency and number resulted in an extremely different relative importance of prey in harbor seal diet. These data analyses are a necessary step in generating estimates of the size, total number, and annual biomass of a prey species eaten by pinnipeds for inclusion in fisheries management plans. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Browne, P (reprint author), Univ Calif Davis, Ctr Environm Hlth, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616 USA. NR 27 TC 40 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 8 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 100 IS 3 BP 423 EP 433 PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 582DA UT WOS:000177333400004 ER PT J AU Laake, JL Browne, P DeLong, RL Huber, HR AF Laake, JL Browne, P DeLong, RL Huber, HR TI Pinniped diet composition: a comparison of estimation models SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID SEALS PHOCA-VITULINA; HARBOR-SEALS; PREY; OTOLITHS; FECES; DIGESTION; SAMPLES; BEAKS; SIZE AB Along the west coast of the United States, the potential impact of increasing pinniped populations on declining salmonid (Oncorhynchus spp.) stocks has become an issue of concern. Fisheries managers need species-specific estimates of consumption by pinnipeds to evaluate their impact on salmonid stocks. To estimate consumption, we developed a model that estimates diet composition by reconstructing prey biomass from fecal samples. We applied the model to data collected from harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) that are present year-round in the lower Columbia River where endangered stocks of salmonids pass as returning adults and as seaward-migrating smolts. Using the same data, we applied the split-sample frequency of occurrence model, which avoids reconstructing biomass by assuming that each fecal sample represents an equal volume of consumption and that within each sample each prey item represents an equal proportion of the volume. The two models for estimating diet composition yielded size-specific differences in consumption estimates that were as large as tenfold for the smallest and largest prey. Conclusions about the impact of harbor seal predation on adult salmonids, some of their largest prey species, remain uncertain without some appropriate rationale or further information (e.g. empirical captive studies) to discriminate between these models. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Laake, JL (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 28 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 3 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 100 IS 3 BP 434 EP 447 PG 14 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 582DA UT WOS:000177333400005 ER PT J AU Epperly, SP Teas, WG AF Epperly, SP Teas, WG TI Turtle excluder devices - Are the escape openings large enough? SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID LOGGERHEAD SEA-TURTLES; CHELONIA-MYDAS; DEMOGRAPHIC COMPOSITION; POPULATION-STRUCTURE; NORTHWESTERN GULF; CARETTA-CARETTA; GREEN TURTLES; CONSERVATION; STRANDINGS; ATLANTIC AB All five species of sea turtles in continental U.S. waters are protected under the Endangered Species Act of 1973 and the population sizes of all species remain well below historic levels. Shrimp trawling was determined to be the largest source of anthropogenic mortality of many of the species. As a mechanism to reduce the incidental catch of turtles in trawl nets, turtle excluder devices have been required intermittently in the shrimp fishery since 1987, and at all times since 1994. The expanded turtle excluder device (TED) regulations, implemented in 1994, were expected to reduce shrimp trawl capture of sea turtles by 97%. Recent evidence has indicated that the sizes of turtles stranding were not representative of the animals subjected to being captured by the shrimp trawlers. The purpose of our study was to compare the sizes of stranded sea turtles with the size of the TED openings. We compared the sizes of stranded loggerhead (Caretta caretta), green (Chelonia mydas), and Kemp's ridley (Lepidochelys kempii) sea turtles, the three species most commonly found stranded, to the minimum widths and heights of TED openings. We found that annually a large proportion of stranded loggerhead turtles (33-47%) and a small proportion of stranded green turtles (1-7%) are too large to fit through the required minimum-size TED openings. The continued high mortality of sea turtles caused by bottom trawling is reason for concern, especially for the northern subpopulation of loggerhead turtles, which currently is not projected to achieve the federal recovery goal of reaching and maintaining prelisting levels of nesting. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Epperly, SP (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 75 Virginia Beach Dr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NR 43 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 3 U2 17 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 100 IS 3 BP 466 EP 474 PG 9 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 582DA UT WOS:000177333400007 ER PT J AU Gold, JR Pak, E DeVries, DA AF Gold, JR Pak, E DeVries, DA TI Population structure of king mackerel (Scomberomorus cavalla) around peninsular Florida, as revealed by microsatellite DNA SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID GULF-OF-MEXICO; SOUTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; DRUM SCIAENOPS-OCELLATUS; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; SPATIAL AUTOCORRELATION; TEMPORAL VARIATION; WESTERN ATLANTIC; RESTRICTION DATA; MARKERS; POLYMORPHISMS AB A total of 1006 king mackerel (Scomberomorus cavalla) representing 20 discrete samples collected between 1996 and 1998 along the east (Atlantic) and west (Gulf) coasts of Florida and the Florida Keys were assayed for allelic variation at seven nuclear-encoded microsatellites. No significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium expectations were found for six of the microsatellites, and genotypes at all microsatellites were independent. Allele distributions at each microsatellite were independent of sex and age of individuals. Homogeneity tests of spatial distributions of alleles at the microsatellites revealed two weakly divergent "genetic" subpopulations or stocks of king mackerel in Florida waters-one along the Atlantic coast and one along the Gulf coast. Homogeneity tests of allele distributions when samples were pooled along seasonal (temporal) boundaries, consistent with the temporal boundaries used currently for stock assessment and allocation of the king mackerel resource, were nonsignificant. The degree of genetic divergence between the two "genetic" stocks was small: on average, only 0.19% of the total genetic variance across all samples assayed occurred between the two regions. Cluster analysis, assignment tests, and spatial autocorrelation analysis did not generate patterns that were consistent with either geographic or spatial-temporal boundaries. King mackerel sampled from the Florida Keys could not be assigned unequivocally to either "genetic" stock. The genetic data were not consistent with current spatial-temporal boundaries employed in stock assessment and allocation of the king mackerel resource. The genetic differences between king mackerel in the Atlantic versus those in the Gulf most likely stem from reduced gene flow (migration) between the Atlantic and Gulf in relation to gene flow (migration) along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of peninsular Florida. This difference is consistent with findings for other marine fishes where data indicate that the southern Florida peninsula serves (or has served) as a biogeographic boundary. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, Ctr Biosystemat & Biodivers, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Panama City, FL 32408 USA. RP Gold, JR (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Wildlife & Fisheries Sci, Ctr Biosystemat & Biodivers, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NR 51 TC 18 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 6 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 100 IS 3 BP 491 EP 509 PG 19 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 582DA UT WOS:000177333400009 ER PT J AU Jacobson, LD Cadrin, SX AF Jacobson, LD Cadrin, SX TI Stock-rebuilding time isopleths and constant-F stock-rebuilding plans for overfished stocks SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID NATURAL-POPULATIONS; SURPLUS-PRODUCTION; REGRESSION; RECRUITMENT; GROUNDFISH; ANCHOVY; GROWTH; MODEL AB Stock-rebuilding time isopleths relate constant levels of fishing mortality (F), stock biomass, and management goals to rebuilding times for overfished stocks. We used simulation models with uncertainty about F-MSY and variability in annual intrinsic growth rates (r(y)) to calculate rebuilding time isopleths for Georges Bank yellow-tail flounder, Limanda ferruginea, and cowcod rockfish, Sebastes levis, in the Southern California Bight. Stock-rebuilding time distributions from stochastic models were variable and right-skewed, indicating that rebuilding may take less or substantially more time than expected. The probability of long rebuilding times increased with lower biomass, higher F, uncertainty about F-MSY, and autocorrelation in r(y) values. Uncertainty about F-MSY had the greatest effect on rebuilding times. Median recovery times from simulations were insensitive to model assumptions about uncertainty and variability, suggesting that median recovery times should be considered in rebuilding plans. Isopleths calculated in previous studies by deterministic models approximate median, rather than mean, rebuilding times. Stochastic models allow managers to specify and evaluate the risk (measured as a probability) of not achieving a rebuilding goal according to schedule. Rebuilding time isopleths can be used for stocks with a range of life histories and can be based on any type of population dynamics model. They are directly applicable with constant F rebuilding plans but are also useful in other cases. We used new algorithms for simulating autocorrelated process errors from a gamma distribution and evaluated sensitivity to statistical distributions assumed for ry. Uncertainty about current biomass and fishing mortality rates can be considered with rebuilding time isopleths in evaluating and designing constant-F rebuilding plans. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Jacobson, LD (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 166 Water St, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 37 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 100 IS 3 BP 519 EP 536 PG 18 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 582DA UT WOS:000177333400011 ER PT J AU Overholtz, WJ Friedland, KD AF Overholtz, WJ Friedland, KD TI Recovery of the Gulf of Maine-Georges Bank Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) complex: perspectives based on bottom trawl survey data SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article AB NMFS bottom trawl survey data were used to describe changes in distribution, abundance, and rates of population change occurring in the Gulf of Maine-Georges Bank herring (Clupea harengus) complex during 1963-98. Herring in the region have fully recovered following severe over-fishing during the 1960s and 1970s. Three distinct, but seasonally intermingling components from-the Gulf of Maine, Nantucket Shoals (Great South Channel area), and Georges Bank appear to compose the herring resource in the region. Distribution ranges contracted as herring biomass declined in the late 1970s and then the range expanded in the 1990s as herring increased. Analysis of research survey data suggest that herring are currently at high levels of abundance and biomass. All three components of the stock complex, including the Georges Bank component, have recovered to pre-1960s abundance. Survey data support the theory that herring recolonized the Georges Bank region in stages from adjacent components during the late 1980s, most likely from herring spawning in the Gulf of Maine. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Overholtz, WJ (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 166 Water St, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 14 TC 26 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 3 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 100 IS 3 BP 593 EP 608 PG 16 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 582DA UT WOS:000177333400016 ER PT J AU Warlen, SM Able, KW Laban, EH AF Warlen, SM Able, KW Laban, EH TI Recruitment of larval Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus) to North Carolina and New Jersey estuaries: evidence for larval transport northward along the east coast of the United States SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID BLUEFISH POMATOMUS-SALTATRIX; EARLY-LIFE-HISTORY; OF-THE-YEAR; GULF MENHADEN; SARGASSO SEA; MIDDLE; BIGHT; GROWTH; FISHES; IDENTIFICATION AB Age, size, abundance, and birthdate distributions were compared for larval Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus) collected weekly during their estuarine recruitment seasons in 1989-90, 1990-91, and 1992-93 in lower estuaries near Beaufort, North Carolina, and Tuckerton, New Jersey, to determine the source of these larvae. Larval recruitment in New Jersey extended for 9 months beginning in October but was discontinuous and was punctuated by periods of no catch that were associated with low water temperatures. In North Carolina, recruitment was continuous for 5-6 months beginning in November. Total yearly larval density in North Carolina was higher (15-39x) than in New Jersey for each of the 3 years. Larvae collected in North Carolina generally grew faster than larvae collected in New Jersey and were, on average, older and larger. Birthdate distributions (back-calculated from sagittal otolith ages) overlapped between sites and included many larvae that were spawned in winter. Early spawned (through October) larvae caught in the New Jersey estuary were probably spawned off New Jersey. Larvae spawned later (November-April) and collected in the same estuary were probably from south of Cape Hatteras because only there are winter water temperatures warm enough (greater than or equal to16degreesC) to allow spawning and larval development. The percentage contribution of these late-spawned larvae from south of Cape Hatteras were an important, but variable fraction (10% in 1992-93 to 87% in 1989-90) of the total number of larvae recruited to this New Jersey estuary. Thus, this study provides evidence that some B. tyrannus spawned south of Cape Hatteras may reach New Jersey estuarine nurseries. C1 NOAA, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Beaufort Lab, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, Marine Field Stn, Tuckerton, NJ 08087 USA. RP Warlen, SM (reprint author), NOAA, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Beaufort Lab, 101 Pivers Isl Rd, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. NR 62 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 4 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 100 IS 3 BP 609 EP 623 PG 15 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 582DA UT WOS:000177333400017 ER PT J AU Witzell, WN Bass, AL Bresette, MJ Singewald, DA Gorham, JC AF Witzell, WN Bass, AL Bresette, MJ Singewald, DA Gorham, JC TI Origin of immature loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) at Hutchinson Island, Florida: evidence from mtDNA markers SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA MARKERS; POPULATION-STRUCTURE; CHELONIA-MYDAS; DEMOGRAPHIC COMPOSITION; GREEN TURTLES; ATLANTIC; POLYMORPHISMS; MIGRATIONS; COAST; CHI-2 AB Loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) are migratory, long-lived, and slow maturing. They are difficult to study because they are seen rarely and their habitats range over vast stretches of the ocean. Movements of immature turtles between pelagic and coastal developmental habitats are particularly difficult to investigate because of inadequate tagging technologies and the difficulty in capturing significant numbers of turtles at sea. However, genetic markers found in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) provide a basis for predicting the origin of juvenile turtles in developmental habitats. Mixed stock analysis was used to determine which nesting populations were contributing individuals to a foraging aggregation of immature loggerhead turtles (mean 63.3 cm straight carapace length [SCL]) captured in coastal waters off Hutchinson Island, Florida. The results indicated that at least three different western Atlantic loggerhead sea turtle subpopulations contribute to this group: south Florida (69%), Mexico (20%), and northeast Florida-North Carolina (10%). The conservation and management of these immature sea turtles is complicated by their multinational genetic demographics. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Dept Fisheries & Aquat Sci, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. Quantum Resources Inc, Jensen Beach, FL 34957 USA. RP NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 75 Virginia Beach Dr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. EM wayne.witzell@noaa.gov NR 36 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 7 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 EI 1937-4518 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 100 IS 3 BP 624 EP 631 PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 582DA UT WOS:000177333400018 ER PT J AU Rao, YR Murthy, CR McCormick, MJ Miller, GS Saylor, JH AF Rao, YR Murthy, CR McCormick, MJ Miller, GS Saylor, JH TI Observations of circulation and coastal exchange characteristics in southern Lake Michigan during 2000 winter season SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article AB [1] Intermittent satellite images collected over in the last few years have revealed episodic late winter-spring plumes coinciding with northerly storms in southern Lake Michigan. A major inter-disciplinary observational program was initiated to study the importance of these episodic events on nearshore-offshore transport and the subsequent ecological consequences. In this paper, high density observations of winds and currents made during the winter of 2000 are analyzed to study the variability of the coastal circulation and the physical mechanisms resulting in the alongshore and cross-shore transport in the lake. The measurements of currents show the signature of forced two-gyre circulation in the southern basin. During northerly storm episodes the combination of directly wind forced currents and northward propagating vorticity wave generate significant offshore transport in this region. C1 Natl Water Res Inst Branch, Burlington, ON, Canada. Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI USA. RP Rao, YR (reprint author), Natl Water Res Inst Branch, Burlington, ON, Canada. NR 9 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUL 1 PY 2002 VL 29 IS 13 AR 1631 DI 10.1029/2002GL014895 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 610MR UT WOS:000178964300024 ER PT J AU Campbell, J Antoine, D Armstrong, R Arrigo, K Balch, W Barber, R Behrenfeld, M Bidigare, R Bishop, J Carr, ME Esaias, W Falkowski, P Hoepffner, N Iverson, R Kiefer, D Lohrenz, S Marra, J Morel, A Ryan, J Vedernikov, V Waters, K Yentsch, C Yoder, J AF Campbell, J Antoine, D Armstrong, R Arrigo, K Balch, W Barber, R Behrenfeld, M Bidigare, R Bishop, J Carr, ME Esaias, W Falkowski, P Hoepffner, N Iverson, R Kiefer, D Lohrenz, S Marra, J Morel, A Ryan, J Vedernikov, V Waters, K Yentsch, C Yoder, J TI Comparison of algorithms for estimating ocean primary production from surface chlorophyll, temperature, and irradiance SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article DE primary productivity; algorithms; ocean color; remote sensing; satellite; chlorophyll ID LIGHT-PHOTOSYNTHESIS MODEL; NORTH-ATLANTIC; SATELLITE CHLOROPHYLL; PHYTOPLANKTON GROWTH; CARBON; COLOR; SEA; WATERS; ZONE; FLUORESCENCE AB [1] Results of a single-blind round-robin comparison of satellite primary productivity algorithms are presented. The goal of the round-robin exercise was to determine the accuracy of the algorithms in predicting depth-integrated primary production from information amenable to remote sensing. Twelve algorithms, developed by 10 teams, were evaluated by comparing their ability to estimate depth-integrated daily production (IP, mg C m(-2)) at 89 stations in geographically diverse provinces. Algorithms were furnished information about the surface chlorophyll concentration, temperature, photosynthetic available radiation, latitude, longitude, and day of the year. Algorithm results were then compared with IP estimates derived from (14)C uptake measurements at the same stations. Estimates from the best-performing algorithms were generally within a factor of 2 of the (14)C-derived estimates. Many algorithms had systematic biases that can possibly be eliminated by reparameterizing underlying relationships. The performance of the algorithms and degree of correlation with each other were independent of the algorithms' complexity. C1 Univ New Hampshire, Inst Study Earth Oceans & Space, Ocean Proc Anal Lab, Durham, NH 03824 USA. CNRS, INSU, Lab Oceanog Villefranche, F-06238 Villefranche Sur Mer, France. Univ Paris 06, F-06238 Villefranche Sur Mer, France. SUNY Stony Brook, Marine Sci Res Ctr, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Geophys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Bigelow Lab Ocean Sci, Boothbay Harbor, ME 04575 USA. Duke Univ, Marine Lab, Nicholas Sch Environm & Earth Sci, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Hawaii, Dept Oceanog, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Div Earth Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Geol, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. Commiss European Communities, Joint Res Ctr, Inst Environm & Sustainabil, Inland & Marine Waters Unit, I-21020 Ispra, Italy. Florida State Univ, Dept Oceanog, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. Univ So Calif, Dept Biol Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90089 USA. Univ So Mississippi, Dept Marine Sci, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. Monterey Bay Aquarium & Res Inst, Moss Landing, CA 95039 USA. Russian Acad Sci, PP Shirshov Oceanol Inst, Moscow 117997, Russia. NOAA, Coastal Serv Ctr, Charleston, SC 29405 USA. Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Campbell, J (reprint author), Univ New Hampshire, Inst Study Earth Oceans & Space, Ocean Proc Anal Lab, Morse Hall, Durham, NH 03824 USA. EM janet.campbell@unh.edu; david@obs-vlfr.fr; rarmstrong@notes.cc.sunysb.edu; arrigo@pangea.stanford.edu; bbalch@bigelow.org; rbarber@duke.edu; mjb@neptune.gsfc.nasa.gov; bidigare@soest.hawaii.edu; JKBishop@lbl.gov; mec@pacific.jpl.nasa.gov; wayne.esaias@gsfc.nasa.gov; falko@imcs.Rutgers.edu; nicolas.hoepffner@jrc.it; riverson@ocean.fsu.edu; kiefer@physics1.usc.edu; steven.lohrenz@usm.edu; marra@ldeo.columbia.edu; morel@obs-vlfr.fr; ryjo@mbari.org; oleg@manta.sio.rssi.ru; Kirk.Waters@noaa.gov; cyentsch@bigelow.org; jyoder@gso.uri.edu RI Armstrong, Robert/C-9086-2009; Reboreda, Rosa/A-2518-2012; Antoine, David/C-3817-2013 OI Antoine, David/0000-0002-9082-2395 NR 60 TC 100 Z9 103 U1 2 U2 34 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 16 IS 3 AR 1035 DI 10.1029/2001GB001444 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 611GU UT WOS:000179008700010 ER PT J AU Gildor, H Tziperman, E Toggweiler, JR AF Gildor, H Tziperman, E Toggweiler, JR TI Sea ice switch mechanism and glacial-interglacial CO2 variations SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC CARBON-DIOXIDE; WINTER MIXED LAYER; SOUTHERN-OCEAN; THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION; SURFACE-TEMPERATURE; LATE QUATERNARY; NORTH-ATLANTIC; CLIMATE SWITCH; MODEL; CYCLES AB [1] A physical mechanism is proposed for the glacial-interglacial variations in the rate of vertical mixing and in sea ice cover in the Southern Ocean. Such variations were postulated without an explanation by Toggweiler [1999] and Stephens and Keeling [2000], who used them to explain the glacial-interglacial CO2 variations. In the physical mechanism explored here, initially given by Gildor and Tziperman [2001b], changes in the stratification of the Southern Ocean due to the cooling of North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) during glacial maxima reduce the rate of vertical mixing of the surface water with the deep water. The changed temperature of the NADW arriving to the Southern Ocean and the reduced vertical mixing there also increase the Southern Ocean sea ice cover during glacial maxima. These vertical mixing and sea ice cover changes are shown to be a natural result of the sea ice switch mechanism of the glacial cycles. A box model of the climate system is used to demonstrate the above physical mechanism and its effect on the atmospheric CO2. Because of the uncertainties in the exact dependence of the vertical mixing on vertical stratification, it is impossible to quantify the exact separate contribution of reduced vertical mixing and larger sea ice cover to the glacial CO2 variations. The CO2 variations are not essential to the existence of the glacial cycles in the sea ice switch mechanism, yet they are shown to amplify the glacial-interglacial variability, consistent with the view of the role of CO2 deduced from proxy observations. C1 Weizmann Inst Sci, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Gildor, H (reprint author), Weizmann Inst Sci, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel. NR 54 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 16 IS 3 AR 1032 DI 10.1029/2001GB001446 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 611GU UT WOS:000179008700013 ER PT J AU Matsumoto, K Sarmiento, JL Brzezinski, MA AF Matsumoto, K Sarmiento, JL Brzezinski, MA TI Silicic acid leakage from the Southern Ocean: A possible explanation for glacial atmospheric pCO(2) SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article DE glacial atmosphericpCO(2); ocean carbon cycle; box model; GCM; marine silicate cycle; Last Glacial Maximum ID CARBON-ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION; GENERAL-CIRCULATION-MODEL; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC-OCEAN; VOSTOK ICE CORE; BIOGENIC SILICA; TRACER DISTRIBUTIONS; PHYTOPLANKTON BLOOM; IRON FERTILIZATION; ANTHROPOGENIC CO2; EXPORT PRODUCTION AB [1] Using a simple box model, we investigate the effects of a reduced Si: N uptake ratio by Antarctic phytoplankton on the marine silica cycle and atmospheric pCO(2). Recent incubation experiments demonstrate such a phenomenon in diatoms when iron is added [Hutchins and Bruland, 1998; Takeda, 1998; Franck et al., 2000]. The Southern Ocean may have supported diatoms with reduced Si: N uptake ratios compared to today during the dustier glacial times [Petit et al., 1999]. A similar reduction in the uptake ratio may be realized with an increased production of nondiatom phytoplankton such as Phaeocystis. Our model shows that reduced Si: N export ratios in the Southern Ocean create excess silicic acid, which may then be leaked out to lower latitudes. Any significant consumption of the excess silicic acid by diatoms that leads to an enhancement in their growth at the expense of coccolithophorids diminishes CaCO3 production and therefore diminishes the carbonate pump. In our box model the combination of a reduced carbonate pump and an open system carbonate compensation draw down steady state atmospheric CO2 from the interglacial 277 to 230-242 ppm, depending on where the excess silicic acid is consumed. By comparison, the atmospheric pCO(2) sensitivity of general circulation models to carbonate pump forcing is similar to3.5-fold greater, which, combined with carbonate compensation, can account for peak glacial atmospheric pCO(2). We discuss the importance of the initial rain ratio of CaCO3 to organic carbon on atmospheric pCO(2) and relevant sedimentary records that support and constrain this "silicic acid leakage'' scenario. C1 Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Ecol & Evolut & Marine Biol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RP Matsumoto, K (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM kmatsumo@splash.princeton.edu; jls@princeton.edu; brzezins@lifesci.ucsb.edu NR 98 TC 101 Z9 102 U1 0 U2 29 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 16 IS 3 AR 1031 DI 10.1029/2001GB001442 PG 23 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 611GU UT WOS:000179008700014 ER PT J AU Randerson, JT Still, CJ Balle, JJ Fung, IY Doney, SC Tans, PP Conway, TJ White, JWC Vaughn, B Suits, N Denning, AS AF Randerson, JT Still, CJ Balle, JJ Fung, IY Doney, SC Tans, PP Conway, TJ White, JWC Vaughn, B Suits, N Denning, AS TI Carbon isotope discrimination of arctic and boreal biomes inferred from remote atmospheric measurements and a biosphere-atmosphere model SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article DE net primary production; light use efficiency; carbon isotope discrimination; temperature sensitivity of respiration; seasonal cycle of CO2; Q10 respiration factor ID NET PRIMARY PRODUCTION; DIOXIDE EMISSIONS; FOREST ECOSYSTEMS; SOIL RESPIRATION; SEASONAL CYCLE; OCEANIC UPTAKE; C-4 GRASSES; CO2; C-13; PHOTOSYNTHESIS AB [1] Estimating discrimination against C-13 during photosynthesis at landscape, regional, and biome scales is difficult because of large-scale variability in plant stress, vegetation composition, and photosynthetic pathway. Here we present estimates of C-13 discrimination for northern biomes based on a biosphere-atmosphere model and on National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory and Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research remote flask measurements. With our inversion approach, we solved for three ecophysiological parameters of the northern biosphere (delta(13)C discrimination, a net primary production light use efficiency, and a temperature sensitivity of heterotrophic respiration (a Q10 factor)) that provided a best fit between modeled and observed delta(13)C and CO2. In our analysis we attempted to explicitly correct for fossil fuel emissions, remote C4 ecosystem fluxes, ocean exchange, and isotopic disequilibria of terrestrial heterotrophic respiration caused by the Suess effect. We obtained a photosynthetic discrimination for arctic and boreal biomes between 19.0 and 19.6%. Our inversion analysis suggests that Q10 and light use efficiency values that minimize the cost function covary. The optimal light use efficiency was 0.47 gC MJ(-1) photosynthetically active radiation, and the optimal Q10 value was 1.52. Fossil fuel and ocean exchange contributed proportionally more to month-to-month changes in the atmospheric growth rate of delta(13)C and CO2 during winter months, suggesting that remote atmospheric observations during the summer may yield more precise estimates of the isotopic composition of the biosphere. C1 CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. CALTECH, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Ctr Atmospher Sci, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NOAA, Climat Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Randerson, JT (reprint author), CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Mail Stop 100-23, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. RI White, James/A-7845-2009; Doney, Scott/F-9247-2010; Denning, Scott/F-4974-2011 OI White, James/0000-0001-6041-4684; Doney, Scott/0000-0002-3683-2437; Denning, Scott/0000-0003-3032-7875 NR 81 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 0 U2 16 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 16 IS 3 AR 1028 DI 10.1029/2001GB001435 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 611GU UT WOS:000179008700018 ER PT J AU Corbella, I Gasiewski, AJ Klein, M Leuski, V Francavilla, AJ Piepmeier, JR AF Corbella, I Gasiewski, AJ Klein, M Leuski, V Francavilla, AJ Piepmeier, JR TI On-board accurate calibration of dual-channel radiometers using internal and external references SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article DE calibration; radiometry AB This paper presents a method for combining internal noise injection and external reference standard looks to accurately calibrate an airborne dual-channel radiometer. The method allows real-time estimation of the correct values of the radiometer gains and offsets, even for nontemperature-stabilized radiometers and with minimum loss of measurement time spent in external load measurement. Crosstalk and leakage introduced by the noise injection circuitry is also taken into account, thus providing high gain and offset estimation accuracy. The method was implemented on a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration airborne instrument, the Polarimetric Scanning Radiometer, which was used to obtain an extensive set of radiometric measurements over oceanic convection during CAMEX3 in August-September 1998. C1 NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Elect Engn & Comp Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. RI Corbella, Ignasi/E-9578-2013 OI Corbella, Ignasi/0000-0001-5598-7955 NR 4 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI NEW YORK PA 345 E 47TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10017-2394 USA SN 0018-9480 J9 IEEE T MICROW THEORY JI IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 50 IS 7 BP 1816 EP 1820 DI 10.1109/TMTT.2002.800444 PG 5 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA 571ZW UT WOS:000176749900022 ER PT J AU Novick, DG Scholtz, JC AF Novick, DG Scholtz, JC TI Universal usability SO INTERACTING WITH COMPUTERS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Univ Texas, El Paso, TX 79968 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Novick, DG (reprint author), Univ Texas, Mail Code 00518, El Paso, TX 79968 USA. RI Scholtz, Jean/E-8955-2013 NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0953-5438 J9 INTERACT COMPUT JI Interact. Comput. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 14 IS 4 BP 269 EP 270 AR PII S0953-5438(01)00057-1 DI 10.1016/S0953-5438(01)00057-1 PG 2 WC Computer Science, Cybernetics; Ergonomics SC Computer Science; Engineering GA 614CR UT WOS:000179171200001 ER PT J AU Lue, L Woodcock, LV AF Lue, L Woodcock, LV TI Depletion and "fines" effects on transport in hard-sphere colloids SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 14th Symposium on Thermophysical Properties CY JUN 25-30, 2000 CL UNIV COLORADO, BOULDER, COLORADO SP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Amer Soc Mech Engineers, Div Heat Transfer, Comm Thermophys Properties HO UNIV COLORADO DE computer simulation; depletion force; fines effect; hard-sphere ID DENSITY-FUNCTIONAL THEORY; PHASE-SEPARATION; BINARY; FLUIDS; MIXTURES AB The effect of depletion forces induced by the presence of much smaller B spheres (diameter ratio 10/1) in dense hard A spheres has been investigated. Simulations for systems of 10(4) spheres with mole fraction of larger spheres x(A) = 0.05 and with total sphere volume fraction from 0.35 to 0.655 have been carried out. The depletion force steeply increases in the A-A pair distribution function at contact, and creates a lower first coordination and more open network A-structures. There is no evidence of demixing. It is found that in the amorphous solid region there is an enhanced diffusive mobility of the larger spheres, relative to that of pure spheres, at the same densification rates. This observation resembles the "fines" effect that occurs in colloidal suspensions and granular fluids. C1 Colorado Sch Mines, Chem Engn & Petr Refining Dept, Golden, CO 80401 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Natl Univ Singapore, Dept Computat Sci, Singapore 119260, Singapore. RP Lue, L (reprint author), UMIST, Dept Chem Engn, POB 88, Manchester M60 1QD, Lancs, England. RI Lue, Leo/E-7846-2011 OI Lue, Leo/0000-0002-4826-5337 NR 18 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0195-928X J9 INT J THERMOPHYS JI Int. J. Thermophys. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 23 IS 4 BP 937 EP 947 AR UNSP 0195-928X/02/0700-0937/0 DI 10.1023/A:1016373532469 PG 11 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical; Mechanics; Physics, Applied SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Mechanics; Physics GA 574AP UT WOS:000176866400004 ER PT J AU Cole, MW Hubbard, C Ngo, E Ervin, M Wood, M Geyer, RG AF Cole, MW Hubbard, C Ngo, E Ervin, M Wood, M Geyer, RG TI Structure-property relationships in pure and acceptor-doped Ba1-xSrxTiO3 thin films for tunable microwave device applications SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID BARIUM STRONTIUM-TITANATE; DIELECTRIC-PROPERTIES; PERMITTIVITY MEASUREMENTS; MEMORY APPLICATION; CAPACITORS; CERAMICS; MICROSTRUCTURE; TEMPERATURE; RESONATOR; PRESSURE AB The influence of low concentration (1 mol %) Mg doping on the structural, microstructural, surface morphological, and dielectric properties of Ba1-xSrxTiO3 (BST) thin films has been measured and analyzed. The films were fabricated on MgO and Pt-Si substrates via the metalorganic solution deposition technique using carboxylate-alkoxide precursors and postdeposition annealed at 800 degreesC (film/MgO substrates) and 750 degreesC (film/Pt-Si substrates). The structure, microstructure, surface morphology, and film/substrate compositional quality were analyzed by glancing angle x-ray diffraction, field emission scanning microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and Auger electron spectroscopy studies. Dielectric properties of unpatterned films were measured at 10 GHz using a coupled, tuned split dielectric resonator system, and at 100 kHz using metal-insulator-metal capacitors. The Mg-doped BST films exhibited improved dielectric and insulating properties compared to the undoped Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 thin films. The improved dielectric properties, low leakage current, and good dielectric tunability of the low level Mg-doped BST thin films merits strong potential for utilization in tunable microwave devices. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics. C1 USA, Res Lab, Weapons & Mat Res Directorate, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, RF Technol Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Cole, MW (reprint author), USA, Res Lab, Weapons & Mat Res Directorate, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005 USA. EM mcole@arl.army.mil NR 40 TC 171 Z9 187 U1 2 U2 44 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 EI 1089-7550 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD JUL 1 PY 2002 VL 92 IS 1 BP 475 EP 483 DI 10.1063/1.1484231 PG 9 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 564LA UT WOS:000176314800075 ER PT J AU Zheng, LA Barrera, EV Shull, RD AF Zheng, LA Barrera, EV Shull, RD TI Formation and stabilization of nanosize grains in ferromagnetic thin films by dispersed C-60 SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article AB Thermal stability and formation of the nanostructured metal-C-60 films have been studied. Comparative grain growth kinetic studies at 450 degreesC between Co-C-60 and Co films show higher thermal stability and significantly slower grain growth in the Co-C-60 thin film than in the Co film. Atomic force microscope observation shows that the surface of the Co film is coarsened by severe grain growth and formation of surface thermal grooves after annealing at 450 degreesC while the surface of the Co-C-60 film remains smooth due to high thermal stability and slow grain growth in the film. A self-assembly grain growth mechanism is proposed to explain the formation of the uniform columnar nanosize grain structures in these ferromagnetic metal-C-60 thin films. Estimated grain sizes based on this mechanism agree with the experimental measurement and give a relationship between the grain size and the C-60 concentration in these films. These results indicate that C-60 has a dual function of forming and stabilizing the nanosize grains in the metal-C-60 films. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics. C1 Rice Univ, Dept Mech Engn & Mat Sci, Houston, TX 77005 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Magnet Mat Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Zheng, LA (reprint author), Micron Technol Inc, 8000 S Fed Way, Boise, ID 83707 USA. RI Shull, Robert/F-5971-2013 NR 7 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD JUL 1 PY 2002 VL 92 IS 1 BP 523 EP 530 DI 10.1063/1.1481204 PG 8 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 564LA UT WOS:000176314800083 ER PT J AU Matrosov, SY Korolev, AV Heymsfield, AJ AF Matrosov, SY Korolev, AV Heymsfield, AJ TI Profiling cloud ice mass and particle characteristic size from Doppler radar measurements SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID WATER-CONTENT; MICROPHYSICAL PARAMETERS; TERMINAL VELOCITIES; COMBINED LIDAR; CIRRUS; RETRIEVALS; REFLECTIVITY; RADIOMETER; CLIMATE AB A remote sensing method is proposed for the retrievals of vertical profiles of ice cloud microphysical parameters from ground-based measurements of radar reflectivity and Doppler velocity with a vertically pointed cloud radar. This method relates time-averaged Doppler velocities (which are used as a proxy for the reflectivity-weighted particle fall velocities) to particle characteristic sizes such as median or mean. With estimated profiles of particle characteristic size, profiles of cloud ice water content (IWC) are then calculated using reflectivity measurements. The method accounts for the intrinsic correlation between particle sizes and parameters of the fall velocity-size relations. It also accounts for changes of particle bulk density with size. The range of applicability of this method encompasses ice-phase clouds and also mixed-phase clouds that contain liquid drops, which are small compared to ice particles, so the radar signals are dominated by these larger particles. It is, however, limited to the observational situations without strong up- and downdrafts, so the residual of mean vertical air motions is small enough compared to the reflectivity-weighted cloud particle fall velocities. The Doppler-velocity reflectivity method was applied to the data obtained with an 8.6-mm wavelength radar when observing Arctic clouds. Typical retrieval uncertainties are about 35%-40% for particle characteristic size and 60%-70% for IWC, though in some cases IWC uncertainties can be as high as factor of 2 (i.e., -50%, +100%). Comparisons with in situ data for one observational case yielded 25% and 55% differences in retrieved and in situ estimates of characteristic size and IWC, respectively. The results of the microphysical retrievals obtained from the remote sensing method developed here were compared with data obtained from the multisensor technique that utilizes combined radar-IR radiometer measurements. For pure ice-phase layers unobstructed by liquid clouds (i.e., conditions where the multisensor approach is applicable), the relative standard deviations between the results of both remote sensing approaches were about 27% for mean particle size and 38% for IWC, with relative biases of only 5% and 20%, respectively. C1 Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO USA. Atmospher Environm Serv, Downsview, ON, Canada. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP Matrosov, SY (reprint author), R-ET7,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Heymsfield, Andrew/E-7340-2011 NR 35 TC 70 Z9 70 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 19 IS 7 BP 1003 EP 1018 DI 10.1175/1520-0426(2002)019<1003:PCIMAP>2.0.CO;2 PG 16 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 564KB UT WOS:000176312600002 ER PT J AU Matejka, T AF Matejka, T TI Estimating the most steady frame of reference from Doppler radar data SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID STORM AB A method is described to determine the most steady frame of reference of a weather system from data from one or more Doppler radars at three analysis times. The most steady frame of reference is that frame in which the velocity field displays the least mean-square local rate of change. The method makes several improvements on previous attempts: it accommodates data from both stationary and airborne radars, spurious solutions are eliminated, a bias in the solution of the velocity of the most steady frame is removed, and statistical aspects of the formulation are improved. C1 NOAA, NSSL, Forecast Res & Dev Div, Mesoscale Res Boulder, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Matejka, T (reprint author), NOAA, NSSL, Forecast Res & Dev Div, Mesoscale Res Boulder, Mail Code N-C-MRD,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 12 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 19 IS 7 BP 1035 EP 1048 DI 10.1175/1520-0426(2002)019<1035:ETMSFO>2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 564KB UT WOS:000176312600004 ER PT J AU Sugawara, A Fujikawa, K Kusama, K Nishiyama, M Murai, S Takagi, S Chow, LC AF Sugawara, A Fujikawa, K Kusama, K Nishiyama, M Murai, S Takagi, S Chow, LC TI Histopathologic reaction of a calcium phosphate cement for alveolar ridge augmentation SO JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE histopathologic reaction; alveolar ridge augmentation; calcium phosphate cement (CPC); CrC block; implant ID GUIDED TISSUE REGENERATION; BONE REGENERATION; IMPLANT PLACEMENT; DOG; BIOCOMPATIBILITY; HYDROXYAPATITE; MEMBRANES AB The objective of the present study was to evaluate the feasibility of using a calcium phosphate cement (CPC) in the reconstruction of a defective alveolar ridge in conjunction with implant placement. The CPC consisted of an equimolar amount of tetracalcium phosphate and dicalcium phosphate anhydrous. At the beginning of the experiment, all mandibular premolar teeth of mature beagle dogs were extracted. After 1 month of healing, alveolar bone was reduced to make a space for a CPC block that was prefabricated from a CPC mixed with water at a powder/liquid ratio of 5 g/mL. After an additional month, 8-mm long hydroxyapatite-coated titanium implants were placed in such a way that the apical half was embedded into alveolar bone and the coronal half in the preformed CPC block. The dogs were sacrificed and biopsies were obtained at 1, 3, and 6 months after surgery. Sections that included implants were evaluated for integration of the CPC block to the alveolar bone and of the implant to the alveolar bone. Additional sections without the implants served as controls. The results obtained from this study show that the CPC ridge augmentation gradually is replaced by natural bone. Six months after surgery, histopathologic features of the augmentation area were quite similar to those of natural alveolar bone. The coronal half of the implants, previously surrounded by the CPC block, was firmly fixed by natural bone. Therefore, this method may be useful for increasing the height of the alveolar ridge. (C) 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 Nihon Univ, Sch Dent, Chiyoda Ku, Tokyo, Japan. Meikai Univ, Sch Dent, Sakado, Saitama, Japan. NIST, Amer Dent Assoc, Hlth Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Sugawara, A (reprint author), Nihon Univ, Sch Dent, Chiyoda Ku, 1-8-13 Kanda Surugadai, Tokyo, Japan. FU NIDCR NIH HHS [DE11789] NR 27 TC 33 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 0 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0021-9304 J9 J BIOMED MATER RES JI J. Biomed. Mater. Res. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 61 IS 1 BP 47 EP 52 DI 10.1002/jbm.10010 PG 6 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 556GA UT WOS:000175840000007 PM 12001245 ER PT J AU Marsh, KN Perkins, RA Ramires, MLV AF Marsh, KN Perkins, RA Ramires, MLV TI Measurement and correlation of the thermal conductivity of propane from 86 K to 600 K at pressures to 70 MPa SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING DATA LA English DT Article ID HOT-WIRE METHOD; CRITICAL REGION; LIQUID PROPANE; FLUIDS; APPARATUS; ETHANE; BUTANE; GASES AB New experimental data on the thermal conductivity of propane are reported that allow improved correlations to be developed. Previous correlations have been limited by a lack of thermal-conductivity data for the vapor at temperatures below 300 K and liquid data near the critical point. In addition, significant discrepancies were noted in the high-temperature dilute-gas thermal conductivity. The present data cover the temperature range from the triple point at 85.5 K to 600 K and the pressure range 0.1 to 70 MPa. They are estimated to have an uncertainty of 1% for measurements removed from the critical point and at pressures above 1 MPa, which increases to 3% in the critical region and 4% at low pressures (<1 MPa). These new experimental data are used together with the previously available data to develop improved correlations for the thermal conductivity of propane. The thermal-conductivity correlation for propane is estimated to have an uncertainty of about 3% at a 95% confidence level, with the exception of state points near the critical point and the dilute gas, where the uncertainty of the correlation increases to 5%. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Exptl Properties Fluids Grp, Phys Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Perkins, RA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Exptl Properties Fluids Grp, Phys Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. OI Perkins, Richard/0000-0002-8526-6742 NR 38 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-9568 J9 J CHEM ENG DATA JI J. Chem. Eng. Data PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 47 IS 4 BP 932 EP 940 DI 10.1021/je010001m PG 9 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Engineering GA 573BD UT WOS:000176808700047 ER PT J AU Wang, CZ AF Wang, CZ TI Atlantic climate variability and its associated atmospheric circulation cells SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; EAST-WEST CIRCULATIONS; TROPICAL ATLANTIC; DECADAL VARIABILITY; SOUTHERN-OSCILLATION; SST VARIABILITY; WARM EVENTS; OCEAN; EQUATORIAL; ENSO AB Phenomena important for Atlantic climate variability include the Atlantic zonal equatorial mode, the tropical Atlantic meridional gradient mode, and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). These climate phenomena and their associated atmospheric circulation cells are described and discussed using the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis field and the NCEP sea surface temperature (SST) from January 1950 to December 1999. Atmospheric divergent wind and vertical motion are used for the identification of atmospheric circulation cells. During the peak phase of the Atlantic equatorial mode, the Atlantic Walker circulation weakens and extends eastward, which results in surface westerly wind anomalies in the equatorial western Atlantic. These westerly wind anomalies are partly responsible for warming in the equatorial eastern Atlantic that occurs in the second half of the year. The Atlantic equatorial mode involves a positive ocean-atmosphere feedback associated with the Atlantic Walker circulation, similar to the Pacific El Nino. The tropical Atlantic meridional gradient mode is characterized by a strong SST gradient between the tropical North Atlantic (TNA) and the tropical South Atlantic. Corresponding to the meridional gradient mode is an atmospheric meridional circulation cell in which the air rises over the warm SST anomaly region, flows toward the cold SST anomaly region aloft, sinks in the cold SST anomaly region, then crosses the equator toward the warm SST region in the lower troposphere. The analysis presented here suggests that the Pacific El Nino can affect the TNA through the Walker and Hadley circulations, favoring the TNA warming in the subsequent spring of the Pacific El Nino year. The NAO, characterized by strong westerly airflow between the Icelandic low and the Azores high, is also related to an atmospheric meridional circulation. During the high NAO index, the atmospheric Ferrel and Hadley cells are strengthened, consistent with surface westerly and easterly wind anomalies in the North Atlantic and in the mid-to-tropical Atlantic, respectively. C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Phys Oceanog Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Wang, CZ (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Phys Oceanog Div, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RI Wang, Chunzai /C-9712-2009 OI Wang, Chunzai /0000-0002-7611-0308 NR 51 TC 102 Z9 114 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 15 IS 13 BP 1516 EP 1536 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<1516:ACVAIA>2.0.CO;2 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 564QR UT WOS:000176325500002 ER PT J AU Higgins, RW Leetmaa, A Kousky, VE AF Higgins, RW Leetmaa, A Kousky, VE TI Relationships between climate variability and winter temperature extremes in the United States SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURES; EXTRATROPICAL CIRCULATION; SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; AIR-TEMPERATURE; ANNULAR MODES; PRECIPITATION; ENSO; PREDICTABILITY; REANALYSIS; PATTERNS AB Time series representing two of the climate systems leading patterns of variability, namely El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Arctic Oscillation (AO), are used together with 50 yr of daily mean surface air temperature data over the conterminous United States to diagnose relationships between winter temperature extremes and interannual climate variability. The aim is to focus attention on some of the physical phenomena that climate models must be able to simulate in order to be deemed credible for use in weather and climate forecasts and assessments. Since the 1950s there has been considerable decadal variability in winter surface air temperature extremes. At most locations in the United States the number of daily extremes is reduced during El Nino, and increased during La Nina and ENSO-neutral years. These changes are qualitatively consistent with a decrease in the daily mean surface air temperature variance during El Nino relative to La Nina and ENSO neutral. Changes in the number of warm extremes during a particular AO phase are largely compensated for by changes in the number of cold extremes, so that the net change in the numbers of surface air temperature extremes is close to zero. However, the AO is associated with larger changes in mean temperature than ENSO. C1 NOAA, Climate Predict Ctr, NWS, NCEP, Washington, DC USA. RP Higgins, RW (reprint author), NOAA, Anal Branch, Climate Predict Ctr, NWS NCEP, 5200 Auth Rd,Room 605A, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. NR 34 TC 82 Z9 85 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 15 IS 13 BP 1555 EP 1572 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<1555:RBCVAW>2.0.CO;2 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 564QR UT WOS:000176325500004 ER PT J AU Reynolds, RW Rayner, NA Smith, TM Stokes, DC Wang, WQ AF Reynolds, RW Rayner, NA Smith, TM Stokes, DC Wang, WQ TI An improved in situ and satellite SST analysis for climate SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE-TEMPERATURE; INTERPOLATION; SYSTEM AB A weekly 18 spatial resolution optimum interpolation (OI) sea surface temperature (SST) analysis has been produced at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) using both in situ and satellite data from November 1981 to the present. The weekly product has been available since 1993 and is widely used for weather and climate monitoring and forecasting. Errors in the satellite bias correction and the sea ice to SST conversion algorithm are discussed, and then an improved version of the OI analysis is developed. The changes result in a modest reduction in the satellite bias that leaves small global residual biases of roughly -0.03degreesC. The major improvement in the analysis occurs at high latitudes due to the new sea ice algorithm where local differences between the old and new analysis can exceed 1degreesC. Comparisons with other SST products are needed to determine the consistency of the OI. These comparisons show that the differences among products occur on large time- and space scales with monthly rms differences exceeding 0.5degreesC in some regions. These regions are primarily the mid- and high-latitude Southern Oceans and the Arctic where data are sparse, as well as high-gradient areas such as the Gulf Stream and Kuroshio where the gradients cannot be properly resolved on a 18 grid. In addition, globally averaged differences of roughly 0.05degreesC occur among the products on decadal scales. These differences primarily arise from the same regions where the rms differences are large. However, smaller unexplained differences also occur in other regions of the midlatitude Northern Hemisphere where in situ data should be adequate. C1 NOAA, NWS, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Camp Springs, MD USA. Sci Applicat Int Corp, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Reynolds, RW (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, Natl Climat Data Ctr, 151 Patton Ave, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. RI kohki, sowa/D-2955-2011; Smith, Thomas M./F-5626-2010 OI Smith, Thomas M./0000-0001-7469-7849 NR 37 TC 2201 Z9 2319 U1 23 U2 153 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 15 IS 13 BP 1609 EP 1625 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<1609:AIISAS>2.0.CO;2 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 564QR UT WOS:000176325500007 ER PT J AU Overland, JE Wang, MY Bond, NA AF Overland, JE Wang, MY Bond, NA TI Recent temperature changes in the Western Arctic during spring SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID NORTH-ATLANTIC OSCILLATION; WINTER; TRENDS; REANALYSIS; HEIGHT AB The lower troposphere of the western Arctic (eastern Siberia to northern Canada) was relatively warm during spring in the 1990s. Based on the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis, supplemented by the Television Infrared Observational Satellite (TIROS) Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS) Polar Pathfinder dataset, this warmth is a result of a recent increase in the frequency of warm months, compared to the previous four decades. The primary difference between four notably warm springs in the 1990s and four cold springs in the 1980s was the sense of the horizontal advection term in a lower-tropospheric heat budget for northern Alaska/southern Beaufort Sea. While the horizontal advection of heat was highly episodic, it was related to changes in the mean circulation at low levels, in particular a shift from anomalous northeasterly flow in the 1980s to anomalous southwesterly flow in the 1990s during March and April. This change in the low-level winds in the western Arctic coincided with a systematic shift in the Arctic Oscillation (AO) near the end of the 1980s, and reflects the equivalent barotropic nature of the AO. The stratospheric temperature anomalies associated with the AO were greatest in March; the low-level wind anomalies brought about near-surface temperature anomalies in northern Alaska that peaked in April. In addition to substantial decadal differences, there was considerable month-to-month and year-to-year variability within the last two decades. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Oceans, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Overland, JE (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Bldg 3,7600 Sand Point Way Ne, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RI Wang, Muyin/K-4006-2014 NR 22 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 15 IS 13 BP 1702 EP 1716 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<1702:RTCITW>2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 564QR UT WOS:000176325500013 ER PT J AU Park, T Bowker, JM Leeworthy, VR AF Park, T Bowker, JM Leeworthy, VR TI Valuing snorkeling visits to the Florida Keys with stated and revealed preference models SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE coral reef management; nonmarket valuation; recreation demand models; stated and revealed; preference; contingent valuation surveys; count data models ID WORLDS CORAL-REEFS AB Coastal coral reefs, especially in the Florida Keys, are declining at a disturbing rate. Marine ecologists and reef scientists have emphasized the importance of establishing nonmarket values of coral reefs to. assess the cost effectiveness of coral reef management and remediation programs. The purpose of this paper is to develop a travel cost-contingent valuation model of demand for trips to the Florida Keys focusing on willingness to pay (WTP) to preserve the current water quality and health of the coral reefs. The stated and revealed preference models allow the marginal valuation of recreationists to adjust depending on current and planned trip commitments in valuing nonmarginal policy changes in recreational opportunities. The integrated model incorporates key factors for establishing baseline amenity values for tourist dive sites, including perceptions of reef quality and dive conditions, the role of substitute sites, and the quality and availability of tourist facilities and recreation opportunities. The travel cost and WTP model differ in identifying critical variables and provide insight into the adjustment of trip decisions across alternative destination sites and the valuation of trips. In contrast to the travel cost model, a measure of the availability of substitute sites and total recreation activities does not have a significant impact on WTP valuations reported by snorkelers. Snorkelers engage in a relatively focused set of activities, suggesting that these recreationists may not shift expenditures to other sites or other recreation activities in the Florida Keys when confronted with increased access costs for the snorkeling experience. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Georgia, Dept Agr & Appl Econ, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Agr & Appl Econ, Athens, GA 30602 USA. US Forest Serv, USDA, So Forest Res Stn, Outdoor Recreat & Wilderness Assessment Grp, Athens, GA 30602 USA. US Dept Commerce, Strateg Environm Assessment Div, Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Park, T (reprint author), Univ Georgia, Dept Agr & Appl Econ, 313C Conner Hall, Athens, GA 30602 USA. EM tpark@agecon.uga.edu NR 24 TC 30 Z9 33 U1 1 U2 18 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0301-4797 EI 1095-8630 J9 J ENVIRON MANAGE JI J. Environ. Manage. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 65 IS 3 BP 301 EP 312 DI 10.1006/jema.2002.0552 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 588WF UT WOS:000177724600006 PM 12357661 ER PT J AU Kongoli, CE Bland, WL AF Kongoli, CE Bland, WL TI Influence of manure application on surface energy and snow cover: Field experiments SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID PHOSPHORUS LOSSES; RUNOFF; TILLAGE; TRANSPORT; ALBEDO; WATER; SOIL AB Application of manure to frozen and/or snow-covered soils of high-latitude, continental climate regions is associated with enhanced P losses to surface water bodies, but the practice is an essential part of most animal farming systems in these regions. Field experiments of the fates of winter-applied manure P are so difficult as to make them essentially impractical, so a mechanistic, modeling approach is required. Central to a mechanistic understanding of manure P snow-melt runoff is knowledge of snowpack disappearance (ablation) as affected by manure application. The objective of this study was to learn how solid manure applied to snow-covered fields modulates the surface energy balance and thereby snow cover ablation. Manure landspreading experiments were conducted in Arlington, WI during the winters of 1998 and 1999. Solid dairy manure was applied on top of snow at a rate of 70 Mg ha(-1) in 1998, and at 45 and 100 Mg ha(-1) in 1999. Results showed that the manure retarded melt, in proportion to the rate applied. The low-albedo manure increased absorption of shortwave radiation compared with snow, but this extra energy was lost in longwave radiation and turbulent flux of sensible and latent heat. These losses result in significant attenuation of melt peaks, retarding snowmelt. Lower snowmelt rates beneath manure may allow more infiltration of meltwater compared with bare snow. This infiltration and attenuated snowmelt runoff may partially mitigate the enhanced likelihood of P runoff from unincorporated winter-spread manure. C1 NOAA, ORA, NESDIS, Atmospher Res & Applicat Div, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Soil Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Kongoli, CE (reprint author), NOAA, ORA, NESDIS, Atmospher Res & Applicat Div, 5200 Auth Rd,Rm 601 WWB, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RI Baulch, Helen/I-9529-2012 NR 43 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 31 IS 4 BP 1166 EP 1173 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 574YL UT WOS:000176918200012 PM 12175034 ER PT J AU Kongoli, CE Bland, WL AF Kongoli, CE Bland, WL TI Influence of manure application on surface energy and snow cover: Model development and sensitivities SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY LA English DT Article ID NONPOINT-SOURCE POLLUTION; INFORMATION-SYSTEMS; SIMULATION; TRANSPORT AB Winter landspreading is an important part of manure management in the U.S. Upper Midwest. Although the practice is thought to lead to excessive P runoff losses, surprisingly little has been learned from field experiments or current water quality models. We captured knowledge gained from winter manure landspreading experiments by modifying a mechanistic snow ablation model to include manure. The physically based, modified model simulated the observed delay in snow cover disappearance and surface energy balance changes caused by application of the manure. Additional model simulations of surface energy balance estimates of radiation and turbulent fluxes showed that during intense melting events the manure on top of snow significantly reduced the energy available for melt of the snow underneath, slowing melt. The effect was most pronounced when snowmelt was driven by both relatively high solar radiation and turbulent heat fluxes. High absorbed shortwave radiation caused significant warming of the manure, which led to substantial losses in turbulent fluxes and longwave radiation. Simulations of snowmelt also showed that manure applications between 45 and 100 Mg ha(-1) significantly reduced peak snowmelt rates, in proportion to the manure applied. Lower snowmelt rates beneath manure may allow more infiltration of meltwater compared with bare snow. This infiltration and attenuated snowmelt runoff may partially mitigate the enhanced likelihood of P runoff from unincorporated winter-spread manure. C1 NOAA, ORA, NESDIS, Atmospher Res & Applicat Div, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Dept Soil Sci, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Kongoli, CE (reprint author), NOAA, ORA, NESDIS, Atmospher Res & Applicat Div, 5200 Auth Rd,Rm 601 WWB, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RI Baulch, Helen/I-9529-2012 NR 33 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC AGRONOMY PI MADISON PA 677 S SEGOE RD, MADISON, WI 53711 USA SN 0047-2425 J9 J ENVIRON QUAL JI J. Environ. Qual. PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 31 IS 4 BP 1174 EP 1183 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 574YL UT WOS:000176918200013 PM 12175035 ER PT J AU Marshall, J AF Marshall, J TI L-1-norm pre-analysis measures for geodetic networks SO JOURNAL OF GEODESY LA English DT Article DE estimation; statistics; probability; linear programming; redundancy numbers; gross error detection AB Several pre-analysis measures which help to expose the behavior of L-1-norm minimization solutions are described. The pre-analysis measures are primarily based on familiar elements of the linear programming solution to L-1-norm minimization, such as slack variables and the reduced-cost vector. By examining certain elements of the linear programming solution in a probabilistic light, it is possible to derive the cumulative distribution function (CDF) associated with univariate L-1-norm residuals. Unlike traditional least squares (LS) residual CDFs, it is found that L-1-norm residual CDFs fail to follow the normal distribution in general, and instead are characterized by both discrete and continuous (i.e. piecewise) segments. It is also found that an L-1 equivalent to LS redundancy numbers exists and that these L-1 equivalents are a byproduct of the univariate L-1 univariate residual CDF. Probing deeper into the linear programming solution, it is found that certain combinations of observations which are capable of tolerating large-magnitude gross errors can be predicted by comprehensively tabulating the signs of slack variables associated with the L-1 residuals. The developed techniques are illustrated on a two-dimensional trilateration network. C1 Natl Geodet Survey, NOS, NGS6, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Marshall, J (reprint author), Natl Geodet Survey, NOS, NGS6, 1315 East West Highway,Room 8138, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 14 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 1 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0949-7714 J9 J GEODESY JI J. Geodesy PD JUL PY 2002 VL 76 IS 6-7 BP 334 EP 344 DI 10.1007/s00190-002-0254-9 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Remote Sensing SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Remote Sensing GA 584DP UT WOS:000177452200004 ER PT J AU Antuna, JC Robock, A Stenchikov, GL Thomason, LW Barnes, JE AF Antuna, JC Robock, A Stenchikov, GL Thomason, LW Barnes, JE TI Lidar validation of SAGE II aerosol measurements after the 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE lidar; volcano; satellite; stratosphere; SAGE-II; aerosol ID STRATOSPHERIC AEROSOL; VOLCANIC-ERUPTION; MAUNA-LOA; EXTINCTION MEASUREMENTS; BACKSCATTER; SIMULATION; INVERSION; SATELLITE; PROFILES; TRACKING AB [1] After the Mount Pinatubo volcanic eruption on 15 June 1991 the Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) II instrument made extensive aerosol extinction retrievals using the limb-viewing technique. In regions of high-aerosol loading, SAGE II was not able to make measurements, resulting in large information gaps both in latitudinal and in longitudinal coverage as well as in the vertical. Here we examine the possibility of filling the vertical gaps using lidar data. We compare every coincident backscattering measurement (at a wavelength of 0.694 mum) from two lidars, at Mauna Loa, Hawaii (19.5degreesN, 155.6degreesW), and at Hampton Virginia (37.1degreesN, 76.3degreesW), for the 2-year period after the Pinatubo eruption with the SAGE II version 6.0 extinctions at 0.525 and 1.02 mum wavelengths. This is the most comprehensive comparison ever of lidar data with satellite data for the Pinatubo period. We convert backscattering to extinction at the above wavelengths. At altitudes and times with coincident coverage, the SAGE II extinction measurements agree well with the lidar data but less so during the first six months after the eruption, due to the heterogeneity of the aerosol cloud. This shows that lidar data can be combined with satellite data to give an improved stratospheric aerosol data set. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Dept Environm Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. NOAA, CMDL, Mauna Loa Observ, Hilo, HI 96721 USA. RP Antuna, JC (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Dept Environm Sci, 14 Coll Farm Rd, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. RI Georgiy, Stenchikov/J-8569-2013; Robock, Alan/B-6385-2016 NR 40 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0747-7309 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 107 IS D14 AR 4194 DI 10.1029/2001JD001441 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 610TQ UT WOS:000178977300035 ER PT J AU Cunnold, DM Steele, LP Fraser, PJ Simmonds, PG Prinn, RG Weiss, RF Porter, LW O'Doherty, S Langenfelds, RL Krummel, PB Wang, HJ Emmons, L Tie, XX Dlugokencky, EJ AF Cunnold, DM Steele, LP Fraser, PJ Simmonds, PG Prinn, RG Weiss, RF Porter, LW O'Doherty, S Langenfelds, RL Krummel, PB Wang, HJ Emmons, L Tie, XX Dlugokencky, EJ TI In situ measurements of atmospheric methane at GAGE/AGAGE sites during 1985-2000 and resulting source inferences SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE methane measurements; methane modeling; tropospheric methane; methane trends ID CHEMICAL-TRANSPORT MODEL; GROWTH-RATE; NORTHERN-HEMISPHERE; TROPOSPHERIC METHANE; DRAMATIC DECREASE; GLOBAL TRENDS; TRACE GASES; MACE-HEAD; ICE-CORE; EMISSIONS AB [1] Continuous measurements of methane since 1986 at the Global Atmospherics Gases Experiment/Advanced Global Atmospherics Gases Experiment (GAGE/AGAGE) surface sites are described. The precisions range from approximately 10 ppb at Mace Head, Ireland, during GAGE to better than 2 ppb at Cape Grim, Tasmania, during AGAGE (i.e., since 1993). The measurements exhibit good agreement with coincident measurements of air samples from the same locations analyzed by Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory (CMDL) except for differences of approximately 5 ppb before 1989 (GAGE lower) and about 4 ppb from 1991 to 1995 (GAGE higher). These results are obtained before applying a factor of 1.0119 to the GAGE/AGAGE values to place them on the Tohoku University scale. The measurements combined with a 12-box atmospheric model and an assumed atmospheric lifetime of 9.1 years indicates net annual emissions (emissions minus soil sinks) of 545 Tg CH4 with a variability of only +/-20 Tg from 1985 to 1997 but an increase in the emissions in 1998 of 37 +/- 10 Tg. The effect of OH changes inferred by Prinn et al. [2001] is to increase the estimated methane emissions by approximately 20 Tg in the mid-1980s and to reduce them by 20 Tg in 1997 and by more thereafter. Using a two-dimensional (2-D), 12-box model with transport constrained by the GAGE/AGAGE chlorofluorocarbon measurements, we calculate that the proportion of the emissions coming from the Northern Hemisphere is between 73 and 81%, depending on the OH distribution used. However, this result includes an adjustment of 5% derived from a simulation of the 2-D estimation procedure using the 3-D MOZART model. This adjustment is needed because of the very different spatial emission distributions of the chlorofluorocarbons and methane which makes chlorofluorocarbons derived transport rates inaccurate for the 2-D simulation of methane. The 2-D model combined with the annual cycle in OH from Spivakovsky et al. [2000] provide an acceptable fit to the observed 12-month cycles in methane. The trend in the amplitude of the annual cycle of methane at Cape Grim is used to infer a trend in OH in 30degrees-90degreesS of 0 +/- 5% per decade from 1985 to 2000, in qualitative agreement with Prinn et al. [2001] for the Southern Hemisphere. C1 Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. CSIRO, Aspendale, Vic 3195, Australia. Univ Bristol, Sch Chem, Bristol BS8 1TS, Avon, England. MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02168 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Bur Meteorol, Cape Grim Baseline Air Pollut Stn, Smithton, Tas 7330, Australia. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Cunnold, DM (reprint author), Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. RI Steele, Paul/B-3185-2009; Fraser, Paul/D-1755-2012; Langenfelds, Raymond/B-5381-2012; Krummel, Paul/A-4293-2013; Emmons, Louisa/R-8922-2016 OI Steele, Paul/0000-0002-8234-3730; Krummel, Paul/0000-0002-4884-3678; Emmons, Louisa/0000-0003-2325-6212 NR 59 TC 71 Z9 71 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0747-7309 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 107 IS D14 AR 4225 DI 10.1029/2001JD001226 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 610TQ UT WOS:000178977300004 ER PT J AU Darby, LS Banta, RM Brewer, WA Neff, WD Marchbanks, RD McCarty, BJ Senff, CJ White, AB Angevine, WM Williams, EJ AF Darby, LS Banta, RM Brewer, WA Neff, WD Marchbanks, RD McCarty, BJ Senff, CJ White, AB Angevine, WM Williams, EJ TI Vertical variations in O-3 concentrations before and after a gust front passage SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE Doppler lidar; ozone lidar; gust front; nocturnal ozone increase; Southern Oxidants Study; vertical ozone distribution ID THUNDERSTORM OUTFLOW; DOPPLER RADAR; COMPLEX TERRAIN; GRAVITY CURRENT; BOUNDARY-LAYER; OZONE; SODAR; TURBULENCE; DYNAMICS; LIDAR AB [1] Two consecutive increases in surface ozone, occurring after the cessation of photochemical ozone production, are investigated. A unique suite of instruments, including an ozone profiling lidar, a Doppler lidar, surface chemistry sensors, surface meteorological sensors, and a radar wind profiler, was deployed during the Southern Oxidants Study of 1999 in Nashville, Tennesee. Time series of ozone at 10, 405, and 1035 m above ground level (AGL) on 22 June 1999 showed variations in the vertical gradient of ozone over the course of the afternoon and evening. Analysis of time series of vertical velocity at 8 m AGL and its standard deviation, the variance in Doppler lidar calculated horizontal wind speed from near the surface to 500 m AGL, wind profiles, and meteorological surface station data, revealed mechanisms responsible for these changes in ozone. An early evening rise in surface ozone occurred with the passage of a thunderstorm gust front. Analysis showed that downward mixing of ozone-rich air from a residual layer (RL) of ozone above 400 m caused a sharp rise in ozone at the surface and a decrease of ozone in the RL. Doppler lidar measurements showed details of the postgust front wind flow, such as the depth of the air mass behind the front, the turbulent wake region, and inferred vertical velocities throughout a layer several hundred meters deep. The second rise in surface ozone was caused by turbulent mixing due to elevated directional wind shear, which mixed ozone-rich air down to the surface. C1 NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Darby, LS (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Darby, Lisa/A-8037-2009; Williams, Eric/F-1184-2010; McCarty, Brandi/H-5971-2013; Angevine, Wayne/H-9849-2013; Senff, Christoph/I-2592-2013; Brewer, Wm Alan/I-3920-2013; Marchbanks, Richard/I-4410-2013; Banta, Robert/B-8361-2008; Neff, William/E-2725-2010 OI Darby, Lisa/0000-0003-1271-0643; Angevine, Wayne/0000-0002-8021-7116; Neff, William/0000-0003-4047-7076 NR 26 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0747-7309 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 107 IS D13 AR 4176 DI 10.1029/2001JD000996 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 610TN UT WOS:000178977100009 ER PT J AU Key, JR Yang, P Baum, BA Nasiri, SL AF Key, JR Yang, P Baum, BA Nasiri, SL TI Parameterization of shortwave ice cloud optical properties for various particle habits SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE clouds; optical properties; radiative transfer; ice particles ID SINGLE-SCATTERING PROPERTIES; MODELING CIRRUS CLOUDS; RADIATIVE PROPERTIES; LIGHT-SCATTERING; MULTIPLE-SCATTERING; CLIMATE MODELS; CRYSTAL SHAPE; SIZE; SOLAR; SENSITIVITY AB [1] The relative importance of ice clouds in the climate system is highly uncertain. Measurements of their microphysical properties are sparse, especially given their complex structure and large variability in particle size, shape, and density. To better understand the role of ice clouds in the climate system, parameterizations of their radiative properties are needed. The shortwave bulk optical properties of seven ice particle shapes, or "habits, '' are parameterized as a function of the effective "radius'' and ice water content by integrating the scattering properties over 30 in situ size distributions. The particle habits are solid and hollow hexagonal columns, hexagonal plates, two- and three-dimensional bullet rosettes, aggregates of columns, and dendrites. Parameterizations of the volume extinction coefficient, single-scattering albedo, and the asymmetry parameter are presented for 6, 24, and 56 band shortwave schemes from 0.2 to 5.0 mum. Applications to downwelling flux and upwelling radiance calculations indicate that differences in fluxes for various habits can be more than 15%, and differences in retrievals of cloud optical depth from satellite visible reflectances can be more than 50%. C1 NOAA, Off Res & Applicat, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Cooperat Inst Meteorol Satellite Studies, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Key, JR (reprint author), NOAA, Off Res & Applicat, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, 1225 W Dayton St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RI Yang, Ping/B-4590-2011; Key, Jeffrey/F-5597-2010; Nasiri, Shaima/C-8044-2011; Baum, Bryan/B-7670-2011 OI Key, Jeffrey/0000-0001-6109-3050; Baum, Bryan/0000-0002-7193-2767 NR 35 TC 73 Z9 75 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0747-7309 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 107 IS D13 AR 4181 DI 10.1029/2001JD000742 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 610TN UT WOS:000178977100004 ER PT J AU Li, QB Jacob, DJ Bey, I Palmer, PI Duncan, BN Field, BD Martin, RV Fiore, AM Yantosca, RM Parrish, DD Simmonds, PG Oltmans, SJ AF Li, QB Jacob, DJ Bey, I Palmer, PI Duncan, BN Field, BD Martin, RV Fiore, AM Yantosca, RM Parrish, DD Simmonds, PG Oltmans, SJ TI Transatlantic transport of pollution and its effects on surface ozone in Europe and North America SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE transatlantic transport; pollution; ozone; NAO index ID MARINE BOUNDARY-LAYER; CARBON-MONOXIDE MEASUREMENTS; LONG-RANGE TRANSPORT; ATLANTIC OSCILLATION; UNITED-STATES; MACE-HEAD; CLIMATE VARIABILITY; TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; AIR-POLLUTION; GLOBAL ATMOSPHERE AB [1] We examine the transatlantic transport of anthropogenic ozone and its impact on surface ozone in Europe and North America by using a 5-year (1993-1997) simulation with the GEOS-CHEM global three-dimensional model of tropospheric chemistry. Longterm time series of ozone and CO at Mace Head (Ireland) and Sable Island (Canada) are used to evaluate transatlantic transport in the model. North American anthropogenic emissions contribute on average 5 ppbv to surface ozone at Mace Head, and up to 1020 ppbv during transatlantic transport events, which are forerunners of broader events in Europe. These events are associated with low-level westerly flow driven by an intense Icelandic low between Iceland and the British Isles. North American influence on ozone at Mace Head is strongly correlated with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), implying that the NAO index can be used to forecast transatlantic transport of North American pollution to Europe. European anthropogenic emissions contribute on average less than 2 ppbv to surface ozone at Sable Island but up to 5-10 ppbv during transatlantic transport events. These events are associated with low-level easterly flow established by anomalous low pressure at 45degreesN over the North Atlantic. North American anthropogenic emissions enhance surface ozone in continental Europe by 2-4 ppbv on average in summer and by 5-10 ppbv during transatlantic transport events; transport in the boundary layer and subsidence from the free troposphere are both important mechanisms. We find in the model that 20% of the violations of the European Council ozone standard (55 ppbv, 8-hour average) in the summer of 1997 over Europe would not have occurred in the absence of anthropogenic emissions from North America. North American influence on surface ozone in Europe is particularly strong at the thresholds used for the European standards (55-65 ppbv). C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Harvard Univ, Div Engn & Appl Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80803 USA. Univ Bristol, Sch Chem, Bristol BS8 1TS, Avon, England. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80803 USA. RP Li, QB (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Pierce Hall,29 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RI Martin, Randall/A-2051-2008; Palmer, Paul/F-7008-2010; Parrish, David/E-8957-2010; Duncan, Bryan/A-5962-2011; Martin, Randall/C-1205-2014; Chem, GEOS/C-5595-2014 OI Parrish, David/0000-0001-6312-2724; Martin, Randall/0000-0003-2632-8402; NR 71 TC 149 Z9 150 U1 4 U2 19 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0747-7309 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 107 IS D13 AR 4166 DI 10.1029/2001JD001422 PG 24 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 610TN UT WOS:000178977100019 ER PT J AU McKeen, SA Wotawa, G Parrish, DD Holloway, JS Buhr, MP Hubler, G Fehsenfeld, FC Meagher, JF AF McKeen, SA Wotawa, G Parrish, DD Holloway, JS Buhr, MP Hubler, G Fehsenfeld, FC Meagher, JF TI Ozone production from Canadian wildfires during June and July of 1995 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE ozone; forest fires; long-range transport ID EASTERN UNITED-STATES; TRANSFORM INFRARED-SPECTROSCOPY; VOLATILE ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; BIOMASS BURNING PLUMES; MIDDLE TENNESSEE OZONE; TRACE GAS EMISSIONS; BOREAL FOREST-FIRE; TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; POLLUTANT CONCENTRATIONS; ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AB [1] During the summer of 1995, especially between June and mid July, extensive wildfires occurred throughout Canada, primarily north of 55degreesN latitude. A previous report used aircraft and surface observations and tracer simulations to show these fires strongly influenced CO concentrations as far south as 35degreesN in the central and eastern United States [Wotawa and Trainer, 2000]. This study extends those results by incorporating wildfire emissions estimates for CO, NOx, and nonmethane hydrocarbons into a three-dimensional photochemical transport model specifically designed to simulate ozone photochemistry in the continental United States. The results of the model are compared to observations from four measurement platforms deployed during the time period of interest: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration WP-3 aircraft observations collected during the 1995 Southern Oxidants Study (SOS-95) field campaign; 12 eastern U. S. surface stations that measured ozone, CO, and NOy; rural ozone measurements from the Aerometric Information Retrieval System network collected by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency; and daily ozonesondes obtained near Nashville, Tennessee, during SOS-95. Model performance, as determined by correlation and bias with observations from these four platforms, is significantly improved for both O-3 and CO when the Canadian fires are considered. Both observations and model results show enhanced O-3 from air transported from the Northwest Territory. The model results imply that during the period of strongest fire influence 10 to 30 ppbv enhancement of O-3 throughout a large region of the central and eastern United States was due to these fires. Modeled O-3 increases are sensitive to the NOx/CO emission ratio assumed for the fires, which is highly uncertain and variable. A molar NOx/CO ratio of 0.007 yields model comparisons that are most consistent for O-3 and O-3 /DeltaCO observations within aged fire plumes during SOS-95, and is also consistent with previously observed NOx/CO ratios from boreal fires. For this NOx/CO emission ratio, and considering the entire eastern United States, most of the O-3 increase is associated with the NOx emitted directly by the fires and the photochemical O-3 formation that occurs before the plumes actually reach the United States. However, the in situ oxidation of CO from the Canadian fires with NOx emitted locally leads to significantly higher O-3 increases for high-NOx-emitting regions that are limited by hydrocarbon availability. Thus O-3 in urban areas, or any other region modified by nearby NOx sources, is more sensitive to long-range fires compared to less populated or polluted regions. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Sonoma Technol Inc, Petaluma, CA 94954 USA. Univ Agr Sci, Inst Meteorol & Phys, Vienna, Austria. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP McKeen, SA (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Hubler, Gerhard/E-9780-2010; Parrish, David/E-8957-2010; Holloway, John/F-9911-2012; McKeen, Stuart/H-9516-2013; Fehsenfeld, Frederick/I-4876-2013 OI Parrish, David/0000-0001-6312-2724; Holloway, John/0000-0002-4585-9594; NR 78 TC 92 Z9 92 U1 1 U2 32 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0747-7309 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 107 IS D14 AR 4192 DI 10.1029/2001JD000697 PG 25 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 610TQ UT WOS:000178977300037 ER PT J AU Miller, JB Mack, KA Dissly, R White, JWC Dlugokencky, EJ Tans, PP AF Miller, JB Mack, KA Dissly, R White, JWC Dlugokencky, EJ Tans, PP TI Development of analytical methods and measurements of C-13/C-12 in atmospheric CH4 from the NOAA Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory global air sampling network SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE atmospheric methane; carbon isotope; GC-IRMS; seasonal cycle; latitude gradient; box model ID CARBON ISOTOPIC ANALYSIS; CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS-SPECTROMETRY; GROWTH-RATE; TRANSPORT MODEL; METHANE SOURCES; ICE CORE; GAS; DELTA-C-13; EMISSIONS; HYDROXYL AB [1] We describe the development of an automated gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-IRMS) system capable of measuring the carbon isotopic composition of atmospheric methane (delta(13)CH(4)) with a precision of better than 0.1%. The system requires 200 mL of air and completes a single analysis in 15 min. The combination of small sample size, fast analysis time, and high precision has allowed us to measure background variations in atmospheric delta(13)CH(4) through the NOAA Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory Cooperative Air Sampling Network. We then present a record of delta(13)CH(4) obtained from six surface sites of the network between January 1998 and December 1999. The sites are Barrow, Alaska (71degreesN); Niwot Ridge, Colorado (40degreesN); Mauna Loa, Hawaii (20degreesN); American Samoa (14degreesS); Cape Grim, Tasmania (41degreesS); and the South Pole (90degreesS). For the years 1998 and 1999, the globally averaged surface delta(13)C value was -47.1parts per thousand, and the average difference between Barrow and the South Pole was 0.6parts per thousand. Consistent seasonal variations were seen only in the Northern Hemisphere, especially at Barrow, where the average amplitude was 0.5parts per thousand. Seasonal variations in 1998, however, were evident at all sites, the cause of which is unknown. We also use a two-box model to examine the extent to which annual average delta(13)C and CH4 mole fraction measurements can constrain broad categories of source emissions. We find that the biggest sources of error are not the atmospheric delta(13)C measurements but instead the radiocarbon-derived fossil fuel emission estimates, rate coefficients for methane destruction, and isotopic ratios of source emissions. C1 NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Colorado, INSTAAR, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Geol Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Miller, JB (reprint author), NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI White, James/A-7845-2009 OI White, James/0000-0001-6041-4684 NR 50 TC 60 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 18 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0747-7309 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 107 IS D13 AR 4178 DI 10.1029/2001JD000630 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 610TN UT WOS:000178977100007 ER PT J AU Mo, T AF Mo, T TI A study of the NOAA 16 AMSU-A brightness temperatures observed over Libyan Desert SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE remote sensing; AMSU-A measurements; brightness temperatures; atmospheric temperature sounding; satellite data; microwave radiometers ID SOUNDING UNIT-A; SATELLITE AB [1] The brightness temperatures over the southeastern Libyan Desert (21degrees-23degreesN; 28degrees-29degreesE) from the NOAA-16 Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A (AMSU-A) were investigated for the months of January and March 2001. Angular distributions of the data from each month show remarkably stable patterns. The stable pattern of angular distributions can be potentially useful for postlaunch calibration and validation of the AMSU-A instrument, if a long-term trend of the angular distributions can be established. Angular distributions from the three window channels (channels 1, 2, and 15 with frequencies centered at 23.8, 31.4, and 89 GHz, respectively) and one near-surface sounding channel (channel 3 at 50.3 GHz) were simulated with a parametric model using the radiative transfer equation and a soil dielectric-emissivity model that generates the required soil emissivity as a function of zenith angle. The simulated results agree well with the data over the Libyan Desert area. The best-fit results indicate that radiation sensed by each channel comes from different thermal sampling depth and that these window channels could be used for temperature sounding in soils. The effect of spacecraft roll error on the angular distribution was also investigated. It was found that 1 roll error would produce a left-right asymmetry of 2.6 K in the angular distribution. C1 NOAA, Off Res & Applicat, NESDIS, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Mo, T (reprint author), NOAA, Off Res & Applicat, NESDIS, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RI Mo, Tsan/F-5614-2010 NR 14 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0747-7309 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 107 IS D14 AR 4226 DI 10.1029/2001JD001158 PG 7 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 610TQ UT WOS:000178977300003 ER PT J AU Sun, BM Bradley, RS AF Sun, BM Bradley, RS TI Solar influences on cosmic rays and cloud formation: A reassessment SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE global climate; greenhouse gas; anthropogenic; solar irradiance; cloud ID TEMPERATURE-RANGE; GLOBAL CLOUDINESS; UNITED-STATES; COVER; ISCCP; PRECIPITATION; LINK AB [1] Svensmark and Friis-Christensen [1997] proposed a "cosmic ray-cloud cover'' hypothesis that cosmic ray flux, modulated by solar activity, may modify global cloud cover and thus global surface temperature by increasing the number of ions in the atmosphere, leading to enhanced condensation of water vapor and cloud droplet formation. We evaluate this idea by extending their period of study and examining long-term surface-based cloud data (from national weather services and the Global Telecommunication System) as well as newer satellite data (International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) D2, 1983-1993). No meaningful relationship is found between cosmic ray intensity and cloud cover over tropical and extratropical land areas back to the 1950s. The high cosmic ray-cloud cover correlation in the period 1983-1991 over the Atlantic Ocean, the only large ocean area over which the correlation is statistically significant, is greatly weakened when the extended satellite data set (1983-1993) is used. Cloud cover data from ship observations over the North Atlantic, where measurements are denser, did not show any relationship with solar activity over the period 1953-1995, though a large discrepancy exists between ISCCP D2 data and surface marine observations. Our analysis also suggests that there is not a solid relationship between cosmic ray flux and low cloudiness as proposed by Marsh and Svensmark [2000]. C1 Univ Massachusetts, Dept Geosci, Climate Syst Res Ctr, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RP Sun, BM (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Climat Data Ctr, 151 Patton Ave, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. RI Sun, Bomin/P-8742-2014 OI Sun, Bomin/0000-0002-4872-9349 NR 32 TC 34 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0747-7309 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 107 IS D14 AR 4211 DI 10.1029/2001JD000560 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 610TQ UT WOS:000178977300018 ER PT J AU Vomel, H Oltmans, SJ Johnson, BJ Hasebe, F Shiotani, M Fujiwara, M Nishi, N Agama, M Cornejo, J Paredes, F Enriquez, H AF Vomel, H Oltmans, SJ Johnson, BJ Hasebe, F Shiotani, M Fujiwara, M Nishi, N Agama, M Cornejo, J Paredes, F Enriquez, H TI Balloon-borne observations of water vapor and ozone in the tropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE tropical tropopause; dehydration; stratospheric water vapor; upper troposphere; relative humidity; stratosphere troposphere exchange ID DEHYDRATION MECHANISM; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; TROPOPAUSE; CIRRUS; EXCHANGE; WAVE; STEP; OZONESONDES; CONVECTION; TRANSPORT AB [1] Balloon-borne observations of frost-point temperature and ozone in the equatorial western, central and eastern Pacific as well as over equatorial eastern Brazil provide a highly accurate data set of water vapor across the tropical tropopause. Data were obtained at San Cristobal, Galapagos, Ecuador (0.9degreesS, 89.6degreesW), during the late northern winter and the late northern summer in 1998 and 1999 and at Juazeiro do Norte, Brazil (7.2degreesS, 39.3degreesW), in February and November 1997. Earlier data in the western Pacific region in March 1993 were reanalyzed to extend the scope of the observations. The data show three different circumstances in which saturation or supersaturation occurs and imply different mechanisms for dehydration at the tropical tropopause: (1) convective dehydration, (2) slow-ascent dehydration, and (3) large-scale wave-driven dehydration. Furthermore, air that crosses the tropical tropopause in the late northern summer may be dehydrated further during late northern fall, as the average tropical tropopause rises and cools. Not all soundings show dehydration, and there are clear differences in the frequency and depth of saturation in different regions and seasons. The tropopause transition region can be identified in accurate measurements of relative humidity, even under conditions where ozone observations are ambiguous. Deep convection plays an important role in setting up this transition region, which is then subject to large-scale wave activity and wave breaking at the tropopause or midlatitude intrusions. High relative humidities over regions of strong subsidence show that descending motion in the troposphere is limited to levels below the transition region. C1 Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Ibaraki Univ, Ibaraki, Japan. Hokkaido Univ, Grad Sch Environm Earth Sci, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0600810, Japan. Kyoto Univ, Radio Sci Ctr Space & Atmosphere, Kyoto 6110011, Japan. Inst Nacl Meteorol & Hidrol, Quito, Ecuador. RP Vomel, H (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Fujiwara, Masatomo/F-7852-2012 NR 56 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0747-7309 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 107 IS D14 AR 4210 DI 10.1029/2001JD000707 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 610TQ UT WOS:000178977300019 ER PT J AU Losch, M Sloyan, BM Schroter, J Sneeuw, N AF Losch, M Sloyan, BM Schroter, J Sneeuw, N TI Box inverse models, altimetry and the geoid: Problems with the omission error SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article DE ocean general circulation; inverse modeling; satellite altimetry; geoid modeling; omission error ID GLOBAL OCEAN CIRCULATION; WESTERN-BOUNDARY CURRENT; GENERAL-CIRCULATION; SATELLITE ALTIMETRY; DATA ASSIMILATION; ATLANTIC-OCEAN; PACIFIC-OCEAN; FRESH-WATER; TRANSPORT; FLUXES AB [1] When one combines satellite altimetry and a geoid model to improve estimates of the ocean general circulation from hydrographic data with a box inverse model, there arises a problem of different resolution and representation of the data types involved. Here we show how this problem can lead to an artificial leakage of the error estimates of short-scale (high degree) spherical harmonic functions into long wavelength (low wave number) Fourier functions. A similar paradox effect can be seen in an idealized box inverse model constrained by additional sea-surface topography data of low, medium, and high resolution: When more information is added in the form of additional smaller scales, the error of a transport estimate eventually increases. Consequently, including the large geoid omission errors associated with smaller scales in a box inverse model of the Southern Ocean increases the posterior errors of transport estimates over those of a model that does not include the geoid omission error. We do not claim that including or excluding the geoid omission error is correct. Instead, we juxtapose two different ways of estimating the geoid errors to demonstrate the effect that the omission error might have on the long, supposedly well-known, scales. How (or if) to properly account for the geoid omission error must be the topic of further research. A proper treatment of the geoid model errors is demanded when one evaluates the errors of absolute sea-surface topography data. C1 Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, D-27515 Bremerhaven, Germany. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Tech Univ Munich, Inst Astron & Phys Geodasie, D-80290 Munich, Germany. RP Losch, M (reprint author), MIT, Dept Earth Atmospher & Planetary Sci, 77 Massachusetts Ave,Bldg 54-1523, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RI Sneeuw, Nico/N-6916-2013; Sloyan, Bernadette/N-8989-2014; Losch, Martin/S-5896-2016 OI Sneeuw, Nico/0000-0003-1796-0131; Losch, Martin/0000-0002-3824-5244 NR 52 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD JUL PY 2002 VL 107 IS C7 AR 3078 DI 10.1029/2001JC000855 PG 13 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 611AR UT WOS:000178994700008 ER PT J AU Zhang, D Johns, WE Lee, TN AF Zhang, D Johns, WE Lee, TN TI The seasonal cycle of meridional heat transport at 24 degrees N in the North Pacific and in the global ocean SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article DE oceanic heat transport; Pacific 24 degrees N; kuroshio; seasonal cycle; World Ocean Circulation Experiment; model-data comparison ID KUROSHIO EAST; HYDROGRAPHIC DATA; ENERGY-TRANSPORT; FLORIDA CURRENT; ATLANTIC-OCEAN; VARIABILITY; MODEL; CIRCULATION; ATMOSPHERE; TAIWAN AB [1] An improved estimate of the Kuroshio transport and its seasonal variation derived from the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) moored current meter array east of Taiwan (referred to as PCM-1) is combined with various wind products and available hydrographic data in the ocean interior to determine the meridional heat transport at 24degreesN in the North Pacific. The resulting seasonal cycle of meridional heat transport has a minimum heat flux of similar to0 PW in January and February and a broad maximum in the second half of the year, with a peak of 1.1 PW in July and a secondary maximum of 1.0 PW in November. The annual mean heat transport is 0.62 PW, with an uncertainty of 0.2 PW. Of the total heat transport, 0.37 PW is associated with the "overturning'' circulation, and 0.25 PW is contributed by the horizontal "gyre'' circulation. The Parallel Ocean Program (POP) model simulation of the meridional heat flux at 24degreesN compares favorably with the observations with regard to both the seasonal variation and the annual mean value. The vertical and horizontal cells are found to contribute about 3/5 and 2/5 of the total heat transport, respectively, and they are confined in the upper ocean on the annual mean and longer timescales. However, for the seasonal variation the vertical cell dominates the variation and involves circulation changes through the entire water column, while the horizontal cell heat flux remains nearly constant year-round. The new estimate of meridional ocean heat flux across 24degreesN in the Pacific is combined with an updated estimate in the Atlantic at this latitude to yield a total oceanic heat flux across the latitude circle of 24degreesN of 2.1 +/- 0.4 PW, with an annual cycle that ranges from 1.1 PW in February to 2.8 PW in August. This is the first such estimate of the seasonal cycle of the world ocean heat flux across 24degreesN from direct oceanographic observations. C1 Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Ocean, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Zhang, D (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 67 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD JUL PY 2002 VL 107 IS C7 AR 3083 DI 10.1029/2001JC001011 PG 24 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 611AR UT WOS:000178994700003 ER PT J AU Toigo, AD Richardson, MI Wilson, RJ Wang, HQ Ingersoll, AP AF Toigo, AD Richardson, MI Wilson, RJ Wang, HQ Ingersoll, AP TI A first look at dust lifting and dust storms near the south pole of Mars with a mesoscale model SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-PLANETS LA English DT Article DE Mars; mesoscale; atmosphere; dynamics; dust; polar cap ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE; CAP EDGE; WINDS; SIMULATION; THRESHOLD; MISSION; OPACITY; DEVILS; SAND AB [1] Surface wind stresses and dust lifting in the south polar region of Mars are examined with a three-dimensional numerical model. The focus of this study is the middle to late southern spring period when cap-edge dust lifting events are observed. Mesoscale model simulations of high southern latitudes are conducted at three dates within this season (L-s = 225degrees, 255degrees, and 310degrees). Assuming that dust injection is related to the saltation of sand-sized grains or aggregates, the Mars MM5 mesoscale model predicts surface wind stresses of sufficient strength to initiate movement of sand-sized particles (similar to100 mum), and hence dust lifting, during all three periods. The availability of dust and/or sand-sized particles is not addressed within this study. Instead, the degree to which the existence of sufficiently strong winds limit dust injection is examined. By eliminating forcing elements from the model, the important dynamical modes generating high wind stresses are isolated. The direct cap-edge thermal contrast (and topographic slopes in some locations) provides the primary drive for high surface wind stresses at the cap edge, while sublimation flow is not found to be particularly important, at these three dates. Simulations in which dust is injected into the lowest model layer when wind stresses exceed a threshold show similar patterns of atmospheric dust to those seen in recent observations. Comparison between these simulations and those without active dust injection shows no signs of consistent positive or negative feedback due to dust clouds on the surface wind stress fields during the late spring season examined here. C1 CALTECH, Div Geol & Planetary Sci, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08642 USA. RP Toigo, AD (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Ctr Radiophys & Space Res, 326 Space Sci Bldg, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 35 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-PLANET JI J. Geophys. Res.-Planets PD JUL PY 2002 VL 107 IS E7 AR 5050 DI 10.1029/2001JE001592 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 610UB UT WOS:000178978400007 ER PT J AU Baker, ET Hey, RN Lupton, JE Resing, JA Feely, RA Gharib, JJ Massoth, GJ Sansone, FJ Kleinrock, M Martinez, F Naar, DF Rodrigo, C Bohnenstiehl, D Pardee, D AF Baker, ET Hey, RN Lupton, JE Resing, JA Feely, RA Gharib, JJ Massoth, GJ Sansone, FJ Kleinrock, M Martinez, F Naar, DF Rodrigo, C Bohnenstiehl, D Pardee, D TI Hydrothermal venting along earth's fastest spreading center: East Pacific Rise, 27.5 degrees-32.3 degrees S SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article DE Hydrothermal plumes; East Pacific Rise; mid-ocean ridge; marine chemistry; magmatic budget ID FLOW-INJECTION-ANALYSIS; AXIAL-VOLCANO; 1998 ERUPTION; SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETECTION; SUBMERSIBLE OBSERVATIONS; PROPAGATING RIFT; MIDOCEAN RIDGES; WATER-COLUMN; PLUMES; METHANE AB [1] During March/April 1998 we conducted detailed mapping and sampling of hydrothermal plumes along six segments of Earth's fasting spreading mid-ocean ridge, 27.5degrees-32.3degreesS on the East Pacific Rise. We compared the distribution and chemistry of hydrothermal plumes to geological indicators of long-term (spreading rate) and moderate-term (ridge inflation) variations in magmatic budget. In this large-offset, propagating rift setting, these geological indices span virtually the entire range found along fast spreading ridges worldwide. Hydrothermal plumes overlaid similar to60% of the length of superfast (> 130 km/Myr) spreading axis surveyed and defined at least 14 separate vent fields. We observed no plumes over the slower spreading propagating segments. Finer-scale variations in the magmatic budget also correlated with hydrothermal activity, as the location of the five most intense plumes corresponded to subsegment peaks in ridge inflation. Along the entire ridge crest, the more inflated a ridge location the more likely it was to be overlain by a hydrothermal plume. Plume chemistry mostly reflected discharge from mature vent fields apparently unperturbed by magmatic activity within the last few years. Plume samples with high volatile/metal ratios, generally indicating recent seafloor volcanism, were scarce. Along-axis trends in both volatile (He-3; CH4; DeltapH, a proxy for CO2; and particulate S) and nonvolatile (Fe, Mn) species showed a first-order agreement with the trend of ridge inflation. Nevertheless, a broad correspondence between the concentration of volatile species in plumes and geological proxies of magma supply identifies a pervasive magmatic imprint on this superfast spreading group of ridge segments. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Hawaii, Hawaii Inst Geophys & Planetol, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Oceans, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Hawaii, Dept Oceanog, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Vanderbilt Univ, Dept Geol, Nashville, TN 37235 USA. Univ S Florida, Dept Marine Sci, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. Serv Hidrograf & Oceanograf Armada Chile, Valparaiso, Chile. RP NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM baker@pmel.noaa.gov; hey@soest.hawaii.edu; lupton@pmel.noaa.gov; resing@pmel.noaa.gov; feely@pmel.noaa.gov; g.massoth@gnz.cri.nz; sansone@soest.hawaii.edu; kleinrmc@ctrvax.vanderbilt.edu; martinez@kiawe.soest.hawaii.edu; naar@moontan.marine.usf.edu; crodrigo@shoa.cl; del@ldeo.columbia.edu RI Sansone, Francis/B-9915-2013 NR 49 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD JUL PY 2002 VL 107 IS B7 AR 2130 DI 10.1029/2001JB000651 PG 16 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 610ZL UT WOS:000178991900021 ER PT J AU Ganushkina, NY Pulkkinen, TI Kubyshkina, MV Singer, HJ Russell, CT AF Ganushkina, NY Pulkkinen, TI Kubyshkina, MV Singer, HJ Russell, CT TI Modeling the ring current magnetic field during storms SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE magnetospheric physics; ring current; storms and substorms; magnetospheric configuration; current systems ID INDEPENDENT PHYSICAL PARAMETERS; QUANTITATIVE MODELS; GEOMAGNETIC-FIELD; CURRENT SHEET; TIME; MAGNETOSPHERE; MAGNETOTAIL; SIMULATION; EVOLUTION; SUBSTORM AB [1] We present a new model for the inner magnetosphere ring current to get a realistic representation of the magnetic field during storm times. We use a bean-shaped current system, which has cross section that is close to the observed distribution of trapped particles in the inner magnetosphere. The model is symmetric both longitudinally and in the north-south direction, and the current density in the radial direction varies as a Gaussian. The latitudinal distribution of the current density is specified by an "anisotropy index,'' which is zero for a particle distribution that is isotropic along field lines. Increasing the anisotropy index gives a particle distribution concentrated closer to the equator. We use this method to model the magnetic field evolution during two geomagnetic storms: one on May 2, 1998, when Dst reached -80 nT, and the other on May 15, 1997, when it reached -120 nT. The ring current in the Tsyganenko (T89) magnetic field was replaced by our new ring current representation, and the model free parameters are specified using observations from GOES and Polar satellites and Dst measurements for each time step separately. We discuss the field configuration changes during the storm, and we evaluate the capability of our modeling technique to represent the large-scale magnetospheric configuration during storm periods. C1 Finnish Meteorol Inst, FIN-00101 Helsinki, Finland. St Petersburg State Univ, Inst Phys, St Petersburg 198904, Russia. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. RP Ganushkina, NY (reprint author), Finnish Meteorol Inst, POB 503, FIN-00101 Helsinki, Finland. RI Kubyshkina, Marina/G-9436-2013; Ganushkina, Natalia/K-6314-2013; Pulkkinen, Tuija/D-8403-2012 OI Kubyshkina, Marina/0000-0001-5897-9547; Pulkkinen, Tuija/0000-0002-6317-381X NR 38 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 107 IS A7 AR 1092 DI 10.1029/2001JA00101 PG 15 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 610VQ UT WOS:000178982500058 ER PT J AU Slavin, JA Fairfield, DH Lepping, RP Hesse, M Ieda, A Tanskanen, E Ostgaard, N Mukai, T Nagai, T Singer, HJ Sutcliffe, PR AF Slavin, JA Fairfield, DH Lepping, RP Hesse, M Ieda, A Tanskanen, E Ostgaard, N Mukai, T Nagai, T Singer, HJ Sutcliffe, PR TI Simultaneous observations of earthward flow bursts and plasmoid ejection during magnetospheric substorms SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID COLLISIONLESS MAGNETIC RECONNECTION; TRAVELING COMPRESSION REGIONS; GEOTAIL OBSERVATIONS; CURRENT DISRUPTION; INNER MAGNETOTAIL; PI2 PULSATIONS; CURRENT WEDGE; ION FLOW; SPACECRAFT OBSERVATIONS; IONOSPHERIC RESPONSE AB [1] Examination of observations taken by radially aligned International Solar Terrestrial Physics spacecraft in the nightside magnetosphere on 9 July 1997 has revealed close temporal correlations between earthward flow bursts in the plasma sheet and the ejection of plasmoids. A one-dimensional model of plasma sheet flow is applied to these observations to determine the time and location for the initiation of lobe flux tube reconnection. For the single clear flow burst-plasmoid pair observed during the first substorm and the three pairs produced by the second substorm, lobe flux reconnection was inferred to have started at X similar to -15 to -18 R-E, respectively, about 2-5 min prior to the observations of substorm expansion phase onset. These time delays and propagation speeds are shown to be consistent with the measured plasma sheet bulk flow speeds. Substorm expansion phase onset was essentially coincident with the arrival of the flow bursts at Geotail, which was located near the inner edge of the plasma sheet at X similar to -9 R-E. The dipolarization of the magnetic field at geosynchronous orbit, auroral kilometric radiation (AKR) emissions, Pi2 pulsations, high-latitude negative magnetic bays, and auroral breakup marking substorm expansion onset are all coincident within the +/-1 min resolution of the measurements. Accordingly, it appears that earthward of the inner edge of the plasma sheet, where Geotail was located, substorm effects propagated at speeds comparable to the Alfven speed characteristic of the high-latitude inner magnetosphere, similar to10(3) km s(-1). In summary, the results of our investigation strongly support the modern near-Earth neutral line (NENL) model of substorms in which the onset of lobe flux tube reconnection in the near tail is followed similar to2-5 min later by the braking of earthward flow bursts as they encounter the inner magnetosphere and within similar to1 min, by Pi2s generations, current wedge development, and AKR and auroral expansion, and finally, similar to10-20 min later, by the tailward retreat of the neutral line and either the development of a new NENL or the initiation of the recovery phase. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Extraterr Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Finnish Meteorol Inst, Div Geophys, FIN-00101 Helsinki, Finland. Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Inst Space & Astronaut Sci, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 229, Japan. Tokyo Inst Technol, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Meguro Ku, Tokyo 1528551, Japan. NOAA, Space Environm Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Hermanus Magnet Observ, ZA-7200 Hermanus, South Africa. RP Slavin, JA (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Extraterr Phys Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RI Hesse, Michael/D-2031-2012; Slavin, James/H-3170-2012; Sutcliffe, Peter/E-8124-2014 OI Slavin, James/0000-0002-9206-724X; NR 81 TC 51 Z9 52 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 107 IS A7 AR 1106 DI 10.1029/2000JA003501 PG 33 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 610VQ UT WOS:000178982500044 ER PT J AU Soraas, F Aarsnes, K Oksavik, K Evans, DS AF Soraas, F Aarsnes, K Oksavik, K Evans, DS TI Ring current intensity estimated from low-altitude proton observations SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE ring current; Dst; proton precipitation ID PITCH-ANGLE SCATTERING; GEOMAGNETIC STORMS; PRECIPITATION; DST; LOSSES; SHEET; PHASE; IONS AB [1] Using data from the low-altitude polar orbiting satellite NOAA-15 the proton precipitation rate into the upper atmosphere can be monitored with a 100-min time resolution. From the total power of precipitating protons in the midnight/evening local time sector, a parameter Q(t) is used as a proxy for estimating the energy injection rate into the ring current (RC) due to energetic protons. The injection rate Q(t) is not based upon solar wind parameters but directly on the observed proton precipitation rate. This is done under the assumption that the loss cone acts as a "splash catcher'' for the protons injected into the RC. The protons in the loss cone thus do not represent a loss from the RC but are, in fact, a measure of the proton injection rate into the RC. Using the Burton equation and Q(t) as a measure for the true energy injection rate, a value proportional to the energy content in the RC due to energetic protons can be calculated. Assuming a decay constant for the ions in the RC and that the magnetic field depression is proportional to the RC energy content, a RC index can be determined. When Dst is corrected for magnetopause and tail currents, the linear correlation coefficient between the corrected Dst* and the RC index is between 0.8 and 0.9; thus similar to70-80% of the variance in this corrected Dst* can be accounted for. The high correlation strongly indicates that Q(t) is a measure of the true energy injection rate and that Dst* is a measure of the energy content in the RC. Observations of proton precipitation measured by low-altitude polar-orbiting satellites thus have the potential for deriving a space-based Dst index in near real time that is not influenced by magnetic fields generated by magnetopause, field-aligned, and tail currents. C1 Univ Bergen, Dept Phys, N-5007 Bergen, Norway. NASA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Soraas, F (reprint author), Univ Bergen, Dept Phys, Allegaten 55, N-5007 Bergen, Norway. NR 32 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 107 IS A7 AR 1149 DI 10.1029/2001JA000123 PG 10 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 610VQ UT WOS:000178982500001 ER PT J AU Levin, I Vanderah, TA Coutts, R Bell, SM AF Levin, I Vanderah, TA Coutts, R Bell, SM TI Phase equilibria and dielectric properties in perovskite-like (1-x)LaCa(0.5)Zr(0.5)O(3)-xATiO(3) (A = Ca, Sr) ceramics SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID COMPLEX PEROVSKITE; SYSTEM AB Phase equilibria and dielectric properties were analyzed for selected compositions in both LaCa(0.5)Zr(0.5)O(3)-CaTiO(3) (LCZ-CT) and LaCa(0.5)Zr(0.5)O(3)-SrTiO(3) (LCZ-ST) systems using x-ray powder diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The end-member LaCa(0.5)Zr(0.5)O(3) does not occur as a single phase but rather as a mixture of a perovskite-type phase with approximate composition La(0.94)Ca(0.53)Zr(0.53)O(3) plus a minor amount of La(2)O(3). This perovskite phase exhibited a combination of 1:1 ordering of Ca and Zr on the B-sites and octahedral tilting. In the (I - x)LCZ-xCT system, the compositions x = 1/3 and x = 1/2 yielded single phases with perovskite-like structures featuring similar 1:1 B-site ordering superimposed onto octahedral tilting. The x = 1/2 composition in the LCZ-ST system resides in a two-phase field and contains a major perovskite phase and La(2)O(3); the B-cations in the perovskite phase remain disordered at all temperatures. The approximate boundaries of perovskite-like phase fields in the La(2)O(3)-ATiO(3)-CaZrO(3) (A = Ca, Sr) systems were outlined, as well as a schematic diagram for perovskite B-cation ordering transitions in the LCZ-CT system. The dielectric properties of the compositions investigated were measured at microwave frequencies and were correlated with the observed structural behavior. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. TRAK Ceram Inc, Hagerstown, MD 21742 USA. RP Levin, I (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Levin, Igor/F-8588-2010 NR 18 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 32 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10013-2473 USA SN 0884-2914 J9 J MATER RES JI J. Mater. Res. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 17 IS 7 BP 1729 EP 1734 DI 10.1557/JMR.2002.0256 PG 6 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 569TA UT WOS:000176617300026 ER PT J AU Loret, P Tengs, T Villareal, TA Singler, H Richardson, B McGuire, P Morton, S Busman, M Campbell, L AF Loret, P Tengs, T Villareal, TA Singler, H Richardson, B McGuire, P Morton, S Busman, M Campbell, L TI No difference found in ribosomal DNA sequences from physiologically diverse clones of Karenia brevis (Dinophyceae) from the Gulf of Mexico SO JOURNAL OF PLANKTON RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID TOXIN COMPOSITION; NUCLEAR RDNA; CHLOROPHYTA; RAPHIDOPHYCEAE; REGIONS; DIATOM; ITS1 AB Maximum growth rate and toxin content were significantly different among five strains of Karenia brevis isolated from Texas and Florida when grown under identical culture conditions. Sequence analysis of the 18S rRNA gene and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions revealed, however, that all five strains were identical. Consequently, a clear genetic basis for physiological variability among various geographical isolates of K. brevis from the Gulf of Mexico could not be assessed using these genetic markers. Both the ITS and 18S rRNA regions may be useful in species-specific probe selection. At the intra-specific level, however, an alternative marker will be needed to assess the diversity among K. brevis populations in the Gulf of Mexico. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Oceanog, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. Univ Maryland, Inst Human Virol, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. Univ Texas, Inst Marine Sci, Port Aransas, TX 78373 USA. Florida Fish & Wildlife conservat Commiss, Florida Marine Res Inst, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. Univ Florida, Coll Med, Dept Biochem & Mol Biol, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA. NOAA, NOS, Marine Biotoxin Program, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RP Loret, P (reprint author), Univ British Columbia, Dept Earth & Ocean Sci, 6270 Univ Blvd, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. EM ploret@eos.ubc.ca RI Campbell, Lisa/E-6587-2011; Villareal, Tracy/I-9462-2012 OI Campbell, Lisa/0000-0003-2756-2743; NR 34 TC 41 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 3 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS PI OXFORD PA GREAT CLARENDON ST, OXFORD OX2 6DP, ENGLAND SN 0142-7873 J9 J PLANKTON RES JI J. Plankton Res. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 24 IS 7 BP 735 EP 739 DI 10.1093/plankt/24.7.735 PG 5 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 574VD UT WOS:000176909500011 ER PT J AU Avedisian, CT Presser, C Gupta, AK AF Avedisian, CT Presser, C Gupta, AK TI Observations of soot in the combustion of methanol/toluene spray flames SO JOURNAL OF PROPULSION AND POWER LA English DT Article ID DIFFUSION FLAME; PARTICLE SYNTHESIS; DROPLET TRANSPORT; SCATTERING; PRESSURE; LIGHT AB The influence of fuel chemical composition on flame structure and sooting trends in a swirling spray flame was investigated semiquantitatively using a light-scattering/dissymmetry ratio technique. Binary mixtures of toluene and methanol were examined under fixed aerodynamic and burner inlet How conditions to show the effect of liquid composition. The sprays were generated using an air-assist atomizer. Methanol volume fractions 0 of 0 (pure toluene), 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 0.85, 0.90, 0.95, 0.99, and 1.0 (pure methanol) were examined. The results revealed little effect of methanol concentration on soot formation for 0.0 less than or equal to phi less than or equal to 0.75. However, for phi > 0.75, the scattered light intensity decreased by almost four orders of magnitude, indicating a dramatic reduction in soot production above this concentration. Measurements of the dissymmetry ratio, complemented with Lorenz-Mie calculations of the scattering characteristics for a polydispersion of particles, indicated that no definite trends for the soot mean size were found with varying liquid composition within the resolution of the data. Direct light photography showed a hybrid flame structure for phi > 0.75, which was blue and nonsooting near the atomizer exit, and yellow and luminous downstream, indicating preferential vaporization of methanol and a delay time for soot formation. The boundary between the yellow and blue zones of the flame moved toward the atomizer exit as the toluene concentration increased. C1 Cornell Univ, Sibley Sch Mech & Aerosp Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Proc Measurements Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mech Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Avedisian, CT (reprint author), Cornell Univ, Sibley Sch Mech & Aerosp Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. NR 32 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 3 U2 3 PU AMER INST AERONAUT ASTRONAUT PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DRIVE, STE 500, RESTON, VA 22091 USA SN 0748-4658 J9 J PROPUL POWER JI J. Propul. Power PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 18 IS 4 BP 781 EP 787 DI 10.2514/2.6000 PG 7 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 575EQ UT WOS:000176934100011 ER PT J AU Levine, ZH AF Levine, ZH TI Diffractive optics from self-assembled DNA SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE atom optics; diffractive optics; DNA; tiling; x-ray optics ID X-RAY MICROSCOPY; ZONE PLATES; CROSSOVER MOLECULES; SPECTROSCOPY; ATOMS AB An algorithm is presented for assembling tiles into a variable spaced grating, the one-dimensional analog of a Fresnel zone plate. The algorithm supports multi-level gratings. The x-ray properties of such a grating, assumed to be constructed from DNA are estimated, leading to the conclusion that thick structures may be useful for intermediate energy x rays, but that thin structures for soft x rays are best used as disposable masks. The diffraction of cold, coherent atoms is a plausible application for single layer stencils. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electron Opt Phys Div, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Levine, ZH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electron Opt Phys Div, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM zlevine@nist.gov NR 34 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 9 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 107 IS 4 BP 319 EP 325 DI 10.6028/jres.107.025 PG 7 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 589QB UT WOS:000177770600001 PM 27446733 ER PT J AU Stone, PM Kim, YK Desclaux, JP AF Stone, PM Kim, YK Desclaux, JP TI Electron-impact cross sections for dipole- and spin-allowed excitations of hydrogen, helium, and lithium SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE electron-impact; excitation cross section; hydrogen; helium; lithium ID INELASTIC-COLLISIONS; OSCILLATOR-STRENGTHS; ATOMIC-HYDROGEN; LEVEL; IONS; HE AB Electron-impact excitation cross sections are presented for the dipole- and spin allowed transitions from the ground states to the np P-2 states for hydrogen and lithium, and to the 1snp P-1 states for helium, n = 2 through 10. Two scaling formulas developed earlier by Kim [Phys. Rev. A 64, 032713 (2001)] for plane-wave Born cross sections are used. The scaled Born cross sections are in excellent agreement with available theoretical and experimental data. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Stone, PM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM philip.stone@nist.gov; yong-ki.kim@nist.gov NR 20 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 9 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 107 IS 4 BP 327 EP 337 DI 10.6028/jres.107.026 PG 11 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 589QB UT WOS:000177770600002 PM 27446734 ER PT J AU Wang, LL Gaigalas, AK Abbasi, F Marti, GE Vogt, RF Schwartz, A AF Wang, LL Gaigalas, AK Abbasi, F Marti, GE Vogt, RF Schwartz, A TI Quantitating fluorescence intensity from fluorophores: Practical use of MESF values SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE emission spectrum matching; extinction coefficient; fluorescein; lymphocyte; MESF value; microbead; pH; quantitative flow cytometry ID FLOW-CYTOMETRY; T-CELLS; SCATTERING; EXPRESSION; SEPARATION AB The present work uses fluorescein as the model fluorophore and points out critical steps in the use of MESF (Molecules of Equivalent Soluble Fluorophores) values for quantitative flow cytometric measurements. It has been found that emission spectrum matching between a reference solution and an analyte and normalization by the corresponding extinction coefficient are required for quantifying fluorescence signals using flow cytometers. Because of the use of fluorescein, the pH value of the medium is also critical for accurate MESF assignments. Given that the emission spectrum shapes of microbead suspensions and stained biological cells are not significantly different, the percentage of error due to spectrum mismatch is estimated. We have also found that the emission spectrum of a microbead with a seven-methylene linker between the fluorescein and the bead surface (bead7) provides the best match with the spectra from biological cells. Therefore, bead7 is potentially a better calibration standard for flow cytometers than the existing one that is commercially available and used in the present study. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. US FDA, Ctr Biol Evaluat & Res, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. CDC, Div Sci Lab, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. Ctr Quantitat Cytometry, San Juan, PR 00919 USA. RP Wang, LL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM lili.wang@nist.gov; adolfas.gaigalas@nist.gov NR 17 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 3 U2 17 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 107 IS 4 BP 339 EP 353 DI 10.6028/jres.107.027 PG 15 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 589QB UT WOS:000177770600003 PM 27446735 ER PT J AU Mielenz, KD AF Mielenz, KD TI Optical diffraction in close proximity to plane apertures. I. Boundary-value solutions for circular apertures and slits SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE boundary value theory; circular apertures; diffraction; Kirchhoff; near zone; optics; polarization; Rayleigh; Sommerfeld; scalar wave functions; slits AB In this paper the classical Rayleigh-Sommerfeld and Kirchhoff boundary-value diffraction integrals are solved in closed form for circular apertures and slits illuminated by normally incident plane waves. The mathematical expressions obtained involve no simplifying approximations and are free of singularities, except in the aperture plane itself. Their use for numerical computations was straightforward and provided new insight into the nature of diffraction in the near zone where the Fresnel approximation does not apply. The Rayleigh-Sommerfeld integrals were found to be very similar to each other, so that polarization effects appear to be negligibly small. On the other hand, they differ substantially at sub-wavelength differences from the aperture plane and do not correctly describe the diffracted field as an analytical continuation of the incident geometrical field. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Radiometr Phys Div, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Mielenz, KD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Radiometr Phys Div, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM meezlink@gcnetmail.net NR 20 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 9 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 107 IS 4 BP 355 EP 362 DI 10.6028/jres.107.028 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 589QB UT WOS:000177770600004 PM 27446736 ER PT J AU Brown, SW Santana, C Eppeldauer, GP AF Brown, SW Santana, C Eppeldauer, GP TI Development of a tunable LED-based colorimetric source SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE colorimetry; integrating sphere; light emitting diode; photometry; radiometry ID CALIBRATION AB A novel, spectrally tunable light-source utilizing light emitting diodes (LEDs) for radiometric, photometric, and colorimetric applications is described. The tunable source can simulate standard sources and can be used as a transfer source to propagate photometric and colorimetric scales from calibrated reference instruments to test artifacts with minimal increase in uncertainty. In this prototype source, 40 LEDs with 10 different spectral distributions were mounted onto an integrating sphere. A voltage-to-current control circuit was designed and implemented, enabling independent control of the current sent to each set of four LEDs. The LEDs have been characterized for stability and dependence on drive current. The prototype source demonstrates the feasibility of development of a spectrally tunable LED source using LEDs with up to 40 different spectral distributions. Simulations demonstrate that such a source would be able to approximate standard light-source distributions over the visible spectral range-from 380 nm to 780 nm-with deviations on the order of 2%. The tunable LED source can also simulate spectral distributions of special sources such as discharge lamps and display monitors. With this tunable source, a test instrument can be rapidly calibrated against a variety of different source distributions tailored to the anticipated uses of the artifact. Target uncertainties for the calibration of test artifacts are less than 2% in luminance and 0.002 in chromaticity for any source distribution. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Brown, SW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM steven.brown@nist.gov; george.eppeldauer@nist.gov NR 7 TC 24 Z9 28 U1 3 U2 17 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 107 IS 4 BP 363 EP 371 DI 10.6028/jres.107.029 PG 9 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 589QB UT WOS:000177770600005 PM 27446737 ER PT J AU Mighell, AD AF Mighell, AD TI Conventional cells - The last step toward general acceptance of standard conventional cells for the reporting of crystallographic data SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE C-centered cell; centered monoclinic cells; conventional cells; I-centered cell; mathematical lattices AB In 1969, a seminal section on reduced forms and conventional cells was published in the International Tables for X-Ray Crystallography. The section contains a table that gives a metric classification of the 44 reduced forms. In 2001, this table with appropriate revisions was republished in the Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology. An especially valuable feature of the table is that it defines and allows the user to determine a standard conventional cell. Since 1969, there has been an evolution toward acceptance and widespread use of such conventional cells. An inspection of the articles in key crystallographic journals reveals that most cells follow the conventions. However, one major exception remains-the centered monoclinic lattices. In approximately one-third of these cases, non-conventional C-centered cells are used, apparently to avoid the use of I-centered cells. It is recommended that the crystallographic community routinely use the I-centered conventional cell in such cases. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Mighell, AD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM alan.mighell@nist.gov NR 13 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 6 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 107 IS 4 BP 373 EP 377 DI 10.6028/jres.107.030 PG 5 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 589QB UT WOS:000177770600006 PM 27446738 ER PT J AU Schultheisz, CR McKenna, GB AF Schultheisz, CR McKenna, GB TI Nonlinear viscoelastic analysis of the torque, axial normal force, and volume change measured simultaneously in the National Institute of Standards and Technology torsional dilatometer SO JOURNAL OF RHEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID GLASSY-POLYMERS; RECOVERY THEORY; RELAXATION; POLYCARBONATE; REJUVENATION; FEATURES; PARADOX AB For compressible materials, the mechanical response to a torsional deformation (at sufficiently large levels of deformation) includes the nonlinear effects of a compressive normal force along the axis of the cylinder and a radial expansion of the cylinder, in addition to the expected torque response. The National Institute of Standards and Technology torsional dilatometer [Duran and McKenna, (1990)] has been used to measure simultaneously the torque, the axial normal force, and the volume change in response to a torsional deformation. In stress-relaxation experiments with an epoxy cylinder just below its glass transition temperature, the torque and normal force decay monotonically, but the volume change associated with the torsion shows an extended relaxation behavior with significant nonmonotonic decay at the lowest temperature investigated. The measurements are modeled with a series solution for torsion of an elastic, compressible material [Murnaghan (1951)]. The elastic solution is adapted for viscoelastic behavior by assuming that isochronal data can be treated as equilibrium elastic data, following a suggestion of Rivlin (1956). (C) 2002 The Society of Rheology. C1 Texas Tech Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP McKenna, GB (reprint author), Texas Tech Univ, Dept Chem Engn, POB 43121, Lubbock, TX 79409 USA. RI McKenna, Gregory/O-1134-2013 OI McKenna, Gregory/0000-0002-5676-9930 NR 50 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 7 PU JOURNAL OF RHEOLOGY AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0148-6055 J9 J RHEOL JI J. Rheol. PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 46 IS 4 BP 901 EP 925 DI 10.1122/1.1475980 PG 25 WC Mechanics SC Mechanics GA 569NK UT WOS:000176608300009 ER PT J AU Ma, L Low, S Zhou, J Song, J deWit, R AF Ma, L Low, S Zhou, J Song, J deWit, R TI Simulation and prediction of hardness performance of rockwell diamond indenters using finite-element analysis SO JOURNAL OF TESTING AND EVALUATION LA English DT Article DE Rockwell C hardness; HRC; indentation; indenter; finite-element analysis; FEA; simulation ID RIGID SPHERE; HALF-SPACE; INDENTATION AB The difficulty in manufacturing Rockwell diamond indenters to the required geometric specifications has resulted in most commercially manufactured indenters to vary in shape from one to another. This difference in shape is thought to be a major contributor to the Rockwell C scale hardness measurement uncertainty. In this paper, a finite-element analysis (FEA) is used to simulate the Rockwell hardness measurement process. The influences of the indenter's geometry, including tip radius, cone angle, and form error on Rockwell hardness tests are analyzed by the FEA model, and further verified by experimental results. A new method is developed to directly input the Rockwell indenters' profiles into the FEA model for hardness performance prediction. The prediction results show good agreement with NIST experimental results. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Drexel Univ, Dept Mech Engn & Mech, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP NIST, Stop 8553,100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 23 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC TESTING MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DR, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 0090-3973 EI 1945-7553 J9 J TEST EVAL JI J. Test. Eval. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 30 IS 4 BP 265 EP 273 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA 577NV UT WOS:000177068800001 ER PT J AU Thode, A Mellinger, DK Stienessen, S Martinez, A Mullin, K AF Thode, A Mellinger, DK Stienessen, S Martinez, A Mullin, K TI Depth-dependent acoustic features of diving sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) in the Gulf of Mexico SO JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 141st Meeting of the Acoustical-Society-of-America CY JUN 04-08, 2001 CL CHICAGO, ILLINOIS SP Acoust Soc Amer ID GALAPAGOS-ISLANDS; HYDROPHONE ARRAY; SOUND; ENVIRONMENT; SCATTERING; BEHAVIOR; CLICKS; FISH AB Three-dimensional dive trajectories of three sperm whales in the Gulf of Mexico have been obtained by measuring the relative arrival times and bearings of the animals' acoustic multipath reflections, using two elements of a towed hydrophone array deployed at an unknown depth and orientation, Within the first 6-12 min of the start of a dive, the intervals between successive "clicks" of all three whales corresponded closely with the two-way travel time of an acoustic pulse traveling vertically between the animals' position and the ocean bottom. The click spectra contained multiple peaks, including a faint band of energy originally centered near 10 kHz. As the animals descended over 500 in in depth, the center frequency of this band shifted to nearly 15 kHz, hilt subsequently remained clear this value during the rest of the dive. This frequency shift is consistent with that expected from energy scattering from an ensemble of incompressible small-scale air-filled resonators, with diameters on the order of 4 mm. One possible candidate for such all ensemble is proposed to reside in the collapsed frontal sac of the animal. A comparison of the received levels for the bottom and direct multipath arrivals indicates that the whales' acoustic directivity must range between 10-30 dB in the 5-20-kHz region. (C) 2002 Acoustical Society of America. C1 MIT, Dept Ocean Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Oregon State Univ, Cooperat Inst Marine Resources Studies, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Pascagoula, MS 39568 USA. RP Thode, A (reprint author), Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Marine Phys Lab, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. NR 60 TC 49 Z9 52 U1 3 U2 12 PU ACOUSTICAL SOC AMER AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0001-4966 J9 J ACOUST SOC AM JI J. Acoust. Soc. Am. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 112 IS 1 BP 308 EP 321 DI 10.1121/1.1482077 PG 14 WC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology SC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology GA 573FR UT WOS:000176819100033 PM 12141357 ER PT J AU Choi, JH Kim, DY Hockey, BJ Wiederhorn, SM Blendell, JE Handwerker, CA AF Choi, JH Kim, DY Hockey, BJ Wiederhorn, SM Blendell, JE Handwerker, CA TI Equilibrium shape of internal cavities in ruby and the effect of surface energy anisotropy on the equilibrium shape SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY LA English DT Article AB Cavities formed in ruby (99.46Al(2)O(3).0.54Cr(2)O(3)) by the healing and annealing of indentation cracks at 1600degreesC are more equiaxed than similar cavities in sapphire. Surface energies for the observed facet planes (R, S, and A) relative to the surface energy of the basal plane, C, were gamma(A/C) = 1.00 +/- 0.03, gamma(R/C) = 1.05 +/- 0.07, and gamma(S/C) = 1.02 +/- 0.04, with the uncertainty representing 95% confidence limits. Thus, the surface energies of all observed facets were statistically indistinguishable. Unlike sapphire, P-plane facets were not observed. The substantial rounding of the cavities in ruby indicated that portions of the Wulff shape were above the roughening transition temperature. Thus, even though Cr2O3 and Al2O3 form ideal solutions, Cr3+ ions are sufficiently surface active to modify the relative free energy of the surfaces. C1 Seoul Natl Univ, Coll Engn, Sch Mat Sci & Engn, Creat Res Initiat Ctr Microstruct Sci Mat, Seoul 151742, South Korea. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Choi, JH (reprint author), Seoul Natl Univ, Coll Engn, Sch Mat Sci & Engn, Creat Res Initiat Ctr Microstruct Sci Mat, Seoul 151742, South Korea. NR 11 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, PO BOX 6136, WESTERVILLE, OH 43086-6136 USA SN 0002-7820 J9 J AM CERAM SOC JI J. Am. Ceram. Soc. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 85 IS 7 BP 1841 EP 1844 PG 4 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 574YW UT WOS:000176919100029 ER PT J AU Bergman, JW Rasch, PJ AF Bergman, JW Rasch, PJ TI Parameterizing vertically coherent cloud distributions SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODELS; OVERLAP STATISTICS; INDEPENDENT PIXEL; HEATING RATES; SOLAR FLUXES; ECMWF MODEL; RADIATION; PARAMETRIZATION; SENSITIVITY; PROFILES AB A parameterization for specifying subgrid-scale cloud distributions in atmospheric models is developed. The fractional area of a grid-scale column in which clouds from two levels overlap (i.e., the cloud overlap probability) is described in terms of the correlation between horizontal cloudiness functions in the two levels. Cloud distributions that are useful for radiative transfer and cloud microphysical calculations are then determined from cloud fraction at individual model levels and a decorrelation depth. All pair-wise overlap probabilities among cloudy levels are obtained from the cloudiness correlations. However, those probabilities can overconstrain the determination of the cloud distribution. It is found that cloud fraction in each level along with the overlap probabilities among nearest neighbor cloudy levels is sufficient to specify the full cloud distribution. The parameterization has both practical and interpretative advantages over existing parameterizations. The parameterized cloud fields are consistent with physically meaningful distributions at arbitrary vertical resolution. In particular, bulk properties of the distribution, such as total cloud fraction and radiative fluxes calculated from it, approach asymptotic values as the vertical resolution increases. Those values are nearly obtained once the cloud distribution is resolved; that is, if the thickness of cloudy levels is less than one half of the decorrelation depth. Furthermore, the decorrelation depth can, in principle, be specified as a function of space and time, which allows one to construct a wide range of cloud distributions from any given vertical profile of cloud fraction. The parameterization is combined with radiative transfer calculations to examine the sensitivity of radiative fluxes to changes of the decorrelation depth. Calculations using idealized cloud distributions display strong sensitivities (similar to50 W m(-2)) to changes of decorrelation depth. Those sensitivities arise primarily from the sensitivity of total cloud fraction to that parameter. Radiative fluxes calculated from a version of the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model (CCM) show only a small sensitivity. The reason for this small sensitivity is traced to the propensity of CCM to produce overcast conditions within individual model levels. Thus, in order for the parameterization to be fully useful, it is necessary that other cloud parameterizations in the atmospheric model attain a threshold of realism. C1 NOAA, CIRES Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. RP Mail Code R-CDC1,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM jwb@cdc.noaa.gov NR 25 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 EI 1520-0469 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 59 IS 14 BP 2165 EP 2182 DI 10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059<2165:PVCCD>2.0.CO;2 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 564KA UT WOS:000176312500001 ER PT J AU DeGraffenreid, W Sansonetti, CJ AF DeGraffenreid, W Sansonetti, CJ TI Reference lines in the optogalvanic spectra of uranium and thorium over the wavelength range 694-755 nm SO JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA B-OPTICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID OPTICAL FREQUENCY CALIBRATION; REFERENCE IODINE LINES; SPECTROSCOPY AB The optogalvanic spectra of uranium and thorium are convenient sources of lines with which to calibrate wavemeters for high-resolution laser spectroscopy. We used hollow-cathode lamps for both uranium and thorium to observe the spectra, using a single-frequency cw dye laser operating over the wavelength range 694-755 nm. Eight uranium and seven thorium lines were measured with an accuracy of a few parts in 10(8) with our Fabry-Perot wavemeter. The estimated uncertainty of the measurements is 0.0002 cm(-1) for both species. The results were compared with several previous measurements of these lines and were found to be in good agreement with values determined by Fourier-transform spectroscopy. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP DeGraffenreid, W (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 19 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0740-3224 J9 J OPT SOC AM B JI J. Opt. Soc. Am. B-Opt. Phys. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 19 IS 7 BP 1711 EP 1715 DI 10.1364/JOSAB.19.001711 PG 5 WC Optics SC Optics GA 573FG UT WOS:000176818200027 ER PT J AU Mirin, RP Roshko, A van der Puijl, M Norman, AG AF Mirin, RP Roshko, A van der Puijl, M Norman, AG TI Formation of InAs/GaAs quantum dots by dewetting during cooling SO JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY B LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 20th North American Conference on Molecular Beam Epitaxy CY OCT 01-03, 2001 CL BROWN UNIV, PROVIDENCE, RHODE ISLAND HO BROWN UNIV ID ENERGY ELECTRON-DIFFRACTION; MOLECULAR-BEAM EPITAXY; GROWTH; GAAS AB We describe a method to form InAs quantum dots on GaAs by cooling an InAs film that is deposited at high substrate temperatures. The reflection high-energy electron diffraction pattern taken after deposition of 1.9 monolayers of InAs on (100) GaAs at 540 degreesC does not display the characteristic spot pattern that is seen when three-dimensional islands form on the surface. The characteristic,spot pattern appears when the sample is cooled to about 330 degreesC, indicating that the three-dimensional islands appear at this temperature. Atomic force microscopy confirms the existence of the islands. An explanation for this behavior based on an increase in intermixing at the InAs/GaAs interface is proposed. (C) 2002 American Vacuum Society. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Optoelect, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Natl Renewable Energy Lab, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Mirin, RP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Optoelect, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Norman, Andrew/F-1859-2010; OI Norman, Andrew/0000-0001-6368-521X; Mirin, Richard/0000-0002-4472-4655 NR 10 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU A V S AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 1071-1023 J9 J VAC SCI TECHNOL B JI J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 20 IS 4 BP 1489 EP 1492 DI 10.1116/1.1495094 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Physics GA 585ED UT WOS:000177510500036 ER PT J AU Mack, DE Raphael, MG Laake, JL AF Mack, DE Raphael, MG Laake, JL TI Probability of detecting marbled murrelets at sea: Effects of single versus paired observers SO JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE at-sea surveys; Brachyramphus marmoratus; covariates; line transect; marbled murrelet; observer variability; Washington ID LINE TRANSECT SURVEYS; AERIAL SURVEYS AB Density estimates for marbled murrelets (Brachyramphus marmoratus) are obtained from at-sea surveys, but survey methods vary among regions. We compared the performance of a single observer with that of an observer operating in a paired-observer team in detecting marbled murrelets during marine surveys in the San,Juan Islands, Washington, USA. Performance was measured against an independent observer (10) who selected a sample of birds; we used this sample to determine the proportion detected by the observer(s). To represent probability of success, we used a function that was the product of a half-normal detection function modified to incorporate scale covariates and a logistic function to represent detection probability on the line, g(0). We used Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC) to select the set of covariates (murrelet group size and behavior, observer, wave height, cloud cover, and the number of primary observers) that best explained variability in g(0) and scale (effect of distance on detection probability). Single observers detected 80% of 274 targets, and paired observers detected 84% of 343 targets selected by the IO. Detection probability was affected by observer, murrelet behavior, and group size; wave height influenced the effect of distance on detection probability. Estimates of detection probability on the line [g(0)] ranged from 0.78 to 0.95 with a single observer; average estimates from paired observers were similarly biased (0.84 to 0.93), but less variable. Options for surveying include retaining single- or paired-observer Surveys and accepting bias and variability from g(0) < 1, attempting to reduce bias by using 2 or more observers in a different configuration with a different search pattern, or using an independent observer to remove bias. C1 US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. NMFS, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Mack, DE (reprint author), US Forest Serv, USDA, Pacific NW Res Stn, 3625 93rd Ave SW, Olympia, WA 98512 USA. NR 29 TC 9 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 3 PU WILDLIFE SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2197 USA SN 0022-541X J9 J WILDLIFE MANAGE JI J. Wildl. Manage. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 66 IS 3 BP 865 EP 873 DI 10.2307/3803151 PG 9 WC Ecology; Zoology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 584PG UT WOS:000177475600029 ER PT J AU De Robertis, A AF De Robertis, A TI Size-dependent visual predation risk and the timing of vertical migration: An optimization model SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID EUPHAUSIA-PACIFICA; LIGHT-INTENSITY; ADAPTIVE SIGNIFICANCE; FEEDING-BEHAVIOR; PREY SELECTION; ZOOPLANKTON; FISH; ENVIRONMENTS; CARBON; TEMPERATURE AB Diel vertical migration (DVM) by zooplankton to deep, poorly illuminated habitats during the day is thought to reduce the probability of attack by visual predators at the cost of decreased net energy gain. Herein, I develop a trade-off model used to predict the timing of vertical migration of zooplankton. The model is based on "Gilliam's rule"-the notion that animals will select habitats that minimize the ratio of mortality risk/energy gain-and incorporates light- and size-dependent vulnerability to visual predators. The model predicts that smaller, less vulnerable prey should ascend into food-rich surface waters earlier and descend later than larger, more conspicuous organisms over a wide range of conditions. The model has been parameterized for a population of Euphausia pacifica in Saanich Inlet, British Columbia, and predicts that 7-mm (larval) animals will ascend/descend similar to35 min earlier/later than more conspicuous 24-mm adults. These predictions are consistent with acoustic observations of the timing of DVM in this population. The proposed mechanism for size-dependent timing of DVM is based on the potential for increased energy gain in surface waters and diel changes in vulnerability to size-selective predators. These conditions prevail in both freshwater and marine pelagic environments, and size-dependent DVM is likely to be widespread in zooplankton. C1 Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RP Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM Alex.DeRobertis@noaa.gov NR 46 TC 63 Z9 63 U1 1 U2 19 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0024-3590 EI 1939-5590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 47 IS 4 BP 925 EP 933 PG 9 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 575DQ UT WOS:000176931700001 ER PT J AU Roegner, GC Hickey, BM Newton, JA Shanks, AL Armstrong, DA AF Roegner, GC Hickey, BM Newton, JA Shanks, AL Armstrong, DA TI Wind-induced plume and bloom intrusions into Willapa Bay, Washington SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID SAN-FRANCISCO-BAY; PHYTOPLANKTON BIOMASS; UPWELLING SYSTEM; NW SPAIN; VARIABILITY; CALIFORNIA; PATTERNS; SALINITY; DYNAMICS; BENTHOS AB The physical oceanography and chlorophyll distribution in Willapa Bay and the adjacent coastal ocean were measured during an upwelling-downwelling wind cycle in late May 1999. Coastal conditions were determined shipboard during two sets of five cross-shelf transects conducted 4 d apart, and instrument moorings simultaneously recorded wind velocity in the nearshore zone and biophysical water properties within Willapa Bay. The results demonstrate that estuarine physical oceanography and chlorophyll concentrations were determined by processes occurring in the nearshore ocean, and these in turn were forced by variation in wind stress. At the start of the study period, southerly winds produced downwelling conditions that forced the Columbia River plume against the coast, and low salinity water was advected into Willapa Bay. This water was relatively low in chlorophyll (<2 mg m(-3)) As the winds switched to an equatorward direction, coastal upwelling ensued and the Columbia plume was replaced by cold, salty water nearshore. A phytoplankton bloom exceeding 10 mg m(-3) was generated on the shelf with its core located 10 to 40 km from the estuarine mouth. The upwelling-favorable winds then relaxed, and the bloom was apparently advected across the shelf to the coast and subsequently into Willapa Bay, where instruments recorded pulses of chlorophyll entering the estuary on flood tides. Weak downwelling conditions were prevalent for the next several days, and the Columbia River plume returned to the coast where it mixed with the chlorophyll-enriched waters in the nearshore before entering the estuary. These results demonstrate that primary productivity generated in coastal waters can be transported to estuaries, where it is likely an important yet episodic food source for estuarine organisms. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Fisheries & Aquat Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Oregon, Oregon Inst Marine Biol, Charleston, OR 97420 USA. Washington State Dept Ecol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Oceanog, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Roegner, GC (reprint author), NOAA, NMFS, Point Adams Fields Stn, Box 155, Hammond, OR 97121 USA. NR 31 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPHY PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710-4446 USA SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 47 IS 4 BP 1033 EP 1042 PG 10 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 575DQ UT WOS:000176931700011 ER PT J AU Russakoff, DB Herman, M AF Russakoff, DB Herman, M TI Head tracking using stereo SO MACHINE VISION AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE security; surveillance; human motion; human-computer interaction ID FACIAL EXPRESSIONS; MODELS; COLOR; SEGMENTATION; REALITY; MOTION AB Head tracking is an important primitive for smart environments and perceptual user interfaces where the poses and movements of body parts need to be determined. Most previous solutions to this problem are based on intensity images and, as a result, suffer from a host of problems including sensitivity to background clutter and lighting variations. Our approach avoids these pitfalls by using stereo depth data together with a simple human-torso model to create a head-tracking system that is both fast and robust. We use stereo datal to derive a depth model of the background that is then employed to provide accurate foreground segmentation. We then use directed local edge detectors on the foreground to find occluding edges that are used as features to fit to a torso model. Once we have the model parameters, the location and orientation of the head can be easily estimated. A useful side effect from using stereo data is the ability to track head movement through a room in three dimensions. Experimental results on real image sequences are given. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP NIST, 100 Bureau Dr,Stop 8940, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM russakof@robotics.stanford.edu NR 49 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 3 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0932-8092 EI 1432-1769 J9 MACH VISION APPL JI Mach. Vis. Appl. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 13 IS 3 BP 164 EP 173 DI 10.1007/s001380100063 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Cybernetics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Computer Science; Engineering GA 589AZ UT WOS:000177736600007 ER PT J AU Villareal, TA Morton, SL AF Villareal, TA Morton, SL TI Use of cell-specific PAM-fluorometry to characterize host shading in the epiphytic dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus SO MARINE ECOLOGY-PUBBLICAZIONI DELLA STAZIONE ZOOLOGICA DI NAPOLI I LA English DT Article DE ciguatera; dinoflagellate; benthic; Belize; coral reef; light acclimation ID PHOTOSYNTHETIC ENERGY-CONVERSION; CHLOROPHYLL-A FLUORESCENCE; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC-OCEAN; IRON LIMITATION; PHYTOPLANKTON PHOTOSYNTHESIS; PHOTOSYSTEM-II; QUANTUM YIELD; QUENCHING ANALYSIS; IN-SITU; CIGUATERA AB Cell-specific fluorescence characteristics were used to characterize the light tolerance of the toxic benthic dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus. The fluorescence parameter F(v): F(m) was measured using pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) fluorometry on individual cells collected from foliose red algae growing in the sub-tidal margin of South Water Cay, Belize. Samples were collected over several days during sunny and cloudy conditions and compared to samples incubated in situ. The data from individual cells were used to generate both F(v): F(m) frequency histograms and averages. Maximum individual cell values of F(v): F(m) reached 0.81 in pre-dawn samples, a value near the theoretical maximum for PAM fluorometry. In field samples from macroalgal hosts, average F(v) : F(m) values declined only slightly during the day, but cells incubated in bottles under 47 % incident sunlight showed a significant mid-day depression. In freshly collected samples, near-maximum F(v): F(m) values could be found in individual cells during the entire day; however, the frequency histograms indicated a greater range in F(v): F(m) values during the afternoon than in the morning. In contrast, cultures of G. toxicus showed a tight distribution around a mean. Field samples showed a rapid recovery to near-maximum F(v): F(m) within 2 min when assayed using a standardized actinic light series. Similar results were obtained in laboratory cultures of G. toxicus grown at 73 mumol photons . m(-2). s(-1), but not at 383 mumol photons . m(-2).s(-1). These data provide empirical support for suggestions that G. toxicus exploits the three-dimensional structure of the algal host thallus to minimize light exposure. This strategy permits G. toxicus, a high-light intolerant species in culture, to thrive in shallow, well-lit tropical seas. It may also partially explain the observed preference of G. toxicus for complex, foliose macroalgae as hosts. C1 Univ Texas, Inst Marine Sci, Port Aransas, TX 78373 USA. Natl Ocean Serv, NOAA, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RP Villareal, TA (reprint author), Univ Texas, Inst Marine Sci, 750 Channel View Dr, Port Aransas, TX 78373 USA. EM tracy@utmsi.utexas.edu RI Villareal, Tracy/I-9462-2012 NR 43 TC 16 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 9 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0173-9565 J9 MAR ECOL-P S Z N I JI Mar. Ecol.-Pubbl. Stn. Zool. Napoli PD JUL PY 2002 VL 23 IS 2 BP 127 EP 140 DI 10.1046/j.1439-0485.2002.02777.x PG 14 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 574UE UT WOS:000176907300003 ER PT J AU Hooker, SK Boyd, IL Jessopp, M Cox, O Blackwell, J Boveng, PL Bengtson, JL AF Hooker, SK Boyd, IL Jessopp, M Cox, O Blackwell, J Boveng, PL Bengtson, JL TI Monitoring the prey-field of marine predators: Combining digital imaging with datalogging tags SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Antarctic fur seal; Arctocephalus gazella; digital imaging; diving behavior; foraging; time-depth recorder ID ANTARCTIC FUR SEALS; NORTHERN ELEPHANT SEALS; DIVING BEHAVIOR; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; ARCTOCEPHALUS-GAZELLA; FORAGING BEHAVIOR; SOUTH GEORGIA; HABITAT; KRILL; DEPTH AB There is increasing interest in the diving behavior of marine mammals. However, identifying foraging among recorded dives often requires several assumptions. The simultaneous acquisition of images of the prey encountered, together with records of diving behavior will allow researchers to more fully investigate the nature of subsurface behavior. We tested a novel digital camera linked to a time-depth recorder on Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella). During the austral summer 2000-2001, this system was deployed on six lactating female fur seals at Bird Island, South Georgia, each for a single foraging trip. The camera was triggered at depths greater than 10 m. Five deployments recorded still images (640 X 480 pixels) at 3-sec intervals (total 8,288 images), the other recorded movie images at 0.2-sec intervals (total 7,598 frames). Memory limitation (64 MB) restricted sampling to approximately 1.5 d of 5-7 d foraging trips. An average of 8.5% of still pictures (2.4%-11.6%) showed krill (Euphausia superba) distinctly, while at least half the images in each deployment were empty, the remainder containing blurred or indistinct prey, In one deployment krill images were recorded within 2.5 h (16 km, assuming 1.8 m/sec travel speed) of leaving the beach. Five of the six deployments also showed other fur seals foraging in conjunction with the study animal. This system is likely to generate exciting new avenues for interpretation of diving behavior. C1 British Antarctic Survey, Nat Environm Res Council, Cambridge CB3 0ET, England. Wild Insight Ltd, Ely CB7 4HJ, England. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Hooker, SK (reprint author), Univ St Andrews, Sea Mammal Res Unit, Gatty Marine Lab, St Andrews KY16 8LB, Fife, Scotland. RI Hooker, Sascha/J-3267-2013 NR 33 TC 57 Z9 57 U1 1 U2 15 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 18 IS 3 BP 680 EP 697 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2002.tb01066.x PG 18 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 569YF UT WOS:000176630200006 ER PT J AU Raum-Suryan, KL Pitcher, KW Calkins, DG Sease, JL Loughlin, TR AF Raum-Suryan, KL Pitcher, KW Calkins, DG Sease, JL Loughlin, TR TI Dispersal, rookery fidelity, and metapopulation structure of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) in an increasing and a decreasing population in Alaska SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Steller sea lion; Eumetopias jubatus; dispersal; rookery fidelity; brand; Alaska; endangered; metapopulation ID NORTHERN FUR SEALS; CONSPECIFIC ATTRACTION; SURVIVAL; SCOTLAND; RATES; AGE AB Over the past 24 yr, 8,596 Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus) pups were branded on their natal rookeries throughout Alaska with the objectives of determining survival rates, recruitment, movements, and site fidelity. Our objectives here were to examine the extent of dispersal of Steller sea lions away from their natal rookeries, movements between stocks, and degree of natal rookery fidelity. Pups (<1 yr old) usually remained within 500 km of their natal rookery. Branded juveniles dispersed widely and were resighted at distances up to 1,785 km from their natal rookeries. Adults generally remained within 500 km of their natal rookeries. No interchange of breeding animals between the ES (eastern stock) and WS (western stock) was observed. Although natal rookery fidelity was prevalent, 33% of the 12 observations of females branded in the WS during 1987-1988 and 19% of the 29 observations of females branded in the ES during 1994-1995 were observed with newly born pups at sites other than their natal rookeries. Steller sea lions generally conformed to the metapopulation concept as depicted by Hanski and Simberloff (1997), with local breeding populations (rookeries) and movements among these local populations having the potential of affecting local dynamics. C1 Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Div Wildlife Conservat, Anchorage, AK 99518 USA. Calkins Wildlife Consulting, Anchorage, AK 99516 USA. NMFS, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Raum-Suryan, KL (reprint author), 928 NW Cottage St, Newport, OR 97365 USA. NR 49 TC 62 Z9 65 U1 1 U2 11 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 18 IS 3 BP 746 EP 764 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2002.tb01071.x PG 19 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 569YF UT WOS:000176630200011 ER PT J AU Waite, JM Friday, NA Moore, SE AF Waite, JM Friday, NA Moore, SE TI Killer whale (Orcinus orca) distribution and abundance in the central and southeastern Bering Sea, July 1999 and June 2000 SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Waite, JM (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 11 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 5 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 18 IS 3 BP 779 EP 786 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2002.tb01073.x PG 8 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 569YF UT WOS:000176630200013 ER PT J AU Chiappone, M White, A Swanson, DW Miller, SL AF Chiappone, M White, A Swanson, DW Miller, SL TI Occurrence and biological impacts of fishing gear and other marine debris in the Florida Keys SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID CORAL-REEFS; FISHERIES; TRENDS C1 Univ N Carolina, Ctr Marine Sci, Key Largo, FL 33037 USA. Univ N Carolina, NOAA, Natl Undersea Res Ctr, Key Largo, FL 33037 USA. RP Univ N Carolina, Ctr Marine Sci, 515 Caribbean Dr, Key Largo, FL 33037 USA. NR 21 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 2 U2 10 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 44 IS 7 BP 597 EP 604 AR PII S0025-326X(01)00290-9 DI 10.1016/S0025-326X(01)00290-9 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 584VE UT WOS:000177488800015 PM 12222882 ER PT J AU Zimmerman, BE Cessna, JT Dorton, JA AF Zimmerman, BE Cessna, JT Dorton, JA TI Experimental investigation of dose calibrator response for I-125 brachytherapy solutions contained in 5 mL plastic syringes and 2 mL conical glass v-vials as a function of filling mass SO MEDICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE brachytherapy; calibration factors; iodine-125; well ionization chambers ID BALLOON BRACHYTHERAPY; RADIATION-THERAPY; ANGIOPLASTY; APPLICATOR; DOSIMETRY; SETTINGS; RE-188 AB The effect of measurement geometry on the determination of the activity of solutions containing 1251 for use in brachytherapy applications has been investigated for 5 mL plastic syringes and 2 mL conical glass dose vials as a function of filling mass. New dial settings for the syringes over a filling mass range of I to 3 g have been determined to be 497 +/- 8 and 469 +/- 8 (expanded, k = 2, uncertainties) for the NIST Capintec CRC-12 and Capintec CRC-35R, respectively, with any effect due to the filling mass lying within the uncertainty in the activity calibration. A filling mass effect was observed in the dose vials, causing a 10.5% reduction in the chamber response from a 2 g filling mass to 1 g. Dial settings at 2 g were experimentally found to be 143 +/- 2 and 135 +/- 2 (expanded uncertainties) for the NIST Capintec CRC-12 and Capintec CRC-35R, respectively. The appropriate dial settings for the same vials with a I g filling mass were found to be 120 +/- 2 and 114 +/- 2 for CRC-12 and CRC-35R, respectively. Differences of up to +/-45% in the activity determination were observed between values obtained with the manufacturer's recommended setting and the settings obtained experimentally for each specific geometry. Calibration factors were also determined for a Vinten 671 Radionuclide Calibrator, giving values of 0.226 +/- 0.009 pA(.)MBq(-1) and 0.231 +/- 0.004 pA(.)MBq(-1) (expanded uncertainties), respectively, for the 1 and 2 g dispensings. This study demonstrates that experimentally determined calibration factors for the exact measurement geometry are necessary when measuring radionuclides in configurations other than the manufacturer's standard geometry, especially when nuclides that emit low-energy radiations are involved. (C) 2002 American Association of Physicists in Medicine. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Proxima Therapeut Inc, Alpharetta, GA 30005 USA. RP Zimmerman, BE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, 100 Bur Dr Stop 8462, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 17 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC PHYSICISTS MEDICINE AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0094-2405 J9 MED PHYS JI Med. Phys. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 29 IS 7 BP 1547 EP 1555 DI 10.1118/1.1487424 PG 9 WC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 575DG UT WOS:000176930900020 PM 12148737 ER PT J AU Markowski, PM Straka, JM Rasmussen, EN AF Markowski, PM Straka, JM Rasmussen, EN TI Direct surface thermodynamic observations within the rear-flank downdrafts of nontornadic and tornadic supercells SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID RESPONSE PERMUTATION PROCEDURES; LOW-LEVEL MESOCYCLONES; STORM-RELATIVE WINDS; METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS; DOPPLER RADAR; GARDEN-CITY; THUNDERSTORM; PRESSURE; VORTEX-95; BUOYANCY AB Despite the long-surmised importance of the hook echo and rear-flank downdraft (RFD) in tornadogenesis, only a paucity of direct observations have been obtained at the surface within hook echoes and RFDs. In this paper, in situ surface observations within hook echoes and RFDs are analyzed. These "mobile mesonet'' data have unprecedented horizontal spatial resolution and were obtained from the Verifications of the Origins of Rotation in Tornadoes Experiment (VORTEX) and additional field experiments conducted since the conclusion of VORTEX. The surface thermodynamic characteristics of hook echoes and RFDs associated with tornadic and nontornadic supercells are investigated to address whether certain types of hook echoes and RFDs are favorable (or unfavorable) for tornadogenesis. Tornadogenesis is more likely and tornado intensity and longevity increase as the surface buoyancy, potential buoyancy (as measured by the convective available potential energy), and equivalent potential temperature in the RFD increase, and as the convective inhibition associated with RFD parcels at the surface decreases. It is hypothesized that evaporative cooling and entrainment of midlevel potentially cold air may play smaller roles in the development of RFDs associated with tornadic supercells compared to nontornadic supercells. Furthermore, baroclinity at the surface within the hook echo is not a necessary condition for tornadogenesis. It also will be shown that environments characterized by high boundary layer relative humidity (and low cloud base) may be more conducive to RFDs associated with relatively high buoyancy than environments characterized by low boundary layer relative humidity (and high cloud base). C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Sch Meteorol, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Natl Severe Storms Lab, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK USA. Univ Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Markowski, PM (reprint author), 503 Walker Bldg, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RI Nesbitt, Stephen/I-3965-2013; OI Nesbitt, Stephen/0000-0003-0348-0452; Markowski, Paul/0000-0002-4295-3390 NR 99 TC 139 Z9 144 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 130 IS 7 BP 1692 EP 1721 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<1692:DSTOWT>2.0.CO;2 PG 30 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 556NL UT WOS:000175855800002 ER PT J AU Zou, CZ Van Woert, ML AF Zou, CZ Van Woert, ML TI Atmospheric wind retrievals from satellite soundings over the middle- and high-latitude oceans SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID ANTARCTIC PRECIPITATION; HYDROLOGIC-CYCLE; SOUTHERN-OCEAN; REANALYSES; MOISTURE; DATASET; PROJECT; ENERGY; SSM/I AB A technique that uses satellite-based surface wind and temperature soundings for deriving three-dimensional atmospheric wind fields is developed for climate studies over the middle- and high-latitude oceans. In this technique, the thermal wind derived from the satellite soundings is added to the surface wind to obtain a first-guess, nonmass-conserved atmospheric wind profile. Then a Lagrange multiplier in a variational formalism is used to force the first-guess wind to conserve mass. Two mass conservation schemes are proposed. One is to use the meridional mass transport conservation equation as a constraint to derive the meridional wind first, and then the vertically integrated mass conservation equation is used to infer the zonal wind. The zonal and meridional winds are obtained separately in this approach. The second scheme is to use the vertically integrated mass conservation equation as a constraint to retrieve the zonal and meridional winds simultaneously from the first-guess field. Temperature soundings from the Television and Infrared Observational Satellite (TIROS) Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS) Pathfinder Path A dataset and a Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) satellite-based surface wind field are used to derive the wind fields. The two mass conservation schemes yield two different wind fields. They are compared with the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) and National Centers for Environmental Prediction-National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP-NCAR) re-analyses and radiosonde observations over the Southern Ocean. The general circulation structure of both wind fields is similar to the reanalysis winds. However, the annual-mean bias of the first method is small in both the zonal and meridional winds compared to radiosonde observations, while the zonal wind bias of the second method is as large as -4 m s(-1). The main reason for the difference is that the second method requires that the Lagrange multiplier be zero on the latitudinal boundaries. This forces the retrieved zonal wind to approach the first-guess zonal wind. In contrast, the first method does not require latitudinal boundary conditions, allowing a larger correction to the first-guess zonal wind. C1 NOAA, Off Res & Applicat, NESDIS, Ctr Sci, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. US Natl Ice Ctr, Washington, DC USA. RP Zou, CZ (reprint author), NOAA, Off Res & Applicat, NESDIS, Ctr Sci, Room 711,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RI Zou, Cheng-Zhi/E-3085-2010 NR 36 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 130 IS 7 BP 1771 EP 1791 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<1771:AWRFSS>2.0.CO;2 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 556NL UT WOS:000175855800005 ER PT J AU Whitaker, JS Hamill, TM AF Whitaker, JS Hamill, TM TI Ensemble data assimilation without perturbed observations SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID SEQUENTIAL DATA ASSIMILATION; QUASI-GEOSTROPHIC MODEL; KALMAN FILTER TECHNIQUE; PART I AB The ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) is a data assimilation scheme based on the traditional Kalman filter update equation. An ensemble of forecasts are used to estimate the background-error covariances needed to compute the Kalman gain. It is known that if the same observations and the same gain are used to update each member of the ensemble, the ensemble will systematically underestimate analysis-error covariances. This will cause a degradation of subsequent analyses and may lead to filter divergence. For large ensembles, it is known that this problem can be alleviated by treating the observations as random variables, adding random perturbations to them with the correct statistics. Two important consequences of sampling error in the estimate of analysis-error covariances in the EnKF are discussed here. The first results from the analysis-error covariance being a nonlinear function of the background-error covariance in the Kalman filter. Due to this nonlinearity, analysis-error covariance estimates may be negatively biased, even if the ensemble background-error covariance estimates are unbiased. This problem must be dealt with in any Kalman filter-based ensemble data assimilation scheme. A second consequence of sampling error is particular to schemes like the EnKF that use perturbed observations. While this procedure gives asymptotically correct analysis-error covariance estimates for large ensembles, the addition of perturbed observations adds an additional source of sampling error related to the estimation of the observation-error covariances. In addition to reducing the accuracy of the analysis-error covariance estimate, this extra source of sampling error increases the probability that the analysis-error covariance will be underestimated. Because of this, ensemble data assimilation methods that use perturbed observations are expected to be less accurate than those which do not. Several ensemble filter formulations have recently been proposed that do not require perturbed observations. This study examines a particularly simple implementation called the ensemble square root filter, or EnSRF. The EnSRF uses the traditional Kalman gain for updating the ensemble mean but uses a "reduced'' Kalman gain to update deviations from the ensemble mean. There is no additional computational cost incurred by the EnSRF relative to the EnKF when the observations have independent errors and are processed one at a time. Using a hierarchy of perfect model assimilation experiments, it is demonstrated that the elimination of the sampling error associated with the perturbed observations makes the EnSRF more accurate than the EnKF for the same ensemble size. C1 NOAA CIRIES, Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Whitaker, JS (reprint author), NOAA CIRIES, Climate Diagnost Ctr, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 25 TC 643 Z9 702 U1 5 U2 58 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 130 IS 7 BP 1913 EP 1924 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<1913:EDAWPO>2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 556NL UT WOS:000175855800013 ER PT J AU Bao, JW Michelson, SA Wilczak, JM AF Bao, JW Michelson, SA Wilczak, JM TI Sensitivity of numerical simulations to parameterizations of roughness for surface heat fluxes at high winds over the sea SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID TROPICAL CYCLONES; SENSIBLE HEAT; DENSE VEGETATION; BOUNDARY-LAYER; MASS-TRANSFER; WATER-VAPOR; MODEL; EXCHANGE; COEFFICIENTS; TEMPERATURE AB A few roughness length schemes for surface sensible and latent heat fluxes have been developed to fit observations under low and moderate wind (<20 m s(-1)) conditions. It is not clear to what degree these schemes can be extrapolated to cases of high wind conditions (>25 m s(-1)). In this study, numerical experiments are carried out to reveal the sensitivity of a simulated hurricane to the roughness length schemes for heat fluxes. It is shown that great disparity exists in the response of the model-simulated hurricane to the schemes. This suggests that further research involving both theory and observations is required in order to reduce the uncertainties in numerical simulation of air-sea fluxes under high wind conditions. C1 NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Bao, JW (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 31 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 130 IS 7 BP 1926 EP 1932 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<1926:SONSTP>2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 556NL UT WOS:000175855800014 ER PT J AU Ramseyer, LJ AF Ramseyer, LJ TI Predicting whole-fish nitrogen content from fish wet weight using regression analysis SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF AQUACULTURE LA English DT Article ID BODY-COMPOSITION; PROXIMATE COMPOSITION AB Regression analysis was examined as a method of estimating whole-body nitrogen (N) from whole-fish wet weight for a broad range of fish species. Whole-body N and corresponding wet weight data were collected from the literature for 60 fish species and 6 hybrids. Log(10)-transformed data were used to regress whole-body N on fish wet weight for each species. At least 98% of the variation in whole-body N was explained by wet weight for 60 of the 66 species and hybrids (P < 0.001). Regression parameters were similar for most species of fish and were often statistically indistinguishable (P < 0.05) for species within a genus or other taxonomic grouping. Paired t-tests showed no significant differences (P > 0.05) between whole-fish N values determined chemically and those predicted by linear and broken-line regression equations. A linear regression equation with combined data for all species and hybrids was log(10)(fish N) = 1.03 X log(10)(fish wet weight) - 1.65 (n = 2,811; r(2) = 0.996; SEY.X (the standard error of the Y estimate) = 0.054; P < 0.0001). Estimation of whole-fish N using regression equations presents a useful alternative to direct chemical analysis for selected applications. C1 Natl Acad Sci, Milford, CT 06460 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Milford, CT 06460 USA. RP Ramseyer, LJ (reprint author), ENSR Int, 2 Technol Pk Dr, Westford, MA 01886 USA. NR 28 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 1522-2055 J9 N AM J AQUACULT JI N. Am. J. Aqualcult. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 64 IS 3 BP 195 EP 204 DI 10.1577/1548-8454(2002)064<0195:PWFNCF>2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 573KA UT WOS:000176827600005 ER PT J AU Saab, T Abrams, D Akerib, D Bauer, DA Brink, PL Cabrera, B Castle, JP Chang, C Crisler, MB Driscoll, D Emes, J Huber, M Gaitskell, RJ Hellmig, J Mandic, V Martinis, J Meunier, P Perillo-Isaac, M Perera, T Sadoulet, B Schnee, R Seitz, D Young, BA AF Saab, T Abrams, D Akerib, D Bauer, DA Brink, PL Cabrera, B Castle, JP Chang, C Crisler, MB Driscoll, D Emes, J Huber, M Gaitskell, RJ Hellmig, J Mandic, V Martinis, J Meunier, P Perillo-Isaac, M Perera, T Sadoulet, B Schnee, R Seitz, D Young, BA TI Deployment of the first CDMS II ZIP detectors at the Stanford Underground Facility SO NUCLEAR PHYSICS B-PROCEEDINGS SUPPLEMENTS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Workshop on Topics in Astroparticle and Underground Physics CY SEP 08-12, 2001 CL LAB NAZL GRAN SASSO, ASSERGI, ITALY HO LAB NAZL GRAN SASSO AB The CDMS II experiment deployed the first set of ZIP (Z-dependent Ionization and Phonon) detectors at the Stanford Underground Facility (SUF) shallow depth site in the spring of 2000. With a payload consisting of 3 Ge (250g ea.) and 3 Si (100g ea.) ZIPs, the run was the first demostration of multiple ZIPs operating simltaneously. Good discrimination between electron and nuclear recoil events of 99.8% was established, down to recoil energies of 10 keV. A measurement of the gamma, beta, and neutron backgrounds was made. C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Phys, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Phys, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Natl Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Denver, CO 80217 USA. UCL, Dept Phys & Astron, London, England. Univ Calif Berkeley, Ctr Particle Astrophys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Santa Clara Univ, Dept Phys, Santa Clara, CA 95053 USA. RP Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. RI Huber, Martin/B-3354-2011 NR 2 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0920-5632 EI 1873-3832 J9 NUCL PHYS B-PROC SUP JI Nucl. Phys. B-Proc. Suppl. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 110 BP 100 EP 102 AR PII S0920-5632(02)01464-0 PG 3 WC Physics, Particles & Fields SC Physics GA 570MG UT WOS:000176661600023 ER PT J AU Germer, TA AF Germer, TA TI Light scattering by slightly nonspherical particles on surfaces SO OPTICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID PERFECTLY CONDUCTING SURFACE; DISCRETE SOURCES METHOD; PLANE SURFACE; SUBSTRATE; FEATURES AB We investigate the shape dependence of the scattering by dielectric and metallic particles on surfaces by considering particles whose free-space scattering properties are nearly identical. The scattering by metallic particles is strongly dependent on the shape of the particle in the region near where the particle touches the surface. The scattering by dielectric particles displays a weaker, but nonetheless significant, dependence on particle shape. These results have a significant effect on the use of light scattering to size and identify particles on surfaces. C1 NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Germer, TA (reprint author), NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 12 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 6 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0146-9592 J9 OPT LETT JI Opt. Lett. PD JUL 1 PY 2002 VL 27 IS 13 BP 1159 EP 1161 DI 10.1364/OL.27.001159 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA 569VM UT WOS:000176623100023 PM 18026393 ER PT J AU Potma, EO Jones, DJ Cheng, JX Xie, XS Ye, J AF Potma, EO Jones, DJ Cheng, JX Xie, XS Ye, J TI High-sensitivity coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy with two tightly synchronized picosecond lasers SO OPTICS LETTERS LA English DT Article AB We demonstrate a significant improvement in signal-to-noise ratio in coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) spectroscopy/microscopy, using two highly synchronized picosecond Ti:sapphire lasers. A temporal jitter between the pulse trains from the two independent commercial lasers is reduced from a few picoseconds to similar to21 fs. maintained over several hours. The tight synchronization brings the fluctuation of the CARS signal down to the shot-noise limit. leading to enhanced CARS vibrational images of living cells and polymer beads. (C) 2002 Optical Society of America. C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Chem & Chem Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. JILA, Boulder, CO USA. Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD USA. RP Potma, EO (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Dept Chem & Chem Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RI Ye, Jun/C-3312-2011; Jones, David/F-5859-2017 NR 9 TC 130 Z9 132 U1 0 U2 15 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0146-9592 J9 OPT LETT JI Opt. Lett. PD JUL 1 PY 2002 VL 27 IS 13 BP 1168 EP 1170 DI 10.1364/OL.27.001168 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA 569VM UT WOS:000176623100026 PM 18026396 ER PT J AU Kearsley, AJ Reiff, AM AF Kearsley, AJ Reiff, AM TI Existence of weak solutions to a class of nonstrictly hyperbolic conservation laws with non-interacting waves SO PACIFIC JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICS LA English DT Article ID RIEMANN PROBLEM; DEGENERACY; SYSTEM AB Many applied problems resulting in hyperbolic conservation laws are nonstrictly hyperbolic. As of yet, there is no comprehensive theory to describe the solutions of these systems. In this paper, a proof of existence is given for a class of nonstrictly hyperbolic conservation laws using a proof technique first applied by Glimm to systems of strictly hyperbolic conservation laws. We show that Glimm's scheme can be used to construct a subsequence converging to a weak solution. This paper necessarily departs from previous work in showing the existence of a convergent subsequence. A novel functional, shown to be equivalent to the total variation norm, is defined according to wave interactions. These interactions can be bounded without any assumptions of strict hyperbolicity. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Math & Computat Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. IIT, Dept Math Appl, Chicago, IL 60616 USA. RP Kearsley, AJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Math & Computat Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 13 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU PACIFIC JOURNAL MATHEMATICS PI BERKELEY PA PO BOX 4163, BERKELEY, CA 94704-0163 USA SN 0030-8730 J9 PAC J MATH JI Pac. J. Math. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 205 IS 1 BP 153 EP 170 PG 18 WC Mathematics SC Mathematics GA 570GF UT WOS:000176650000008 ER PT J AU Gaigalas, AK Wang, L Vogt, RF AF Gaigalas, AK Wang, L Vogt, RF TI Frequency-domain measurement of the photodegradation process of fluorescein SO PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PHOTOBLEACHING KINETICS; MICROSCOPY; DYES; STATE AB The frequency-domain technique is applied to measure the photodegradation rate of fluorescein in aqueous solutions. The illuminating light is modulated, and the changes in fluorescence from the illuminated region are detected synchronously. A constant flow rate is imposed on the fluorescein solution to control the mass transport of fluorescein into the illuminated region. The fluorescence response is described by a model that assumes that photodegradation occurs from the triplet excited state. The predictions of the model are consistent with the observed variations in the fluorescence response with How rate, modulation frequency and incident power. We discuss in this article how the dependence of the model parameters on experimental conditions can be used to infer the photodegradation rate as well as some of the details of the photodegradation mechanism. The results are consistent with the known mechanism of photodegradation of fluorescein. The frequency-domain technique gives a photodegradation rate of 53 s(-1) in an air-saturated solution and 37 s(-1) in solutions purged with argon gas. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Atlanta, GA USA. RP Gaigalas, AK (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8312, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 22 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER SOC PHOTOBIOLOGY PI AUGUSTA PA BIOTECH PARK, 1021 15TH ST, SUITE 9, AUGUSTA, GA 30901-3158 USA SN 0031-8655 J9 PHOTOCHEM PHOTOBIOL JI Photochem. Photobiol. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 76 IS 1 BP 22 EP 28 DI 10.1562/0031-8655(2002)076<0022:FDMOTP>2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 573XB UT WOS:000176856800003 PM 12126303 ER PT J AU di Sarra, A Disterhoft, P DeLuisi, JJ AF di Sarra, A Disterhoft, P DeLuisi, JJ TI On the importance of spectral responsivity of Robertson-Berger-type ultraviolet radiometers for long-term observations SO PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID RADIATION MONITORING PROGRAM; SURFACE IRRADIANCE; FIELD CALIBRATION; METER AB A system to determine the spectral responsivity of ultraviolet (UV) radiometers has been developed and is routinely operated at the Central Ultraviolet Calibration Facility, at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The instrument and the measurement methodologies are described. Results of measurements from thermally controlled broadband UV radiometers of the Robertson-Berger (R-B)-type are described. Systematic differences in the spectral response curves for these instruments have been detected. The effect of these differences on the field operation of UV-B radiometers has been studied by calculating the instrumental response from modeled UV spectra. The differences of the weighted spectral UV irradiances, measured by two radiometers with different spectral response functions, caused by the daily variation in the position of the sun were estimated for fixed values of total ozone., altitude and albedo, and for cloud-free conditions. These differences increase with the solar zenith angle and are as large as 8%. Larger differences in the instrumental response may be produced by ozone variations. Thus, care must be taken when analyzing data from R-B radiometers and comparing results from different instruments. Routine cycling of UV-B radiometers in operative networks without a careful determination of the spectral responsivity, or small drifts of the spectral responsivity, may strongly affect the accuracy of UV radiation measurements and produce an erroneous trend. Because of the possible differences among radiometers, it would not be practical to derive the long-term behavior of UV radiation without routine and thorough characterization of the spectral responsivities of the instruments. C1 ENEA, Global Environm & Climate Div, I-00060 Santa Maria Di Galeria, Italy. Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Surface Radiat Res Branch, Boulder, CO USA. RP di Sarra, A (reprint author), ENEA, Global Environm & Climate Div, Via Anguillarese 301, I-00060 Santa Maria Di Galeria, Italy. RI di Sarra, Alcide/J-1491-2016 OI di Sarra, Alcide/0000-0002-2405-2898 NR 23 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER SOC PHOTOBIOLOGY PI AUGUSTA PA BIOTECH PARK, 1021 15TH ST, SUITE 9, AUGUSTA, GA 30901-3158 USA SN 0031-8655 J9 PHOTOCHEM PHOTOBIOL JI Photochem. Photobiol. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 76 IS 1 BP 64 EP 72 DI 10.1562/0031-8655(2002)076<0064:OTIOSR>2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 573XB UT WOS:000176856800009 PM 12126309 ER PT J AU Lee, S Griffith, D Song, NO AF Lee, S Griffith, D Song, NO TI A new analytical model of shared backup path provisioning in GMPLS networks SO PHOTONIC NETWORK COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE GMPLS; multiple failures; shared backup path AB As GMPLS and its supporting set of protocols develop into aviable control plane for optical networks, an important function that they will need to support will be the protection and restoration function that has been a major feature of legacy optical networks. A network with a robust set of protection and restoration mechanisms will be able to support data traffic while allowing faster recovery from failures than can be obtained using layer 3 rerouting. Several models have been proposed for protection with GMPLS using shared backup paths. This previous work has not investigated the effect on recovery time critical to the service or the number of backup paths that are required to meet a desired level of performance. Using both restoration time and recovery blocking probability, we have developed a new analytic model for GMPLS-based recovery in M : N protection groups. Furthermore, we show that smaller backup paths can be reserved by capturing the effect of multiple failures in the case of M : N shared protection with revertive mode in an optical network with a GMPLS control plane. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lee, S (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8920, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 11 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1387-974X J9 PHOTONIC NETW COMMUN JI Photonic Netw. Commun. PD JUL-DEC PY 2002 VL 4 IS 3-4 BP 271 EP 283 DI 10.1023/A:1016051628135 PG 13 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Optics; Telecommunications SC Computer Science; Optics; Telecommunications GA 567HY UT WOS:000176480400005 ER PT J AU Martinho, H Granado, E Moreno, NO Garcia, A Torriani, I Rettori, C Neumeier, JJ Oseroff, SB AF Martinho, H Granado, E Moreno, NO Garcia, A Torriani, I Rettori, C Neumeier, JJ Oseroff, SB TI Strong charge carrier effect on the magnetic coupling of La-doped CaMnO3 SO PHYSICA B-CONDENSED MATTER LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th Latin American Workshop on Magnetism, Magnetic Materials and their Applications CY SEP 03-07, 2001 CL SAN CARLOS BARILO, ARGENTINA SP Magnet Resonance Lab DE Raman scattering; spin-phonon interactions; electron spin resonance AB The exchange interactions in polycrystalline samples of Ca1-xLaxMnO3 (0.00less than or equal toxless than or equal to0.05) are studied by means of Raman scattering and electron paramagnetic resonance. Dramatic reductions in the spin-phonon interactions and magnetic correlations are observed for La doping levels as small as similar to2-3%. These results show that the charge carriers play an important role in the overall exchange coupling in the electron-doped manganites, even at very low doping levels. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Estadual Campinas, Grp Propiedades Opt & Magnet Solidos, Inst Fis Gleb Wataghin,Dep Elect Quant, Cidade Univ Zaferino Vaz Barao Geraldo, BR-13083970 Campinas, SP, Brazil. San Diego State Univ, San Diego, CA 92182 USA. Florida Atlantic Univ, Dept Phys, Boca Raton, FL 33431 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NIST, NCNR, Gaithersburg, MD 20874 USA. RP Rettori, C (reprint author), Univ Estadual Campinas, Grp Propiedades Opt & Magnet Solidos, Inst Fis Gleb Wataghin,Dep Elect Quant, Cidade Univ Zaferino Vaz Barao Geraldo, BR-13083970 Campinas, SP, Brazil. RI Rettori, Carlos/C-3966-2012; Granado, Eduardo/F-5389-2012; Moreno, Nelson/H-1708-2012; Torriani, Iris/E-5686-2010; Martinho, Herculano/F-4684-2015; Optica e Eletronica, Laboratorio/A-8669-2014; Inst. of Physics, Gleb Wataghin/A-9780-2017 OI Rettori, Carlos/0000-0001-6692-7915; Moreno, Nelson/0000-0002-1672-4340; NR 10 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 14 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4526 J9 PHYSICA B JI Physica B PD JUL PY 2002 VL 320 IS 1-4 BP 40 EP 42 AR PII S0921-4526(02)00615-4 DI 10.1016/S0921-4526(02)00615-4 PG 3 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 586VW UT WOS:000177607700012 ER PT J AU Bolda, EL Tiesinga, E Julienne, PS AF Bolda, EL Tiesinga, E Julienne, PS TI Effective-scattering-length model of ultracold atomic collisions and Feshbach resonances in tight harmonic traps SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATION; INELASTIC-COLLISIONS; COLD ATOMS; GAS; SPECTROSCOPY; APPROXIMATION; CONFINEMENT; MOLECULES; BOSONS AB We consider the problem of cold atomic collisions in tight traps, where the absolute scattering length may be larger than the trap size. As long as the size of the trap ground state is larger than a characteristic length of the van der Waals potential, the energy eigenvalues can be computed self-consistently from the scattering phase shift for untrapped atoms. By comparing with the exact numerical eigenvalues of the trapping plus interatomic potentials, we verify that our model gives accurate eigenvalues up to milliKelvin energies for single-channel s-wave scattering of Na-23 atoms in an isotropic harmonic trap, even when outside the Wigner threshold regime. Our model works also for multichannel scattering, where the scattering length can be made large due to a magnetically tunable Feshbach resonance. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bolda, EL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8423, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Julienne, Paul/E-9378-2012 OI Julienne, Paul/0000-0002-5494-1442 NR 49 TC 133 Z9 133 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD JUL PY 2002 VL 66 IS 1 AR 013403 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.66.013403 PG 7 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 579WH UT WOS:000177200800079 ER PT J AU Kim, YK Desclaux, JP AF Kim, YK Desclaux, JP TI Ionization of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen by electron impact SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID CROSS-SECTIONS; TRANSITION-PROBABILITIES; NEAR-THRESHOLD; ATOMIC OXYGEN; SCATTERING; IONS AB Total ionization cross sections of neutral carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen atoms by electron impact are presented. In our theory we have included the possibilities that (a) some target atoms used in an experiment were in metastable states close to the ground state, (b) excitation-autoionization of 2s2p(m) exited states may be substantial, and (c) ions produced in experiments may be in excited, low-lying metastable states. The binary-encounter Bethe (BEB) model of Kim and Rudd [Phys. Rev. A 50, 3954 (1994)] is used to calculate the cross sections for direct ionization. Plane-wave Born cross sections scaled by the method developed by Kim [Phys. Rev. 64, 032713 (2001)] are used to determine the contributions from excitation-autoionization. A sum of the BEB cross sections for direct ionization weighted according to the statistical weights of the final ion states is used to modify the direct ionization cross sections. The combination of the BEB model and the scaled Born cross sections is in excellent agreement with available experimental data. The present method can easily be extended to heavier open-shell atoms. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kim, YK (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 31 TC 93 Z9 94 U1 3 U2 17 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD JUL PY 2002 VL 66 IS 1 AR 012708 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.66.012708 PG 12 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 579WH UT WOS:000177200800054 ER PT J AU Loftus, T Bochinski, JR Mossberg, TW AF Loftus, T Bochinski, JR Mossberg, TW TI Magnetic trapping of ytterbium and the alkaline-earth metals SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATION; LOW-LYING LEVELS; NEUTRAL ATOMS; ELASTIC-SCATTERING; RF SPECTROSCOPY; MG-I; LASER; LIFETIMES; SR; GAS AB Atomic ytterbium (Yb), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), and strontium (Sr) possess a simple yet versatile internal level structure and a diversity of naturally abundant fermionic and bosonic isotopes, making these systems ideal for studies of cold collisions and weakly interacting quantum degenerate gases. Unlike alkali-metal atoms, however, Yb, Mg, Ca, and Sr cannot be magnetically trapped in the ground state. We analyze a solution to this problem involving magnetic trapping in a low-lying metastable excited state and predict that significant magnetic trap populations can be obtained via continuous, in situ loading from Yb and Sr S-1(0)-P-1(1) magneto-optical traps. C1 Univ Oregon, Oregon Ctr Opt, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. Univ Oregon, Dept Phys, Eugene, OR 97403 USA. RP Loftus, T (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 59 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD JUL PY 2002 VL 66 IS 1 AR 013411 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.66.013411 PG 5 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 579WH UT WOS:000177200800087 ER PT J AU Xu, XY Loftus, TH Smith, MJ Hall, JL Gallagher, A Ye, J AF Xu, XY Loftus, TH Smith, MJ Hall, JL Gallagher, A Ye, J TI Dynamics in a two-level atom magneto-optical trap SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID LASER-RADIATION PRESSURE; SUB-DOPPLER TEMPERATURES; MOLASSES AB Alkaline-earth-metal atoms present an ideal platform for exploring magneto-optic trap (MOT) dynamics, enabling unique and definitive tests of laser cooling and trapping mechanisms. We have measured the trapping beam intensity, detuning, magnetic-field gradient, trap density, and lifetime dependence of the spring constant kappa and damping coefficient alpha for a S-1(0)-P-1(1) Sr-88 MOT by fitting the oscillatory response of the atom cloud to a step-function force. We find that the observed behavior of kappa and alpha provide a unified and consistent picture of trap dynamics that agrees with Doppler cooling theory at the level of 10%. Additionally, we demonstrate that the trapped atom temperature can be determined directly from measured value of kappa and the trap size, in excellent agreement with free-expansion temperature measurements. However, the experimentally determined temperature is much higher than Doppler cooling theory, implying significant additional heating mechanisms. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Xu, XY (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Ye, Jun/C-3312-2011 NR 16 TC 35 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD JUL PY 2002 VL 66 IS 1 AR 011401 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.66.011401 PG 4 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 579WH UT WOS:000177200800008 ER PT J AU Dieng, LM Ignatov, AY Tyson, TA Croft, M Dogan, F Kim, CY Woicik, JC Grow, J AF Dieng, LM Ignatov, AY Tyson, TA Croft, M Dogan, F Kim, CY Woicik, JC Grow, J TI Observation of changes in the atomic and electronic structure of single-crystal YBa2Cu3O6.6 accompanying bromination SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID ABSORPTION FINE-STRUCTURE; SUPERCONDUCTING PROPERTIES; RAY; YBA2CU3O7-DELTA; SPECTROSCOPY; SPECTRA; VAPORS; XAFS; CU AB To ascertain the role of bromination in the recovery of superconductivity in underdoped YBa2Cu3O6+y (YBCO), we have performed polarized multiple-edge x-ray-absorption fine structure (XAFS) measurements on normal (ysimilar to0.6) and brominated (Br/Cusimilar to1/30, ysimilar to0.6) single crystals with superconducting transitions at 63 and 89 K, respectively. The brominated sample becomes strongly heterogeneous on an atomic length scale. Approximately one-third of YBCO is locally decomposed yet incorporated as a well-ordered "host" lattice as nanoscale regions. The decomposed phase consists of heavily distorted domains with an order not following that of the "host" lattice. Structurally, these domains are fragments of the YBCO lattice that are discontinued along the Cu(1)-O(1) containing planes. The local structure is consistent with the cluster expansions: Y-O(2,3)(8)-Cu(2)(8)-..., Ba-O-8-Cu(2)(4)Cu(1)(2)-..., and Cu-O-4-... about the Y, Ba, and Cu sites. Interatomic distances and Debye-Waller factors for the expansions were determined from fits to Y K-, Ba L-3-, and Cu K-edge XAFS data at room temperature. Br K-edge data reveal that Br does not enter substitutionally or interstitially into the perfect YBCO lattice. However, Br does occupy the Cu(1) sites in a nanofragment of the YBCO lattice, forming Br-O(4)-Ba-Cu-2(1)Cu(2)-... nanoclusters. From polarized measurements these nanoclusters were found to be almost randomly oriented with respect to the "host" crystal, and probably are the nucleus of the decomposed phase. This heterogeneity brings about the unusual structural and electronic properties of the normal state previously reported in the literature. Implications on for diffraction, transport, and magnetization measurements are discussed. C1 New Jersey Inst Technol, Dept Phys, Newark, NJ 07102 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Natl Synchrotron Light Source, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Bell Labs, Lucent Technol, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. New Jersey Inst Technol, Dept Chem & Chem Engn, Newark, NJ 07102 USA. RP Dieng, LM (reprint author), New Jersey Inst Technol, Dept Phys, Newark, NJ 07102 USA. RI Kim, Chang-Yong/I-3136-2014 OI Kim, Chang-Yong/0000-0002-1280-9718 NR 25 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD JUL 1 PY 2002 VL 66 IS 1 AR 014508 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.66.014508 PG 13 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 581HD UT WOS:000177284900122 ER PT J AU Khaykovich, B Lee, YS Erwin, RW Lee, SH Wakimoto, S Thomas, KJ Kastner, MA Birgeneau, RJ AF Khaykovich, B Lee, YS Erwin, RW Lee, SH Wakimoto, S Thomas, KJ Kastner, MA Birgeneau, RJ TI Enhancement of long-range magnetic order by magnetic field in superconducting La2CuO4+y SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID STATIC ANTIFERROMAGNETIC CORRELATIONS; HIGH-TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTIVITY; T-J MODEL; NEUTRON-SCATTERING; TRANSITION TEMPERATURE; LA2-XSRXCUO4; FLUCTUATIONS; EXCITATIONS; YBA2CU3O7; CUPRATE AB We report a detailed study, using neutron scattering, transport and magnetization measurements, of the interplay between superconducting (SC) and spin density wave (SDW) orders in La2CuO4+y. Both kinds of order set in below the same critical temperature. However, the SDW order grows with applied magnetic field, whereas SC order is suppressed. Most importantly, the field dependence of the SDW Bragg peak intensity has a cusp at zero field, as predicted by a recent theory of competing SDW and SC orders. This leads us to conclude that there is a repulsive coupling between the two order parameters. The question of whether the two kinds of order coexist or microscopically phase separate is discussed. C1 MIT, Dept Phys, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. MIT, Ctr Mat Sci & Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Toronto, Dept Phys, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada. RP Khaykovich, B (reprint author), MIT, Dept Phys, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. RI Khaykovich, Boris/A-7376-2012 OI Khaykovich, Boris/0000-0002-9490-2771 NR 40 TC 112 Z9 112 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD JUL 1 PY 2002 VL 66 IS 1 AR 014528 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.66.014528 PG 8 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 581HD UT WOS:000177284900142 ER PT J AU Stiles, MD Zangwill, A AF Stiles, MD Zangwill, A TI Anatomy of spin-transfer torque SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID MAGNETIC MULTILAYERS; POLARIZED CURRENT; CO/CU/CO PILLARS; ELECTRIC-CURRENT; INTERFACE; EXCITATION; PRECESSION; TRANSPORT; REVERSAL; WAVES AB Spin-transfer torques occur in magnetic heterostructures because the transverse component of a spin current that flows from a nonmagnet into a ferromagnet is absorbed at the interface. We demonstrate this fact explicitly using free-electron models and first-principles electronic structure calculations for real material interfaces. Three distinct processes contribute to the absorption: (1) spin-dependent reflection and transmission, (2) rotation of reflected and transmitted spins, and (3) spatial precession of spins in the ferromagnet. When summed over all Fermi surface electrons, these processes reduce the transverse component of the transmitted and reflected spin currents to nearly zero for most systems of interest. Therefore, to a good approximation, the torque on the magnetization is proportional to the transverse piece of the incoming spin current. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Phys, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Stiles, Mark/K-2426-2012 OI Stiles, Mark/0000-0001-8238-4156 NR 46 TC 424 Z9 427 U1 3 U2 76 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9950 EI 2469-9969 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD JUL 1 PY 2002 VL 66 IS 1 AR 014407 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.66.014407 PG 14 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 581HD UT WOS:000177284900073 ER PT J AU Harrison, C Cheng, ZD Sethuraman, S Huse, DA Chaikin, PM Vega, DA Sebastian, JM Register, RA Adamson, DH AF Harrison, C Cheng, ZD Sethuraman, S Huse, DA Chaikin, PM Vega, DA Sebastian, JM Register, RA Adamson, DH TI Dynamics of pattern coarsening in a two-dimensional smectic system SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E LA English DT Article ID BLOCK-COPOLYMER MICROSTRUCTURE; SWIFT-HOHENBERG EQUATION; ATOMIC-FORCE MICROSCOPY; THIN-FILMS; DIBLOCK COPOLYMERS; ELECTRIC-FIELDS; 2 DIMENSIONS; INHERENT STRUCTURES; SCALING BEHAVIOR; LIQUID-CRYSTALS AB We have followed the coarsening dynamics of a single layer of cylindrical block copolymer microdomains in a thin film. This system has the symmetry of a two-dimensional smectic. The orientational correlation length of the microdomains was measured by scanning electron microscopy and found to grow with the average spacing between +/-1/2 disclinations, following a power law xi(2)(t)similar tot(1/4). By tracking disclinations during annealing with time-lapse atomic force microscopy, we observe dominant mechanisms of disclination annihilation involving tripoles and quadrupoles (three and four disclinations, respectively). We describe how annihilation events involving multiple disclinations result in similarly reduced kinetic exponents as observed here. These results map onto a wide variety of physical systems that exhibit similarly striped patterns. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Princeton Univ, Dept Phys, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Princeton Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Princeton Univ, Princeton Mat Inst, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Univ Nacl Sur, Dept Phys, RA-8000 Bahia Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Mailstop 8542,100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Vega, Daniel/C-2875-2009; Adamson, Douglas/C-8721-2009 NR 80 TC 143 Z9 143 U1 1 U2 32 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2470-0045 EI 2470-0053 J9 PHYS REV E JI Phys. Rev. E PD JUL PY 2002 VL 66 IS 1 AR 011706 DI 10.1103/PhysRevE.66.011706 PN 1 PG 27 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical SC Physics GA 579WF UT WOS:000177200500043 PM 12241374 ER PT J AU Claussen, NR Donley, EA Thompson, ST Wieman, CE AF Claussen, NR Donley, EA Thompson, ST Wieman, CE TI Microscopic dynamics in a strongly interacting Bose-Einstein condensate SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID FESHBACH RESONANCES; INELASTIC-COLLISIONS; SCATTERING; FIELDS; DECAY AB An initially stable Rb-85 Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) was subjected to a carefully controlled magnetic field pulse near a Feshbach resonance. This pulse probed the strongly interacting regime for the BEC, with the diluteness parameter (na(3)) ranging from 0.01 to 0.5. Condensate number loss resulted from the pulse, and for triangular pulses shorter than 1 ms, decreasing the pulse length actually increased the loss, until very short time scales (similar to10 mus ) were reached. The observed time dependence is very different from that expected in traditional inelastic loss processes, suggesting the presence of new microscopic BEC physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Claussen, NR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Donley, Elizabeth/A-4525-2010 NR 27 TC 81 Z9 81 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD JUL 1 PY 2002 VL 89 IS 1 AR 010401 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.010401 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 563YN UT WOS:000176285700001 PM 12097023 ER PT J AU Rowe, MA Ben-Kish, A Demarco, B Leibfried, D Meyer, V Beall, J Britton, J Hughes, J Itano, WM Jelenkovic, B Langer, C Rosenband, T Wineland, DJ AF Rowe, MA Ben-Kish, A Demarco, B Leibfried, D Meyer, V Beall, J Britton, J Hughes, J Itano, WM Jelenkovic, B Langer, C Rosenband, T Wineland, DJ TI Transport of quantum states and separation of ions in a dual RF ion trap SO QUANTUM INFORMATION & COMPUTATION LA English DT Article DE atom trapping and cooling; laser cooling; quantum computation; quantum state engineering; trapped ions ID GUIDING NEUTRAL ATOMS; PAUL TRAP; MAGNETIC GUIDE; OPTICAL FIBERS; GROUND-STATE; MICROMANIPULATION; MANIPULATION; COMPUTATION; ELECTRONS; COMPUTER AB We have investigated ion dynamics associated with a dual linear ion trap where ions can be stored in and moved between two distinct locations. Such a trap is a building block for a system to engineer arbitrary quantum states of ion ensembles. Specifically, this trap is the unit cell in a strategy for scalable quantum computing using a series of interconnected ion traps. We have transferred an ion between trap locations 1.2 mm apart in 50 mus with near unit efficiency (> 10(6) consecutive transfers) and negligible motional heating, while maintaining internal-state coherence. In addition, we have separated two ions held in a common trap into two distinct traps. C1 NIST, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Rowe, MA (reprint author), NIST, Div Optoelect, 325 S Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. OI DeMarco, Brian/0000-0002-2791-0413; Britton, Joe/0000-0001-8103-7347 NR 38 TC 174 Z9 174 U1 3 U2 21 PU RINTON PRESS, INC PI PRINCETON PA 12 CASTLETON RD, PRINCETON, NJ 08540 USA SN 1533-7146 J9 QUANTUM INFORM COMPU JI Quantum Inform. Comput. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 2 IS 4 BP 257 EP 271 PG 15 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Physics, Particles & Fields; Physics, Mathematical SC Computer Science; Physics GA 588HR UT WOS:000177696500001 ER PT J AU Inokuti, M Seltzer, SM AF Inokuti, M Seltzer, SM TI Physics as an element of Radiation Research SO RADIATION RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID OPTICALLY STIMULATED LUMINESCENCE; RESONANCE IONIZATION SPECTROSCOPY; 670A MEV NE-20; LIQUID WATER; MICRODOSIMETRY; FRAGMENTATION; SIMULATION; DOSIMETRY; AL2O3; DEPTH AB Since its inception in 1954, Radiation Research has published an estimated total of about 8700 scientific articles up to August 2001, about 520, or roughly 6%, of which are primarily related to physics. This average of about 11 articles per year indicates steadily continuing contributions by physicists, though there are appreciable fluctuations from year to year. These works of physicists concern radiation sources, dosimetry, instrumentation for measurements of radiation effects, fundamentals of radiation physics, mechanisms of radiation actions, and applications. In this review, we have selected some notable accomplishments for discussion and present an outlook for the future. (C) 2002 by Radiation Research Society. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Phys Div, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Inokuti, M (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Phys Div, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. NR 86 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 5 PU RADIATION RESEARCH SOC PI OAK BROOK PA 820 JORIE BOULEVARD, OAK BROOK, IL 60523 USA SN 0033-7587 J9 RADIAT RES JI Radiat. Res. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 158 IS 1 BP 3 EP 12 DI 10.1667/0033-7587(2002)158[0003:PAAEOR]2.0.CO;2 PG 10 WC Biology; Biophysics; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Biophysics; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 570HP UT WOS:000176653100002 PM 12071798 ER PT J AU Cotton, MG Kuester, EF Holloway, CL AF Cotton, MG Kuester, EF Holloway, CL TI An investigation into the geometric optics approximation for indoor scenarios with a discussion on pseudolateral waves SO RADIO SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Electromagnetics : Guided waves; Electromagnetics : Wave propagation (4275); Electromagnetics : Antennas; Electromagnetics : Electromagnetic theory; Electromagnetics : Numerical methods; geometric optics; indoor propagation channel; propagation over dielectric half plane; Sommerfeld integral; numerical electrodynamics; ray trace model ID TIME-DELAY SPREAD; PROPAGATION PREDICTION; RADIO; ENVIRONMENTS; SYSTEMS; DESIGN; MODEL AB [1] In this study we investigated the geometric optics (GO) approximation to the fields of an infinitesimal electric dipole above a half plane for geometries typical of wireless indoor communications. This inspection was motivated by efforts to establish a ray trace model to characterize indoor radio propagation channels. Eight canonical geometries were examined to isolate near-surface and near-field effects that are not accounted for in the GO approximation. Common building materials and physical dimensions (i.e., antenna separation and height) as small as 1 cm were investigated for frequencies up to 8 GHz. Theoretical fields were calculated via numerical evaluation of Sommerfeld integrals and compared to corresponding GO approximations. As expected, near-field and near-surface (e. g., surface wave) mechanisms which invalidate GO were observed. Close to the surface, an interesting interference pattern in the frequency domain was identified. Mathematical manipulation showed that this so-called "pseudolateral wave'' phenomenon was caused by adjacent fields in the two media propagating at different speeds. Next, we transformed the results to the time domain and used delay spread as a metric to quantify GO error. We also show that the pseudolateral wave manifests itself in the time domain as an additional pulse that arrives at a delay associated with the speed of a wave traveling in the lossy media. C1 Natl Telecommun & Informat Adm, Inst Telecommun Sci, US Dept Commerce, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. US Dept Commerce, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Cotton, MG (reprint author), Natl Telecommun & Informat Adm, Inst Telecommun Sci, US Dept Commerce, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 49 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0048-6604 J9 RADIO SCI JI Radio Sci. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 37 IS 4 AR 1048 DI 10.1029/2000RS002508 PG 31 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Remote Sensing; Telecommunications GA 610GD UT WOS:000178951600011 ER PT J AU Cornell, EA Wieman, CE AF Cornell, EA Wieman, CE TI Nobel Lecture: Bose-Einstein condensation in a dilute gas, the first 70 years and some recent experiments SO REVIEWS OF MODERN PHYSICS LA English DT Review ID POLARIZED ATOMIC-HYDROGEN; TRAPPED NEUTRAL ATOMS; RESONANCE-RADIATION PRESSURE; COLLECTIVE EXCITATIONS; 3-BODY RECOMBINATION; FESHBACH RESONANCES; MAGNETOOPTICAL TRAP; ELASTIC-SCATTERING; MAGNETIC TRAP; DOPPLER LIMIT AB Bose-Einstein condensation, or BEC, has a long and rich history dating from the early 1920s. In this article we will trace briefly over this history and some of the developments in physics that made possible our successful pursuit of BEC in a gas. We will then discuss what was involved in this quest. In this discussion we will go beyond the usual technical description to try and address certain questions that we now hear frequently, but are not covered in our past research papers. These are questions along the lines of: How did you get the idea and decide to pursue it? Did you know it was going to work? How long did it take you and why? We will review some our favorites from among the experiments we have carried out with BEC. There will then be a brief encore on why we are optimistic that BEC can be created with nearly any species of magnetically trappable atom. Throughout this article we will try to explain what makes BEC in a dilute gas so interesting, unique, and experimentally challenging(1). C1 Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Cornell, EA (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 107 TC 444 Z9 451 U1 7 U2 46 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0034-6861 J9 REV MOD PHYS JI Rev. Mod. Phys. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 74 IS 3 BP 875 EP 893 DI 10.1103/RevModPhys.74.875 PG 19 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 591HT UT WOS:000177874200007 ER PT J AU Postek, MT Vladar, AE Lowney, JR Keery, WJ AF Postek, MT Vladar, AE Lowney, JR Keery, WJ TI Two-dimensional simulation and modeling in scanning electron microscope imaging and metrology research SO SCANNING LA English DT Article DE modeling; Monte Carlo; metrology; scanning electron microscope; linewidth; critical dimension ID MONTE-CARLO-SIMULATION; SHARPNESS MEASUREMENT; LINEWIDTH MEASUREMENT; SIGNALS; SEM AB Traditional Monte Carlo modeling of the electron beam-specimen interactions in a scanning electron microscope (SEM) produces information about electron beam penetration and output signal generation at either a single beam-landing location, or multiple landing positions. If the multiple landings lie on a line, the results can be graphed in a line scan-like format. Monte Carlo results formatted as line scans have proven useful in providing one-dimensional information about the sample (e.g., linewidth). When used this way, this process is called forward line scan modeling. In the present work, the concept of image simulation (or the first step in the inverse modeling of images) is introduced where the forward-modeled line scan data are carried one step further to construct theoretical two-dimensional (2-D) micrographs (i.e., theoretical SEM images) for comparison with similar experimentally obtained micrographs. This provides an ability to mimic and closely match theory and experiment using SEM images. Calculated and/or measured libraries of simulated images can be developed with this technique. The library concept will prove to be very useful in the determination of dimensional and other properties of simple structures, such as integrated circuit parts, where the shape of the features is preferably measured from a single top-down image or a line scan. This paper presents one approach to the generation of 2-D simulated images and presents some suggestions as to their application to critical dimension metrology. C1 NIST, Div Precis Engn, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Postek, MT (reprint author), NIST, Div Precis Engn, Tech A-347, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM postek@nist.gov NR 14 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 3 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0161-0457 J9 SCANNING JI Scanning PD JUL-AUG PY 2002 VL 24 IS 4 BP 179 EP 185 PG 7 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Microscopy SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Microscopy GA 577FF UT WOS:000177050300004 PM 12166805 ER PT J AU Siegrist, T Vanderah, TA Svensson, C Roth, RS AF Siegrist, T Vanderah, TA Svensson, C Roth, RS TI Crystal structure of Ba27Fe16Ti33O117 SO SOLID STATE SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID RESOLUTION ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; MAGNETIC DIELECTRIC OXIDES; BAO-FE2O3-TIO2 SYSTEM AB Single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies indicate that the compound Ba27Fe16Ti33O117 crystallizes in the rhombohedral space group R3m, with a hexagonal unit cell a = 5.7400(8), c = 127.11(3) Angstrom: Z = 1.5. The arrangement may be described as a 54-layer (54L) close-packed structure (stacking sequence (cchcchhhhcchhhhcch)(3)) built from oxygen and {Ba, O} layers, with Ti4+ occupying octahedra and Fe3+ occupying both octahedral and tetrahedral interstices. The 54L structure contains hexagonal 6L BaTiO3-type (cch)(2) units via a 9-fold repeat of the 6L stacking sequence, with iron preferentially occupying layers centered a-round z = 1/6, Ba27Fe16Ti33O117 melts incongruently at 1270 degreesC and is difficult to purify in polycrystalline form, although crystals are easily obtained from partial melts. The new compound is a member of a family of ternary Ba-Fe-Ti-O phases that may be considered as dielectric-magnetic hybrids of barium-polytitanate and barium-hexaferrite crystal chemistries. (C) 2002 Editions scientifiques et medicales Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved. C1 Bell Labs, Lucent Technol, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA. Lund Univ, S-22100 Lund, Sweden. NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Ceram Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Siegrist, T (reprint author), Bell Labs, Lucent Technol, 600 Mt Ave, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA. NR 18 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU EDITIONS SCIENTIFIQUES MEDICALES ELSEVIER PI PARIS CEDEX 15 PA 23 RUE LINOIS, 75724 PARIS CEDEX 15, FRANCE SN 1293-2558 J9 SOLID STATE SCI JI Solid State Sci. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 4 IS 7 BP 911 EP 916 AR PII S1293-2558(02)01334-1 DI 10.1016/S1293-2558(02)01334-1 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Physics GA 592UR UT WOS:000177955700005 ER PT J AU Lefebvre, KA Bargu, S Kieckhefer, T Silver, MW AF Lefebvre, KA Bargu, S Kieckhefer, T Silver, MW TI From sanddabs to blue whales: the pervasiveness of domoic acid SO TOXICON LA English DT Article DE domoic acid; blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus); humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae); toxic diatom (Pseudo-nitzschia austalis); harmful algal bloom; trophic transfer; anchovy; sardine; sanddab; mackerel; albacore; smelt ID MEGAPTERA-NOVAEANGLIAE; PSEUDONITZSCHIA-AUSTRALIS; HUMPBACK WHALES; SEA LIONS; CALIFORNIA; SHELLFISH; MORTALITY; OUTBREAK; TOXIN; EVENT AB Domoic acid (DA) is a potent food web transferred algal toxin that has caused dramatic mortality events involving sea birds and sea lions. Although no confirmed DA toxicity events have been reported in whales, here we present data demonstrating that humpback and blue whales are exposed to the toxin and consume DA contaminated prey. Whale fecal samples were found to contain DA at levels ranging from 10 to 207 mug DA g(-1) feces via HPLC-UV methods. SEM analysis of whale feces containing DA, collected from krill-feeding whales, revealed the presence of diatom frustules identified as Pseudo-nitzschia australis, a known DA producer. Humpback whales were observed feeding on anchovies and sardines that contained DA at levels ranging from 75 to 444 mug DA g(-1) viscera. DA contamination of whale feces and fish occurred only during blooms of toxic Pseudo-nitzschia. Additionally, several novel fish species collected during a toxic diatom bloom were tested for DA. Fish as diverse as benthic sanddabs and pelagic albacore were found to contain the neurotoxin, suggesting that DA permeates benthic as well as pelagic communities. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 UCSC, Dept Biol, Seattle, WA 98105 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Ocean Sci Dept, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Pacific Cetacean Grp, Marina, CA 93933 USA. RP Lefebvre, KA (reprint author), NOAA, NWFSC, EC Div, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. NR 24 TC 107 Z9 115 U1 2 U2 21 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0041-0101 J9 TOXICON JI Toxicon PD JUL PY 2002 VL 40 IS 7 BP 971 EP 977 AR PII S0041-0101(02)00093-4 DI 10.1016/S0041-0101(02)00093-4 PG 7 WC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology SC Pharmacology & Pharmacy; Toxicology GA 570GZ UT WOS:000176651700016 PM 12076651 ER PT J AU Roni, P AF Roni, P TI Habitat use by fishes and pacific giant salamanders in small western Oregon and Washington streams SO TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN FISHERIES SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SALMON ONCORHYNCHUS-KISUTCH; JUVENILE COHO SALMON; WINTER REARING HABITAT; LARGE WOODY DEBRIS; CUTTHROAT TROUT; CLEAR-CUT; CHANNEL MORPHOLOGY; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; COASTAL STREAMS; COMMUNITIES AB The habitat use patterns of juvenile salmonid fishes Oncorhynchus spp,, Pacific giant salamanders Dicamptodon spp., torrent sculpins Cottus rhotheus, reticulate sculpins C. perplexus, and larval lampreys Entosphenus tridentatus and Lampetra spp. were examined in 30 small streams in western Oregon and Washington. Fish and salamander densities and sizes were compared between different habitat types (pools and riffles) in summer and winter, Species density, length, and diversity (richness and dominance) were also correlated with physical variables measured at the reach and watershed scales. In the summer, densities of echo salmon O. kisutch, cutthroat trout O. clarki, and larval lampreys were significantly higher in pools than in riffles (P < 0.01), whereas densities of age-0 torrent sculpins were higher in riffles than in pools (P < 0.01). In winter, densities of coho salmon, cutthroat trout, steelhead O. mykiss, and young-of-the-year trout fry were higher in pools than in riffles (P < 0.01), Cutthroat trout, steelhead, Pacific giant salamanders, and torrent sculpins found in pools were larger than those found in riffles during summer (P < 0.01). Steelhead and young-of-the-year trout fry were heavier for a given length in pools than in riffles, whereas both reticulate and torrent sculpins were lighter (P < 0.01). These morphological differences within species are likely the result of differences in food availability between habitats or differences in morphology between conspecifics inhabiting riffles and pools. Reach- and watershed-scale physical variables (e.g., stream gradient, percent pool area elevation, drainage area, and precipitation) explained from 22% to 63% of the variation in species density among streams. This, combined with the results of previous studies, suggests that large-scale habitat variables may be better predictors of fish densities among streams and pools than variables measured within individual habitat units. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Roni, P (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. NR 72 TC 29 Z9 30 U1 1 U2 33 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0002-8487 J9 T AM FISH SOC JI Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. PD JUL PY 2002 VL 131 IS 4 BP 743 EP 761 DI 10.1577/1548-8659(2002)131<0743:HUBFAP>2.0.CO;2 PG 19 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 568JF UT WOS:000176538100014 ER PT J AU Blumberg, DG Freilikher, V Fuks, I Kaganovskii, Y Maradudin, AA Rosenbluh, M AF Blumberg, DG Freilikher, V Fuks, I Kaganovskii, Y Maradudin, AA Rosenbluh, M TI Effects of roughness on the retroreflection from dielectric layers SO WAVES IN RANDOM MEDIA LA English DT Article ID WAVE DIFFRACTION; ARBITRARY AB The backscattering of electromagnetic radiation from rough dielectric layers with strong reflectors is studied both theoretically and experimentally. The retroreflected intensity is calculated as a function of the-angle of incidence for different polarizations and different parameters of layers. It is shown that the interference pattern is extremely sensitive to the long-scale component of the roughness. The theoretical results are in a good agreement with the measurements of light scattering. The results are discussed in the context of microwave subsurface remote sensing. C1 Ben Gurion Univ Negev, Dept Geog & Environm Dev, IL-84105 Beer Sheva, Israel. Ben Gurion Univ Negev, Negev Ctr Reg Dev, IL-84105 Beer Sheva, Israel. Bar Ilan Univ, Dept Phys, Jack & Pearl Resnick Inst Adv Technol, IL-52900 Ramat Gan, Israel. ZelTech, Boulder, CO 80805 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80805 USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Phys & Astron, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Inst Surface & Interface Sci, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. RP Blumberg, DG (reprint author), Ben Gurion Univ Negev, Dept Geog & Environm Dev, IL-84105 Beer Sheva, Israel. RI BLUMBERG, DAN/F-1285-2012; OI BLUMBERG, DAN/0000-0001-9337-1617; Rosenbluh, Michael/0000-0002-9150-4129 NR 12 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0959-7174 J9 WAVE RANDOM MEDIA JI Waves Random Media PD JUL PY 2002 VL 12 IS 3 BP 279 EP 292 AR PII S0959-7174(02)28694-2 DI 10.1088/0959-7174/12/3/302 PG 14 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 582TQ UT WOS:000177367600002 ER PT J AU Fuks, IM Voronovich, AG AF Fuks, IM Voronovich, AG TI Radar backscattering from Gerstner's sea surface wave SO WAVES IN RANDOM MEDIA LA English DT Article ID LOW GRAZING ANGLES; NONLINEAR-THEORY; OCEANS SURFACE; GRAVITY-WAVES; ROUGH-SURFACE; SCATTERING AB In the framework of a two-scale scattering model, radar backscattering from the rough sea surface was considered. The sea surface was modelled as a superposition of a nonlinear, large-scale Gerstner's wave and small-scale resonant Bragg scattering ripples. The zero-order diffracted field was found by a geometrical optics approach, with shadowing taken into account, and by an 'exact' solution of the diffraction problem obtained numerically. For vertical and horizontal polarizations, the spatial distribution of specific scattering cross sections along the large-scale wave was obtained. The spatially averaged specific backscattering cross sections, as well as the mean Doppler frequency shifts at both polarizations, obtained by the geometrical optics approach are compared with those obtained by using the 'exact' solution of the large-scale diffraction problem. The roles of shadowing and multiple wave scattering processes are discussed, and qualitative explanations of the difference between these two approaches are given. C1 Zel Technol LLC, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Fuks, IM (reprint author), Zel Technol LLC, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 20 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0959-7174 J9 WAVE RANDOM MEDIA JI Waves Random Media PD JUL PY 2002 VL 12 IS 3 BP 321 EP 339 AR PII S0959-7174(02)31643-4 DI 10.1088/0959-7174/12/3/305 PG 19 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 582TQ UT WOS:000177367600005 ER PT J AU Voronovich, AG AF Voronovich, AG TI The effect of the modulation of Bragg scattering in small-slope approximation SO WAVES IN RANDOM MEDIA LA English DT Article ID WAVE SCATTERING; MODEL AB Small-slope approximation (SSA) belongs to a class of 'unifying' scattering theories which reproduce small perturbations and semiclassic (Kirchhoff) results within appropriate limits. However, the most stringent test for such theories involves a two-scale situation when a small-scale roughness is located on a tilted plane. A 'unifying' theory should properly account for the effects of modulation of the scattering cross section associated with a large-scale tilt. This paper shows that SSA does properly take into account these modulation effects. C1 NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Voronovich, AG (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 8 TC 10 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0959-7174 J9 WAVE RANDOM MEDIA JI Waves Random Media PD JUL PY 2002 VL 12 IS 3 BP 341 EP 349 AR PII S0959-7174(02)34299-X DI 10.1088/0959-7174/12/3/306 PG 9 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 582TQ UT WOS:000177367600006 ER PT J AU Ruette, F Gonzalez, C AF Ruette, F Gonzalez, C TI The importance of global minimization and adequate theoretical tools for cluster optimization: the Ni-6 cluster case SO CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID BINDING MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS; TRANSITION-METAL CLUSTERS; NICKEL CLUSTERS; PARAMETRIC FUNCTIONALS; SIMULATION TECHNIQUES; ADSORPTION; GEOMETRIES; MAGNETISM; NIN AB A Monte Carlo simulated annealing (MCSA) algorithm using parallel processing has been employed in quantum parametric method in order to full optimize the Ni-6 cluster. Results obtained from this procedure show that the same trend is reproduced by standard DFT optimization calculations. However, results do not correspond with the octahedral geometry reported in several theoretical DFT calculations and for classical global minimization techniques. Different structures close in energy are found here, as the most stable ones: pentagonal pyramid (PPY) and capped trigonal bipyramid (CTB). (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Ctr Quim IVIC, Lab Quim Computac, Caracas, Venezuela. NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ctr Quim IVIC, Lab Quim Computac, Apartado 21827, Caracas, Venezuela. EM fruette@quimica.ivic.ve NR 30 TC 22 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2614 EI 1873-4448 J9 CHEM PHYS LETT JI Chem. Phys. Lett. PD JUN 27 PY 2002 VL 359 IS 5-6 BP 428 EP 433 AR PII S0009-2614(02)00733-9 DI 10.1016/S0009-2614(02)00733-9 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 576XN UT WOS:000177032600012 ER PT J AU Hudgens, JW Gonzalez, C AF Hudgens, JW Gonzalez, C TI Chlorination chemistry 4. Ab initio study of the addition, metathesis, and isomerization channels governing the reaction of chlorine atom with propargyl chloride SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID MOLECULAR-ORBITAL METHODS; PLESSET PERTURBATION-THEORY; GAUSSIAN-TYPE BASIS; RATE COEFFICIENTS; BASIS-SETS; ORGANIC-MOLECULES; SPIN PROJECTION; KINETICS; DECOMPOSITION; THRESHOLDS AB Highly correlated ab initio molecular orbital calculations have been used to map out the potential energy surface corresponding to the reaction of Cl + propargyl chloride (C3H3Cl) in the gas phase. Ten transition state structures governing the mechanism of the title reaction were computed at seven different levels of theory up to QCISD(T)/6-311+G(d,p)//QCISD(T)/6-31+G(d,p). Chlorine atom additions at the center and end unsaturated carbons are barrierless processes forming incipient, chemically activated 2,3-dichloro-1-propen-1-yl and 1,3-dichloro-1-propen-2-yl radicals. respectively. The incipient radicals cannot isomerize by transferring a hydrogen atom because the governing transition state structures reside at greater than or equal to 95 kJ(.)mol(-1) above the initial reactants. The presence of a transition state for chlorine atom transfer below the energy of the initial reactants enables isomerization between the incipient radicals. A second accessible chlorine transfer transition state enables the 1,3-dichloro-1-propen-2-yl radical to isomerize into the more stable 1,2-dichloroallyl radical. The chemically activated 1,3-dichloro-1-propen-2-yl radical also undergoes bond scission of the chlorine atom in the chloromethyl group forming chloroallene and Cl atom. Chlorine atom attack on the chloromethyl group encounters metathesis transition states for HCl and Cl-2 formation at 5 kJ(.)mol(-1) and 124 kJ(.)mol(-1) above the initial reactants, respectively. The accord demonstrated between master equation calculations, based on the ab initio results, and experimental data validate the proposed reaction mechanism and predict that the dominant products of chlorine atom addition to propagryl chloride are chloroallene and the 1,2-dichloroallyl radical at 298 K and HCl chloropropargyl radical, and chloroallene at 1000 K. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Hudgens, JW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 44 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 3 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD JUN 27 PY 2002 VL 106 IS 25 BP 6143 EP 6153 DI 10.1021/jp013920s PG 11 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 565EQ UT WOS:000176356400024 ER PT J AU Berrie, CL Leone, SR AF Berrie, CL Leone, SR TI Desorption of arsenic species during the surfactant enhanced growth of Ge on Si(100) SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B LA English DT Article ID MEDIATED EPITAXIAL-GROWTH; QUANTUM DOTS; DIMER EXCHANGE; SITE EXCHANGE; SI(001); ISLANDS; GAAS; SIZE; SB; SUBMONOLAYER AB The desorption and scattering of As-4 and As-2 species from the surface during the growth of germanium films on Si(100) with continuous As-4 deposition is monitored using laser ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. A significant increase in the flux of As-2 from the surface is observed when the Ge flux is admitted to the surface. Upon discontinuation of the germanium growth process, the As-4 and As-2 signal levels remain at this increased level. A comprehensive study of the desorption fluxes of As-4, As-2, and As species from both Ge(100) and Si(100) substrates was performed as a function of substrate temperature and incident As-4 flux to determine the kinetics of desorption of the different species from the substrates. The behavior of the As-2 desorbed fluxes as a function of surface temperature is qualitatively different on the Ge(100) and Si(100) substrates. The results indicate that the catalytic cracking of As-4 to As-2 is more effective on Ge(100) compared to Si(100) at substrate temperatures between 800 and 1000 K, most likely because of more rapid desorption of As-2 at a given temperature on Ge(100). A phenomenological activation energy for the desorption of As atoms from Ge(100) of 1.2 +/- 0.4 eV is also obtained. The implications for the surfactant enhanced growth of Ge on Si(100) are discussed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Leone, SR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 32 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1520-6106 J9 J PHYS CHEM B JI J. Phys. Chem. B PD JUN 27 PY 2002 VL 106 IS 25 BP 6488 EP 6493 DI 10.1021/jp012411n PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 565EU UT WOS:000176356700018 ER PT J AU Markgraf, V Webb, RS Anderson, KH Anderson, L AF Markgraf, V Webb, RS Anderson, KH Anderson, L TI Modern pollen/climate calibration for southern South America SO PALAEOGEOGRAPHY PALAEOCLIMATOLOGY PALAEOECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Southern South America; modern pollen/climate calibration; response surface analysis; late Quaternary quantitative summer and winter temperature and summer precipitation reconstructions ID CHILEAN LAKE DISTRICT; PRECIPITATION RECORD; NORTHERN PATAGONIA; POLLEN SPECTRA; FOSSIL POLLEN; YOUNGER DRYAS; VEGETATION; CLIMATE; HISTORY; RAIN AB Using the response surface technique a modern pollen/climate calibration is presented for the mid-latitudes in southern South America between latitudes 39degreesS and 44degreesS, extending from the west coast in Chile across the Andes into the Patagonian steppe region. The climate parameters identified that relate to the present-day pollen distribution of the nine most important pollen types (Nothofagus dombeyi-type, Nothofagus obliqua-type, Podocarpus, Weinmannia, Caldcluvia/Eucryphia-type, Cupressaceae, Myrtaceae, Misodendrum and steppe-types) are summer precipitation, summer and winter temperatures. Using the modern pollen/climate data set, three fossil pollen records (Mallin Aguado and Lago Moreno, east of the Andes, and Caunahue, west of the Andes) are interpreted in terms of these three seasonal climate parameters. Despite intervals of no-analog fossil pollen assemblages, the reconstruction shows similar climate trends on both sides of the Andes during the last 21000 cal. yr BP (17 000 yr BP), with summer precipitation as low or markedly lower than today prior to 17000 cal. yr BP (14500 yr BP), as high or higher than today between 15 000 and 12 500 cal. yr BP (12 500 and 10 500 yr BP), and again lower than today between 12 500 and 8000 cal. yr BP (10 500 and 7200 yr BP). Summer and winter temperatures were low (or high) when summer precipitation was high (or low). (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Heart Sky Ranch, Polson, MT 59860 USA. RP Markgraf, V (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 55 TC 37 Z9 42 U1 1 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0031-0182 J9 PALAEOGEOGR PALAEOCL JI Paleogeogr. Paleoclimatol. Paleoecol. PD JUN 25 PY 2002 VL 181 IS 4 BP 375 EP 397 AR PII S0031-0182(01)00414-X DI 10.1016/S0031-0182(01)00414-X PG 23 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Paleontology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Paleontology GA 569PM UT WOS:000176611100001 ER PT J AU Wielicki, BA Del Genio, AD Wong, TM Chen, JY Carlson, BE Allan, RP Robertson, F Jacobowitz, H Slingo, A Randall, DA Kiehl, JT Soden, BJ Gordon, CT Miller, AJ Yang, SK Susskind, J AF Wielicki, BA Del Genio, AD Wong, TM Chen, JY Carlson, BE Allan, RP Robertson, F Jacobowitz, H Slingo, A Randall, DA Kiehl, JT Soden, BJ Gordon, CT Miller, AJ Yang, SK Susskind, J TI Changes in tropical clouds and radiation - Response SO SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. Columbia Univ, Dept Earth & Environm Sci, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. Met Off, Hadley Ctr, Bracknell RG12 2SY, Berks, England. NASA, George C Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. NOAA, NESDIS, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Colorado State Univ, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Princeton Univ, NOAA, GFDL, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. NOAA, Climate Predict Ctr, NCEP, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. RP Wielicki, BA (reprint author), NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. RI Allan, Richard/B-5782-2008; Del Genio, Anthony/D-4663-2012 OI Allan, Richard/0000-0003-0264-9447; Del Genio, Anthony/0000-0001-7450-1359 NR 4 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD JUN 21 PY 2002 VL 296 IS 5576 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 565PQ UT WOS:000176379000002 ER PT J AU Cutten, DR Rothermel, J Jarzembski, MA Hardesty, RM Howell, JN Tratt, DM Srivastava, V AF Cutten, DR Rothermel, J Jarzembski, MA Hardesty, RM Howell, JN Tratt, DM Srivastava, V TI Radiometric calibration of an airborne CO2 pulsed Doppler lidar with a natural Earth surface SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC WIND SENSOR; AEROSOL BACKSCATTER; TARGET; WAVELENGTHS AB Radiometric calibration of an airborne CO2 pulsed Doppler lidar has been accomplished with surface retroreflection signals from the White Sands National Monument, New Mexico. Two circular passes were made at altitudes of 6.3 and 9.3 km. The computed calibration factors for both altitudes are in excellent agreement with the value derived from standard ground-based measurements involving a fixed sandpaper target of known reflectance. This finding corroborates a previous study that successfully calibrated an airborne cw Doppler lidar with a variety of natural Earth surfaces. The present results indicate that relatively uniform Earth surface targets can be used for in-flight calibration of CO pulsed airborne and, in principal, other infrared lidars. (C) 2002 Optical Society of America. C1 Univ Alabama, Global & Hydrol & Climate Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. NASA, Marshall Space Flight Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35812 USA. NOAA, Environm Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Space Res Assoc, Global Hydrol & Climate Ctr, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. RP Univ Alabama, Global & Hydrol & Climate Ctr, 320 Sparkman Dr, Huntsville, AL 35805 USA. EM dean.cutten@msfc.nasa.gov RI Tratt, David/A-7884-2009; Hardesty, Robert/H-9844-2013 OI Tratt, David/0000-0002-3942-6848; NR 16 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD JUN 20 PY 2002 VL 41 IS 18 BP 3530 EP 3537 DI 10.1364/AO.41.003530 PG 8 WC Optics SC Optics GA 563UJ UT WOS:000176274200006 PM 12078677 ER PT J AU Chou, YK Evans, CJ Barash, MM AF Chou, YK Evans, CJ Barash, MM TI Experimental investigation on CBN turning of hardened AISI 52100 steel SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE cubic boron nitride; hard turning; tool wear AB This study investigated the performance and wear behavior of different cubic boron nitride (CBN) tools in finish turning of hardened AISI 52100 steel. Tool performance was evaluated based on the part surface finish and the tool flank wear. Wear conditions of CBN cutting tools were primarily characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Machining results showed that low CBN content tools (CBN-L) consistently perform better than high CBN content counterparts (CBN-H), despite the CBN-L has inferior mechanical properties. The flank wear rates were proportional to cutting speed and CBN-H showed accelerated thermal wear associated with high cutting temperatures. Reducing depth of cut would only improve surface finish to CBN-L, but not to CBN-H, despite similar wear rates. The transferred layer on the flank wear land may result in adhesion of the binder compound and significantly affect the tool wear process. The metallic binder,in CBN-H has stronger affinity to the transferred layer and may result in plucking out of CBN particles and consequent severe abrasive wear. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mfg Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Purdue Univ, Sch Ind Engn, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Univ Alabama, Dept Mech Engn, 290 Hardaway Hall Box 870276, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 USA. EM kchou@coe.eng.ua.edu NR 14 TC 75 Z9 78 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0924-0136 J9 J MATER PROCESS TECH JI J. Mater. Process. Technol. PD JUN 20 PY 2002 VL 124 IS 3 BP 274 EP 283 AR PII S0924-0136(02)00180-2 DI 10.1016/S0924-0136(02)00180-2 PG 10 WC Engineering, Industrial; Engineering, Manufacturing; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 592LW UT WOS:000177940000003 ER PT J AU Clapham, PJ AF Clapham, PJ TI Curiosity and generosity of a great scientist SO NATURE LA English DT Letter C1 NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Large Whale Biol Program, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Clapham, PJ (reprint author), NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Large Whale Biol Program, 166 Water St, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD JUN 20 PY 2002 VL 417 IS 6891 BP 788 EP 788 DI 10.1038/417788b PG 1 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 563YM UT WOS:000176285600018 ER PT J AU Grohn, F Gu, XH Grull, H Meredith, JC Nisato, G Bauer, BJ Karim, A Amis, EJ AF Grohn, F Gu, XH Grull, H Meredith, JC Nisato, G Bauer, BJ Karim, A Amis, EJ TI Organization of hybrid dendrimer-inorganic nanoparticles on amphiphilic surfaces SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID POLY(AMIDOAMINE) DENDRIMERS; SEMICONDUCTOR NANOCRYSTALS; GOLD; NANOCOMPOSITES; NANOCLUSTERS; MONOLAYERS; COLLOIDS; PHOTOPHYSICS; TEMPLATES; CATALYSIS C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg Mat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Karim, A (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Meredith, Carson/B-3323-2009 OI Meredith, Carson/0000-0003-2519-5003 NR 26 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0024-9297 J9 MACROMOLECULES JI Macromolecules PD JUN 18 PY 2002 VL 35 IS 13 BP 4852 EP 4854 DI 10.1021/ma011800c PG 3 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 562TR UT WOS:000176215500002 ER PT J AU Lenhart, JL Wu, WL AF Lenhart, JL Wu, WL TI Deviations in the thermal properties of ultrathin polymer network films SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID GLASS-TRANSITION TEMPERATURE; X-RAY REFLECTIVITY; THIN LIQUID-FILMS; NEUTRON REFLECTIVITY; COMPOSITE SYSTEMS; SOLID INTERFACE; SURFACE; POLYSTYRENE; MOBILITY; DYNAMICS AB Cross-linked epoxy network films were cast onto silicon wafers with a variety of surface treatments. X-ray reflectivity was used to characterize their electron density and thermal expansion in the rubbery state. A transition from "bulk" to "confined" expansion occurs in the range of 200-400 Angstrom, where thinner films exhibit smaller rubbery expansion coefficients. The thermal expansion behavior of the epoxy films was independent of the substrate surface treatment, which varied in both surface energy and the strength of bonding interactions with the polymer. The thickest epoxy films displayed typical rubbery thermal expansion values for temperatures above the bulk polymer glass transition temperature. The thinnest epoxy films (<120 Angstrom) exhibited typical glassy expansion values even at temperatures 20-40 degreesC above the bulk polymer glass transition temperature, independent of the surface treatment. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lenhart, JL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr Stop 8541, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 60 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0024-9297 J9 MACROMOLECULES JI Macromolecules PD JUN 18 PY 2002 VL 35 IS 13 BP 5145 EP 5152 DI 10.1021/ma011903v PG 8 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 562TR UT WOS:000176215500041 ER PT J AU Flannery, CM Wittkowski, T Jung, K Hillebrands, B Baklanov, MR AF Flannery, CM Wittkowski, T Jung, K Hillebrands, B Baklanov, MR TI Critical properties of nanoporous low dielectric constant films revealed by Brillouin light scattering and surface acoustic wave spectroscopy SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SILICA AB Thin porous films with nanometer pore sizes are the subject of intense interest, primarily because of their reduced dielectric constant k. The lack of useful characterization tools and the reduction in film mechanical properties with increasing porosity have severely hindered their development and application. We show that both Brillouin light scattering and surface acoustic wave spectroscopy allow one to measure density, porosity and stiffness properties of nanoporous methylsilsesquioxane films of low-k value. Excellent correlations are observed among independent measurements of density, porosity and the Young's modulus which show that the results obtained are reliable and reveal properties of the films which are difficult or impossible to obtain using other techniques. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics. C1 Paul Drude Inst Festkorperelekt, FG Nanoakust, D-10117 Berlin, Germany. Univ Kaiserslautern, Fachbereich Phys, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany. Univ Kaiserslautern, Schwerpunkt Mat Wissensch, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany. IMEC, XPEQT, B-3001 Louvain, Belgium. RP Flannery, CM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Hillebrands, Burkard/C-6242-2008 OI Hillebrands, Burkard/0000-0001-8910-0355 NR 16 TC 47 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD JUN 17 PY 2002 VL 80 IS 24 BP 4594 EP 4596 DI 10.1063/1.1478775 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 561EW UT WOS:000176128100038 ER PT J AU Cornell, EA Wieman, CE AF Cornell, EA Wieman, CE TI Bose-Einstein condensation in a dilute gas: The first 70 years and some recent experiments (Nobel lecture) SO CHEMPHYSCHEM LA English DT Review DE alkali elements; Bose-Einstein condensates; cooling; low temperature physics; rubidium ID POLARIZED ATOMIC-HYDROGEN; TRAPPED NEUTRAL ATOMS; RESONANCE-RADIATION PRESSURE; COLLECTIVE EXCITATIONS; SODIUM ATOMS; 3-BODY RECOMBINATION; FESHBACH RESONANCES; MAGNETOOPTICAL TRAP; ELASTIC-SCATTERING; MAGNETIC TRAP AB Cold, cold change: What the laser is for light, so is the Bose-Einstein condensate for matter-a macroscopic occupation of a single quantum state. For its experimental realization in 1995, overcoming problems of cooling, evaporation, and "leakage" from the trap (see graphic), Wieman and Cornell were awarded the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, A231, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM cornell@jila.colorado.edu; cwieman@jila.colorado.edu NR 106 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 15 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA POSTFACH 101161, 69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 1439-4235 EI 1439-7641 J9 CHEMPHYSCHEM JI ChemPhysChem PD JUN 17 PY 2002 VL 3 IS 6 BP 476 EP + DI 10.1002/1439-7641(20020617)3:6<476::AID-CPHC476>3.0.CO;2-V PG 19 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 565WU UT WOS:000176393100001 PM 12465486 ER PT J AU Jost, JD Hall, JL Ye, J AF Jost, JD Hall, JL Ye, J TI Continuously tunable, precise, single frequency optical signal generator SO OPTICS EXPRESS LA English DT Article ID PHASE-CONTROL; FEMTOSECOND LASERS; LINE AB To realize a genuine CW optical frequency synthesizer, a continuously tunable single-frequency CW laser has been employed to track precisely any arbitrary component of a wide bandwidth phase-stabilized optical comb. We demonstrate experimentally two fundamental aspects of optical frequency synthesis, namely, precise setting of the laser frequency at an arbitrary pre-determined value, and continuous tuning of the laser frequency with the digital precision known in radio frequency synthesis. A typical computer-automated search-and-lock procedure finishes on one-minute time scale. (C) 2002 Optical Society of America. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Ye, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM YE@JILA.colorado.edu RI Jost, John/F-4701-2010; Ye, Jun/C-3312-2011 NR 13 TC 74 Z9 75 U1 1 U2 9 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1094-4087 J9 OPT EXPRESS JI Opt. Express PD JUN 17 PY 2002 VL 10 IS 12 BP 515 EP 520 DI 10.1364/OE.10.000515 PG 6 WC Optics SC Optics GA 563AN UT WOS:000176231400004 PM 19436389 ER PT J AU Zhu, Y Moodenbaugh, AR Schneider, G Davenport, JW Vogt, T Li, Q Gu, G Fischer, DA Tafto, J AF Zhu, Y Moodenbaugh, AR Schneider, G Davenport, JW Vogt, T Li, Q Gu, G Fischer, DA Tafto, J TI Unraveling the symmetry of the hole states near the Fermi level in the MgB2 superconductor SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ELECTRONIC-STRUCTURE; FINE-STRUCTURE; SPECTROSCOPY; ABSORPTION; COVALENT AB We use x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and electron energy loss spectroscopy ( EELS) to study the ne structure at the K edge of boron in MgB2. We observe in XAS a peak of width 0.7 eV at the edge threshold, signaling a narrow energy region with empty boron p states near the Fermi level. The changes in the near edge structure observed in EELS with direction of the momentum transfer imply that these states have p(x)p(y) symmetry. Our observations are consistent with electronic structure calculations indicating a narrow energy window of empty p(x)p(y) states that falls to zero at 0.8 eV above the Fermi level. The disappearance of the p(x)p(y) feature in EELS at grain boundaries suggests that this signature may become powerful in probing superconductivity at nanoscale. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Oslo, Dept Phys, N-0316 Oslo, Norway. RP Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. EM zhu@bnl.gov RI Vogt, Thomas /A-1562-2011; OI Vogt, Thomas /0000-0002-4731-2787; Moodenbaugh, Arnold/0000-0002-3415-6762 NR 20 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 EI 1079-7114 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD JUN 17 PY 2002 VL 88 IS 24 AR 247002 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.247002 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 558PB UT WOS:000175974800039 PM 12059323 ER PT J AU Glotzer, SC Gebremichael, Y Lacevic, N Schroder, TB Starr, FW AF Glotzer, SC Gebremichael, Y Lacevic, N Schroder, TB Starr, FW TI Glass-forming liquids and polymers: with a little help from computational statistical physics SO COMPUTER PHYSICS COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Statistical Physics CY JUL 23-25, 2001 CL ATHENS, GEORGIA SP Univ Georgia, Georgia Ctr Continuing Educ ID TRANSLATION-ROTATION PARADOX; SPATIALLY HETEROGENEOUS DYNAMICS; SUPERCOOLED LIQUIDS; STRUCTURAL RELAXATION; PARTICLE DISPLACEMENTS; TRANSITION; MELT; DIFFUSION; SIMULATION; MOTION C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Chem Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Roskilde Univ Ctr, IMFUFA, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Glotzer, SC (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Dept Chem Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RI Starr, Francis/C-7703-2012 NR 35 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0010-4655 J9 COMPUT PHYS COMMUN JI Comput. Phys. Commun. PD JUN 15 PY 2002 VL 146 IS 1 BP 24 EP 29 AR PII S0010-4655(02)00431-9 DI 10.1016/S0010-4655(02)00431-9 PG 6 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Mathematical SC Computer Science; Physics GA 565MK UT WOS:000176373900005 ER PT J AU Welty, JJ Beechie, T Sullivan, K Hyink, DM Bilby, RE Andrus, C Pess, G AF Welty, JJ Beechie, T Sullivan, K Hyink, DM Bilby, RE Andrus, C Pess, G TI Riparian aquatic interaction simulator (RAIS): a model of riparian forest dynamics for the generation of large woody debris and shade SO FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE riparian area; forest growth modeling; large wood debris; shade ID DOUGLAS-FIR; STREAM TEMPERATURE; WESTERN WASHINGTON; OLD-GROWTH; OREGON; USA; MOUNTAINS; HABITAT; AREAS; TREES AB Streams depend on riparian forests to supply many important functions such as delivery of large woody debris (LWD), organic matter, and nutrients into the aquatic ecosystem and to provide shade to help maintain cool water. Both forests and streams are dynamic, and inputs from the riparian forest are constantly replenished as organic matter and nutrients are processed and transported. Forest stand dynamics have been intensively studied and foresters have developed a good understanding of tree growth and mortality to support commercial forest management. In recent years, the relationships between aquatic functions and adjacent forest stand characteristics have been increasingly quantified by ecologists. Management of riparian forests to protect aquatic functions and water quality has received considerable attention in the Pacific Northwest and elsewhere. For scientific knowledge to be useful to decision-makers, the complex set of riparian relationships, increasingly well understood individually, need to be collectively and objectively linked in a form that can be easily used by scientists and non-scientists alike to develop management strategies for riparian forests. In this paper we describe an analytical system that quantitatively links widely used forest growth forecasting systems for coastal Pacific Northwest forest types to the riparian ecological functions of large woody debris recruitment and shade. The riparian aquatic interaction simulator (RAIS), with its user-friendly interface, allows managers to forecast aquatic functions for up to 300 years. RAIS provides these forecasts over a range of critical input variables and produces realistic estimates of riparian functions when compared with published research. RAIS is available at http://www.weyerhaeuser.com/rais.html (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Weyerhaeuser Co, Ctr Technol, Tacoma, WA 98477 USA. NMFS, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Sustainable Ecosyst Inst, Portland, OR 97219 USA. RP Welty, JJ (reprint author), Weyerhaeuser Co, Ctr Technol, POB 2999, Tacoma, WA 98477 USA. NR 64 TC 47 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1127 J9 FOREST ECOL MANAG JI For. Ecol. Manage. PD JUN 15 PY 2002 VL 162 IS 2-3 BP 299 EP 318 AR PII S0378-1127(01)00524-2 DI 10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00524-2 PG 20 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 569LW UT WOS:000176604700013 ER PT J AU Anderson, D Anghel, A Yumoto, K Ishitsuka, M Kudeki, E AF Anderson, D Anghel, A Yumoto, K Ishitsuka, M Kudeki, E TI Estimating daytime vertical ExB drift velocities in the equatorial F-region using ground-based magnetometer observations SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ELECTROJET AB [1] The daytime equatorial electrojet is a narrow band of enhanced eastward current flowing in the 100 to 120 km altitude region within +/-2degrees latitude of the dip equator. A unique way of determining the daytime strength of the electrojet is to observe the difference in the magnitudes of the Horizontal (H) component between a magnetometer placed directly on the magnetic equator and one displaced 6 to 9 degrees away. The difference between these measured H values provides a direct measure of the daytime electrojet current, and in turn, the magnitude of the vertical ExB drift velocity in the F region ionosphere. This paper discusses a recent study that has established the quantitative relationship between the vertical ExB drift velocity in the ionospheric F region and the daytime strength of the equatorial electrojet in the South American (west coast) longitude sector. C1 Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, SEC, Boulder, CO USA. Kyushu Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Fukuoka 812, Japan. Ancon Observ, Ancon, Peru. Univ Illinois, Dept Elect Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Anderson, D (reprint author), Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 11 TC 135 Z9 138 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUN 15 PY 2002 VL 29 IS 12 AR 1596 DI 10.1029/2001GL014562 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 610MP UT WOS:000178964100027 ER PT J AU Brzezinski, MA Pride, CJ Franck, VM Sigman, DM Sarmiento, JL Matsumoto, K Gruber, N Rau, GH Coale, KH AF Brzezinski, MA Pride, CJ Franck, VM Sigman, DM Sarmiento, JL Matsumoto, K Gruber, N Rau, GH Coale, KH TI A switch from Si(OH)(4) to NO3- depletion in the glacial Southern Ocean SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC CO2; PHYTOPLANKTON BLOOM; IRON FERTILIZATION; PACIFIC-OCEAN; DIATOMS; WATERS; PRODUCTIVITY; CONSUMPTION; RATIO AB [1] Phytoplankton in the Antarctic deplete silicic acid (Si(OH)(4))to a far greater extent than they do nitrate (NO3-). This pattern can be reversed by the addition of iron which dramatically lowers diatom Si(OH)(4):NO3- uptake ratios. Higher iron supply during glacial times would thus drive the Antarctic towards NO3- depletion with excess Si(OH)(4) remaining in surface waters. New delta(30)Si and delta(15)N records from Antarctic sediments confirm diminished Si(OH)(4) use and enhanced NO3- depletion during the last three glaciations. The present low-Si(OH)(4) water is transported northward to at least the subtropics. We postulate that the glacial high-Si(OH)(4) water similarly may have been transported to the subtropics and beyond. This input of Si(OH)(4) may have caused diatoms to displace coccolithophores at low latitudes, weakening the carbonate pump and increasing the depth of organic matter remineralization. These effects may have lowered glacial atmospheric pCO(2) by as much as 60 ppm. C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Ecol Evolut & Marine Biol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Princeton Univ, Dept Geosci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Geophys & Planetary Phys, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Atmospher Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Inst Marine Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Moss Landing Marine Lab, Moss Landing, CA USA. RP Brzezinski, MA (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Ecol Evolut & Marine Biol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RI Gruber, Nicolas/B-7013-2009; Sigman, Daniel/A-2649-2008 OI Gruber, Nicolas/0000-0002-2085-2310; Sigman, Daniel/0000-0002-7923-1973 NR 39 TC 157 Z9 159 U1 1 U2 31 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUN 15 PY 2002 VL 29 IS 12 AR 1564 DI 10.1029/2001GL014349 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 610MP UT WOS:000178964100059 ER PT J AU Fueglistaler, S Luo, BP Buss, S Wernli, H Voigt, C Muller, M Neuber, R Hostetler, CA Poole, LR Flentje, H Fahey, DW Northway, MJ Peter, T AF Fueglistaler, S Luo, BP Buss, S Wernli, H Voigt, C Muller, M Neuber, R Hostetler, CA Poole, LR Flentje, H Fahey, DW Northway, MJ Peter, T TI Large NAT particle formation by mother clouds: Analysis of SOLVE/THESEO-2000 observations SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID POLAR STRATOSPHERIC CLOUDS; NITRIC-ACID TRIHYDRATE; LIDAR OBSERVATIONS; ARCTIC STRATOSPHERE; LIQUID PARTICLES; COEXISTENCE; HNO3 AB [1] During the SOLVE/THESEO-2000 Arctic stratospheric campaign in the winter 1999/2000 widespread occurrences of very large HNO3-containing particles, probably composed of nitric acid trihydrate (NAT), were observed in situ by instruments on board the ER-2 stratospheric research aircraft. These large NAT particles were found with low number densities (n approximate to 10(-4) cm(-3)) in vast regions, in air generally supersaturated with respect to NAT. Within the same campaign other instruments have performed airborne and ground-based measurements of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs), often showing the existence of type 1a and type 1a-enh clouds. Such PSCs often occur on the mesoscale with particle number densities n greater than or similar to 10(-2) cm(-3) and are also most likely composed of NAT. We use forward trajectories for the path of NAT particles, which are advected by winds based on ECMWF analyses and sediment due to gravity, to show that high number density NAT PSCs (mother clouds) could give rise to low number density NAT particle populations several days downstream. C1 Swiss Fed Inst Technol, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland. Fdn Polar & Marine Res, AWI, Res Unit Potsdam, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. DLR Oberpfaffenhofen, D-82230 Wessling, Germany. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Fueglistaler, S (reprint author), Swiss Fed Inst Technol, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland. RI Voigt, Christiane/G-3279-2010; Fueglistaler, Stephan/I-5803-2013; Neuber, Roland/B-4923-2014; Fahey, David/G-4499-2013 OI Neuber, Roland/0000-0001-7382-7832; Fahey, David/0000-0003-1720-0634 NR 22 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUN 15 PY 2002 VL 29 IS 12 AR 1610 DI 10.1029/2001GL014548 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 610MP UT WOS:000178964100013 ER PT J AU Mazur, V Ruhnke, LH AF Mazur, V Ruhnke, LH TI Determining leader potential in cloud-to-ground flashes SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article AB [1] A new method for estimating lightning leader potential is proposed, based on multi-station measurements of electric field changes during the first return stroke process in cloud-to-ground flashes. In negative stepped leaders, this method may be used to estimate step length, which is strongly dependent on leader potential; this capability is particularly important in the evaluation of the so-called "striking distance'' in lightning protection practice. C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Mazur, V (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. NR 10 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUN 15 PY 2002 VL 29 IS 12 AR 1601 DI 10.1029/2001GL014159 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 610MP UT WOS:000178964100022 ER PT J AU Mo, KC Thiaw, WM AF Mo, KC Thiaw, WM TI Ensemble canonical correlation prediction of precipitation over the Sahel SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SURFACE-TEMPERATURE; SEASONAL PREDICTIONS; TROPICAL PACIFIC; AFRICAN RAINFALL; SUMMER RAINFALL; VARIABILITY; ANOMALIES; CCA AB [1] Ensemble canonical correlation (ECC) prediction method is applied to predict summer rainfall over the Sahel. The predictors are the global sea surface temperature (SST), 200-hPa streamfunction with zonal means removed (PSI), and forecasts or simulations from the climate models. The canonical correlation analysis (CCA) is performed for each variable separately. These predicted precipitation fields form an ensemble. The ensemble mean is the equal weighted average of its members. For both the multi-model simulations and seasonal hindcasts, the CCA correction improves forecast skill. The ensemble, which consists of the CCA precipitation forecasts based on SST, PSI and the CCA corrected model simulations gives the highest skill. Each member has forecast skill over the different parts of the Sahel. Therefore, the ensemble mean has higher skill than its individual members. C1 NOAA, Climate Predict Ctr, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, NWS, Washington, DC 20230 USA. RP Mo, KC (reprint author), NOAA, Climate Predict Ctr, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, NWS, Washington, DC 20230 USA. NR 20 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUN 15 PY 2002 VL 29 IS 12 AR 1570 DI 10.1029/2002GL015075 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 610MP UT WOS:000178964100053 ER PT J AU Rust, WD MacGorman, DR AF Rust, WD MacGorman, DR TI Possibly inverted-polarity electrical structures in thunderstorms during STEPS SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID STORMS AB [1] In full and partial vertical profiles of the electric field in thunderstorms during the Severe Thunderstorm Electrification and Precipitation Study in 2000, we find evidence for inverted-polarity electrical structures in the convective region of thunderstorms. The evidence consists of polarities opposite from normal (1) in the peaks in the profile of the vertical component of the electric field, E-z, and (2) in the vertical sequence of inferred charges. In storms that possibly are inverted in polarity, the lowest peak in E-z inside the cloud is negative, followed by a positive peak farther up. Near storm top, the uppermost peak is negative, and the uppermost inferred charge is positive. The sounding data do not conclusively prove that inverted-polarity thunderstorms exist, but they support it. If additional data corroborate that such storms do exist, it will require modification of at least some aspects of our conceptual models of storm electrification. C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Rust, WD (reprint author), 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. NR 9 TC 48 Z9 52 U1 3 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUN 15 PY 2002 VL 29 IS 12 AR 1571 DI 10.1029/2001GL014303 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 610MP UT WOS:000178964100052 ER PT J AU VanZandt, TE Nastrom, GD Furumoto, J Tsuda, T Clark, WL AF VanZandt, TE Nastrom, GD Furumoto, J Tsuda, T Clark, WL TI A dual-beamwidth radar method for measuring atmospheric turbulent kinetic energy SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID DISSIPATION RATES; MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE; EDDY DIFFUSIVITY; WHITE-SANDS; PARAMETERS; DOPPLER; PROFILERS; MU AB [1] This paper introduces a new dual-beamwidth (2BW) radar method for inferring the velocity variance sigma(turb)(2) due to the turbulent kinetic energy density per unit mass. The 2BW method has the advantage of being much less sensitive than the standard single-beamwidth (1BW) method to the necessary instrumental corrections of the observed velocity variance sigma(obs)(2). We test and compare the 2BW and 1BW methods using sigma(obs)(2) between 5.0 and 7.5 km MSL measured by the MU VHF radar near Shigaraki, Japan, with beams directed toward 10degrees zenith angle. We find that during periods of light winds the sigma(turb)(2) profiles from the two methods agree well. But with wind speeds >30 m/s the 1BW values of sigma(turb)(2) are about 25% larger than the 2BW values. With the 2BW method, typical values of sigma(turb)(2) between 6.0 and 7.5 km MSL increased from similar to0.07 m(2)/s(2) with winds of similar to2 m/s to similar to0.2 m(2)/s(2) with winds between 30 and 60 m/s. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. St Cloud State Univ, Dept Earth Sci, St Cloud, MN 56301 USA. Kyoto Univ, Radio Sci Ctr Space & Atmosphere, Kyoto 6110011, Japan. RP VanZandt, TE (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI tsuda, toshitaka/A-3035-2015 NR 17 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD JUN 15 PY 2002 VL 29 IS 12 AR 1572 DI 10.1029/2001GL014283 PG 3 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 610MP UT WOS:000178964100051 ER PT J AU Chien, FSS Hsieh, WF Gwo, S Vladar, AE Dagata, JA AF Chien, FSS Hsieh, WF Gwo, S Vladar, AE Dagata, JA TI Silicon nanostructures fabricated by scanning probe oxidation and tetra-methyl ammonium hydroxide etching SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ATOMIC-FORCE MICROSCOPE; ALKALINE-SOLUTIONS; GRATING FILTERS; NANO-OXIDATION; NITRIDE FILMS; WAVE-GUIDES; KINETICS; NANOFABRICATION; DEPENDENCE; CONVERSION AB Fabrication of silicon nanostructures is a key technique for the development of monolithically integrated optoelectronic circuits. We demonstrated that the process of scanning probe microscope (SPM) oxidation and anisotropic tetra-methyl ammonium hydroxide (TMAH) etching is a low-cost and reliable method to produce smooth and uniform silicon nanostructures on a variety of silicon substrates. Etched structures with a pitch of 100 nm, positive- and negative-contrast structures, and features height greater than 100 nm have been produced on bare silicon, and Si3N4-coated and silicon-on-insulator wafers. Evolution of hexagonal pits on two-dimensional grid structures were shown to depend on the pattern spacing and orientation with respect to Si(110) crystal directions. We successfully combined SPM oxidation with traditional optical lithography in a mixed, multilevel patterning method for realizing micrometer-and nanometer-scale feature sizes, as required for photonic device designs. The combination of SPM oxidation and TMAH etching is a promising approach to rapid prototyping of functional nano-photonic devices. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Chiao Tung Univ, Inst Electroopt Engn, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan. Natl Tsing Hua Univ, Dept Phys, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Ctr Measurement Stand, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan. RP Chien, FSS (reprint author), Natl Chiao Tung Univ, Inst Electroopt Engn, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan. RI Gwo, Shangjr/A-9946-2008 NR 30 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 14 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD JUN 15 PY 2002 VL 91 IS 12 BP 10044 EP 10050 DI 10.1063/1.1476072 PG 7 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 557JJ UT WOS:000175905200091 ER PT J AU Grossman, EN Harvey, TE Reintsema, CD AF Grossman, EN Harvey, TE Reintsema, CD TI Controlled barrier modification in Nb/NbOx/Ag metal insulator metal tunnel diodes SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SINGLE-ELECTRON TRANSISTORS; INFRARED FREQUENCIES; JUNCTIONS; CONDUCTANCE; NIOBIUM AB The nonlinear electrical transport properties of metal-insulator-metal tunnel diodes based on a barrier of naturally grown niobium oxide have been measured at room temperature and analyzed. In most cases excellent agreement is found between the measured current-voltage characteristics and fits to the trapezoidal barrier model, over large ranges in conductance (up to several times the zero-bias value), and including the asymmetry induced by the differing electrode materials, niobium and silver. Moreover, we find that an in situ, Ar plasma etch may be used to modify the tunnel barrier in a controlled fashion. Specifically, as the etch time is increased from 0 to 120 s, the barrier thickness is continuously reduced from similar to2.8 to 1.1 nm, while the barrier height at the base (Nb) electrode remains roughly constant at 300+/-40 mV. Simultaneously, the barrier height at the Ag counterelectrode is lowered from an initial value of 800 mV to the asymptotic value implied by the difference in work functions of the electrode materials, namely, 230+/-40 mV. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Grossman, EN (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 29 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD JUN 15 PY 2002 VL 91 IS 12 BP 10134 EP 10139 DI 10.1063/1.1471385 PG 6 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 557JJ UT WOS:000175905200107 ER PT J AU Sanabia, JE Moore, JH Tossell, JA AF Sanabia, JE Moore, JH Tossell, JA TI CF3I on a silicon surface: Adsorption, temperature-programmed desorption, and electron-stimulated desorption SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID TRIFLUOROMETHYL IODIDE; BOND-CLEAVAGE; CHEMISTRY; AG(111); PLASMA; CHEMISORPTION; RU(001); HYDROFLUOROCARBON; FLUOROCARBON; POTENTIALS AB CF3I adsorption on a silicon surface and the effect of low-energy electron bombardment of a CF3I-covered silicon surface are relevant to plasma etching. Dissociative chemisorption of CF3I on Si(100) surface is observed at 370 K. Uptake measurements corroborated by work-function change measurements and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) gives a sticking probability of at least 0.34+/-0.05. Molecular orbital calculations yield an adsorption energy greater than 3 eV for dissociative chemisorption of CF3X (X=F, Cl, Br, and I) on Si(100) (modeled by Si9H12) with X transferred to a silicon atom. We conclude that the variation in the sticking probability across the CF3X family is a consequence of the activation energy barrier for C-X bond cleavage. In TPD, SiF4 desorbs at 370 and 840 K, SiF3 radical at 770 K, and atomic iodine at 790 K. The parent CF3I does not desorb. Electron-stimulated desorption (ESD) yields F+, F- and a trace of I+. The threshold for the appearance of F+ is 20 eV and for F- is 29 eV. Dissociative ionization and dipolar dissociation are possible mechanisms for ESD of F+. Dipolar dissociation and harpooning are possible mechanisms for ESD of F-. There is evidence that iodine on the surface quenches the electronically excited states that lead to desorption of F-. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Maryland, Chem Phys Program, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Chem & Biochem, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Sanabia, JE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 44 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD JUN 15 PY 2002 VL 116 IS 23 BP 10402 EP 10410 DI 10.1063/1.1477190 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 557JQ UT WOS:000175905800037 ER PT J AU Feingold, G Chuang, PY AF Feingold, G Chuang, PY TI Analysis of the influence of film-forming compounds on droplet growth: Implications for cloud microphysical processes and climate SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID MARINE STRATUS; STRATOCUMULUS CLOUDS; RADIATIVE PROPERTIES; CONDENSATION NUCLEI; AEROSOL-PARTICLES; ARCTIC STRATUS; ORGANIC FILMS; MONOLAYERS; EVAPORATION; SPECTRA AB Decades of cloud microphysical research have not provided conclusive understanding of the physical processes responsible for droplet spectral broadening. Numerous mechanisms have been proposed-for example, entrainment mixing, vortex shedding, giant cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), chemical processing of CCN, and radiative cooling-all of which are likely candidates under select conditions. In this paper it is suggested that variability in the composition of CCN, and in particular, the existence of condensation inhibiting compounds, is another possible candidate. The inferred potential abundance of these amphiphilic film-forming compounds (FFCs) suggests that their effect may be important. Using a cloud parcel model with a simplified treatment of the effect of FFCs, it is shown that modest concentrations of FFCs (on the order of 5% of the total aerosol mass) can have a marked effect on drop growth and can cause significant increases in spectral dispersions. Moreover, it is shown that FFCs may, in some cases, reduce the number concentration of cloud droplets, with implications for cloud-climate feedbacks. This trend is at least in qualitative agreement with results from a recent field campaign. C1 NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NCAR Adv Study Program, Boulder, CO USA. RP Feingold, G (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM graham.feingold@noaa.gov RI Feingold, Graham/B-6152-2009 NR 43 TC 119 Z9 121 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD JUN 15 PY 2002 VL 59 IS 12 BP 2006 EP 2018 DI 10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059<2006:AOTIOF>2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 550YY UT WOS:000175533700006 ER PT J AU Cheng, WY Chen, LS Yoon, TH Hall, JL Ye, J AF Cheng, WY Chen, LS Yoon, TH Hall, JL Ye, J TI Sub-Doppler molecular-iodine transitions near the dissociation limit (523-498 nm) (vol 27, pg 571, 2002) SO OPTICS LETTERS LA English DT Correction C1 Natl Dong Hwa Univ, Dept Phys, Hualien, Taiwan. Univ Colorado, JILA, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80903 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80903 USA. RP Cheng, WY (reprint author), Natl Dong Hwa Univ, Dept Phys, Hualien, Taiwan. RI Ye, Jun/C-3312-2011 NR 1 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0146-9592 J9 OPT LETT JI Opt. Lett. PD JUN 15 PY 2002 VL 27 IS 12 BP 1076 EP 1076 DI 10.1364/OL.27.001076 PG 1 WC Optics SC Optics GA 563VN UT WOS:000176277600030 PM 18026370 ER PT J AU Schweigert, IV Lehtinen, KEJ Carrier, MJ Zachariah, MR AF Schweigert, IV Lehtinen, KEJ Carrier, MJ Zachariah, MR TI Structure and properties of silica nanoclusters at high temperatures SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID METAL-OXIDE PARTICLES; GAS-PHASE REACTION; MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS; FREE JET; NANOPARTICLES; PRESSURE; TITANIUM; GROWTH; OXYGEN; FLAME AB The properties of silica clusters at temperatures from 1500 to 2800 K are investigated using classical molecular dynamics simulations for particles containing up to 1152 atoms. We found that atoms in the cluster were arranged in a shell-like structure at low temperatures, and that the radial density profile peaked near the outer edge of the particle. Smaller clusters have much higher pressures, with the magnitudes corresponding quite well to those obtained from the Laplace-Young equation, when evaluated in a self-consistent manner using our derived surface tension. Our computed surface tension did not show any significant size-dependent behavior in contrast to the decreasing surface tension observed for Lennard-Jones liquid clusters. Finally our computed diffusion coefficients in the liquid state are seen to be larger than bulk computed diffusivities. A discussion regarding the relevance of these computations on the growth of silica nanoparticles is presented. C1 Univ Minnesota, Dept Mech Engn, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Chem, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Univ Minnesota, Minnesota Supercomp Inst, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Theoret & Appl Mech, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia. Univ Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Schweigert, IV (reprint author), Univ Minnesota, Dept Mech Engn, 111 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. NR 42 TC 57 Z9 57 U1 5 U2 15 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD JUN 15 PY 2002 VL 65 IS 23 AR 235410 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.65.235410 PG 9 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 572HH UT WOS:000176767900113 ER PT J AU Sen, P Gulseren, O Yildirim, T Batra, IP Ciraci, S AF Sen, P Gulseren, O Yildirim, T Batra, IP Ciraci, S TI Pentagonal nanowires: A first-principles study of the atomic and electronic structure SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID SCANNING-TUNNELING-MICROSCOPY; TOTAL-ENERGY CALCULATIONS; MONATOMIC GOLD WIRES; CONDUCTANCE QUANTIZATION; MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS; POINT-CONTACT; SIMPLE METALS; TRANSPORT; NANOCONTACTS; MECHANISMS AB We performed an extensive first-principles study of nanowires in various pentagonal structures by using pseudopotential plane wave method within the density functional theory. Our results show that nanowires of different types of elements, such as alkali, simple, transition, and noble metals and inert gas atoms, have a stable structure made from staggered pentagons with a linear chain perpendicular to the planes of the pentagons and passing through their centers. This structure exhibits bond angles close to those in the icosahedral structure. However, silicon is found to be energetically more favorable in the eclipsed pentagonal structure. These quasi-one-dimensional pentagonal nanowires have higher cohesive energies than many other one-dimensional structures and hence may be realized experimentally. The effects of magnetic state are examined by spin-polarized calculations. The origin of the stability is discussed by examining optimized structural parameters, charge density and electronic band structure, and by using analysis based on the empirical Lennard-Jones-type interaction. Electronic band structure of pentagonal wires of different elements are discussed and their effects on quantum ballistic conductance are mentioned. It is found that the pentagonal wire of silicon exhibits metallic band structure. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, Chicago, IL 60607 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Penn, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Bilkent Univ, Dept Phys, TR-06533 Ankara, Turkey. RP Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, Chicago, IL 60607 USA. RI yildirim, taner/A-1290-2009; Sen, Prasenjit/F-4713-2010 OI Sen, Prasenjit/0000-0002-6334-0091 NR 43 TC 72 Z9 72 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9950 EI 2469-9969 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD JUN 15 PY 2002 VL 65 IS 23 AR 235433 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.65.235433 PG 7 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 572HH UT WOS:000176767900136 ER PT J AU Xie, RH Bryant, GW Lee, S Jaskolski, W AF Xie, RH Bryant, GW Lee, S Jaskolski, W TI Electron-hole correlations and optical excitonic gaps in quantum-dot quantum wells: Tight-binding approach SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID CDS/HGS/CDS; SEMICONDUCTORS; CONFINEMENT; PARTICLES; CDS AB Electron-hole correlation in quantum-dot quantum wells (QDQW's) is investigated by incorporating Coulomb and exchange interactions into an empirical tight-binding model. Sufficient electron and hole single-particle states close to the band edge are included in the configuration to achieve convergence of the first spin-singlet and triplet excitonic energies within a few meV. Coulomb shifts of about 100 meV and exchange splittings of about 1 meV are found for CdS/HgS/CdS QDQW's (4.7 nm CdS core diameter, 0.3 nm HgS well width, and 0.3 nm to 1.5 nm CdS clad thickness) that have been characterized experimentally by Weller and co-workers [D. Schooss, A. Mews, A. Eychmuller, H. Weller, Phys. Rev. B, 49, 17 072 (1994)]. The optical excitonic gaps calculated for those QDQW's are in good agreement with the experiment. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Illinois, Natl Ctr Supercomp Applicat, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Phys, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. UMK, Inst Fiz, PL-87100 Torun, Poland. RP Bryant, GW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Jaskolski, Wlodzimierz/D-1318-2014 OI Jaskolski, Wlodzimierz/0000-0003-4814-1876 NR 20 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD JUN 15 PY 2002 VL 65 IS 23 AR 235306 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.65.235306 PG 5 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 572HH UT WOS:000176767900081 ER PT J AU Amitay, Z Kosloff, R Leone, SR AF Amitay, Z Kosloff, R Leone, SR TI Experimental coherent computation of a multiple-input AND gate using pure molecular superpositions SO CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID QUANTUM COMPUTATION; PHASE; COMPUTER; STATE; LI-2 AB Pure coherent superpositions of Li-2 rovibrational eigenstates are used for the experimental coherent computation of a classical multiple-input AND logical gate. The input sets of Boolean values are imprinted into the phases of the eigenstates by shaped ferntosecond pulses. The computation is carried out by the coherence and field-free time evolution. The Boolean result is given by the existence/nonexistence of a specific pre-determined superposition at a given delay time; it is read via projection onto an ionic state by a second ferntosecond pulse. As an example, the gate is used in solving a yes/no computational decision problem. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. C1 Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Hebrew Univ Jerusalem, Fritz Haber Res Ctr Mol Dynam, IL-91904 Jerusalem, Israel. RP Amitay, Z (reprint author), Technion Israel Inst Technol, Dept Chem, IL-32000 Haifa, Israel. RI Kosloff, Ronnie/D-2388-2013 OI Kosloff, Ronnie/0000-0001-6201-2523 NR 25 TC 42 Z9 42 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2614 J9 CHEM PHYS LETT JI Chem. Phys. Lett. PD JUN 13 PY 2002 VL 359 IS 1-2 BP 8 EP 14 AR PII S0009-2614(02)00551-1 DI 10.1016/S0009-2614(02)00551-1 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 565LV UT WOS:000176372500002 ER EF