FN Thomson Reuters Web of Science™ VR 1.0 PT J AU Thompson, RL Edwards, R Hart, JA Elmore, KL Markowski, P AF Thompson, RL Edwards, R Hart, JA Elmore, KL Markowski, P TI Close proximity soundings within supercell environments obtained from the rapid update cycle SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID TORNADO FORECAST PARAMETERS; STORM-RELATIVE WINDS; MESOCYCLONES; VARIABILITY; HELICITY; LEVEL; SHEAR AB A sample of 413 soundings in close proximity to tornadic and nontornadic supercells is examined. The soundings were obtained from hourly analyses generated by the 40-km Rapid Update Cycle-2 (RUC-2) analysis and forecast system. A comparison of 149 observed soundings and collocated RUC-2 soundings in regional supercell environments reveals that the RUC-2 model analyses were reasonably accurate through much of the troposphere. The largest error tendencies were in temperatures and mixing ratios near the surface, primarily in 1-h forecast soundings immediately prior to the standard rawinsonde launches around 1200 and 0000 UTC. Overall, the RUC-2 analysis soundings appear to be a reasonable proxy for observed soundings in supercell environments. Thermodynamic and vertical wind shear parameters derived from RUC-2 proximity soundings are evaluated for the following supercell and storm subsets: significantly tornadic supercells ( 54 soundings), weakly tornadic supercells ( 144 soundings), nontornadic supercells ( 215 soundings), and discrete nonsupercell storms ( 75 soundings). Findings presented herein are then compared to results from previous and ongoing proximity soundings studies. Most significantly, proximity soundings presented here reinforce the findings of previous studies in that vertical shear and moisture within 1 km of the ground can discriminate between nontornadic supercells and supercells producing tornadoes with F2 or greater damage. Parameters that combine measures of buoyancy, vertical shear, and low-level moisture show the strongest ability to discriminate between supercell classes. C1 Storm Predict Ctr, Norman, OK USA. Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Thompson, RL (reprint author), 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. OI Markowski, Paul/0000-0002-4295-3390 NR 47 TC 211 Z9 222 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 18 IS 6 BP 1243 EP 1261 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2003)018<1243:CPSWSE>2.0.CO;2 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 753UZ UT WOS:000187250100014 ER PT J AU Markowski, P Hannon, C Frame, J Lancaster, E Pietrycha, A Edwards, R Thompson, RL AF Markowski, P Hannon, C Frame, J Lancaster, E Pietrycha, A Edwards, R Thompson, RL TI Characteristics of vertical wind profiles near supercells obtained from the rapid update cycle SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID LOW-LEVEL MESOCYCLONES; STORM-RELATIVE WINDS; VORTEX AB Over 400 vertical wind profiles in close proximity to nontornadic and tornadic supercell thunderstorms are examined. The profiles were obtained from the Rapid Update Cycle (RUC) model/analysis system. Ground-relative wind speeds throughout the lower and middle troposphere are larger, on average, in tornadic supercell environments than in nontornadic supercell environments. The average vertical profiles of storm-relative wind speed, vertical wind shear, hodograph curvature, crosswise and streamwise vorticity, and storm-relative helicity are generally similar above 1 km in the tornadic and nontornadic supercell environments, with differences that are either not statistically significant or not what most would regard as meteorologically significant. On the other hand, considerable differences are found in these average vertical profiles within 1 km of the ground, with environments associated with significantly tornadic supercells ( those producing tornadoes of at least F2 intensity) having substantially larger low-level vertical wind shear, streamwise vorticity, and storm-relative helicity compared to environments associated with nontornadic supercells and weakly tornadic supercells ( those producing F0 or F1 tornadoes). These findings may partly explain the extraordinary difficulty in discriminating between tornadic and nontornadic supercell environments in a forecasting setting, given the low temporal and spatial frequency of wind observations in the lowest 1 km. It is believed that it would be a worthwhile investment to augment low-level wind profiling capabilities, in addition to taking a closer look at the dynamical sensitivities of supercell storms to near-surface wind shear by way of high-resolution numerical simulations. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Storm Predict Ctr, Norman, OK USA. RP Markowski, P (reprint author), 503 Walker Bldg, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. OI Markowski, Paul/0000-0002-4295-3390 NR 35 TC 48 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 18 IS 6 BP 1262 EP 1272 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2003)018<1262:COVWPN>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 753UZ UT WOS:000187250100015 ER PT J AU Market, P Allen, S Scofield, R Kuligowski, R Gruber, A AF Market, P Allen, S Scofield, R Kuligowski, R Gruber, A TI Precipitation efficiency of warm-season midwestern mesoscale convective systems SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID WATER-BUDGET; FRONTAL SYSTEM; PACIFIC-OCEAN; SQUALL LINE; COLD-FRONT; SOUNDINGS; CLOUDS AB The precipitation efficiencies for mesoscale convective systems (MCS) over the central United States are calculated. During July - September 2000 and June - September 2001, 24 MCS for which sufficient data were available occurred over or near Missouri. Precipitable water fields from the hourly Rapid Update Cycle ( RUC) and radar-derived precipitation grids are used to calculate the precipitation efficiency. Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite soundings and RUC winds are used to assess the pre-MCS environment. Statistical analysis reveals that precipitation efficiency has a relatively strong positive correlation with the relative humidity in the layer between the surface and the lifting condensation level; significant negative correlations are found between the precipitation efficiency and both the convective inhibition and the environmental wind shear. The latter, inverse relationship between shear and precipitation efficiency supports the findings of previous investigators. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Atmospher Sci, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP Market, P (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Dept Atmospher Sci, 387 McReynolds Hall, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RI Kuligowski, Robert/C-6981-2009 OI Kuligowski, Robert/0000-0002-6909-2252 NR 40 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 2 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 18 IS 6 BP 1273 EP 1285 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2003)018<1273:PEOWMM>2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 753UZ UT WOS:000187250100016 ER PT J AU Hane, CE Watts, JD Andra, DL Haynes, JA Berry, E Rabin, RM Carr, FH AF Hane, CE Watts, JD Andra, DL Haynes, JA Berry, E Rabin, RM Carr, FH TI The evolution of morning convective systems over the US Great Plains during the warm season. Part I: The forecast problem SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES; SQUALL LINES; CUMULONIMBUS; COMPLEXES; GENESIS; MODEL; SHEAR AB The factors that influence the evolution of convective systems during the late morning over much of the Great Plains are not understood well. It is known that in this region the majority of such systems dissipate or decrease in intensity during this period. With this fact in mind, a summary is given of comments made during the occurrence of morning convective systems by forecasters at two National Weather Service (NWS) offices relating to factors that were most important in determining their forecasts of system evolution. In addition, results of a preliminary climatological study covering eight summer months for 181 summer precipitation systems affecting the county warning areas of the two NWS offices during late morning are presented. Revealed among the significant system characteristics is that approximately two-thirds of the included systems either decreased in intensity or dissipated during the late morning. C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Meteorol, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Sch Meteorol, Norman, OK 73019 USA. NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Dodge City, KS USA. NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Hane, CE (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. NR 29 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 18 IS 6 BP 1286 EP 1294 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2003)018<1286:TEOMCS>2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 753UZ UT WOS:000187250100017 ER PT J AU Frederick, WJ AF Frederick, WJ TI The rapid intensification and subsequent rapid weakening of Hurricane Lili as compared with historical hurricanes SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article AB The purpose of this paper is to compare the rapid intensification and rapid decay of Hurricane Lili with historical records to determine whether similar events have occurred in the past. Data for this study were compiled from the historical hurricane database that consists of all Atlantic basin tropical storms and hurricanes recorded from 1851 to 2001. Maximum 1-min sustained winds at 10 m were used. This study concludes that the rapid intensification/rapid decay processes that occurred as Hurricane Lili moved north across the Gulf of Mexico have been recorded only 11 other times since 1851. The intensification rate of 35 kt (1 kt = 0.5144 m s(-1)) in 24 h for Hurricane Lili ranked in the 11th percentile when compared with the 769 hurricanes in the historical database. In fact, 35.8% of all hurricanes that achieved an intensity of at least 100 kt intensified at a rate similar to Lili. The decay rate of 40 kt within 24 h after completion of rapid intensification ranks in the 1st percentile. This study also shows that all hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico that rapidly intensified after 15 September proceeded to decay shortly thereafter by an average of 28 kt within 24 h of completion of rapid intensification. On the other hand, three of five (60%) hurricanes that rapidly intensified over the Gulf of Mexico prior to 15 September continued to intensify, by an average of 9 kt. C1 NOAA, NWS, WSO, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA. RP Frederick, WJ (reprint author), NOAA, NWS, WSO, 1400 Walnut St,Rm 120, Vicksburg, MS 39180 USA. NR 1 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 18 IS 6 BP 1295 EP 1298 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2003)018<1295:TRIASR>2.0.CO;2 PG 4 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 753UZ UT WOS:000187250100018 ER PT J AU Glahn, B AF Glahn, B TI Comments on "IFPS and the future of the National Weather Service'' SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Editorial Material ID PRECIPITATION PROBABILITY FORECASTS; STOCHASTIC DYNAMIC PREDICTION C1 NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Meteorol Dev Lab, Off Sci & Technol, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Glahn, B (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Meteorol Dev Lab, Off Sci & Technol, 1325 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 14 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD DEC PY 2003 VL 18 IS 6 BP 1299 EP 1304 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2003)018<1299:COIATF>2.0.CO;2 PG 6 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 753UZ UT WOS:000187250100019 ER PT J AU Castro, P Williams, AB Cooper, LL AF Castro, P Williams, AB Cooper, LL TI Revision of the family Latreilliidae Stimpson, 1858 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura) SO ZOOSYSTEMA LA English DT Review DE Crustacea; Decapoda; Brachyura; Latreilliidae; biogeography; carrying behaviour; phylogeny; revision ID FIJIAN ARCHIPELAGO; MEGALOPA STAGE; CRUISE; STATIONS; LIST; PODOTREMATA; CRABS AB A study of specimens from around the world and the re-examination of additional material used by Williams for his revision of Latreillia Roux, 1830 have lead to a revision of the family Latreilliidae Stimpson, 1858 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura). The family now consists of two genera: Latreillia, with five species (L. elegans Roux, 1830, L. metanesa Williams, 1982, L. pennifera Alcock, 1900, L. valida de Haan, 1839, and L. williamsi Melo, 1990), and Eplumula Williams, 1982, with two species (E australiensis (Henderson, 1888) and E phalangium (de Haan, 1839)). Latreillia manningi Williams, 1982, which was described as a western Atlantic species distinct from the Mediterranean and eastern Atlantic populations of L. elegans, is now regarded as a very close geographical variant of L. elegans because the differences between the two populations are insignificant and overlapping. The revision has resulted in an updated and more detailed definition of the Latreilliidae with the addition of characters such as the type of abdominal holding system and the morphology of the coxae of the last pair of pereopods (P5) of males. The revision has also re-examined our current knowledge of the phylogeny and biogeography of the family. It also reviews carrying behaviour, the use of the P5 for carrying living organisms or non-living objects for camouflaging, among its member species. C1 Calif State Polytech Univ Pomona, Dept Biol Sci, Pomona, CA 91768 USA. Smithsonian Inst, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv Systemat Lab, Natl Museum Nat Hist, Washington, DC 20560 USA. Fisheries & Oceans Canada, Biodivers Sci Branch, Ottawa, ON K1A 0E6, Canada. RP Castro, P (reprint author), Calif State Polytech Univ Pomona, Dept Biol Sci, Pomona, CA 91768 USA. EM pcastro@csupomona.edu NR 117 TC 12 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU PUBLICATIONS SCIENTIFIQUES DU MUSEUM, PARIS PI PARIS CEDEX 05 PA CP 39-57, RUE CUVIER, F-75231 PARIS CEDEX 05, FRANCE SN 1280-9551 EI 1638-9387 J9 ZOOSYSTEMA JI Zoosystema PD DEC PY 2003 VL 25 IS 4 BP 601 EP 634 PG 34 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 763EN UT WOS:000188062100003 ER PT J AU Ek, MB Mitchell, KE Lin, Y Rogers, E Grunmann, P Koren, V Gayno, G Tarpley, JD AF Ek, MB Mitchell, KE Lin, Y Rogers, E Grunmann, P Koren, V Gayno, G Tarpley, JD TI Implementation of Noah land surface model advances in the National Centers for Environmental Prediction operational mesoscale Eta model SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE coupled modeling; Eta model; land surface model ID ATMOSPHERE TRANSFER SCHEME; BOUNDARY-LAYER DEVELOPMENT; PARAMETERIZATION SCHEMES; SOIL HYDROLOGY; HEAT-FLUX; VEGETATION; MOISTURE; SNOW; EVAPORATION; SIMULATION AB [ 1] We present the impact tests that preceded the most recent operational upgrades to the land surface model used in the National Centers for Environmental Prediction ( NCEP) mesoscale Eta model, whose operational domain includes North America. These improvements consist of changes to the " Noah'' land surface model ( LSM) physics, most notable in the area of cold season processes. Results indicate improved performance in forecasting low- level temperature and humidity, with improvements to ( or without affecting) the overall performance of the Eta model quantitative precipitation scores and upper air verification statistics. Remaining issues that directly affect the Noah LSM performance in the Eta model include physical parameterizations of radiation and clouds, which affect the amount of available energy at the surface, and stable boundary layer and surface layer processes, which affect surface turbulent heat fluxes and ultimately the surface energy budget. C1 NOAA, Ctr Sci, NCEP, EMC, Suitland, MD 20746 USA. NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Off Hydrol Dev, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. HQ Air Force Weather Agcy, Offutt AFB, NE 68113 USA. NESDIS, ORA, Suitland, MD 20746 USA. RP Ek, MB (reprint author), NOAA, Ctr Sci, NCEP, EMC, 5200 Auth Rd,Room 207, Suitland, MD 20746 USA. EM michael.ek@noaa.gov; kenneth.mitchell@noaa.gov; ying.lin@noaa.gov; eric.rogers@noaa.gov; pablo.grunmann@noaa.gov; victor.koren@noaa.gov; george.gayno@afwa.af.mil; dan.tarpley@noaa.gov NR 58 TC 1069 Z9 1101 U1 11 U2 89 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV 29 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D22 AR 8851 DI 10.1029/2002JD003296 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 749QW UT WOS:000186941200001 ER PT J AU Chen, CS Schlitz, RJ Lough, RG Smith, KW Beardsley, R Manning, JP AF Chen, CS Schlitz, RJ Lough, RG Smith, KW Beardsley, R Manning, JP TI Wind-induced, cross-frontal exchange on Georges Bank: A mechanism for early summer on-bank biological particle transport SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article DE cross-frontal exchange; tidal mixing front; wind-driven currents ID STRATIFIED TIDAL RECTIFICATION; FINITE-AMPLITUDE BANKS; WATER EXCHANGE; SOUTHERN FLANK; VARIABILITY; FLOWS; MODEL; PHYTOPLANKTON; TRAJECTORIES; ZOOPLANKTON AB [ 1] Water exchange across the tidal- mixing front on the southern flank of Georges Bank ( GB) is examined using a two- dimensional ( 2D) primitive equation ocean model. The model domain features a cross- frontal transect including a June 1999 hydrographic ( CTD)/ ADCP study made as part of the U. S. GLOBEC Northwest Atlantic/ Georges Bank program. The model was initialized with temperature and salinity fields taken on the 15 June 1999 CTD section and run prognostically with tidal forcing, measured winds, and representative surface heat flux. The results show that fluctuations of wind plus tidal mixing can play the following essential role in the short- term transport of water and particles from the stratified region to the mixed region on GB in early summer, when stratification is just developing with a weak thermocline at a depth of about 10 m. First, a passing weather front drives a wind- induced on- bank Ekman transport of the upper part of the water column at the tidal- mixing front and associated particles in the surface mixed layer. Then, when the wind relaxes or changes direction, the water in the on- bank extension of the front ( above the thermocline) mixes quickly through enhanced tidal motion in shallower depths of water. As a result, particles that are advected along the extended front stay in the previously wellmixed region of the bank. Surface heating tends to increase the strength of the thermocline and reduce the thickness of the surface mixed layer. This in turn accelerates the on- bank movement of the front under an easterly wind favorable for Ekman transport and thus enhances the on- bank, cross- frontal transport of particles. Since the wind- induced, crossfrontal on- bank transport of water can occur episodically during passages of meteorological fronts, these could produce a larger net cross- frontal flux than that produced by just tidal forcing on equivalent timescales. Therefore wind- induced processes can be important in the on- bank cross- frontal flux of copepods and other zooplankton species that exhibit shallow maxima in their vertical distributions over the southern flank of GB in early summer. C1 Univ Massachusetts, Sch Marine Sci & Technol, New Bedford, MA 02744 USA. NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Dartmouth Coll, Thayer Sch Engn, Numer Methods Lab, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Phys Oceanog, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Chen, CS (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, Sch Marine Sci & Technol, New Bedford, MA 02744 USA. EM c1chen@umassd.edu; rschlitz@whsun1.wh.whoi.edu; glough@whsun1.wh.whoi.edu; keston.smith@dartmouth.edu; rbeardsley@whoi.edu; jmanning@whsun1.wh.whoi.edu NR 32 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD NOV 29 PY 2003 VL 108 IS C11 AR 8011 DI 10.1029/2002JC001358 PG 11 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 749RC UT WOS:000186941800001 ER PT J AU Vakhtin, AB Murphy, JE Leone, SR AF Vakhtin, AB Murphy, JE Leone, SR TI Low-temperature kinetics of reactions of OH radical with ethene, propene, and 1-butene SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID THERMAL UNIMOLECULAR REACTIONS; NEGATIVE ACTIVATION-ENERGIES; COLLISION RATE CONSTANTS; TRANSITION-STATE THEORY; LAVAL NOZZLE APPARATUS; SET MODEL CHEMISTRY; GAS-PHASE REACTIONS; FALL-OFF RANGE; CHEMICAL-REACTIONS; RATE COEFFICIENTS AB The kinetics of the reactions of the CH radical with ethene (k(1)), propene (k(2)) and 1-butene (k(3)) are studied over a temperature range of T = 96-296 K. The low-temperature environment is provided by a pulsed Laval nozzle supersonic expansion of nitrogen with admixed radical precursor and reactant gases. The OH radicals are produced by pulsed photolysis of H2O2 at 248 nm. Laser-induced fluorescence of the OH radicals excited in the (1,0) band of the A(2)Sigma(+)-X(2)Pi(i) transition is used to monitor the OH decay kinetics to obtain the bimolecular rate coefficients. At T = 296 K, the rate constants k(1), k(2), and k(3) are also measured as a function of total pressure. The room-temperature falloff parameters are used as the basis for extrapolation of the low-temperature kinetic data, obtained over a limited range of gas number density, to predict the high-pressure limits of all three rate coefficients at low temperatures. The temperature dependence of the measured high-pressure rate constants for T = 96-296 K can be expressed as follows: k(1,infinity) = (8.7 +/- 0.7) x 10(-12)(T/300)((-0.85+/-0.11)) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1); k(2,infinity) = (2.95 +/- 0.10) x 10(-11)(T/300)((-1.06+/-0.13)) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1); k(3,infinity) = (3.02 +/- 0.15) x 10(-11)(T/300)((-1.44+/-0.10)) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1). All three high-pressure rate constants show a slight negative temperature dependence, which is generally in agreement with both low-temperature and high-temperature kinetic data available in the literature. Implications to the atmospheric chemistry of Saturn are discussed. Incorporating the new experimental data on k(1) in photochemical models of Saturn's atmosphere may significantly increase the predicted rate of photochemical conversion of H2O into C-O containing molecules. C1 Univ Colorado, JILA, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Vakhtin, AB (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 50 TC 57 Z9 57 U1 1 U2 27 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD NOV 27 PY 2003 VL 107 IS 47 BP 10055 EP 10062 DI 10.1021/jp030230a PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 746RU UT WOS:000186762100006 ER PT J AU Gonzalez, C Lim, EC AF Gonzalez, C Lim, EC TI Evaluation of the Hartree-Fock dispersion (HFD) model as a practical tool for probing intermolecular potentials of small aromatic clusters: Comparison of the HFD and MP2 intermolecular Potentials SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID VAN-DER-WAALS; BENZENE DIMER; AB-INITIO; BINDING-ENERGIES; EQUILIBRIUM GEOMETRIES; NAPHTHALENE TRIMER; QUANTUM-CHEMISTRY; GENETIC ALGORITHM; ANTHRACENE; MICROCLUSTERS AB The performance of the Hartree-Fock dispersion (HFD) model for aromatic clusters has been evaluated by comparing the HFD/6-31G intermolecular potentials with the MP2/6-31G potentials for dimers of four aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, and pyrene) and the trimer of naphthalene. The computationally efficient HFD model yields equilibrium geometries and binding energies that are essentially identical to those from the MP2 calculations for all aromatic clusters. For the T-shaped dimer of benzene and the cyclic trimer of naphthalene for which experimental geometries are known, the computed geometry and intermolecular separations are in excellent agreement with the experimental data. Although the MP2/6-31G (not corrected for basis set superposition errors) and HFD/6-31G binding energies (D-e) of the dimers of benzene and naphthalene, and the trimer of naphthalene, are almost a factor of 2 greater than the experimental values (D-0), they are considerably in better agreement with experiment than the MP2 interaction energies computed by using larger and diffuse basis sets, 6-31G* (0.25) and aug-cc-pVDZ. The calculated minimum-energy structures of the four aromatic hydrocarbons of differing sizes support the notion that electrostatic interaction favors edge-on (T-shaped) structures, whereas dispersion interaction favors stacked structures. The computed dimer binding energy is approximately a linear function of the number of hexagons in the monomer. C1 Univ Akron, Dept Chem, Akron, OH 44325 USA. Univ Akron, Ctr Laser & Opt Spect, Akron, OH 44325 USA. NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Lim, EC (reprint author), Univ Akron, Dept Chem, Akron, OH 44325 USA. NR 32 TC 63 Z9 63 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD NOV 27 PY 2003 VL 107 IS 47 BP 10105 EP 10110 DI 10.1021/jp030587e PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 746RU UT WOS:000186762100013 ER PT J AU Pan, M Sheffield, J Wood, EF Mitchell, KE Houser, PR Schaake, JC Robock, A Lohmann, D Cosgrove, B Duan, QY Luo, L Higgins, RW Pinker, RT Tarpley, JD AF Pan, M Sheffield, J Wood, EF Mitchell, KE Houser, PR Schaake, JC Robock, A Lohmann, D Cosgrove, B Duan, QY Luo, L Higgins, RW Pinker, RT Tarpley, JD TI Snow process modeling in the North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS): 2. Evaluation of model simulated snow water equivalent SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE snow water equivalent; land surface modeling ID HEAT-BALANCE; ETA-MODEL; COVER; PRECIPITATION; SURFACE; HYDROLOGY; VARIABILITY; TEMPERATURE; HEMISPHERE; AIRBORNE AB [1] This is the second part of a study on the cold season process modeling in the North American Land Data Assimilation System ( NLDAS). The first part concentrates on the assessment of model simulated snow cover extent. In this second part, the focus is on the evaluation of simulated snow water equivalent ( SWE) from the four land surface models ( Noah, MOSAIC, SAC and VIC) in the NLDAS. Comparisons are made with observational data from the Natural Resources Conservation Service's Snowpack Telemetry ( SNOTEL) network for a 3- year retrospective period at selected sites in the mountainous regions of the western United States. All models show systematic low bias in the maximum annual simulated SWE that is most notable in the Cascade and Sierra Nevada regions where differences can approach 1000 mm. Comparison of NLDAS precipitation forcing with SNOTEL measurements revealed a large bias in the NLDAS annual precipitation which may be lower than the SNOTEL record by up to 2000 mm at certain stations. Experiments with the VIC model indicated that most of the bias in SWE is removed by scaling the precipitation by a regional factor based on the regression of the NLDAS and SNOTEL precipitation. Individual station errors may be reduced further still using precipitation scaled to the local station SNOTEL record. Furthermore, the NLDAS air temperature is shown to be generally colder in winter months and biased warmer in spring and summer when compared to the SNOTEL record, although the level of bias is regionally dependent. Detailed analysis at a selected station indicate that errors in the air temperature forcing may cause the partitioning of precipitation into snowfall and rainfall by the models to be incorrect and thus may explain some of the remaining errors in the simulated SWE. C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrol Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Off Hydrol Dev, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NOAA, NWS, NCEP, Climate Predict Ctr, Camp Springs, MD USA. NOAA, NWS, NCEP, Environm Modeling Ctr, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Meteorol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Environm Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Pan, M (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM justin@princeton.edu RI Sheffield, Justin/A-6388-2008; Luo, Lifeng/C-8734-2009; Pinker, Rachel/F-6565-2010; Pan, Ming/B-6841-2011; Houser, Paul/J-9515-2013; Duan, Qingyun/C-7652-2011; Robock, Alan/B-6385-2016 OI Pan, Ming/0000-0003-3350-8719; Houser, Paul/0000-0002-2991-0441; Duan, Qingyun/0000-0001-9955-1512; NR 44 TC 88 Z9 90 U1 1 U2 15 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV 26 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D22 AR 8850 DI 10.1029/2003JD003994 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 749QV UT WOS:000186941100003 ER PT J AU Meng, CJ Pinker, RT Tarpley, JD Laszlo, I AF Meng, CJ Pinker, RT Tarpley, JD Laszlo, I TI A satellite approach for estimating regional land surface energy budget for GCIP/GAPP SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE surface energy budget ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODELS; MULTISCALE GEM MODEL; ETA-MODEL; GLOBAL-SCALE; VEGETATION; TEMPERATURE; PARAMETERIZATION; RADIATION; HYDROLOGY; PROJECT AB Conventional observations cannot provide information on land surface energy fluxes, or information for land surface parameterizations, on a global or regional scale. In this paper, a satellite approach for estimating regional land surface energy budget is developed and implemented to the Mississippi River Basin, which serves as the focus of the World Climate Research Program Global Energy and Water cycles Experiment ( GEWEX) Continental Scale International Project ( GCIP) and GEWEX Americas Prediction Project (GAPP). The objective of this study is to evaluate the potential of using recently available satellite information to advance current capabilities in determining regional land surface energy budget. The primary forcing parameters in this approach, namely, surface shortwave radiation and skin temperature, are derived from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite ( GOES) observations, using inference schemes that are operationally executed at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Environmental Satellite Data and Information Service (NESDIS). Shortwave radiation is used to define the absorbed energy at the surface. Diurnal variation of skin temperature is used to define the surface energy partitioning. The real-time NESDIS GOES product covers the continental United States (25degrees - 53 degrees N, 67degrees - 125 degreesW), at a 0.5degrees spatial resolution and an hourly temporal resolution. Atmospheric conditions of near-surface air temperature, humidity, and wind speed are obtained from the NOAA National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Eta model output. A 1-year simulation ( May 1997 to May 1998) of the Mississippi River Basin surface energy budget is performed. Model inputs of shortwave radiation and skin temperature, and resulting latent and sensible heat fluxes, are evaluated on various spatial and temporal scales. On a local scale, over the 1-year study period, the RMS difference between estimated and observed monthly shortwave fluxes and latent and sensible heat fluxes are 32, 21, and 20 Wm(-2), respectively. On a regional scale the estimated summertime energy fluxes are of similar pattern and same order of magnitude as the corresponding reanalysis results from NCEP and National Center for Atmospheric Research. C1 Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, NOAA, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Natl Ctr Environm Predict, 5200 Auth Rd,Room 207, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. EM jesse.meng@noaa.gov RI Laszlo, Istvan/F-5603-2010; Pinker, Rachel/F-6565-2010 OI Laszlo, Istvan/0000-0002-5747-9708; NR 58 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV 25 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D22 AR 8861 DI 10.1029/2002JD003088 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 749QU UT WOS:000186941000001 ER PT J AU Forney, D Jacox, ME Thompson, WE AF Forney, D Jacox, ME Thompson, WE TI Infrared spectra of trans-HOCO, HCOOH+, and HCO2- trapped in solid neon SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID I PHOTOELECTRON-SPECTROSCOPY; RARE-GAS MATRICES; FORMIC-ACID; VIBRATIONAL-SPECTRA; NEGATIVE-IONS; ABSORPTION SPECTRUM; MOLECULAR-STRUCTURE; PROTON AFFINITIES; ELECTRON-DENSITY; CARBON-MONOXIDE AB When a Ne:HCOOH sample is codeposited at ca. 5 K with neon atoms that have been passed through a microwave discharge, new absorptions appear in the infrared spectrum of the resulting solid that can be assigned to trans-HOCO, trans-HCOOH+, and HCO2-. The absorptions of trans-HOCO are readily identified by a comparison with those previously reported for that molecule trapped in solid argon. Preliminary assignments of infrared absorptions of HOCO+, confirmed in studies using another experimental system, are also suggested. The identifications of trans-HCOOH+ and of HCO2- are aided by study of the photodestruction characteristics of these products when the deposit is exposed to various wavelengths of visible and ultraviolet radiation, by an analysis of the spectra obtained from isotopically substituted samples, and by a comparison with the results of ab initio and density functional calculations. Three previously unidentified vibrational fundamentals of trans-HCOOH+ have been assigned, as have been four vibrational fundamentals of HCO2-, in the inert, nonionic environment of solid neon. The CH-stretching fundamental of HCO2- appears at an exceptionally low frequency. The results of density functional calculations of the structures and vibrational fundamentals of trans-HCOOH+, HCO2-, the W(C-2v) structure of C(OH)(2)(+), and cis- and trans-HCOOH- are given. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Technol Adm, US Dept Commerce, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Forney, D (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Technol Adm, US Dept Commerce, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 60 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 1 U2 16 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD NOV 22 PY 2003 VL 119 IS 20 BP 10814 EP 10823 DI 10.1063/1.1621382 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 743CH UT WOS:000186554500040 ER PT J AU Jacox, ME Thompson, WE AF Jacox, ME Thompson, WE TI Infrared spectra of HOCO+ and of the complex of H-2 with CO2- trapped in solid neon SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID DISSOCIATIVE ELECTRON-ATTACHMENT; FREQUENCY LASER SPECTROSCOPY; VIBRATIONAL-SPECTRA; PHOTOELECTRON-SPECTROSCOPY; MOLECULAR-STRUCTURE; TRANSITION-STATE; ANION COMPLEXES; CARBON-DIOXIDE; IONS; HYDROGEN AB When a Ne:H-2:CO2=800:10:1 mixture is codeposited at 4.3 K with neon atoms that have been excited in a microwave discharge, the infrared spectrum of the resulting solid deposit includes not only absorptions characteristic of experiments from which H-2 is absent, but also numerous product absorptions that are common to similar experiments on Ne:HCOOH samples. The carriers of these latter absorptions include HCOOH itself, as well as trans-HOCO, HCOOH+, and HCO2-. Detailed isotopic substitution studies confirm the infrared identifications of HCOOH+ and HCO2- and permit the identification of two previously unassigned vibrational fundamentals each of HOCO+ and DOCO+. Density functional calculations for the latter species support the proposed assignments. Evidence is presented for the stabilization of the H-2...CO2- anion complex, in which the H-2 moiety becomes infrared-active. The processes that result in the stabilization of these products are considered. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Technol Adm, US Dept Commerce, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Jacox, ME (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Technol Adm, US Dept Commerce, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 56 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD NOV 22 PY 2003 VL 119 IS 20 BP 10824 EP 10831 DI 10.1063/1.1621383 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 743CH UT WOS:000186554500041 ER PT J AU Donner, LJ Phillips, VT AF Donner, LJ Phillips, VT TI Boundary layer control on convective available potential energy: Implications for cumulus parameterization SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE convective available potential energy; cumulus parameterization; planetary boundary layer ID MIDLATITUDE CONTINENTAL ENVIRONMENT; CONDITIONALLY UNSTABLE ATMOSPHERE; PACIFIC WARM POOL; QUASI-EQUILIBRIUM; TOGA COARE; WESTERN PACIFIC; CLIMATE MODEL; SENSITIVITY; MOMENTUM; BUDGETS AB [1] Convective available potential energy (CAPE), frequently regarded as an indicator of the potential intensity of deep convection, is strongly controlled by the properties of the planetary boundary layer (BL). Variations in CAPE observed during field experiments in midcontinent North America, the tropical east Atlantic, and the tropical west Pacific, can be accounted for mostly by changes in the temperature and humidity in the BL. The coupling between CAPE and the BL holds for both convective and nonconvective conditions. The coupling under conditions of deep convection implies a constraint on the intensity of deep convection which can be used as a closure for cumulus parameterization. This constraint requires equilibrium in the environment of the parcel used as a basis for calculating CAPE. Over many cases, parcel-environment equilibrium is observed to hold more robustly than equilibrium of CAPE itself. When observational uncertainties are considered, it is uncertain whether quasi-equilibrium, in which the rate of change of CAPE is substantially less than the rate at which mean advection and BL fluxes change CAPE, holds at subdiurnal timescales in the eastern Atlantic and the western Pacific. Quasi-equilibrium is a poor approximation at subdiurnal timescales in midcontinent North America. At timescales approaching diurnal, quasi-equilibrium holds in all cases. Cumulus parameterizations based on quasi-equilibrium may be limited in their ability to model diurnal cycles as a result. CAPE fluctuations related to large, subdiurnal variations in surface fluxes are much sharper than CAPE fluctuations related to changes in mean advection above the BL, especially over land. The strong BL control on CAPE indicates that deep convection does not equilibrate rapid, high-amplitude variations in CAPE originating there. C1 NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. NOAA, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Donner, LJ (reprint author), NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM ljd@gfdl.noaa.gov NR 24 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 5 U2 13 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV 22 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D22 AR 4701 DI 10.1029/2003JD003773 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 749BM UT WOS:000186898800002 ER PT J AU Chen, LS Ye, J AF Chen, LS Ye, J TI Extensive, high-resolution measurement of hyperfine interactions: precise investigations of molecular potentials and wave functions SO CHEMICAL PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID HOMONUCLEAR DIATOMIC-MOLECULES; B-STATE; IODINE; LASER; LINE; I-2; I2; PREDISSOCIATION; SPECTROSCOPY; SPLITTINGS AB We report high-resolution and high-precision measurement of hyperfine interactions of the first excited electronic state (B) of 12 over an extensive range of vibrational and rotational quantum numbers. Systematic variations in the hyperfine parameters, including both rovibrational level dependence and internuclear separation dependence, are confirmed by calculations based on ab initio molecular potential energy curves and electronic wave functions derived from a separated-atom basis set. We have accurately determined the state-dependent quantitative changes of hyperfine interactions caused by perturbations from other electronic states and identified the respective perturbing states. (C) 2003 Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Ye, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Ye, Jun/C-3312-2011 NR 27 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0009-2614 J9 CHEM PHYS LETT JI Chem. Phys. Lett. PD NOV 21 PY 2003 VL 381 IS 5-6 BP 777 EP 783 DI 10.1016/j.cplett.2003.10.052 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 748HB UT WOS:000186855500040 ER PT J AU Cosgrove, BA Lohmann, D Mitchell, KE Houser, PR Wood, EF Schaake, JC Robock, A Sheffield, J Duan, QY Luo, LF Higgins, RW Pinker, RT Tarpley, JD AF Cosgrove, BA Lohmann, D Mitchell, KE Houser, PR Wood, EF Schaake, JC Robock, A Sheffield, J Duan, QY Luo, LF Higgins, RW Pinker, RT Tarpley, JD TI Land surface model spin-up behavior in the North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS) SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE LDAS; LSM; spin-up ID SOIL-MOISTURE SIMULATIONS; PARAMETERIZATION SCHEMES; CLIMATE; PROJECT; TRANSPIRATION; SENSITIVITY AB The process of a model adjusting to its forcing (model spin-up) can severely bias land surface simulations, and result in questionable land surface model (LSM) output during the spin-up process. To gain a better understanding of how spin-up processes affect complex spatial and temporal land surface modeling situations in general, and the Retrospective North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS) simulations in particular, a two-phase study was conducted. The first phase examined results from Control, Wet, and Dry 11 year-long Mosaic simulations, while the second phase attempted to explain spin-up behavior in NLDAS Retrospective simulations from the Mosaic, Noah, VIC and Sacramento LSMs based in part on the results from phase 1. Total column and root zone soil moisture spin up slowly, while evaporation and deep soil temperature spin up more quickly. Mosaic soil moisture initialization with NCEP/DOE Global Reanalysis 2 (NCEP/DOE R-2) data (Control run) leads to a faster spin-up time than saturated (Wet run) or dry (Dry run) initialization, with the Control run reaching equilibrium 1 to 2 years sooner than the Wet run and 3 to 4 years more quickly than the Dry run. Overall, practical drift of land surface stores and output ceased in the Control run within approximately 1 year, and fine-scale equilibrium was reached within 5.5 years. Spin-up times exhibited large spatial variability, and although no single causal factor could be determined, they were correlated most strongly with precipitation and temperature forcing. In general, NLDAS models reach a state of rough equilibrium within the first 1 to 2 years of the 3-year Retrospective simulation. The Sacramento LSM has the shortest spin-up phase, followed by the Mosaic, VIC, and Noah LSMs. Initial NCEP/DOE R-2 conditions were too dry in general for the VIC and Noah LSMs, and too moist for the Mosaic and Sacramento LSMs. These results indicate that in most cases, the 1-year spin-up time used in the Retrospective NLDAS simulations eliminated spin-up problems from the subsequent period that was used for analysis. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrol Sci Branch, Sci Applicat Int Corp, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Environm Modeling Ctr, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Princeton Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. NOAA, Off Hydrol Dev, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Environm Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Climate Predict Ctr, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Meteorol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NOAA, Off Res & Applicat, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Cosgrove, BA (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrol Sci Branch, Sci Applicat Int Corp, Mail Code 974-1, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM cosgrove@gsfc.nasa.gov RI Sheffield, Justin/A-6388-2008; Luo, Lifeng/C-8734-2009; Pinker, Rachel/F-6565-2010; Houser, Paul/J-9515-2013; Duan, Qingyun/C-7652-2011; Robock, Alan/B-6385-2016 OI Houser, Paul/0000-0002-2991-0441; Duan, Qingyun/0000-0001-9955-1512; NR 26 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV 21 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D22 AR 8845 DI 10.1029/2002JD003316 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 749BL UT WOS:000186898700003 ER PT J AU Sheffield, J Pan, M Wood, EF Mitchell, KE Houser, PR Schaake, JC Robock, A Lohmann, D Cosgrove, B Duan, QY Luo, LF Higgins, RW Pinker, RT Tarpley, JD Ramsay, BH AF Sheffield, J Pan, M Wood, EF Mitchell, KE Houser, PR Schaake, JC Robock, A Lohmann, D Cosgrove, B Duan, QY Luo, LF Higgins, RW Pinker, RT Tarpley, JD Ramsay, BH TI Snow process modeling in the North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS): 1. Evaluation of model-simulated snow cover extent SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE land surface models; NLDAS; snow cover extent ID LATITUDE HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES; TORNE-KALIX BASIN; CLIMATE VARIABILITY; PILPS PHASE-2(E); ETA-MODEL; SURFACE; REPRESENTATION; HEMISPHERE; SCHEMES; INTERCOMPARISONS AB This study evaluates the cold season process modeling in the North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS) and consists of two parts: (1) assessment of land surface model simulations of snow cover extent and (2) evaluation of snow water equivalent. In this first part, simulations of snow cover extent from the four land surface models (Noah, MOSAIC, Sacramento land surface model (SAC), and Variable Infiltration Capacity land surface model (VIC)) in the NLDAS were compared with observational data from the Interactive Multisensor Snow and Ice Mapping System for a 3 year retrospective period over the conterminous United States. In general, all models simulate reasonably well the regional-scale spatial and seasonal dynamics of snow cover. Systematic biases are seen in the model simulations, with consistent underestimation of snow cover extent by MOSAIC (-19.8% average bias) and Noah (-22.5%), and overestimation by VIC (22.3%), with SAC being essentially unbiased on average. However, the level of bias at the regional scale varies with geographic location and elevation variability. Larger discrepancies are seen over higher elevation regions of the northwest of the United States that may be due, in part, to errors in the meteorological forcings and also at the snow line boundary, where most temporal and spatial variability in snow cover extent is likely to occur. The spread between model simulations is fairly low and generally envelopes the observed data at the mean regional scale, indicating that the models are quite capable of simulating the general behavior of snow processes at these scales. Intermodel differences can be explained to some extent by differences in the model representations of subgrid variability and parameterizations of snow cover extent. C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. NOAA, NCEP, Environm Modeling Ctr, Sci Ctr,Natl Weather Serv, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrol Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Off Hydrol Dev, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Environm Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. NOAA, Climate Predict Ctr, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, NWS, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Meteorol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Mitchell, KE (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM justin@princeton.edu; mpan@princeton.edu; efwood@runoff.princeton.edu; kenneth.mitchell@noaa.gov; houser@dao.gsfc.nasa.gov; john.schaake@noaa.gov; robock@envsci.rutgers.edu; dlohmann@ncep.noaa.gov; brian.cosgrove@gsfc.nasa.gov; qingyun.duan@noaa.gov; lluo@princeton.edu; wayne.higgins@noaa.gov; pinker@metosrv2.umd.edu; dan.tarpley@noaa.gov; bruce.r.ramsay@noaa.gov RI Sheffield, Justin/A-6388-2008; Luo, Lifeng/C-8734-2009; Pinker, Rachel/F-6565-2010; Pan, Ming/B-6841-2011; Houser, Paul/J-9515-2013; Duan, Qingyun/C-7652-2011; Robock, Alan/B-6385-2016 OI Pan, Ming/0000-0003-3350-8719; Houser, Paul/0000-0002-2991-0441; Duan, Qingyun/0000-0001-9955-1512; NR 31 TC 57 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV 21 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D22 AR 8849 DI 10.1029/2002JD003274 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 749BL UT WOS:000186898700002 ER PT J AU Noakes, DR Arrott, AS Belk, MG Deevi, SC Huang, QZ Lynn, JW Shull, RD Wu, D AF Noakes, DR Arrott, AS Belk, MG Deevi, SC Huang, QZ Lynn, JW Shull, RD Wu, D TI Incommensurate spin density waves in iron aluminides SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID FE-AL ALLOYS; ELECTRON-GAS; FERROMAGNETISM; GLASS; ANTIFERROMAGNETISM; TRANSITIONS; FE0.7AL0.3; MAGNETISM; NEUTRON AB Neutron diffraction in Fe(Al) reveals incommensurate spin density waves (SDWs) in alloys known to be spin glasses. The wave vectors for crystals of Fe(34Al), Fe(40Al), and Fe(43Al) show n varying from 11 to 6 for (q) over right arrow =2pi(h+/-1/n,k+/-1/n,l+/-1/n)/a(0), where (h,k,l) and a(0) characterize the parent bcc lattice of the CsCl structure. The magnetic reflections are present far above the spin-glass freezing temperatures. These SDWs keep the spins on nearest-neighbor Fe atoms close to parallel, in contrast with SDWs in Cr, which keep nearest-neighbor spins close to antiparallel. C1 Virginia State Univ, Ctr Interact Micromagnet, Petersburg, VA 23806 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, MSEL, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Philip Morris Inc, Res Dev & Engn Ctr, Richmond, VA 23261 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NCNR, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Dartmouth Coll, Thayer Sch Engn, Hanover, NH 03755 USA. RP Virginia State Univ, Ctr Interact Micromagnet, Petersburg, VA 23806 USA. RI Shull, Robert/F-5971-2013 NR 29 TC 28 Z9 30 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 EI 1079-7114 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD NOV 21 PY 2003 VL 91 IS 21 AR 217201 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.217201 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 746QL UT WOS:000186757000051 PM 14683331 ER PT J AU Chadwick, WW AF Chadwick, WW TI Quantitative constraints on the growth of submarine lava pillars from a monitoring instrument that was caught in a lava flow SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SOLID EARTH LA English DT Article DE submarine volcanic eruption; lava flow inflation; sheet flow; lava pillars ID DE-FUCA RIDGE; AXIAL VOLCANO; KILAUEA VOLCANO; MIDOCEAN RIDGE; SHEET FLOWS; GROUND DEFORMATION; ERUPTION; MORPHOLOGY; HAWAII; INFLATION AB Lava pillars are hollow, vertical chimneys of solid basaltic lava that are common features within the collapsed interiors of submarine sheet flows on intermediate and fast spreading mid-ocean ridges. They are morphologically similar to lava trees that form on land when lava overruns forested areas, but the sides of lava pillars are covered with distinctive, evenly spaced, thin, horizontal lava crusts, referred to hereafter as "lava shelves.'' Lava stalactites up to 5 cm long on the undersides of these shelves are evidence that cavities filled with a hot vapor phase existed temporarily beneath each crust. During the submarine eruption of Axial Volcano in 1998 on the Juan de Fuca Ridge a monitoring instrument, called VSM2, became embedded in the upper crust of a lava flow that produced 3- to 5-m-high lava pillars. A pressure sensor in the instrument showed that the 1998 lobate sheet flow inflated 3.5 m and then drained out again in only 2.5 hours. These data provide the first quantitative constraints on the timescale of lava pillar formation and the rates of submarine lava flow inflation and drainback. They also allow comparisons to lava flow inflation rates observed on land, to theoretical models of crust formation on submarine lava, and to previous models of pillar formation. A new model is presented for the rhythmic formation of alternating lava crusts and vapor cavities to explain how stacks of lava shelves are formed on the sides of lava pillars during continuous lava drainback. Each vapor cavity is created between a stranded crust and the subsiding lava surface. A hot vapor phase forms within each cavity as seawater is syringed through tiny cracks in the stranded crust above. Eventually, the subsiding lava causes the crust above to fail, quenching the hot cavity and forming the next lava crust. During the 1998 eruption at Axial Volcano, this process repeated itself about every 2 min during the 81-min-long drainback phase of the eruption, based on the thickness and spacing of the lava shelves. The VSM2 data show that lava pillars are formed during short-lived eruptions in which inflation and drainback follow each other in rapid succession and that pillars record physical evidence that can be used to interpret the dynamics of seafloor eruptions. C1 Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, NOAA, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Chadwick, WW (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, NOAA, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM bill.chadwick@noaa.gov NR 31 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9313 EI 2169-9356 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SOL EA JI J. Geophys. Res.-Solid Earth PD NOV 20 PY 2003 VL 108 IS B11 AR 2534 DI 10.1029/2003JB002422 PG 14 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 749BZ UT WOS:000186899900001 ER PT J AU Grodkowski, J Neta, P Wishart, JF AF Grodkowski, J Neta, P Wishart, JF TI Pulse radiolysis study of the reactions of hydrogen atoms in the ionic liquid methyltributylammonium bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; REACTION-KINETICS; ABSORPTION-SPECTRA; AQUEOUS-SOLUTION; CYCLOHEXANE SOLUTIONS; ELECTRONIC-SPECTRA; ORGANIC LIQUIDS; KETYL RADICALS; EXCITED STATES; DIMER CATIONS AB Reactions of hydrogen atoms with pyrene, phenanthrene, benzophenone, 2-propanol, and crotonic acid in the ionic liquid methyltributylammonium bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide (R4NNTf2) were studied by pulse radiolysis. Radiolysis of the ionic liquid leads to formation of dry electrons and solvated electrons, which are scavenged by H3O+ to produce H-. atoms. Hydrogen atoms react very rapidly with pyrene (3.8 x 10(9) L mol(-1) s(-1)) and phenanthrene (2.9 x 10(9) L mol(-1) s(-1)) to form H-adduct radicals with sharp absorption peaks at 405 and 395 nm, respectively. They also react with benzophenone to form ring adducts, but the reaction is much slower. By competition kinetics with pyrene, the rate constants for reactions of H-. atoms with 2-PrOH and with crotonic acid were estimated to be approximate to6 x 10(7) and 4.6 x 10(9) L mol(-1) s(-1), respectively. All the rate constants, except for benzophenone, are similar to the values measured or estimated for the same reactions in aqueous solutions. The reactions with the aromatic hydrocarbons must be diffusion-controlled but are faster than diffusion-controlled reactions for solvated electrons in the same ionic liquid. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Chem, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RP Neta, P (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Wishart, James/L-6303-2013 OI Wishart, James/0000-0002-0488-7636 NR 34 TC 72 Z9 74 U1 2 U2 14 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD NOV 20 PY 2003 VL 107 IS 46 BP 9794 EP 9799 DI 10.1021/jp035265p PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 743MB UT WOS:000186574600008 ER PT J AU Froyd, KD Lovejoy, ER AF Froyd, KD Lovejoy, ER TI Experimental thermodynamics of cluster ions composed of H2SO4 and H2O. 1. Positive ions SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID PROTONATED WATER CLUSTERS; GAS-PHASE; NEGATIVE-IONS; PARTICLE FORMATION; FLOWING AFTERGLOW; MASS-SPECTROMETRY; NUCLEATION MECHANISMS; HYDRATION ENERGIES; MOLECULE REACTIONS; BINARY NUCLEATION AB Predictions from gas phase nucleation models are highly sensitive to the thermodynamics of the initial stages of particle growth, where free energies calculated using classical nucleation theory are expected to be the least accurate. There is strong evidence that H2SO4 and H2O are directly involved in atmospheric nucleation. These species are also principal components of atmospheric ions, suggesting that they may play important roles in ion-induced nucleation mechanisms. In part I of this work, we measured equilibrium constants for the reactions of H2O with the cluster ions, H+(H2SO4)(s)(H2O)(w) s less than or equal to 4 and w less than or equal to 15, over a range of temperatures using an ion flow reactor. H2O bond enthalpies and entropies were derived from van't Hoff analyses, and results for the H+(H2O), system are in agreement with literature values. Thermodynamics of H2SO4 binding in the H+(H2SO4)(s)(H2O)(w) cluster ions were also estimated based on comparisons with the HSO4-(H2SO4), system, whose bond enthalpies were measured previously. As clusters grow in size, some thermodynamic trends begin to reflect those for bulk H2SO4/H2O solutions. A stable population of the H+(H2O)(w) cluster ions is present in the atmosphere, but for typical concentrations, incorporation of the first H2SO4 molecule to form H+(H2SO4)(H2O)(w) is thermodynamically unfavorable at 270 K. As a result, significant growth and subsequent nucleation of the H+ (H2SO4)(s)(HO)(w) system is not anticipated in the middle or lower troposphere. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Lovejoy, ER (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, 325 Broadway,R-AL2, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Froyd, Karl/H-6607-2013 NR 90 TC 52 Z9 53 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD NOV 20 PY 2003 VL 107 IS 46 BP 9800 EP 9811 DI 10.1021/jp027803o PG 12 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 743MB UT WOS:000186574600009 ER PT J AU Froyd, KD Lovejoy, ER AF Froyd, KD Lovejoy, ER TI Experimental thermodynamics of cluster ions composed of H2SO4 and H2O. 2. Measurements and a initio structures of negative ions SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID DENSITY-FUNCTIONAL THEORY; INDUCED AEROSOL FORMATION; PROTONATED WATER DIMER; GAS-PHASE; INDUCED NUCLEATION; BOND-ENERGIES; SULFURIC-ACID; AB-INITIO; MOLECULE ASSOCIATION; H2O-H2SO4 SYSTEM AB Gas-phase nucleation in the atmosphere may be initiated by the condensation of sulfuric acid and water around ions. The thermodynamics of stepwise cluster ion growth must be known in order to model ion-induced nucleation of the H2SO4/H2O system. In the companion paper, we measured temperature-dependent equilibrium constants for the reactions of H2O with the H+(H2SO4)(s)(H2O)(w) cluster ions using an ion flow reactor. In this work, H2O bond enthalpies and entropies for the HSO4-(H2SO4)(s)(H2O)(w), s less than or equal to 6 and w less than or equal to 10, cluster ions were measured. The thermodynamics of H2SO4 ligand bonding in these clusters were also determined using data from previous experiments. The small positive and negative cluster ions exhibit very different chemical characteristics, but both families show trends analogous to bulk solution thermodynamics as clusters grow in size. Small negative cluster ions have a lower affinity for H2O than positive ion species, but H2SO4 bonding is considerably stronger in the negative clusters. Ion-induced nucleation of the negative H2SO4/H2O cluster ions is therefore thermodynamically favored. Addition of H2O to certain HSO4-(H2SO4)(s)(H2O)(w) cluster ions results in unusually large reaction entropies. Ab initio calculations were performed to investigate ligand bonding in the HSO4-(H2SO4)(s)(H2O) cluster ions. Stable cluster geometries comprised of multiple ions were identified for s greater than or equal to 2. Large experimental entropy changes upon H2O addition may be due to multiply ionic species formed by proton transfer within the product cluster. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Lovejoy, ER (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, 325 Broadway,R-AL2, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Froyd, Karl/H-6607-2013 NR 57 TC 64 Z9 65 U1 1 U2 13 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD NOV 20 PY 2003 VL 107 IS 46 BP 9812 EP 9824 DI 10.1021/jp0278059 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 743MB UT WOS:000186574600010 ER PT J AU Louis, F Gonzalez, CA Sawerysyn, JP AF Louis, F Gonzalez, CA Sawerysyn, JP TI Ab initio study of the oxidation reaction of CO by ClO radicals SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID PLESSET PERTURBATION-THEORY; SPIN PROJECTION; COMBUSTION AB The oxidation of carbon monoxide by ClO radicals was studied by ab initio molecular orbital theory calculations. Geometry optimizations and vibrational frequencies were computed using two methods: Moller-Plesset second-order perturbation theory (MP2), and quadratic configuration interaction in the space of single and double excitations (QCISD). Single-point energy calculations were performed at the QCISD level with triple excitations treated perturbatively (QCISD(T)) and the aug-cc-pVTZ basis set. Canonical transition state theory was used to predict the rate constants as a function of temperature (550-2500 K), and three-parameter Arrhenius expressions were obtained by fitting to the computed rate constants. The possible impact of the title reaction in combustion chemistry is also discussed. C1 Univ Sci & Tech Lille Flandres Artois, CERLA, CNRS, PC2A,UMR 8522,FR 2416, F-59655 Villeneuve Dascq, France. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Computat Chem Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Louis, F (reprint author), Univ Sci & Tech Lille Flandres Artois, CERLA, CNRS, PC2A,UMR 8522,FR 2416, F-59655 Villeneuve Dascq, France. OI Louis, Florent/0000-0002-9533-557X NR 35 TC 7 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD NOV 20 PY 2003 VL 107 IS 46 BP 9931 EP 9936 DI 10.1021/jp0348272 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 743MB UT WOS:000186574600023 ER PT J AU Krause, AE Frank, KA Mason, DM Ulanowicz, RE Taylor, WW AF Krause, AE Frank, KA Mason, DM Ulanowicz, RE Taylor, WW TI Compartments revealed in food-web structure SO NATURE LA English DT Article ID COHESIVE SUBGROUPS; STABILITY; DIVERSITY; ECOLOGY AB Compartments(1) in food webs are subgroups of taxa in which many strong interactions occur within the subgroups and few weak interactions occur between the subgroups(2). Theoretically, compartments increase the stability in networks(1-5), such as food webs. Compartments have been difficult to detect in empirical food webs because of incompatible approaches(6-9) or insufficient methodological rigour(8,10,11). Here we show that a method for detecting compartments from the social networking science(12-14) identified significant compartments in three of five complex, empirical food webs. Detection of compartments was influenced by food web resolution, such as interactions with weights. Because the method identifies compartmental boundaries in which interactions are concentrated, it is compatible with the definition of compartments. The method is rigorous because it maximizes an explicit function, identifies the number of non-overlapping compartments, assigns membership to compartments, and tests the statistical significance of the results(12-14). A graphical presentation(14) reveals systemic relationships and taxa-specific positions as structured by compartments. From this graphic, we explore two scenarios of disturbance to develop a hypothesis for testing how compartmentalized interactions increase stability in food webs(15-17). C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Michigan State Univ, Dept Educ Psychol Counseling & Special Educ, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Univ Maryland, Chesapeake Biol Lab, Solomons, MD 20688 USA. RP Krause, AE (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Fisheries & Wildlife, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RI Ulanowicz, Robert/G-1021-2013; OI Mason, Doran/0000-0002-6017-4243 NR 30 TC 310 Z9 316 U1 5 U2 87 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 0028-0836 J9 NATURE JI Nature PD NOV 20 PY 2003 VL 426 IS 6964 BP 282 EP 285 DI 10.1038/nature02115 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 744YQ UT WOS:000186660800042 PM 14628050 ER PT J AU Pinker, RT Tarpley, JD Laszlo, I Mitchell, KE Houser, PR Wood, EF Schaake, JC Robock, A Lohmann, D Cosgrove, BA Sheffield, J Duan, QY Luo, LF Higgins, RW AF Pinker, RT Tarpley, JD Laszlo, I Mitchell, KE Houser, PR Wood, EF Schaake, JC Robock, A Lohmann, D Cosgrove, BA Sheffield, J Duan, QY Luo, LF Higgins, RW TI Surface radiation budgets in support of the GEWEX Continental-Scale International Project (GCIP) and the GEWEX Americas Prediction Project (GAPP), including the North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS) Project SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE surface radiation budget; GCIP/GAPP; satellite radiation budgets ID PHOTOSYNTHETICALLY ACTIVE RADIATION; DIFFERENCE VEGETATION INDEX; SATELLITE-OBSERVATIONS; CLIMATE RESEARCH; SOLAR-RADIATION; ENERGY BALANCE; DATA SET; MODEL; PARAMETERIZATION; IRRADIANCE AB In support of the World Climate Research Program GEWEX Continental-Scale International Project (GCIP) and the GEWEX Americas Prediction Project (GAPP), real-time estimates of shortwave radiative fluxes, both at the surface and at the top of the atmosphere, are being produced operationally by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)/National Environmental Satellite Data and Information Service using observations from GOES images. The inference scheme has been developed at the Department of Meteorology, University of Maryland, and the atmospheric and surface model input parameters are produced and provided by the NOAA/National Centers for Environmental Prediction. The radiative fluxes are being evaluated on hourly, daily, and monthly timescales using observations at about 50 stations. The satellite estimates have been found to be within acceptable limits during snow-free periods, but the difficulty in detecting clouds over snow affects the accuracy during the winter season. In what follows, this activity is discussed, and evaluation results of the derived fluxes against ground observations for time periods of 1-2 years are presented. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Meteorol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Off Res & Applicat, Satellite Res Lab, NOAA, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. NOAA, Environm Modeling Ctr, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Washington, DC USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrol Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Princeton Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Natl Weather Serv, Off Hydrol Dev, NOAA, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Environm Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. NASA, Data Assimilat Off, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Natl Weather Serv, Climate Predict Ctr, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, NOAA, Washington, DC USA. RP Pinker, RT (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Meteorol, 2213 Comp & Space Sci Bldg, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM pinker@atmos.umd.edu; dan.tarpley@noaa.gov; istvan.laszlo@noaa.gov; kenneth.mitchell@noaa.gov; houser@dao.gsfc.nasa.gov; efwood@princeton.edu; john.schaake@noaa.gov; robock@envsci.rutgers.edu; dlohmann@ncep.noaa.gov; brian.cosgrove@gsfc.nasa.gov; justin@princeton.edu; qingyun.duan@noaa.gov; lluo@rutgers.edu; wayne.higgins@noaa.gov RI Sheffield, Justin/A-6388-2008; Laszlo, Istvan/F-5603-2010; Luo, Lifeng/C-8734-2009; Pinker, Rachel/F-6565-2010; Houser, Paul/J-9515-2013; Duan, Qingyun/C-7652-2011; Robock, Alan/B-6385-2016 OI Laszlo, Istvan/0000-0002-5747-9708; Houser, Paul/0000-0002-2991-0441; Duan, Qingyun/0000-0001-9955-1512; NR 67 TC 112 Z9 115 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV 19 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D22 AR 8844 DI 10.1029/2002JD003301 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 749BK UT WOS:000186898600002 ER PT J AU Carrico, CM Kus, P Rood, MJ Quinn, PK Bates, TS AF Carrico, CM Kus, P Rood, MJ Quinn, PK Bates, TS TI Mixtures of pollution, dust, sea salt, and volcanic aerosol during ACE-Asia: Radiative properties as a function of relative humidity SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE optical properties; radiative forcing; climate forcing; light scattering; single scattering albedo; relative humidity; mineral dust ID MARINE BOUNDARY-LAYER; ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS; LIGHT-SCATTERING; HYGROSCOPIC AEROSOLS; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; AMBIENT AEROSOL; AIR-POLLUTION; CLIMATE; ATLANTIC; SIZE AB [1] The Ron Brown cruise during ACE-Asia (March-April 2001) encountered complex aerosol that at times was dominated by marine, polluted, volcanic, and dust aerosols. Average total light scattering coefficients (sigma(sp) for D-p < 10 mu m, relative humidity (RH) = 19%, and (lambda) = 550 nm) ranged from 23 (marine) to 181 Mm(-1) (dust). Aerosol hygroscopicity ranged from deliquescent with hysteresis ( marine frequently and polluted variably) to hygroscopic without hysteresis ( volcanic) to nearly hygrophobic ( dust-dominated). Average deliquescence and crystallization RH were 77 +/- 2% and 42 +/- 3%, respectively. The ambient aerosol was typically on the upper branch of the hysteresis loop for marine and polluted air masses and the lower branch for dust-dominated aerosols. Average f (RH = ambient), defined as sigma(sp) (RH = ambient)/sigma(sp) (RH = 19%), ranged from 1.25 ( dust) to 2.88 ( volcanic). Average h( RH - 60%), defined as f ( RH)(upper) (branch)/ f ( RH) lower branch, were 1.6, 1.3, 1, and 1.25 for marine, polluted, volcanic, and dust, demonstrating an importance of hysteresis to optical properties. Hemispheric backscatter fraction (b) at ambient RH ranged from 0.077 ( marine) to 0.111 ( dust), while single scattering albedo (pi) at ambient RH ranged from 0.94 (dust and polluted) to 0.99 ( marine). C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Carrico, CM (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. EM carrico@lamar.colostate.edu; pinarkus@uiuc.edu; mrood@uiuc.edu; patricia.k.quinn@noaa.gov; tim.bates@noaa.gov RI Bates, Timothy/L-6080-2016; Quinn, Patricia/R-1493-2016 OI Quinn, Patricia/0000-0003-0337-4895 NR 43 TC 137 Z9 143 U1 5 U2 41 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV 18 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D23 AR 8650 DI 10.1029/2003JD003405 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 749BN UT WOS:000186898900001 ER PT J AU Churchill, JH Manning, JP Beardsley, RC AF Churchill, JH Manning, JP Beardsley, RC TI Slope water intrusions onto Georges Bank SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article DE shelf-edge exchange; slope water intrusions; intrusions onto Georges Bank ID MIDDLE ATLANTIC BIGHT; SALINITY MAXIMUM; SHELFBREAK FRONT; EXCHANGE; LARVAE; FISH; EDDY AB Data from moored instruments and hydrographic cruises of the U.S. GLOBEC NW Atlantic/Georges Bank program reveal a series of intrusions of high-salinity water extending onto the southern flank of Georges Bank during the spring and summer of 1995. On the basis of the layer of maximum salinity, these intrusions may be divided into three different types: near surface, near bottom, and pycnocline. The water mass and flow structure of all intrusions are highly variable, owing partly to wind-driven motions and partly to meanders and eddies formed along the front of the intruding water. The mooring data of May clearly show the passage of two cyclonic features, each with a core of intruding water. While the intrusions are shown to dominate the flux of high-salinity water onto the southern flank, the data examined offer no evidence that intrusions enhance nutrient concentrations over the southern flank. C1 Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Phys Oceanog, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NOAA, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Churchill, JH (reprint author), Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Dept Phys Oceanog, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 24 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD NOV 18 PY 2003 VL 108 IS C11 AR 8012 DI 10.1029/2002JC001400 PG 16 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 749BQ UT WOS:000186899100003 ER PT J AU Cheggour, N Ekin, JW Clickner, CC Verebelyi, DT Thieme, CLH Feenstra, R Goyal, A AF Cheggour, N Ekin, JW Clickner, CC Verebelyi, DT Thieme, CLH Feenstra, R Goyal, A TI Reversible axial-strain effect and extended strain limits in Y-Ba-Cu-O coatings on deformation-textured substrates SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CRITICAL CURRENTS; STRESS; FILMS; YBA2CU3O7; NI AB The dependence of transport critical-current density J(c) on axial tensile strain epsilon was measured at 76 K and self-magnetic field for YBa2Cu3O7-delta (YBCO) coatings on buffered, deformation-textured substrates of pure Ni, Ni-5-at. %-W, and Ni-10-at. %-Cr-2-at. %-W. Expectations have been that the strain tolerance of these composites would be limited by the relatively low yield strains of the deformation-textured substrates, typically less than 0.2%. However, results show that the irreversible degradation of J(c)(epsilon) occurs at a strain equal to about twice the yield strain of the substrate. Therefore, YBCO/Ni-alloy composites may satisfy axial-strain performance requirements for electric devices, including the most demanding applications, motors and generators in which a strain tolerance exceeding 0.25% is needed. Furthermore, the YBCO/Ni-5-at. %-W conductors showed a reversible strain effect, which may be induced by a reversible strain-field broadening around mismatch dislocations at the grain boundaries. This effect may contribute to the unexpectedly large usable strain range of these conductors. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Amer Superconductor Corp, Westborough, MA 01581 USA. Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RP Cheggour, N (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Cheggour, Najib/K-2769-2012 OI Cheggour, Najib/0000-0002-0741-3065 NR 12 TC 80 Z9 81 U1 2 U2 21 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD NOV 17 PY 2003 VL 83 IS 20 BP 4223 EP 4225 DI 10.1063/1.1628818 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 742NF UT WOS:000186523400048 ER PT J AU Dunkers, JP Cicerone, MT Washburn, NR AF Dunkers, JP Cicerone, MT Washburn, NR TI Collinear optical coherence and confocal fluorescence microscopies for tissue engineering SO OPTICS EXPRESS LA English DT Article ID TOMOGRAPHY; CELLS AB Tissue engineered medical products (TEMPs) are often three-dimensional (3D) hybrid materials consisting of a porous scaffold upon which the tissue is grown. However, monitoring of the developing tissue deep within the scaffold is hampered by its turbidity. We have sought new ways to probe the interior of the scaffold with the same resolution as conventional laser scanning confocal microscopy but with greater sensitivity. We present a novel application of optical coherence microscopy (OCM) by combining it with confocal fluorescence microscopy (CFM) to gather simultaneous structural and functional information on TEMPs in a registered fashion. In this work, we describe the collinear OCM and CFM instrument. We demonstrate the utility of this dual-mode technique for TEMPs by imaging fluorescently stained osteoblasts cultured in a polymeric TEMP. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Dunkers, JP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8541, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 13 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 9 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1094-4087 J9 OPT EXPRESS JI Opt. Express PD NOV 17 PY 2003 VL 11 IS 23 BP 3074 EP 3079 PG 6 WC Optics SC Optics GA 744PP UT WOS:000186641100009 PM 19471428 ER PT J AU Chann, B Babcock, E Anderson, LW Walker, TG Chen, WC Smith, TB Thompson, AK Gentile, TR AF Chann, B Babcock, E Anderson, LW Walker, TG Chen, WC Smith, TB Thompson, AK Gentile, TR TI Production of highly polarized He-3 using spectrally narrowed diode laser array bars SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SPIN-EXCHANGE; GAS; XE-129; XENON; RB; FILTER AB We have produced 70%-75% He-3 polarization by spin-exchange optical pumping in cells approximate to100 cm(3) in volume. The polarization achieved is consistent with known spin-exchange and spin-relaxation rates, but only when the recently discovered temperature dependence of He-3 relaxation is included. Absolute He-3 polarization measurements were performed using two different methods in two different laboratories. The results were obtained with either a spectrally narrowed laser or one type of broadband laser. Based on tests of several larger cells at pressures near 1 bar, we find that the power required to reach the same polarization is typically three times lower for the spectrally narrowed laser. This last result indicates that spectrally narrowed lasers will be important for obtaining the highest polarization in large volume neutron spin filters. Polarization in excess of 55% as obtained in cells up to 640 cm(3) in volume and 70% polarization is anticipated with available increases in spectrally narrowed laser power. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Phys, Madison, WI 53706 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Chann, B (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Phys, 1150 Univ Ave, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RI Babcock, Earl/E-6700-2011; Walker, Thad/N-5590-2014 OI Babcock, Earl/0000-0002-4215-2075; Walker, Thad/0000-0002-0996-3351 NR 28 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-8979 J9 J APPL PHYS JI J. Appl. Phys. PD NOV 15 PY 2003 VL 94 IS 10 BP 6908 EP 6914 DI 10.1063/1.1621739 PG 7 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 738FT UT WOS:000186276600105 ER PT J AU Takagi, S Chow, LC Hirayama, S Sugawara, A AF Takagi, S Chow, LC Hirayama, S Sugawara, A TI Premixed calcium-phosphate cement pastes SO JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH PART B-APPLIED BIOMATERIALS LA English DT Article DE bone-graft materials; calcium-phosphate cement; diametral tensile strength; hydroxyapatite; premixed pastes AB A self-hardening calcium-phosphate cement (CPC) containing Ca-4(PO4)(2)O and CaHPO4 has been shown in clinical studies to be efficacious for repairing bone defects. This and several other similar CPCs harden in 10 min with the use of a phosphate solution as the liquid and form hydroxyapatite (HA) as the product. The present study investigated the properties of water-free, glycerol-containing CPC pastes that are stable in the package and would harden only after being delivered to a defect site where glycerol-tissue fluids exchange occurs. Premixed CPC pastes were prepared by combining cement liquids containing glycerol and various amounts of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose/Na2HPO4, with CPC powders that contained (1) Ca-4(PO4)(2)O and CaHPO4, (2) alpha-Ca-3(PO4)(2) and CaCO3, or (3) CaHPO4 and Ca(OH)(2). The hardening times and 1-d and 7-d diametral tensile strengths were measured on samples that hardened in an in vitro model that allowed exchange of glycerol and physiologic-like solution (PLS) through fritted glass slides at 37 degreesC. All pastes had excellent washout resistance; they remained intact and hardened while immersed in PLS and formed HA as products. Newman-Keulls multiple comparison tests indicated that the Na2HPO4 amount, not the hydroxypropyl methyllcellulose (HMC) amount, significantly (P < 0.05) affected the strength and hardening time. Although the premixed CPCs generally have longer hardening times and lower strengths, these pastes have excellent washout resistance before hardening and can be prepared in advance under well-controlled conditions. (C) 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Amer Dent Assoc Fdn, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Nihon Univ, Sch Dent Matsudo, Chiba, Japan. Nihon Univ, Sch Dent, Tokyo 101, Japan. RP Takagi, S (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Amer Dent Assoc Fdn, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. FU NIDCR NIH HHS [DE11789] NR 15 TC 60 Z9 61 U1 2 U2 11 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0021-9304 J9 J BIOMED MATER RES B JI J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B PD NOV 15 PY 2003 VL 67B IS 2 BP 689 EP 696 DI 10.1002/jbm.b.10065 PG 8 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 739LG UT WOS:000186347100003 PM 14598395 ER PT J AU Fang, HW Hsu, SM Sengers, JV AF Fang, HW Hsu, SM Sengers, JV TI Generation of narrowly distributed ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene particles by surface texturing techniques SO JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH PART B-APPLIED BIOMATERIALS LA English DT Article DE UHMWPE; wear particles; surface texture; particle distribution; microfabrication ID WEAR PARTICLES; KNEE REPLACEMENTS; HIP-ARTHROPLASTY; IN-VITRO; DEBRIS; OSTEOLYSIS; SIZE; MACROPHAGES; INTERFACE; FRICTION AB Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) wear particles have been recognized as the cause of aseptic loosening in total joint replacement. Macrophage phagocytosis of wear particles induces human biological/physiological responses which eventually lead to bone resorption and osteolysis. However, the dependence of these reactions on the size and shape of the particles has not been elucidated and is not understood. This article describes a procedure to generate narrowly distributed UHMWPE particles of controlled size and shape through surface texturing by microfabrication. The textured surface is then used to rub against the polymer pins to produce wear particles in water. The surface texture produces elongated particles or equiaxed particles by design. The distribution of the particles, due to the surface-texture control, is quite narrow as compared with randomly produced surfaces. With this technique, we are able to generate UHMWPE wear particles of different size and shape within phagocytosable and nonphagocytosable populations for biological response studies. (C) 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 NIST, Div Ceram, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Nanomechan Properties Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Chem Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Hsu, SM (reprint author), NIST, Div Ceram, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Nanomechan Properties Grp, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8520, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 27 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 5 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0021-9304 J9 J BIOMED MATER RES B JI J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part B PD NOV 15 PY 2003 VL 67B IS 2 BP 741 EP 749 DI 10.1002/jbm.b.10067 PG 9 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 739LG UT WOS:000186347100009 PM 14598401 ER PT J AU Nizkorodov, SA Ziemkiewicz, M Myers, TL Nesbitt, DJ AF Nizkorodov, SA Ziemkiewicz, M Myers, TL Nesbitt, DJ TI Vibrationally mediated dissociation dynamics of H2O in the v(OH)=2 polyad SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID 1ST ABSORPTION-BAND; STATE-RESOLVED PHOTODISSOCIATION; CROSS-SECTIONS; 193 NM; STRETCHING VIBRATIONS; EXCITED WATER; DISTRIBUTIONS; BOND; HOD; OH AB Vibrationally mediated photodissociation dynamics of jet-cooled H2O in the v(OH)=2 polyad is studied in a supersonic slit jet expansion. Single rotational states within \02>(-) (equivalent tonu(1)+nu(3) in normal mode notation), \02>(+)(equivalent to2nu(1)), \11>(+)(equivalent to2nu(3)), and \01(-)2>(equivalent tonu(3)+2nu(2)) vibrational states of H2O are selectively prepared with near IR overtone pumping, photodissociated at 193 nm, and the resulting nascent internal state distribution of OH fragments probed via laser induced fluorescence. Strong oscillations in rotational, spin-orbit, and lambda-doublet distributions are observed, often in remarkably close agreement with H2O state-to-state photodissociation studies from both higher and lower v(OH) polyads. The influence of initially excited bending and J(K a K c) levels of H2O on spin-orbit, Lambda-doublet, and rotational distributions of OH is examined in detail. Several new dynamical trends are identified, for example, a clear propensity at high N for a strong Lambda(+) versus Lambda(-) inversion in the Pi(3/2) spin-orbit manifold, which reverses in the Pi(1/2) manifold, suggesting spin-orbit sensitive stereodynamics in the ejection process. Furthermore, the results highlight significant differences in photodissociation dynamics from gerade (e.g., \02>(+)) versus ungerade (e.g., \02>(-)) vibrational states, specifically with respect to OH(v=1)/OH(v=0) branching ratios, and signaling a breakdown of the "spectator" model at low vibrational excitation. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Nizkorodov, SA (reprint author), Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Chem, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. RI Nizkorodov, Sergey/I-4120-2014 OI Nizkorodov, Sergey/0000-0003-0891-0052 NR 31 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD NOV 15 PY 2003 VL 119 IS 19 BP 10158 EP 10168 DI 10.1063/1.1616915 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 738EF UT WOS:000186273200021 ER PT J AU Wladkowski, BD Ostazeski, P Chenoweth, S Broadwater, SJ Krauss, M AF Wladkowski, BD Ostazeski, P Chenoweth, S Broadwater, SJ Krauss, M TI Hydrolysis of cyclic phosphates by ribonuclease A: A computational study using a simplified ab initio quantum model SO JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE ribonuclease; phosphate hydrolysis; computational; enzyme reaction ID BASE-CATALYZED-HYDROLYSIS; MARGINALLY STABLE INTERMEDIATE; METHYL ETHYLENE PHOSPHATE; OXYPHOSPHORANE INTERMEDIATE; DIMETHYL-PHOSPHATE; MECHANISM; CLEAVAGE; RNA; ENERGETICS; ABINITIO AB The second step in the enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis of phosphate esters by ribonuclease A (RNase A) was studied using an ab initio quantum-based model of the active site including constrained parts of three critical residues, His-12, His-119, and Lys-41, and a small substrate. The competition between release of the cyclic phosphate intermediate and subsequent hydrolysis following transphosphorylation was explored to determine the electronic factors that contribute to preferential intermediate product release observed experimentally. The structural and energetic results obtained at both the RHF and MP2 levels reveal several contributing factors consistent with experimental observation. Although the intrinsic electronic effects tend to favor hydrolysis slightly with an overall activation free energy of approximately 70 kJ mol(-1), entropic and environmental effects favor release of the cyclic phosphate intermediate over hydrolysis. Exploration of the second, hydrolysis step also revealed interesting similarity with the transphosphorylation step, including the observation of autocatalysis by the substrate. Moreover, both steps of the overall RNase A reaction reveal multiple pathways involving proton transfers to sites of similar proton affinities. The anionic phosphate in both steps can act as a stable proton binding site as protons are moved around the active site throughout the progress of the reaction. These results suggest autocatalysis may be representative of more general behavior in enzymes containing highly charged substrates, especially phosphates. (C) 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 McDaniel Coll, Dept Chem, Westminster, MD 21157 USA. NIST, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. RP Wladkowski, BD (reprint author), McDaniel Coll, Dept Chem, 2 Coll Hill, Westminster, MD 21157 USA. NR 42 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 4 U2 5 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0192-8651 J9 J COMPUT CHEM JI J. Comput. Chem. PD NOV 15 PY 2003 VL 24 IS 14 BP 1803 EP 1811 DI 10.1002/jcc.10331 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 726XJ UT WOS:000185626600012 PM 12964199 ER PT J AU Davis, DD Chen, G Crawford, JH Liu, S Tan, D Sandholm, ST Jing, P Cunnold, DM DiNunno, B Browell, EV Grant, WB Fenn, MA Anderson, BE Barrick, JD Sachse, GW Vay, SA Hudgins, CH Avery, MA Lefer, B Shetter, RE Heikes, BG Blake, DR Blake, N Kondo, Y Oltmans, S AF Davis, DD Chen, G Crawford, JH Liu, S Tan, D Sandholm, ST Jing, P Cunnold, DM DiNunno, B Browell, EV Grant, WB Fenn, MA Anderson, BE Barrick, JD Sachse, GW Vay, SA Hudgins, CH Avery, MA Lefer, B Shetter, RE Heikes, BG Blake, DR Blake, N Kondo, Y Oltmans, S TI An assessment of western North Pacific ozone photochemistry based on springtime observations from NASA's PEM-West B (1994) and TRACE-P (2001) field studies SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE TRACE-P; ozone; Pacific Rim ID TROPOSPHERIC OZONE; TROPICAL PACIFIC; POTENTIAL VORTICITY; SEASONAL-VARIATION; CHEMISTRY; TRANSPORT; MODEL; DISTRIBUTIONS; AIR; STRATOSPHERE AB The current study provides a comparison of the photochemical environments for two NASA field studies focused on the western North Pacific (PEM-West-B (PWB) and TRACE-P (TP)). These two studies were separated in calendar time by approximately 7 years. Both studies were carried out under springtime conditions, with PWB being launched in 1994 and TP being deployed in 2001 (i.e., 23 February-15 March 1994 and 10 March-15 April 2001, respectively). Because of the 7-year time separation, these two studies presented a unique scientific opportunity to assess whether evidence could be found to support the Department of Energy's projections in 1997 that increases in anthropogenic emissions from East Asia could reach 5%/yr. Such projections would lead one to the conclusion that a significant shift in the atmospheric photochemical properties of the western North Pacific would occur. To the contrary, the findings from this study support the most recent emission inventory data [Streets et al., 2003] in that they show no significant systematic trend involving increases in any O-3 precursor species and no evidence for a significant shift in the level of photochemical activity over the western North Pacific. This conclusion was reached in spite of there being real differences in the concentration levels of some species as well as differences in photochemical activity between PWB and TP. However, nearly all of these differences were shown to be a result of a near 3-week shift in TP's sampling window relative to PWB, thus placing it later in the spring season. The photochemical enhancements seen during TP were most noticeable for latitudes in the range of 25-45degreesN. Most important among these were increases in J((OD)-D-1), OH, and HO2 and values for photochemical ozone formation and destruction, all of which were typically two times larger than those calculated for PWB. A comparison of these airborne results with ozonesonde data from four Japanese stations provided further evidence showing that the 3-week shift in the respective sampling windows of PWB and TP was a likely cause for the differences seen in O-3 levels and in photochemical activity between the two airborne studies. C1 Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Acad Sinica, Inst Earth Sci, Taipei 11529, Taiwan. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Dept Chem, Irvine, CA 92697 USA. Univ Tokyo, Adv Sci & Technol Res Ctr, Tokyo, Japan. NOAA, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Davis, DD (reprint author), Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, ES&T Bldg, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. EM douglas.davis@eas.gatech.edu; gao.chen@eas.gatech.edu; j.h.crawford@larc.nasa.gov; shawliu@earth.sinica.edu.tw; scott.sandholm@eas.gatech.edu; pjing@eas.gatech.edu; cunnold@eas.gatech.edu; bdinunno@eas.gatech.edu; e.v.browell@larc.nasa.gov; w.b.grant@larc.nasa.gov; m.a.fenn@larc.nasa.gov; b.e.anderson@larc.nasa.gov; j.d.barrick@larc.nasa.gov; g.w.sachse@larc.nasa.gov; c.h.hudgins@larc.nasa.gov; m.a.avery@larc.nasa.gov; lefer@ucar.edu; shetter@ucar.edu; drblake@uci.edu; nblake@uci.edu; soltmans@cmdl.noaa.gov RI Kondo, Yutaka/D-1459-2012; Grant, William/B-8311-2009; Crawford, James/L-6632-2013; Lefer, Barry/B-5417-2012 OI Grant, William/0000-0002-1439-3285; Crawford, James/0000-0002-6982-0934; Lefer, Barry/0000-0001-9520-5495 NR 44 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV 15 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D21 AR 8829 DI 10.1029/2002JD003232 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 744VM UT WOS:000186653600005 ER PT J AU Gilman, JW Bourbigot, S Shields, JR Nyden, M Kashiwagi, T Davis, RD Vanderhart, DL Demory, W Wilkie, CA Morgan, AB Harris, J Lyon, RE AF Gilman, JW Bourbigot, S Shields, JR Nyden, M Kashiwagi, T Davis, RD Vanderhart, DL Demory, W Wilkie, CA Morgan, AB Harris, J Lyon, RE TI High throughput methods for polymer nanocomposites research: Extrusion, NMR characterization and flammability property screening SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID LAYERED-SILICATE NANOCOMPOSITES; COMBINATORIAL METHODS; CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES; MATERIALS SCIENCE; STABILITY; COMPOSITES; DISPERSION; BEHAVIOR; SINGLE; HYBRID AB A large number of parameters influence polymer-nanocomposite performance and developing a detailed understanding of these materials involves investigation of a large volume of the associated multi-dimensional property space. This multi-dimensional parameter space for polymer-nanocomposites consists of the obvious list of different material types under consideration, such as "polymer" and "nano-additive," but also includes interphase surface chemistry, and processing conditions. This article presents combinatorial library design and high-throughput screening methods for polymer nanocomposites intended as flame-resistant materials. Here, we present the results of using a twin-screwn extruder to create composition-gradient library strips of polymer nanocomposites that are screened with a solid-state NMR method to rapidly evaluate the optimal processing conditions for achieving nanocomposite dispersion. In addition, we present a comparison of a new rapid Cone calorimetry method to conventional Cone calorimetry and to the gradient heat-flux flame spread method. (C) 2003 Kluwer Academic Publishers. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Fire Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Ecole Natl Arts & Ind Text, Lab Genie & Mat Text, Roubaix, France. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD USA. Marquette Univ, Dept Chem, Milwaukee, WI 53233 USA. Dow Chem Co USA, Corp R&D, Midland, MI 48674 USA. FAA, Fire Res Branch, Ctr Tech, Atlantic City, NJ USA. RP Gilman, JW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Fire Res Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Morgan, Alexander/A-9672-2009; OI Bourbigot, Serge/0000-0003-1536-2015 NR 39 TC 39 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 10 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-2461 J9 J MATER SCI JI J. Mater. Sci. PD NOV 15 PY 2003 VL 38 IS 22 BP 4451 EP 4460 DI 10.1023/A:1027369115480 PG 10 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 738KJ UT WOS:000186285500004 ER PT J AU Granick, S Kumar, SK Amis, EJ Antonietti, M Balazs, AC Chakraborty, AK Grest, GS Hawker, CJ Janmey, P Kramer, EJ Nuzzo, R Russell, TP Safinya, CR AF Granick, S Kumar, SK Amis, EJ Antonietti, M Balazs, AC Chakraborty, AK Grest, GS Hawker, CJ Janmey, P Kramer, EJ Nuzzo, R Russell, TP Safinya, CR TI Macromolecules at surfaces: Research challenges and opportunities from tribology to biology SO JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART B-POLYMER PHYSICS LA English DT Review DE anionic polymerization; biopolymers; block copolymers; colloids; dendrimers; diffusion; gels; glass transition; hyperbranched; interfaces; kinetics; lamellar; lattice models; mechanical properties; metathesis; microgels; molecular dynamics; molecular modeling; Monte Carlo simulation; nanocomposites; neutron reflectivity; neutron scattering; SAXS; self-assembly; self-organization; shear; simulations; structure; surfaces; supramolecular structure; synthesis; theory; thin films; viscosity; viscoelastic properties; X-ray ID CATIONIC-LIPID COMPLEXES; SLIP BOUNDARY-CONDITION; TRANSFER RADICAL POLYMERIZATION; MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS SIMULATION; HYDROPHILIC BLOCK-COPOLYMERS; PHOTON-CORRELATION SPECTROSCOPY; GLASS-TRANSITION TEMPERATURE; RING-OPENING POLYMERIZATION; ATOMIC-FORCE MICROSCOPY; MONTE-CARLO SIMULATIONS AB A comprehensive review of ongoing and recommended research directions concerning the structure, dynamics, and interfacial activity of synthetic and naturally occurring macromolecules at the solid-liquid interface is presented. Many new developments stem from the ability to target new size regimes of 1-100 nm. These rapid developments are reviewed critically with respect to chemical synthesis, processing, structural characterization, dynamic processes, and theoretical and computational analysis. The common problems shared by flat and particulate sur-faces are emphasized. A broad spectrum of material properties are discussed, from the control of interfacial friction between surfaces in moving contact, to the mechanical strength and durability of the interfaces in hybrid materials, to optical and electronic properties. Future-research opportunities are identified that involve (1) the emergence of nanoscale material properties, (2) polymer-assisted nanostructures, and (3) the crossroads between interfacial science and biological and bioinspired applications. (C) 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Chem, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Dept Chem Engn, Troy, NY 12180 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymer, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Max Planck Inst Colloids & Interfaces, Golm, Germany. Univ Pittsburgh, Dept Chem Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94710 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem Engn, Berkeley, CA 94710 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Albuquerque, NM USA. IBM Corp, Almaden Res Ctr, Div Res, San Jose, CA 95120 USA. Univ Penn, Coll Med, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Mat, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Chem Engn, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Univ Massachusetts, Dept Polymer Sci & Engn, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Phys, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Biomol Sci & Engn Program, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RP Granick, S (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, 1304 W Green St, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RI Hawker, Craig/G-4971-2011; OI Hawker, Craig/0000-0001-9951-851X; Safinya, Cyrus/0000-0002-3295-7128 NR 276 TC 138 Z9 140 U1 10 U2 156 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0887-6266 EI 1099-0488 J9 J POLYM SCI POL PHYS JI J. Polym. Sci. Pt. B-Polym. Phys. PD NOV 15 PY 2003 VL 41 IS 22 BP 2755 EP 2793 DI 10.1002/polb.10669 PG 39 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 738JD UT WOS:000186282700001 ER PT J AU Holmes, GA McDonough, WG Dunkers, JP Han, CC AF Holmes, GA McDonough, WG Dunkers, JP Han, CC TI Interaction between matrix cracks in E-glass/epoxy two-dimensional multi-fiber-array model composites SO JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE PART B-POLYMER PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE fiber-fiber interactions; failure; optical coherence tomography; composites; fibers; fracture; thermosets ID MICRO-RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY; OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY; STRESS-CONCENTRATIONS; FAILURE PHENOMENA; GRAPHITE/EPOXY COMPOSITES; CARBON NANOTUBES; GLASS-FIBER; MICROCOMPOSITES; REDISTRIBUTION; MONOLAYERS C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymer, Multiphase Mat Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Holmes, GA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymer, Multiphase Mat Grp, Bldg 224,Room B108,100 Bur Dr Stop 8543, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 37 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 4 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0887-6266 J9 J POLYM SCI POL PHYS JI J. Polym. Sci. Pt. B-Polym. Phys. PD NOV 15 PY 2003 VL 41 IS 22 BP 2976 EP 2981 DI 10.1002/polb.10468 PG 6 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 738JD UT WOS:000186282700019 ER PT J AU Clough, RB Webb, SC Armstrong, RW AF Clough, RB Webb, SC Armstrong, RW TI Dynamic hardness measurements using a dropped ball: with application to 1018 steel SO MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING A-STRUCTURAL MATERIALS PROPERTIES MICROSTRUCTURE AND PROCESSING LA English DT Article DE dynamic hardness; steel; dropped ball; strain hardening; ballistic; impact; projectile; plasticity ID METALS; IMPACT; STRAIN AB A practical method for measuring the hardness of metals at high strain rates (> 10(3) s(-1)), using a dropped ball, is developed and demonstrated on cold-rolled plain carbon (1018) steel. The metal is assumed to be one-dimensional and rigid plastic. By formulating the problem in terms of the lateral, rather than the depth, dimensions of the indentation, the dynamic hardness can be obtained at load, obviating the need for rebound energy corrections. In addition, the Tabor strain equation relating to equivalent unidirectional compression is derived, and methods are also derived to include "piling-up" around indentations for plastic flow at constant volume. A previously unrecognized phenomenon that can occur in projectile indentation of metals, "ballistic strain softening", is described. It is related to the fact that the dynamic hardness obtained by this test is a function of the ball radius times the strain rate divided by the strain. As a result, comparison of the dropped ball test flow stress data with those of constant strain rate tests requires a transform of the Tabor strain and strain rate data to constant strain rate conditions. When this is done, the dynamic yield stress data that are determined as a function of the effective strain rates agree with comparable published data for mild steel obtained using more conventional tests. The results also show that there is greatly enhanced strain hardening in irons and steels above a critical strain rate, which increases with purity. A dislocation model is used to explain this increase in terms of an additional dislocation generation mechanism coming into play. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Instron Corp, Wilson Instruments, Canton, MA 02021 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mech Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Clough, RB (reprint author), 782 Azalea Dr, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. NR 23 TC 19 Z9 21 U1 3 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0921-5093 J9 MAT SCI ENG A-STRUCT JI Mater. Sci. Eng. A-Struct. Mater. Prop. Microstruct. Process. PD NOV 15 PY 2003 VL 360 IS 1-2 BP 396 EP 407 DI 10.1016/S0921-5093(03)00499-4 PG 12 WC Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 729UP UT WOS:000185793500053 ER PT J AU Fortier, TM Jones, DJ Cundiff, ST AF Fortier, TM Jones, DJ Cundiff, ST TI Phase stabilization of an octave-spanning Ti : sapphire laser SO OPTICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CARRIER-ENVELOPE PHASE; CONTINUUM GENERATION; PULSES; OSCILLATOR AB We obtain direct stabilization of the carrier-envelope phase for a standard x-folded geometry, octave-spanning, Ti:sapphire laser. The in-loop accumulated carrier-envelope phase error is 0.175 rad (1.65 mHz to 102 kHz). Intracavity continuum generation, which is responsible for the octave bandwidth, is characterized through measurement of the beam parameters. (C) 2003 Optical Society of America. C1 Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NIST, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Fortier, TM (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Cundiff, Steven/B-4974-2009; Jones, David/F-5859-2017 OI Cundiff, Steven/0000-0002-7119-5197; NR 13 TC 75 Z9 76 U1 1 U2 9 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0146-9592 J9 OPT LETT JI Opt. Lett. PD NOV 15 PY 2003 VL 28 IS 22 BP 2198 EP 2200 DI 10.1364/OL.28.002198 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA 740AR UT WOS:000186379100020 PM 14649940 ER PT J AU Black, RA Heymsfield, GM Hallett, J AF Black, RA Heymsfield, GM Hallett, J TI Extra large particle images at 12 km in a hurricane eyewall: Evidence of high-altitude supercooled water? SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ICE AB The conventional wisdom about hurricanes suggests that updrafts are weak and supercooled water is scarce in the eyewall, and almost non-existent at temperatures colder than about -5degreesC [Black and Hallett, 1986]. However, there is evidence that some hurricanes are different. Questions about the existence of high-altitude supercooled cloud water cannot be answered with only the instruments aboard the typical propeller-driven aircraft. During the summer of 1998, the NASA DC-8 aircraft made penetrations of the intensifying eyewall of Hurricane Bonnie at 12 km MSL, collecting the first truly high-altitude 2-D particle imagery in a hurricane. The similarity of the splash images in Hurricane Bonnie to those from raindrops obtained at higher temperatures in other hurricanes suggests that the large images obtained by the DC-8 were soft, low density graupel, rather than hard, high-density graupel particles or frozen raindrops. This implies that these particles grew to several millimeters in diameter at altitude, rather than simply advecting from lower, warmer altitudes. This growth in turn requires the presence of deeply supercooled cloud droplets. Thermal emission from supercooled water aloft increases the microwave brightness temperatures, giving a misleading impression that there is much less ice aloft than actually exists. The extra attenuation from the occasional presence of large graupel at these altitudes reduces the ability of microwave sensors to see precipitation at lower altitudes. Both of these effects impede efforts to accurately quantify condensate mass remotely from radiometric data such as that provided by the TRMM satellite. C1 NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Mesoscale Atmospher Proc Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Nevada, Desert Res Inst, Reno, NV 89512 USA. RP Black, RA (reprint author), NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Hurricane Res Div, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RI Black, Robert/C-9617-2009 OI Black, Robert/0000-0001-6938-125X NR 11 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD NOV 14 PY 2003 VL 30 IS 21 AR 2124 DI 10.1029/2003GL017864 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 744UU UT WOS:000186651900001 ER PT J AU de Gouw, JA Goldan, PD Warneke, C Kuster, WC Roberts, JM Marchewka, M Bertman, SB Pszenny, AAP Keene, WC AF de Gouw, JA Goldan, PD Warneke, C Kuster, WC Roberts, JM Marchewka, M Bertman, SB Pszenny, AAP Keene, WC TI Validation of proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) measurements of gas-phase organic compounds in the atmosphere during the New England Air Quality Study (NEAQS) in 2002 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE VOC measurements; PTR-MS; intercomparison ID ION-FLOW TUBE; SOUTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; 1999 SOUTHERN-OXIDANTS; METHYL VINYL KETONE; OXIDATION-PRODUCTS; AMBIENT AIR; ANTHROPOGENIC SOURCES; MEDICAL APPLICATIONS; BOUNDARY-LAYER; TRACE GASES AB [1] Organic compounds were measured by proton transfer reaction- mass spectrometry ( PTR- MS) on board the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's research ship Ronald H. Brown during the New England Air Quality Study ( NEAQS) in July and August of 2002. PTR- MS has the potential to measure many important organic species with a fast time response, but its validity has not been proven sufficiently. The results obtained by PTR- MS during NEAQS were compared with those from ( oxygenated) hydrocarbon measurements by gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry ( GC- MS), peroxyacyl nitrate measurements by gas chromatography/ electron capture detection, and carboxylic acid measurements by mist chamber/ ion chromatography. The PTR- MS and GC- MS data for methanol, acetonitrile, acetone, isoprene, benzene, and toluene agreed within the measurement uncertainties. The comparison for C-8 aromatics and acetaldehyde was less quantitative due to calibration inaccuracies. In addition, PTR- MS measured the sum of methyl vinyl ketone and methacrolein at 71 amu, the sum of C-9 aromatics at 121 amu, and the sum of monoterpenes at 81 and 137 amu. The PTR- MS signal at 61 amu was found to correlate well with data for acetic acid. The signal at 73 amu correlated reasonably well with methyl ethyl ketone data, but the quantitative disagreement suggested interference from other species, possibly methyl glyoxal. The signal at 77 amu correlated well with data for peroxyacetyl nitrate, and the sensitivity inferred from the field data agreed within 30% with the results from laboratory calibrations. Finally, the signal at 105 amu was attributed to styrene and peroxy isobutyryl nitrate. These results prove that many important organic species can be measured accurately and with a fast response time by PTR- MS. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Western Michigan Univ, Dept Chem, Kalamazoo, MI 49008 USA. Mt Washington Observ, N Conway, NH 03860 USA. Univ New Hampshire, Inst Study Earth, Durnham, NH USA. Univ Virginia, Dept Environm Sci, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA. RP de Gouw, JA (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, 325 Broadway,R-AL7, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM jdegouw@al.noaa.gov) RI Roberts, James/A-1082-2009; Warneke, Carsten/E-7174-2010; de Gouw, Joost/A-9675-2008; Kuster, William/E-7421-2010 OI Roberts, James/0000-0002-8485-8172; de Gouw, Joost/0000-0002-0385-1826; Kuster, William/0000-0002-8788-8588 NR 40 TC 113 Z9 114 U1 3 U2 47 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV 14 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D21 AR 4682 DI 10.1029/2003JD003863 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 744VH UT WOS:000186653200005 ER PT J AU Huebert, BJ Bates, T Russell, PB Shi, GY Kim, YJ Kawamura, K Carmichael, G Nakajima, T AF Huebert, BJ Bates, T Russell, PB Shi, GY Kim, YJ Kawamura, K Carmichael, G Nakajima, T TI An overview of ACE-Asia: Strategies for quantifying the relationships between Asian aerosols and their climatic impacts SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE Asia; aerosols; radiative forcing ID WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC; SOIL DUST AEROSOL; SINGLE-SCATTERING ALBEDO; INDIAN-OCEAN EXPERIMENT; SEA-SALT AEROSOLS; EAST CHINA SEA; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; IN-SITU; TROPOSPHERIC AEROSOLS; ELEMENTAL CARBON AB The International Global Atmospheric Chemistry Program (IGAC) has conducted a series of Aerosol Characterization Experiments (ACE) that integrate in situ measurements, satellite observations, and models to reduce the uncertainty in calculations of the climate forcing due to aerosol particles. ACE-Asia, the fourth in this series of experiments, consisted of two focused components: (1) An intensive field study that sought to quantify the spatial and vertical distribution of aerosol concentrations and properties, the processes controlling their formation, evolution, and fate, and the column-integrated radiative effect of the aerosol (late March through May 2001). (2) A longer-term network of ground stations that used in situ and column-integrated measurements to quantify the chemical, physical, and optical properties of aerosols in the ACE-Asia study area and to assess their spatial and temporal (seasonal and interannual) variability (2000-2003). The approach of the ACE-Asia science team was to make simultaneous measurements of aerosol chemical, physical, and optical properties and their radiative impacts in a variety of air masses, often coordinated with satellite overpasses. Three aircraft, two research ships, a network of lidars, and many surface sites gathered data on Asian aerosols. Chemical transport models (CTMs) were integrated into the program from the start, being used in a forecast mode during the intensive observation period to identify promising areas for airborne and ship observations and then later as tools for integrating observations. The testing and improvement of a wide range of aerosol models (including microphysical, radiative transfer, CTM, and global climate models) was one important way in which we assessed our understanding of the properties and controlling processes of Asian aerosols. We describe here the scientific goals and objectives of the ACE-Asia experiment, its observational strategies, the types of observations made by the mobile platforms and stationary sites, the models that will integrate our understanding of the climatic effect of aerosol particles, and the types of data that have been generated. Eight scientific questions focus the discussion. The intensive observations took place during a season of unusually heavy dust, so we have a large suite of observations of dust and its interaction with air pollutants. Further information about ACE-Asia can be found on the project Web site at http://saga.pmel.noaa.gov/aceasia/. C1 Univ Hawaii, Dept Oceanog, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Atmospher Phys, Beijing 100029, Peoples R China. Kwangju Inst Sci & Technol, Dept Environm Sci & Engn, Adv Environm Monitoring Res Ctr, Kwangju 500712, South Korea. Hokkaido Univ, Inst Low Temp Sci, Kita Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0600819, Japan. Univ Iowa, Ctr Global & Reg Environm Res, Iowa City, IA 52240 USA. Univ Tokyo, Ctr Climate Syst Res, Meguro Ku, Tokyo 1538904, Japan. RP Univ Hawaii, Dept Oceanog, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. EM huebert@hawaii.edu; bates@pmel.noaa.gov; prussell@mail.arc.nasa.gov; shigy@mail.iap.ac.cn; yjkim@kjist.ac.kr; kawamura@lowtem.hokudai.ac.jp; gcarmich@icaen.uiowa.edu; teruyuki@ccsr.u-tokyo.ac.jp RI Kawamura, Kimitaka/B-3839-2011; Nakajima, Teruyuki/H-2370-2013; Bates, Timothy/L-6080-2016 OI Nakajima, Teruyuki/0000-0002-9042-504X; NR 100 TC 507 Z9 534 U1 11 U2 54 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV 14 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D23 AR 8633 DI 10.1029/2003JD003550 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 744VW UT WOS:000186654400001 ER PT J AU Maruyama, N Watanabe, S Fuller-Rowell, TJ AF Maruyama, N Watanabe, S Fuller-Rowell, TJ TI Dynamic and energetic coupling in the equatorial ionosphere and thermosphere SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-SPACE PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE ionosphere-thermosphere interactions; ion drag; equatorial ionospheres; thermospheric dynamics-energetics interactions; numerical simulations ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; MIDNIGHT TEMPERATURE MAXIMUM; LOW-LATITUDE THERMOSPHERE; VERTICAL ION DRIFTS; WIND ANOMALY ETWA; F-REGION; PLASMA DRIFTS; UPPER-ATMOSPHERE; SIMULATION; TIDES AB [1] A three- dimensional coupled model of the global ionosphere and thermosphere has been used to examine the importance of ion drag parallel to the geomagnetic field, on the equatorial wind and temperature structure. Simulations performed at equinox, moderate solar activity ( F-10.7 = 150), and geomagnetically quiet condition ( Ap = 7) show that the model reproduces the general observed structures of the global ionosphere and thermosphere. Comparison between the model results and satellite observations confirms that ion drag plays a significant role in the zonal momentum balance and superrotation of the Earth's upper atmosphere at equatorial latitudes. The results also suggested that ion drag parallel to the field lines, in the vicinity of a pronounced Equatorial Ionization Anomaly, has a significant impact on the latitudinal structure of the equatorial neutral wind and temperature structure. Note that the impact of parallel ion drag on the wind and temperature structure has not been evaluated previously. The model simulations show that the ion motion parallel to the field lines acts as a source of momentum to the neutral atmosphere. It is well established that after being transported upward by electric fields at the magnetic equator, plasma falls along the inclined field lines either side. The simulations indicate that collisions between the falling plasma and neutrals impart a small momentum source forcing poleward winds away from the magnetic equator. The neutral wind in turn transports momentum and energy and produces adiabatic changes that alter the meridional temperature structure. The results show that the impact of parallel ion drag must be considered in any comprehensive analysis of dynamics and energy coupling of the equatorial ionosphere and thermosphere and is important when interpreting observations of equatorial wind and temperature features, such as ETWA or MTM. C1 Hokkaido Univ, Grad Sch Sci, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Kita Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0600810, Japan. Univ Colorado, NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, High Altitude Observ, Pob 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. EM naomi@ep.sci.hokudai.ac.jp; shw@ep.sci.hokudai.ac.jp; tim.fuller-rowell@noaa.gov RI Watanabe, Shigeto/A-4305-2012 NR 55 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-9380 EI 2169-9402 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-SPACE JI J. Geophys. Res-Space Phys. PD NOV 14 PY 2003 VL 108 IS A11 AR 1396 DI 10.1029/2002JA009599 PG 9 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 744XM UT WOS:000186658200001 ER PT J AU Santos, JP Parente, F Kim, YK AF Santos, JP Parente, F Kim, YK TI Cross sections for K-shell ionization of atoms by electron impact SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICS B-ATOMIC MOLECULAR AND OPTICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID DIRAC-FOCK CALCULATIONS; INELASTIC-SCATTERING; CHARGED PARTICLES; BINDING-ENERGIES; DEUTSCH-MARK; IONS; MOLECULES; BOMBARDMENT AB The relativistic version of the binary-encounter Bethe (BEB) model is used to calculate cross sections for K-shell ionization of atoms by electron impact. The BEB model requires only two atomic constants, the binding energy and kinetic energy of the K electrons. These constants are listed for carbon to antimony. Comparisons with available experimental data on N, O, Na, Al, Cl, Ca, Cu, Se and Sb show good agreement. The K-shell ionization cross sections for C, Mg, P, S, Cr, As and Cd are tabulated. C1 Univ Nova Lisboa, Dept Fis, P-1649003 Lisbon, Portugal. Univ Nova Lisboa, Ctr Fis Atom, P-1649003 Lisbon, Portugal. Univ Lisbon, Dept Fis, P-1649003 Lisbon, Portugal. Univ Lisbon, Ctr Fis Atom, P-1649003 Lisbon, Portugal. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Santos, JP (reprint author), Univ Nova Lisboa, Dept Fis, Avenida Prof Gama Pinto 2, P-1649003 Lisbon, Portugal. RI Santos, Jose Paulo/F-4186-2010; OI Santos, Jose Paulo/0000-0002-5890-0971; Parente, Fernando/0000-0003-4703-0066 NR 60 TC 53 Z9 54 U1 1 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0953-4075 J9 J PHYS B-AT MOL OPT JI J. Phys. B-At. Mol. Opt. Phys. PD NOV 14 PY 2003 VL 36 IS 21 BP 4211 EP 4224 AR PII S0953-4075(03)61866-3 DI 10.1088/0953-4075/36/21/002 PG 14 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 750KG UT WOS:000186989400008 ER PT J AU Karoly, DJ Braganza, K Stott, PA Arblaster, JM Meehl, GA Broccoli, AJ Dixon, KW AF Karoly, DJ Braganza, K Stott, PA Arblaster, JM Meehl, GA Broccoli, AJ Dixon, KW TI Detection of a human influence on North American climate SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID 20TH-CENTURY TEMPERATURE; SOLAR IRRADIANCE; SURFACE; VARIABILITY; INDEXES AB Several indices of large-scale patterns of surface temperature variation were used to investigate climate change in North America over the 20th century. The observed variability of these indices was simulated well by a number of climate models. Comparison of index trends in observations and model simulations shows that North American temperature changes from 1950 to 1999 were unlikely to be due to natural climate variation alone. Observed trends over this period are consistent with simulations that include anthropogenic forcing from increasing atmospheric greenhouse gases and sulfate aerosols. However, most of the observed warming from 1900 to 1949 was likely due to natural climate variation. C1 Univ Oklahoma, Sch Meteorol, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Monash Univ, Sch Math Sci, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia. Hadley Ctr, MetOff, Bracknell RG12 2SY, Berks, England. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Karoly, DJ (reprint author), Univ Oklahoma, Sch Meteorol, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RI Karoly, David/C-8262-2011; Broccoli, Anthony/D-9186-2014; Dixon, Keith/L-7120-2015; Arblaster, Julie/C-1342-2010; Stott, Peter/N-1228-2016 OI Karoly, David/0000-0002-8671-2994; Broccoli, Anthony/0000-0003-2619-1434; Dixon, Keith/0000-0003-3044-326X; Arblaster, Julie/0000-0002-4287-2363; Stott, Peter/0000-0003-4853-7686 NR 22 TC 64 Z9 67 U1 1 U2 16 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD NOV 14 PY 2003 VL 302 IS 5648 BP 1200 EP 1203 DI 10.1126/science.1089159 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 742XW UT WOS:000186544300051 PM 14615536 ER PT J AU Muller, M Neuber, R Fierli, F Hauchecorne, A Vomel, H Oltmans, SJ AF Muller, M Neuber, R Fierli, F Hauchecorne, A Vomel, H Oltmans, SJ TI Stratospheric water vapour as tracer for Vortex filamentation in the Arctic winter 2002/2003 SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID AIRBORNE LIDAR MEASUREMENTS; POLAR VORTEX; TRAJECTORY CALCULATIONS; POTENTIAL VORTICITY; MATCH OBSERVATIONS; ADVECTION MODEL; OZONE LAMINAE; DEHYDRATION; TRANSPORT; H2O AB Balloon-borne frost point hygrometers measured three high-resolution profiles of stratospheric water vapour above Ny-Alesund, Spitsbergen during winter 2002/2003. The profiles obtained on 12 December 2002 and on 17 January 2003 provide an insight into the vertical distribution of water vapour in the core of the polar vortex. The water vapour sounding on 11 February 2003 was obtained within the vortex edge region of the lower stratosphere. Here, a significant reduction of water vapour mixing ratio was observed between 16 and 19 km. The stratospheric temperatures indicate that this dehydration was not caused by the presence of polar stratospheric clouds or earlier PSC particle sedimentation. Ozone observations on this day indicate a large scale movement of the polar vortex and show laminae in the same altitude range as the water vapour profile. The link between the observed water vapour reduction and filaments in the vortex edge region is indicated in the results of the semi-lagrangian advection model MIMOSA, which show that adjacent filaments of polar and mid latitude air can be identified above the Spitsbergen region. A vertical cross-section produced by the MIMOSA model reveals that the water vapour sonde flew through polar air in the lowest part of the stratosphere below 425 K, then passed through filaments of mid latitude air with lower water vapour concentrations, before it finally entered the polar vortex above 450 K. These results indicate that on 11 February 2003 the frost point hygrometer measured different water vapour concentrations as the sonde detected air with different origins. Instead of being linked to dehydration due to PSC particle sedimentation, the local reduction in the stratospheric water vapour profile was in this case caused by dynamical processes in the polar stratosphere. C1 Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, Potsdam, Germany. CNR, Ist Sci Atmosfera & Clima, Rome, Italy. CNRS, Serv Aeron, F-91371 Verrieres Le Buisson, France. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Muller, M (reprint author), Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, Potsdam, Germany. EM mmueller@awi-potsdam.de RI Hauchecorne, Alain/A-8489-2013; Neuber, Roland/B-4923-2014; Maturilli, Marion/A-4344-2017 OI Fierli, Federico/0000-0001-9975-2883; Hauchecorne, Alain/0000-0001-9888-6994; Neuber, Roland/0000-0001-7382-7832; Maturilli, Marion/0000-0001-6818-7383 NR 33 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 1 PU COPERNICUS PUBLICATIONS PI KATHLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, KATHLENBURG-LINDAU, 37191, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PD NOV 13 PY 2003 VL 3 BP 1991 EP 1997 PG 7 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 742YY UT WOS:000186543500001 ER PT J AU Borbas, E Menzel, WP Li, J Woolf, HM AF Borbas, E Menzel, WP Li, J Woolf, HM TI Combining radio occultation refractivities and IR/MW radiances to derive temperature and moisture profiles: A simulation study plus early results using CHAMP and ATOVS SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE GPS radio; occultation; ATOVS temperature retrieval; statistical regression ID ATMOSPHERE; TRANSMITTANCE; VALIDATION AB [1] This paper examines whether the Global Positioning System radio occultation (GPS/RO) measurements of the tropopause region improve tropospheric profile retrievals from infrared and microwave radiometric measurements with the Advanced TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (ATOVS) on current National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA) polar orbiting satellites and with the future high spectral resolution infrared measurements from the Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) planned for the NOAA Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellite System (NPOESS). The paper presents a simulation study wherein statistical regressions are used to infer temperature and moisture retrievals from ATOVS or CrIS brightness temperatures and GPS/RO refractivity data. The ATOVS and GPS/RO combination yields tropospheric profiles in better agreement with radiosondes than profiles inferred from either system alone; GPS/RO improves ATOVS temperature retrievals around the tropopause by 0.8 K and ATOVS tropospheric moisture retrievals by 2.5%. When the infrared measurements are improved to CrIS quality, with over 1000 spectral measurements, the addition of GPS/RO improves temperature retrieval agreement with radiosondes by 0.4 K around and above the tropopause. The paper also presents results from combining real GPS/RO (CHAMP, Challenging Minisatellite Payload) and sounder ( ATOVS) data. CHAMP data are evaluated against collocated radiosonde and Numerical Weather Prediction model profiles. Using CHAMP data to establish a regression relationship, real GPS/RO data are found to improve the ATOVS temperature retrievals by 0.5 K near the tropopause. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Cooperat Inst Meteorol Satellite Studies, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Madison, WI 53706 USA. RP Borbas, E (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Cooperat Inst Meteorol Satellite Studies, 1225 W Dayton St, Madison, WI 53706 USA. EM eva.borbas@ssec.wisc.edu RI Menzel, W. Paul/B-8306-2011; Li, Jun/H-3579-2015 OI Menzel, W. Paul/0000-0001-5690-1201; Li, Jun/0000-0001-5504-9627 NR 18 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV 13 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D21 AR 4676 DI 10.1029/2003JD003386 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 744VE UT WOS:000186652900004 ER PT J AU Duan, QY Schaake, JC AF Duan, QY Schaake, JC TI Total water storage in the Arkansas-Red River basin SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE soil water storage; soil water holding capacity; water balance; hydroclimatology ID SOIL-MOISTURE; UNITED-STATES; CLIMATE; MODELS; HYDROCLIMATOLOGY; PRECIPITATION; VARIABILITY; VEGETATION; BALANCE; CYCLE AB This paper presents a diagnostic approach to study the spatial and temporal variability of total water storage (TWS) properties of hydrologic basins. The approach utilizes a simple water balance equation based on the physical law of mass conservation. Thirty-six years of monthly historical records of precipitation and streamflow discharge data were collected from 27 basins in the Arkansas-Red River basin. Five different assumptions were made to estimate evapotranspiration. The study found that the assumption that considers both initial total water storage and precipitation amount in the current period provides the most consistent long-term seasonal evapotranspiration, when compared to seasonal evapotranspiration derived from the atmospheric water budget in the Arkansas-Red River basin. The TWS variability range has an apparent east-west gradient and is highly correlated to climatological factors such as the ratio of annual precipitation and potential evapotranspiration and vegetation information. Wetter basins tend to have a larger TWS variability range than dry ones. The intra-annual TWS variability range is small compared to year-to-year variability. This phenomenon is more noticeable for dry basins, implying that longer data sets are needed to study the water balance of dry regions. Another finding is that the TWS variability range is shown to be scale dependent, with intermediate-scale-area basins exhibiting larger variability than large-scale-area basin. C1 NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Duan, QY (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, WOHx3,1325 EW Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM qingyun.duan@noaa.gov; john.schaake@noaa.gov RI Duan, Qingyun/C-7652-2011 OI Duan, Qingyun/0000-0001-9955-1512 NR 43 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV 13 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D22 AR 8853 DI 10.1029/2002JD003152 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 744VQ UT WOS:000186653900003 ER PT J AU Howe, PT Fahr, A AF Howe, PT Fahr, A TI Pressure and temperature effects on product channels of the propargyl (HC CCH2) combination reaction and the formation of the "First ring" SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID RADICAL SELF-REACTION; RATE COEFFICIENTS; MASTER EQUATION; 193 NM; PHOTODISSOCIATION; BENZENE; RECOMBINATION; SPECTROSCOPY; PHOTOLYSIS; KINETICS AB The propargyl (HCequivalent toC-CH2) radical is among the critical intermediates in hydrocarbon reaction systems pertinent to both the high temperatures of combustion systems and the low temperatures of planetary atmospheres. This work reports experimental results on the nature and the relative yields of the final products of the propargyl combination reaction, C3H3 + C3H3 --> C6H6 (1). Propargyl radicals, for most experiments, were generated by the 248 nm excimer laser photolysis of propargyl bromide. The 193 nm photolysis of propargyl chloride and of allene were also used in a number of experiments, particularly at higher temperatures. Product studies were performed at a pressure range of 27 mbar (20 Torr) to 933 mbar (700 Torr) and at a temperature range of 295-623 K. Final reaction products were separated, identified, and quantified using an on-line gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer system. Five isomeric C6H6 final products were detected including 1,5-hexadiyne, fulvene, dimethylenecyclobutene, and benzene. The relative yields of the major reaction products showed significant pressure and temperature dependencies. Under high-pressure conditions 1,5-hexadiyne is a major product with a relative yield of 51 % at P = 933 mbar and T = 295 K. However, its yield decreases to 27 % at P = 933 mbar and T = 623 K and to 1 % at P = 27 mbar, T = 623 K. Dimethylenecyclobutene, has a relative yield of 6% at 295 K and 933 mbar. It becomes the most abundant product with a relative yield of nearly 90% at 623 K and 133 mbar. Fulvene appears to be a minor product at all conditions of this study and its relative yield (similar to1.5% or less) is significantly lower than the reported computational predictions. Interestingly, an appreciable amount of benzene is also formed, particularly at lower pressures with relative yields considerably higher (43% at 27 mbar and 623 K) than those predicted computationally (similar to3% at P = 27 mbar T = 650 K). The results of this work suggest that the formation of dimethylenecyclobutene and benzene from the propargyl combination reaction is significantly more efficient than previously predicted. Implications of these results on modeling of combustion processes as well as planetary atmospheric processes are discussed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. American Univ, Dept Chem, Washington, DC 20016 USA. RP Fahr, A (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 24 TC 30 Z9 30 U1 3 U2 15 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD NOV 13 PY 2003 VL 107 IS 45 BP 9603 EP 9610 DI 10.1021/jp0307497 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 740WJ UT WOS:000186425000015 ER PT J AU Marsh, AL Burnett, DJ Fischer, DA Gland, JL AF Marsh, AL Burnett, DJ Fischer, DA Gland, JL TI Benzene intermediates and mechanisms during catalytic oxidation on the Pt(111) surface using in-situ soft X-ray methods SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B LA English DT Article ID ABSORPTION FINE-STRUCTURE; EXCITATION-SPECTRA; DEEP OXIDATION; GAS-PHASE; N-HEXANE; ADSORPTION; SPECTROSCOPY; COMBUSTION; OXYGEN; PLATINUM AB The catalytic oxidation of benzene on the Pt(111) surface has been characterized, in flowing oxygen pressures up to 0.01 Torr, using temperature-programmed fluorescence yield near-edge spectroscopy (TP-FYNES). During temperature-programmed oxidation experiments in flowing oxygen pressures, a series of four adsorbed intermediates are formed. The dominant intermediates with increasing temperature are eta(6)-benzene, 1,4-di-sigma-2,5-cyclohexadiene, 1,1,4-tri-sigma-2,5-cyclohexadiene, and eta(5)-cyclohexadienone. All of these intermediates are strongly adsorbed based on the molecular rehybridization indicated by spectroscopic (FYNES) measurements. Adsorbed benzene inhibits oxidation below 370 K by inhibiting oxygen adsorption. Over the temperature range 150-215 K, a 1,4-di-sigma-2,5-cyclohexadiene surface intermediate with C6H6 stoichiometry is formed by rearrangement of the aromatic ring. Next, a 1,1,4-tri-sigma-2,5-cyclohexadiene surface intermediate with C6H5 stoichiometry is formed by oxydehydrogenation over the temperature range 215-285 K. Above 350 K, a fraction of this intermediate is oxidized to form carbon dioxide and water, while the remainder is oxygenated to form a eta(5)-cyclohexadienone intermediate with C6H5O stoichiometry, which is dominant at 390 K. The reactivity of this intermediate is clearly demonstrated by rapid oxidation with increasing temperature. No change in the onset temperature for rapid oxidation or the rate of carbon removal is observed with increasing oxygen pressures over the pressure range 0.0005-0.01 Torr. Temperature-programmed reaction spectroscopy (TPRS) has been used to identify the gas-phase products during deep oxidation between coadsorbed benzene and oxygen on Pt(111). Carbon dioxide and water are formed over the 300-500 K temperature range when benzene is in excess, and over the 380-620 K temperature range when oxygen is in excess. This combination of temperature-programmed UHV and in-situ soft X-ray methods has provided a detailed mechanistic description of catalytic benzene oxidation on the Pt(111) surface. C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Chem, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Chem Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gland, JL (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Dept Chem, 930 N Univ Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. NR 52 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1520-6106 J9 J PHYS CHEM B JI J. Phys. Chem. B PD NOV 13 PY 2003 VL 107 IS 45 BP 12472 EP 12479 DI 10.1021/jp0344038 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 740WM UT WOS:000186425300018 ER PT J AU Wild, O Sundet, JK Prather, MJ Isaksen, ISA Akimoto, H Browell, EV Oltmans, SJ AF Wild, O Sundet, JK Prather, MJ Isaksen, ISA Akimoto, H Browell, EV Oltmans, SJ TI Chemical transport model ozone simulations for spring 2001 over the western Pacific: Comparisons with TRACE-P lidar, ozonesondes, and Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer columns SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE tropospheric ozone; tropopause; stratospheric intrusions; Western Pacific ID CHEMISTRY; EMISSIONS; SYSTEM; TROPOSPHERE; SCHEMES; ASIA AB Two closely related chemical transport models (CTMs) employing the same high-resolution meteorological data (similar to180 km x similar to180 km x similar to600 m) from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts are used to simulate the ozone total column and tropospheric distribution over the western Pacific region that was explored by the NASA Transport and Chemical Evolution over the Pacific (TRACE-P) measurement campaign in February-April 2001. We make extensive comparisons with ozone measurements from the lidar instrument on the NASA DC-8, with ozonesondes taken during the period around the Pacific Rim, and with TOMS total column ozone. These demonstrate that within the uncertainties of the meteorological data and the constraints of model resolution, the two CTMs (FRSGC/UCI and Oslo CTM2) can simulate the observed tropospheric ozone and do particularly well when realistic stratospheric ozone photochemistry is included. The greatest differences between the models and observations occur in the polluted boundary layer, where problems related to the simplified chemical mechanism and inadequate horizontal resolution are likely to have caused the net overestimation of about 10 ppb mole fraction. In the upper troposphere, the large variability driven by stratospheric intrusions makes agreement very sensitive to the timing of meteorological features. C1 Frontier Res Syst Global Change, Kanazawa Ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2360001, Japan. Univ Oslo, Dept Geophys, Oslo, Norway. Univ Calif Irvine, Irvine, CA USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Wild, O (reprint author), Frontier Res Syst Global Change, Kanazawa Ku, 3172-25 Showa Machi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 2360001, Japan. EM oliver@jamstec.go.jp; j.k.sundet@geofysikk.uio.no; mprather@uci.edu; i.s.a.isaksen@geofysikk.uio.no; akimoto@jamstec.go.jp; e.v.browell@larc.nasa.gov; soltmans@cmdl.noaa.gov RI Wild, Oliver/A-4909-2009 OI Wild, Oliver/0000-0002-6227-7035 NR 32 TC 58 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV 11 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D21 AR 8826 DI 10.1029/2002JD003283 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 744VC UT WOS:000186652700008 ER PT J AU Milly, PCD Cazenave, A Gennero, MC AF Milly, PCD Cazenave, A Gennero, MC TI Contribution of climate-driven change in continental water storage to recent sea-level rise SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID ENERGY BALANCES; MASS-BALANCE; LAND WATER; PROJECT; BUDGET; WORLD; OCEAN AB Using a global model of continental water balance, forced by interannual variations in precipitation and near-surface atmospheric temperature for the period 1981-1998, we estimate the sea-level changes associated with climate-driven changes in storage of water as snowpack, soil water, and ground water; storage in ice sheets and large lakes is not considered. The 1981-1998 trend is estimated to be 0.12 mm/yr, and substantial interannual fluctuations are inferred; for 1993-1998, the trend is 0.25 mm/yr. At the decadal time scale, the terrestrial contribution to eustatic (i.e., induced by mass exchange) sea-level rise is significantly smaller than the estimated steric (i.e., induced by density changes) trend for the same period, but is not negligibly small. In the model the sea-level rise is driven mainly by a downtrend in continental precipitation during the study period, which we believe was generated by natural variability in the climate system. C1 NOAA, US Geol Survey, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08534 USA. Ctr Natl Etud Spatiales, Lab Etud Geophys & Oceanog Spatiales, F-31400 Toulouse, France. RP Milly, PCD (reprint author), NOAA, US Geol Survey, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08534 USA. NR 19 TC 46 Z9 51 U1 2 U2 13 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD NOV 11 PY 2003 VL 100 IS 23 BP 13158 EP 13161 DI 10.1073/pnas.2134014100 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 743LR UT WOS:000186573700010 PM 14576277 ER PT J AU Jones, RL Hu, T Lin, EK Wu, WL Kolb, R Casa, DM Bolton, PJ Barclay, GG AF Jones, RL Hu, T Lin, EK Wu, WL Kolb, R Casa, DM Bolton, PJ Barclay, GG TI Small angle x-ray scattering for sub-100 nm pattern characterization SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID NEUTRON-SCATTERING; DIFFRACTION; SURFACE; GRATINGS; FEATURES AB Characterization of sub-100 nm photolithographic patterns with nanometer scale resolution is demonstrated using small angle x-ray scattering. The transmission scattering geometry employed potentially enables high throughput measurements for future technology nodes of the semiconductor industry, organic and inorganic nanoscale devices, and three-dimensional structures. The method is demonstrated through the characterization of a series of polymer photoresist gratings using a synchrotron x-ray source. Quantities, such as periodicity and line width, are extracted using minimal modeling. Additional quantities and the potential of a laboratory-based x-ray system are briefly discussed. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics. C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. ExxonMobil Res & Engn Co, Annandale, NJ 08801 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, CMC CAT, Adv Photon Source, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Shipley Co Inc, Marlborough, MA 01752 USA. RP Wu, WL (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Casa, Diego/F-9060-2016 NR 12 TC 65 Z9 65 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD NOV 10 PY 2003 VL 83 IS 19 BP 4059 EP 4061 DI 10.1063/1.1622793 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 739RP UT WOS:000186360500069 ER PT J AU Wilson, KB Baldocchi, D Falge, E Aubinet, M Berbigier, P Bernhofer, C Dolman, H Field, C Goldstein, A Granier, A Hollinger, D Katul, G Law, BE Meyers, T Moncrieff, J Monson, R Tenhunen, J Valentini, R Verma, S Wofsy, S AF Wilson, KB Baldocchi, D Falge, E Aubinet, M Berbigier, P Bernhofer, C Dolman, H Field, C Goldstein, A Granier, A Hollinger, D Katul, G Law, BE Meyers, T Moncrieff, J Monson, R Tenhunen, J Valentini, R Verma, S Wofsy, S TI Diurnal centroid of ecosystem energy and carbon fluxes at FLUXNET sites SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE FLUXNET; energy flux; sensible heat; latent heat; evapotranspiration; diurnal ID CONVECTIVE BOUNDARY-LAYER; WATER-VAPOR EXCHANGE; UPLAND OAK FOREST; STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE; GAS-EXCHANGE; EQUILIBRIUM EVAPORATION; DECIDUOUS FOREST; LEAF CONDUCTANCE; DROUGHT; TRANSPIRATION AB Data from a network of eddy covariance stations in Europe and North America (FLUXNET) were analyzed to examine the diurnal patterns of surface energy and carbon fluxes during the summer period across a range of ecosystems and climates. Diurnal trends were quantified by assessing the time of day surface fluxes and meteorological variable reached peak values, using the "diurnal centroid'' method; the diurnal centroid enabled us to discern whether the peak activity of the variable of interest is weighted more toward the morning or afternoon. In this paper, diurnal centroid estimates were used to diagnose which atmospheric and physiological processes controlled carbon dioxide, water vapor, and sensible heat fluxes across different ecosystems and climates. Sensitivity tests suggested that the diurnal centroids for latent (LE) and sensible (H) heat flux depend on atmospheric resistance, static stability in the free atmosphere, stomatal response to vapor pressure deficit, and advection. With respect to diurnal trends of surface energy fluxes at FLUXNET sites, maximum LE occurred later in the day relative to H at most tall forests with continental climates. The lag between LE and H was reduced or reversed at sites that were influenced by advection or by afternoon stomatal closure. The time of peak carbon uptake of temperate forests occurred earlier relative to the temporal peak of photosynthetically active radiation, as compared to boreal forests. The timing of this peak occurred earlier during periods with low soil water content, as it did during the summer in Mediterranean climates. In this case, the diurnal centroid for the CO2 flux was influenced by the response of respiration and photosynthesis to increasing afternoon temperature and by afternoon stomatal closure. C1 NOAA, Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, ESPM, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany. Fac Sci Agron Etat Gembloux, Unite Phys, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium. INRA Bordeaux, Unite Bioclimatol, F-33611 Gazinet, France. Inst Hydrol & Meteorol, D-01737 Tharandt, Germany. Vrije Univ Amsterdam, Fac Earth & Life Sci, Dept Geoenvironm Sci, NL-1085 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands. Carnegie Inst Washington, Dept Plant Biol, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. INRA, Unite Ecophysiol Forestieres, F-54280 Champenoux, France. US Forest Serv, USDA, NE Forest Expt Stn, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Duke Univ, Sch Environm, Durham, NC 27708 USA. Oregon State Univ, Coll Forestry, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Univ Edinburgh, Dept Ecol & Environm Res, Edinburgh EH9 3JU, Midlothian, Scotland. Univ Colorado, DEPOB, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Tuscia, Dept Forest Sci & Resources, I-01100 Viterbo, Italy. Univ Nebraska, Sch Nat Resource Sci, Lincoln, NE 68583 USA. Harvard Univ, Dept Earth & Planetary Sci, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RP Wilson, KB (reprint author), NOAA, Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus Div, POB 2456,456 S Illinois Ave, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM wilson@atdd.noaa.gov RI Katul, Gabriel/A-7210-2008; Baldocchi, Dennis/A-1625-2009; Goldstein, Allen/A-6857-2011; Valentini, Riccardo/D-1226-2010; Hollinger, David/G-7185-2012; Meyers, Tilden/C-6633-2016; OI Katul, Gabriel/0000-0001-9768-3693; Baldocchi, Dennis/0000-0003-3496-4919; Goldstein, Allen/0000-0003-4014-4896; Valentini, Riccardo/0000-0002-6756-5634; Law, Beverly/0000-0002-1605-1203 NR 56 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV 6 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D21 AR 4664 DI 10.1029/2001JD001349 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 742GC UT WOS:000186508200001 ER PT J AU Sharpless, KE Phinney, CS Wood, LJ Yen, JH Howell, DW AF Sharpless, KE Phinney, CS Wood, LJ Yen, JH Howell, DW TI Value assignment of nutrient and aflatoxin concentrations in standard reference material 2387 peanut butter SO JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE certified reference material; control material; food composition; nutrition labeling; peanut butter analysis; quality assurance; Standard Reference Material ID FOOD AB Standard Reference Material (SRM) 2387 peanut butter was recently issued, and the process used for value assignment of nutrient and aflatoxin concentrations is reported herein. Values were assigned using data provided by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and collaborating laboratories. SRM 2387 is intended for use as a primary material for assigning values to in-house control materials and for validation of analytical methods for measurements in peanut butter and similar high-fat matrixes. SRM 2387 lies in sector 3 of AOAC International's fat-protein-carbohydrate triangle. With the addition of SRM 2387, NIST now offers materials within-or on the borders between-all sectors of the triangle. The Certificate of Analysis for SRM 2387 provides assigned values for concentrations of fatty acids, proximates, elements, and total dietary fiber, for which product labeling is required by the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of 1990, as well as several vitamins, amino acids, and aflatoxins, for which labeling is not required. (Aflatoxin levels in peanut butter are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration.) C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Sharpless, KE (reprint author), NIST, 100 Bur Dr Stop 8392, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. OI Sharpless, Katherine/0000-0001-6569-198X NR 10 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 3 U2 7 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-8561 J9 J AGR FOOD CHEM JI J. Agric. Food Chem. PD NOV 5 PY 2003 VL 51 IS 23 BP 6745 EP 6751 DI 10.1021/jf034637o PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 738JA UT WOS:000186282400019 PM 14582970 ER PT J AU Berbery, EH Luo, Y Mitchell, KE Betts, AK AF Berbery, EH Luo, Y Mitchell, KE Betts, AK TI Eta model estimated land surface processes and the hydrologic cycle of the Mississippi basin SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE hydrologic cycle; land-atmosphere interactions; regional models ID UNITED-STATES; SOIL-MOISTURE; ATMOSPHERE INTERACTION; PARAMETERIZATION; CLIMATE; BUDGET; PRECIPITATION; REANALYSES; NCEP/NCAR; RAINFALL AB This article discusses the water and surface energy budgets over the Mississippi River basin and subbasins using NCEP's Eta model forecasts. It also discusses the relation between surface states (soil moisture) and other variables that affect the surface energy balance, potentially interacting with precipitation processes. The Eta model is NCEP's operational mesoscale model and therefore has been subject to changes and upgrades over the period of this evaluation. While the atmospheric water cycle is analyzed here using a 7-year long (June 1995 to May 2002) data set, the research focusing on surface processes is based on a 4-year period (June 1998 to May 2002) after substantial upgrades to the land surface component were performed. On the 7-year average the Eta model 12-36 h forecast precipitation averaged over the Mississippi basin differs from the observed precipitation by 2%, while the estimate of evaporation computed as a residual of the water balance equation differs by 5% from the evaporation estimate resulting from a data set of land surface fluxes prepared with the macroscale hydrologic variable infiltration model (VIC). However, the difference between the model parameterized evaporation and VIC's is about 17% due to excessive bare soil evaporation in the Eta model. Notably, the long-term average of moisture flux convergence also estimated from the 12-36 h forecasts is 0.54 mm day(-1) over the Mississippi basin, while streamflow observations at Vicksburg average 0.50 mm day(-1). This agreement within 10% is a strict test of the quality of the hydrologic cycle estimates; therefore these are promising results for estimates of the water cycle from regional analysis or future regional reanalysis. Subbasins of the Mississippi have diverse land surface-atmosphere interactions at monthly timescales. In the western half of the Mississippi basin, feedbacks can be described as follows: increased soil moisture is associated with a slight increase of net radiation at the surface; latent heat also increases with soil moisture while sensible heat decreases, resulting in an almost linear increase of the evaporative fraction. Increased soil moisture is also associated with a lower lifting condensation level and an increase of observed precipitation (though not statistically significant). The overall results support the concept of a positive feedback in which increased soil moisture affects surface fluxes in such a manner that increased precipitation results. However, toward the east (e.g., the Ohio basin), there are no well-defined land surface-atmosphere interactions, suggesting that other effects, like the advection of moisture, may be more relevant for precipitation processes. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Meteorol, ESSIC, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NOAA, Environm Modeling Ctr, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Atmospher Res, Pittsford, VT 05763 USA. RP Berbery, EH (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Meteorol, ESSIC, 3427 Comp & Space Sci Bldg, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM berbery@atmos.umd.edu RI Berbery, Ernesto/F-4560-2010 OI Berbery, Ernesto/0000-0003-2587-3345 NR 27 TC 38 Z9 39 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV 5 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D22 AR 8852 DI 10.1029/2002JD003192 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 742GJ UT WOS:000186508800001 ER PT J AU Robock, A Luo, LF Wood, EF Wen, FH Mitchell, KE Houser, PR Schaake, JC Lohmann, D Cosgrove, B Sheffield, J Duan, QY Higgins, RW Pinker, RT Tarpley, JD Basara, JB Crawford, KC AF Robock, A Luo, LF Wood, EF Wen, FH Mitchell, KE Houser, PR Schaake, JC Lohmann, D Cosgrove, B Sheffield, J Duan, QY Higgins, RW Pinker, RT Tarpley, JD Basara, JB Crawford, KC TI Evaluation of the North American Land Data Assimilation System over the southern Great Plains during the warm season SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE data assimilation; soil moisture; surface fluxes ID SOIL-MOISTURE SIMULATIONS; SURFACE PARAMETERIZATION SCHEMES; ETA-MODEL; RIVER BASIN; SPATIAL VARIABILITY; HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE; CLIMATE MODELS; ENERGY BUDGET; WATER-BALANCE; PILPS 2(D) AB North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS) land surface models have been run for a retrospective period forced by atmospheric observations from the Eta analysis and actual precipitation and downward solar radiation to calculate land hydrology. We evaluated these simulations using in situ observations over the southern Great Plains for the periods of May-September of 1998 and 1999 by comparing the model outputs with surface latent, sensible, and ground heat fluxes at 24 Atmospheric Radiation Measurement/Cloud and Radiation Testbed stations and with soil temperature and soil moisture observations at 72 Oklahoma Mesonet stations. The standard NLDAS models do a fairly good job but with differences in the surface energy partition and in soil moisture between models and observations and among models during the summer, while they agree quite well on the soil temperature simulations. To investigate why, we performed a series of experiments accounting for differences between model-specified soil types and vegetation and those observed at the stations, and differences in model treatment of different soil types, vegetation properties, canopy resistance, soil column depth, rooting depth, root density, snow-free albedo, infiltration, aerodynamic resistance, and soil thermal diffusivity. The diagnosis and model enhancements demonstrate how the models can be improved so that they can be used in actual data assimilation mode. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Dept Environm Sci, Ctr Environm Predict, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. Princeton Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Environm Modeling Ctr, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrol Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20740 USA. Natl Weather Ctr, Off Hydrol Dev, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Climate Predict Ctr, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Meteorol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Oklahoma Climatol Survey, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Robock, A (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Dept Environm Sci, Ctr Environm Predict, 14 Coll Farm Rd, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. EM robock@envsci.rutgers.edu RI Sheffield, Justin/A-6388-2008; Luo, Lifeng/C-8734-2009; Pinker, Rachel/F-6565-2010; Houser, Paul/J-9515-2013; Duan, Qingyun/C-7652-2011; Basara, Jeffrey/A-4907-2008; Robock, Alan/B-6385-2016 OI Robock, Alan/0000-0002-6319-5656; Houser, Paul/0000-0002-2991-0441; Duan, Qingyun/0000-0001-9955-1512; Basara, Jeffrey/0000-0002-2096-6844; NR 65 TC 102 Z9 103 U1 1 U2 16 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV 5 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D22 AR 8846 DI 10.1029/2002JD003245 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 742GJ UT WOS:000186508800002 ER PT J AU Luo, LF Robock, A Mitchell, KE Houser, PR Wood, EF Schaake, JC Lohmann, D Cosgrove, B Wen, FH Sheffield, J Duan, QY Higgins, RW Pinker, RT Tarpley, JD AF Luo, LF Robock, A Mitchell, KE Houser, PR Wood, EF Schaake, JC Lohmann, D Cosgrove, B Wen, FH Sheffield, J Duan, QY Higgins, RW Pinker, RT Tarpley, JD TI Validation of the North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS) retrospective forcing over the southern Great Plains SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE surface fluxes; land surface modeling; LDAS ID SOIL-MOISTURE SIMULATIONS; ETA-MODEL; RIVER BASIN; FIFE DATA; SURFACE; PARAMETERIZATION; PRECIPITATION; BOUNDARY; PROJECT AB Atmospheric forcing used by land surface models is a critical component of the North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS) and its quality crucially affects the final product of NLDAS and our work on model improvement. A three-year (September 1996-September 1999) retrospective forcing data set was created from the Eta Data Assimilation System and observations and used to run the NLDAS land surface models for this period. We compared gridded NLDAS forcing with station observations obtained from networks including the Oklahoma Mesonet and Atmospheric Radiation Measurement/Cloud and Radiation Testbed at the southern Great Plains. Differences in all forcing variables except precipitation between the NLDAS forcing data set and station observations are small at all timescales. While precipitation data do not agree very well at an hourly timescale, they do agree better at longer timescales because of the way NLDAS precipitation forcing is generated. A small high bias in downward solar radiation and a low bias in downward longwave radiation exist in the retrospective forcing. To investigate the impact of these differences on land surface modeling we compared two sets of model simulations, one forced by the standard NLDAS product and one with station-observed meteorology. The differences in the resulting simulations of soil moisture and soil temperature for each model were small, much smaller than the differences between the models and between the models and observations. This indicates that NLDAS retrospective forcing provides an excellent state-of-the-art data set for land surface modeling, at least over the southern Great Plains region. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Dept Environm Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. NOAA Sci Ctr, Environm Modeling Ctr, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrol Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NOAA, Natl Weather Ctr, Off Hydrol Dev, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NOAA Sci Ctr, Climate Predict Ctr, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Meteorol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Off Res & Applicat, Silver Spring, MD 20746 USA. Princeton Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Luo, LF (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM robock@envsci.rutgers.edu RI Sheffield, Justin/A-6388-2008; Luo, Lifeng/C-8734-2009; Pinker, Rachel/F-6565-2010; Houser, Paul/J-9515-2013; Duan, Qingyun/C-7652-2011; Robock, Alan/B-6385-2016 OI Houser, Paul/0000-0002-2991-0441; Duan, Qingyun/0000-0001-9955-1512; NR 33 TC 72 Z9 74 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD NOV 4 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D22 AR 8843 DI 10.1029/2002JD003246 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 742GH UT WOS:000186508700003 ER PT J AU Kaufman, JG Begley, EF AF Kaufman, JG Begley, EF TI MatML: A data interchange markup language SO ADVANCED MATERIALS & PROCESSES LA English DT Article AB This article updates and expands upon previously published information on MatML, a new extensible markup language designed specifically for the exchange of materials information. In particular, it describes the strengths of MatML from the perspective of materials specialists dealing with a wide variety of types of materials information. C1 Kaufman Associates, Columbus, OH 43220 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kaufman, JG (reprint author), Kaufman Associates, Columbus, OH 43220 USA. NR 0 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU ASM INTERNATIONAL PI MATERIALS PARK PA SUBSCRIPTIONS SPECIALIST CUSTOMER SERVICE, MATERIALS PARK, OH 44073-0002 USA SN 0882-7958 J9 ADV MATER PROCESS JI Adv. Mater. Process. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 161 IS 11 BP 35 EP 36 PG 2 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 740XY UT WOS:000186429300004 ER PT J AU Xu, Q Zhou, BB AF Xu, Q Zhou, BB TI Retrieving soil water contents from soil temperature measurements by using linear regression SO ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE retrieval; soil water content ID SURFACE FLUXES; LAYER; HEAT; MOISTURE AB A simple linear regression method is developed to retrieve daily averaged soil water content from diurnal variations of soil temperature measured at three or more depths. The method is applied to Oklahoma Mesonet soil temperature data collected at the depths of 5, 10, and 30 cm during 11-20 June 1995. The retrieved bulk soil water contents are compared with direct measurements for one pair of nearly collocated Mesonet and ARM stations and also compared with the retrievals of a previous method at 14 enhanced Oklahoma Mesonet stations. The results show that the current method gives more persistent retrievals than the previous method. The method is also applied to Oklahoma Mesonet soil temperature data collected at the depths of 5, 25, 60, and 75 cm from the Norman site during 20-30 July 1998 and 1-31 July 2000.. The retrieved soil water contents are verified by collocated soil water content measurements with rms differences smaller than the soil water observation error (0.05 m(3) m(-3)). The retrievals are found to be moderately sensitive to random errors (+/-0.1 K) in the soil temperature observations and errors in the soil type specifications. C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. NOAA, NWS, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Camp Springs, MD USA. RP NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. EM Qin.Xu@noaa.gov RI AAS, AAS/C-2949-2014 NR 14 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 4 PU SCIENCE PRESS PI BEIJING PA 16 DONGHUANGCHENGGEN NORTH ST, BEIJING 100717, PEOPLES R CHINA SN 0256-1530 EI 1861-9533 J9 ADV ATMOS SCI JI Adv. Atmos. Sci. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 20 IS 6 BP 849 EP 858 DI 10.1007/BF02915509 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 753KB UT WOS:000187229600001 ER PT J AU Xiao, Y Barker, P AF Xiao, Y Barker, P TI Quantum dot probes for human metaphase chromosomes. SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT Annual Meeting of the American-Society-of-Human-Genetics CY NOV 04-08, 2003 CL LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA SP Amer Soc Human Genet C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, DNA Technol Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU UNIV CHICAGO PRESS PI CHICAGO PA 1427 E 60TH ST, CHICAGO, IL 60637-2954 USA SN 0002-9297 J9 AM J HUM GENET JI Am. J. Hum. Genet. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 73 IS 5 MA 284 BP 218 EP 218 PG 1 WC Genetics & Heredity SC Genetics & Heredity GA 726LC UT WOS:000185599700285 ER PT J AU Vasconcellos, ECC Jackson, M Hockel, H Lauters, M Allen, MD Evenson, KM AF Vasconcellos, ECC Jackson, M Hockel, H Lauters, M Allen, MD Evenson, KM TI Discovery and measurement of optically pumped far-infrared laser emissions in (CD3OH)-C-13 SO APPLIED PHYSICS B-LASERS AND OPTICS LA English DT Article ID FREQUENCY MEASUREMENTS; LINES; ASSIGNMENTS AB We report the discovery of four laser emissions from the partially deuterated C-13 methanol isotope (CD3OH)-C-13 when optically pumped with a cw carbon dioxide (CO2) laser. The wavelengths of these lines, ranging from 45.3 to 108.9 mum, are reported along with their polarizations relative to the CO2 pump laser, operating pressure, and relative intensity. A three-laser heterodyne system was then used to measure the frequencies of eight optically pumped laser emissions from this methanol isotope. These emissions range from 53.4 to 126.1 mum and are reported with fractional uncertainties up to +/-2x10(-7). C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Phys, La Crosse, WI 54601 USA. Univ Estadual Campinas, Dept Eletron Quant, Inst Fis Gleb Wataghin, BR-13083970 Campinas, SP, Brazil. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Jackson, M (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Phys, La Crosse, WI 54601 USA. RI Inst. of Physics, Gleb Wataghin/A-9780-2017 NR 13 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0946-2171 J9 APPL PHYS B-LASERS O JI Appl. Phys. B-Lasers Opt. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 77 IS 6-7 BP 561 EP 562 DI 10.1007/s00340-003-1345-x PG 2 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA 741GQ UT WOS:000186450700004 ER PT J AU Holmberg, DG AF Holmberg, DG TI Enemies at the gates - Securing the BACnet (R) building SO ASHRAE JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB The building automation industry is moving away from isolated building control systems toward building automation systems (BAS) integrated with business applications on a shared "IT" network. This open shared architecture allows not only for integration of diverse building control systems, but also for connections to corporate business applications as well as off-site business partners. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Bldg Environm Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Holmberg, DG (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Bldg Environm Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER SOC HEATING REFRIGERATING AIR-CONDITIONING ENG, INC, PI ATLANTA PA 1791 TULLIE CIRCLE NE, ATLANTA, GA 30329 USA SN 0001-2491 J9 ASHRAE J JI ASHRAE J. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 45 IS 11 BP B24 EP B28 PG 5 WC Thermodynamics; Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA 740YK UT WOS:000186430600020 ER PT J AU Ren, WP Yang, SY Fang, HW Hsu, S Wooley, PH AF Ren, WP Yang, SY Fang, HW Hsu, S Wooley, PH TI Distinct gene expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B and rank ligand in the inflammatory response to variant morphologies of UHMWPE particles SO BIOMATERIALS LA English DT Article DE RANK; RANKL; wear debris; shape; UHMWPE particles ID POLYETHYLENE WEAR DEBRIS; BONE-RESORPTION ACTIVITY; OSTEOCLAST DIFFERENTIATION; OSTEOPROTEGERIN LIGAND; KNEE REPLACEMENTS; TNF-ALPHA; JOINT; MACROPHAGES; OSTEOLYSIS; METABOLISM AB Recent studies have examined the role of wear debris-induced bone resorption in the aseptic loosening of orthopedic prostheses. Research has shown that inflammation depends not only on the amount of particulate debris, but also the shape and size of the accumulated wear particles. Our previous studies have demonstrated that variant shapes of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) particles induce diverse cellular and apoptotic responses in a murine inflammation model. Since enhanced osteoclastogenesis is recognized as a hallmark of bone loss in prosthetic loosening, we have now investigated the gene expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB (RANK) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL) during the inflammatory response to different shapes of UHMWPE particles. Two shapes of UHMWPE particles (globular or elongated) were implanted in established air pouches on BALB/c mice, and pouches harvested 7 days after stimulation with UHMWPE particles. Gene levels of RANK, RANKL, TNFalpha, IL-1beta, and cathepsin K (CK) were quantified by real time RT-PCR, and TRAP staining of pouch membrane was used to evaluate osteoclastogenesis. We found that (i) elongated particles generated significantly higher RANK and RANKL gene expression than globular particles in pouch tissue; (ii) elongated particles provoked significantly higher IL-1beta and TNFalpha gene expression; (iii) a positive association was found between tissue inflammation status and the gene level of RANK/RANKL; and (iv) elongated particles stimulated significantly higher CK gene expression in comparison with globular particles. Histology revealed that clusters of TRAP+ cells were located in regions in contact with elongated particles. Overall, these data suggest that the morphology of wear debris may be a critical factor in the pathogenesis of prosthetic loosening. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Wayne State Univ, Sch Med, Dept Orthopaed Surg, Hutzel Hosp, Detroit, MI 48201 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wooley, PH (reprint author), Wayne State Univ, Sch Med, Dept Orthopaed Surg, Hutzel Hosp, 1 S,4707 St Antoine Blvd, Detroit, MI 48201 USA. NR 38 TC 55 Z9 61 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0142-9612 J9 BIOMATERIALS JI Biomaterials PD NOV PY 2003 VL 24 IS 26 BP 4819 EP 4826 DI 10.1016/S0142-9612(03)00384-3 PG 8 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 734DK UT WOS:000186039800010 PM 14530078 ER PT J AU Seminoff, JA Karl, SA Schwartz, T Resendiz, A AF Seminoff, JA Karl, SA Schwartz, T Resendiz, A TI Hybridization of the green turtle (Chelonia mydas) and hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) in the Pacific Ocean: Indication of an absence of gender bias in the directionality of crosses SO BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDIZATION; CARETTA-CARETTA; MARINE TURTLES; PHYLOGENY; EVOLUTION; MARKERS AB On 5 September 1999 a juvenile sea turtle (BLA-428) was captured near Bahia de los Angeles, Gulf of California, Mexico. The presence of intermediate morphological characteristics suggested this turtle was a hybrid between a green turtle (Chelonia mydas) and hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata). BLA-428 exhibited intermediate morphology with respect to number of post-orbital scales, number of prefrontal scales, presence of a median ridge on the lower mandible, carapace scute imbrication, marginal scute dentation, and number of claws on the front flippers. To determine the genotype of BLA-428, we amplified a single-copy nuclear locus CM-14A known to contain species-specific restriction site polymorphisms. Restriction enzyme digests (Dra I and Nde 1) of the CM-14A fragment indicated this individual was a cross between C. mydas and either E. imbricata or Caretta caretta. Sequence of the mitochondrial DNA control region indicated the mother was E. imbricata with a common Pacific haplotype. This is the first known case of a C. mydas x E. imbricata cross in the Pacific Ocean Basin. Further, it provides the first clear evidence for bi-directional hybridization in marine turtles. C1 Univ Florida, Dept Zool, Archie Carr Ctr Sea Turtle Res, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA. Univ S Florida, Dept Biol, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. Inst Nacl Ecol, Direcc Gen Vida Silvestre, Secretaria Medio Ambiente & Rec Nat, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico. RP Seminoff, JA (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Div Protected Resources, 8604 La Jolla Shores Dr, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. NR 32 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 11 PU ROSENSTIEL SCH MAR ATMOS SCI PI MIAMI PA 4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY, MIAMI, FL 33149 USA SN 0007-4977 J9 B MAR SCI JI Bull. Mar. Sci. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 73 IS 3 BP 643 EP 652 PG 10 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 813DR UT WOS:000220888300008 ER PT J AU Vermeij, MJA Diekmann, OE Bak, RPM AF Vermeij, MJA Diekmann, OE Bak, RPM TI New species of scleractinian coral (Cnidaria, anthozoa), Madracis carmabi n. sp from the Caribbean SO BULLETIN OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID GENETIC-EVIDENCE AB Madracis carmabi, n. sp. is a relatively common zooxanthellate scleractinian coral found throughout the Caribbean. The species is described based on colonies collected from Curacao. Features that distinguish this species from other Madracis species are the combination of (1) a branching morphology, and (2) decameral septal organization. The species is mostly found between 20-40 In depth. Hybridization between Madracis decactis and Madracis formosa is proposed as a process leading to this new species following the principles of reticulate evolution. C1 Univ Amsterdam, IBED, NL-1090 GT Amsterdam, Netherlands. Univ Groningen, Dept Marine Biol, NL-1750 AA Groningen, Netherlands. Netherlands Inst Sea Res, NL-1790 AB Den Burg, Netherlands. RP Vermeij, MJA (reprint author), NOAA, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Cooperat Inst Marine & Atmospher Studies, 75 Virginia Beach Dr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RI Vermeij, Mark/B-2752-2013 OI Vermeij, Mark/0000-0001-9612-9527 NR 27 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 4 PU ROSENSTIEL SCH MAR ATMOS SCI PI MIAMI PA 4600 RICKENBACKER CAUSEWAY, MIAMI, FL 33149 USA SN 0007-4977 J9 B MAR SCI JI Bull. Mar. Sci. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 73 IS 3 BP 679 EP 684 PG 6 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 813DR UT WOS:000220888300011 ER PT J AU Novak, D Waldstreicher, J Bosart, L Keyser, D AF Novak, D Waldstreicher, J Bosart, L Keyser, D TI Anticipating mesoscale band formation in winter storms SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th Northeast Regional Operational Workshop CY NOV 05-06, 2002 CL ALBANY, NEW YORK C1 Natl Weather Serv, NOAA, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Novak, D (reprint author), Natl Weather Serv, NOAA, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 84 IS 11 BP 1502 EP 1503 PG 2 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 752MD UT WOS:000187163900008 ER PT J AU Tongue, JS Colle, BA Cope, A Shedd, R Vallee, D Watson, J AF Tongue, JS Colle, BA Cope, A Shedd, R Vallee, D Watson, J TI Numerical techniques for improving forecasts SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th Northeast Regional Operational Workshop CY NOV 05-06, 2002 CL ALBANY, NEW YORK C1 Natl Weather Serv, NOAA, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Tongue, JS (reprint author), Natl Weather Serv, NOAA, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 84 IS 11 BP 1503 EP 1505 PG 3 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 752MD UT WOS:000187163900009 ER PT J AU St Jean, D Sisson, P AF St Jean, D Sisson, P TI Upslope snowfall in northern Vermont and New York SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th Northeast Regional Operational Workshop CY NOV 05-06, 2002 CL ALBANY, NEW YORK C1 Natl Weather Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP St Jean, D (reprint author), Natl Weather Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 84 IS 11 BP 1505 EP + PG 2 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 752MD UT WOS:000187163900010 ER PT J AU Korotky, J AF Korotky, J TI Composited charts for forecasters SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th Northeast Regional Operational Workshop CY NOV 05-06, 2002 CL ALBANY, NEW YORK C1 Natl Weather Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Korotky, J (reprint author), Natl Weather Serv, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 84 IS 11 BP 1507 EP 1508 PG 2 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 752MD UT WOS:000187163900011 ER PT J AU Lin-Gibson, S Walls, HJ Kennedy, SB Welsh, ER AF Lin-Gibson, S Walls, HJ Kennedy, SB Welsh, ER TI Reaction kinetics and gel properties of blocked diisocyinate crosslinked chitosan hydrogels SO CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS LA English DT Article DE chitosan; hydrogels; crosslink kinetics; gel modulus ID RHEOLOGY; CHITIN; GELATION; NETWORK; SYSTEM AB Cure kinetics and network properties of hydrogels prepared by the reaction of chitosan and a water-soluble blocked diisocyanate cross-linker have been measured using swelling experiments and rheometry. The gel time measured by two different rheological methods, the rate equivalence of the change in modulus as a function of reaction time (G'G" crossover) and the critical gel via the Winter-Chambon approach, are comparable. The reaction rate increased with increased temperature following the Arrhenius behavior, from which apparent activation energies can be determined. The network moduli can be tailored by adjusting the ratio of chitosan to cross-linker or the solution concentration. This allows for the formation of processable chemically cross-linked chitosan hydrogels with controlled kinetics and mechanical properties. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. USN, Res Lab, Ctr Biomol Sci & Engn, Washington, DC 20375 USA. RP Lin-Gibson, S (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM slgibson@nist.gov NR 28 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 3 U2 8 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0144-8617 J9 CARBOHYD POLYM JI Carbohydr. Polym. PD NOV 1 PY 2003 VL 54 IS 2 BP 193 EP 199 DI 10.1016/S0144-8617(03)00159-0 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Applied; Chemistry, Organic; Polymer Science SC Chemistry; Polymer Science GA 722NN UT WOS:000185382600008 ER PT J AU Phair, JW Schulz, JC Bertram, W Aldridge, LP AF Phair, JW Schulz, JC Bertram, W Aldridge, LP TI Investigation of the microstructure of alkali-activated cements by neutron scattering SO CEMENT AND CONCRETE RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE microstructure; SANS; alkali-activated (AA) cement; OPC; XRD ID SMALL-ANGLE SCATTERING; TRICALCIUM SILICATE; FRACTAL MICROSTRUCTURES; HYDRATION KINETICS; PASTE; POROSITY; SYSTEMS; WATER; SANS AB Significant research has been devoted to understanding and modeling the neutron scattering behavior of Portland cement pastes. The present work examines the potential of neutron scattering to noninvasively evaluate the properties of alternative cementitious materials encountered in the field. To interpret the scattering of both alkali-activated and slag-cement systems, alternative models to those typically adopted for Portland cement pastes were considered. Investigation of alkali-activated and slag-cement coupons were conducted for different sample thickness (similar to0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 12 mm) over a wide scattering vector (Q) range (0.0005 < Q > 0.03 mm(-1) and 0.04 < Q > 4 nm(-1)) on both ultra (USANS) and conventional small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) spectrometers. This wide Q range allowed determination of the fractal properties of the microstructure as well as the radius of the main scattering particle in the material. An empirical correction for multiple scattering was made based on the Dexter-Beeman equation and demonstrated that for thicker sample widths the theory correlated reasonably well. Alkali-activated fly ash was found to have the largest R value while the OPC and slag mix exhibited the largest Guinier radius. This difference was attributed to variations in the extent of multiple scattering for the samples. Successful application of this model was limited to sample thickness greater than or equal to 1 mm. A combined power law-Sabine expression was also utilized to successfully model the SANS data over a Q range of 0.04-4 nm(-1). (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Australian Nucl Sci & Technol Org, Menai, NSW 2334, Australia. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Melbourne, Dept Chem Engn, Melbourne, Vic 3010, Australia. RP Phair, JW (reprint author), FHWA, Turner Fairbank Highway Res Ctr, F-211,6300 Georgetown Pike, Mclean, VA 22101 USA. EM john.phair@fhwa.dot.gov RI Schulz, Jamie/B-3819-2008; Chen, Wei/A-5694-2010 NR 48 TC 10 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 6 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0008-8846 J9 CEMENT CONCRETE RES JI Cem. Concr. Res. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 33 IS 11 BP 1811 EP 1824 DI 10.1016/S0008-8846(03)00199-6 PG 14 WC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science GA 807GC UT WOS:000220489000017 ER PT J AU Abdulagatov, AI Stepanov, GV Abdulagatov, IM Ramazanova, AE Alisultanova, GS AF Abdulagatov, AI Stepanov, GV Abdulagatov, IM Ramazanova, AE Alisultanova, GS TI Extrema of isochoric heat capacity of water and carbon dioxide SO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE carbon dioxide; critical point; equation of state; isochoric heat capacity; supercritical fluids; water ID X-RAY-SCATTERING; THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES; CRITICAL REGION; EQUATION; FLUID; STATE; MIXTURES; POINT AB The experimental and predicted loci extrema behavior of the isochoric heat capacity C(V) was examined for water and carbon dioxide along the subcritical and supercritical isotherms and along the liquid and vapor isochores. The studies were based on a nonanalytical Helmholtz energy-volume-temperature equation (AVT, fundamental equation of state), the IAPWS-95 formulation for water, and scaling-type crossover equations of state (CREOS). The measured isochoric heat capacity data for these fluids near the critical point were analyzed to study the behavior of loci of C(V) maxima and to compare these with predictions by the equations of state. A CREOS was applied to study the behavior of the isochoric heat capacity maxima in the immediate vicinity of the critical point. Good agreement with the CREOS prediction and experimental isothermal C(V) maxima loci was observed near the critical point. The basic characteristic points on the C(V) extrema loci curves in the P-T and rho-T planes were determined on the basis of detailed analysis of the experimental and prediction of C(V) extrema loci behavior. Qualitative explanations are given for the nature of isochoric and isothermal C(V) maxima-minima curves. The role of C(V) extrema. loci behavior in developing high-accuracy equations of state in the supercritical region and in the study of supercritical phase-transition phenomena are discussed. C1 Russian Acad Sci, Inst Phys, Dagestan Sci Ctr, Makhachkala, Russia. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Geothermal Res, Dagestan Sci Ctr, Makhachkala, Russia. RP Abdulagatov, AI (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM ilmutdin@boulder.nist.gov NR 28 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 8 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0098-6445 J9 CHEM ENG COMMUN JI Chem. Eng. Commun. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 190 IS 11 BP 1499 EP 1520 DI 10.1080/00986440390227358 PG 22 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA 734PK UT WOS:000186065600005 ER PT J AU Lautenbacher, CC AF Lautenbacher, CC TI Joining together to take the pulse of planet earth SO CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PROGRESS LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NOAA, Washington, DC 20230 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER INST CHEMICAL ENGINEERS PI NEW YORK PA 3 PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5901 USA SN 0360-7275 J9 CHEM ENG PROG JI Chem. Eng. Prog. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 99 IS 11 BP 21 EP 21 PG 1 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA 741UE UT WOS:000186478100037 ER PT J AU Waliser, DE Jin, K Kang, IS Stern, WF Schubert, SD Wu, MLC Lau, KM Lee, MI Krishnamurthy, V Kitoh, A Meehl, GA Galin, VY Satyan, V Mandke, SK Wu, G Liu, Y Park, CK AF Waliser, DE Jin, K Kang, IS Stern, WF Schubert, SD Wu, MLC Lau, KM Lee, MI Krishnamurthy, V Kitoh, A Meehl, GA Galin, VY Satyan, V Mandke, SK Wu, G Liu, Y Park, CK TI AGCM simulations of intraseasonal variability associated with the Asian summer monsoon SO CLIMATE DYNAMICS LA English DT Review ID MADDEN-JULIAN OSCILLATION; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; OUTGOING LONGWAVE RADIATION; COMMUNITY CLIMATE MODEL; INDIAN MONSOON; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; SURFACE-TEMPERATURE; EL-NINO; HORIZONTAL RESOLUTION; TROPICAL CONVECTION AB The intraseasonal variability associated with the Asian summer monsoon as simulated by a number of atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs) are analyzed and assessed against observations. The model data comes from the Monsoon GCM Intercomparison project initiated by the CLIVAR/Asian-Australian Monsoon Panel. Ten GCM groups, i.e., the Center for Ocean-Land-Atmosphere Studies (COLA), Institute of Numerical Mathematics (DNM), Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP), Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), Meteorological Research Institute (MRI), National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), Seoul National University (SNU), and the State University of New York (SUNY), participated in the intraseasonal component of the project. Each performed a set of 10 ensemble simulations for 1 September 1996-31 August 1998 using the same observed weekly SST values but with different initial conditions. The focus is on the spatial and seasonal variations associated with intraseasonal variability (ISV) of rainfall, the structure of each model's principal mode of spatial-temporal variation of rainfall [i.e. their depiction of the Intraseasonal Oscillation (ISO)], the teleconnection patterns associated with each model's ISO, and the implications of the models' ISV on seasonal monsoon predictability. The results show that several of the models exhibit ISV levels at or above that found in observations with spatial patterns of ISV that resemble the observed pattern. This includes a number of rather detailed features, including the relative distribution of variability between ocean and land regions. In terms of the area-averaged variance, it is found that the fidelity of a model to represent NH summer versus winter ISV appears to be strongly linked. In addition, most models' ISO patterns do exhibit some form of northeastward propagation. However, the model ISO patterns are typically less coherent, lack sufficient eastward propagation, and have smaller zonal and meridional spatial scales than the observed patterns, and are often limited to one side or the other of the maritime continent. The most pervasive and problematic feature of the models' depiction of ISV and/or their ISO patterns is the overall lack of variability in the equatorial Indian Ocean. In some cases, this characteristic appears to result from some models forming double convergence zones about the equator rather than one region of strong convergence on the equator. This shortcoming results in a poor representation of the local rainfall pattern and also significantly influences the models' representations of the global-scale teleconnection patterns associated with the ISO. Finally, analysis of the model ensemble shows a positive relationship between the strength of a model's ISV of rainfall and its intra-ensemble variability of seasonal monsoon rainfall. The implications of this latter relation are discussed in the context of seasonal monsoon predictability. C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Marine Sci Res Ctr, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Seoul Natl Univ, Sch Earth & Environm Sci, Seoul, South Korea. Princeton Univ, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Data Assimilat Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Climate & Radiat Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Ctr Ocean Land Atmosphere Studies, Calverton, MD USA. Meteorol Res Inst, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Russian Acad Sci, Inst Numer Math, Moscow, Russia. Indian Inst Trop Meteorol, Pune, Maharashtra, India. LASG, Inst Atmospher Phys, Beijing, Peoples R China. Korea Meteorol Adm, Climate Predict Div, Seoul, South Korea. RP Waliser, DE (reprint author), SUNY Stony Brook, Marine Sci Res Ctr, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. EM duane.waliser@sunysb.edu RI Lau, William /E-1510-2012; 안, 민섭/D-9972-2015; OI Lau, William /0000-0002-3587-3691; Lee, Myong-In/0000-0001-8983-8624 NR 113 TC 142 Z9 148 U1 5 U2 27 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0930-7575 J9 CLIM DYNAM JI Clim. Dyn. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 21 IS 5-6 BP 423 EP 446 DI 10.1007/s00382-003-0337-1 PG 24 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 742CA UT WOS:000186496700005 ER PT J AU Manning, MR AF Manning, MR TI The difficulty of communicating uncertainty - An editorial comment SO CLIMATIC CHANGE LA English DT Editorial Material ID CLIMATE; RISK C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, IPCC Working Grp I Support Unit, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Manning, MR (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, IPCC Working Grp I Support Unit, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 9 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 5 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-0009 J9 CLIMATIC CHANGE JI Clim. Change PD NOV PY 2003 VL 61 IS 1-2 BP 9 EP 16 DI 10.1023/A:1026309307763 PG 8 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 738DU UT WOS:000186272100002 ER PT J AU Vroom, PS Smith, CM AF Vroom, PS Smith, CM TI Reproductive features of Hawaiian Halimeda velasquezii (Bryopsidales, Chlorophyta), and an evolutionary assessment of reproductive characters in Halimeda SO CRYPTOGAMIE ALGOLOGIE LA English DT Article DE evolution; Halimeda velasquezii; Hawaii; phylogeny; PRIMER; reproduction; taxonomy ID CORAL-REEFS; GREEN-ALGAE; PHYLOGENIES; SYSTEMATICS; ECOLOGY; UDOTEA AB Reproductive features form the basis of many taxonomic and phylogenetic classification schemes, yet their relative obscurity among many green algae has led researchers to form evolutionary hypotheses based primarily on vegetative features. Here we describe reproductive characters of Halimeda velasquezii for the first time and assemble descriptive information for 19 other species of Halimeda to assess the importance of reproductive structures for delineation of species and phylogenetic hypotheses within the genus. Multivariate analyses reveal reproductive structures of sand-dwellings species to form a group distinct from at least one other evolutionary lineage within the genus, suggesting that reproductive characters may be evolutionarily informative. Gametophore length appears to be the most phylogenetically informative character, accounting for over 75% of differences between lineages. Most Halimeda species with multiple descriptions of reproductive characters exhibit widely divergent, nonoverlapping size characteristics between geographic locations. This may be explained by possible nonmonophyly of historical species from distant areas or specimens having been collected at different developmental stages. C1 NOAA, Fisheries Honolulu Lab, Coral Reef Ecosyst Div, Kewal Basin Res Facil, Honolulu, HI 96814 USA. Univ Hawaii Manoa, Dept Bot, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Vroom, PS (reprint author), NOAA, Fisheries Honolulu Lab, Coral Reef Ecosyst Div, Kewal Basin Res Facil, 1125B Ala Moana Blvd, Honolulu, HI 96814 USA. EM Peter.Vroom@noaa.gov NR 33 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 7 PU ADAC-CRYPTOGAMIE PI PARIS PA 12 RUE DE BUFFON, 75005 PARIS, FRANCE SN 0181-1568 J9 CRYPTOGAMIE ALGOL JI Cryptogam. Algol. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 24 IS 4 BP 355 EP 370 PG 16 WC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Plant Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 766WE UT WOS:000188397700006 ER PT J AU Khatri, CA Stansbury, JW Schultheisz, CR Antonucci, JM AF Khatri, CA Stansbury, JW Schultheisz, CR Antonucci, JM TI Synthesis, characterization and evaluation of urethane derivatives of Bis-GMA SO DENTAL MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE bis-GMA; dimethacrylate; urethane; polymerization shrinkage; conversion; viscosity; alkyl isocyanate; hydrogen bonding ID CONVERSION AB Objectives. The aims of the study were to synthesize derivatives of Bis-GMA having pendant n-alkyl urethane substituents and to characterize and evaluate their physicochemical properties. Methods. Stoichiometric amounts of Bis-GMA and n-alkyl isocyanates were reacted in dichloromethane with dibutyltin dilaurate as a catalyst. Volumetric shrinkage, water uptake, degree of vinyl conversion, refractive index and viscosity of resulting urethane monomers and those of Bis-GMA were measured. The flexural strengths of their corresponding homopolymers and that of Bis-GMA were also measured. Results. These types of urethane derivatives of Bis-GMA exhibited lower viscosities and were more hydrophobic than Bis-GMA. Generally, the viscosity of these experimental monomers decreased with increasing chain length of the alkyl urethane substituent. Photopolymerization of the new monomers gave high degrees of vinyl conversion compared to Bis-GMA. The experimental monomers also yielded polymers with lower polymerization shrinkages at equivalent degrees of vinyl conversion, than Bis-GMA. The refractive indices of these urethane derivatives were similar to Bis-GMA, but the flexural strengths of their polymers were lower than that of the Bis-GMA homopolymer, decreasing with increasing chain length of the alkyl urethane substituent. Significance. Because of their excellent overall properties, these new derivatives of Bis-GMA have potential as dental monomers that can improve many properties of resin based dental materials that utilize methacrylate monomer systems. (C) Academy of Dental Materials Published by Elsevier Science Ltd on behalf of Academy of Dental Materials. C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Colorado, Hlth Sci Ctr, Aurora, CO 80045 USA. RP Khatri, CA (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 8545, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. FU NIDCR NIH HHS [Y1-DE-7006-0] NR 11 TC 79 Z9 84 U1 1 U2 29 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0109-5641 J9 DENT MATER JI Dent. Mater. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 19 IS 7 BP 584 EP 588 DI 10.1016/S0109-5641(02)00108-2 PG 5 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine; Materials Science GA 723PN UT WOS:000185440900002 PM 12901981 ER PT J AU Quinn, JB Sundar, V Lloyd, IK AF Quinn, JB Sundar, V Lloyd, IK TI Influence of microstructure and chemistry on the fracture toughness of dental ceramics SO DENTAL MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE dental ceramics; glass-ceramics; feldspathic porcelains; fracture toughness; Young's modulus; microstructure; leucite ID MICA GLASS-CERAMICS; CRACK R-CURVES; INDENTATION; PORCELAINS; STRENGTH; ALUMINA AB Objectives. the primary aim of this research was to measure fracture toughness for several groups of dental ceramics, and determine how this property is affected by chemistry and microstructure. Methods. Fracture toughness (K,,) values were obtained using Single Edge Precracked Beam (SEPB) and Single Edge V-Notch Beam (SEVNB) methods. Dynamic Young's modulus, which often scales with strength and has been used in explaining the microstructure/toughness relationship on a theoretical basis, was also obtained for the three groups of materials comprising this study. The first group, consisting of micaceous glass ceramics, included model materials that varied systematically in microstructure but not in chemistry. The second group, the feldspathic porcelains, varied significantly in microstructure, but little in chemistry. The ceramics comprising the third group were significantly different in both chemistry and microstructure. Results. Upper toughness limits for the micaceous glass-ceramics and feldspathic porcelains were significantly raised compared to the base glasses, but remained under 2 MPa m(1/2). The highest toughnesses were associated with high percent crystallinity, large grains and high aspect ratios. The third group K-1c values were 2.8 MPa m(1/2) for a lithium disilicate glass-ceramic, 3.1 MPa m(1/2) for a glass-infused alumina, and 4.9 MPa m(1/2) for zirconia. Significance. the correlations between microstructural characteristics and measured properties supports theoretical predictions in the literature. From a practical standpoint, microstructural effects were found to be important, but only within a limited range; the chemistry apparently defined a band of achievable property values. This suggests very large increases in fracture toughness are unlikely to be attained by changes in microstructure alone. A functional relationship determined for the micaceous glass-ceramics enables quantitative predictions of fracture toughness based on the microstructure. (C) 2003 Academy of Dental Materials. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, ADAHF Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Ceramco, Burlington, NJ 08016 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat & Nucl Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Quinn, JB (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, ADAHF Paffenbarger Res Ctr, STOP8546, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Lloyd, Isabel/B-1513-2012 FU NIDCR NIH HHS [P01DE10976] NR 43 TC 73 Z9 81 U1 2 U2 29 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0109-5641 J9 DENT MATER JI Dent. Mater. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 19 IS 7 BP 603 EP 611 DI 10.1016/S0109-5641(03)00002-2 PG 9 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine; Materials Science GA 723PN UT WOS:000185440900005 PM 12901984 ER PT J AU Bricker, SB Ferreira, JG Simas, T AF Bricker, SB Ferreira, JG Simas, T TI An integrated methodology for assessment of estuarine trophic status SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE eutrophication; estuary; index; NEEA; EU water framework directive; model ID COASTAL WATERS; FISH KILLS; AQUATIC VEGETATION; ECOSYSTEM-MODEL; EUTROPHICATION; SEA; DINOFLAGELLATE; SIMULATION; ENRICHMENT; MANAGEMENT AB This paper describes an integrated methodology for the Assessment of Estuarine Trophic Status (ASSETS), which may be applied comparatively to rank the eutrophication status of estuaries and coastal areas, and to address management options. It includes quantitative and semi-quantitative components, and uses field data, models and expert knowledge to provide Pressure-State-Response (PSR) indicators. A substantial part of the concepts underlying the approach were developed as the United States National Estuarine Eutrophication Assessment (NEEA), which was applied to 138 estuaries in the continental United States. The core methodology relies on three diagnostic tools: a heuristic index of pressure (Overall Human Influence), a symptoms-based evaluation of state (Overall Eutrophic Conditions), and an indicator of management response (Definition of Future Outlook). Recently, the methodology has been extended and refined in its application to European estuaries, and a more quantitative approach to some of the metrics has been implemented. In particular, the assessment of pressure is carried out by means of simple modeling techniques, comparing anthropogenic nutrient loading with natural background concentrations, and the quantitative criteria for classification of system state based on different symptoms have been refined to improve comparability. The present approach has been intercalibrated with the original NEEA work, for five widely different U.S. estuaries (Long Island Sound, Neuse River, Savannah River, Florida Bay and West Mississippi Sound) with good results. ASSETS additionally aims to contribute to the EU Water Framework Directive classification system, as regards a subset of water quality and ecological parameters in transitional and coastal waters. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Ocean Serv, NOAA, Natl Ctr Coastal Ocean Sci, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. IMAR, Inst Marine Res, Ctr Ecol Modelling, DCEA,FCT, P-2829516 Monte De Caparica, Portugal. RP Bricker, SB (reprint author), Natl Ocean Serv, NOAA, Natl Ctr Coastal Ocean Sci, 1305 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM suzanne.bricker@noaa.gov OI Ferreira, Joao/0000-0001-9614-142X NR 76 TC 221 Z9 259 U1 7 U2 83 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-3800 J9 ECOL MODEL JI Ecol. Model. PD NOV 1 PY 2003 VL 169 IS 1 BP 39 EP 60 DI 10.1016/S0304-3800(03)00199-6 PG 22 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 742JT UT WOS:000186514200004 ER PT J AU Munoz, RC Warner, RR AF Munoz, RC Warner, RR TI Alternative contexts of sex change with social control in the bucktooth parrotfish, Sparisoma radians SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article DE protogyny; Scaridae; patch reefs; bachelor males; hermaphroditism ID CORAL-REEF FISH; PROTOGYNOUS HERMAPHRODITISM; SPERM COMPETITION; MATING SYSTEMS; MARINE GOBY; BEHAVIOR; MALES; SIZE; POPULATION; EVOLUTION AB Social control of sex change occurs in a variety of hermaphroditic fishes; upon removal of the dominant individual, the largest individual of the opposite sex typically changes sex and acquires mating priority with the remaining members of the social group. Social control may allow a phenotypically plastic response to social situations that convey cues about the relative advantages of functioning as one sex or the other, and should be advantageous in highly heterogeneous habitats such as coral reefs. Parrotfishes (family Scaridae) are dominant members of herbivorous coral reef fish assemblages, and numerous histological examinations of gonads have demonstrated the hermaphroditic life history of many species in the family. However, social control of sex change has never been conclusively demonstrated in the parrotfishes. To test a new version of the size-advantage model for sex change, we conducted removal experiments of dominant male bucktooth parrotfish, Sparisoma radians, in St. Croix, U. S. Virgin Islands. A total of seven females from five different reefs changed sex following removals, clearly demonstrating social control of sex change. In addition, all but one of those individuals changing sex were smaller than the largest females remaining in the harems, and this contrasts with nearly all previous studies of sex change in fishes. Sex change proceeds via a novel sequence of events when compared with previous studies. Rather than behavioral sex change preceding morphological sex change, the appearance of male coloration is followed by the development of male behavior that is fully expressed approximately 20 days after removal. We show how differing arrival rates of bachelor males at our study sites may facilitate alternative contexts of sex change, with sex change occurring within social groups in some locations and with bachelor males filling harem vacancies in other locations. Alternative contexts of sex change further illustrate the astonishing phenotypic plasticity in the social and mating behavior of parrotfishes. C1 Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Ecol Evolut & Marine Biol, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. RP Munoz, RC (reprint author), NOAA, Beaufort Lab, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, 101 Pivers Isl Rd, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RI Warner, Robert/M-5342-2013 OI Warner, Robert/0000-0002-3299-5685 NR 69 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 15 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1909 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD NOV PY 2003 VL 68 IS 3 BP 307 EP 319 DI 10.1023/A:1027318422747 PG 13 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 739FN UT WOS:000186334300012 ER PT J AU Rice, SD Carls, MG Heintz, RA Short, JW AF Rice, SD Carls, MG Heintz, RA Short, JW TI Comment on "hydrocarbon composition and toxicity of sediments following the Exxon valdez oil spill in Prince William Sound, Alaska, USA' SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Letter ID RECOVERY; DUCKS C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK USA. RP Rice, SD (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Auke Bay Lab, Juneau, AK USA. NR 21 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 7 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 22 IS 11 BP 2539 EP 2540 DI 10.1897/02-631 PG 2 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 729RV UT WOS:000185788500001 PM 14587889 ER PT J AU Faraone, A Liu, L Mou, CY Shih, PC Brown, C Copley, JRD Dimeo, RM Chen, SH AF Faraone, A Liu, L Mou, CY Shih, PC Brown, C Copley, JRD Dimeo, RM Chen, SH TI Dynamics of supercooled water in mesoporous silica matrix MCM-48-S SO EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL E LA English DT Article ID SINGLE-PARTICLE DYNAMICS; NEUTRON-SCATTERING; LIQUIDS AB Using three different quasielastic neutron spectrometers with widely different resolutions, we have been able to study the microscopic translational and rotational dynamics of water, in a mesoporos silica matrix MCM-48-S, from T=300 K to 220 K, with a single consistent model. We formulated our fitting routine using the relaxing cage model. Thus, from the fit of the experimental data, we extracted the fraction of water bound to the surface of the pore, the characteristic relaxation times of the long-time translational and rotational decays, the stretch exponent describing the shape of the relaxation processes, and the power exponent determining the Q-dependence of the translational relaxation time. A tremendous slowing down of the rotational relaxation time, as compared to the translational one, has been observed. C1 MIT, Dept Nucl Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Univ Messina, Dept Phys, Messina, Italy. Univ Messina, INFM, Messina, Italy. Natl Taiwan Univ, Dept Chem, Taipei 10764, Taiwan. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Faraone, A (reprint author), MIT, Dept Nucl Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. EM sowhsin@mit.edu RI Brown, Craig/B-5430-2009; OI Brown, Craig/0000-0002-9637-9355; MOU, CHUNG-YUAN/0000-0001-7060-9899 NR 15 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 4 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 1292-8941 J9 EUR PHYS J E JI Eur. Phys. J. E PD NOV PY 2003 VL 12 SU 1 BP S59 EP S62 DI 10.1140/epjed/e2003-01-015-3 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Polymer Science SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Physics; Polymer Science GA 748ZA UT WOS:000186890900015 PM 15011017 ER PT J AU Babrauskas, V Peacock, RD Reneke, PA AF Babrauskas, V Peacock, RD Reneke, PA TI Defining flashover for fire hazard calculations: Part II SO FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE flashover; fire hazard; heat release rate ID COMPARTMENT FIRES AB Comparison of available correlations and predictive models used to predict the minimum heat release rate (HRR) necessary to cause flashover show consistent trends for a range of empirical data. Nonetheless, available experimental data for HRR at flashover in compartments of similar geometry and venting show substantial scatter. Both the experimental data and theoretical predictions based on computer modeling indicate that a significant portion of the variability can be accounted for by the time period involved in the flashover. Although typically ignored in the available correlations, qualitatively a clear trend emerges-shorter exposure times increase the needed minimum HRR at flashover, due at least in part to the effects of heat transfer to the compartment surfaces. Additional measurement needs are suggested to facilitate better understanding of conditions leading to flashover. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Fire Sci & Technol Inc, Issaquah, WA 98027 USA. NIST, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Babrauskas, V (reprint author), Fire Sci & Technol Inc, 9000 300th Pl SE, Issaquah, WA 98027 USA. NR 14 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0379-7112 J9 FIRE SAFETY J JI Fire Saf. J. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 38 IS 7 BP 613 EP 622 DI 10.1016/S0379-7112(03)00027-4 PG 10 WC Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 711GF UT WOS:000184730700002 ER PT J AU Grosshandler, WL AF Grosshandler, WL TI The international FORUM of fire research directors: A position paper on evaluation of structural fire resistance SO FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB The International FORUM of Fire Research Directors periodically takes positions on issues dealing with the direction and implementation of fire research with the potential for significant impact on safety and/or global standards and test methods. This short communication represents the FORUM's position on structural fire resistance test methods and evaluation procedures. It is proposed that the prediction of the performance of coupled building systems to the point of impending failure in a fire be established as an overriding goal for the construction and building products industries, and that research be channeled to produce the material data bases, the new instrumentation, the expanded test facilities, and the innovative analytical methods to support the changes to standards, codes and practices that are necessary to attain this goal. (C) Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Fire Res Div, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Grosshandler, WL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Fire Res Div, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 6 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0379-7112 J9 FIRE SAFETY J JI Fire Saf. J. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 38 IS 7 BP 645 EP 650 DI 10.1016/S0379-7112(03)00068-7 PG 6 WC Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 711GF UT WOS:000184730700004 ER PT J AU Manzello, SL Yang, JC Cleary, TG AF Manzello, SL Yang, JC Cleary, TG TI On the interaction of a liquid droplet with a pool of hot cooking oil SO FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID WATER DROPS; WEBER NUMBER; SURFACE; IMPACT; COALESCENCE; NUCLEATION; VORTEX; SPLASH AB An experimental study is presented for distilled water droplets impacting on a heated pool of cooking oil. The impaction process was recorded using a high-speed digital camera at 1000 frames per second. The initial droplet diameter was fixed at 3.1 +/- 0.1 mm and all experiments were performed at room temperature (20 degreesC). The impact Weber (We) number of the water droplets was fixed at 200. As the water droplet impacted the hot peanut oil pool, it fragmented, and ultimately produced a vapor explosion. Experiments were also performed applying methoxy-nonafluorobutane C4F9OCH3 (HFE-7100) to hot peanut oil with similar impact We number. Dramatic differences were observed when HFE-7100 droplets were used. At peanut oil temperatures above approximate to 180 degreesC, HFE-7100 droplets did not result in a vapor explosion. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Manzello, SL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 29 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0379-7112 J9 FIRE SAFETY J JI Fire Saf. J. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 38 IS 7 BP 651 EP 659 DI 10.1016/S0379-7112(03)00048-1 PG 9 WC Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 711GF UT WOS:000184730700005 ER PT J AU Schabetsberger, R Morgan, CA Brodeur, RD Potts, CL Peterson, WT Emmett, RL AF Schabetsberger, R Morgan, CA Brodeur, RD Potts, CL Peterson, WT Emmett, RL TI Prey selectivity and diel feeding chronology of juvenile chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and coho (O-kisutch) salmon in the Columbia River plume SO FISHERIES OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE diet feeding; predation; prey availability; salmon; selectivity ID ATLANTIC-SALMON; GASTRIC EVACUATION; DAILY RATION; GELATINOUS-ZOOPLANKTON; AMPHIPODA-HYPERIIDEA; BRITISH-COLUMBIA; PACIFIC SALMON; PINK SALMON; OREGON; WASHINGTON AB We studied salmon feeding selectivity and diet feeding chronology in the Columbia River plume. Juvenile chinook and coho salmon were caught by trawling at 2-3 h intervals throughout a diet period on three consecutive days (21-23 June 2000) at stations located 14.8 and 37 km offshore from the mouth of the Columbia River. A total of 170 chinook salmon were caught at the inshore and 79 chinook and 98 coho salmon were caught at the offshore station. After each trawl, potential prey were sampled at different depths with 2-3 different types of nets (1-m diameter ring net, bongo net, neuston net). Despite the variability in zooplankton abundance, feeding selectivity was surprisingly constant. Both salmon species fed selectively on larger and pigmented prey such as hyperiid amphipods, larval and juvenile fish, various crab megalopae, and euphausiids. Hyperiid amphipods were abundant in the salmon diets and we hypothesize that aggregations of gelatinous zooplankton may facilitate the capture of commensal hyperiid amphipods. Small copepods and calyptopis and furcilia stages of euphausiids dominated the prey field by numbers, but were virtually absent from salmon diet. Juvenile chinook salmon, with increasing body size, consumed a larger proportion of fish. Stomach fullness peaked during morning hours and reached a minimum at night, suggesting a predominantly diurnal feeding pattern. In general, both chinook and coho salmon appear to be selective, diurnal predators, preying mostly on large and heavily pigmented prey items, in a manner consistent with visually oriented, size-selective predation. C1 Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Cooperat Inst Marine Resources Studies, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Schabetsberger, R (reprint author), Salzburg Univ, Inst Zool, Hellbrunnerstr 34, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria. NR 53 TC 54 Z9 56 U1 2 U2 15 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1054-6006 J9 FISH OCEANOGR JI Fish Oceanogr. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 12 IS 6 BP 523 EP 540 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2419.2003.00231.x PG 18 WC Fisheries; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Oceanography GA 749AD UT WOS:000186895700001 ER PT J AU Lynn, RJ AF Lynn, RJ TI Variability in the spawning habitat of Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax) off southern and central California SO FISHERIES OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE acoustic backscatter; ADCP; CUFES; sardine; Sardinops sagax; spawning ID DOPPLER CURRENT PROFILER; LA-NINA CYCLE; EL-NINO; CURRENT SYSTEM; ZOOPLANKTON ABUNDANCE; TRANSITION ZONE; WATERS; STATE; HYDROGRAPHY; BACKSCATTER AB The spatial pattern of sardine spawning as revealed by the presence of sardine eggs is examined in relation to sea surface temperature (SST) and mean volume backscatter strength (MVBS) measured by a 150 kHz acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) during four spring surveys off central- and southern California in 1996-99. Studies in other regions have shown that MVBS provides an excellent measure of zooplankton distribution and density. Zooplankton biomass as measured by survey net tows correlates well with concurrently measured MVBS. The high along-track resolution of egg counts provided by the Continuous Underway Fish Egg Sampler (CUFES) is a good match to the ADCP-based data. Large interannual differences in the pattern and density of sardine eggs are clearly related to the concurrently observed patterns of surface temperature and MVBS. The strong spatial relationship between sardine eggs and MVBS is particularly evident because of the large contrast in zooplankton biomass between the 1998 El Nino and 1999 La Nina. The inshore distribution of sardine spawning appears to be limited by the low temperatures of freshly upwelled waters, although the value of the limiting temperature varies between years. Often there is an abrupt offshore decrease in MVBS that is coincident with the offshore boundary of sardine eggs. Possible reasons for this association of sardine eggs and high zooplankton biomass include an evolved strategy that promotes improved opportunity of an adequate food supply for subsequent larval development, and/or adult nutrient requirements for serial spawning. Hence, the distribution of these parameters can be used as an aid for delineating the boundaries of sardine spawning habitat. C1 NOAA, NMFS, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Lynn, RJ (reprint author), NOAA, NMFS, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. NR 41 TC 35 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1054-6006 J9 FISH OCEANOGR JI Fish Oceanogr. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 12 IS 6 BP 541 EP 553 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2419.2003.00232.x PG 13 WC Fisheries; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Oceanography GA 749AD UT WOS:000186895700002 ER PT J AU Logerwell, EA Mantua, N Lawson, PW Francis, RC Agostini, VN AF Logerwell, EA Mantua, N Lawson, PW Francis, RC Agostini, VN TI Tracking environmental processes in the coastal zone for understanding and predicting Oregon coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) marine survival SO FISHERIES OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article DE climate; coho salmon; General Additive Model; Oncorhynchus kisutch; Oregon; survival ID CALIFORNIA CURRENT SYSTEM; PACIFIC SALMON; WEST-COAST; SEA-LEVEL; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; PRODUCTION AREA; REGIME CONCEPT; NORTH PACIFIC; EL-NINO; OCEAN AB To better understand and predict Oregon coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) marine survival, we developed a conceptual model of processes occurring during four sequential periods: (1) winter climate prior to smolt migration from freshwater to ocean, (2) spring transition from winter downwelling to spring/summer upwelling, (3) the spring upwelling season and (4) winter ocean conditions near the end of the maturing coho's first year at sea. We then parameterized a General Additive Model (GAM) with Oregon Production Index (OPI) coho smolt-to-adult survival estimates from 1970 to 2001 and environmental data representing processes occurring during each period (presmolt winter SST, spring transition date, spring sea level, and post-smolt winter SST). The model explained a high and significant proportion of the variation in coho survival (R-2 = 0.75). The model forecast of 2002 adult survival rate ranged from 4 to 8%. Our forecast was higher than predictions based on the return of precocious males (`jacks'), and it won't be known until fall 2002 which forecast is most accurate. An advantage to our environmentally based predictive model is the potential for linkages with predictive climate models, which might allow for forecasts more than 1 year in advance. Relationships between the environmental variables in the GAM and others (such as the North Pacific Index and water column stratification) provided insight into the processes driving production in the Pacific Northwest coastal ocean. Thus, coho may be a bellwether for the coastal environment and models such as ours may apply to populations of other species in this habitat. C1 Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fisheries Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Marine Affairs, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Oceans, Climate Impacts Grp, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Newport, OR 97365 USA. RP Logerwell, EA (reprint author), Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, F-AKC2,POB 15700, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 47 TC 130 Z9 131 U1 1 U2 8 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1054-6006 J9 FISH OCEANOGR JI Fish Oceanogr. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 12 IS 6 BP 554 EP 568 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2419.2003.00238.x PG 15 WC Fisheries; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Oceanography GA 749AD UT WOS:000186895700003 ER PT J AU Sherman, K Ajayi, T Anang, E Cury, P Diaz-de-Leon, AJ Freon, MCMP Hardman-Mountford, NJ Ibe, CA Koranteng, KA McGlade, J Nauen, CECC Pauly, D Scheren, PAGM Skjoldal, HR Tang, QS Zabi, SG AF Sherman, K Ajayi, T Anang, E Cury, P Diaz-de-Leon, AJ Freon, MCMP Hardman-Mountford, NJ Ibe, CA Koranteng, KA McGlade, J Nauen, CECC Pauly, D Scheren, PAGM Skjoldal, HR Tang, QS Zabi, SG TI Suitability of the large marine ecosystem concept SO FISHERIES RESEARCH LA English DT Letter ID SHELF ECOSYSTEM; FOOD WEBS; ZOOPLANKTON; TRENDS; SEA C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Narragansett Lab, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. NIOMR, Nigerian Inst Oceanog, Lagos, Nigeria. Fisheries Res & Utilizat Branch, Tema, Ghana. Univ Cape Town, Inst Rech Pour Dev IRD, ZA-7700 Rondebosch, South Africa. Inst Nacl Ecol, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. The Lab, Plymouth PL1 2PB, Devon, England. UNIDO Reg Off, Abidjan 01, Cote Ivoire. Minist Food & Agr, Marine Fisheries Res Div, Tema, Ghana. European Environm Agcy, DK-1050 Copenhagen K, Denmark. Univ British Columbia, Fisheries Ctr, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. Inst Marine Res, N-5024 Bergen, Norway. Yellow Sea Fisheries Res Inst, Qingdao 266071, Peoples R China. IRD, Ctr Rech Oceanol, Abidjan, Cote Ivoire. RP Sherman, K (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Narragansett Lab, 28 Tarzwell Dr, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. EM kenneth.sherman@noaa.gov RI Hardman-Mountford, Nick/B-2649-2009 NR 40 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0165-7836 J9 FISH RES JI Fish Res. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 64 IS 2-3 BP 197 EP 204 DI 10.1016/j.fishres.2003.09.001 PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 754YV UT WOS:000187361800012 ER PT J AU Norse, EA Grimes, CB Ralston, S Hilborn, R Castilla, JC Palumbi, SR Fraser, D Kareiva, P AF Norse, EA Grimes, CB Ralston, S Hilborn, R Castilla, JC Palumbi, SR Fraser, D Kareiva, P TI Marine reserves: the best option for our oceans? SO FRONTIERS IN ECOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Editorial Material ID CONSERVATION; MANAGEMENT; FISHERIES; AREAS C1 Marine Conservat Biol Inst, Redmond, WA USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Santa Cruz, CA USA. Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fishery Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Ctr Estudios Avanzados Ecol & Biodiversidad, Santiago, Chile. Stanford Univ, Hopkins Marine Stn, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. FV Muir Milach, Adak, AK USA. Nature Conservancy, Seattle, WA USA. RP Norse, EA (reprint author), Marine Conservat Biol Inst, Redmond, WA USA. RI Hilborn, Ray/D-6332-2013 NR 46 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 9 PU ECOLOGICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 1707 H ST NW, STE 400, WASHINGTON, DC 20006-3915 USA SN 1540-9295 J9 FRONT ECOL ENVIRON JI Front. Ecol. Environ. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 1 IS 9 BP 495 EP 502 DI 10.2307/3868117 PG 8 WC Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 825XH UT WOS:000221791600017 ER PT J AU Johnson, J Silverstein, J Wolters, WR Shimizu, M Dickhoff, WW Shepherd, BS AF Johnson, J Silverstein, J Wolters, WR Shimizu, M Dickhoff, WW Shepherd, BS TI Disparate regulation of insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins in a primitive, ictalurid, teleost (Ictalurus punctatus) SO GENERAL AND COMPARATIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CHANNEL CATFISH; OREOCHROMIS-MOSSAMBICUS; ENVIRONMENTAL SALINITY; HORMONE TREATMENT; MORONE-SAXATILIS; BODY-COMPOSITION; STRIPED BASS; PITUITARY; SERUM; IGFBPS AB Vertebrate growth is principally controlled by growth hormone (GH) and, its intermediary, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). The actions of IGF-I are modulated by high-affinity binding proteins called insulin-like growth factor binding-proteins (IGFBPs). Channel catfish exhibit atypical responses (increased percentage body fat and reduced percentage protein) to GH treatment, despite GH-dependent IGF-I production. Among possible explanations for this atypical response to GH treatment is an unusual regulation of blood IGFBPs. In this species, there has been one report of a single 33-kDa plasma binding protein. To examine the occurrence and regulation of plasma IGFBPs in this species, two strains of channel catfish (Norris and USDA-103) were treated with weekly injections of recombinant bovine GH at different temperatures (21 degreesC versus 26 degreesC). In a separate experiment involving catfish of a different strain, endogenous GH levels were altered via injection of the GH secretogogue, bGHRH(1-29)-amide, and held in fresh water or transferred to brackish water (12 ppt). Following these treatments, the type and regulation of plasma IGFBPs in these catfish strains were examined by Western ligand blotting. We have identified five IGFBPs (19, 35, 44, 47, and >80 kDa) in catfish plasma that are differentially altered by experimental treatment and genetic lineage. Levels of the 19-kDa IGFBP were elevated in catfish of Norris and USDA-103 strains that were exposed to a higher environmental temperature (26 degreesC versus 21 degreesC), but was not seen in those animals used for the GH secretogogue/salinity study. In most vertebrates, treatment with GH increases levels of plasma IGFBP-3 (similar to40-50 kDa). In the USDA-103 and Norris catfish strains, bGH injection reduced plasma levels of the 44- and 47-kDa IGFBPs. Similarly, elevations in plasma GH levels in GH secretogoge-treated and brackish water-adapted catfish resulted in reductions of the 44- and 47-kDa IGFBPs as well as a reduction in presence of a 35-kDa IGFBP that was not detected in the Norris or USDA-103 strains. Reduced levels of the 35, 44, and 47 kDa IGFBPs, seen in the plasma of the GH secretogogue-treated and brackish water-adapted animals, suggests that the atypical response of channel catfish to GH treatment is not attributed to the use of heterologous (bovine) GH. This negative response of the 35-47 kDa IGFBPs to GH has not been reported in any teleost or vertebrate (healthy) and may be partly responsible for the atypical physiological responses of channel catfish to GH treatment. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Kentucky, Dept Biol, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. USDA ARS, Catfish Genet Res Unit, Stoneville, MS 38776 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Shepherd, BS (reprint author), Univ Kentucky, Dept Biol, 101 TH Morgan Bldg, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. NR 40 TC 8 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 1 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0016-6480 J9 GEN COMP ENDOCR JI Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 134 IS 2 BP 122 EP 130 DI 10.1016/S0016-6480(03)00244-2 PG 9 WC Endocrinology & Metabolism SC Endocrinology & Metabolism GA 734KC UT WOS:000186053800005 PM 14511982 ER PT J AU Park, JH Mitchell, MJ McHale, PJ Christopher, SF Meyers, TP AF Park, JH Mitchell, MJ McHale, PJ Christopher, SF Meyers, TP TI Impacts of changing climate and atmospheric deposition on N and S drainage losses from a forested watershed of the Adirondack Mountains, New York State SO GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE acidic deposition; climate change; DON; DOS; dry deposition; watershed biogeochemistry ID DISSOLVED ORGANIC-CARBON; NORTHEASTERN UNITED-STATES; BROOK-EXPERIMENTAL-FOREST; NORTHERN HARDWOOD FOREST; HUBBARD-BROOK; TEMPERATE FORESTS; SURFACE WATERS; ACIDIC DEPOSITION; DECIDUOUS FOREST; DRY DEPOSITION AB Biogeochemical responses to changing climate and atmospheric deposition were investigated using nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) mass balances, including dry deposition and organic solutes in the Arbutus Lake watershed in the Adirondack Mountains, New York State. Long-term monitoring of wet-only precipitation (NADP/NTN, 1983-2001) and dry deposition (AIRMoN, 1990-2001) at sites adjacent to the watershed showed that concentrations of SO42- in precipitation, SO42- in particles,and SO2 vapor all declined substantially (P<0.005) in contrast to no marked temporal changes observed for most N constituents (NH4+ in precipitation, HNO3 vapor, and particulate NO3-), except for NO3- in precipitation, which showed a small decrease in the late 1990s. From 1983 to 2001, concentrations of SO42- in the lake outlet significantly decreased (-2.1 mueq L-1 yr(-1), P<0.0001), whereas NO3- and dissolved organic N (DON) concentrations showed no consistent temporal trends. With the inclusion of dry deposition and DON fluxes into the mass balance, the retained portion of atmospheric N inputs within the main subcatchment increased from 37% to 60%. Sulfur outputs greatly exceeded inputs even with the inclusion of dry S deposition, while organic S flux represented another source of S output, implying substantial internal S sources. A significant relationship between the annual mean concentrations of SO42- in lake discharge and wet deposition over the last two decades (r=0.64, P<0.01) suggested a considerable influence of declining S deposition on surface water SO42- concentrations, despite substantial internal S sources. By contrast, interannual variations in both NO3- concentrations and fluxes in lake discharge were significantly related to year-to-year changes in air temperature and runoff. Snowmelt responses to winter temperature fluctuations were crucial in explaining large portions of interannual variations in watershed NO3- export during the months preceding spring snowmelt (especially, January-March). Distinctive response patterns of monthly mean concentrations of NO3- and DON in the major lake inlet to seasonal changes in air temperature also suggested climatic regulation of seasonal patterns in watershed release of both N forms. The sensitive response of N drainage losses to climatic variability might explain the synchronous patterns of decadal variations in watershed NO3- export across the northeastern USA. C1 SUNY Coll Environm Sci & Forestry, Fac Environm & Forest Biol, Syracuse, NY 13210 USA. NOAA, Atmospher Turbulence & Diffus Div, Air Resources Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA. RP Park, JH (reprint author), Arizona State Univ, Sch Life Sci, POB 874501, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. RI Meyers, Tilden/C-6633-2016 NR 81 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 3 U2 24 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1354-1013 J9 GLOBAL CHANGE BIOL JI Glob. Change Biol. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 9 IS 11 BP 1602 EP 1619 DI 10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.00686.x PG 18 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 740DV UT WOS:000186387400008 ER PT J AU Griffith, D Lee, SK AF Griffith, D Lee, SK TI A1+1 protection architecture for optical burst switched networks SO IEEE JOURNAL ON SELECTED AREAS IN COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article DE generalized multiprotocol label switched (GMPLS); JumpStart just-in-time (JIT); optical burst switching (OBS); 1+1 protection; quality-of-service (QoS) ID SURVIVABILITY; INTERNET AB High-capacity optical backbone networks protect their premium customers' information flows by routing two copies of the customer's data over disjoint paths. This scheme, known as 1 + 1 protection, provides extremely rapid recovery from network failures. In this paper, we propose an architecture by which 1 + 1 protection can be extended to optical burst switched (OBS) networks. This architecture is designed by modifying the diversity routing architecture that was originally proposed for nonoptical packet networks and recently applied to networks employing the generalized multiprotocol label switched (GMPLS) architecture. We extend the architecture developed for just-in-time OBS signaling to support 1 + 1 protection. We also examine design issues that are caused by a difference in the propagation delays of the two disjoint paths across the OBS network. We show that a sufficiently large difference in the propagation delays can cause performance degradations that may result in an unsatisfactory quality-of-service on the protected connection. We examine the impact of this delay mismatch on restoration performance, probability of burst loss, and jitter. Through analysis and simulations it is discussed how these negative effects can be eliminated. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Sejong Univ, Seoul 143747, South Korea. RP NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM david.griffith@nist.gov NR 21 TC 39 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0733-8716 EI 1558-0008 J9 IEEE J SEL AREA COMM JI IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 21 IS 9 BP 1384 EP 1398 DI 10.1109/JSAC.2003.818231 PG 15 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA 739RB UT WOS:000186359300003 ER PT J AU Cimini, D Westwater, ER Han, Y Keihm, SJ AF Cimini, D Westwater, ER Han, Y Keihm, SJ TI Accuracy of ground-based microwave radiometer and balloon-borne measurements during the WVIOP2000 field experiment SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON GEOSCIENCE AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article DE microwave radiometry; radiometric accuracy; radiometric calibration; water vapor ID WATER-VAPOR; ATMOSPHERIC RADIATION; CALIBRATION; ABSORPTION; PROGRAM; LIQUID; CLOUD AB We discuss the performances of a set of four microwave water vapor radiometers operating in the 20-30-GHz band during a field experiment, with an emphasis on calibration and achievable accuracy. The field experiment was conducted at the Department of Energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program's field site in north central Oklahoma, and was focused on clear-sky water vapor measurements by both radiometers and radiosondes. A comparison between two published radiometric tip curve calibration procedures is presented, and these procedures are applied to measurements from two nearly identical instruments placed a few meters apart. Using the instantaneous tip cal method of the Environmental Technology Laboratory, the brightness temperature measurements for the two identical instruments differed by less than 0.2 K over a 24-h period. Results from reference load cryogenic tests and brightness temperature cross comparisons have shown differences within 0.7 K. In addition, we compare radiometric measurements with calculations of brightness temperature based on the Rosenkranz absorption model and radiosonde observations. During the experiment, both Vaisala-type RS80 and RS90 humidity sensors were used. Our comparisons demonstrate the improvements achieved by the new Vaisala RS90 sensors in atmospheric humidity profiling, which reduce or eliminate the "dry bias" problem. C1 Univ Aquila, CETEMPS, I-67010 Coppito, Italy. Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Off Res & Appl, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Cimini, D (reprint author), Univ Aquila, CETEMPS, I-67010 Coppito, Italy. RI Han, Yong/F-5590-2010; Cimini, Domenico/M-8707-2013 OI Han, Yong/0000-0002-0183-7270; Cimini, Domenico/0000-0002-5962-223X NR 32 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 4 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0196-2892 J9 IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE JI IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing PD NOV PY 2003 VL 41 IS 11 BP 2605 EP 2615 DI 10.1009/TGRS.2003.815673 PN 1 PG 11 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Geochemistry & Geophysics; Engineering; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 743KZ UT WOS:000186572100019 ER PT J AU McMichael, RD AF McMichael, RD TI Dynamics, damping, and defects in thin ferromagnetic films SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MAGNETICS LA English Estonian DT Article C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP McMichael, RD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8552, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI McMichael, Robert/J-8688-2012 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 5 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9464 J9 IEEE T MAGN JI IEEE Trans. Magn. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 39 IS 6 BP 3475 EP 3475 PG 1 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Physics GA 755WJ UT WOS:000187434200001 ER PT J AU Howe, DA Ostrick, JR AF Howe, DA Ostrick, JR TI 100-GHz cooled amplifier residual PM and AM noise measurements, noise figure, and jitter calculations SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES LA English DT Article DE AM noise; amplifier noise; jitter; noise figure; noise measurement; 100 GHz; phase modulation noise; spectral analysis ID EFFECT TRANSISTOR-AMPLIFIERS; PHASE NOISE; AMPLITUDE AB We report the first definitive PM and AM noise measurements at 100 GHz of indium phosphide (InP) amplifiers operating at 5 K, 77 K, and room temperature. Amplifier gain ranged from +7 to +30 dB, depending on input RF power levels and operating bias current and gate voltages. The measurement system, calibration procedure, and amplifier configuration are described along with strategies for reducing the measurement system noise floor in order to accurately make these measurements. We compute amplifier noise figure with an ideal oscillator signal applied and, based on the PM noise measurements, obtain NF = 0.8 dB, or a noise temperature of 59 K. Measurement uncertainty is estimated at +/-0.3 dB. Results show that the use of the amplifier with an ideal 100-GHz reference oscillator would set a lower limit on rms clock jitter of 44.2 fs in a 20-ps sampling interval if the power into the amplifier were - 31.6 dBm. For comparison, clock jitter is 16 fs with a commercial room-temperature amplifier operating in saturation with an input power of -6.4 dBm. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Time & Frequency Metrol Grp, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Northrop Grumman Space Technol, Ground Prod Ctr, Redondo Beach, CA 90278 USA. RP Howe, DA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Time & Frequency Metrol Grp, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 24 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0018-9480 J9 IEEE T MICROW THEORY JI IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 51 IS 11 BP 2235 EP 2242 DI 10.1109/TMTT.2003.818934 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA 738CN UT WOS:000186269300012 ER PT J AU Zlomanov, VP Zavrazhnov, AJ Davydov, AV AF Zlomanov, VP Zavrazhnov, AJ Davydov, AV TI Nonstoichiometry and P-T-x diagrams of binary systems SO INTERMETALLICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Meeting on Thermodynamics of Alloys- CY SEP 08-13, 2002 CL ROME, ITALY SP Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento Chim DE phase diagram; thermodynamic and thermochemical properties ID NATIVE POINT-DEFECTS; HOMOGENEITY AB A P-T-x three-dimensional space diagram forms the complete representation between pressure (P), temperature (T) and composition (x) of coexisting phases-solid (S), liquid (L) and vapor (V). It gives the number of nonstoichiometric compounds that may be formed by the components and the stability limits of phases which are in equilibrium. Definitions of stoichiometry and nonstoichiometry are given. Some features of P-T-x diagrams with nonstoichiometric compounds are considered: maximum (T-m(max)) and congruent (T-m(c)) melting points, difference between the compositions of solid (x(s)), liquid (x(L)) and vapor (x(v)): x(L)not equalx(s)not equalx(v) at maximum melting point T=T-m(max), the width and position of the homogeneity range, and the nonstoichiometry caused by defects are also discussed. A new technique for the investigation of P-T-x diagrams is presented. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Moscow MV Lomonosov State Univ, Dept Chem, Moscow 119899, Russia. Voronezh State Univ, Dept Gen Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Zlomanov, VP (reprint author), Moscow MV Lomonosov State Univ, Dept Chem, Moscow 119899, Russia. RI Davydov, Albert/F-7773-2010 OI Davydov, Albert/0000-0003-4512-2311 NR 10 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0966-9795 J9 INTERMETALLICS JI Intermetallics PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 11 IS 11-12 BP 1287 EP 1291 DI 10.1016/S0966-9795(03)00170-5 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 745KD UT WOS:000186687100028 ER PT J AU Singh, RP Roy, S Kogan, F AF Singh, RP Roy, S Kogan, F TI Vegetation and temperature condition indices from NOAA AVHRR data for drought monitoring over India SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article AB The Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) onboard the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) series of satellites has been used for mapping vegetation cover and classification employing the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Recently, this technique has been improved by converting NDVI with radiation measured in one of the thermal channels and converting brightness temperature into the Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) and Temperature Condition Index (TCI). These indices are being used for estimation of vegetation health and monitoring drought. The present study shows the application of vegetation and temperature condition indices for drought monitoring in India. C1 Indian Inst Technol, Dept Civil Engn, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India. NESDIS, NOAA, ORA, Washington, DC USA. RP Singh, RP (reprint author), Indian Inst Technol, Dept Civil Engn, Kanpur 208016, Uttar Pradesh, India. RI Kogan, Felix/F-5600-2010; Singh, Ramesh/G-7240-2012 OI Kogan, Felix/0000-0001-8216-900X; NR 12 TC 85 Z9 91 U1 0 U2 8 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 24 IS 22 BP 4393 EP 4402 DI 10.1080/0143116031000084323 PG 10 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 742DF UT WOS:000186500100011 ER PT J AU Jin, ML Treadon, RE AF Jin, ML Treadon, RE TI Correcting the orbit drift effect on AVHRR land surface skin temperature measurements SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID DIURNAL CYCLE; NOAA AVHRR; SATELLITE; INTERPOLATION; CLOUDS AB The orbital drift of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-7, -9, -11, -14 series of satellites results in a significant cooling effect on their afternoon path Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) land surface skin temperature (T-s) measurements. This effect mixes with the signal of true variations in the climate system, and thus prevents T-s from being directly used in climate change and global warming studies. This paper applies a physically based 'typical pattern technique' to remove the orbit drift effect from T-s. The technique utilizes a lookup table of representative land skin temperature diurnal cycles derived from the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Climate Community Model (CCM3) coupled with the land surface model, Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (BATS). The generated typical patterns of T-s diurnal cycle are functions of vegetation type, season and latitude, and are combined with satellite observations to remove the cooling effect. Applying this methodology to eighteen years of AVHRR ( 1981-1998) T-s observations yields an improved skin temperature dataset. Analysis of the drift-corrected skin temperature illustrates a warming trend at the surface over the past two decades, a result which agrees well with the observed surface air temperature trend. A discussion of uncertainties in this technique is also presented. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Meteorol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Environm Modeling Ctr, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Jin, ML (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Meteorol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NR 26 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 2 U2 7 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 24 IS 22 BP 4543 EP 4558 DI 10.1080/0143116031000095943 PG 16 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 742DF UT WOS:000186500100020 ER PT J AU Hurly, JJ Gillis, KA Mehl, JB Moldover, MR AF Hurly, JJ Gillis, KA Mehl, JB Moldover, MR TI The viscosity of seven gases measured with a Greenspan viscometer SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMOPHYSICS LA English DT Article DE argon; carbon tetrafluoride; Greenspan viscometer; hexafluoroethane; methane; nitrogen; propane; sulfur hexafluoride; viscosity ID SPEED-OF-SOUND; THERMAL-CONDUCTIVITY; THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES; ACOUSTIC VISCOMETER; THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES; ABSOLUTE DETERMINATION; SULFUR-HEXAFLUORIDE; POLYATOMIC GASES; ROOM-TEMPERATURE; HEAT-CAPACITY AB The viscosity of seven gases (Ar, CH4, C3H8, N-2, SF6, CF4, C2F6) was determined by interpreting frequency-response data from a Greenspan acoustic viscometer with a detailed model developed by Gillis, Mehl, and Moldover. The model contains a parameter epsilon(r) that characterizes the viscous dissipation at the ends of the viscometer's duct. It was difficult to determine epsilon(r) accurately from dimensional measurements; therefore, epsilon(r) was adjusted to fit the viscosity of helium on the 298 K isotherm (0.6 MPa2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 740XB UT WOS:000186426600001 ER PT J AU Matrosov, SY Shupe, MD Heymsfield, AJ Zuidema, P AF Matrosov, SY Shupe, MD Heymsfield, AJ Zuidema, P TI Ice cloud optical thickness and extinction estimates from radar measurements SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID CIRRUS CLOUDS; RADIATIVE PROPERTIES; MICROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES; WATER-CONTENT; VERTICAL PROFILES; PARTICLE HABITS; CLIMATE MODELS; DOPPLER RADAR; PARAMETERIZATION; RETRIEVALS AB A remote sensing method is proposed to derive vertical profiles of the visible extinction coefficients in ice clouds from measurements of the radar reflectivity and Doppler velocity taken by a vertically pointing 35-GHz cloud radar. The extinction coefficient and its vertical integral, optical thickness tau, are among the fundamental cloud optical parameters that, to a large extent, determine the radiative impact of clouds. The results obtained with this method could be used as input for different climate and radiation models and for comparisons with parameterizations that relate cloud microphysical parameters and optical properties. An important advantage of the proposed method is its potential applicability to multicloud situations and mixed-phase conditions. In the latter case, it might be able to provide the information on the ice component of mixed-phase clouds if the radar moments are dominated by this component. The uncertainties of radar-based retrievals of cloud visible optical thickness are estimated by comparing retrieval results with optical thicknesses obtained independently from radiometric measurements during the yearlong Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean (SHEBA) field experiment. The radiometric measurements provide a robust way to estimate t but are applicable only to optically thin ice clouds without intervening liquid layers. The comparisons of cloud optical thicknesses retrieved from radar and from radiometer measurements indicate an uncertainty of about 77% and a bias of about -14% in the radar estimates of t relative to radiometric retrievals. One possible explanation of the negative bias is an inherently low sensitivity of radar measurements to smaller cloud particles that still contribute noticeably to the cloud extinction. This estimate of the uncertainty is in line with simple theoretical considerations, and the associated retrieval accuracy should be considered good for a nonoptical instrument, such as radar. This paper also presents relations between radar-derived characteristic cloud particle sizes and effective sizes used in models. An average relation among tau, cloud ice water path, and the layer mean value of cloud particle characteristic size is also given. This relation is found to be in good agreement with in situ measurements. Despite a high uncertainty of radar estimates of extinction, this method is useful for many clouds where optical measurements are not available because of cloud multilayering or opaqueness. C1 Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO USA. Sci & Technol Corp, Boulder, CO USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. CNR, Boulder, CO USA. RP Matrosov, SY (reprint author), R-ET7,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Heymsfield, Andrew/E-7340-2011; Zuidema, Paquita/C-9659-2013; Shupe, Matthew/F-8754-2011 OI Zuidema, Paquita/0000-0003-4719-372X; Shupe, Matthew/0000-0002-0973-9982 NR 36 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8763 J9 J APPL METEOROL JI J. Appl. Meteorol. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 42 IS 11 BP 1584 EP 1597 DI 10.1175/1520-0450(2003)042<1584:ICOTAE>2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 740XB UT WOS:000186426600004 ER PT J AU Torres, SM Zrnic, DS AF Torres, SM Zrnic, DS TI Whitening in range to improve weather radar spectral moment estimates. Part I: Formulation and simulation SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID DOPPLER; REFLECTIVITY; PULSE; SIGNALS; NUMBER; ECHOES AB A method for estimation of spectral moments on pulsed weather radars is presented. This scheme operates on oversampled echoes in range; that is, samples of in-phase and quadrature-phase components are collected at a rate several times larger than the reciprocal of the transmitted pulse length. The spectral moments are estimated by suitably combining weighted averages of these oversampled signals in range with usual processing of samples (spaced at the pulse repetition time) at a fixed range location. The weights in range are derived from a whitening transformation; hence, the oversampled signals become uncorrelated and, consequently, the variance of the estimates decreases significantly. Because the estimate errors are inversely proportional to the volume scanning times, it follows that storms can be surveyed much faster than is possible with current processing methods, or equivalently, for the current volume scanning time, accuracy of the estimates can be greatly improved. This significant improvement is achievable at large signal-to-noise ratios. C1 Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Torres, SM (reprint author), Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. NR 31 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 20 IS 11 BP 1433 EP 1448 DI 10.1175/1520-0426(2003)020<1433:WIRTIW>2.0.CO;2 PG 16 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 740XL UT WOS:000186427900001 ER PT J AU Ivic, IR Zrnic, DS Torres, SM AF Ivic, IR Zrnic, DS Torres, SM TI Whitening in range to improve weather radar spectral moment estimates. Part II: Experimental evaluation SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Demonstration of a method for improved Doppler spectral moment estimation is made on NOAA's research and development Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) in Norman, Oklahoma. Time series data have been recorded using a commercial processor and digital receiver whereby the sampling frequency is several times larger than the reciprocal of the transmitted pulse width. The in-phase and quadrature-phase components of oversampled weather signals are used to estimate the first three spectral moments by suitably combining weighted averages in range with usual processing at fixed range locations. The weights are chosen in such a manner that the resulting signals become uncorrelated. Consequently, the variance of estimates decreases significantly as is verified by this experiment. C1 Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. RP Ivic, IR (reprint author), Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. NR 12 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 20 IS 11 BP 1449 EP 1459 DI 10.1175/1520-0426(2003)020<1449:WIRTIW>2.0.CO;2 PG 11 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 740XL UT WOS:000186427900002 ER PT J AU Fujiwara, M Shiotani, M Hasebe, F Vomel, H Oltmans, SJ Ruppert, PW Horinouchi, T Tsuda, T AF Fujiwara, M Shiotani, M Hasebe, F Vomel, H Oltmans, SJ Ruppert, PW Horinouchi, T Tsuda, T TI Performance of the meteolabor ''Snow White'' chilled-mirror hygrometer in the tropical troposphere: Comparisons with the Vaisala RS80 A/H-Humicap sensors SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID WATER-VAPOR; TEMPERATURES; RADIOSONDE; OZONE AB The "Snow White'' hygrometer is a low-cost, chilled-mirror hygrometer for radiosonde applications provided by a Swiss company, Meteolabor AG. A total of 54 Snow White soundings were conducted at five tropical stations in different seasons in 2000-01. All soundings were made with Vaisala RS80 radiosondes equipped either with the A-Humicap (22 soundings) or H-Humicap (32) relative humidity (RH) sensor. Comparisons of the RH with respect to liquid water between the Snow White and the different RS80 Humicap sensors are made. The Snow White measurements show reasonable agreement with the H-Humicap measurements from the surface up to similar to12 km (above -50degreesC air temperature), the region where the H-Humicap sensor can be considered reliable. Above 12 km, the H-Humicap sensor tends to miss small vertical-scale structures in RH due to the time lag error, but on average both instruments show no significant difference up to 14 km(-65degreesC). The comparison between the Snow White and A-Humicap sensors shows the known A-Humicap dry bias error at low temperatures and second dry bias error in the wet lower troposphere. The latter error [(A-Humicap RH)similar or equal to0.93 (Snow White RH) above 50% RH] may be a common problem for the recent A-Humicap sensors. These intercomparisons confirm the validity of the Snow White measurements at least up to the tropical upper troposphere and above 3%-6% RH. C1 Hokkaido Univ, Grad Sch Environm Earth Sci, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0600810, Japan. Kyoto Univ, Radio Sci Ctr Space & Atmosphere, Kyoto, Japan. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Boulder, CO USA. Meteolab AG, Wetzikon, Switzerland. RP Fujiwara, M (reprint author), Hokkaido Univ, Grad Sch Environm Earth Sci, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0600810, Japan. RI Fujiwara, Masatomo/F-7852-2012; Horinouchi, Takeshi/K-8535-2012; tsuda, toshitaka/A-3035-2015 OI Horinouchi, Takeshi/0000-0002-2296-1975; NR 11 TC 46 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 20 IS 11 BP 1534 EP 1542 DI 10.1175/1520-0426(2003)020<1534:POTMSW>2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 740XL UT WOS:000186427900009 ER PT J AU Vomel, H Fujiwara, M Shiotani, M Hasebe, F Oltmans, SJ Barnes, JE AF Vomel, H Fujiwara, M Shiotani, M Hasebe, F Oltmans, SJ Barnes, JE TI The behavior of the Snow White chilled-mirror hygrometer in extremely dry conditions SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article AB The Snow White hygrometer, made by Meteolabor AG, Switzerland, is a new chilled-mirror instrument using a thermoelectric Peltier cooler to measure atmospheric water vapor. Its performance under dry conditions is evaluated in simultaneous measurements using the NOAA/CMDL frost-point hygrometer at Boulder, Colorado; San Cristobal, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador; Watukosek, Indonesia; and Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii. The Snow White exhibits a lower detection limit of about 3%-6% relative humidity, depending on the sensor configuration. This detection limit is determined by the temperature depression attainable by the thermoelectric cooler. In some cases, loss of frost-point control within layers with relative humidity below this detection limit caused inaccurate measurements above these dry layers, where the relative humidity was within the detection range of the instrument. The sensor does not operate in the stratosphere because of the large frost-point depression and the large potential for outgassing of water from the instrument box and the sensor housing. The instrument has some capabilities in the tropical tropopause region; however, the results are somewhat mixed. C1 NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Kyoto Univ, Kyoto, Japan. Hokkaido Univ, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan. RP Vomel, H (reprint author), NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Fujiwara, Masatomo/F-7852-2012 NR 9 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 20 IS 11 BP 1560 EP 1567 DI 10.1175/1520-0426(2003)020<1560:TBOTSW>2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 740XL UT WOS:000186427900012 ER PT J AU Tatarskii, VI AF Tatarskii, VI TI Multi-Gaussian representation of the Cox-Munk distribution for slopes of wind-driven waves SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PROBABILITY-DISTRIBUTION; OCEAN SURFACE; STATISTICS AB The Cox-Munk probability density function (PDF) for slopes (gamma(x), gamma(y)) of wind-driven ocean waves was obtained about 50 years ago and until now has remained the most complete result. This PDF is widely used in different applications. With respect to the problem of wave scattering from a sea surface, this PDF completely determines the scattering lidar cross sections. For K-u and C bands this PDF is important for radars and thermal radiation at small grazing angles. Unfortunately, the analytical representation of the Cox-Munk PDF has an imperfection because in certain regions of slopes it leads to negative probabilities. This feature is a consequence of the general theorem proven by Marcinkiewicz that any truncated cumulant expansion (except in the case of Gaussian distribution) cannot represent a true PDF. An alternative representation of a non-Gaussian multivariate PDF is used. Any non-Gaussian PDF is presented as a linear combination of Gaussian functions having different weights, mean values (γ) over barx, (γ) over bary, and covariance matrixes {, , }. To find these parameters, the Cox-Munk PDF is approximated in a region where it is positive as a result of such a linear combination. The results are for a wind speed range between 5 and 15 m s(-1). The method used is rather general and can be employed in the wide class of statistical problems dealing with non-Gaussian multivariate distributions. The representation of the PDF presented in this paper allows the calculation in a closed analytical form of all mean values appearing in the theory of electromagnetic wave scattering from the sea surface. C1 ZEL Technol LLC, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, ETL, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Tatarskii, VI (reprint author), ZEL Technol LLC, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 22 TC 5 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0739-0572 J9 J ATMOS OCEAN TECH JI J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 20 IS 11 BP 1697 EP 1705 DI 10.1175/1520-0426(2003)020<1697:MROTCD>2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Engineering, Ocean; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 740XL UT WOS:000186427900023 ER PT J AU Ervens, B Herckes, P Feingold, G Lee, T Collett, JL Kreidenweis, SM AF Ervens, B Herckes, P Feingold, G Lee, T Collett, JL Kreidenweis, SM TI On the drop-size dependence of organic acid and formaldehyde concentrations in fog SO JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE aqueous phase chemistry; fog; formaldehyde; modelling; organic acid; uptake ID ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOL-PARTICLES; CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION; CLOUD DROPLETS; DICARBOXYLIC-ACIDS; STRASBOURG FRANCE; AQUEOUS-SOLUTION; RADIATION FOGS; SULFUR-DIOXIDE; URBAN AREA; HENRYS LAW AB Concentration differences between small (r < 8.5 μm) and large droplets (r > 8.5 mum) were observed for formic acid, acetic acid and formaldehyde in fog droplets collected in California's Central Valley. The concentration ratios (large/small droplets) of these compounds were investigated by a stepwise model approach. Assuming thermodynamic equilibrium (K-H(eff)) results in an overestimate of the concentration ratios. Considering the time dependence of gas phase diffusion and interfacial mass transport, it appears that the lifetime of fog droplets might be sufficiently long to enable phase equilibrium for formaldehyde and acetic acid, but not for formic acid (at pH approximate to7). Oxidation by the OH radical has no effect on formaldehyde concentrations but reduces formic acid concentrations uniformly in all drop size classes. The corresponding reaction for acetic acid is less efficient so that only in large droplets, where replenishment is slowed because the uptake rate of acid from the gas phase is slower, is the acid concentration reduced leading to a smaller concentration ratio. Formaldehyde concentrations in fog can be higher than predicted by Henry's Law due to the formation of hydroxymethanesulfonate. Its formation is dependent on the sulfur(IV) concentration. At high pH values the uptake rate for sulfur(IV) is drop-size dependent. However, the observed concentration ratios for formaldehyde cannot be fully explained by the adduct formation. Finally, it is estimated that mixing effects, i.e., the combination of individual droplets into a bulk sample, have a minor influence (< 15%) on the measured heterogeneities. C1 Colorado State Univ, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Ervens, B (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Collett, Jeffrey/F-2862-2010; Herckes, Pierre/E-6824-2011; Ervens, Barbara/D-5495-2013; Feingold, Graham/B-6152-2009; Kreidenweis, Sonia/E-5993-2011 OI Collett, Jeffrey/0000-0001-9180-508X; Herckes, Pierre/0000-0002-0205-3187; Ervens, Barbara/0000-0002-6223-1635; Kreidenweis, Sonia/0000-0002-2561-2914 NR 66 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 8 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-7764 J9 J ATMOS CHEM JI J. Atmos. Chem. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 46 IS 3 BP 239 EP 269 DI 10.1023/A:1026393805907 PG 31 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 737VY UT WOS:000186253500002 ER PT J AU Abdulagatov, MM Azizov, ND AF Abdulagatov, MM Azizov, ND TI Viscosity for aqueous Li2SO4 solutions at temperatures from 298 to 575 K and at pressures up to 30 MPa SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING DATA LA English DT Article ID LITHIUM-SULFATE; CONDUCTIVITY AB Viscosities of four aqueous Li2SO4 solutions [(0.10, 0.28, 0.56, and 0.885) mol(.)kg(-1)] have been measured in the liquid phase with a capillary flow technique. Measurements were made at four isobars [(0.1, 10, 20, and 30) MPa]. The range of temperatures was from (298 to 575) K. The total uncertainties of viscosity, pressure, temperature, and concentration measurements were estimated to be less than 1.5%, 0.05%, 10 mK and 0.014%, respectively. The reliability and accuracy of the experimental method were confirmed with measurements on pure water for three isobars [(10, 20, and 30) MPa] and at temperatures between (298 and 575) K. The experimental and calculated values from the IAPWS (International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam) formulation for the viscosity of pure water show excellent agreement within their experimental uncertainty (AAD is about 0.51%). A correlation equation for viscosity was obtained as a function of temperature, pressure, and composition by a least-squares method from the experimental data. The AAD between measured and calculated values from this correlation equation for the viscosity was 0.7% for pure water and 0.74% for the solutions. The measured values of viscosity at atmospheric pressure were compared with the data reported in the literature by other authors. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Abdulagatov, MM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 10 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-9568 J9 J CHEM ENG DATA JI J. Chem. Eng. Data PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 48 IS 6 BP 1549 EP 1556 DI 10.1021/je030177j PG 8 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Engineering GA 743NK UT WOS:000186579200035 ER PT J AU Kitajima, H Kagawa, N Endo, H Tsuruno, S Magee, JW AF Kitajima, H Kagawa, N Endo, H Tsuruno, S Magee, JW TI Isochoric heat capacities of alkanols and their aqueous mixtures SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING DATA LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 15th Symposium on Thermophysical Properties CY JUN 22-27, 2003 CL BOULDER, COLORADO ID THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES; TEMPERATURE-RANGE; WATER MIXTURES; HIGH-PRESSURE; 200 MPA; 320 K; VOLUME AB Isochoric heat capacities (c(v)) of methanol, ethanol, and 1-propanol and binary mixtures of water with each of these alkanols were measured in the temperature range from 280 to 420 K and at pressures up to 30 MPa. The measurements were carried out on liquid-phase samples with a twin-cell type adiabatic calorimeter. Liquid densities were also reported in this work on the basis of the mass of the sample and the volume of the calorimetric cell. The experimental expanded uncertainty (with a coverage factor k = 2) of temperature measurements is +/-13 mK, and that of pressure measurements is +/-8 kPa. The expanded relative uncertainty for isochoric heat capacity is estimated to be +/-2.2% for the liquid-phase measurements, and for density it is +/-0.16%. The behavior of c(v) is anomolous, indicating that alkanol + water mixtures are strongly associated due to the influence of hydrogen bonds. C1 Natl Def Acad, Dept Mech Syst Engn, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 2398686, Japan. Natl Def Acad, Dept Appl Phys, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 2398686, Japan. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Kitajima, H (reprint author), Natl Def Acad, Dept Mech Syst Engn, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 2398686, Japan. RI Magee, Joseph/A-8496-2009 OI Magee, Joseph/0000-0002-9312-8593 NR 12 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0021-9568 J9 J CHEM ENG DATA JI J. Chem. Eng. Data PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 48 IS 6 BP 1583 EP 1586 DI 10.1021/je034101z PG 4 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry; Engineering GA 743NK UT WOS:000186579200042 ER PT J AU Goldberg, RN Tewari, YB AF Goldberg, RN Tewari, YB TI Thermodynamics of the hydrolysis reactions of adenosine 3 ',5 '-(cyclic)phosphate(aq) and phosphoenolpyruvate(aq); the standard molar formation properties of 3 ',5 '-(cyclic)phosphate(aq) and phosphoenolpyruvate(aq) SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS LA English DT Article DE adenosine 3 ',5 '-(cyclic)phosphate; alkaline phosphatase; calorimetry; chemical thermodynamics; enthalpy; entropy; Gibbs free energy; phosphodiesterase 3 ',5 '-cyclic nucleotide; phosphoenolpyruvate ID PYRUVATE-PHOSPHATE DIKINASE; ADENYLATE CYCLASE REACTION; KINASE REACTION; EQUILIBRIUM; THERMOCHEMISTRY; 5'-TRIPHOSPHATE; REVERSIBILITY; ENZYME; CONSTANTS; ENTHALPY AB Molar calorimetric enthalpy changes Delta(r)H(m)(cal) have been measured for the biochemical reactions {cAMP(aq)+H2O(1)=AMP(aq)} and {PEP(aq)+H2O(1)=pyruvate(aq)+phosphate(aq)}. The reactions were catalyzed, respectively, by phosphodiesterase 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide and by alkaline phosphatase. The results were analyzed by using a chemical equilibrium model to obtain values of standard molar enthalpies of reaction Delta(r)H(m)(o), for the respective reference reactions {cAMP(-)(aq)+H2O(1)=HAMP(-)(aq)} and {PEp(3-)(aq)+H2O(1)= pyruvate(-)(aq) + HPO42- (aq)}. Literature values of the apparent equilibrium constants K' for the reactions {ATP(aq)=cAMP(aq)+pyrophosphate(aq)}, {ATP(aq)+pyruvate(aq)=ADP(aq) + PEP(aq)}, and {ATP(aq) + pyruvate(aq) + phosphate(aq) = AMP(aq) + PEP(aq) + pyrophosphate(aq)} were also analyzed by using the chemical equilibrium model. These calculations yielded values of the equilibrium constants K and standard molar Gibbs free energy changes A(r)G(m)(o) for ionic reference reactions that correspond to the overall biochemical reactions. Combination of the standard molar reaction property values (K, Delta(r)H(m)(o), and Delta(r)G(m)(o)) with the standard molar formation properties of the AMP, ADP, ATP, pyrophosphate, and pyruvate species led to values of the standard molar enthalpy Delta(f)H(m)(o) and Gibbs free energy of formation Delta(f)G(m)(o) and the standard partial molar entropy S-m(o) of the cAMP and PEP species. The thermochemical network appears to be reasonably well reinforced and thus lends some confidence to the accuracy of the calculated property values of the variety of species involved in the several reactions considered herein. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 NIST, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Goldberg, RN (reprint author), NIST, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 39 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0021-9614 J9 J CHEM THERMODYN JI J. Chem. Thermodyn. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 35 IS 11 BP 1809 EP 1830 DI 10.1016/j.jct.2003.08.002 PG 22 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry GA 750JN UT WOS:000186987700006 ER PT J AU Wilcox, EM AF Wilcox, EM TI Spatial and temporal scales of precipitating tropical cloud systems in satellite imagery and the NCAR CCM3 SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID WINTER MONSOON; INDIAN-OCEAN; CONVECTIVE RAINFALL; RESIDENCE TIMES; MODEL; PARAMETERIZATION; CLUSTERS; CYCLE; SENSITIVITY; ENVIRONMENT AB Testing general circulation model parameterizations against observations is traditionally done by comparing simulated and observed, time-averaged quantities, such as monthly mean cloud cover, evaluated on a stationary grid. This approach ignores the dynamical aspects of clouds, such as their life cycle characteristics, spatial coverage, temporal duration, and internal variability. In this study, a complementary Lagrangian approach to the validation of modeled tropical cloudiness is explored. An automated cloud detection and tracking algorithm is used to observe and track overcast decks of cloud in a consecutive set of hourly Meteosat-5 images and the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model version 3 (NCAR CCM3). The algorithm is applied to the deep convective cloud systems of the tropical Indian Ocean region during a 49-day period of the 1999 winter monsoon season. Observations of precipitation are taken from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite in addition to a Meteosat-5 infrared rainfall technique that is calibrated using the TRMM data. Clouds, defined as overcast decks, are observed spanning spatial scales from 25 km(2) to greater than 10(7) km(2), as well as temporal scales from 1 h to greater than 100 h. Semipermanent decks of anvil and cirrus cloud, with numerous regions of deep convection embedded within, dominate total cloud cover. Bridging between convective centers within the deck by cirrus clouds, particularly during the suppressed portion of the diurnal cycle of convection, may help to maintain the integrity of semipermanent overcast decks over long timescales. At scales greater than 10(6) km(2) the size distribution of simulated clouds is biased such that the dominant scale of clouds is several million square kilometers larger than the dominant scale of observed clouds. Virtually all of the simulated precipitation occurs at rain rates lower than 2 mm h(-1), while as much as 25% of observed precipitation occurs at rain rates higher than 2 mm h(-1). Precipitation associated with deep convection in observed semipermanent cloud systems is organized into more localized mesoscale structures of adjacent convective cells attached to stratiform precipitation regions. A separate analysis of TRMM data by Wilcox and Ramanathan determined that such structures can exceed the size of grid cells in coarse-grid global models and have area-averaged rain rates up to and exceeding 2 mm h(-1). These mesoscale convective systems are responsible for the extreme, episodic precipitation events that are not parameterized in the model. The simulated cloud systems gently precipitate throughout their duration and everywhere within their boundaries. The model lacks a process that acts to organize the convective cells within fewer grid cells, in addition to a representation of the observed stratiform precipitation structures. A modification to CCM3 is tested that is intended to account for the evaporation of upper-level precipitation in midlevel mesoscale downdrafts. The modification results in only a slight change in domain-averaged precipitation. However, it causes a significant shift in the distribution of precipitation toward higher rain rates that is more consistent with the distribution of TRMM observed rain rates. The modification demonstrates the sensitivity of the model to one important component of mesoscale organized convection. C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, Ctr Atmospher Sci, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. RP Wilcox, EM (reprint author), Princeton Univ, NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. NR 34 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 16 IS 22 BP 3545 EP 3559 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<3545:SATSOP>2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 742MT UT WOS:000186522100001 ER PT J AU Straus, D Shukla, J Paolino, D Schubert, S Suarez, M Pegion, P Kumar, A AF Straus, D Shukla, J Paolino, D Schubert, S Suarez, M Pegion, P Kumar, A TI Predictability of the seasonal mean atmospheric circulation during autumn, winter, and spring SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; SST ANOMALIES; EL-NINO; ENSO; VARIABILITY; CLIMATE; MODEL; PREDICTIONS; SIMULATIONS AB The predictability of the autumn, boreal winter, and spring seasons with foreknowledge of sea surface temperatures (SSTs) is studied using ensembles of seasonal simulations of three general circulation models (GCMs): the Center for Ocean-Land-Atmosphere Studies (COLA) GCM, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Seasonal to Interannual Prediction Project (NSIPP) GCM, and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) GCM. Warm-minus-cold composites of the ensemble mean and observed tropical Pacific precipitation, averaged for the three warmest El Nino and three coldest La Nina winters, show large positive anomalies near the date line that extend eastward to the South American coast. The same is true for composites of the spring following the event. In the composites of the autumn preceding the event, the precipitation is weaker and shifted off the equator in the far eastern Pacific, where equatorial SSTs are too low to support convection. The corresponding boreal winter 200-hPa height composites show strong signals in the Tropics and midlatitudes of both hemispheres. The subsequent spring composites are similar, but weaker in the northern extratropics. In the preceding autumn composites, the overall height signal is quite weak, except in the southern Pacific. The model dependence of the signal (variance of ensemble means) and noise (variance about the ensemble means) of the seasonal mean 200-hPa height is small, a result that holds for all three seasons and is in contrast to earlier studies. The signal-to-noise ratio is significantly greater than unity in the Tropics (all seasons), the northern Pacific and continental North America subtropics (boreal winter and spring), and the southern Pacific subtropics (boreal autumn). Rotated empirical orthogonal function analysis of the tropical Pacific SST recovers El Nino-like dominant patterns in boreal winter and spring, but emphasizes two SST patterns in autumn, one with largest SST in the far eastern tropical Pacific and one with a maximum nearer the date line. Two methods are used to assess the precipitation and height field responses to these patterns: linear regression of the ensemble means on the principal component (PC) time series of SST and identification of patterns that optimize the signal-to-noise ratio. The two methods yield remarkably similar results. The optimal height patterns for boreal winter and spring are similar, although the spring response over the northern extratropics is somewhat weaker, and some subtle changes in phase are found in all three GCMs. The associated optimal time series have serial correlations with the leading PC of SST that exceed 0.9 for all GCMs for winter and spring. For autumn the time series of the leading two optimal patterns each has a serial correlation with the corresponding PC of SST that exceeds 0.7 for the COLA and NSIPP GCMs. The autumn 200-hPa-height leading optimal pattern (response to eastern Pacific SST) is quite weak, representing nearly uniform tropical warming. The second optimal pattern (response to central Pacific SST) shows a robust wave train in the southern Pacific, with a consistent belt of low height over northern midlatitudes. C1 Ctr Ocean Land Atmosphere Studies, Calverton, MD USA. George Mason Univ, Fairfax, VA 22030 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Washington, DC USA. RP Straus, D (reprint author), 4041 Powder Mill Rd,Ste 302, Calverton, MD 20705 USA. RI Pegion, Philip/E-5247-2012 NR 33 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 16 IS 22 BP 3629 EP 3649 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<3629:POTSMA>2.0.CO;2 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 742MT UT WOS:000186522100007 ER PT J AU Bergman, JW Sardeshmukh, PD AF Bergman, JW Sardeshmukh, PD TI Usefulness of single column model diagnosis through short-term predictions SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID CLOUD ENSEMBLE; CLIMATE MODELS; CONVECTION; PARAMETERIZATION; SIMULATIONS; SYSTEMS; MONSOON AB Single column models (SCMs) provide an economical framework for developing and diagnosing representations of diabatic processes in weather and climate models. Their economy is achieved at the price of ignoring interactions with the circulation dynamics and with neighboring columns. It has recently been emphasized that this decoupling can lead to spurious error growth in SCM integrations that can totally obscure the error growth due to errors in the column physics that one hopes to isolate through such integrations. This paper suggests one way around this "existential crisis'' of single column modeling. The basic idea is to focus on short-term SCM forecast errors, at ranges of 6 h or less, before a grossly unrealistic model state develops and before complex diabatic interactions render a clear diagnosis impossible. To illustrate, a short-term forecast error diagnosis of the NCAR SCM is presented for tropical conditions observed during the Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere (TOGA) Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment (COARE). The 21-day observing period is divided into 84 6-h segments for this purpose. The SCM error evolution is shown to be nearly linear over these 6-h segments and, indeed, apart from a vertical mean bias, to be mainly an extrapolation of initial tendencies. The latter are then decomposed into contributions by various components of the column physics, and additional 6-h integrations are performed with each component separately and in combination with others to assess its contribution to the 6-h errors. Initial tendency and 6-h error diagnostics thus complement each other in diagnosing column physics errors by this approach. Although the SCM evolution from one time step to the next is nearly linear, the finite-amplitude adjustments made multiple times within each time step to the temperature and humidity to remove supersaturation and convective instabilities make it necessary to consider nonlinear interactions between the column physics components. One such particularly strong interaction is identified between vertical diffusion and deep convection. The former, though nominally small, is shown to have a profound impact on both the amplitude and timing of the latter, and thence on the small imbalance between the total diabatic heating and adiabatic cooling of ascent in the column. The SCM diagnosis thus suggests that misrepresentation of this interaction, in addition to that of the interacting components themselves, might be a major contributor to the NCAR GCM's tropical simulation errors. C1 NOAA, CIRES Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO USA. RP Bergman, JW (reprint author), Mail Code R-CDC1,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 23 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 16 IS 22 BP 3803 EP 3819 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<3803:UOSCMD>2.0.CO;2 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 742MT UT WOS:000186522100018 ER PT J AU Coles, S Simiu, E AF Coles, S Simiu, E TI Estimating uncertainty in the extreme value analysis of data generated by a hurricane simulation model SO JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING MECHANICS-ASCE LA English DT Article DE uncertainty; data analysis; hurricanes; simulation models; wind speed AB Extreme value analyses of any environmental phenomenon are fraught with difficulties, but the additional difficulty of collecting reliable data during hurricane events makes their analysis even more complicated. A widely accepted procedure is to use calibrated hurricane models to simulate hurricane events. The simulated data can then be subjected to standard extreme value procedures. The estimation uncertainties which arise from such analyses depend upon (1) the extent to which the hurricane models are physically realistic, (2) the length of the simulated series, which consists of about 1,000 or even 10,000 simulated events, and therefore introduces negligible errors, and (3) the length of the historical record on which the simulations are based, which usually consists of about 50 events. In this paper, we propose the use of resampling schemes in an attempt to obtain some reasonable measure of uncertainties due to the relatively short length of the historical record. An intuitive, "naive" procedure is first described, which leads to an alternative approach that has connections with the statistical procedure of bootstrapping. Standard application of these procedures for extremes induces bias, and we propose a simple, though nonstandard method for reducing this effect. The results are illustrated in detail for a dataset of simulated hurricane wind speeds corresponding to a location in Florida and are also summarized for a sequence of 55 locations along the U.S. Gulf and Atlantic coasts. C1 Univ Bristol, Dept Math, Bristol BS8 1TW, Avon, England. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Coles, S (reprint author), Univ Bristol, Dept Math, Bristol BS8 1TW, Avon, England. NR 9 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-9399 J9 J ENG MECH-ASCE JI J. Eng. Mech.-ASCE PD NOV PY 2003 VL 129 IS 11 BP 1288 EP 1294 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2003)129:11(1288) PG 7 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 733GC UT WOS:000185990700007 ER PT J AU Wright, JD Moldover, MR Johnson, AN Mizuno, A AF Wright, JD Moldover, MR Johnson, AN Mizuno, A TI Volumetric gas flow standard with uncertainty of 0.02% to 05% SO JOURNAL OF FLUIDS ENGINEERING-TRANSACTIONS OF THE ASME LA English DT Article AB A new pressure, volume, temperature, and time (PVTt) primary gas flow standard for calibrating flowmeters has an expanded uncertainty (k = 2) of between 0.02% and 0.05%. The standard diverts a steady flow into a collection tank of known volume during a measured time interval. The standard spans the flow range of 1 slm(1) to 2000 slm using two collection tanks (34 L and 677 L) and two flow diversion systems. We describe the features of the standard and analyze its uncertainty. The thermostatted collection novel. tank allows determination of the average gas temperature to 7 mK (0.0023%) within an equilibration time of 20 min. We developed a mass cancellation procedure that reduced the uncertainty contributions from the inventory volume to 0.017% at the highest flow rate. Flows were independently measured throughout the overlapping flow range of the two systems and they agreed within 0.015%. The larger collection system was evaluated at high flows by comparing single and double diversions; the maximum difference was 0.0075%. C1 Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20877 USA. Kogakuin Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Hachioji, Tokyo 1920015, Japan. EM john.wright@nist.gov RI Moldover, Michael/E-6384-2013 NR 12 TC 0 Z9 1 U1 1 U2 1 PU ASME-AMER SOC MECHANICAL ENG PI NEW YORK PA THREE PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10016-5990 USA SN 0098-2202 J9 J FLUID ENG-T ASME JI J. Fluids Eng.-Trans. ASME PD NOV PY 2003 VL 125 IS 6 BP 1058 EP 1066 DI 10.1115/1.1624428 PG 9 WC Engineering, Mechanical SC Engineering GA 764ZX UT WOS:000188242900015 ER PT J AU Harber, DM McGuirk, JM Obrecht, JM Cornell, EA AF Harber, DM McGuirk, JM Obrecht, JM Cornell, EA TI Thermally induced losses in ultra-cold atoms magnetically trapped near room-temperature surfaces SO JOURNAL OF LOW TEMPERATURE PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MANIPULATION; MIRROR; FORCE AB We have measured magnetic trap lifetimes of ultra-cold Rb-87 atoms at distances of 5-1000 mum from surfaces of conducting metals with varying resistivity. Good agreement is found with a theoretical model for losses arising from near-field magnetic thermal noise, confirming the complications associated with holding trapped atoms close to conducting surfaces. A dielectric surface (silicon) was found in contrast to be so benign that we are able to evaporatively cool atoms to a Bose-Einstein condensate by using the surface to selectively adsorb higher energy atoms. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Quantum Phys Div, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Harber, DM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 28 TC 122 Z9 122 U1 0 U2 4 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC/PLENUM PUBL PI NEW YORK PA 233 SPRING ST, NEW YORK, NY 10013 USA SN 0022-2291 J9 J LOW TEMP PHYS JI J. Low Temp. Phys. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 133 IS 3-4 BP 229 EP 238 DI 10.1023/A:1026084606385 PG 10 WC Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 730EH UT WOS:000185815900001 ER PT J AU Saha, A Shah, SR Raj, R Russek, SE AF Saha, A Shah, SR Raj, R Russek, SE TI Polymer-derived SiCN composites with magnetic properties SO JOURNAL OF MATERIALS RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID AMORPHOUS-SILICON CARBONITRIDE; TEMPERATURE AB Composites consisting of particles of alpha-iron dispersed in silicon carbonitride (SiCN) were fabricated by a polymer route. The composites had iron inclusions with the same magnetization as bulk iron, but they resisted oxidation up to 500 degreesC and had a hardness of 5-7 GPa. The composites behaved as ferromagnets, albeit with a low susceptibility attributed to the pinning of the domains by imperfect interfaces and to the elastic resistance from the SiCN matrix. This low-cost, low-temperature processing method can be used to make different kinds of ceramic composites with multifunctional properties. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Engn Mech, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Saha, A (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Engn Mech, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. OI RAJ, RISHI/0000-0001-8556-9797 NR 6 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 2 U2 9 PU MATERIALS RESEARCH SOCIETY PI WARRENDALE PA 506 KEYSTONE DR, WARRENDALE, PA 15086 USA SN 0884-2914 J9 J MATER RES JI J. Mater. Res. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 18 IS 11 BP 2549 EP 2551 DI 10.1557/JMR.2003.0356 PG 3 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 739ZX UT WOS:000186377300005 ER PT J AU Damiao, V Anderson, DZ AF Damiao, V Anderson, DZ TI The geometry underlying photorefractive two-beam coupling SO JOURNAL OF OPTICS A-PURE AND APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article DE nonlinear optics; photorefractive; dynamic holography; tubing coupling; optical processing ID STEADY-STATE SOLUTION; GROUP SYMMETRY; DYNAMICS AB We cast the theory of photorefractive two-beam coupling in geometrical terms and derive a closed form solution to the problem of two-beam coupling with time-dependent fields that evolve in such a way as to give rise to a stationary index of a refraction grating. The geometrical approach treats the optical field amplitudes in terms of vectors whose spatial dynamics is governed by a Hamiltonian. A density matrix formed from the optical fieldvectors is shown to have particularly simple dynamics. We derive a formula for a transfer matrix that accommodates complex coupling coefficients and that can be used to calculate the instantaneous output of the photorefractive grating given any input. The geometrical picture of photorefractive two-beam coupling is pedagogically developed through several specific examples. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Damiao, V (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA DIRAC HOUSE, TEMPLE BACK, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 1464-4258 J9 J OPT A-PURE APPL OP JI J. Opt. A-Pure Appl. Opt. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 5 IS 6 BP S536 EP S549 AR PII S1464-4258(03)66618-3 DI 10.1088/1464-4258/5/6/023 PG 14 WC Optics SC Optics GA 748BY UT WOS:000186843300024 ER PT J AU Grachev, AA Fairall, CW Hare, JE Edson, JB Miller, SD AF Grachev, AA Fairall, CW Hare, JE Edson, JB Miller, SD TI Wind stress vector over ocean waves SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY-LAYER; PROGRESSIVE WATER-WAVE; RADAR CROSS-SECTION; TURBULENT-FLOW; COORDINATE SYSTEM; SURFACE-WAVES; MOMENTUM FLUX; AIR-FLOW; SEA; DEPENDENCE AB Previous investigations of the wind stress in the marine surface layer have primarily focused on determining the stress magnitude (momentum flux) and other scalar variables (e.g., friction velocity, drag coefficient, roughness length). However, the stress vector is often aligned with a direction different from that of the mean wind flow. In this paper, the focus is on the study of the stress vector direction relative to the mean wind and surface-wave directions. Results based on measurements made during three field campaigns onboard the R/P Floating Instrument Platform (FLIP) in the Pacific are discussed. In general, the wind stress is a vector sum of the 1) pure shear stress (turbulent and viscous) aligned with the mean wind shear, 2) wind-wave-induced stress aligned with the direction of the pure wind-sea waves, and 3) swell-induced stress aligned with the swell direction. The direction of the wind-wave-induced stress and the swell-induced stress components may coincide with, or be opposite to, the direction of wave propagation (pure wind waves and swell, respectively). As a result, the stress vector may deviate widely from the mean wind flow, including cases in which stress is directed across or even opposite to the wind. C1 NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Woods Hole Oceanog Inst, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. Univ Calif Irvine, Atmospher Turbulence Lab, Irvine, CA USA. Russian Acad Sci, AM Obukhov Inst Atmospher Phys, Moscow, Russia. RP Grachev, AA (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, R-ET6,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. OI GRACHEV, ANDREY/0000-0002-7143-0820 NR 53 TC 51 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-3670 J9 J PHYS OCEANOGR JI J. Phys. Oceanogr. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 33 IS 11 BP 2408 EP 2429 DI 10.1175/1520-0485(2003)033<2408:WSVOOW>2.0.CO;2 PG 22 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 735GF UT WOS:000186103500015 ER PT J AU Rothman, LS Barbe, A Benner, DC Brown, LR Camy-Peyret, C Carleer, MR Chance, K Clerbaux, C Dana, V Devi, VM Fayt, A Flaud, JM Gamache, RR Goldman, A Jacquemart, D Jucks, KW Lafferty, WJ Mandin, JY Massie, ST Nemtchinov, V Newnham, DA Perrin, A Rinsland, CP Schroeder, J Smith, KM Smith, MAH Tang, K Toth, RA Vander Auwera, J Varanasi, P Yoshino, K AF Rothman, LS Barbe, A Benner, DC Brown, LR Camy-Peyret, C Carleer, MR Chance, K Clerbaux, C Dana, V Devi, VM Fayt, A Flaud, JM Gamache, RR Goldman, A Jacquemart, D Jucks, KW Lafferty, WJ Mandin, JY Massie, ST Nemtchinov, V Newnham, DA Perrin, A Rinsland, CP Schroeder, J Smith, KM Smith, MAH Tang, K Toth, RA Vander Auwera, J Varanasi, P Yoshino, K TI The HITRAN molecular spectroscopic database: edition of 2000 including updates through 2001 SO JOURNAL OF QUANTITATIVE SPECTROSCOPY & RADIATIVE TRANSFER LA English DT Review DE HITRAN; spectroscopic database; molecular spectroscopy; molecular absorption; absorption cross-sections; aerosol refractive indices ID ABSORPTION CROSS-SECTIONS; TUNABLE DIODE-LASER; HETERODYNE FREQUENCY MEASUREMENTS; FOURIER-TRANSFORM SPECTROSCOPY; ABSOLUTE LINE-INTENSITIES; MULTISPECTRUM FITTING PROCEDURE; CARBONYL SULFIDE TRANSITIONS; AIR-BROADENING COEFFICIENTS; COMPLEX REFRACTIVE-INDEXES; INFRARED OPTICAL-CONSTANTS AB This paper describes the status circa 2001, of the HITRAN compilation that comprises the public edition available through 2001. The HITRAN compilation consists of several components useful for radiative transfer calculation codes: high-resolution spectroscopic parameters of molecules in the gas phase, absorption cross-sections for molecules with very dense spectral features, aerosol refractive indices, ultraviolet line-by-line parameters and absorption cross-sections, and associated database management software. The line-by-line portion of the database contains spectroscopic parameters for 38 molecules and their isotopologues and isotopomers suitable for calculating atmospheric transmission and radiance properties. Many more molecular species are presented in the infrared cross-section data than in the previous edition, especially the chlorofluorocarbons and their replacement gases. There is now sufficient representation so that quasi-quantitative simulations can be obtained with the standard radiance codes. In addition to the description and justification of new or modified data that have been incorporated since the last edition of HITRAN (1996), future modifications are indicated for cases considered to have a significant impact on remote-sensing experiments. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Atom & Mol Phys Div, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Univ Reims, Grp Spectrometrie Mol & Atmospher, F-51062 Reims, France. Coll William & Mary, Dept Phys, Williamsburg, VA 23187 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. Univ Paris 06, Lab Phys Mol & Applicat, F-75252 Paris, France. Univ Libre Brussels, Lab Chim Phys Mol, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium. Univ Paris 06, Serv Aeron, F-75252 Paris, France. Catholic Univ Louvain, Lab Spect Mol, B-1348 Louvain, Belgium. Univ Paris 11, CNRS, Photophys Mol Lab, F-91405 Orsay, France. Univ Mass Lowell, Dept Environm Earth & Atmospher Sci, Lowell, MA 01854 USA. Univ Denver, Dept Phys, Denver, CO 80208 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Rutherford Appleton Lab, Didcot OX11 OQX, Oxon, England. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. Ontar Corp, N Andover, MA 01845 USA. NIST, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Rothman, LS (reprint author), Harvard Smithsonian Ctr Astrophys, Atom & Mol Phys Div, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. EM lrothman@cfa.harvard.edu RI clerbaux, cathy/I-5478-2013; OI Rothman, Laurence/0000-0002-3837-4847; Chance, Kelly/0000-0002-7339-7577 NR 178 TC 792 Z9 822 U1 7 U2 52 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0022-4073 J9 J QUANT SPECTROSC RA JI J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf. PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 82 IS 1-4 BP 5 EP 44 DI 10.1016/S0022-4073(03)00146-8 PG 40 WC Optics; Spectroscopy SC Optics; Spectroscopy GA 711KG UT WOS:000184738800002 ER PT J AU Kearsley, AJ Melara, LA AF Kearsley, AJ Melara, LA TI Simulation of an Austenite-twinned-Martensite interface SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Austenite-Martensite interface; finite element method; quasi-Newton method ID PHASE-TRANSITIONS; MICROSTRUCTURE; CRYSTALS; APPROXIMATION; TRANSFORMATION; OPTIMIZATION; ENERGY AB Developing numerical methods for predicting microstructure in materials is a large and important research area. Two examples of material microstructures are Austenite and Martensite. Austenite is a microscopic phase with simple crystallographic structure while Martensite is one with a more complex structure. One important task in materials science is the development of numerical procedures which accurately predict microstructures in Martensite. In this paper we present a method for simulating material microstructure close to an Austenite-Martensite interface. The method combines a quasi-Newton optimization algorithm and a non-conforming finite element scheme that successfully minimizes an approximation to the total stored energy near the interface of interest. Preliminary results suggest that the minimizers of this energy functional located by the developed numerical algorithm appear to display the desired characteristics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Math & Computat Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kearsley, AJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Math & Computat Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM ajk@nist.gov; luism@nist.gov NR 34 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 108 IS 6 BP 413 EP 427 DI 10.6028/jres.108.036 PG 15 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 826DM UT WOS:000221809500001 PM 27413619 ER PT J AU Gupta, R Kaplan, SG AF Gupta, R Kaplan, SG TI High accuracy ultraviolet index of refraction measurements using a Fourier transform spectrometer SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE calcium fluoride; etalon; Fourier transform spectrometer; refractive; index; synchrotron; thermal coefficient; ultraviolet ID THERMAL COEFFICIENTS; CALCIUM-FLUORIDE; 157 NM; REFRACTOMETRY; RADIOMETRY AB We have constructed a new facility at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to measure the index of refraction of transmissive materials in the wavelength range from the visible to the vacuum ultraviolet. An etalon of the material is illuminated with synchrotron radiation, and the interference fringes in the transmittance spectrum are measured using a Fourier transform spectrometer. The refractive index of calcium fluoride, CaF2, has been measured from 600 nm to 175 nm and the resulting values agree with a traditional goniometric measurement to within 1 x 10(-5). The uncertainty in the index values is currently limited by the uncertainty in the thickness measurement of the etalon. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Sensor Grp, Opt Technol Div, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Properties & Infrared Technol Grp, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gupta, R (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Sensor Grp, Opt Technol Div, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM simon.kaplan@nist.gov NR 15 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 8 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 108 IS 6 BP 429 EP 437 DI 10.6028/jres.108.037 PG 9 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 826DM UT WOS:000221809500002 PM 27413620 ER PT J AU Kacker, RN Datla, RU Parr, AC AF Kacker, RN Datla, RU Parr, AC TI Statistical interpretation of key comparison reference value and degrees of equivalence SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE interlaboratory evaluation; measurement uncertainty; variance components ID UNCERTAINTY AB Key comparisons carried out by the Consultative Committees (CCs) of the International Committee of Weights and Measures (CIPM) or the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) are referred to as CIPM key comparisons. The outputs of a statistical analysis of the data from a CIPM key comparison are the key comparison reference value, the degrees of equivalence, and their associated uncertainties. The BIPM publications do not discuss statistical interpretation of these outputs. We discuss their interpretation under the following three statistical models: nonexistent laboratory-effects model, random laboratory-effects model, and systematic laboratory-effects model. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Math & Computat Sci Div, Informat Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Math & Computat Sci Div, Informat Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM raghu.kacker@nist.gov; raju.datla@nist.gov; albert.parr@nist.gov NR 11 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 3 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 108 IS 6 BP 439 EP 446 DI 10.6028/jres.108.038 PG 8 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 826DM UT WOS:000221809500003 PM 27413621 ER PT J AU Mighell, AD AF Mighell, AD TI The normalized reduced form and cell mathematical tools for lattice analysis - Symmetry and similarity SO JOURNAL OF RESEARCH OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE identification; lattice-matching strategies; lattice relationships; lattice similarity; metric lattice; normalized reduced cell and form; symmetry ID CRYSTALLINE MATERIALS; IDENTIFICATION AB To intelligently and effectively use crystallographic databases, mathematical and computer tools are required that can elucidate diverse types of intra- and interlattice relationships. Two such tools are the normalized reduced form and normalized reduced cell. Practical experience has revealed that the first tool - the normalized reduced form - is very helpful in establishing lattice metric symmetry as it enables one to readily deduce significant relationships between the elements of the reduced form. Likewise research with crystallographic databases has demonstrated that the second tool - the normalized reduced cell - plays a vital role in determining metrically similar lattices. Knowledge of similar lattices has practical value in solving structures, in assignment of structure types, in materials design, and in nano-technology. In addition to using the reduced cell, it is recommended that lattice-matching strategies based on the normalized reduced cell be routinely carried out in database searching, in data evaluation, and in experimental work. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Mighell, AD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM alan.mighell@nist.gov NR 32 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU US GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE PI WASHINGTON PA SUPERINTENDENT DOCUMENTS,, WASHINGTON, DC 20402-9325 USA SN 1044-677X J9 J RES NATL INST STAN JI J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol. PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 108 IS 6 BP 447 EP 452 DI 10.6028/jres.108.039 PG 6 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 826DM UT WOS:000221809500004 PM 27413622 ER PT J AU Kharchenko, SB McGuiggan, PM Migler, KB AF Kharchenko, SB McGuiggan, PM Migler, KB TI Flow induced coating of fluoropolymer additives: Development of frustrated total internal reflection imaging SO JOURNAL OF RHEOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LOW-DENSITY POLYETHYLENE; SHARKSKIN MELT FRACTURE; POLYMER-POLYMER INTERFACE; WALL SLIP; RHEOLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS; EXTRUSION INSTABILITIES; MOLECULAR-STRUCTURE; POISEUILLE FLOW; PROCESSING AID; ORIFICE DIES AB In the extrusion of linear low-density polyethylene (PE), fluoropolymer processing additives (PPAs) are used to eliminate the surface defect known as "sharkskin" by coating the die wall and inducing slip at the PPA/PE interface. We describe an in situ optical method for measurement of the coating thickness by exploiting the phenomenon of frustrated total internal reflection. By correlating the optical and pressure measurements, extrudate appearance and auxiliary experiments, we can elucidate the kinetics of the coating process. The PPA droplets first adsorb in the entrance region of the die and migrate under shear stress towards the capillary exit where they act to suppress sharkskin. We find that a uniform coating in the range of 25-60 nm is sufficient for sharkskin elimination. The steady state coating thickness near the exit ranges from 200 to 400 nm depending on the shear rate and concentration. We develop a mass balance model for calculation of the steady state coating thickness which compares well with our experimental data. (C) 2003 The Society of Rheology. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Migler, KB (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI McGuiggan, Patricia/A-3379-2010 NR 76 TC 25 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 12 PU JOURNAL OF RHEOLOGY AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0148-6055 J9 J RHEOL JI J. Rheol. PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 47 IS 6 BP 1523 EP 1545 DI 10.1122/1.1619375 PG 23 WC Mechanics SC Mechanics GA 740ME UT WOS:000186405500013 ER PT J AU Bailey, KM Brown, ES Duffy-Anderson, JT AF Bailey, KM Brown, ES Duffy-Anderson, JT TI Aspects of distribution, transport and recruitment of Alaska plaice (Pleuronectes quadrituberculatus) in the Gulf of Alaska and eastern Bering Sea: comparison of marginal and central populations SO JOURNAL OF SEA RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Symposium on Flatfish Ecology CY NOV 03-07, 2002 CL ISLE OF MAN, ENGLAND DE NE Pacific Ocean; Gulf of Alaska; flatfish; transport; nursery; recruitment ID ATLANTIC; FLATFISHES AB Shelikof Strait in the Gulf of Alaska appears to be near the extreme warm southern end of the spawning range of Alaska plaice (Pleuronectes quadrituberculatus). The spawning location, larval transport, and retention in the nursery area are documented from analysis of historical ichthyoplankton surveys of the region. Data from juvenile and adult trawl surveys were analysed to characterise the nursery areas. Aspects of the spawning distribution, population dynamics and juvenile nursery habitat characteristics in the Gulf of Alaska were compared with those in the primary area of its distribution in the eastern Bering Sea. In the Gulf of Alaska, concentrated spawning appears to be localised on the narrow shelf between 50 to 100 m depth on the north flank of the Shelikof Strait Sea Valley and in several other areas. Larvae drift downstream with prevailing currents. Most juveniles are located in water less than 50 m deep over a mud or sand bottom. Over its range, the mean biomass of plaice is related to the amount of suitable juvenile nursery bottom habitat. The abundance of the marginal Gulf of Alaska population is more variable than the main stock of the eastern Bering Sea. Because the continental shelf in the Gulf of Alaska is narrow and suitable habitat is fragmented, it is proposed that the population of Alaska plaice in the Gulf of Alaska is limited by recruitment to suitable nursery habitat, and that there is a dynamic interplay between the landscape ecology and larval drift due to highly variable currents. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Bailey, KM (reprint author), Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. EM kevin.bailey@noaa.gov NR 8 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 3 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1385-1101 J9 J SEA RES JI J. Sea Res. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 50 IS 2-3 BP 87 EP 95 DI 10.1016/S1385-1101(03)00064-9 PG 9 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 740BU UT WOS:000186381600002 ER PT J AU Abookire, AA Macewicz, BJ AF Abookire, AA Macewicz, BJ TI Latitudinal variation in reproductive biology and growth of female Dover sole (Microstomus pacificus) in the North Pacific, with emphasis on the Gulf of Alaska stock SO JOURNAL OF SEA RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 5th International Symposium on Flatfish Ecology CY NOV 03-07, 2002 CL ISLE OF MAN, ENGLAND DE reproduction; length at maturity; age at maturity; latitudinal variation; spawning season; Dover sole; Pleuronectidae; Gulf of Alaska ID MATURITY; HISTORY; AGE; MATURATION; SIZE AB Dover sole (Microstomus pacificus) have a wide distribution throughout the North Pacific, ranging from southern Baja California (26degreesN) to the Gulf of Alaska (GOA, 59degreesN). Prior to this study, our understanding of Dover sole reproductive biology was limited to the stock off the US west coast. This study was initiated to determine the length and age at maturity for Dover sole in the GOA. We also compared the length at maturity and growth rate across latitudes to test the hypothesis that individuals near the northern extent of their range (GOA stock) mature at a larger size than individuals in the southern stock off California and Oregon. Female Dover sole (n = 273) ranging in length from 198-663 mm were collected opportunistically around Kodiak Island, Alaska, (55-59degreesN) from February 2000 to October 2001, with sampling concentrated in the months February-April, June-July, and October-November. All ovaries were examined to determine the maturity stage using standard histological criteria. The spawning season of Dover sole in the GOA spanned at least 4 months, from February to May. Dover sole in the GOA matured at a larger size than those off California and Oregon, with an estimated length at 50% maturity (ML50) of 439 mm. At the same fish length that nearly 100% of Dover sole from California and Oregon waters are mature, Dover sole in the GOA are just beginning to mature. The estimated age at 50% maturity (MA(50)) for female Dover sole in the GOA was 6.7 years and was similar to the MA(50) for cohorts at more southern latitudes. We attribute the latitudinal variation in ML50, combined with the similar MA(50) across latitudes, to spatial differences in growth rates. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 Kodiak Lab, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Kodiak, AK 99615 USA. SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Abookire, AA (reprint author), Kodiak Lab, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 301 Res Court, Kodiak, AK 99615 USA. NR 20 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1385-1101 J9 J SEA RES JI J. Sea Res. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 50 IS 2-3 BP 187 EP 197 DI 10.1016/S1385-1101(03)00062-5 PG 11 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 740BU UT WOS:000186381600010 ER PT J AU Levin, I Amos, TG Bell, SM Farber, L Vanderah, TA Roth, RS Toby, BH AF Levin, I Amos, TG Bell, SM Farber, L Vanderah, TA Roth, RS Toby, BH TI Phase equilibria, crystal structures, and dielectric anomaly in the BaZrO3-CaZrO3 system SO JOURNAL OF SOLID STATE CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID COMPLEX PEROVSKITES; TEMPERATURE; TRANSITIONS; SOLIDS AB Phase equilibria in the (1 - x)BaZrO3-xCaZrO(3) system were analyzed using a combination of X-ray and neutron powder diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. The proposed phase diagram features two extended two-phase fields containing mixtures of a Ba-rich cubic phase and a tetragonal, or orthorhombic Ca-rich phase, all having perovskite-related structures. The symmetry differences in the Ca-rich phases are caused by different tilting patterns of the [ZrO6] octahedra. In specimens quenched from 1650degreesC, CaZrO3 dissolves only a few percent of Ba, whereas the solubility of Ca in BaZrO3 is approximately 30 at%. The BaZrO3-CaZrO3 system features at least two tilting phase transitions, Pm3m --> 14/mcm and 14/mcm --> Pbnm. Rietveld refinements of the Ba0.8Ca0.2ZrO3 structure using variable-temperature neutron powder diffraction data confirmed that the Pm3m --> 14/mcm transition corresponds to a rotation of octahedra about one of the cubic axes; successive octahedra along this axis rotate in opposite directions. In situ variable-temperature electron diffraction studies indicated that the transition temperature increases with increasing Ca-substitution on the A-sites, from approximately - 120degreesC at 5 at% Ca to 225degreesC at 20 at% Ca. Dielectric measurements revealed that the permittivity increases monotonically from 36 for BaZrO3 to 53 for Ba0.9Ca0.1ZrO3, and then decreases to 50 for Ba0.8Ca0.2ZrO3. This later specimen was the Ca-richest composition for which pellets could be quenched from the single-phase cubic field with presently available equipment. Strongly non-monotonic behavior was also observed for the temperature coefficient of resonant frequency; however, in this case, the maximum occurred at a lower Ca concentration, 0.05 less than or equal to x less than or equal to 0.l. The non-linear behavior of the dielectric properties was attributed to two competing structural effects: a positive effect associated with substitution of relatively small Ca cations on the A-sites, resulting in stretched Ca-O bonds, and a negative effect, related to the distortion of the A-site environment (bond strain relaxation) upon octahedral tilting. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. TRAK Ceram Inc, Hagerstown, MD USA. Univ Penn, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RP Levin, I (reprint author), NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Stop 8529, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Levin, Igor/F-8588-2010; Toby, Brian/F-3176-2013 OI Toby, Brian/0000-0001-8793-8285 NR 23 TC 71 Z9 72 U1 3 U2 43 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0022-4596 J9 J SOLID STATE CHEM JI J. Solid State Chem. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 175 IS 2 BP 170 EP 181 DI 10.1016/S0022-4596(03)00220-2 PG 12 WC Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear; Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 735QT UT WOS:000186126600005 ER PT J AU Simiu, E Sadek, F Riley, MA AF Simiu, E Sadek, F Riley, MA TI Discussion of "Definition of wind profiles in ASCE 7" by Yin Zhou and Ahsan Kareem SO JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NIST, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 3 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-9445 J9 J STRUCT ENG-ASCE JI J. Struct. Eng.-ASCE PD NOV PY 2003 VL 129 IS 11 BP 1564 EP 1565 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2002)129:8(1082) PG 2 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA 733NC UT WOS:000186006200016 ER PT J AU Ma, L Low, SR Song, J AF Ma, L Low, SR Song, J TI Finite-element modeling and experimental comparisons of the effects of deformable ball indenters on Rockwell B hardness tests SO JOURNAL OF TESTING AND EVALUATION LA English DT Article DE contact deformation; finite-element analysis; indentation; Rockwell hardness ID HALF-SPACE; INDENTATION AB Significant differences occur in Rockwell B hardness (HRB) tests depending on whether the 1.588 mm diameter ball indenter that is used is made of steel or of tungsten carbide (WC). It is important to study and assess the effect of different indenter materials on the HRB tests since the Rockwell hardness test method standards, published by ASTM International and the International Organization for Standardization, now permit the use of either steel or tungsten carbide ball indenters. In this paper, finite-element analysis (FEA) is used to simulate the HRB indentation process using steel and WC ball indenters on the same test materials under the same testing conditions. The influence of the deformable steel and WC indenters on the HRB; tests is analyzed by comparing their FEA results with those of a simulated nondeformable rigid indenter. The contact pressure, stress, strain, and deformations of both the indenters and the tested materials during the loading and unloading period are analyzed. The FEA simulation results show that the HRB difference between steel and WC ball indenters is about 0.4 HRB for 40-78 HRB levels, but increases to 0.56 HRB at the 23 HRB level. The FEA simulation results agree with experimental HRB results. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ma, L (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8553, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 21 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER SOC TESTING MATERIALS PI W CONSHOHOCKEN PA 100 BARR HARBOR DR, W CONSHOHOCKEN, PA 19428-2959 USA SN 0090-3973 J9 J TEST EVAL JI J. Test. Eval. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 31 IS 6 BP 514 EP 523 PG 10 WC Materials Science, Characterization & Testing SC Materials Science GA 742KP UT WOS:000186516200009 ER PT J AU Heyliger, PR Ledbetter, H Kim, S Reimanis, L AF Heyliger, PR Ledbetter, H Kim, S Reimanis, L TI Elastic constants of layers in isotropic laminates SO JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID FREE-VIBRATION; COMPOSITE AB The individual laminae elastic constants in multilayer laminates composed of dissimilar isotropic layers were determined using ultrasonic-resonance spectroscopy and the linear theory of elasticity. Ultrasonic resonance allows one to measure the free-vibration response spectrum of a traction-free solid under periodic vibration. These frequencies depend on pointwise density, laminate dimensions, layer thickness, and layer elastic constants. Given a material with known mass but unknown constitution, this method allows one to extract the elastic constants and density of the constituent layers. This is accomplished by measuring the frequencies and then minimizing the differences between these and those calculated using the theory of elasticity for layered media to select the constants that best replicate the frequency-response spectrum. This approach is applied to a three-layer, unsymmetric laminate of WpCu, and very good agreement is found with the elastic constants of the two constituent materials. (C) 2003 Acoustical Society of America. C1 Colorado State Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. Los Alamos Natl Lab E536, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Colorado Sch Mines, Dept Met & Mat Engn, Golden, CO 80401 USA. RP Heyliger, PR (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 12 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 3 PU ACOUSTICAL SOC AMER AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0001-4966 J9 J ACOUST SOC AM JI J. Acoust. Soc. Am. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 114 IS 5 BP 2618 EP 2625 DI 10.1121/1.1618754 PG 8 WC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology SC Acoustics; Audiology & Speech-Language Pathology GA 741YZ UT WOS:000186489100009 PM 14649998 ER PT J AU Sano, T Saylor, DM Rohrer, GS AF Sano, T Saylor, DM Rohrer, GS TI Surface energy anisotropy of SrTiO3 at 1400 degrees C in air SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CERAMIC SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID CONSERVING SHAPE CHANGES; VECTOR THERMODYNAMICS; INTERNAL CAVITIES; EQUILIBRIUM SHAPE; CRYSTALS; RELAXATION; JUNCTIONS; GEOMETRY; SILICON AB Geometric and crystallographic measurements of grain-boundary thermal grooves and surface faceting behavior as a function of orientation have been used to determine the surface energy anisotropy of SrTiO3 at 1400degreesC in air. Under these conditions, thermal grooves are formed by surface diffusion. The surface energy anisotropy was determined using the capillarity vector reconstruction method under the assumption that Herring's local equilibrium condition holds at the groove root. The results indicate that the (100) surface has the minimum energy. For surfaces inclined between 0degrees and 30degrees from (100), the energy increases with the inclination angle. Orientations inclined by more than 30degrees from (100) are all about 10% higher in energy and, within experimental uncertainty, energetically equivalent. A procedure for estimating the uncertainties in the reconstructed energies is also introduced. Taken together, the orientation dependence of the surface-facet formation and the measured energy anisotropy lead to the conclusion that the equilibrium crystal shape is dominated by {100}, but also includes {110} and {111} facets. Complex planes within about 15degrees of {100} and 5degrees of {110} are also part of the equilibrium shape. C1 Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Sano, T (reprint author), Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. RI Rohrer, Gregory/A-9420-2008 OI Rohrer, Gregory/0000-0002-9671-3034 NR 31 TC 67 Z9 68 U1 5 U2 21 PU AMER CERAMIC SOC PI WESTERVILLE PA 735 CERAMIC PLACE, PO BOX 6136, WESTERVILLE, OH 43086-6136 USA SN 0002-7820 J9 J AM CERAM SOC JI J. Am. Ceram. Soc. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 86 IS 11 BP 1933 EP 1939 DI 10.1111/j.1151-2916.2003.tb03584.x PG 7 WC Materials Science, Ceramics SC Materials Science GA 742KJ UT WOS:000186515700017 ER PT J AU Weng, FZ Liu, QH AF Weng, FZ Liu, QH TI Satellite data assimilation in numerical weather prediction models. Part I: Forward radiative transfer and Jacobian modeling in cloudy atmospheres SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID DISCRETE-ORDINATE-METHOD; SEA-SURFACE; SCATTERING; RETRIEVAL; TEMPERATURE; EMISSIVITY AB Satellite data assimilation requires rapid and accurate radiative transfer and radiance gradient models. For a vertically stratified scattering and emitting atmosphere, the vector discrete-ordinate radiative transfer model (VDISORT) was developed to derive all Stokes radiance components at the top of the atmosphere. This study further enhances the VDISORT to compute the radiance gradients or Jacobians. The band matrix used in the VDISORT is simplified and confined along the diagonal direction so that the Jacobians relative to atmospheric and surface parameters are directly derived from its analytic solutions. The radiances and Jacobians at various wavelengths from the VDISORT are compared against those from other techniques that have been benchmarked before. It is shown that the present method is accurate and computationally efficient. In the VDISORT, both emissivity vector and reflectivity matrix are integrated as part of the radiance and Jacobian calculations. In this study, only the emissivity models at microwave frequencies are tested and implemented for VDISORT applications. Over oceans, a full polarimetric emissivity model is utilized. The cutoff wavenumber separating the large-scale waves from the small-scale waves is derived from an ocean wave spectrum model. Over land, a microwave emissivity model previously developed is used to compute various emissivity spectra. C1 NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Joint Ctr Satellite Data Assimilat, Camp Springs, MD USA. Colorado State Univ, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Weng, FZ (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Room 7006,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RI Liu, Quanhua/B-6608-2008; Weng, Fuzhong/F-5633-2010 OI Liu, Quanhua/0000-0002-3616-351X; Weng, Fuzhong/0000-0003-0150-2179 NR 29 TC 30 Z9 38 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 60 IS 21 BP 2633 EP 2646 DI 10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<2633:SDAINW>2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 733HU UT WOS:000185994900005 ER PT J AU Mapes, BE Ciesielski, PE Johnson, RH AF Mapes, BE Ciesielski, PE Johnson, RH TI Sampling errors in rawinsonde-array budgets SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID CONVECTIVE MOMENTUM TRANSPORT; PACIFIC WARM POOL; TOGA COARE IOP; VARIABILITY; RADIOSONDE; RAINFALL; MOISTURE; CLIMATE; MODELS AB Rawinsonde data used for sounding-array budget computations have random errors, both instrumental errors and errors of representativeness ( here called sampling errors). The latter are associated with the fact that radiosondes do not measure large-scale mean winds and state variables, but are contaminated by small-scale variations as well. Data from the western Pacific and the summer monsoon of southeast Asia are used to estimate these random errors, and to propagate them through budget computations to assign error bars to derived quantities. The statistics of sampling errors in directly measured variables are estimated from station pair analysis, in which variance is partitioned into contributions by resolved and unresolved scales. Resolved scales contribute the portion that is contained in averages of adjacent sounding stations and/or adjacent launch times (6-h intervals), while the rest of the total variance is defined as unresolved. Magnitudes of unresolved variability for typical rawinsonde-array spacings are similar to0.5 K for temperature; similar to5% for relative humidity at low levels, rising to nearly 15% in the middle-upper troposphere; and similar to2 m s(-1) for winds, rising to 3 m s(-1) in the upper troposphere. These are much larger than random instrumental errors, as estimated from pairs of simultaneous rawinsondes launched very close together. Vertical correlation scales of unresolved variability are 100 - 200 hPa. Up to 50% of the variance of humidity is unresolved, while for zonal wind the unresolved portion is only a few percent. Spatial and temporal sampling errors become about equal for 6-hourly rawinsondes similar to200 km apart. The effects of sampling errors on budget computations are estimated by a perturbed- observation ensemble approach. All computations are repeated 20 times, with random realizations of unresolved variability added to the rawinsonde data entering the analysis. The ensemble standard deviation serves as an estimate of sampling error, which naturally decreases as the results are averaged over larger areas and longer time periods. For example, rainfall estimates on similar to500 km scales have sampling errors of similar to5 mm day(-1) in daily means, and similar to1 mm day(-1) in monthly means. The ensemble spread of 120-day time integrations of the vertically averaged moist enthalpy equation with rawinsonde-array-derived advective sources exceeds 20 K, implying that sampling error could be responsible for substantial biases in column models forced with such source terms. C1 NOAA, CIRES Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Mapes, BE (reprint author), NOAA, CIRES Climate Diagnost Ctr, 325 S Broadway,R-CDC1, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Mapes, Brian/A-5647-2010 NR 26 TC 41 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 60 IS 21 BP 2697 EP 2714 DI 10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<2697:SEIRB>2.0.CO;2 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 733HU UT WOS:000185994900010 ER PT J AU Horinouchi, T Pawson, S Shibata, K Langematz, U Manzini, E Giorgetta, MA Sassi, F Wilson, RJ Hamilton, K de Grandpre, J Scaife, AA AF Horinouchi, T Pawson, S Shibata, K Langematz, U Manzini, E Giorgetta, MA Sassi, F Wilson, RJ Hamilton, K de Grandpre, J Scaife, AA TI Tropical cumulus convection and upward-propagating waves in middle-atmospheric GCMs SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; QUASI-BIENNIAL OSCILLATION; COMMUNITY CLIMATE MODEL; STRATOSPHERE-MESOSPHERE GCM; SEMIANNUAL OSCILLATION; EQUATORIAL WAVES; GRAVITY-WAVES; VERTICAL RESOLUTION; NATIONAL CENTER; CLOUD ENSEMBLE AB It is recognized that the resolved tropical wave spectrum can vary considerably among general circulation models (GCMs) and that these differences can have an important impact on the simulated climate. A comprehensive comparison of low-latitude waves is presented for the December-January-February period using high-frequency data from nine GCMs participating in the GCM Reality Intercomparison Project for Stratospheric Processes and Their Role in Climate (GRIPS; SPARC). Quantitative measures of the wavenumber-frequency structure of resolved waves and their impacts on the zonal mean circulation are given. Space-time spectral analysis reveals that the wave spectrum throughout the middle atmosphere is linked to the variability of convective precipitation, which is determined by the parameterized convection. The variability of the precipitation spectrum differs by more than an order of magnitude among the models, with additional changes in the spectral distribution (especially the frequency). These differences can be explained primarily by the choice of different cumulus parameterizations: quasi-equilibrium mass-flux schemes tend to produce small variability, while the moist-convective adjustment scheme is the most active. Comparison with observational estimates of precipitation variability suggests that the model values are scattered around the observational estimates. Among the models, only those that produce the largest precipitation variability can reproduce the equatorial quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO). This implies that in the real atmosphere, the forcing from the waves, which are resolvable with the typical resolutions of present-day GCMs, is insufficient to drive the QBO. Parameterized cumulus convection also impacts the nonmigrating tides in the equatorial region. In most of the models, momentum transport by diurnal nonmigrating tides in the mesosphere is comparable to or larger than that by planetary-scale Kelvin waves, being more significant than has been thought. It is shown that the westerly accelerations in the equatorial semi-annual oscillation in the models examined are driven mainly by gravity waves with periods shorter than 3 days, with some contribution from parameterized gravity waves, and that the contribution from the wavenumber-1 Kelvin waves is negligible. These results provide a state-of-the-art assessment of the links between convective parameterizations and middle-atmospheric waves in present-day middle-atmosphere climate models. C1 Kyoto Univ, Radio Sci Ctr Space & Atmosphere, Uji 6110011, Japan. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Data Assimilat Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. Meteorol Res Inst, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan. Free Univ Berlin, D-1000 Berlin, Germany. Max Planck Inst Meteorol, Hamburg, Germany. Inst Nazl Geofis & Vulcanol, Bologna, Italy. NCAR, Boulder, CO USA. GFDL, Princeton, NJ USA. Univ Hawaii Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. York Univ, Toronto, ON M3J 2R7, Canada. Met Off, Bracknell, Berks, England. RP Horinouchi, T (reprint author), Kyoto Univ, Radio Sci Ctr Space & Atmosphere, Uji 6110011, Japan. EM horinout@kurasc.kyoto-u.ac.jp RI Manzini, Elisa/H-5760-2011; Horinouchi, Takeshi/K-8535-2012; Pawson, Steven/I-1865-2014 OI Horinouchi, Takeshi/0000-0002-2296-1975; Pawson, Steven/0000-0003-0200-717X NR 60 TC 77 Z9 77 U1 2 U2 17 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 EI 1520-0469 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 60 IS 22 BP 2765 EP 2782 DI 10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<2765:TCCAUW>2.0.CO;2 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 740XD UT WOS:000186426900003 ER PT J AU Abraham, DP Twesten, RD Balasubramanian, M Kropf, J Fischer, D McBreen, J Petrov, I Amine, K AF Abraham, DP Twesten, RD Balasubramanian, M Kropf, J Fischer, D McBreen, J Petrov, I Amine, K TI Microscopy and spectroscopy of lithium nickel oxide-based particles used in high power lithium-ion cells SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID X-RAY-ABSORPTION; ENERGY-LOSS SPECTROMETRY; ELECTRONIC-STRUCTURE; FINE-STRUCTURE; L-EDGE; OXYGEN CONTRIBUTION; OK-EDGE; K-EDGE; BATTERIES; DEINTERCALATION AB Structural and electronic investigations were conducted on lithium nickel oxide-based particles used in positive electrodes of 18650-type high-power Li-ion cells. K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) revealed trivalent Ni and Co ions in the bulk LiNi0.8Co0.2O2 powder used to prepare the high power electrode laminates. Using oxygen K-edge XAS, high resolution electron microscopy, nanoprobe diffraction, and electron energy-loss spectroscopy, we identified a <5 nm thick modified layer on the surface of the oxide particles, which results from the loss of Ni and Li ordering in the layered R<(3)over bar>m structure. This structural change was accompanied by oxygen loss and a lowering of the Ni- and Co-oxidation states in the surface layer. Growth of this surface layer may contribute to the impedance rise observed during accelerated aging of these Li-ion cells. (C) 2003 The Electrochemical Society. C1 Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem Technol, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Univ Illinois, Ctr Microanal Mat, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Div Mat & Chem Sci, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Abraham, DP (reprint author), Argonne Natl Lab, Div Chem Technol, 9700 S Cass Ave, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RI ID, MRCAT/G-7586-2011; Amine, Khalil/K-9344-2013; Petrov, Ivan/D-4910-2011 OI Petrov, Ivan/0000-0002-2955-4897 NR 31 TC 104 Z9 104 U1 7 U2 49 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 150 IS 11 BP A1450 EP A1456 DI 10.1149/1.1613291 PG 7 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 734HM UT WOS:000186049600008 ER PT J AU Ford, A Bonevich, JE McMichael, RD Vaudin, M Moffat, TP AF Ford, A Bonevich, JE McMichael, RD Vaudin, M Moffat, TP TI Structure and magnetic anisotropy of electrodeposited Co on n-GaAs(001) SO JOURNAL OF THE ELECTROCHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID SPIN-VALVES; ALLOYS; FILMS; GAAS; GAAS(001); CONTACT AB Co thin films have been electrodeposited on n-type (001) GaAs. The structure and texture of the films were investigated using X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) while the magnetic properties were examined using a vibrating sample magnetometer. Structural evolution was found to be a function of the growth rate. A strong hexagonal close packed (hcp) Co (11(2) over bar 0)[0001]\\GaAs(001)[110] texture was observed for films grown at lower deposition rates. The magnetocrystalline anisotropy of the hcp Co lattice summed over the two in-plane variants resulted in fourfold anisotropic in-plane magnetization. Films grown at faster rates had decreased magnetic anisotropy due to increased structural dispersion. TEM analysis of several films (8.5-15 nm) revealed a thin body centered cubic (bcc) Co layer between the GaAs (001) and the hcp Co (11(2) over bar 0) overlayer. The bcc layer formed with a cube-on-cube relationship to the GaAs (001) substrate. The structural evolution was similar to that reported for films grown by other methods, such as molecular beam epitaxy, although the thicknesses at which the various magnetic transitions occurred differed significantly, most likely due to the different growth rates employed. (C) 2003 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ford, A (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI McMichael, Robert/J-8688-2012; OI McMichael, Robert/0000-0002-1372-664X NR 23 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 0013-4651 J9 J ELECTROCHEM SOC JI J. Electrochem. Soc. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 150 IS 11 BP C753 EP C759 DI 10.1149/1.1611491 PG 7 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Coatings & Films SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 734HM UT WOS:000186049600035 ER PT J AU Li, X Ling, L Hua, XF Oehrlein, GS Wang, YC Anderson, HM AF Li, X Ling, L Hua, XF Oehrlein, GS Wang, YC Anderson, HM TI Characteristics Of C4F8 plasmas with Ar, Ne, and He additives for SiO2 etching in an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) reactor SO JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY A LA English DT Article ID RADIOFREQUENCY DISCHARGES; GROUND-STATE; LAMB SHIFT; ARGON; SILICON; HELIUM; C-C4F8; LASER; IONS AB We have characterized the effect of adding Ar, Ne, and He noble gases to C4F8 inductively coupled plasmas for SiO2 etching. The systematic variation of their ionization potentials, metastable energy levels, and mass of the dominant ion in C4F8/X% discharges (X=He, Ne, or At) containing a high percentage of the noble gas provides a means to evaluate the relative importance of gas phase and surface processes in the etching of SiO2. The total ion flux, ion composition, FC deposition and etching rates, and composition of the surface reaction layer formed on Si or SiO2 in these discharges show systematic differences as a function of process parameters because of the different electron impact ionization thresholds for Ar, Ne, and He gases, and differences in the mass of the dominant ion for discharges containing a large proportion of the noble gas. For given experimental conditions (600 W and 20 mTorr for most of this work), Ar addition gives rise to the largest ion current density, and He to the smallest, ion current density. When the noble gases are added to C4F8, the Ar+ ion flux contributes the largest percentage and He+ the smallest percentage of the total ion flux for the same dilution Of C4F8 with the noble gases. Ion compositional analysis shows that CF+, CF3+, and CF2+ are the dominant ionic fluorocarbon (FC) species (in order of importance), and that they show similar trends as a function of added Ar, Ne, and He percentage. The fluxes of the more highly dissociated C+, F+, and SiFx+/COFx+ ions are greater when Ne and He are added to C4F8 than for Ar addition. Ion energy distributions of all ions are displaced to lower energies for C4F8/Ar discharges as compared with C4F8/Ne or C4F8 He plasmas. Infrared laser absorption spectroscopy was used to determine absolute densities of neutral CF, CF2, and COF2 radical species as a function of gas composition. The densities of CF2 and COF2 radical species were enhanced when Ne and He were added to C4F8 in comparison to Ar addition. Fluorocarbon deposition rates on unbiased Si substrates were measured and greater for C4F8 discharges with Ne or He additives than when Ar was added. Upon rf biasing of the substrates, the ion energies required for etching to take place are lowest for C4F8/Ar discharges, followed by C4F8/He and C4F8/Ne discharges. A comparison of x-ray photoelectron spectra Of SiO2 surfaces exposed to C4F8/X% discharges at - 10 V self-bias voltage shows pronounced differences in the chemical bond distribution of fluorocarbon films which can be explained by differences in momentum transfer to the surface and the associated bond breaking of deposited fluorocarbon layers on the surface. A comparison of SiO2 and Si etching rates in C4F8/X% discharges shows that for C4F8/Ne discharges containing more than 70%Ne the highest SiO2/Si but lowest SiO2/resist etching rate ratio is obtained. (C) 2003 American Vacuum Society. C1 Univ Maryland, Inst Res Elect & Appl Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ New Mexico, Dept Chem & Nucl Engn, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. RP Li, X (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Inst Res Elect & Appl Phys, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NR 23 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 15 PU A V S AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0734-2101 J9 J VAC SCI TECHNOL A JI J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 21 IS 6 BP 1955 EP 1963 DI 10.1116/1.1619420 PG 9 WC Materials Science, Coatings & Films; Physics, Applied SC Materials Science; Physics GA 745XP UT WOS:000186716800024 ER PT J AU Jablonski, EL Sambasivan, S Lin, EK Fischer, DA Devadoss, C Puligadda, R AF Jablonski, EL Sambasivan, S Lin, EK Fischer, DA Devadoss, C Puligadda, R TI Near edge x-ray absorption fine structure measurements of the interface between bottom antireflective coatings and a model deprotected photoresist SO JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY B LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 47th International Conference on Electron Ion and Photon Beam Technology and Nanofabrication (EIPBN) CY MAY 27-30, 2003 CL TAMPA, FLORIDA AB The interface between bottom anti-reflective coatings (BARCs) and a model deprotected photoresist, poly (4-hydroxystyrene) (PHS), was investigated using near edge x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy to identify mechanisms responsible for pattern degradation at the BARC/ photoresist interface. Interactions at this interface can lead to pattern deviations such as footing, undercut, and pattern collapse. It was found that a residual layer is only formed when the bilayer is subject to ultraviolet exposure. The spectra of the BARC surfaces after photoresist processing and development show a combination of spectral features from both PHS and the BARC formulations. The data suggest that the residual layer results from interactions between crosslinker and photoresist that occur during normal photoresist processing. (C) 2003 American Vacuum Society. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Brewer Sci Inc, Rolla, MO 65401 USA. RP Jablonski, EL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM erin.jablonski@nist.gov NR 9 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 1 PU A V S AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 1071-1023 J9 J VAC SCI TECHNOL B JI J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 21 IS 6 BP 3153 EP 3156 DI 10.1116/1.1621661 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Physics GA 764EL UT WOS:000188193600168 ER PT J AU Jablonski, EL Prabhu, VM Sambasivan, S Lin, EK Fischer, DA Goldfarb, DL Angelopoulos, M Ito, H AF Jablonski, EL Prabhu, VM Sambasivan, S Lin, EK Fischer, DA Goldfarb, DL Angelopoulos, M Ito, H TI Near edge x-ray absorption fine structure measurements of surface segregation in 157 nm photoresist blends SO JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY B LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 47th International Conference on Electron Ion and Photon Beam Technology and Nanofabrication (EIPBN) CY MAY 27-30, 2003 CL TAMPA, FLORIDA ID PHASE-SEPARATION; FILMS; CHEMISTRY AB The surface and bulk chemistry of photoresist blends for use at the 157 nm node were analyzed using near edge x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy to quantify component segregation,and identify surface phenomena that may impact pattern formation. Spectral combinations of the constituent polymers are used to fit the spectra of the blend films. Significant segregation of one component to the surface of the photoresist film was found, in excess of the composition of that component in the blend. The bulk data were consistent with initial blend compositions. As expected, the more hydrophobic or lower surface, tension component wets the film surface even under typical photoresist processing conditions. (C) 2003 American Vacuum Society. C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. IBM Corp, Thomas J Watson Res Ctr, Yorktown Hts, NY 10598 USA. IBM Corp, Almaden Res Ctr, San Jose, CA 95120 USA. RP Jablonski, EL (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM erin.jablonski@nist.gov NR 6 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 0 PU A V S AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 1071-1023 J9 J VAC SCI TECHNOL B JI J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B PD NOV-DEC PY 2003 VL 21 IS 6 BP 3162 EP 3165 DI 10.1116/1.1624256 PG 4 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Physics, Applied SC Engineering; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Physics GA 764EL UT WOS:000188193600170 ER PT J AU Bucciarelli, E Sunda, WG AF Bucciarelli, E Sunda, WG TI Influence of CO2, nitrate, phosphate, and silicate limitation on intracellular dimethylsulfoniopropionate in batch cultures of the coastal diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana SO LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID MARINE-PHYTOPLANKTON; DIMETHYL SULFIDE; PERIDINIUM-GATUNENSE; SKELETONEMA-COSTATUM; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; GLYCINE BETAINE; CELL-DEATH; NITROGEN; DMSP; SULFUR AB We measured intracellular dimethyl sulfoniopropionate (DMSP) concentrations in nutrient-limited batch cultures of the coastal diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana. Under N, P, CO2, and Si growth limitation, intracellular DMSP concentrations decreased to low values during the exponential phase of growth and increased under nutrient limitation. The intracellular DMSP concentration increased exponentially with decreasing growth rate and cellular chlorophyll a, in response to the type and degree of nutrient limitation. For a given growth rate, N-limited cells showed the greatest increase in cellular DMSP concentrations, CO2 and Si limitation had an intermediate effect, and P limitation caused-the smallest increase. The results demonstrate the importance of nutrient limitation in enhancing DMSP concentrations in marine algae. This enhancement may be linked in part to the role of DMSP as a cellular antioxidant and to increased oxidative stress within cells during nutrient limitation. The replacement of DMSP, a sulfur-containing osmolyte, for N-containing osmolytes such as proline may also explain at least some of the DMSP increase under N limitation. Our results also point to the possible importance of diatom blooms in global or regional sulfur cycles. C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Bucciarelli, E (reprint author), Inst Univ Europeen Mer, UMR CNRS 6539, LEMAR, Pl Nicolas Copern, F-29280 Plouzane, France. EM Eva.Bucciarelli@univ-brest.fr NR 56 TC 63 Z9 66 U1 0 U2 29 PU AMER SOC LIMNOLOGY OCEANOGRAPHY PI WACO PA 5400 BOSQUE BLVD, STE 680, WACO, TX 76710-4446 USA SN 0024-3590 J9 LIMNOL OCEANOGR JI Limnol. Oceanogr. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 48 IS 6 BP 2256 EP 2265 PG 10 WC Limnology; Oceanography SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 746XK UT WOS:000186772800020 ER PT J AU Reid, C Squires, D Jeon, Y Rodwell, L Clarke, R AF Reid, C Squires, D Jeon, Y Rodwell, L Clarke, R TI An analysis of fishing capacity in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean tuna fishery and management implications SO MARINE POLICY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 11th Beinnial Conference of the International-Institute-of-Fisheries-Economics/Trade-Victoria-University CY AUG 19-22, 2002 CL WELLINGTON, NEW ZEALAND SP Int Inst Fisheries Econ, Trade Victoria Univ DE fishing capacity; tuna purse fishery; Western and Central Pacific Ocean ID PURSE-SEINE-FISHERY; PALAU-ARRANGEMENT; PLANT-CAPACITY; INDUSTRIES AB Recent increases in the volume of canning grade tuna caught in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean (WCPO) have led to concern about the increasing catching capacity of the fleet of purse seine vessels operating in the fishery. In this paper, data envelopment analysis is used to examine the current technical efficiency of the WCPO purse seine fleet, the potential catching capacity of the fleet and the excess capacity currently present in the fishery. These estimates are then used to examine possible implications of a move to a management regime based on limiting the total number of fishing days in the fishery. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Forum Fishing Agcy, Honiara, Solomon Islands. Cent Michigan Univ, Dept Econ, Mt Pleasant, MI 48859 USA. NOAA Fisheries, Honolulu, HI 96814 USA. RP Squires, D (reprint author), SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 8604 La Jolla Shores Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. NR 30 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0308-597X J9 MAR POLICY JI Mar. Pol. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 27 IS 6 BP 449 EP 469 DI 10.1016/S0308-597X(03)00065-4 PG 21 WC Environmental Studies; International Relations SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; International Relations GA 725CL UT WOS:000185525500001 ER PT J AU Boland, RC Donohue, MJ AF Boland, RC Donohue, MJ TI Marine debris accumulation in the nearshore marine habitat of the endangered Hawaiian monk seal, Monachus schauinslandi 1999-2001 SO MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID ACANTHASTER-PLANCI; FUR SEALS; ISLANDS AB Large amounts of marine debris are present in shallow reefs adjacent to beach haulouts of the critically endangered Hawaiian monk seal, Monachus schauinslandi. These areas serve as seal pup nurseries, and injury and death caused by entanglement in marine debris are undermining population recovery efforts. We investigated the extent of this threat by measuring the accumulation of potentially entangling derelict fishing gear in nursery zones, 1999-2001. Plots of reef 1.0-1.3 km(2) at three Northwestern Hawaiian Islands were initially cleaned of derelict fishing gear in 1999 then resurveyed in 2000 and 2001. Submerged debris densities across sites ranged from 16 to 165 debris items/km(2). Resurveyed sites yielded annual marine debris accumulation rates from 0 to 141 debris items/km(2). This large range was attributed to the physiography of reef areas surveyed. Trawl net webbing was significantly more common than other types of debris recovered and represented 84% of all debris encountered, suggesting that much of the debris originated from distant North Pacific Ocean fisheries. The likely source of most debris is the multinational trawl fisheries of the North Pacific Ocean. An international solution to this problem is needed. Targeted marine debris removal is a short-term, successful, entanglement mitigation strategy. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. Univ Hawaii, Sch Ocean & Earth Sci & Technol, Sea Grant Coll Program, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. RP Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2570 Dole St, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NR 27 TC 30 Z9 35 U1 5 U2 28 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0025-326X EI 1879-3363 J9 MAR POLLUT BULL JI Mar. Pollut. Bull. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 46 IS 11 BP 1385 EP 1394 DI 10.1016/S0025-326X(03)00291-1 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 748GK UT WOS:000186854000016 PM 14607537 ER PT J AU Spencer, PL Stensrud, DJ Fritsch, JM AF Spencer, PL Stensrud, DJ Fritsch, JM TI A method for improved analyses of scalars and their derivatives SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID OBJECTIVE ANALYSIS SCHEME; RADAR DATA; DIVERGENCE; FIELD; INTERPOLATION; SYSTEM AB Analytic observations are used to compare the traditional and triangle methods for the objective analysis of scalar variables. The traditional method for objective analysis assigns gridpoint values based on the distance from the grid points to each member of the set of observations. Subsequently, spatial derivatives are derived by applying a finite-differencing scheme to the field of gridded observations. The triangle method for objective analysis calculates the spatial first-order derivatives directly from each set of nonoverlapping triangles that are formed by the observations, and the derivatives are assigned to the triangle centroids. By calculating the first-order derivatives directly from the observations, the triangle method bypasses the need for finite differencing. Triangle centroid estimates of the scalar field itself are simply arithmetic averages of the three observations comprising each triangle. The centroid estimates of the scalar variable and its spatial derivatives are then treated as observations and mapped to a uniform grid via the traditional method. Results indicate that the traditional method for the analysis of a scalar variable is superior to the triangle method for scalar analysis because the simple averaging involved in creating the triangle centroid estimates of the scalar exposes the triangle analysis to the potential for significant damping of the input field. Indeed, although the patterns of the scalar analyses from the two methods are comparable, the analysis from the triangle method does not reproduce the amplitude of the scalar field as well as the analysis from the traditional method. Gradient and Laplacian fields computed from the triangle method, however, are generally superior to those derived by the traditional method, which tends to force all of the gradient information into the gaps between observing stations. To overcome the deficiency of the triangle method's ability to produce an acceptable scalar analysis and the deficiency of the traditional method's ability to produce an acceptable derivative analysis, a variational objective analysis scheme is developed that combines the best aspect of the triangle method with that of the traditional method. Analyses of the scalar and its spatial derivatives from the variational analysis scheme are generally superior to analyses from both the traditional and triangle methods. C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. RP Spencer, PL (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. NR 35 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 131 IS 11 BP 2555 EP 2576 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<2555:AMFIAO>2.0.CO;2 PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 740XJ UT WOS:000186427700002 ER PT J AU Egger, J Hoinka, KP Weickmann, K Huang, HP AF Egger, J Hoinka, KP Weickmann, K Huang, HP TI Angular momentum budgets based on NCEP and ECMWF reanalysis data: An intercomparison SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID EQUATORIAL COMPONENTS; OSCILLATIONS; CIRCULATION; TORQUES; MODELS AB An intercomparison of the reanalysis datasets of NCEP and ECMWF is performed with respect to the response of the axial angular momentum M to the torques. While both sets satisfy the budget equations of M reasonably well (except for the time mean), this is not the case with respect to the budget equations for the difference of both sets, where the analysis data explain only a small fraction of the difference of the angular momenta in terms of the difference of the torques. It is hypothesized that the larger fraction of the difference is a manifestation of analysis error. The autocorrelation functions of the differences of the mountain and friction torques between both sets exhibit a long memory, which reflects errors in the low-frequency components of the datasets. Probability distributions of M are considered as well. It is shown that the mean torque for a given M has to be positive (negative) for negative (positive) deviations of M. It is found that the NCEP torques, as analyzed, satisfy this basic requirement. The distribution of the difference of the angular momenta cannot be explained on the basis of the corresponding difference of the torques. C1 Univ Munich, Inst Meteorol, D-80333 Munich, Germany. DLR, Inst Phys Atmosphare, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany. NOAA, CIRES Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO USA. Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY USA. RP Egger, J (reprint author), Univ Munich, Inst Meteorol, Theresienstr 37, D-80333 Munich, Germany. NR 22 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 131 IS 11 BP 2577 EP 2585 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<2577:AMBBON>2.0.CO;2 PG 9 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 740XJ UT WOS:000186427700003 ER PT J AU Weickmann, K AF Weickmann, K TI Mountains, the global frictional torque, and the circulation over the Pacific-North American region SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID ATMOSPHERIC ANGULAR-MOMENTUM; TELECONNECTION PATTERN; VARIABILITY; ANOMALIES; GROWTH; WINTER; WAVES AB The global mountain (tau(M)) and frictional (tau(F)) torques are lag correlated within the intraseasonal band, with tau(F) leading tau(M). The correlation accounts for 20%-45% of their variance. Two basic feedbacks contribute to the relationship. First, the mountain torque forces global atmospheric angular momentum (AAM) anomalies and the frictional torque damps them; thus, dtau(F)/dt(proportional to) -tau(M). Second, frictional torque anomalies are associated with high-latitude sea level pressure (SLP) anomalies, which contribute to subsequent mountain torque anomalies; thus, dtau(M)/dtproportional to tau(F). These feedbacks help determine the growth and decay of global AAM anomalies on intraseasonal timescales. The low-frequency intraseasonal aspect of the relationship is studied for northern winter through lag regressions on tau(F). The linear Madden-Julian oscillation signal is first removed from tau(F) to focus the analysis on midlatitude dynamical processes. The decorrelation timescale of tau(F) is similar to that of teleconnection patterns and zonal index cycles, and these familiar circulation features play a prominent role in the regressed circulation anomalies. The results show that an episode of interaction between the torques is initiated by an amplified transport of zonal mean-zonal momentum across 35degreesN. This drives a dipole pattern of zonal mean-zonal wind anomalies near 25degrees and 50degreesN, and associated SLP anomalies. The SLP anomalies at higher latitudes play an important role in the subsequent evolution. Regionally, the momentum transport is linked with large-scale eddies over the east Pacific and Atlantic Oceans that have an equivalent barotropic vertical structure. As these eddies persist/amplify, baroclinic wave trains disperse downstream over North American and east Asian topography. The wave trains interact with the preexisting, high-latitude SLP anomalies and drive them southward, east of the mountains. This initiates a large monopole mountain torque anomaly in the 20degrees-50degreesN latitude band. The wave trains associated with the mountain torque produce additional momentum flux convergence anomalies that 1) maintain the zonal wind anomalies forced by the original momentum transport anomalies and 2) help drive a global frictional torque anomaly that counteracts the mountain torque. Global AAM anomalies grow and decay over a 2-week period, on average. Over the Pacific-North American region, the wave trains evolve into the Pacific-North American (PNA) pattern whose surface wind anomalies produce a large portion of the compensating frictional torque anomaly. Case studies from two recent northern winters illustrate the interaction. C1 NOAA, CIRES Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Weickmann, K (reprint author), NOAA, CIRES Climate Diagnost Ctr, R-CDC1,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 19 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 131 IS 11 BP 2608 EP 2622 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<2608:MTGFTA>2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 740XJ UT WOS:000186427700006 ER PT J AU Jorgensen, DP Pu, ZX Persson, POG Tao, WK AF Jorgensen, DP Pu, ZX Persson, POG Tao, WK TI Variations associated with cores and gaps of a Pacific narrow cold frontal rainband SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS; EXTRATROPICAL CYCLONES; DOPPLER OBSERVATIONS; MICROSCALE STRUCTURE; MESOSCALE RAINBANDS; PRECIPITATION CORES; SQUALL LINES; BOW ECHO; MODEL; ORGANIZATION AB A NOAA P-3 instrumented aircraft observed an intense, fast-moving narrow cold frontal rainband (NCFR) as it approached the California coast on 19 February 2001 during the Pacific Coastal Jets Experiment. Airborne Doppler radar data obtained while the frontal system was well offshore indicated that a narrow ribbon of very high radar reflectivity convective cores characterized the rainband at low levels with echo tops to similar to4-5 km, and pseudo-dual-Doppler analyses showed the low-level convergence of the prefrontal air. The NCFR consisted of gaps of weaker reflectivity and cores of stronger reflectivity along its length, perhaps as a result of hydrodynamic instability along its advancing leading edge. In contrast to some earlier studies of cold frontal rainbands, density-current theory described well the motion of the overall front. The character of the updraft structure along the NCFR varied systematically along the length of the precipitation cores and in the gap regions. The vertical shear of the cross-frontal low-level ambient flow exerted a strong influence on the updraft character, consistent with theoretical arguments developed for squall lines describing the balance of vorticity at the leading edge. In short segments at the northern ends of the cores, the vertical wind shear was strongest with the updrafts and rain shafts more intense, narrower, and more erect or even downshear tilted. At the southern ends of the cores and just north of the gaps, the wind shear weakened with less intense updrafts that tilted upshear and contained a broader band of rainfall. Simulations using the nonhydrostatic nested grid version of the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU-NCAR) Mesoscale Model (MM5) are used to investigate the core and gap regions, focusing on the relationship between the character of the modeled updrafts and the balance between the cold-air-induced vorticity and the prefrontal ambient shear vorticity. The cold air behind the NCFR, which forces new convection along its leading edge, is probably maintained by large-scale advection of cold air plus evaporative cooling processes within the heavy rain region of the NCFR. Observations confirm the model results; that is, that the updraft character depends on the balance of vorticity at the leading edge. Downshear-tilted updrafts imply that convection at the northern ends of cores may weaken with time relative to the frontal segments at the southern ends, because inflow air would be affected by passage through the heavy rain region before ascent. A mechanism for line modification is thus implied. C1 NOAA, NSSL, MRAD Boulder, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Maryland, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO USA. Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Jorgensen, DP (reprint author), NOAA, NSSL, MRAD Boulder, Mail Code N-C-MRD,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 41 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 131 IS 11 BP 2705 EP 2729 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<2705:VAWCAG>2.0.CO;2 PG 25 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 740XJ UT WOS:000186427700013 ER PT J AU Galanti, E Tziperman, E Harrison, M Rosati, A Sirkes, Z AF Galanti, E Tziperman, E Harrison, M Rosati, A Sirkes, Z TI A study of ENSO prediction using a hybrid coupled model and the adjoint method for data assimilation SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; TROPICAL ATMOSPHERE-OCEAN; EL-NINO; KALMAN FILTER; VARIATIONAL ASSIMILATION; SEA-LEVEL; PACIFIC; PREDICTABILITY; SYSTEM; INITIALIZATION AB An experimental ENSO prediction system is presented, based on an ocean general circulation model (GCM) coupled to a statistical atmosphere and the adjoint method of 4D variational data assimilation. The adjoint method is used to initialize the coupled model, and predictions are performed for the period 1980-99. The coupled model is also initialized using two simpler assimilation techniques: forcing the ocean model with observed sea surface temperature and surface fluxes, and a 3D variational data assimilation (3DVAR) method, similar to that used by the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) for operational ENSO prediction. The prediction skill of the coupled model initialized by the three assimilation methods is then analyzed and compared. The effect of the assimilation period used in the adjoint method is studied by using 3-, 6-, and 9-month assimilation periods. Finally, the possibility of assimilating only the anomalies with respect to observed climatology in order to circumvent systematic model biases is examined. It is found that the adjoint method does seem to have the potential for improving over simpler assimilation schemes. The improved skill is mainly at prediction intervals of more than 6 months, where the coupled model dynamics start to influence the model solution. At shorter prediction time intervals, the initialization using the forced ocean model or the 3DVAR may result in a better prediction skill. The assimilation of anomalies did not have a substantial effect on the prediction skill of the coupled model. This seems to indicate that in this model the climatology bias, which is compensated for by the anomaly assimilation, is less significant for the predictive skill than the bias in the model variability, which cannot be eliminated using the anomaly assimilation. Changing the optimization period from 6 to 3 to 9 months showed that the period of 6 months seems to be a near-optimal choice for this model. C1 Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Environm Sci, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel. NOAA, GFDL, Princeton, NJ USA. Univ So Mississippi, Inst Marine Sci, Stennis Space Ctr, MS USA. RP Galanti, E (reprint author), Weizmann Inst Sci, Dept Environm Sci, IL-76100 Rehovot, Israel. NR 48 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 131 IS 11 BP 2748 EP 2764 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<2748:ASOEPU>2.0.CO;2 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 740XJ UT WOS:000186427700015 ER PT J AU Weisman, ML Trapp, RJ AF Weisman, ML Trapp, RJ TI Low-level mesovortices within squall lines and bow echoes. Part I: Overview and dependence on environmental shear SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID SIMULATED CONVECTIVE STORMS; VERTICAL WIND SHEAR; MESOSCALE VORTICES; REAR-INFLOW; EVOLUTION; DYNAMICS; SYSTEMS; CLASSIFICATION; THUNDERSTORMS; CIRCULATIONS AB This two-part study proposes fundamental explanations of the genesis, structure, and implications of low-level meso-gamma-scale vortices within quasi-linear convective systems (QLCSs) such as squall lines and bow echoes. Such "mesovortices" are observed frequently, at times in association with tornadoes. Idealized simulations are used herein to study the structure and evolution of meso-gamma-scale surface vortices within QLCSs and their dependence on the environmental vertical wind shear. Within such simulations, significant cyclonic surface vortices are readily produced when the unidirectional shear magnitude is 20 m s(-1) or greater over a 0-2.5- or 0-5-km-AGL layer. As similarly found in observations of QLCSs, these surface vortices form primarily north of the apex of the individual embedded bowing segments as well as north of the apex of the larger-scale bow-shaped system. They generally develop first near the surface but can build upward to 6-8 km AGL. Vortex longevity can be several hours, far longer than individual convective cells within the QLCS; during this time, vortex merger and upscale growth is common. It is also noted that such mesoscale vortices may be responsible for the production of extensive areas of extreme "straight line" wind damage, as has also been observed with some QLCSs. Surface vortices are also produced for weaker shears but remain shallow, weak, and short-lived. Although similar in size and strength to mesocyclones associated with supercell storms, and also sometimes producing similar hooklike structures in the rain field, it is also shown that the present vortices are quite distinct, structurally and dynamically. Most critically, such vortices are not associated with long-lived, rotating updrafts at midlevels and the associated strong, dynamically forced vertical accelerations, as occur within supercell mesocyclones. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Boulder, CO USA. RP Weisman, ML (reprint author), Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. NR 54 TC 63 Z9 73 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 131 IS 11 BP 2779 EP 2803 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<2779:LMWSLA>2.0.CO;2 PG 25 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 740XJ UT WOS:000186427700017 ER PT J AU Chen, WY Van den Dool, H AF Chen, WY Van den Dool, H TI Sensitivity of teleconnection patterns to the sign of their primary action center SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID NORTH-ATLANTIC OSCILLATION; 500-MB HEIGHT FLUCTUATIONS; SHORT-TIME SCALES; GEOPOTENTIAL HEIGHT; HEMISPHERE WINTER; VARIABILITY; CIRCULATION; TEMPERATURE; INTERMEDIATE; GREENLAND AB Teleconnection patterns have been extensively investigated, mostly with linear analysis tools. The lesser-known asymmetric characteristics between positive and negative phases of prominent teleconnections are explored here. Substantial disparity between opposite phases can be found. The Pacific-North American (PNA) pattern exhibits a large difference in structure and statistical significance in its downstream action center, showing either a large impact over the U. S. southern third region or over the western North Atlantic Ocean. The North Atlantic-based patterns display significant impacts over the North Atlantic for large positive anomalies and even larger impacts over the European sector for large negative anomalies. The monthly variance is distributed nearly evenly over the entire North Atlantic basin. A teleconnection pattern based on different regions of the basin has been known to assume different structure and time variations. The extent of statistical significance is investigated for three typical North Atlantic-associated patterns based separately on the eastern (EATL), western (WATL), and southern (SATL) regions of the North Atlantic. The EATL teleconnection pattern is similar to the classical North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). The WATL pattern, however, is more similar to the Arctic (Annular) Oscillation (AO). The sensitivity of the North Atlantic-based teleconnection to a slight shift in base point can be fairly large: the pattern can be an AO or an NAO, with distinctive significance structure between them. Other discernible features are also presented. C1 NOAA, NWS, NCEP, Climate Predict Ctr, Washington, DC USA. RP Chen, WY (reprint author), Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Climat Predict Ctr, 5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. NR 29 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 131 IS 11 BP 2885 EP 2899 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<2885:SOTPTT>2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 740XJ UT WOS:000186427700023 ER PT J AU Mackay, ME Dao, TT Tuteja, A Ho, DL Van Horn, B Kim, HC Hawker, CJ AF Mackay, ME Dao, TT Tuteja, A Ho, DL Van Horn, B Kim, HC Hawker, CJ TI Nanoscale effects leading to non-Einstein-like decrease in viscosity SO NATURE MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID SUSPENSIONS; PARTICLE; POLYMER; STRESS; NANOINDENTATION; MECHANISM; REPTATION; MICROGELS; RHEOLOGY; CHAIN AB Nanoparticles have been shown to influence mechanical properties; however, transport properties such as viscosity have not been adequately studied. This might be due to the common observation that particle addition to liquids produces an increase in viscosity, even in polymeric liquids, as predicted by Einstein nearly a century ago. But confinement and surface effects provided by nanoparticles have been shown to produce conformational changes to polymer molecules, so it is expected that nanoparticles will affect the macroscopic viscosity. To minimize extraneous enthalpic or other effects, we blended organic nanoparticles, synthesized by intramolecular crosslinking of single polystyrene chains, with linear polystyrene macromolecules. Remarkably, the blend viscosity was found to decrease and scale with the change in free volume introduced by the nanoparticles and not with the decrease in entanglement. Indeed, the entanglements did not seem to be affected at all, suggesting unusual polymer dynamics. C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Chem Engn & Mat Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. IBM Corp, Almaden Res Ctr, San Jose, CA 95120 USA. RP Michigan State Univ, Dept Chem Engn & Mat Sci, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. EM mackay@msu.edu RI Van Horn, Brooke/B-4198-2011; Hawker, Craig/G-4971-2011 OI Van Horn, Brooke/0000-0002-8506-3005; Hawker, Craig/0000-0001-9951-851X NR 27 TC 326 Z9 328 U1 9 U2 155 PU NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP PI LONDON PA MACMILLAN BUILDING, 4 CRINAN ST, LONDON N1 9XW, ENGLAND SN 1476-1122 EI 1476-4660 J9 NAT MATER JI Nat. Mater. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 2 IS 11 BP 762 EP 766 DI 10.1038/nmat999 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Physics GA 738EJ UT WOS:000186273500023 PM 14566332 ER PT J AU Gardner, SC Varanasi, U AF Gardner, SC Varanasi, U TI Isovaleric acid accumulation in odontocete melon during development SO NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN LA English DT Article ID TURSIOPS-TRUNCATUS MONTAGU; BOTTLE-NOSED DOLPHINS; PORPOISE; TISSUES AB Biosonar in odontocetes is a highly complex process for gathering information about the surrounding environment. The forehead melon lipid and mandibular lipid tissues, which comprise the region known as the acoustical window for cetacean sound production and reception, have a unique biochemical composition that is made up of unusual fatty deposits rich in isovaleric acid. Although the structure of these acoustical lipids was elucidated three decades ago, little work has been done to determine their origin during cetacean development. The objective of this research was to examine development of the acoustical region by characterizing the accumulation of isovaleroyl lipids throughout cetacean early life stages. Biochemical analyses of melon tissue of Phocoena phocoena and Tursiops truncatus of different sizes (as an indicator of age) demonstrated that the proportion of isovalerate increased significantly with length. These results indicate that the acoustic system is not fully developed at birth and that its biochemical structure changes throughout development. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Gardner, SC (reprint author), Ctr Invest Biol Noroeste, SC Mar Bermejo 95,Col Playa Palo Santa Rita,Ap 12, La Paz 23090, Baja Calif Sur, Mexico. NR 19 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0028-1042 J9 NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN JI Naturwissenschaften PD NOV PY 2003 VL 90 IS 11 BP 528 EP 531 DI 10.1007/s00114-003-0472-x PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 742KY UT WOS:000186517000010 PM 14610653 ER PT J AU Roni, P AF Roni, P TI Responses of benthic fishes and giant salamanders to placement of large woody debris in small Pacific Northwest streams SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID WESTERN OREGON; WASHINGTON STREAMS; HABITAT USE; COMMUNITIES; DENSITY; GROWTH; SIZE AB The placement of large woody debris (LWD) to improve or restore habitat for fishes is a common practice in North American streams, and the responses of salmonids to this practice have frequently been examined. In contrast, little information exists on the effects of LWD placement on nonsalmonid fishes and amphibians. In this study, I examined the responses of giant salamanders Dicamptodon spp., juvenile lampreyss Entosphenus tridentatus and Lampetra spp., reticulate sculpins Cottus perplexus, and torrent sculpins C. rhotheus to artificially placed LWD by sampling 29 small streams with paired treatment and reference reaches. Densities and mean lengths of giant salamanders, reticulate sculpins, torrent sculpins, and lampreyss did not differ significantly between treatment and references reaches. I also examined whether the observed responses were correlated with differences in physical habitat between reference and treatment reaches. Lampreys densities (log(10)[treatment] - log(10)[reference]) and length of age-1 and older reticulate sculpins (log(10)[treatment] - log(10)[reference]) among streams were positively correlated with LWD within the wetted channel. Lampreys length was also positively correlated with differences in percentages of pool area. These results indicate that artificial LWD placement may benefit lampreys and age-1 and older reticulate sculpins (two species known to prefer pools) but have little effect on other nonsalmonid species. C1 NOAA, Watershed Program, NW Fisheries Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RP Roni, P (reprint author), NOAA, Watershed Program, NW Fisheries Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. NR 34 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 3 U2 16 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 23 IS 4 BP 1087 EP 1097 DI 10.1577/M02-048 PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 752AY UT WOS:000187125200002 ER PT J AU Fresh, KL Schroder, SL AF Fresh, KL Schroder, SL TI Predation by northern pikeminnow on hatchery and wild coho salmon smolts in the Chehalis River, Washington SO NORTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article ID SQUAWFISH PTYCHOCHEILUS-OREGONENSIS; JOHN-DAY-RESERVOIR; JUVENILE SALMONIDS; COLUMBIA RIVER; SMALLMOUTH BASS; SNAKE RIVERS; FISH; WALLEYES; ABILITY; PATTERN AB One explanation for the low smolt-to-adult survival rates of hatchery and wild coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch originating from the Chehalis River, Washington, is predation by northern pikeminnow Ptychocheilus oregonensis. To evaluate this hypothesis, we studied predation by northern pikeminnow on emigrating coho salmon smolts in the undammed, lower main-stem Chehalis River (river kilometers [rkm] 2782) during April and May of 1988 and 1989. Where only wild coho salmon smolts were available, we estimated that northern pikeminnow ate 0.2% of the 1,100,000 wild coho salmon smolts migrating through this reach in 1989. In the reach where both hatchery and wild fish were present, northern pikeminnow ate about 0.9% of the hatchery and wild coho salmon available in this area in 1989. Thus, the total estimated loss of coho salmon smolts due to northern pikeminnow predation in the lower main-stem Chehalis River in 1989 was approximately 18,200 fish. This was about two orders of magnitude less than the loss that we predicted to occur if northern pikeminnow were primarily responsible for the low survival rates of coho salmon in this basin. Evidence suggested that most of the predation was occurring on hatchery origin fish below rkm 42. We conclude that northern pikeminnow were not responsible for the low survival rates of coho salmon smolts in the Chehalis River Basin, but they do have a more significant impact on the survival of hatchery-produced coho salmon than on the survival of wild coho salmon. C1 Washington Dept Fish & Wildlife, Fish Management Program, Sci Div, Olympia, WA 98501 USA. RP Fresh, KL (reprint author), NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. NR 31 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER FISHERIES SOC PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 110, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2199 USA SN 0275-5947 J9 N AM J FISH MANAGE JI North Am. J. Fish Manage. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 23 IS 4 BP 1257 EP 1264 DI 10.1577/M02-030 PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 752AY UT WOS:000187125200019 ER PT J AU Hamann, HF Larbadi, M Barzen, S Brown, T Gallagher, A Nesbitt, DJ AF Hamann, HF Larbadi, M Barzen, S Brown, T Gallagher, A Nesbitt, DJ TI Extinction near-field optical microscopy SO OPTICS COMMUNICATIONS LA English DT Article ID SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPE; EVANESCENT-WAVE SCATTERING; APERTURELESS MICROSCOPY; SPATIAL-RESOLUTION; NANOMETER-SCALE; LIGHT-EMISSION; PROBE TIP; ENHANCEMENT; SPECTROSCOPY; SENSITIVITY AB This work presents a novel approach for apertureless, near-field scanning optical microscopy based on extinction of the incident beam for samples illuminated in evanescent fields and scanned with non-contact atomic force methods. The scheme exploits shot-noise limited detection of changes in reflected light intensity due to near-field interactions between the sample and a sharp atomic force microscope (AFM) tip as a function of probe-sample geometry, providing both high sensitivity (<0.1 ppm Hz(0.5)) and absolute cross-section data for comparison with near-field model predictions. Extinction cross-section data for a Si probe in an evanescent field is measured as a function of excitation laser wavelength, which compare qualitatively well with Mie and Rayleigh theory for an effective ellipsoid model of the AFM tip. Extinction methods are then used to image single Au-nanoparticles (radius approximate to 7 nm), with the signal magnitudes interpreted via simple electrostatic near-field models for the probe-sample interaction. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. IBM Corp, Thomas J Watson Res Ctr, Yorktown Hts, NY 10598 USA. RP Univ Colorado, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM hendrikh@us.ibm.com NR 48 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0030-4018 EI 1873-0310 J9 OPT COMMUN JI Opt. Commun. PD NOV 1 PY 2003 VL 227 IS 1-3 BP 1 EP 13 DI 10.1016/j.optcom.2003.08.039 PG 13 WC Optics SC Optics GA 739NJ UT WOS:000186353100001 ER PT J AU Deng, L Payne, MG AF Deng, L Payne, MG TI Three-photon destructive interference in ultraslow-propagation-enhanced four-wave mixing SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID INDUCED TRANSPARENCY; 4-PHOTON RESONANCE; NONLINEAR OPTICS; IONIZATION; GENERATION AB We show that, although the efficiency of a multiwave mixing process can be significantly enhanced by an ultra-slowly-propagating pump wave, a three-photon destructive interference between the generated wave and the pump wave limits the final achievable conversion efficiency. C1 NIST, Div Electron & Opt Phys, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Deng, L (reprint author), NIST, Div Electron & Opt Phys, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Deng, Lu/B-3997-2012 NR 16 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD NOV PY 2003 VL 68 IS 5 AR 051801 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.68.051801 PG 4 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 750BF UT WOS:000186970900011 ER PT J AU Gardner, JS Keren, A Ehlers, G Stock, C Segal, E Roper, JM Fak, B Stone, MB Hammar, PR Reich, DH Gaulin, BD AF Gardner, JS Keren, A Ehlers, G Stock, C Segal, E Roper, JM Fak, B Stone, MB Hammar, PR Reich, DH Gaulin, BD TI Dynamic frustrated magnetism in Tb2Ti2O7 at 50 mK SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID PYROCHLORE ANTIFERROMAGNET TB2TI2O7; NEUTRON-SPIN-ECHO; SINGLE-CRYSTAL; ICE; LIQUID; SCATTERING; GLASSES; Y2MO2O7; STATE AB The low temperature (T<1 K) properties of the cooperative paramagnet Tb2Ti2O7 have been studied by ac susceptibility, neutron diffraction and neutron spin echo techniques. Like several other frustrated magnets, Tb2Ti2O7, is believed to remain paramagnetic down to similar to0.07 K. However, recent studies [Yasui et al., J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 71, 599 (2002), for example] suggest that Tb2Ti2O7 enters an ordered, albeit glassy, state at a relatively high temperature, similar to1.5 K. Our results confirm that the majority of the spins in Tb2Ti2O7 fluctuate very rapidly, even at 50 mK and that static, spatial correlations do not develop beyond nearest neighbor at similar temperatures. We suggest that the observation of a partial freezing of this magnetic system, at finite temperature, is a result of a small fraction of spins freezing around defects in the stoichiometric crystal structure. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. CNR, NPMR, Chalk River Labs, Chalk River, ON K0J 1J0, Canada. Technion Israel Inst Technol, Dept Phys, IL-32000 Haifa, Israel. Inst Max Von Laue Paul Langevin, F-38042 Grenoble 9, France. Los Alamos Natl Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Rutherford Appleton Lab, ISIS Facil, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. McMaster Univ, Canadian Inst Adv Res, Dept Phys & Astron, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada. RP Gardner, JS (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RI Piper, Walter/B-7908-2009; Stone, Matthew/G-3275-2011; Gardner, Jason/A-1532-2013; Ehlers, Georg/B-5412-2008 OI Stone, Matthew/0000-0001-7884-9715; Ehlers, Georg/0000-0003-3513-508X NR 30 TC 83 Z9 83 U1 0 U2 17 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD NOV PY 2003 VL 68 IS 18 AR 180401 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.68.180401 PG 4 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 750PE UT WOS:000187004300003 ER PT J AU Matsuba, G Shimizu, K Wang, H Wang, ZG Han, CC AF Matsuba, G Shimizu, K Wang, H Wang, ZG Han, CC TI Kinetics of phase separation and crystallization in poly (ethylene-ran-hexene) and poly (ethylene-ran-octene) SO POLYMER LA English DT Article DE phase separation; phase diagram; crystallization; polyolefins; blends ID ISOTHERMAL CRYSTALLIZATION; BRANCHED POLYETHYLENE; THERMAL-PROPERTIES; MELTING BEHAVIOR; COPOLYMER BLENDS; X-RAY; TRANSITIONS; MORPHOLOGY; 1-OCTENE; STYRENE AB The kinetics of phase separation and crystallization in the blends of polyethylene-ran-hexene) (PEH) and polyethylene-ran-octene) (PEOC) at several compositions were studied using phase contrast optical microscopy and time-resolved simultaneous small-angle X-ray scattering and wide-angle X-ray diffraction. The phase contrast optical microscopy showed the interconnected bicontinuous structure during phase separation process, which is characteristic of a spinodal decomposition. During isothermal crystallization, the average lamellar spacing increases with time for blends at all concentrations. The crystallinity and crystal growth rate depend on the PEH concentration. At dilute PEH concentrations, crystallization of PEH chains is difficult because they are surrounded by many non-crystallizable PEOC chains. On the other hand, at higher PEH concentrations, crystallization processes are similar to pure PEH. For example, the spherulitic growth rates are similar for a PEH/PEOC = 50/50 blend and pure PEH. (C) Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Matsuba, G (reprint author), Kyoto Univ, Inst Chem Res, Kyoto 6110011, Japan. RI Wang, Zhigang/F-6136-2010 NR 29 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0032-3861 J9 POLYMER JI Polymer PD NOV PY 2003 VL 44 IS 24 BP 7459 EP 7465 DI 10.1016/j.polymer.2003.09.032 PG 7 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 737BJ UT WOS:000186208200022 ER PT J AU Obmolova, G Teplyakov, A Khil, PP Howard, AJ Camerini-Otero, RD Gilliland, GL AF Obmolova, G Teplyakov, A Khil, PP Howard, AJ Camerini-Otero, RD Gilliland, GL TI Crystal structure of the Escherichia coli Tas protein, an NADP(H)-dependent aldo-keto reductase SO PROTEINS-STRUCTURE FUNCTION AND GENETICS LA English DT Article ID ALDEHYDE REDUCTASE; BINDING SITE; DEHYDROGENASE; SUPERFAMILY; COMPLEX; GENES C1 Univ Maryland, Inst Biotechnol, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. NIST, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. NIDDK, Genet & Biochem Branch, NIH, Bethesda, MD USA. IIT, Chem & Phys Sci Dept, Ctr Synchrotron Radiat Res & Instrumentat, Chicago, IL 60616 USA. RP Gilliland, GL (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Inst Biotechnol, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, 9600 Gudelsky Dr, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. OI Khil, Pavel/0000-0002-4903-8777; Teplyakov, Alexey/0000-0003-0296-0016 FU NIGMS NIH HHS [P01-GM57890] NR 22 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 1 PU WILEY-LISS PI NEW YORK PA DIV JOHN WILEY & SONS INC, 605 THIRD AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10158-0012 USA SN 0887-3585 J9 PROTEINS JI Proteins PD NOV 1 PY 2003 VL 53 IS 2 BP 323 EP 325 DI 10.1002/prot.10367 PG 3 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics GA 749WD UT WOS:000186951800018 PM 14517983 ER PT J AU Brennen, GK AF Brennen, GK TI An observable measure of entanglement for pure states of multi-qubit systems SO QUANTUM INFORMATION & COMPUTATION LA English DT Article DE entanglement ID MONOTONES; GATES; ATOMS AB Recently, Meyer and Wallach [D.A. Meyer and N.R. Wallach (2002), J. of Math. Phys., 43, pp. 4273] proposed a measure of multi-qubit entanglement that is a function on pure states. We find that this function can be interpreted as a physical quantity related to the average purity of the constituent qubits and show how it can be observed in an efficient manner without the need for full quantum state tomography. A possible realization is described for measuring the entanglement of a chain of atomic qubits trapped in a 3D optical lattice. C1 NIST, Quantum Proc Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Brennen, GK (reprint author), NIST, Quantum Proc Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Brennen, Gavin/C-2293-2009 OI Brennen, Gavin/0000-0002-6019-966X NR 17 TC 135 Z9 135 U1 0 U2 8 PU RINTON PRESS, INC PI PARAMUS PA 565 EDMUND TERRACE, PARAMUS, NJ 07652 USA SN 1533-7146 J9 QUANTUM INFORM COMPU JI Quantum Inform. Comput. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 3 IS 6 BP 619 EP 626 PG 8 WC Computer Science, Theory & Methods; Physics, Particles & Fields; Physics, Mathematical SC Computer Science; Physics GA 748MA UT WOS:000186864600005 ER PT J AU Shanmugaraju, A Moon, YJ Dryer, M Umapathy, S AF Shanmugaraju, A Moon, YJ Dryer, M Umapathy, S TI Statistical characteristics of CMEs and flares associated with solar type II radio bursts SO SOLAR PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID CORONAL MASS EJECTIONS; INTERPLANETARY SHOCK-WAVES; ORIGIN AB We have made a comprehensive statistical study of the characteristics of 290 SOHO/LASCO CMEs and their associated GOES-8 X-ray flares (>C1 class) during the period January 1997-December 2000 of solar cycle 23's rise to maximum. These events were classified into mainly three groups (Group noII - not associated with type IIs, Group II - associated with type IIs, Group DH - associated with deca/hectametric type IIs). To understand the physical characteristics associated with the origin of metric type IIs, we have examined the important parameters of CMEs and flares such as the speed and width of CMEs, and the rise time, duration and importance of flares. Major results from the present study are: (i) CMEs with type IIs are relatively bigger in size (mean width = 93degrees) with higher speed (mean = 704 km s(-1)) than those of the CMEs without type IIs (mean width = 54degrees and mean speed = 505 km s(-1)); (ii) flares with type IIs have longer rise time (mean = 16.1 min) and duration (mean = 32.7 min) than the mean values (rise time = 11.8 min; duration = 22.4 min) of flares without type IIs. Also the significant differences between Group noII and Group II have been identified from results of the Student's t-test. It may be emphasized that the impulsiveness of type II flares is found to be higher than that of no type II flares. However, there are exceptional cases: among the 229 CMEs without type IIs, nearly 50% (115/229) of CMEs in Group noII had speeds >400 km s(-1), and nearly 10% (22/229) of CMEs had widths between 100 200 deg. Similarly, in this group, there are more than 10% (30/229) flares of class > M1 and nearly 7% (17/229) of flares with duration > 45 min. These results may imply that a special condition, like 'low Alfven speed', as a favoring environment for producing MHD shocks, is necessary to generate metric type IIs. The CMEs and flares associated with both metric as well as DH type IIs are likely to be the most energetic events. The mean acceleration of flare-associated DH CMEs tends to be positive in contrast to that of all DH CMEs. C1 Univ Los Andes, Dept Phys, Bogota, Colombia. Big Bear Solar Observ, NJIT, Big Bear City, CA 92314 USA. Korea Astron Observ, Taejon 305348, South Korea. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Madurai Kamaraj Univ, Sch Phys, Madurai 625021, Tamil Nadu, India. RP Shanmugaraju, A (reprint author), Univ Los Andes, Dept Phys, Bogota, Colombia. EM sannamal@uniandes.edu.co; yjmoon@bbso.njit.edu; murray.dryer@noaa.gov RI Moon, Yong-Jae/E-1711-2013 NR 26 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0038-0938 EI 1573-093X J9 SOL PHYS JI Sol. Phys. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 217 IS 2 BP 301 EP 317 DI 10.1023/B:SOLA.0000006902.89339.e4 PG 17 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 750ME UT WOS:000186999700007 ER PT J AU Ohlemacher, R AF Ohlemacher, R TI The Earth Observation Summit: heralding a new era for international cooperation SO SPACE POLICY LA English DT Article AB The world's first political summit on Earth observation was attended by senior policy makers and expert organizations from a range of scientific disciplines. Its aim was to improve global cooperation in Earth observation and increase its use as a decision-making tool for sustainable development and resource conservation. This article presents a brief survey of the progress made in Earth observation since its birth. along with the specific events driving the convening of the summit. The summit produced a declaration outlining four key areas requiring support, and an ad hoc group was established to produce a 10-year plan and drive implementation of policy. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 NOAA, Off Under Secretary Commerce Oceans & Atmosphere, Washington, DC 20230 USA. RP Ohlemacher, R (reprint author), NOAA, Off Under Secretary Commerce Oceans & Atmosphere, 14th St & Constitut Ave,NW,Room 5811, Washington, DC 20230 USA. NR 3 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0265-9646 J9 SPACE POLICY JI Space Policy PD NOV PY 2003 VL 19 IS 4 BP 277 EP 281 DI 10.1016/j.spacepol.2003.09.001 PG 5 WC International Relations; Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary SC International Relations; Social Sciences - Other Topics GA 743AX UT WOS:000186551200006 ER PT J AU Kuzmanovic, DA Elashvili, I Wick, C O'Connell, C Krueger, S AF Kuzmanovic, DA Elashvili, I Wick, C O'Connell, C Krueger, S TI Bacteriophage MS2: Molecular weight and spatial distribution of the protein and RNA components by small-angle neutron scattering and virus counting SO STRUCTURE LA English DT Article ID RIBONUCLEIC ACID; A-PROTEIN; ELECTRON-MICROSCOPY; COAT PROTEIN; MS2; PARTICLES; PHAGE; STANDARDS; WATER; DISINFECTANTS AB Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) has been used to extend the structural characterization of the MS2 phage by examining its physical characteristics in solution. Specifically, the contrast variation technique was employed to determine the molecular weight of the individual components of the MS2 virion (protein shell and genomic RNA) and the spatial relationship of the genomic RNA to its protein shell. A consequence of this work was to evaluate a novel particle counting instrument, the integrated virus detection system (IVDS) that, in combination with SANS, has the potential to provide rapid quantitative physical characterization of unidentified viruses and phage. C1 NIST, Ctr Nuetron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Edgewood Chem Biol Ctr, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010 USA. RP Krueger, S (reprint author), NIST, Ctr Nuetron Res, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 54 TC 37 Z9 38 U1 1 U2 5 PU CELL PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA 1100 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02138 USA SN 0969-2126 J9 STRUCTURE JI Structure PD NOV PY 2003 VL 11 IS 11 BP 1339 EP 1348 DI 10.1016/j.str.2003.09.021 PG 10 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Cell Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Cell Biology GA 741RQ UT WOS:000186472500009 PM 14604524 ER PT J AU Hey, J Waples, RS Arnold, ML Butlin, RK Harrison, RG AF Hey, J Waples, RS Arnold, ML Butlin, RK Harrison, RG TI Understanding and confronting species uncertainty in biology and conservation SO TRENDS IN ECOLOGY & EVOLUTION LA English DT Review ID SIGNIFICANT-UNITS; INDIVIDUALITY; POPULATIONS; SYSTEMATICS AB Recent essays on the species problem have emphasized the commonality that many species concepts have with basic evolutionary theory. Although true, such consensus fails to address the nature of the ambiguity that is associated with species-related research. We argue that biologists who endure the species problem can benefit from a synthesis in which individual taxonomic species are used as hypotheses of evolutionary entities. We discuss two sources of species uncertainty: one that is a semantic confusion, and a second that is caused by the inherent uncertainty of evolutionary entities. The former can be dispelled with careful communication, whereas the latter is a conventional scientific uncertainty that can only be mitigated by research. This scientific uncertainty cannot be 'solved' or stamped out, but neither need it be ignored or feared. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Dept Genet, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Univ Georgia, Dept Genet, Athens, GA 30602 USA. Univ Leeds, Sch Biol, Ctr Biodivers & Conservat, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. Cornell Univ, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Hey, J (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Dept Genet, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. EM hey@biology.rutgers.edu RI Hey, Jody/D-1257-2009; Butlin, Roger/F-7709-2013; Waples, Robin/K-1126-2016 OI Butlin, Roger/0000-0003-4736-0954; NR 71 TC 146 Z9 156 U1 3 U2 45 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LONDON PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0169-5347 J9 TRENDS ECOL EVOL JI Trends Ecol. Evol. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 18 IS 11 BP 597 EP 603 DI 10.1016/j.tree.2003.08.014 PG 7 WC Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Evolutionary Biology; Genetics & Heredity GA 738WP UT WOS:000186311100011 ER PT J AU Waters, KR Bridal, SL Cohen-Bacrie, C Levrier, C Fornes, P Laugier, P AF Waters, KR Bridal, SL Cohen-Bacrie, C Levrier, C Fornes, P Laugier, P TI Parametric analysis of carotid plaque using a clinical ultrasound imaging system SO ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE atherosclerosis; tissue characterization; in vitro measurement; carotid plaque; ultrasonic backscatter; parametric image; backscatter transfer function; integrated backscatter; mid-band; slope; intercept; grey-scale; bias; limits of agreement; significant correlation ID B-MODE IMAGES; TISSUE CHARACTERIZATION; INTRAVASCULAR ULTRASOUND; ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE; FIBROUS CAP; ATTENUATION; CLASSIFICATION; BACKSCATTER; FRAMEWORK; MHZ AB We evaluated quantitative ultrasonic methods for assessment of carotid plaque content. In vitro measurements of fixed, carotid plaque specimens obtained by surgical endarterectomy were performed using a clinical Philips HDI 5000 imaging system connected to a radiofrequency (RF) signal-acquisition system. We acquired RF signals and grey-scale images from carotid specimens (n = 17) and a tissue-mimicking reference phantom. Imaged plaque sections were then classified according to histology. Parametric images were constructed from the integrated backscatter (IBS), and the midband, slope and intercept values of a straight-line fit to the apparent backscatter transfer function. Analysis was performed on 82 regions-of-interest (ROIs). The IBS values for collagen, lipid and hemorrhage plaques were 5.8 +/- 5.4, 3.9 +/- 3.7, 2.8 +/- 2.2 dB, respectively. Midband and IBS parameter images exhibited good agreement in morphology with histology, whereas the slope and intercept parameter images were noisy. Mean IBS, midband, and grey-scale values of complex plaques were found to be statistically different (p < 0.05) from lipid, hemorrhage and fibrolipid plaques. The bias and limits of agreement (1.3 +/- 4.9 dB) between the grey-scale and IBS methods, however, indicated that the two methods were not interchangeable. Results indicate necessary improvements, such as reduction of large measurement variances and identification of robust parameters, that will permit multiparametric characterization of carotid plaque under in vivo conditions. (E-mail: krwaters@boulder.nist.gov) (C) 2003 World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology. C1 Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 7623, Lab Imagerie Parametr, Paris, France. Philips Res France, Suresnes, France. Hop Europeen Georges Pompidou, Anat Pathol Lab, Paris, France. RP Waters, KR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Mat Reliabil, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. OI Bridal, S. Lori/0000-0001-5053-5423 NR 33 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0301-5629 J9 ULTRASOUND MED BIOL JI Ultrasound Med. Biol. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 29 IS 11 BP 1521 EP 1530 DI 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2003.08.007 PG 10 WC Acoustics; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging SC Acoustics; Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging GA 748RA UT WOS:000186873800001 PM 14654148 ER PT J AU Rhoderick, GC AF Rhoderick, GC TI Analysis of natural gas: the necessity of multiple standards for calibration SO JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A LA English DT Article DE calibration standards; methane; natural gas ID CHROMATOGRAPHY AB The importance of natural gas as an international trading commodity and the cost to consumers has made the accuracy of determinations for the components of natural gas very important. Pricing of natural gas is based on the heating value of the gas determined from either calorimetry measurements or calculations based on individual component concentrations determined by gas chromatography (GC). Due to the expense of accurate calibration standards, many analysts and laboratories will use a single calibration standard to perform natural gas determinations. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine whether an analyst could accurately measure the components of natural gas, in particular methane, using a single standard, or whether a suite of standards is necessary to calibrate the analytical instrument. A suite of eight gravimetric primary standards was prepared covering a concentration range for methane of 64-94 mol%, with uncertainties of +/-0.05% relative (95% confidence interval). The natural gas primary standards also contained nitrogen, carbon dioxide, ethane, propane, iso-butane, n-butane, iso-pentane, n-pentane, and n-hexane with varying concentrations from 0.02 to 14%. A single analytical method was used in which only the amount of sample injected onto the column was altered. The results show that when injecting a 0.5 ml sample volume a second-order regression through the standards is necessary for the determination of methane. The results for nitrogen, ethane and propane also, show the same trend. Only those individual standards whose methane concentration is within 1% of the test mixture predicted a concentration within 0.05% of the regression value. Those individual primary standards whose methane concentration is different by more than +/-1% of the test mixture predicted values differing by +/-0.5 to +/-2.0% from the regression value. These differences lie well outside the predicted concentration uncertainty interval of +/-0.20%. A smaller sample volume 0.1 ml resulted in a set of data that could be fit using linear regression. Each of the eight primary standards individually predicted the methane in the test mixture to be within +/-0.11% of the predicted value from linear regression. The data confirm that it is imperative to fully characterize the analytical system before proceeding with an analysis. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Rhoderick, GC (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Div Analyt Chem, Bldg 227-B120,100 Bureau Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 11 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0021-9673 J9 J CHROMATOGR A JI J. Chromatogr. A PD OCT 31 PY 2003 VL 1017 IS 1-2 BP 131 EP 139 DI 10.1016/j.chroma.2003.08.002 PG 9 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 730XZ UT WOS:000185856600013 PM 14584698 ER PT J AU Cosgrove, BA Lohmann, D Mitchell, KE Houser, PR Wood, EF Schaake, JC Robock, A Marshall, C Sheffield, J Duan, QY Luo, LF Higgins, RW Pinker, RT Tarpley, JD Meng, J AF Cosgrove, BA Lohmann, D Mitchell, KE Houser, PR Wood, EF Schaake, JC Robock, A Marshall, C Sheffield, J Duan, QY Luo, LF Higgins, RW Pinker, RT Tarpley, JD Meng, J TI Real-time and retrospective forcing in the North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS) project SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE NLDAS; North American Land Data Assimilation System; forcing data; LSM; land surface modeling; LDAS ID MODEL; SURFACE AB [1] The accuracy of forcing data greatly impacts the ability of land surface models (LSMs) to produce realistic simulations of land surface processes. With this in mind, the multi-institutional North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS) project has produced retrospective ( 1996 - 2002) and real- time ( 1999 - present) data sets to support its LSM modeling activities. Featuring 0.125degrees spatial resolution, hourly temporal resolution, nine primary forcing fields, and six secondary validation/model development fields, each data set is based on a backbone of Eta Data Assimilation System/Eta data and is supplemented with observation-based precipitation and radiation data. Hourly observation-based precipitation data are derived from a combination of daily National Center for Environmental Prediction Climate Prediction Center (CPC) gauge-based precipitation analyses and hourly National Weather Service Doppler radar-based (WSR-88D) precipitation analyses, wherein the hourly radar-based analyses are used to temporally disaggregate the daily CPC analyses. NLDAS observation-based shortwave values are derived from Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite radiation data processed at the University of Maryland and at the National Environmental Satellite Data and Information Service. Extensive quality control and validation efforts have been conducted on the NLDAS forcing data sets, and favorable comparisons have taken place with Oklahoma Mesonet, Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program/cloud and radiation test bed, and Surface Radiation observation data. The real- time forcing data set is constantly evolving to make use of the latest advances in forcing- related data sets, and all of the real- time and retrospective data are available online at http:// ldas. gsfc. nasa. gov for visualization and downloading in both full and subset forms. C1 NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrol Sci Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Sci Applicat Int Corp, Gen Sci Operat, Beltsville, MD USA. NOAA, Environm Modeling Ctr, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Princeton Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Off Hydrol Dev, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Environm Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NOAA, Environm Modeling Ctr, Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Meteorol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NOAA, Res Off, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Cosgrove, BA (reprint author), NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Hydrol Sci Branch, Mail Code 974-1, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. EM brian.cosgrove@gsfc.nasa.gov; dlohmann@ncep.noaa.gov; kenneth.mitchell@noaa.gov; paul.r.houser@nasa.gov; efwood@princeton.edu; john.schaake@noaa.gov; robock@envsci.rutgers.edu; curtis@atmos.colostate.edu; justin@princeton.edu; qingyun.duan@noaa.gov; lluo@rutgers.edu; wayne.higgins@noaa.gov; pinker@atmos.umd.edu; dan.tarpley@noaa.gov; jesse.meng@noaa.gov RI Sheffield, Justin/A-6388-2008; Luo, Lifeng/C-8734-2009; Pinker, Rachel/F-6565-2010; Houser, Paul/J-9515-2013; Duan, Qingyun/C-7652-2011; Robock, Alan/B-6385-2016 OI Houser, Paul/0000-0002-2991-0441; Duan, Qingyun/0000-0001-9955-1512; NR 15 TC 281 Z9 284 U1 1 U2 24 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD OCT 31 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D22 AR 8842 DI 10.1029/2002JD003118 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 740HG UT WOS:000186396500001 ER PT J AU Stock, R Deutsch, IH Bolda, EL AF Stock, R Deutsch, IH Bolda, EL TI Quantum state control via trap-induced shape resonance in ultracold atomic collisions SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SCATTERING; MATTER; GAS AB We investigate controlled collisions between trapped but separated ultracold atoms. The interaction between atoms is treated self-consistently using an energy-dependent delta-function pseudopotential model, whose validity we establish. At a critical separation, a "trap-induced shape resonance" between molecular bound states and a vibrational eigenstate of the trap can occur. This resonance leads to an avoided crossing in the eigenspectrum as a function of separation. We investigate how this new resonance can be employed for quantum control. C1 Univ New Mexico, Dept Phys & Astron, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. NIST, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Stock, R (reprint author), Univ New Mexico, Dept Phys & Astron, Albuquerque, NM 87131 USA. RI Deutsch, Ivan/D-1882-2009 OI Deutsch, Ivan/0000-0002-1733-5750 NR 29 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD OCT 31 PY 2003 VL 91 IS 18 AR 183201 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.183201 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 738EY UT WOS:000186274800013 PM 14611281 ER PT J AU Takahashi, T Sutherland, SC Feely, RA Cosca, CE AF Takahashi, T Sutherland, SC Feely, RA Cosca, CE TI Decadal variation of the surface water PCO2 in the western and central equatorial Pacific SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID EL-NINO; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; CO2 DISTRIBUTIONS; OCEAN; SEA; TEMPERATURES; PCO(2); CARBON; EVENT AB The equatorial Pacific Ocean is one of the most important yet highly variable oceanic source areas for atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). Here, we used the partial pressure of CO2 (PCO2), measured in surface waters from 1979 through early 2001, to examine the effect on the equatorial Pacific CO2 chemistry of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation phase shift, which occurred around 1988 to 1992. During the decade before the shift, the surface water PCO2 (corrected for temperature changes and atmospheric CO2 uptake) in the central and western equatorial Pacific decreased at a mean rate of about -20 muatm per decade, whereas after the shift, it increased at about +15 muatm per decade. These changes altered the CO2 sink and source flux of the equatorial Pacific significantly. C1 Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Takahashi, T (reprint author), Columbia Univ, Lamont Doherty Earth Observ, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. NR 24 TC 46 Z9 47 U1 3 U2 20 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD OCT 31 PY 2003 VL 302 IS 5646 BP 852 EP 856 DI 10.1126/science.1088570 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 737XQ UT WOS:000186258000045 PM 14593175 ER PT J AU Dubey, JP Zarnke, R Thomas, NJ Wong, SK Van Bonn, W Briggs, M Davis, JW Ewing, R Mense, M Kwok, OCH Romand, S Thulliez, P AF Dubey, JP Zarnke, R Thomas, NJ Wong, SK Van Bonn, W Briggs, M Davis, JW Ewing, R Mense, M Kwok, OCH Romand, S Thulliez, P TI Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, Sarcocystis neurona, and Sarcocystis canis-like infections in marine mammals SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Toxoplasma gondii; Neospora caninum; Sarcocystis neurona; Sarcocystis canis; antibodies; agglutination tests; sea otters; walruses; seals; sea lion; manatee ID ENHYDRA-LUTRIS-NEREIS; LION ZALOPHUS-CALIFORNIANUS; PHOCA-VITULINA RICHARDSI; PACIFIC HARBOR SEALS; AGGLUTINATION-TEST; MORBILLIVIRUS INFECTION; STENELLA-COERULEOALBA; OTTER; MENINGOENCEPHALITIS; DIAGNOSIS AB Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, Sarcocystis neurona, and S. canis are related protozoans that can cause mortality in many species of domestic and wild animals. Recently, T gondii and S. neurona were recognized to cause encephalitis in marine mammals. As yet, there is no report of natural exposure of N. caninum in marine mammals. In the present study, antibodies to T gondii and N. caninum were assayed in sera of several species of marine mammals. For T gondii, sera were diluted 1:25, 1:50, and 1:500 and assayed in the T gondii modified agglutination test (MAT). Antibodies (MATgreater than or equal to1:25) to T gondii were found in 89 of 115 (77%) dead, and 18 of 30 (60%) apparently healthy sea otters (Enhydra lutris), 51 of 311 (16%) Pacific harbor seals (Phoca vitulina), 19 of 45 (42%) sea lions (Zalophus californianus), 5 of 32 (16%) ringed seals (Phoca hispida), 4 of 8 (50%) bearded seals (Erignathus barbatus), 1 of 9 (11.1%) spotted seals (Phoca largha), 138 of 141 (98%) Atlantic bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), and 3 of 53 (6%) walruses (Odobenus rosmarus). For N. caninum, sera were diluted 1:40, 1:80, 1:160, and 1:320 and examined with the Neospora agglutination test (NAT) using mouse-derived tachyzoites. NAT antibodies were found in 3 of 53 (6%) walruses, 28 of 145 (19%) sea otters, 11 of 311 (3.5%) harbor seals, 1 of 27 (3.7%) sea lions, 4 of 32 (12.5%) ringed seals, 1 of 8 (12.5%) bearded seals, and 43 of 47 (91%) bottlenose dolphins. To our knowledge, this is the first report of N. caninum antibodies in any marine mammal, and the first report of T gondii antibodies in walruses and in ringed, bearded, spotted, and ribbon seals. Current information on T gondii-like and Sarcocystis-like infections in marine mammals is reviewed. New cases of clinical S. canis and T gondii infections are also reported in sea lions, and T gondii infection in an Antillean manatee (Trichechus manatus manatus). (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 USDA ARS, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Anim Parasit Dis Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. Alaska Dept Fish & Game, Fairbanks, AK 99701 USA. US Geol Survey, Dept Interior, Natl Wildlife Hlth Ctr, Madison, WI 53711 USA. USN, Marine Mammal Program, Biosci Div, San Diego, CA 92101 USA. Brookfield Zoo, Brookfield, IL 60513 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Western Washington Fish & Wildlife Off, Lacey, WA 98503 USA. NOAA Fisheries, Dept Commerce, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Armed Forces Inst Pathol, Dept Vet Pathol, Washington, DC 20306 USA. Inst Puericulture, Lab Toxoplasmose, F-75014 Paris, France. RP Dubey, JP (reprint author), USDA ARS, Anim & Nat Resources Inst, Anim Parasit Dis Lab, BARC E,Bldg 1001,10300 Baltimore Ave, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM jdubey@anri.barc.usda.gov NR 57 TC 148 Z9 167 U1 6 U2 35 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 EI 1873-2550 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD OCT 30 PY 2003 VL 116 IS 4 BP 275 EP 296 DI 10.1016/S0304-4017(03)00263-2 PG 22 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA 741LE UT WOS:000186458900002 PM 14580799 ER PT J AU Brooks, SD Baumgardner, D Gandrud, B Dye, JE Northway, MJ Fahey, DW Bui, TP Toon, OB Tolbert, MA AF Brooks, SD Baumgardner, D Gandrud, B Dye, JE Northway, MJ Fahey, DW Bui, TP Toon, OB Tolbert, MA TI Measurements of large stratospheric particles in the Arctic polar vortex SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE PSC; MASP; denitrification ID LARGE HNO3-CONTAINING PARTICLES; ANTARCTIC SPRING STRATOSPHERE; NITRIC-ACID TRIHYDRATE; OZONE LOSS; REFRACTIVE-INDEXES; REACTIVE NITROGEN; VAPOR-PRESSURES; DENITRIFICATION; CLOUDS; WINTER AB [1] During the SAGE III Ozone Loss and Validation Experiment/Third European Stratospheric Experiment on Ozone 2000 mission, the Multiangle Aerosol Spectrometer Probe ( MASP) was flown aboard the ER-2 aircraft sampling the Arctic polar vortex. On several of the flights the ER-2 flew directly through polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs), and on six of these flights the MASP sampled large particles ( 2 - 22 mum diameter). MASP large particle observations are correlated in time with the large particle signal from the NOAA NOy measurements. This is direct evidence supporting the inference of particle size made by the NOy instrument. On 20 January 2000, the day of the most intense PSC encounter, the shapes of the large particle size distributions above 9 mum observed by the MASP and simulated based on the NOy instruments are in reasonable agreement. The MASP observations show a dramatic increase in large particle volume as the temperature approaches the nitric acid trihydrate equilibrium temperature. Our study suggests that large particles containing nitric acid are present in the Arctic polar stratosphere and may lead to denitrification. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Mexicana, Mexico City 04510, DF, Mexico. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NASA, Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA 94035 USA. Univ Colorado, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Atmospher & Space Phys Lab, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Campus Box 215, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM sbrooks@lamar.colostate.edu; darrel@servidor.unam.mx; northway@al.noaa.gov; dfahey@al.noaa.gov; toon@lasp.colorado.edu RI Brooks, Sarah/H-1176-2012; Fahey, David/G-4499-2013 OI Fahey, David/0000-0003-1720-0634 NR 45 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD OCT 29 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D20 AR 4652 DI 10.1029/2002JD003278 PG 11 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 740GU UT WOS:000186395300001 ER PT J AU Dizdaroglu, M AF Dizdaroglu, M TI Substrate specificities and excision kinetics of DNA glycosylases involved in base-excision repair of oxidative DNA damage SO MUTATION RESEARCH-FUNDAMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF MUTAGENESIS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 32nd Annual Meeting of the European-Environmental-Mutagen-Society CY SEP 03-07, 2002 CL WARSAW, POLAND SP European Enviro Mutagen Soc DE oxygen-derived species; free radicals; oxidative DNA damage; base-excision repair; gas chromatography/mass spectrometry; modified DNA bases ID COLI ENDONUCLEASE-VIII; APURINIC APYRIMIDINIC SITES; RIBOSOMAL-PROTEIN S3; GENERATED FREE-RADICALS; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; SACCHAROMYCES-CEREVISIAE; FPG PROTEIN; OGG1 PROTEIN; DEINOCOCCUS-RADIODURANS; ARABIDOPSIS-THALIANA AB Reactive oxygen-derived species such as free radicals are formed in living cells by normal metabolism and exogenous sources, and cause a variety of types of DNA damage such as base and sugar damage, strand breaks and DNA-protein cross-links. Living organisms possess repair systems that repair DNA damage. Oxidative DNA damage caused by free radicals and other oxidizing agents is mainly repaired by base-excision repair (BER), which involves DNA glycosylases in the first step of the repair process. These enzymes remove modified bases from DNA by hydrolyzing the glycosidic bond between the modified base and the sugar moiety, generating an apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) site. Some also possess AP lyase activity that subsequently cleaves DNA at AP sites. Many DNA glycosylases have been discovered and isolated, and their reaction mechanisms and substrate specificities have been elucidated. Most of the known products of oxidative damage to DNA are substrates of DNA glycosylases with broad or narrow substrate specificities. Some possess cross-activity and remove both pyrimidine- and purine-derived lesions. Overlapping activities between enzymes also exist. Studies of substrate specificities have been performed using either oligodeoxynucleotides with a single modified base embedded at a specific position or damaged DNA substrates containing a multiplicity of pyrimidine- and purine-derived lesions. This paper reviews the substrate specificities and excision kinetics of DNA glycosylases that have been investigated with the use of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and DNA substrates with multiple lesions. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Dizdaroglu, M (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 124 TC 61 Z9 61 U1 1 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0027-5107 J9 MUTAT RES-FUND MOL M JI Mutat. Res.-Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagen. PD OCT 29 PY 2003 VL 531 IS 1-2 BP 109 EP 126 DI 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2003.07.003 PG 18 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Genetics & Heredity; Toxicology GA 754NJ UT WOS:000187323000007 PM 14637249 ER PT J AU Radovic, M Barsoum, MW El-Raghy, T Wiederhorn, SM AF Radovic, M Barsoum, MW El-Raghy, T Wiederhorn, SM TI Tensile creep of coarse-grained Ti3SiC2 in the 1000-1200 degrees C temperature range SO JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS LA English DT Article DE ceramics; mechanical properties; high-temperature material; microstructure ID FATIGUE-CRACK GROWTH; MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES; ELEVATED-TEMPERATURES; FRACTURE PROPERTIES; DEFORMATION; CERAMICS; ICE; SUPERPLASTICITY; DISLOCATIONS; OXIDATION AB The tensile creep of coarse-grained, CG, Ti3SiC2 samples, in the 1000-1200 degreesC temperature, T, and 10 MPa to 100 MPa stress, sigma, ranges, respectively, was studied. The creep behavior is characterized by three regimes: an initial, a secondary where the creep rate is at a minimum, (epsilon)over dot(min), and a tertiary regime. In the intermediate regime (epsilon)over dot(min) is given by: (epsilon)over dot(min)(s)(-1) = epsilon(0)exp(17+/-1) (sigma/sigma(o))(2.0+/-0.1) exp(-458 +/- 12 kJ/mol/RT) where sigma(0) = 1 MPa and epsilon(0) = 1 s(-1). The times to failure are given by: t(f) (s) = exp(-2 +/- 0.3)(epsilon)over dot(min)(-1). The results presented herein confirm that: (a) dislocation creep is the dominant mechanism; (b) the high plastic anisotropy of Ti3SiC2 results in large internal stresses during creep; (c) the response is dictated by a competition between the rates of generation and dissipation of these internal stresses; (d) at higher temperatures and/or lower strain rates the internal stresses can dissipate and the behavior is more ductile. Furthermore, in the tertiary creep regime, the creep appears to occur by a combination of dislocation creep and the formation of cavities and cracks. The coarse-grained samples have lower creep rates than their fine-grained (3-5 mum) counterparts, and their times to failure are longer. The latter is partially attributable to the ability of the larger grains, whose basal planes are normal to the applied load, to form tenacious crack bridges by delamination and kink band formation, in addition to the bridges that occur when the basal planes are parallel to the applied load. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Drexel Univ, Dept Mat Engn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Barsoum, MW (reprint author), Drexel Univ, Dept Mat Engn, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA. RI Barsoum, Michel/I-2842-2012 OI Barsoum, Michel/0000-0001-7800-3517 NR 36 TC 46 Z9 48 U1 0 U2 10 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0925-8388 J9 J ALLOY COMPD JI J. Alloy. Compd. PD OCT 27 PY 2003 VL 361 IS 1-2 BP 299 EP 312 DI 10.1016/S0925-8388(03)00435-3 PG 14 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 735QJ UT WOS:000186125800050 ER PT J AU Simeon, J Roesler, C Pegau, WS Dupouy, C AF Simeon, J Roesler, C Pegau, WS Dupouy, C TI Sources of spatial variability in light absorbing components along an equatorial transect from 165 degrees E to 150 degrees W SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article DE ccean optical properties; equatorial Pacific; water mass analysis; ocean tracers ID DISSOLVED ORGANIC-MATTER; INHERENT OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; PHOTOSYNTHETICALLY ACTIVE PIGMENTS; ABSORPTION-COEFFICIENTS; CHLOROPHYLL-A; PHYTOPLANKTON ABSORPTION; DIEL VARIATIONS; PACIFIC-OCEAN; WATERS; CARBON AB [1] Spatial variability of major light-absorbing components in seawater was analyzed at the equator from 165 degreesE to 150 degreesW during the Zonal Flux Cruise aboard the R/V Thompson from 20 April to 10 May 1996. Spectral absorption coefficients were separated into phytoplankton, nonphytoplankton chromophoric particulate material (CPM) and chromophoric dissolved organic material ( CDOM). CPM and phytoplankton absorption account for about 20% and 80% of the total particulate absorption, respectively, above 100 m. The < 0.2 μm CDOM absorption accounts for nearly 80% of the total absorption below 100 m. A significant portion of spatial variability in particulate absorption was due to conservative processes in the upper 100 m. Non-conservative spatial variability of phytoplankton absorption was zonally determined by the biomass changes of a spectrally invariant taxonomic community and vertically by photoacclimation. Distributions of size-fractionated CDOM absorption are suggestive of the presence of new ( 0.2 to 0.7 μm) and old (< 0.2 mum) DOM pools. Photochemical reactions and microbial activity are nonconservative processes that act upon these pools, respectively. New DOM was found primarily in the upper water column, while an analysis of variance showed that < 0.2 μm CDOM originating from deep water composes the background CDOM in the Equatorial Pacific. C1 Univ Connecticut, Dept Marine Sci, Groton, CT 06340 USA. Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Ctr IRD Noumea, Noumea, New Caledonia. RP Simeon, J (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, POB CN 710, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. NR 59 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD OCT 25 PY 2003 VL 108 IS C10 AR 3333 DI 10.1029/2002JC001613 PG 14 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 736XX UT WOS:000186199500001 ER PT J AU Eckhardt, S Stohl, A Beirle, S Spichtinger, N James, P Forster, C Junker, C Wagner, T Platt, U Jennings, SG AF Eckhardt, S Stohl, A Beirle, S Spichtinger, N James, P Forster, C Junker, C Wagner, T Platt, U Jennings, SG TI The North Atlantic Oscillation controls air pollution transport to the Arctic SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID AEROSOL; SURFACE; CLOUD; TROPOSPHERE; SATELLITE; EMISSIONS; REGIONS; BARROW; TRENDS AB This paper studies the interannual variability of pollution pathways from northern hemisphere (NH) continents into the Arctic. Using a 15-year model simulation of the dispersion of passive tracers representative of anthropogenic emissions from NH continents, we show that the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) exerts a strong control on the pollution transport into the Arctic, particularly in winter and spring. For tracer lifetimes of 5 ( 30) days, surface concentrations in the Arctic winter are enhanced by about 70% (30%) during high phases of the NAO ( in the following referred to as NAO(+)) compared to its low phases (NAO(-)). This is mainly due to great differences in the pathways of European pollution during NAO(+) and NAO(-) phases, respectively, but reinforced by North American pollution, which is also enhanced in the Arctic during NAO(+) phases. In contrast, Asian pollution in the Arctic does not significantly depend on the NAO phase. The model results are confirmed using remotely-sensed NO2 vertical atmospheric columns obtained from seven years of satellite measurements, which show enhanced northward NO2 transport and reduced NO2 outflow into the North Atlantic from Central Europe during NAO(+) phases. Surface measurements of carbon monoxide (CO) and black carbon at high-latitude stations further corroborate the overall picture of enhanced Arctic pollution levels during NAO(+) phases. C1 Tech Univ Munich, Dept Ecol, D-8000 Munich, Germany. Univ Heidelberg, Inst Environm Phys, Heidelberg, Germany. Natl Univ Ireland, Dept Expt Phys, Dublin, Ireland. RP Stohl, A (reprint author), Univ Colorado, NOAA, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Stohl, Andreas/A-7535-2008; Eckhardt, Sabine/I-4001-2012 OI Stohl, Andreas/0000-0002-2524-5755; Eckhardt, Sabine/0000-0001-6958-5375 NR 37 TC 105 Z9 105 U1 3 U2 21 PU EUROPEAN GEOPHYSICAL SOC PI KATLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, 37191 KATLENBURG-LINDAU, GERMANY SN 1680-7324 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PD OCT 24 PY 2003 VL 3 BP 1769 EP 1778 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 736BH UT WOS:000186150100001 ER PT J AU Sun, W Deehr, CS Fry, CD Dryer, M Smith, Z Akasofu, SI AF Sun, W Deehr, CS Fry, CD Dryer, M Smith, Z Akasofu, SI TI Plane-of-sky simulations of interplanetary shock waves SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID REAL-TIME; MODELS AB [1] We present simulated plane-of-sky maps of the shock waves in interplanetary space from several representative solar events by using the Hakamada-Akasofu-Fry solar wind model (HAFv.2). This kinematic model uses a three-dimensional approach to construct plane-of-sky maps of interplanetary shock waves initiated by solar flares and CMEs. The simulated plane-of-sky maps are in a form that can be directly compared with assimilated optical observations of shock waves from Earth-orbiting and interplanetary satellites. Combining these simulations with observations would provide a new tool for monitoring the propagation of interplanetary shocks in interplanetary space and for predicting the arrival of shock waves at Earth. C1 Univ Alaska, Inst Geophys, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. Explorat Phys Int Inc, Huntsville, AL USA. NOAA, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Int Arctic Res Ctr, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. RP Univ Alaska, Inst Geophys, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. EM Sun@jupiter.gi.alaska.edu; cdeehr@gi.alaska.edu; gfry@expi.com; Murray.Dryer@noaa.gov; Zdenka.Smith@noaa.gov; Sakasofu@iarc.uaf.edu RI xue, yansheng/A-9712-2012 NR 12 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 EI 1944-8007 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD OCT 23 PY 2003 VL 30 IS 20 AR 2044 DI 10.1029/2003GL017574 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 736XG UT WOS:000186198100001 ER PT J AU Reichler, T Dameris, M Sausen, R AF Reichler, T Dameris, M Sausen, R TI Determining the tropopause height from gridded data SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID STRATOSPHERE; TROPOSPHERE; EXCHANGE; CLIMATE AB [1] A method is presented to determine tropopause height from gridded temperature data with coarse vertical resolution. The algorithm uses a thermal definition of the tropopause, which is based on the concept of a "threshold lapse-rate''. Interpolation is performed to identify the pressure at which this threshold is reached and maintained for a prescribed vertical distance. The method is verified by comparing the heights calculated from analyses of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) with the observed heights at individual radiosonde stations. RMS errors in the calculated tropopause heights are generally small. They range from 30 - 40 hPa in the extratropics to 10 - 20 hPa in the tropics. The largest deviations occur in the subtropics, where the tropopause has strong meridional gradients that are not adequately resolved by the input data. C1 Deutsch Zentrum Luft & Raumfahrt, Inst Phys Atmosphare, Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany. RP Reichler, T (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. NR 14 TC 88 Z9 97 U1 3 U2 22 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD OCT 22 PY 2003 VL 30 IS 20 AR 2042 DI 10.1029/2003GL018240 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 736XF UT WOS:000186198000005 ER PT J AU Robinson, WA Li, SL Peng, SL AF Robinson, WA Li, SL Peng, SL TI Dynamical nonlinearity in the atmospheric response to Atlantic sea surface temperature anomalies SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article AB [1] Large ensembles ( 100 members) of atmospheric general circulation model experiments are forced throughout the Northern Hemisphere cold season by four different sea surface temperature (SST) fields: the observed climatology, the so-called SST tripole pattern, and its tropical and its extratropical subcomponents. Late winter responses to these anomalies are of modest amplitude, in comparison with the amplitudes of climatological stationary waves, but are, because of the large ensemble, significant. Despite their modest amplitudes, the responses display additive nonlinearity, in that the sum of the separate responses to the component anomalies differs significantly from the response to the tripole. Neither the heating field nor the basin averaged zonal winds display this nonlinearity. It is most evident in a sub-basin scale wave train, and most significant in its impact on the amplitude of the geopotential response. These results indicate that even for modest forcing, responses to patterns of SST anomalies cannot necessarily be understood as the sums of responses to constituent anomalies. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Atmospher Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. NOAA, CIRES Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO USA. RP Robinson, WA (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Atmospher Sci, 105 S Gregory Ave, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RI Robinson, Walter/I-3782-2012; Li, Shuanglin /D-5695-2013 OI Robinson, Walter/0000-0002-6669-7408; Li, Shuanglin /0000-0002-4891-8561 NR 7 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD OCT 21 PY 2003 VL 30 IS 20 AR 2038 DI 10.1029/2003GL018416 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 736XE UT WOS:000186197900005 ER PT J AU Kinne, S Lohmann, U Feichter, J Schulz, M Timmreck, C Ghan, S Easter, R Chin, M Ginoux, P Takemura, T Tegen, I Koch, D Herzog, M Penner, J Pitari, G Holben, B Eck, T Smirnov, A Dubovik, O Slutsker, I Tanre, D Torres, O Mishchenko, M Geogdzhayev, I Chu, DA Kaufman, Y AF Kinne, S Lohmann, U Feichter, J Schulz, M Timmreck, C Ghan, S Easter, R Chin, M Ginoux, P Takemura, T Tegen, I Koch, D Herzog, M Penner, J Pitari, G Holben, B Eck, T Smirnov, A Dubovik, O Slutsker, I Tanre, D Torres, O Mishchenko, M Geogdzhayev, I Chu, DA Kaufman, Y TI Monthly averages of aerosol properties: A global comparison among models, satellite data, and AERONET ground data SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE tropospheric aerosol; aerosol component modeling; aerosol module evaluation; direct aerosol radiative forcing; regional comparisons ID SKY RADIANCE MEASUREMENTS; OPTICAL-THICKNESS; SEA-SALT; TROPOSPHERIC AEROSOL; 3-DIMENSIONAL SIMULATION; CARBONACEOUS AEROSOLS; SULFATE AEROSOL; MINERAL AEROSOL; UNITED-STATES; DUST AEROSOLS AB [1] New aerosol modules of global ( circulation and chemical transport) models are evaluated. These new modules distinguish among at least five aerosol components: sulfate, organic carbon, black carbon, sea salt, and dust. Monthly and regionally averaged predictions for aerosol mass and aerosol optical depth are compared. Differences among models are significant for all aerosol types. The largest differences were found near expected source regions of biomass burning ( carbon) and dust. Assumptions for the permitted water uptake also contribute to optical depth differences ( of sulfate, organic carbon, and sea salt) at higher latitudes. The decline of mass or optical depth away from recognized sources reveals strong differences in aerosol transport or removal among models. These differences are also a function of altitude, as transport biases of dust do not always extend to other aerosol types. Ratios of optical depth and mass demonstrate large differences in the mass extinction efficiency, even for hydrophobic aerosol. This suggests that efforts of good mass simulations could be wasted or that conversions are misused to cover for poor mass simulations. In an attempt to provide an absolute measure for model skill, simulated total optical depths ( when adding contributions from all five aerosol types) are compared to measurements from ground and space. Comparisons to the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) suggest a source strength underestimate in many models, most frequently for ( subtropical) tropical biomass or dust. Comparisons to the combined best of Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer ( MODIS) and Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer ( TOMS) indicate that away from sources, model simulations are usually smaller. Particularly large are discrepancies over tropical oceans and oceans of the Southern Hemisphere, raising issues on the treatment of sea salt in models. Totals for mass or optical depth in many models are defined by the absence or dominance of only one aerosol component. With appropriate corrections to that component ( e. g., to removal, to source strength, or to seasonality) a much better model performance can be expected. Still, many important modeling issues remain inconclusive as the combined result of poor coordination ( different emissions and meteorology), insufficient model output ( vertical distributions, water uptake by aerosol type), and unresolved measurement issues ( retrieval assumptions and temporal or spatial sampling biases). C1 Max Planck Inst Meteorol, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany. Dalhousie Univ, Dept Phys, Atmospher Sci Program, Halifax, NS B3H 3J5, Canada. CEA, CNRS, LSCE, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. Battelle Mem Inst, Pacific NW Natl Lab, Richland, WA 99352 USA. NASA, GIT, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. Kyushu Univ, Appl Mech Res Inst, Fukuoka 8168580, Japan. Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, D-07745 Jena, Germany. Columbia Univ, Dept Appl Phys & Appl Math, NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Atmospher Ocean & Space Sci, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Aquila, Dipartimento Fis, I-67010 Coppito, Laquila, Italy. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Univ Lille 1, Opt Atmospher Lab, F-59655 Villeneuve Dascq, France. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Joint Ctr Earth Syst Technol, NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Max Planck Inst Meteorol, Bundesstr 55, D-20146 Hamburg, Germany. EM kinne@dkrz.de; ulrike.lohmann@dal.ca; feichter@dkrz.de; schulz@lsce.saclay.cea.fr; timmreck@dkrz.de; steve.ghan@pnl.gov; richard.easter@pnl.gov; chin@gator1.gsfc.nasa.gov; ginoux@rondo.gsfc; toshi@riam.kyushu-u.ac.jp; itegen@bgc-jena.mpg.de; dorothy.koch@yale.edu; herzogm@umich.edu; penner@umich.edu; pitari@vxscaq.aquila.infn.it; brent@aeronet.gsfc.nasa.gov; tom@aeronet.gsfc.nasa.gov; asmirnov@spamer.gsfc.nasa.gov; dubovik@aeronet.gsfc.nasa.gov; ilya@aeronet.nasa.gov; didier.tanre@univ-lille1.fr; torres@tparty.gsfc.nasa.gov; mmishchenko@giss.nasa.gov; ig117@columbia.edu; achu@climate.gsfc.nasa.gov; yoram.j.kaufman@nasa.gov RI Ghan, Steven/H-4301-2011; Lohmann, Ulrike/B-6153-2009; Pitari, Giovanni/O-7458-2016; Dubovik, Oleg/A-8235-2009; U-ID, Kyushu/C-5291-2016; Herzog, Michael/B-4722-2010; Smirnov, Alexander/C-2121-2009; ECK, THOMAS/D-7407-2012; Takemura, Toshihiko/C-2822-2009; Ginoux, Paul/C-2326-2008; Chin, Mian/J-8354-2012; Penner, Joyce/J-1719-2012; Torres, Omar/G-4929-2013; Kyushu, RIAM/F-4018-2015; Mishchenko, Michael/D-4426-2012; Schulz, Michael/A-6930-2011 OI Ghan, Steven/0000-0001-8355-8699; Lohmann, Ulrike/0000-0001-8885-3785; Pitari, Giovanni/0000-0001-7051-9578; Dubovik, Oleg/0000-0003-3482-6460; Smirnov, Alexander/0000-0002-8208-1304; Takemura, Toshihiko/0000-0002-2859-6067; Ginoux, Paul/0000-0003-3642-2988; Schulz, Michael/0000-0003-4493-4158 NR 64 TC 179 Z9 181 U1 4 U2 42 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD OCT 21 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D20 AR 4634 DI 10.1029/2001JD001253 PG 42 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 736XL UT WOS:000186198500001 ER PT J AU Valle-Levinson, A Bosley, KT AF Valle-Levinson, A Bosley, KT TI Reversing circulation patterns in a tropical estuary SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article DE reversing estuarine circulation; Gulf of Fonseca; tropical estuary; Coriolis effects ID DELAUNAY TRIANGULATION; FLOW AB [1] A combination of current velocity and water density measurements was used to characterize the basic patterns of water exchange in the Gulf of Fonseca, a tropical estuary on the Pacific Ocean side of Central America. The measurements were obtained during spring and neap tides in March ( dry season) and June ( wet season) of 2001 and consisted of profiles of current velocity and density along four transects. From mid-March to mid-April a time series of hourly surface current velocity maps was also obtained with a high-frequency radar system of two antennas. The sampling transects and the radar coverage concentrated in the portion of the estuary that has open communication with the ocean. During the dry season, water exchange at the entrance to the gulf suggested an inverse estuarine circulation that was more robust, and its dynamics were closer to geostrophy during neap than during spring tides. It is likely that salinity increased toward the tributaries of the system and then decreased within those tributaries because of the persistent influence of fresh water. In contrast, during the wet season, salinity decreased into the estuary, and the circulation resembled that of a typical estuary. In this season the fortnightly modulation of exchange flows was masked by wind effects, which also played a relevant role in the dynamics. The net volume inflows measured in both seasons suggested that the residence time of the Gulf of Fonseca varies from 2 weeks to 1 month. C1 Old Dominion Univ, Dept Ocean Earth & Atmospher Sci, Ctr Coastal Phys Oceanog, Norfolk, VA 23529 USA. Natl Ocean Serv, Natl Oceanog & Atmospher Adm, Chesapeake, VA 23320 USA. RP Valle-Levinson, A (reprint author), Old Dominion Univ, Dept Ocean Earth & Atmospher Sci, Ctr Coastal Phys Oceanog, Norfolk, VA 23529 USA. NR 20 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD OCT 21 PY 2003 VL 108 IS C10 AR 3331 DI 10.1029/2003JC001786 PG 13 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 736XV UT WOS:000186199300004 ER PT J AU Babushok, VI DeLucia, FC Dagdigian, PJ Nusca, MJ Miziolek, AW AF Babushok, VI DeLucia, FC Dagdigian, PJ Nusca, MJ Miziolek, AW TI Kinetic modeling of the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy plume from metallic lead SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 2nd International Conference on Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) CY 2002 CL ORLANDO, FL ID PLASMA EXPANSION; HIGH-TEMPERATURE; AIR; NITROGEN; IONIZATION; COMBUSTION; CHEMISTRY; ABLATION; ATOMS; FIELD AB We report initial results of a study aimed toward developing a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model to simulate the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) plume for the purpose of understanding the physical and chemical factors that control the LIBS signature. The kinetic model developed for modeling studies of the LIBS plume from metallic lead includes a set of air reactions and ion chemistry as well as the oxidization, excitation, and ionization of lead atoms. At total of 38 chemical species and 220 reactions are included in the model. Experimental measurements of the spatial and temporal dependence of a number of lead emission lines have been made of the LIBS plume from metallic lead. The mechanism of generation of excited Pb states in the LIBS plume is analyzed through kinetic modeling and sensitivity analysis. Initial CFD model results for the LIBS plume are presented. (C) 2003 Optical Society of America. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. USA, Res Lab, AMSRL, WM,BD, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Chem, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. RP Babushok, VI (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM pjdagdigian@jhu.edu RI De Lucia, Frank/D-5630-2012 NR 50 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 8 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD OCT 20 PY 2003 VL 42 IS 30 BP 5947 EP 5962 DI 10.1364/AO.42.005947 PG 16 WC Optics SC Optics GA 733KV UT WOS:000186000200003 PM 14594051 ER PT J AU Antuna, JC Robock, A Stenchikov, G Zhou, J David, C Barnes, J Thomason, L AF Antuna, JC Robock, A Stenchikov, G Zhou, J David, C Barnes, J Thomason, L TI Spatial and temporal variability of the stratospheric aerosol cloud produced by the 1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE volcano; lidar; satellite ID SAGE-II; EXTINCTION MEASUREMENTS; LIDAR MEASUREMENTS; SIZE DISTRIBUTION; VOLCANIC AEROSOL; MT-PINATUBO; VALIDATION; BACKSCATTER; SATELLITE; PROFILES AB [1] As a critical quality control step toward producing a stratospheric data assimilation system for volcanic aerosols, we conducted a comparison between Stratosphere Aerosol and Gas Experiment ( SAGE) II aerosol extinction profiles and aerosol backscatter measured by five lidars, both in the tropics and midlatitudes, for the two-year period following the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption. The period we studied is the most challenging for the SAGE II retrieval because the aerosol cloud caused so much extinction of the solar signal that in the tropics few retrievals were possible in the core of the cloud. We compared extinction at two wavelengths at the same time that we tested two sets of conversions coefficients. We used both Thomason and Jager's extinction-to-backscatter conversion coefficients for converting lidar backscatter profiles at 0.532 mum or 0.694 mum wavelengths to the SAGE II extinction wavelengths of 0.525 mum and 1.020 mum or the nearby ones of 0.532 mum and 1.064 mum respectively. The lidars were located at Mauna Loa, Hawaii (19.5 degreesN, 155.6 degreesW), Camaguey, Cuba (21.4degreesN, 77.9degreesW), Hefei, China (31.9 degreesN, 117.2 degreesW), Hampton Virginia (37.1 degreesN, 76.3 degreesW), and Haute Provence, France (43.9 degreesN, 5.7 degreesW). For the six months following the eruption the aerosol cloud was much more heterogeneous than later. Using two alternative approaches, we evaluated the aerosol extinction variability of the tropical core of the Pinatubo stratospheric aerosol cloud at the timescale of 1 - 2 days, and found it was quite large. Aerosol variability played the major role in producing the observed differences between SAGE II and the lidars. There was in general a good agreement between SAGE II extinction measurements and lidar derived extinction, and we conclude that all five lidar sets we compared can be used in a future data assimilation of stratospheric aerosols. This is the most comprehensive comparison yet of lidar data with satellite data for the Pinatubo period. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Dept Environm Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. Acad Sinica, Anhui Inst Opt & Fine Mech, Hefei 230031, Anhui, Peoples R China. Univ Paris 06, Inst Pierre Simon Laplace, Observ Haute Provence, CNRS,Serv Aeron, F-75252 Paris 05, France. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Mauna Loa Observ, Hilo, HI 96721 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP Antuna, JC (reprint author), Inst Meteorol, Estac Lidar Camaguey, Camaguey 70100, Cuba. EM anadelia@caonao.cmw.inf.cu; robock@envsci.rutgers.edu; gera@envsci.rutgers.edu; jzhou@aiofm.ac.cn; christine.david@aero.jussieu.fr; john.e.barnes@noaa.gov; l.w.thomason@nasa.gov RI Georgiy, Stenchikov/J-8569-2013; Robock, Alan/B-6385-2016 NR 32 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD OCT 17 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D20 AR 4624 DI 10.1029/2003JD003722 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 734ZQ UT WOS:000186088200008 ER PT J AU Zuidema, P Davies, R Moroney, C AF Zuidema, P Davies, R Moroney, C TI On the angular radiance closure of tropical cumulus congestus clouds observed by the Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE 3-D radiative transfer; cumulus congestus; MISR ID INDEPENDENT PIXEL APPROXIMATION; SOLAR RADIATIVE-TRANSFER; BOUNDARY-LAYER CLOUDS; OPTICAL DEPTH; SATELLITE DATA; ZENITH ANGLE; REFLECTANCE; GEOMETRY; CONVECTION; DEPENDENCE AB [1] Monte Carlo reflectance simulations of three tropical cumulus congestus clouds reconstructed from Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR) data are compared to the domain-averaged MISR reflectance measurements. The goal of the comparison is to evaluate the nadir-view pixel cloud optical depth retrievals derived using plane-parallel radiative transfer theory, and the assumptions for vertically distributing the optical depth. Cloud heights are operationally retrieved using a stereo-imaging algorithm. The cloud heights and optical depths are at a 275 m spatial resolution, and for most simulations a vertical resolution of 250 m is applied. Five different but common three-dimensional cloud representations are assessed, using ( 1) a column vertical- mean volume extinction coefficient (b) value ( the reference case), ( 2) a volume extinction coefficient proportional to the two-thirds power of height ( the adiabatic assumption), ( 3) the adiabatic assumption at a 25 m vertical resolution, ( 4) a vertical- mean b retrieved from reflectances averaged over a (2.2 km)(2) area, and (5) a vertical-mean beta retrieved using off-nadir reflectances. An asymmetry about nadir in the observed reflectance means and skewnesses is not reproduced by any Monte Carlo simulation. The lack of symmetry can be related to differing proportions of unobscured sunlit and shadowed cloudy areas within the different views, even for these cases with viewing angles close to the perpendicular plane. The Monte Carlo simulations do not appear to capture the observed fraction of unobscured sunlit and shadowed cloudy areas, suggesting that radiatively significant cloud variability is occurring at scales smaller than the height field resolution of +/- 550 m. Results from the Monte Carlo simulation done at a higher vertical resolution are consistent with this. The cases examined also contain a nadir maximum in the observed reflectance skewnesses and a relative maximum for the observed nadir reflectances, attributed to the solar illumination of some optically thick cloud surfaces and to specular reflection pervading through the optically thin cloudy regions. This contrasts with previous modeling results that assume a Lambertian surface. C1 NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. CALTECH, Jet Prop Lab, Pasadena, CA 91109 USA. RP Zuidema, P (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, ET6,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM paquita.zuidema@noaa.gov RI Davies, Roger/D-4296-2009; Zuidema, Paquita/C-9659-2013 OI Davies, Roger/0000-0002-2991-0409; Zuidema, Paquita/0000-0003-4719-372X NR 50 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD OCT 17 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D20 AR 4626 DI 10.1029/2003JD003401 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 734ZQ UT WOS:000186088200003 ER PT J AU Park, SR Choi, SM Dender, DC Lynn, JW Ling, XS AF Park, SR Choi, SM Dender, DC Lynn, JW Ling, XS TI Fate of the peak effect in a type-II superconductor: Multicriticality in the Bragg-glass transition SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SINGLE-CRYSTAL; RATIO HC3/HC2; LATTICE; PHASE; TEMPERATURE; DEFECTS; POINTS; ORDER; TC; NB AB We have used small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and ac magnetic susceptibility to investigate the global magnetic field H vs temperature T phase diagram of a Nb single crystal in which a first-order transition of Bragg-glass melting (disordering), a peak effect, and surface superconductivity are all observable. It was found that the disappearance of the peak effect is directly related to a multicritical behavior in the Bragg-glass transition. Four characteristic phase boundary lines have been identified on the H-T plane: a first-order line at high fields, a mean-field-like continuous transition line at low fields, and two continuous transition lines associated with the onset of surface and bulk superconductivity. All four lines are found to meet at a multicritical point. C1 Brown Univ, Dept Phys, Providence, RI 02912 USA. Korea Adv Inst Sci & Technol, Taejon 305701, South Korea. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ling, XS (reprint author), Brown Univ, Dept Phys, Providence, RI 02912 USA. RI Ling, Xinsheng/A-9219-2008 NR 28 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD OCT 17 PY 2003 VL 91 IS 16 AR 167003 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.167003 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 734QP UT WOS:000186068300045 PM 14611430 ER PT J AU Bradley, RS Hughes, MK Diaz, HF AF Bradley, RS Hughes, MK Diaz, HF TI Climate in Medieval time SO SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material ID ICE CORE; VOLCANISM; RECORD C1 Univ Massachusetts, Dept Geosci, Climate Syst Res Ctr, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. Univ Arizona, Tree Ring Res Lab, Tucson, AZ 85721 USA. NOAA, Climate Diagnost Ctr, Off Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Bradley, RS (reprint author), Univ Massachusetts, Dept Geosci, Climate Syst Res Ctr, Amherst, MA 01003 USA. RI Hughes, Malcolm/F-3350-2014 OI Hughes, Malcolm/0000-0003-1062-3167 NR 13 TC 211 Z9 225 U1 7 U2 39 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD OCT 17 PY 2003 VL 302 IS 5644 BP 404 EP 405 DI 10.1126/science.1090372 PG 2 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 732UD UT WOS:000185963200029 PM 14563996 ER PT J AU Oey, LY Lee, HC Schmitz, WJ AF Oey, LY Lee, HC Schmitz, WJ TI Effects of winds and Caribbean eddies on the frequency of Loop Current eddy shedding: A numerical model study SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article DE Gulf of Mexico; Caribbean Current; Loop Current; eddy shedding; winds and eddies; numerical ocean model ID GULF-OF-MEXICO; NORTH BRAZIL CURRENT; YUCATAN CHANNEL; ATLANTIC-OCEAN; CURRENT RETROFLECTION; CYCLONIC EDDIES; EASTERN GULF; STREAM MODEL; WESTERN GULF; CIRCULATION AB [1] The Loop Current (LC) is known to shed eddies at irregular intervals from 3 to 17 months. The causes of this irregularity have not, however, been adequately identified previously. We examine the effects of various types of external forcing on shedding with a model of the western North Atlantic Ocean (96degrees- 55degreesW, 6degrees- 50 degreesN). We force the model with steady transport at 55 degreesW, with winds, and include eddies in the Caribbean Sea. We examine their separate effects. With steady transport only, the model sheds rings at a dominant period of 9 - 10 months. Wind-induced transport fluctuations through the Greater Antilles Passages cause shedding at shorter intervals (approximate to3 - 7 months). Caribbean eddies ( anticyclones) cause shedding at longer periods ( approximate to 14 - 16 months). Potential vorticity conservation indicates that Caribbean eddies tend to deter northward extension of the LC into the Gulf, which can lead to longer periods between eddy shedding. Fluctuating inflow at the Yucatan Channel that is associated with winds and/or Caribbean eddies can cause an LC eddy to temporarily ( similar to 1 month) detach from and then reattach back to the LC, a phenomenon often observed. Model results also suggest that southwest of Hispaniola, warm eddies are spun up by the local wind stress curl. This type of eddy drifts southwestward, then westward after merging with the Caribbean Current, and then northward as it progresses toward the Yucatan Channel; these eddies significantly affect the shedding behavior of warm-core rings. The timescale for spin up and drift from Hispaniola is about 100 days. Satellite data indicate the existence of these eddies in the real ocean. C1 Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Conrad Blucher Inst, Corpus Christi, TX 78412 USA. RP Oey, LY (reprint author), Princeton Univ, Program Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Sayre Hall,Forestal Campus, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. NR 69 TC 58 Z9 59 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD OCT 16 PY 2003 VL 108 IS C10 AR 3324 DI 10.1029/2002JC001698 PG 25 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 734ZY UT WOS:000186088900002 ER PT J AU Pickett, MH Paduan, JD AF Pickett, MH Paduan, JD TI Ekman transport and pumping in the California Current based on the U.S. Navy's high-resolution atmospheric model (COAMPS) SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS LA English DT Article DE upwelling; California Current; wind-stress curl; Ekman pumping; COAMPS ID MARINE BOUNDARY-LAYER; SURFACE WIND STRESS; SUPERCRITICAL-FLOW; COAST; OREGON; SIMULATIONS; PATTERNS; VARIABILITY; TOPOGRAPHY; SYSTEM AB [1] Upwelling in the California Current system due to Ekman transport and pumping was estimated using a high-resolution ( 9-km grid) atmospheric model reanalysis. Model winds, verified with satellite-measured winds at 13 locations, had weekly averaged wind components within 1.7 m s(-1) RMS, and wind gradients within 1.6 m s(-1) per 100 km RMS. Model wind hind-casts from May 1999 to September 2000 revealed narrow bands ( about 10 by 50 km) of strong wind stress and wind stress curl parallel to the coast and adjacent to major coastal promontories. These bands, which are sub-grid scale in operational models, were capable of generating local upwelling greater than 10 m d(-1) and downwelling greater than 5 m d(-1). Peak summer estimates for the California Current system indicate vertical transport due to Ekman pumping was roughly 1.0 x 10(-6) m(3) s(-1), and Ekman transport from alongshore wind stress was about 0.5 x 10(-6) m(3) s(-1). These estimates suggest that Ekman pumping from wind stress curl is as important as Ekman transport from alongshore winds in the California Current system. C1 NOAA Fisheries, Pacific Fisheries Environm Lab, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. USN, Dept Oceanog, Postgrad Sch, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. RP Pickett, MH (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, Pacific Fisheries Environm Lab, 1352 Lighthouse Ave, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. NR 40 TC 90 Z9 90 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0148-0227 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-OCEANS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans PD OCT 16 PY 2003 VL 108 IS C10 AR 3327 DI 10.1029/2003JC001902 PG 10 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 734ZY UT WOS:000186088900005 ER PT J AU Ervin, KM Anusiewicz, W Skurski, P Simons, J Lineberger, WC AF Ervin, KM Anusiewicz, W Skurski, P Simons, J Lineberger, WC TI The only stable state of O-2(-) is the X (2)Pi(g) ground state and it (still!) has an adiabatic electron detachment energy of 0.45 eV SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID LASER PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROMETRY; CHARGE-TRANSFER REACTIONS; ALKALI-HALIDE CRYSTALS; NEGATIVE-IONS; HIGH-RESOLUTION; VIBRATIONAL-EXCITATION; MOLECULAR-OXYGEN; SPECTROSCOPIC CONSTANTS; STABILIZATION GRAPHS; COLLISION PROCESSES AB The ultraviolet photoelectron spectrum Of O-2(-) exhibits 29 resolved vibronic transitions to the three low-lying electronic states of neutral O-2 (X 3Sigma(g)(-), a (1)Delta(g), b (1)Sigma(g)(+)) from the X (2)Pi(j) (J = 3/2 and 1/2) spin-orbit states of the anion. A Franck-Condon simulation, using the established molecular constants of the neutral oxygen states, matches every observed feature in the spectrum. The 0-0 origin transition is unambiguously assigned, yielding the electron affinity EA(0)(O-2) = 0.448 +/- 0.006 eV. The derived bond dissociation energy is D-0(O-2(-)) = 395.9 +/- 0.6 kJ/mol. Coupled-cluster theory at the CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ level is used to determine the potential energy curves Of O-2 and Of O-2(-) in its ground state and two excited states, in both the electronically bound and unbound regions. Stabilization methods are employed to characterize the anion curves at bond lengths where their electronic energies lie above that of the ground-state neutral. The calculations confirm that the O-2(-) X (2)Pi(g) ground state is adiabatically stable, but the lowest electronically excited states Of O-2(-) (a (4)Sigma(u)(-) and A (2)Pi(u)) are adiabatically unbound with respect to electron detachment. The calculations predict the anionic doublet-quartet splitting to be T-e(a (4)Sigma(u)(-)) - T-e (X (2)Pi(g)) = 2.40 eV and the first excited doublet at an energy of T-e(A (2)Pi(u)) - Te(X (2)Pi(g)) = 3.39 eV. at an energy of T-e(A (2)Pi(u)) - Te(X (2)Pi(g)) = 3.39 eV. These observations are consistent with electron scattering on O-2 and other experimental data, and they sharply refute recent interpretations of electron-capture detector experiments that EA(O-2) approximate to 1 eV, that O-2(-) has multiple excited states below the neutral ground-state minimum, and that the doublet-quartet splitting is 0.12 eV [Chen, E. S.; Chen, E. C. M. J. Phys. Chem. A 2003, 107, 169.]. C1 Univ Nevada, Dept Chem, Reno, NV 89557 USA. Univ Nevada, Chem Phys Program, Reno, NV 89557 USA. Univ Utah, Dept Chem, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Gdansk, Dept Chem, PL-80952 Gdansk, Poland. RP Ervin, KM (reprint author), Univ Nevada, Dept Chem, Reno, NV 89557 USA. NR 100 TC 140 Z9 140 U1 5 U2 44 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD OCT 16 PY 2003 VL 107 IS 41 BP 8521 EP 8529 DI 10.1021/jp0357323 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 730YH UT WOS:000185857400019 ER PT J AU Kukkonen, JVK Landrum, PF Mitra, S Gossiaux, DC Gunnarsson, J Weston, D AF Kukkonen, JVK Landrum, PF Mitra, S Gossiaux, DC Gunnarsson, J Weston, D TI Sediment characteristics affecting desorption kinetics of select PAH and PCB congeners for seven laboratory spiked sediments SO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS; DISTRIBUTED REACTIVITY MODEL; ORGANIC XENOBIOTICS; CONTACT TIME; BIOAVAILABILITY; AMPHIPOD; SORPTION; CARBON; SOILS; TOXICOKINETICS AB Measures of desorption are currently considered important as potential surrogates for bioaccumulation as measures of the bioavailability of sediment-sorbed contaminants, This study determined desorption rates of four laboratory spiked compounds, benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), 2,4,5,2',4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (HCBP), 3,4,3',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCBP), and pyrene (PY), to evaluate the effect of sediment characteristics. The compounds were sorbed onto seven sediments with a broad range of characteristics. Desorption was measured by Tenax-TA extraction from aqueous sediment suspensions. Desorption rates were modeled using an empirical three compartment model describing operationally defined rapid, slow, and very slow compartments. The sediments were characterized for plant pigments, organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen (TN), lipids, NaOH extractable residue, lignin, amino acids, soot carbon, and particle size fractions. Desorption from the rapid compartment for, each of the planar compounds BaP, PY, and TCBP was significantly correlated to sediment characteristics that could be considered to represent younger (i.e., less diagenetically altered) organic matter, e.g., plant pigment, lipid, and lignin contents. However, for these compounds there were no significant correlations between desorption and OC, TN, soot carbon, or amino acid contents. HCBP desorption was different from the three planar molecules. For HCBP, the flux from the rapid compartment was negatively correlated (0.1 > p > 0.05) with the OC content of the sediment. Overall, HCBP desorption was dominated by the amount of OC and the particle size distribution of the sediments, while desorption of the planar compounds was dominated more by the compositional aspects of the organic matter. C1 NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. Univ Joensuu, Dept Biol, FIN-80101 Joensuu, Finland. SUNY Binghamton, Dept Geol Sci & Environm Studies, Binghamton, NY USA. Stockholm Univ, Dept Syst Ecol, S-10691 Stockholm, Sweden. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Integrat Biol, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Landrum, PF (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. NR 29 TC 63 Z9 64 U1 1 U2 27 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0013-936X J9 ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL JI Environ. Sci. Technol. PD OCT 15 PY 2003 VL 37 IS 20 BP 4656 EP 4663 DI 10.1021/es0342594 PG 8 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 735UM UT WOS:000186133000019 PM 14594375 ER PT J AU Lin-Gibson, S Schmidt, G Kim, H Han, CC Hobbie, EK AF Lin-Gibson, S Schmidt, G Kim, H Han, CC Hobbie, EK TI Shear-induced mesostructure in nanoplatelet-polymer networks SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ANGLE NEUTRON-SCATTERING; X-RAY-SCATTERING; PHASE-TRANSITION; FLUIDS; FLOW; MICROSCOPY; DISPERSION; BLENDS; LIGHT; CELL AB The shear response of a model polymer-clay gel is measured using small-angle neutron and light scattering, optical microscopy, and rheometry. As the flow disrupts the transient network that forms between clay and polymer, coupling between composition and stress leads to the formation of a macroscopic domain pattern, while the clay platelets orient with their surface normal parallel to the direction of vorticity. We discuss similarities with shear-induced structural transitions observed in other complex fluids, and we offer a physical explanation for the orientation of the clay platelets. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM erik.hobbie@nist.gov RI Hobbie, Erik/C-8269-2013 NR 22 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 15 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA 1305 WALT WHITMAN RD, STE 300, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 EI 1089-7690 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD OCT 15 PY 2003 VL 119 IS 15 BP 8080 EP 8083 DI 10.1063/1.1609972 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 728EK UT WOS:000185703100052 ER PT J AU Levine, ZH Burnett, JH Shirley, EL AF Levine, ZH Burnett, JH Shirley, EL TI Photoelastic and elastic properties of the fluorite structure materials, LiF, and Si SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID NORM-CONSERVING PSEUDOPOTENTIALS; ABSOLUTE REFRACTIVE-INDEXES; INTERNAL STRAIN PARAMETER; DEFORMATION POTENTIALS; THERMAL COEFFICIENTS; DIELECTRIC-RESPONSE; ENERGY CALCULATIONS; CALCIUM-FLUORIDE; ALKALI-HALIDES; FUSED-SILICA AB We present computational results of the photoelastic and elastic properties of CaF2, SrF2, BaF2, CaxSr1-xF2, x=0.25,0.50,0.75, LiF, and Si. We also present measurements of the photoelastic properties in the visible through the ultraviolet of CaF2, SrF2, and BaF2. At least semiquantitative agreement is obtained with most experimental results for all properties, including the low-frequency behavior and dispersion of the photoelastic tensor components. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 65 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 17 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9950 EI 2469-9969 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD OCT 15 PY 2003 VL 68 IS 15 AR 155120 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.68.155120 PG 12 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 740VQ UT WOS:000186422600049 ER PT J AU Akerib, DS Alvaro-Dean, J Armel, MS Attisha, MJ Baudis, L Bauer, DA Bolozdynya, AI Brink, PL Bunker, R Cabrera, B Caldwell, DO Castle, JP Chang, CL Clarke, RM Crisler, MB Cushman, P Davies, AK Dixon, R Driscoll, DD Duong, L Emes, J Ferril, R Gaitskell, RJ Golwala, SR Haldeman, M Hellmig, J Hennessey, M Holmgren, D Huber, ME Kamat, S Kurylowicz, M Lu, A Mahapatra, R Mandic, V Martinis, JM Meunier, P Mirabolfathi, N Nam, SW Nelson, H Nelson, R Ogburn, RW Perales, J Perera, TA Isaac, MCI Rau, W Reisetter, A Ross, RR Saab, T Sadoulet, B Sander, J Savage, C Schnee, RW Seitz, DN Shutt, TA Smith, G Spadafora, AL Thompson, JPF Tomada, A Wang, G Yellin, S Young, BA AF Akerib, DS Alvaro-Dean, J Armel, MS Attisha, MJ Baudis, L Bauer, DA Bolozdynya, AI Brink, PL Bunker, R Cabrera, B Caldwell, DO Castle, JP Chang, CL Clarke, RM Crisler, MB Cushman, P Davies, AK Dixon, R Driscoll, DD Duong, L Emes, J Ferril, R Gaitskell, RJ Golwala, SR Haldeman, M Hellmig, J Hennessey, M Holmgren, D Huber, ME Kamat, S Kurylowicz, M Lu, A Mahapatra, R Mandic, V Martinis, JM Meunier, P Mirabolfathi, N Nam, SW Nelson, H Nelson, R Ogburn, RW Perales, J Perera, TA Isaac, MCI Rau, W Reisetter, A Ross, RR Saab, T Sadoulet, B Sander, J Savage, C Schnee, RW Seitz, DN Shutt, TA Smith, G Spadafora, AL Thompson, JPF Tomada, A Wang, G Yellin, S Young, BA CA CDMS Collaboration TI New results from the Cryogenic Dark Matter Search experiment SO PHYSICAL REVIEW D LA English DT Article ID WIMP SEARCH; LIMITS; SITE AB Using improved Ge and Si detectors, better neutron shielding, and increased counting time, the Cryogenic Dark Matter Search (CDMS) experiment has obtained stricter limits on the cross section of weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) elastically scattering from nuclei. Increased discrimination against electromagnetic backgrounds and reduction of the neutron flux confirm WIMP-candidate events previously detected by CDMS were consistent with neutrons and give limits on spin-independent WIMP interactions which are >2x lower than previous CDMS results for high WIMP mass, and which exclude new parameter space for WIMPs with mass between 8 and 20 GeV/c(2). C1 Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Phys, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. Brown Univ, Dept Phys, Providence, RI 02912 USA. Fermilab Natl Accelerator Lab, Batavia, IL 60510 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Princeton Univ, Dept Phys, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Santa Clara Univ, Dept Phys, Santa Clara, CA 95053 USA. Univ Minnesota, Dept Phys & Astron, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Santa Barbara, Dept Phys, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Denver, CO 80217 USA. RP Akerib, DS (reprint author), Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Phys, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. RI Huber, Martin/B-3354-2011 NR 19 TC 102 Z9 102 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0556-2821 J9 PHYS REV D JI Phys. Rev. D PD OCT 15 PY 2003 VL 68 IS 8 AR 082002 DI 10.1103/PhysRevD.68.082002 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Physics GA 740VT UT WOS:000186422800002 ER PT J AU de Reus, M Fischer, H Arnold, F de Gouw, J Holzinger, R Warneke, C Williams, J AF de Reus, M Fischer, H Arnold, F de Gouw, J Holzinger, R Warneke, C Williams, J TI On the relationship between acetone and carbon monoxide in different air masses SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID TRACE GAS MEASUREMENTS; PTR-MS MEASUREMENTS; UPPER TROPOSPHERE; INDIAN-OCEAN; LOWERMOST STRATOSPHERE; HYDROGEN RADICALS; ORGANIC-COMPOUNDS; BOUNDARY-LAYER; MINOS CAMPAIGN; NORTH-ATLANTIC AB Carbon monoxide and acetone measurements are presented for five aircraft measurement campaigns at mid-latitudes, polar and tropical regions in the northern hemisphere. Throughout all campaigns, free tropospheric air masses, which were influenced by anthropogenic emissions, showed a similar linear relation between acetone and CO, with a slope of 21-25 ppt(v) acetone/ppb(v) CO. Measurements in the anthropogenically influenced marine boundary layer revealed a slope of 13-16 ppt(v) acetone/ppb(v) CO. The different slopes observed in the marine boundary layer and the free troposphere indicate that acetone is emitted by the ocean in relatively clean air masses and taken up by the ocean in polluted air masses. In the lowermost stratosphere, a good correlation between acetone and CO was observed as well, however, with a much smaller slope (similar to5 ppt(v) acetone/ppb(v) CO) compared to the troposphere. This is caused by the longer photochemical lifetime of CO compared to acetone in the lower stratosphere, due to the increasing photolytic loss of acetone and the decreasing OH concentration with altitude. No significant correlation between acetone and CO was observed over the tropical rain forest due to the large direct and indirect biogenic emissions of acetone. The common slopes of the linear acetone-CO relation in various layers of the atmosphere, during five field experiments, makes them useful for model calculations. Often a single observation of the acetone-CO correlation, determined from stratospheric measurements, has been used in box model applications. This study shows that different slopes have to be considered for marine boundary layer, free tropospheric and stratospheric air masses, and that the acetone-CO relation cannot be used for air masses which are strongly influenced by biogenic emissions. C1 Max Planck Inst Chem, Airchem Dept, Mainz, Germany. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Max Planck Inst Nucl Phys, Atmospher Phys Div, D-69117 Heidelberg, Germany. RP de Reus, M (reprint author), Max Planck Inst Chem, Airchem Dept, Mainz, Germany. EM reus@mpch-mainz.mpg.de RI Holzinger, Rupert/C-9160-2009; Warneke, Carsten/E-7174-2010; de Gouw, Joost/A-9675-2008 OI de Gouw, Joost/0000-0002-0385-1826 NR 44 TC 19 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 5 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PD OCT 14 PY 2003 VL 3 BP 1709 EP 1723 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 733EC UT WOS:000185986100001 ER PT J AU Martinez, M Harder, H Kovacs, TA Simpas, JB Bassis, J Lesher, R Brune, WH Frost, GJ Williams, EJ Stroud, CA Jobson, BT Roberts, JM Hall, SR Shetter, RE Wert, B Fried, A Alicke, B Stutz, J Young, VL White, AB Zamora, RJ AF Martinez, M Harder, H Kovacs, TA Simpas, JB Bassis, J Lesher, R Brune, WH Frost, GJ Williams, EJ Stroud, CA Jobson, BT Roberts, JM Hall, SR Shetter, RE Wert, B Fried, A Alicke, B Stutz, J Young, VL White, AB Zamora, RJ TI OH and HO2 concentrations, sources, and loss rates during the Southern Oxidants Study in Nashville, Tennessee, summer 1999 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE radical chemistry; troposphere; urban pollution ID MARINE BOUNDARY-LAYER; OZONE PRODUCTION; TROPOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; PHOTOSTATIONARY STATE; PEROXY-RADICALS; OKI ISLAND; MECHANISM; PHOTOLYSIS; BERLIOZ AB [1] OH and HO2 mixing ratios and total OH reactivity were measured together with photolysis frequencies, NOx, O-3, many VOCs, and other trace gases during the midsummer 1999 SOS campaign in Nashville, Tennessee. These measurements provided an excellent opportunity to study OH and HO2 (collectively called HOx), and their sources and sinks in a polluted metropolitan environment. HOx generally showed the expected diurnal evolution, with maxima around noon of up to about 0.8 pptv of OH and 80 pptv of HO2 during sunny days. Overall, daytime observed OH and HO2 were a factor of 1.33 and 1.56 times modeled values, within the combined 2sigma instrument and model uncertainties. The chain length of HOx, which is determined from the ratio of the measured total OH reactivity that cycles OH to the total HOx loss, was on average 3 - 8 during daytime and up to 3 during nighttime, in general agreement with expectations. However, differences occurred between observed HOx behavior and expectations from theory and models. First, HO2 was greater than expected during daytime when NO mixing ratios were high; ozone production did not decrease as expected when NO was greater than 2 ppbv. Ozone production determined by the imbalance of the NOx photostationary state, which was almost twice that from HO2, also shows this dependence on NO. Second, the calculated OH production rate, which should equal the measured OH loss rate because OH is in steady state, is instead less than the measured OH loss rate by (1 - 2) x 10(7) molecules cm(-3) s(-1), with low statistical significance during the day and high statistical significance at night. Third, surprisingly high OH and HO2 mixing ratios were often observed during nighttime. The nighttime OH mixing ratio and the HO2/OH ratio cannot be explained by known reaction mechanisms, even those involving O-3 and alkenes. Because instrument tests have failed to reveal any instrument artifacts, more exotic chemicals or chemistry, such as OH adducts or other radicals that fall apart into OH inside the instrument, are suspected. C1 Penn State Univ, Dept Meteorol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Div Atmospher Chem, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Atmospher Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Ohio Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Athens, OH 45701 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Martinez, M (reprint author), Max Planck Inst Chem, Div Atmospher Chem, D-55128 Mainz, Germany. EM martinez@mpch-mainz.mpg.de RI Roberts, James/A-1082-2009; Williams, Eric/F-1184-2010; White, Allen/A-7946-2009; Bassis, Jeremy/J-1706-2012; Frost, Gregory/I-1958-2013; Harder, Hartwig/L-2511-2014; Stutz, Jochen/K-7159-2014 OI Roberts, James/0000-0002-8485-8172; Bassis, Jeremy/0000-0003-2946-7176; Harder, Hartwig/0000-0002-6868-714X; NR 50 TC 89 Z9 92 U1 4 U2 34 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD OCT 14 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D19 AR 4617 DI 10.1029/2003JD003551 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 734ZE UT WOS:000186087200002 ER PT J AU Pathak, JA Migler, KB AF Pathak, JA Migler, KB TI Droplet-string deformation and stability during microconfined shear flow SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID IMMISCIBLE POLYMER BLENDS; LIQUID-DROPS; CONCENTRATED EMULSIONS; NUMERICAL-SIMULATION; PARTICLE MOTIONS; VISCOUS DROPS; PLANE WALL; BREAKUP; FLUID; SUSPENSIONS AB We have performed experiments on model emulsions of polyisobutylene (PIB) and poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) to quantify the effect of confinement on deformation and stability under flow of droplets and strings (threads). It is known from earlier work from our group that, under confinement, droplets in concentrated emulsions can coalesce with each other and elongate in the flow direction to form stable strings. In the present context, strings can be simply viewed as droplets having a large aspect ratio whereas, in the bulk case, there are two known states of a droplet (stable and unstable), as determined by the droplet Capillary number (Ca). We find that confinement effects induce three additional states: squashed drops, stable strings, and unstable strings. For strings, deformation under confinement is a very strong function of Ca: the aspect ratio of a string scales nearly as Ca-3. This scaling relationship is unique to confinement, and it sets strings apart from transiently stretched droplets in the bulk. Confinement not only promotes deformation but also allows larger stable droplets to exist under flow than what is predicted by the critical Ca. Strings are stabilized by a combination of the shear flow field and wall effects arising from confinement. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Pathak, JA (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 54 TC 40 Z9 42 U1 2 U2 13 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD OCT 14 PY 2003 VL 19 IS 21 BP 8667 EP 8674 DI 10.1021/la0346907 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 730LG UT WOS:000185831800011 ER PT J AU Springer, AM Estes, JA van Vliet, GB Williams, TM Doak, DF Danner, EM Forney, KA Pfister, B AF Springer, AM Estes, JA van Vliet, GB Williams, TM Doak, DF Danner, EM Forney, KA Pfister, B TI Sequential megafaunal collapse in the North Pacific Ocean: An ongoing legacy of industrial whaling? SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID SOUTHEASTERN BERING SEA; BALEEN WHALES MIGRATE; KILLER WHALES; ORCINUS-ORCA; ESCHRICHTIUS-ROBUSTUS; BALAENA-MYSTICETUS; MARINE MAMMALS; SPERM WHALES; HARBOR SEALS; GRAY WHALE AB Populations of seals, sea lions, and sea otters have sequentially collapsed over large areas of the northern North Pacific Ocean and southern Bering Sea during the last several decades. A bottom-up nutritional limitation mechanism induced by physical oceanographic change or competition with fisheries was long thought to be largely responsible for these declines. The current weight of evidence is more consistent with top-down forcing. Increased predation by killer whales probably drove the sea otter collapse and may have been responsible for the earlier pinniped declines as well. We propose that decimation of the great whales by post-World War II industrial whaling caused the great whales' foremost natural predators, killer whales, to begin feeding more intensively on the smaller marine mammals, thus "fishing-down" this element of the marine food web. The timing of these events, information on the abundance, diet, and foraging behavior of both predators and prey, and feasibility analyses based on demographic and energetic modeling are all consistent with this hypothesis. C1 Univ Alaska, Inst Marine Sci, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. US Geol Survey, Ctr Ocean Hlth, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Springer, AM (reprint author), Univ Alaska, Inst Marine Sci, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. EM ams@ims.uaf.edu NR 63 TC 287 Z9 295 U1 18 U2 147 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD OCT 14 PY 2003 VL 100 IS 21 BP 12223 EP 12228 DI 10.1073/pnas.1635156100 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 733WU UT WOS:000186024300054 PM 14526101 ER PT J AU Dag, S Gulseren, O Ciraci, S Yildirim, T AF Dag, S Gulseren, O Ciraci, S Yildirim, T TI Electronic structure of the contact between carbon nanotube and metal electrodes SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID LOGIC-CIRCUITS; TRANSISTORS AB Our first-principles study of the contact between a semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotube (s-SWNT) and metal electrodes shows that the electronic structure and potential depend strongly on the type of metal. The s-SWNT is weakly side-bonded to the gold surface with minute charge rearrangement and remains semiconducting. A finite potential barrier forms at the contact region. In contrast, the molybdenum surface forms strong bonds, resulting in significant charge transfer and metallicity at the contact. The radial deformation of the tube lowers the potential barrier at the contact and increases the state density at the Fermi level. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics. C1 Bilkent Univ, Dept Phys, TR-06800 Ankara, Turkey. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Dag, S (reprint author), Bilkent Univ, Dept Phys, TR-06800 Ankara, Turkey. EM ciraci@fen.bilkent.edu.tr RI yildirim, taner/A-1290-2009 NR 19 TC 47 Z9 49 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD OCT 13 PY 2003 VL 83 IS 15 BP 3180 EP 3182 DI 10.1063/1.1616662 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 730LN UT WOS:000185832400064 ER PT J AU Hu, ZZ Yang, S Wu, RG AF Hu, ZZ Yang, S Wu, RG TI Long-term climate variations in China and global warming signals SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE global warming signals; Chinese climate; CMIP2 simulation ID ASIAN SUMMER MONSOON; SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; TROPICAL PACIFIC SSTS; 500 HPA HEIGHT; INTERDECADAL VARIATIONS; RAINFALL VARIABILITY; CMIP2 EXPERIMENTS; EAST-ASIA; MODEL; OSCILLATION AB [1] In this work, the authors analyze the observed long-term variations of seasonal climate in China and then investigate the possible influence of increases in greenhouse gas concentrations on these variations by comparing the observations with the simulations of the second phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP2). The long-term variations of precipitation and temperature in China are highly seasonally dependent. The main characteristic of summer precipitation in China is a drying trend in the north and a wetting trend in the central part. The precipitation in winter shows an increasing trend in southern and eastern-central China. Interesting features have also been found in the transitional seasons. In spring, precipitation variations are almost opposite to those in summer. In autumn the precipitation decreases in almost the whole country except for the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Valley. In addition, the seasonality of precipitation has become slightly weaker in recent decades in southern and eastern China. Pronounced warming is observed in the entire country in winter, spring, and autumn, particularly in the northern part of China. In summer a cooling trend in central China is particularly interesting, and cooling ( warming) trends generally coexist with wetting ( drying) trends. The correlativity between precipitation and temperature variations is weak in spring, autumn, and winter. It has also been found that the long-term climate variations in winter and summer in China may be connected to the warming trend in the sea surface temperature of the Indian Ocean. A comparison between the observed seasonal climate variations and the CMIP2 simulations of 16 models indicates that the observed long-term variations of winter, spring, and autumn temperature in China may be associated with increases in greenhouse gas concentrations. However, such a connection is not found for the summer temperature. The tremendous uncertainties among the models in precipitation simulations make it difficult to link the precipitation variations to global warming. C1 Ctr Ocean Land Atmosphere Studies, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NOAA, Climate Predict Ctr, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Hu, ZZ (reprint author), Ctr Ocean Land Atmosphere Studies, 4041 Powder Mill Rd,Suite 302, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. EM hu@cola.iges.org; song.yang@noaa.gov RI Yang, Song/B-4952-2009; Hu, Zeng-Zhen/B-4373-2011 OI Hu, Zeng-Zhen/0000-0002-8485-3400 NR 40 TC 184 Z9 207 U1 2 U2 43 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD OCT 11 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D19 AR 4614 DI 10.1029/2003JD003651 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 732EZ UT WOS:000185929000003 ER PT J AU Xu, Q AF Xu, Q TI Nearly symmetric and nearly baroclinic instabilities in the presence of diffusivity. Part 1. Growth rate patterns SO JOURNAL OF FLUID MECHANICS LA English DT Article ID MESOSCALE CONVECTIVE SYSTEMS; INERTIAL INSTABILITY; STABILITY; CIRCULATIONS; TURBULENCE AB Computations are performed to examine the instabilities of baroclinically sheared Eady basic flows with respect to banded normal-mode perturbations in three-dimensional space in the presence of eddy diffusivity with two (free-slip and nonslip) types of boundary conditions. The non-dimensional model system contains four external parameters: the Richardson number, the Ekman number, the Prandtl number and the ratio between inertial and buoyancy frequencies. The solutions are controlled mainly by the first three parameters. Growth rate patterns are computed for unstable modes as functions of the horizontal wavelength, 1, and tilt angle a of the band orientation with respect to the basic shear (measured negative clockwise from the basic-shear direction). It is found that the main growth rate pattern (for non-propagating modes with respect to the middle-level basic flow) has only one maximum unless the Ekman number is sufficiently small. The growth rate pattern obtained with the free-slip boundary conditions has a slightly larger global maximum and is more symmetric with respect to the symmetric axis in the (1, a) space than that obtained with the non-slip boundary conditions. When the Richardson number is increased from 0.25 to 1.0, the maximum growth rate decreases and the associated instability changes gradually from a nearly symmetric type to a nearly baroclinic type as manifested by the continuous increase of l (from mesoscale to synoptic scale) and continuous change of a (from nearly zero to nearly -90degrees). When the Ekman number is sufficiently small, the main growth rate pattern can have two local maxima if the Richardson number is within a subrange 0.8 < Ri < 1.0. One of the local maxima is near the symmetric axis and the other is near the baroclinic axis in the wavenumber space. When the Richardson number increases through a transitional value in the subrange, the global maximum growth rate decreases continuously but the maximum point jumps from one local maximum to the other and the associated instability switches from a nearly symmetric type to a nearly Eady baroclinic type. The subrange depends on the smallness of the Ekman number and it diminishes as the Ekman number increases to 0.0025 (for the non-slip case). The computed growth rates and (1, et) are compared with the nearly inviscid results of Miller & Antar and the inviscid results of Stone. C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Xu, Q (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. NR 23 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4221 USA SN 0022-1120 J9 J FLUID MECH JI J. Fluid Mech. PD OCT 10 PY 2003 VL 492 BP 181 EP 205 DI 10.1017/S002211200300555X PG 25 WC Mechanics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Mechanics; Physics GA 735EM UT WOS:000186099500009 ER PT J AU Wilder, EA Spontak, RJ Hall, CK AF Wilder, EA Spontak, RJ Hall, CK TI The molecular structure and intermolecular interactions of 1,3 : 2,4-dibenzylidene-D-sorbitol SO MOLECULAR PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID BENZYLIDENE-D-SORBITOL; PHYSICAL GELS; RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES; ETHYLENE-GLYCOL; PROTEINS; 1,3/2,4-DI-O-BENZYLIDENE-D-SORBITOL; 1,3-2,4-DI-O-BENZYLIDENE-D-SORBITOL; NETWORKS; GELATION; SYSTEM AB The 1,3(R):2,4(S)-dibenzylidene-D-sorbitol (DBS) molecule is a low molar mass organic gelator (LMOG) that is capable of hydrogen-bonding with itself. As a consequence, DBS molecules self-organize into nanofibrillar networks at relatively low concentrations in a wide variety of organic solvents and polymers. In this work, molecular mechanics and molecular dynamics simulations were conducted to elucidate the equilibrium structure of DBS and the molecular interactions that govern DBS self-assembly. Molecular mechanics calculations performed on single DBS molecules with Cerius(2) and InsightII software reveal that the phenyl rings tend to adopt an equatorial position and that the pendant hydroxyl group prefers to form an intramolecular hydrogen bond with an acetal oxygen, in contrast to the terminal hydroxyl group. Molecular mechanics and molecular dynamics on DBS dimers reveal that they are capable of forming hydrogen bonds and participating in pi interactions, suggesting that the mechanism of nanofibrillar network formation may be complex, involving more than one type of physical interaction. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. N Carolina State Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Wilder, EA (reprint author), NIST, Biomat Grp, Div Polymers, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 27 TC 28 Z9 31 U1 2 U2 20 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0026-8976 J9 MOL PHYS JI Mol. Phys. PD OCT 10 PY 2003 VL 101 IS 19 BP 3017 EP 3027 DI 10.1080/0268970310001597327 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 744AH UT WOS:000186605400009 ER PT J AU Dewey, MS Gilliam, DM Nico, JS Wietfeldt, FE Fei, X Snow, WM Greene, GL Pauwels, J Eykens, R Lamberty, A Van Gestel, J AF Dewey, MS Gilliam, DM Nico, JS Wietfeldt, FE Fei, X Snow, WM Greene, GL Pauwels, J Eykens, R Lamberty, A Van Gestel, J TI Measurement of the neutron lifetime using a proton trap SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID (LIF)-LI-6 REFERENCE DEPOSITS; INELASTICALLY SCATTERED NEUTRONS; STORING ULTRACOLD NEUTRONS; CHARGED-PARTICLE REACTIONS; B-10; DECAY AB We report a new measurement of the neutron decay lifetime by the absolute counting of in-beam neutrons and their decay protons. Protons were confined in a quasi-Penning trap and counted with a silicon detector. The neutron beam fluence was measured by capture in a thin (LiF)-Li-6 foil detector with known absolute efficiency. The combination of these simultaneous measurements gives the neutron lifetime: tau(n)=(886.8+/-1.2[stat]+/-3.2[syst]) s. The systematic uncertainty is dominated by uncertainties in the mass of the (LiF)-Li-6 deposit and the Li-6(n,t) cross section. This is the most precise measurement of the neutron lifetime to date using an in-beam method. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Tulane Univ, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA. Indiana Univ, Bloomington, IN 47408 USA. Univ Tennessee, Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Commiss European Communities, Joint Res Ctr, Inst Reference Mat & Measurements, B-2440 Geel, Belgium. RP Dewey, MS (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 31 TC 36 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD OCT 10 PY 2003 VL 91 IS 15 AR 152302 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.152302 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 731AN UT WOS:000185862500012 PM 14611461 ER PT J AU McGuirk, JM Harber, DM Lewandowski, HJ Cornell, EA AF McGuirk, JM Harber, DM Lewandowski, HJ Cornell, EA TI Normal-superfluid interaction dynamics in a spinor Bose gas SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID EINSTEIN CONDENSATE; TRANSPORT-PROPERTIES; FREQUENCY-SHIFTS; ATOMIC-HYDROGEN; POLARIZED GAS; WAVES; TEMPERATURE; EXCITATIONS; OSCILLATIONS; DEPENDENCE AB Coherent behavior of spinor Bose-Einstein condensates is studied in the presence of a significant uncondensed (normal) component. Normal-superfluid exchange scattering leads to near-perfect local alignment between the spin fields of the two components. We observe that, through this spin locking, spin-domain formation in the condensate is vastly accelerated as the spin populations in the condensate are entrained by large-amplitude spin waves in the normal component. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP McGuirk, JM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Quantum Phys Div, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 33 TC 27 Z9 27 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD OCT 10 PY 2003 VL 91 IS 15 AR 150402 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.150402 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 731AN UT WOS:000185862500003 PM 14611452 ER PT J AU Nieh, MP Harroun, TA Raghunathan, VA Glinka, CJ Katsaras, J AF Nieh, MP Harroun, TA Raghunathan, VA Glinka, CJ Katsaras, J TI Concentration-independent spontaneously forming biomimetric vesicles SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MIXED SURFACTANT VESICLES; AQUEOUS MIXTURES; PHASE-BEHAVIOR; CETYLTRIMETHYLAMMONIUM BROMIDE; PHOSPHOLIPID MIXTURES; UNILAMELLAR VESICLES; BENDING ELASTICITY; NEUTRON-SCATTERING; LIPID BILAYERS; TRANSITION AB In this Letter we present small-angle neutron scattering data from a biomimetic system composed of the phospholipids dimyristoyl and dihexanoyl phosphorylcholine (DMPC and DHPC, respectively). Doping DMPC-DHPC multilamellar vesicles with either the negatively charged lipid dimyristoyl phosphorylglycerol (DMPG, net charge -1) or the divalent cation, calcium (Ca2+), leads to the spontaneous formation of energetically stabilized monodisperse unilamellar vesicles whose radii are concentration independent and in contrast with previous experimental observations. C1 CNR, Steacie Inst Mol Sci, Chalk River, ON K0J 1J0, Canada. Raman Res Inst, Bangalore 560080, Karnataka, India. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Nieh, MP (reprint author), CNR, Steacie Inst Mol Sci, Chalk River, ON K0J 1J0, Canada. RI Raghunathan, V./E-5103-2012; OI Harroun, Thad/0000-0001-9816-2590 NR 32 TC 27 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD OCT 10 PY 2003 VL 91 IS 15 AR 158105 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.158105 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 731AN UT WOS:000185862500055 PM 14611504 ER PT J AU Vinnikov, KY Grody, NC AF Vinnikov, KY Grody, NC TI Global warming trend of mean tropospheric temperature observed by satellites SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID MICROWAVE SOUNDING UNIT; SURFACE AIR-TEMPERATURE; TEMPORAL HOMOGENIZATION; MSU AB We have analyzed the global tropospheric temperature for 1978 to 2002 with the use of passive microwave sounding data from the NOAA series of polar orbiters and the Earth Observing System Aqua satellite. To accurately retrieve the climatic trend, we combined the satellite data with an analytic model of temperature that contains three different time scales: a linear trend and functions that de. ne the seasonal and diurnal cycles. Our analysis shows a trend of +0.22degrees to 0.26degreesC per 10 years, consistent with the global warming trend derived from surface meteorological stations. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Meteorol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RP Vinnikov, KY (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Meteorol, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RI Vinnikov, Konstantin/F-9348-2010 NR 28 TC 96 Z9 106 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD OCT 10 PY 2003 VL 302 IS 5643 BP 269 EP 272 DI 10.1126/science.1087910 PG 4 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 730HT UT WOS:000185825900037 PM 12970572 ER PT J AU Feingold, G AF Feingold, G TI Modeling of the first indirect effect: Analysis of measurement requirements SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CLOUD; SATELLITE; AEROSOL; ALBEDO AB We investigate the extent to which aerosol extinction is a suitable proxy for the aerosol affecting drop formation. First we use multiple realizations of a cloud model to investigate the sensitivity of cloud drop effective radius r(e) to aerosol parameters (size distribution and composition) and dynamical parameters (updraft and liquid water content). In general, r(e) is most sensitive to cloud liquid water, a parameter often ignored in indirect effect analyses. The relative importance of the other parameters varies for different conditions but aerosol concentration N-a is consistently important. Updraft plays an increasingly important role under high aerosol loadings. A breakdown of the individual aerosol terms contributing to drop size change shows that use of aerosol extinction as a proxy for size distribution and composition tends to underestimate the magnitude of the first indirect effect. This may influence interpretation of current satellite and surface remote measurements of the indirect effect. C1 NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Feingold, G (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Feingold, Graham/B-6152-2009 NR 10 TC 83 Z9 83 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD OCT 9 PY 2003 VL 30 IS 19 AR 1997 DI 10.1029/2003GL017967 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 732DP UT WOS:000185925800005 ER PT J AU Chung, SN Lee, K Feely, RA Sabine, CL Millero, FJ Wanninkhof, R Bullister, JL Key, RM Peng, TH AF Chung, SN Lee, K Feely, RA Sabine, CL Millero, FJ Wanninkhof, R Bullister, JL Key, RM Peng, TH TI Calcium carbonate budget in the Atlantic Ocean based on water column inorganic carbon chemistry SO GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES LA English DT Article DE calcium carbonate budget; dissolution of calcium carbonate; alkalinity; ocean carbon cycle; saturation state of seawater ID EASTERN NORTH-ATLANTIC; PACIFIC-OCEAN; DEEP-SEA; ORGANIC-CARBON; DISSOCIATION-CONSTANTS; DISSOLUTION KINETICS; CHEMICAL LYSOCLINE; ANTHROPOGENIC CO2; CACO3 DISSOLUTION; DIOXIDE SYSTEM AB [1] Recent independent lines of evidence suggest that the dissolution of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) particles is substantial in the upper ocean above the calcite 100% saturation horizon. This shallow-water dissolution of carbonate particles is in contrast with the current paradigm of the conservative nature of pelagic CaCO3 at shallow water depths. Here we use more than 20,000 sets of carbon measurements in conjunction with CFC and C-14 data from the WOCE/JGOFS/OACES global CO2 survey to estimate in situ dissolution rates of CaCO3 in the Atlantic Ocean. A dissolution rate is estimated from changes in alkalinity as a parcel of water ages along an isopycnal surface. The in situ CaCO3 dissolution increases rapidly at the aragonite 100% saturation horizon. Estimated dissolution rates north of 40degreesN are generally higher than the rates to the south, which is partly attributable to the production of exported CaCO3 being higher in the North Atlantic than in the South Atlantic. As more CaCO3 particles move down the water column, more particles are available for in situ dissolution. The total water column CaCO3 dissolution rate in the Atlantic Ocean is determined on an annual basis by integrating estimated dissolution rates throughout the entire water column and correcting for alkalinity input of approximately 5.6 x 10(12) mol C yr(-1) from CaCO3-rich sediments. The resulting water column dissolution rate of CaCO3 for the Atlantic Ocean is approximately 11.1 x 10(12) mol C yr(-1). This corresponds to about 31% of a recent estimate (35.8 x 10(12) mol C yr(-1)) of net CaCO3 production by Lee [2001] for the same area. Our calculation using a large amount of high-quality water column alkalinity data provides the first basin-scale estimate of the CaCO3 budget for the Atlantic Ocean. C1 Pohang Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Environm Sci & Engn, Pohang 790784, South Korea. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NOAA, Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA. Princeton Univ, Atmospher & Ocean Sci Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Lee, K (reprint author), Pohang Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Environm Sci & Engn, San 31, Pohang 790784, South Korea. EM lady2592@postech.ac.kr; ktl@postech.ac.kr; feely@pmel.noaa.gov; sabine@pmel.noaa.gov; millero@rsmas.miami.edu; rik.wanninkhof@noaa.gov; 3johnb@pmel.noaa.gov; key@princeton.edu; tsung-hung.peng@noaa.gov RI Lee, Kitack/G-7184-2015 NR 73 TC 44 Z9 44 U1 6 U2 18 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0886-6236 J9 GLOBAL BIOGEOCHEM CY JI Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle PD OCT 9 PY 2003 VL 17 IS 4 AR 1093 DI 10.1029/2002GB002001 PG 16 WC Environmental Sciences; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 732EG UT WOS:000185927400001 ER PT J AU Dlugokencky, EJ Houweling, S Bruhwiler, L Masarie, KA Lang, PM Miller, JB Tans, PP AF Dlugokencky, EJ Houweling, S Bruhwiler, L Masarie, KA Lang, PM Miller, JB Tans, PP TI Atmospheric methane levels off: Temporary pause or a new steady-state? SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID GROWTH-RATE; EMISSIONS; CH4; CO; TRENDS AB [1] The globally-averaged atmospheric methane abundance determined from an extensive network of surface air sampling sites was constant at similar to1751 ppb from 1999 through 2002. Assuming that the methane lifetime has been constant, this implies that during this 4-year period the global methane budget has been at steady state. We also observed a significant decrease in the difference between northern and southern polar zonal annual averages of CH4 from 1991 to 1992. Using a 3-D transport model, we show that this change is consistent with a decrease in CH4 emissions of similar to10 Tg CH4 from north of 50degreesN in the early-1990s. This decrease in emissions may have accelerated the global methane budget towards steady state. Based on current knowledge of the global methane budget and how it has changed with time, it is not possible to tell if the atmospheric methane burden has peaked, or if we are only observing a persistent, but temporary pause in its increase. C1 NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Utrecht, SRON, NL-3584 CC Utrecht, Netherlands. Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Dlugokencky, EJ (reprint author), NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 24 TC 220 Z9 226 U1 3 U2 33 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD OCT 8 PY 2003 VL 30 IS 19 AR 1992 DI 10.1029/2003GL018126 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 732DM UT WOS:000185925600004 ER PT J AU Lacevic, N Starr, FW Schroder, TB Glotzer, SC AF Lacevic, N Starr, FW Schroder, TB Glotzer, SC TI Spatially heterogeneous dynamics investigated via a time-dependent four-point density correlation function SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Review ID GLASS-FORMING LIQUIDS; MODE-COUPLING THEORY; GROWING LENGTH SCALES; LENNARD-JONES LIQUID; TRANSLATION-ROTATION PARADOX; HIGHLY SUPERCOOLED LIQUIDS; POTENTIAL-ENERGY LANDSCAPE; LONG-LIVED STRUCTURES; KINETIC ISING-MODEL; CONFIGURATIONAL ENTROPY AB Relaxation in supercooled liquids above their glass transition and below the onset temperature of "slow" dynamics involves the correlated motion of neighboring particles. This correlated motion results in the appearance of spatially heterogeneous dynamics or "dynamical heterogeneity." Traditional two-point time-dependent density correlation functions, while providing information about the transient "caging" of particles on cooling, are unable to provide sufficiently detailed information about correlated motion and dynamical heterogeneity. Here, we study a four-point, time-dependent density correlation function g(4)(r,t) and corresponding "structure factor" S(4)(q,t) which measure the spatial correlations between the local liquid density at two points in space, each at two different times, and so are sensitive to dynamical heterogeneity. We study g(4)(r,t) and S(4)(q,t) via molecular dynamics simulations of a binary Lennard-Jones mixture approaching the mode coupling temperature from above. We find that the correlations between particles measured by g(4)(r,t) and S(4)(q,t) become increasingly pronounced on cooling. The corresponding dynamical correlation length xi(4)(t) extracted from the small-q behavior of S(4)(q,t) provides an estimate of the range of correlated particle motion. We find that xi(4)(t) has a maximum as a function of time t, and that the value of the maximum of xi(4)(t) increases steadily from less than one particle diameter to a value exceeding nine particle diameters in the temperature range approaching the mode coupling temperature from above. At the maximum, xi(4)(t) and the alpha relaxation time tau(alpha) are related by a power law. We also examine the individual contributions to g(4)(r,t), S(4)(q,t), and xi(4)(t), as well as the corresponding order parameter Q(t) and generalized susceptibility chi(4)(t), arising from the self and distinct contributions to Q(t). These contributions elucidate key differences between domains of localized and delocalized particles.(C) 2003 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Michigan, Dept Chem Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21210 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Theoret & Computat Mat Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Roskilde Univ Ctr, IMFUFA, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark. Univ Michigan, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Lacevic, N (reprint author), Univ Michigan, Dept Chem Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RI Starr, Francis/C-7703-2012 NR 126 TC 258 Z9 258 U1 0 U2 47 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD OCT 8 PY 2003 VL 119 IS 14 BP 7372 EP 7387 DI 10.1063/1.1605094 PG 16 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 726AT UT WOS:000185575700045 ER PT J AU Diaz, JG Planelles, J Jaskolski, W Aizpurua, J Bryant, GW AF Diaz, JG Planelles, J Jaskolski, W Aizpurua, J Bryant, GW TI Nanocrystal molecules and chains SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID QUANTUM-DOT SYSTEMS; WELL HETERONANOSTRUCTURES; ELECTRON-STATES; SOLIDS; ABSORPTION AB The electron energy structure of linear artificial molecules and one-dimensional chains formed of spherical semiconductor nanocrystals is investigated with and without an applied magnetic field. Both uniform and multilayer nanocrystals are studied. The calculations are performed within the effective mass model by numerically integrating the effective mass equation on a two-dimensional cylindrical grid. Some calculations are, for comparison, performed also in the tight-binding approach. Density contours are presented to illustrate the transformation of states in systems of strongly interacting coupled quantum dots. Strong interaction between the quantum-dot-quantum-well structures in a chain of nanocrystals can lead to the formation of a very narrow ground-state miniband, well separated from the excited levels with the energies almost independent of the magnetic field. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics. C1 UJI, Dept Ciencies Expt, E-12080 Castello, Spain. UMK, Inst Fiz, PL-87100 Torun, Poland. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Diaz, JG (reprint author), UJI, Dept Ciencies Expt, E-12080 Castello, Spain. RI Jaskolski, Wlodzimierz/D-1318-2014; Aizpurua, Javier/E-6889-2014 OI Jaskolski, Wlodzimierz/0000-0003-4814-1876; Aizpurua, Javier/0000-0002-1444-7589 NR 34 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD OCT 8 PY 2003 VL 119 IS 14 BP 7484 EP 7490 DI 10.1063/1.1605940 PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 726AT UT WOS:000185575700056 ER PT J AU Gurski, KF McFadden, GB AF Gurski, KF McFadden, GB TI The effect of anisotropic surface energy on the Rayleigh instability SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY A-MATHEMATICAL PHYSICAL AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE Rayleigh instability; anisotropic surface energy; quantum wires; nanorods; Cahn-Hoffman epsilon vector ID MELT INTERFACIAL ENERGY; CAPILLARY INSTABILITIES; VECTOR THERMODYNAMICS; GROWTH; STABILITY; NANOWIRES; MICROSTRUCTURE; MORPHOLOGY; TENSION; SHAPE AB We determine the linear stability of a rod or wire subject to capillary forces arising from an anisotropic surface energy. The rod is assumed to be smooth with a uniform cross-section given by a two-dimensional equilibrium shape. The stability analysis is based on computing the sign of the second variation of the total energy, which is examined by solving an associated eigenvalue problem. The eigenproblem is a coupled pair of second-order ordinary differential equations with periodic coefficients that depend on the second derivatives of the surface energy with respect to orientation variables. We apply the analysis to examples with uniaxial or cubic anisotropy, which illustrate that anisotropic surface energy plays a significant role in establishing the stability of the rod. Both the magnitude and sign of the anisotropy determine whether the contribution stabilizes or destabilizes the system relative to the case of isotropic surface energy, which reproduces the classical Rayleigh instability. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Gurski, KF (reprint author), George Washington Univ, Dept Math, Washington, DC 20052 USA. RI McFadden, Geoffrey/A-7920-2008; OI McFadden, Geoffrey/0000-0001-6723-2103; Gurski, Katharine/0000-0002-4589-8307 NR 54 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 12 PU ROYAL SOC PI LONDON PA 6-9 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON SW1Y 5AG, ENGLAND SN 1364-5021 EI 1471-2946 J9 P ROY SOC A-MATH PHY JI Proc. R. Soc. A-Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. PD OCT 8 PY 2003 VL 459 IS 2038 BP 2575 EP 2598 DI 10.1098/rspa.2003.1144 PG 24 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 728WK UT WOS:000185739200011 ER PT J AU Thomas, JJ Chen, JJ Jennings, HM Neumann, DA AF Thomas, JJ Chen, JJ Jennings, HM Neumann, DA TI Ca-OH bonding in the C-S-H gel phase of tricalcium silicate and white portland cement pastes measured by inelastic neutron scattering SO CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID HYDRATE GEL; O-17 AB Inelastic neutron spectroscopy (INS) was used to determine the content of Ca-OH bonds in a series of mature tricalcium silicate (3CaO.SiO2) and white portland cement (WPC) pastes that were decalcified to calcium/silicon molar ratios (Ca/Si) as low as 1. These measurements indicate that the band in the INS data at 41 meV, which originates from lattice modes involving the translational oscillations of OH groups attached to Ca, has intensity contributions from both Ca(OH)(2) and C-S-H gel, the main hydration product of cement paste. Quantitative analysis of the INS spectra show that similar to23% of the Ca in C-S-H gel with Ca/Si = 1.7 is charge-balanced by OH groups, with the remainder charge-balanced by silicate groups. This substantial concentration of Ca-OH bonds supports the hypothesis that C-S-H gel has a local structure resembling a disordered form of the mineral jennite. On decalcification, the concentration of Ca-OH bonds in C-S-H gel decreases and is eliminated at Ca/Si ratios slightly above 1. The observed trend is shown to be consistent with charge balance calculations and interpretations of recent phase equilibrium findings. C1 Northwestern Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. Northwestern Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Thomas, JJ (reprint author), Northwestern Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. RI Jennings, Hamlin/B-7006-2009; Thomas, Jeffrey/B-7103-2009; OI Thomas, Jeffrey/0000-0003-2897-2023 NR 18 TC 35 Z9 39 U1 4 U2 19 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0897-4756 J9 CHEM MATER JI Chem. Mat. PD OCT 7 PY 2003 VL 15 IS 20 BP 3813 EP 3817 DI 10.1021/cm034227f PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 728ZW UT WOS:000185747100015 ER PT J AU Lu, CJ Bendersky, LA Lu, H Schaff, WJ AF Lu, CJ Bendersky, LA Lu, H Schaff, WJ TI Threading dislocations in epitaxial InN thin films grown on (0001) sapphire with a GaN buffer layer SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID VAPOR-PHASE EPITAXY; BAND-GAP AB The density and types of threading dislocations (TDs) in InN thin films grown on (0001) sapphire with a GaN buffer layer were characterized by transmission electron microscopy. Perfect edge TDs with 1/3<11 (2) over bar0> Burgers vectors are predominant defects which penetrate the GaN and InN layers. Pure screw and mixed TDs were also observed. Overall the TD density decreases during film growth due to annihilation and fusion. The TD density in GaN is as high as approximate to1.5x10(11) cm(-2), and it drops rapidly to approximate to2.2x10(10) cm(-2) in InN films. Most half-loops in GaN are connected with misfit dislocation segments at the InN/GaN interface and formed loops, while some TD segments threaded the interface. Half-loops were also generated during the initial stages of InN growth. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. RP Lu, CJ (reprint author), Hubei Univ, Dept Phys, Wuhan 430062, Peoples R China. NR 13 TC 62 Z9 63 U1 2 U2 11 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD OCT 6 PY 2003 VL 83 IS 14 BP 2817 EP 2819 DI 10.1063/1.1616659 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 727NB UT WOS:000185664000029 ER PT J AU McMahon, PJ Allman, BE Jacobson, DL Arif, M Werner, SA Nugent, KA AF McMahon, PJ Allman, BE Jacobson, DL Arif, M Werner, SA Nugent, KA TI Quantitative phase radiography with polychromatic neutrons SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID PARTIALLY COHERENT-LIGHT AB We develop and experimentally demonstrate a formalism that allows accurate phase imaging using neutron sources producing highly polychromatic beams. The results of measurements from a rectangular block of silicon compare favorably with theoretical simulations based upon the known composition and geometry of the block. The increased flux and reduced exposure times will permit a simple extension of the technique to tomographic phase imaging. C1 Univ Melbourne, Sch Phys, Melbourne, Vic 3010, Australia. NIST, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Nugent, KA (reprint author), Univ Melbourne, Sch Phys, Melbourne, Vic 3010, Australia. RI Nugent, Keith/J-2699-2012; Nugent, Keith/I-4154-2016 OI Nugent, Keith/0000-0003-1522-8991; Nugent, Keith/0000-0002-4281-3478 NR 13 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD OCT 3 PY 2003 VL 91 IS 14 AR 145502 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.145502 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 728LW UT WOS:000185719500025 PM 14611534 ER PT J AU Alexander, MJ Rosenlof, KH AF Alexander, MJ Rosenlof, KH TI Gravity-wave forcing in the stratosphere: Observational constraints from the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite and implications for parameterization in global models SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE stratosphere; gravity wave; global circulation ID QUASI-BIENNIAL OSCILLATION; TROPICAL LOWER STRATOSPHERE; EQUATORIAL MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE; MEAN MERIDIONAL CIRCULATION; SEMIANNUAL OSCILLATION; GENERAL-CIRCULATION; DOWNWARD CONTROL; SPECTRAL PARAMETERIZATION; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; LATITUDINAL VARIATIONS AB [1] Global models that include parameterized gravity-wave effects have an excessively broad range of tuning parameters to choose from that allow a very broad range of gravity-wave momentum forcing distributions. We derive a set of constraints on gravity-wave characteristics near the tropopause from databased estimates of gravity-wave effects in the stratosphere. We use 5.6 years of Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite data and UK Met Office-analyzed wind and temperature fields to first derive estimates of the gravity-wave mean flow forcing in the stratosphere. We then compare these estimates to a suite of gravity-wave model calculations to infer the constraints on the gravity-wave characteristics near the tropopause. These constraints apply to the portion of the gravity-wave spectrum that dissipates in the stratosphere and does not include those that dissipate and drive the mesosphere. We focus on equatorial and extratropical regions separately and find substantially different wave characteristics between the two. We also find a seasonal variation in gravity-wave characteristics in the extratropics. Near the equator, gravity waves assist in driving the quasibiennial and semiannual oscillations, and our constraints on "gravity waves'' likely include a blend of characteristics of both ordinary gravity waves and some Kelvin-wave modes. In the extratropics, gravity-wave forcing primarily assists in the annual winter-to-summer transition from westward-to-eastward winds. C1 Colorado Res Associates, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RP Alexander, MJ (reprint author), Colorado Res Associates, 3380 Mitchell Lane, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. EM alexand@colorado-research.com; krosenlof@al.noaa.gov RI Rosenlof, Karen/B-5652-2008 OI Rosenlof, Karen/0000-0002-0903-8270 NR 80 TC 38 Z9 38 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD OCT 2 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D19 AR 4597 DI 10.1029/2003JD003373 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 731NN UT WOS:000185892200003 ER PT J AU Li, SL Robinson, WA Peng, SL AF Li, SL Robinson, WA Peng, SL TI Influence of the north Atlantic SST tripole on northwest African rainfall SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE SST; rainfall; influence ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; HEAT-FLUX ANOMALIES; GENERAL-CIRCULATION; CLIMATE VARIABILITY; OSCILLATION; PRECIPITATION; ASSOCIATION; MECHANISMS; LATENT; OCEANS AB [1] The sea-surface temperature (SST) tripole, with warm anomalies off the east coast of the United States and cold anomalies north of 40 degreesN and south of 25 degreesN, is the leading mode of interannual variability in wintertime North Atlantic SST. Its influence on northwest African rainfall is investigated by using a large-ensemble of GCM simulations. Firstly the modeled basin-scale rainfall impact is displayed, and the results suggest: in early-mid winter ( November - January), a positive SST tripole causes a reduced rainfall extending from the tropical North Atlantic northeastward to Mediterranean while a negative SST causes a south-north increased rainfall across the central Atlantic from the subtropics to the midlatitude. In late winter ( February - April) a positive SST tripole causes a reduced rainfall in the central Atlantic from the subtropics to the midlatitude while a negative SST tripole induces a zonal increased rainfall from the subtropics to Mediterranean. The asymmetry and seasonal dependence of the SST influence on the basin-scale rainfall is consistent with the nonlinear response of the large-scale atmospheric circulation. Under the large-scale impact background, northwest Africa regional rainfall response is also nonlinear and seasonally dependent. In early-mid winter a positive SST tripole causes reduced rainfall, while a negative SST has little effect. In late winter a negative SST tripole induces increased rainfall, while a positive tripole has little effect. A similarly large-scale asymmetric association between SST and rainfall-circulation exists in observations in late winter, while the observed seasonal dependence of this association is relatively weak. Also, a similar SST tripole association with the regional rainfall over the northwest coast of Africa exists in observations. C1 Univ Colorado, NOAA CIRES Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Illinois, Dept Atmospher Sci, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Li, SL (reprint author), Univ Colorado, NOAA CIRES Climate Diagnost Ctr, R-CDC1,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM shuanglin.li@noaa.gov RI Robinson, Walter/I-3782-2012; Li, Shuanglin /D-5695-2013 OI Robinson, Walter/0000-0002-6669-7408; Li, Shuanglin /0000-0002-4891-8561 NR 21 TC 16 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 9 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD OCT 2 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D19 AR 4594 DI 10.1029/2002JD003130 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 731NN UT WOS:000185892200002 ER PT J AU McCabe, DC Brown, SS Gilles, MK Talukdar, RK Smith, IWM Ravishankara, AR AF McCabe, DC Brown, SS Gilles, MK Talukdar, RK Smith, IWM Ravishankara, AR TI Kinetics of the removal of OH(v=1) and OD(v= 1) by HNO3 and DNO3 from 253 to 383 K SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID NITRIC-ACID; VIBRATIONAL-RELAXATION; HYDROXYL RADICALS; ENERGY-TRANSFER; RATE CONSTANTS; 248 NM; OH; PHOTODISSOCIATION; MECHANISM; TEMPERATURES AB We have measured the rate coefficients for the removal of OH(v = 1) and OD(v = 1) by HNO3 and DNO3 as a function of temperature from 253 to 383 K. OH(v = 1) and OD(v = 1) were produced by photolysis of HNO3/DNO3 at 248 nm; laser-induced fluorescence was used to monitor the kinetics of the vibrationally excited radicals. The measured rate coefficients at 295 K range from 2.5 x 10(-11) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1) for the removal of OH(v = 1) by HNO3 to 6 x 10(-12) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1) for the removal of OH(v = 1) by DNO3; the rate coefficients for the like-isotope processes [removal of OH(v = 1) by HNO3 and removal of OH(v = 1) by DNO3] are 2-4 times higher than the rate coefficients for the unlike-isotope processes. All four rate coefficients show negative temperature dependences that are too strong to be attributable only to long-range interactions between the reactants. Expressed as negative activation energies, the temperature dependences yield values of E-a/R from -520 to -750 K. We suggest that the removal of the vibrationally excited radicals occurs via formation of the hydrogen-bonded, cyclic OH-HNO3 reaction complex (or the appropriate isotopomer of the complex) invoked to explain the unusual kinetics of the reaction of ground-state OH with nitric acid. We postulate that dissociation of the reaction complex to regenerate nitric acid and vibrationally excited CH or OD competes with intramolecular vibrational redistribution of the OH/OD vibrational excitation energy within the reaction complex, leading to the observed negative temperature dependence. We attribute the higher rate coefficients of the like-isotope processes (relative to the unlike-isotope processes) to faster, resonant, intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution within the reaction complexes containing the same isotopes. Additionally, we estimate the yields of OH(v = 1) to be similar to1% and OH(v = 2) to be similar to0.4% of that of OH(v = 0) from the photolysis of HNO3 at 248 nm. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Birmingham, Sch Chem Sci, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England. RP Ravishankara, AR (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, 325 Broadway R-AL2, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM ravi@al.noaa.gov RI TALUKDAR, RANAJIT/G-4530-2013; Brown, Steven/I-1762-2013; Ravishankara, Akkihebbal/A-2914-2011 OI TALUKDAR, RANAJIT/0000-0001-6017-8431; NR 24 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 11 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD OCT 2 PY 2003 VL 107 IS 39 BP 7762 EP 7769 DI 10.1021/jp0346413 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 726QB UT WOS:000185609500013 ER PT J AU Skrzypczak, A Neta, P AF Skrzypczak, A Neta, P TI Diffusion-controlled electron-transfer reactions in ionic liquids SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID PULSE-RADIOLYSIS; METHYLTRIBUTYLAMMONIUM BIS(TRIFLUOROMETHYLSULFONYL)IMIDE; REACTION-KINETICS; HYDRATED ELECTRONS; AQUEOUS-SOLUTIONS; RATE CONSTANTS; OH RADICALS; REDUCTION; PYRIDINE; SOLVENTS AB The reactions of pyridinyl and alkylpyridinyl radicals with duroquinone involve an electron transfer to produce the durosemiquinone radical in a diffusion-controlled process. The rate constants for such reactions in several ionic liquids and molecular organic solvents are determined by pulse radiolysis. The ionic liquids used are N-butylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate (BuPyBF4) and the following tetraalkylammonium (R4N+) salts of his(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (-NTf2): methyltributylammonium (MeBu3NNTf2), hexyltributylammonium (HxBu(3)NNTf(2)), methyltrioctylammonium (MeOc(3)NNTf(2)), and methylbutylpyrrolidinium (MeBuPyrNTf(2)). The molecular solvents used are triethanolamine (TEOA) and cyclohexanol (c-HxOH). The experimental rate constants in the molecular solvents are only slightly higher than the diffusion-controlled rate constants estimated from the viscosity. On the other hand, the experimental values in the ionic liquids are about an order of magnitude higher than the values estimated from the measured viscosity. The reason for this difference is suggested to be due to the voids that exist in ionic liquids and the possibility that diffusion of reacting species takes place through movement of segments of the ions while the viscosity is related to movement of the whole ions. C1 NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Neta, P (reprint author), NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Skrzypczak, Andrzej/M-2397-2014 NR 26 TC 101 Z9 102 U1 0 U2 17 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD OCT 2 PY 2003 VL 107 IS 39 BP 7800 EP 7803 DI 10.1021/jp030416+ PG 4 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 726QB UT WOS:000185609500017 ER PT J AU Cellarosi, MJ AF Cellarosi, MJ TI Fish for the laboratory: Lake Superior Fish Tissue, SRM 1946 SO AMERICAN LABORATORY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Cellarosi, MJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,M-S 2300, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU INT SCIENTIFIC COMMUN INC PI SHELTON PA PO BOX 870, 30 CONTROLS DRIVE, SHELTON, CT 06484-0870 USA SN 0044-7749 J9 AM LAB JI Am. Lab. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 35 IS 20 BP 62 EP 63 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Analytical; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Chemistry; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 739QC UT WOS:000186357100010 ER PT J AU Stodeman, M Schwarz, FP AF Stodeman, M Schwarz, FP TI Temperature dependence of the kinetics of the acylase hydrolysis reaction by differential stopped flow microcalorimetry SO ANALYTICAL BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE differential stopped flow microcalorimetry; enzyme kinetics; porcine kidney acylase; N-acetylglycine; N-acetyl-L-methionine; N-Acetyl-L-phenylalanine; reaction enthalpies; thermodynamics AB The rates of the hydrolysis of N-acetylglycine, N-acetyl-L-methionine, and N-acetyl-L-phenylalanine by porcine acylase 1 in 0.1 M phosphate buffer, which is inhibited by acetate product formation, were monitored calorimetrically at temperatures between 15.2 and 45.3 degreesC by a differential stopped-flow microcalorimeter. Since the acylase is thermally stable and the pH of the phosphate buffer changes by less than 0.01 pH units over this temperature range, any temperature effect on the hydrolysis reaction can be attributed to the effect of temperature on the kinetics of the reaction. Analysis of the integrated heat released by the reaction as a function of time with regard to the integrated Michaelis-Menten equation yields apparent values for k(cat) and apparent values for K-m that depend on the product inhibition constant. The apparent values for K-m also exhibited a dependence on the initial substrate concentration because of the acetate product inhibition at each temperature. By assuming that the inhibition constant is independent of temperature over this temperature range and from extrapolation of K-m to its value at zero substrate concentration, intrinsic values of K-m and k(cat) were determined over the temperature range from 15.2 to 45.3 degreesC. The intrinsic values of K-m exhibited very little variation over this temperature range while the intrinsic values of k(cat) exhibited an increase over the same temperature range. The heats of reaction also exhibited an increase with temperature over this range with an average heat capacity change of -94 J mol(-1) K-1 for the three substrates. Published by Elsevier Inc. C1 NIST, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. RP Schwarz, FP (reprint author), NIST, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, 9600 Gudelsky Dr, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. NR 10 TC 4 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 4 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0003-2697 J9 ANAL BIOCHEM JI Anal. Biochem. PD OCT 1 PY 2003 VL 321 IS 1 BP 1 EP 7 DI 10.1016/S0003-2697(03)00428-7 PG 7 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 723BX UT WOS:000185413500001 PM 12963049 ER PT J AU Randriambelo, T Baray, JL Baldy, S Thompson, AM Oltmans, S Keckhut, P AF Randriambelo, T Baray, JL Baldy, S Thompson, AM Oltmans, S Keckhut, P TI Investigation of the short-time variability of tropical tropospheric ozone SO ANNALES GEOPHYSICAE LA English DT Article DE atmospheric composition and structure; troposphere-composition and chemistry; meteorology and atmospheric dynamics climatology; tropical meteorology ID INDIAN-OCEAN; SOUTHERN AFRICA; TRACE-A; METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS; VERTICAL-DISTRIBUTION; FIELD OBSERVATIONS; TRANSPORT; CLIMATOLOGY; STRATOSPHERE; SUBTROPICS AB Since 1998, a ground-based tropospheric ozone lidar has been running at Reunion Island and has been involved with a daily measurement campaign that was performed in the latter part of the biomass burning season, during November-December 1999. The averaged ozone profile obtained during November-December 1999 agrees well with the averaged ozone profile obtained from the ozonesondes launch at Reunion during November-December (19922001). Comparing weekly sonde launches (part of the Southern Hemisphere Additional Ozonesondes: SHADOZ program) with the daily ground-based lidar observations shows that some striking features of the day-to-day variability profiles are not observed in the sonde measurements. Ozone profiles respond to the nature of disturbances which vary from one day to the next. The vertical ozone distribution at Reunion is examined as a function of prevailing atmospheric circulation. Back trajectories show that most of the enhanced ozone crossed over biomass burning and convectively active regions in Madagascar and the southern African continent. The analyses of the meteorological data show that ozone stratification profiles are in agreement with the movement of the synoptic situations in November-December 1999. Three different sequences of transport are explained using wind fields. The first sequence from 23 to 25 November is characterized by northerly transport; during the second sequence from 26 to 30 November, the air masses are influenced by meridional transport. The third sequence from 2 to 6 December is characterized by westerly transport associated with the subtropical jet stream. The large, standard deviations of lidar profiles in the middle and upper troposphere are in agreement with the upper wind variabilities which evidence passing ridge and trough disturbances. During the transition period between the dry season and the wet season, multiple ozone sources including stratosphere-troposphere exchanges, convection and biomass burning contribute to tropospheric ozone at Reunion Island through sporadic events characterized by a large spatial and temporal variability. C1 CNRS, Lab Phys Atmosphere, UMR 8105, F-97715 Reunion Isl, France. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Goddard Lab Atmosphere, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Serv Aeron, F-91371 Verrieres Le Buisson, Paris, France. RP Randriambelo, T (reprint author), CNRS, Lab Phys Atmosphere, UMR 8105, 15 Ave Rene Cassin, F-97715 Reunion Isl, France. EM randriam@univ-reunion.fr RI Thompson, Anne /C-3649-2014 OI Thompson, Anne /0000-0002-7829-0920 NR 36 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 0992-7689 EI 1432-0576 J9 ANN GEOPHYS-GERMANY JI Ann. Geophys. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 21 IS 10 BP 2095 EP 2106 PG 12 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 775NL UT WOS:000189047500006 ER PT J AU Bajt, SA Chapman, HN Nguyen, N Alameda, J Robinson, JC Malinowski, M Gullikson, E Aquila, A Tarrio, C Grantham, S AF Bajt, SA Chapman, HN Nguyen, N Alameda, J Robinson, JC Malinowski, M Gullikson, E Aquila, A Tarrio, C Grantham, S TI Design and performance of capping layers for extreme-ultraviolet multilayer mirrors SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article ID ENGINEERING TEST STAND; ENVIRONMENTAL DATA; MO/SI-MULTILAYERS; LITHOGRAPHY; RADIATION; OPTICS; CONTAMINATION; REFLECTANCE; RESOLUTION; COATINGS AB Multilayer lifetime has emerged as one of the major issues for the commercialization of extreme-ultraviolet lithography (EUVL). We describe the performance of an oxidation-resistant capping layer of Ru atop multilayers that results in a reflectivity above 69% at 13.2 nm, which is suitable for EUVL projection optics and has been tested with accelerated electron-beam and extreme-ultraviolet (ELTV) light in a water-vapor environment. Based on accelerated exposure results, we calculated multilayer lifetimes for all reflective mirrors in a typical commercial EUVL tool and concluded that Ru-capped multilayers have similar to40X longer lifetimes than Si-capped multilayers, which translates to 3 months to many years, depending on the mirror dose. (C) 2003 Optical Society of America. C1 Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Sandia Natl Labs, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Ctr Xray Opt, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bajt, SA (reprint author), Lawrence Livermore Natl Lab, 7000 E Ave, Livermore, CA 94550 USA. EM bajt@llnl.gov RI Chapman, Henry/G-2153-2010; Bajt, Sasa/G-2228-2010 OI Chapman, Henry/0000-0002-4655-1743; NR 22 TC 59 Z9 61 U1 2 U2 14 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD OCT 1 PY 2003 VL 42 IS 28 BP 5750 EP 5758 DI 10.1364/AO.42.005750 PG 9 WC Optics SC Optics GA 726EB UT WOS:000185584600019 PM 14528939 ER PT J AU Corwin, KL Newbury, NR Dudley, JM Coen, S Diddams, SA Washburn, BR Weber, K Windeler, RS AF Corwin, KL Newbury, NR Dudley, JM Coen, S Diddams, SA Washburn, BR Weber, K Windeler, RS TI Fundamental amplitude noise limitations to supercontinuum spectra generated in a microstructured fiber (vol B 77, pg 269, 2003) SO APPLIED PHYSICS B-LASERS AND OPTICS LA English DT Correction C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Franche Comte, Lab Opt PM Duffieux, F-25030 Besancon, France. Free Univ Brussels, Serv Opt & Acoust, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium. OFS Labs, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA. RP Corwin, KL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Coen, Stephane/C-9030-2009; Washburn, Brian/A-1308-2013; Corwin, Kristan/A-1331-2013; Diddams, Scott/L-2819-2013; Dudley, John /D-3222-2011 OI Coen, Stephane/0000-0001-5605-5906; Dudley, John /0000-0001-9520-9699 NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0946-2171 J9 APPL PHYS B-LASERS O JI Appl. Phys. B-Lasers Opt. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 77 IS 4 BP 467 EP 468 DI 10.1007/s00340-003-1301-9 PG 2 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA 736PK UT WOS:000186179100017 ER PT J AU Millie, DF Fahnenstiel, GL Lohrenz, SE Carrick, HJ Johengen, TH Schofield, OME AF Millie, DF Fahnenstiel, GL Lohrenz, SE Carrick, HJ Johengen, TH Schofield, OME TI Physical-biological coupling in southern Lake Michigan: Influence of episodic sediment resuspension on phytoplankton SO AQUATIC ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE coastal resuspension; diatoms; Great Lakes; growth; microalgae; photosynthesis ID GREAT-LAKES; DYNAMICS; PRODUCTIVITY; COMMUNITIES; ESTUARY; GROWTH; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; REJUVENATION; CHLOROPHYLL; TEMPERATURE AB The influence of episodic, sediment resuspension on phytoplankton abundance/volume and composition, the photosynthetic maximum rate (P(max)(B)) and efficiency (alpha(B)), and chlorophyll-specific growth (mu(Chl)) was evaluated during the spring isothermal period in southern Lake Michigan (Laurentian Great Lakes, USA). Resuspension altered the nutrient and light climate of nearshore waters; light attenuation (K(d)) and phosphorus concentrations corresponded (p less than or equal to 0.0001 and p less than or equal to 0.001, respectively) with concentrations of suspended particulate matter (SPM). Phytoplankton cell volume and diatom cell abundance and volume were not associated with SPM concentrations (p > 0.05). Diatom composition displayed spatial dissimilarities corresponding with resuspension (p less than or equal to 0.001); small centric diatoms exhibiting meroplanktonic life histories and pennate diatoms considered benthic in origin were most abundant within SPM-impacted, nearshore waters whereas taxa typically comprising assemblages in optically-clear, offshore waters and the basin- wide, spring bloom were not. Values of P(max)(B) and alpha(B) corresponded (p less than or equal to 0.0001) with both K(d) coefficients and SPM concentrations, potentially reflecting increased light harvesting/utilization within impacted assemblages. However, integral production was inversely associated with K(d) coefficients and SPM concentrations (p < 0.0001) and photosynthesis was light- limited (or nearly so) for most assemblages. Although mu(Chl) values corresponded with K(d) coefficients (p <= 0.05), values were quite low (<(x)over bar> +/- S. E., 0.10 +/- 0.004 d(-1)) throughout the study. Most likely, distinct rate processes between SPM- and non-impacted assemblages reflected short-term compositional (and corresponding physiological) variations due to infusion of meroplankton and/or tributary-derived phytoplankton. Overall, resuspension appears to have little, if any, long-term impact upon the structure and function of the lake's phytoplankton. C1 Univ S Florida, Florida Inst Oceanog, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Lake Michigan Field Stn, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Muskegon, MI 49441 USA. Univ So Mississippi, Dept Marine Sci, Stennis Space Ctr, MS 39529 USA. Penn State Univ, Sch Forest Resources Fisheries & Wildlife, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Univ Michigan, Cooperat Inst Limnol & Ecosyst Res, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Inst Marine & Coastal Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. RP Millie, DF (reprint author), Univ S Florida, Florida Inst Oceanog, 830 1st St S, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. EM david.millie@fwc.state.fl.us OI Lohrenz, Steven/0000-0003-3811-2975 NR 70 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 1 U2 7 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1386-2588 J9 AQUAT ECOL JI Aquat. Ecol. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 37 IS 4 BP 393 EP 408 DI 10.1023/B:AECO.0000007046.48955.70 PG 16 WC Ecology; Limnology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 750NQ UT WOS:000187003000006 ER PT J AU Key, PB Fulton, MH Harman-Fetcho, JA McConnell, LL AF Key, PB Fulton, MH Harman-Fetcho, JA McConnell, LL TI Acetylcholinesterase activity in grass shrimp and aqueous pesticide levels from South Florida drainage canals SO ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID PALAEMONETES-PUGIO; LIFE STAGES; INHIBITION; BIOMARKER; ATRAZINE; TOXICITY; LETHAL; TISSUE; ORGANOPHOSPHATE; CHOLINESTERASE AB Freshwater drainage canals in South Florida are utilized to manage water in agricultural, urban, and water conservation areas and, as a result, collect urban and agricultural storm runoff that is discharged into the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico. Pesticides in this runoff may be toxic to the biota inhabiting these waters. This study evaluated the effects of contaminants in South Florida canals draining into Biscayne Bay on the estuarine grass shrimp (Palaemonetes intermedius), a representative invertebrate species. Results of surface water analysis for pesticides indicated that eight pesticides out of 52 analyzed were detected. The herbicide metolachlor was found at all nine sites in the five canals sampled at concentrations up to 119 ng/L. Atrazine was detected at seven sites at concentrations up to 29 ng/L. Three organophosphate insecticides (chlorpyrifos, malathion, diazinon) were detected at three sites in two canals (Military and North). Grass shrimp from these three sites showed significantly reduced levels of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme as compared to control shrimp. These two canals are similar in the land use areas drained-urban and suburban and agriculture. The results suggest that monitoring organisms for ACNE levels can be a means of detecting exposure to organophosphorus pesticide contamination. C1 Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Ocean Serv, Natl Ctr Coastal Ocean Sci, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. USDA ARS, Beltsville Agr Res Ctr W, Environm Qual Lab, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. RP Key, PB (reprint author), Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Natl Ocean Serv, Natl Ctr Coastal Ocean Sci, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, 219 Fort Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. NR 36 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 10 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0090-4341 J9 ARCH ENVIRON CON TOX JI Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 45 IS 3 BP 371 EP 377 DI 10.1007/s00244-003-0173-7 PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 722HY UT WOS:000185370400012 PM 14679985 ER PT J AU Etyemezian, V Kuhns, H Gillies, J Green, M Pitchford, M Watson, J AF Etyemezian, V Kuhns, H Gillies, J Green, M Pitchford, M Watson, J TI Vehicle-based road dust emission measurement: I - methods and calibration SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE TRAKER; spatially resolved; real-time; fugitive; silt loading; PM10 AB Testing re-entrained aerosol kinetic emissions from roads (TRAKER) is a vehicle-based method for measuring road dust emissions. Particulate matter is sampled in front and behind a vehicle's tire and the difference in PM concentration is related to emissions. This paper describes the most recent developments of TRAKER. The loss of particles within the inlet lines, the response of the TRAKER signal (differential PM concentration) to vehicle speed, and the relationship between the TRAKER signal and unpaved road dust PM10 emissions were examined. Losses of particles to the walls in the inlet lines were similar for the left and right inlets and were less than the inter-instrument precision for particles between 0.56 and 7.3 mum in diameter. When summed over the PM10 size range, losses were less than 20%. Line losses were also characterized when a dilution system was used to sample emissions from unpaved roads. Two independent tests indicated that the TRAKER signal increases as the cube of the speed for a given road dust loading. Simultaneous measurement of PM10 dust emitted behind the tires by TRAKER with PM10 flux measured using upwind/downwind towers suggested that the emission factor for road dust was proportional to the cube root of the TRAKER signal. The results also showed a linear relationship between unpaved road dust PM10 emissions and vehicle speed. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Desert Res Inst, Div Atmospher Sci, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. Univ Nevada, Desert Res Inst, Div Atmospher Sci, Reno, NV 89506 USA. NOAA, Las Vegas, NV USA. RP Etyemezian, V (reprint author), Desert Res Inst, Div Atmospher Sci, 755 E Flamingo Rd, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. RI Kuhns, Hampden/C-3563-2008; Watson, John/E-6869-2010 OI Watson, John/0000-0002-1752-6899 NR 9 TC 46 Z9 53 U1 3 U2 15 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 37 IS 32 BP 4559 EP 4571 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(03)00528-4 PG 13 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 727QP UT WOS:000185670200009 ER PT J AU Kuhns, H Etyemezian, V Green, M Hendrickson, K McGown, M Barton, K Pitchford, M AF Kuhns, H Etyemezian, V Green, M Hendrickson, K McGown, M Barton, K Pitchford, M TI Vehicle-based road dust emission measurement - Part II: Effect of precipitation, wintertime road sanding, and street sweepers on inferred PM10 emission potentials from paved and unpaved roads SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE TRAKER; road dust; emissions; road sanding; street sweeping; paved road; unpaved road; PM10 AB Testing Re-Entrained Kinetic Emissions from Roads (TRAKER) is a new technique to infer paved and unpaved road dust PM10 emission potentials based on particulate matter (PM) measurements made onboard a moving vehicle. Light scattering instruments mounted in front and behind the vehicle's tires measure the differential particle concentration of dust suspended by the vehicle's tire in contact with the road surface. Through empirical regressions relating the differential concentration (i.e. TRAKER signal) with the vehicle speed and the downwind flux of PM10 particles from the road, an equation is derived to infer the speed independent road dust emission potential from the measured TRAKER signal. Measurements from TRAKER offer a new perspective on the processes that affect road dust emissions. The system was used to investigate temporal changes in emission potentials from paved roads in both the winter and summer in the Treasure Valley in Southwest Idaho. During the 3-week wintertime sampling period, the residential road dust PM10 emission potential decreased by similar to50%. Summertime PM10 emission potentials were similar to those observed at the end of the winter sampling and showed no upward or downward trends. Wintertime unpaved road emissions increased consistently with the number of days since the last rainfall. Measurement of road dust emission potentials after road sanding on dry roads indicated a 75% increase in PM10 emissions after 2.5 h. This effect was short lived and emission potentials returned to their pre-sanding levels within 8 h of the sand application. Street sweeping with mechanical and vacuum sweepers was found to offer no measurable reduction in PM10 emission potentials. On several roads, the PM10 emission potentials actually increased immediately after vacuum sweeping. Long term effects of street sweeping on road dust emissions were not evaluated as part of this study and may offer some overall reduction in PM emissions from paved roads. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Desert Res Inst, Div Atmospher Sci, Reno, NV 89512 USA. Desert Res Inst, Las Vegas, NV USA. Idaho Dept Environm Qual, Boise, ID USA. Ada Cty Highway Dist, Boise, ID USA. NOAA, Las Vegas, NV USA. RP Kuhns, H (reprint author), Desert Res Inst, Div Atmospher Sci, 2215 Raggio Pkwy, Reno, NV 89512 USA. RI Kuhns, Hampden/C-3563-2008 NR 11 TC 42 Z9 53 U1 5 U2 15 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 37 IS 32 BP 4573 EP 4582 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(03)00529-6 PG 10 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 727QP UT WOS:000185670200010 ER PT J AU Etyemezian, V Kuhns, H Gillies, J Chow, J Hendrickson, K McGown, M Pitchford, M AF Etyemezian, V Kuhns, H Gillies, J Chow, J Hendrickson, K McGown, M Pitchford, M TI Vehicle-based road dust emission measurement (III): effect of speed, traffic volume, location, and season on PM10 road dust emissions in the Treasure Valley, ID SO ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE TRAKER; road dust; emissions; fugitive; silt loading AB The testing re-entrained aerosol kinetic emissions from roads (TRAKER) road dust measurement system was used to survey more than 400 km of paved roads in southwestern Idaho during 3-week sampling campaigns in winter and summer, 2001. Each data point, consisting of a 1-s measurement of particle light scattering sampled behind the front tire, was associated with a link (section of road) in the traffic demand model network for the Treasure Valley, ID. Each link was in turn associated with a number of characteristics including posted speed limit, vehicle kilometers traveled (vkt), road class (local/residential, collector, arterial, and interstate), county, and land use (urban vs. rural). Overall, the TRAKER-based emission factors based on location, setting, season, and speed spanned a narrow range from 3.6 to 8.0g/vkt. Emission factors were higher in winter compared to summer, higher in urban areas compared to rural, and lower for roads with fast travel speeds compared to slower roads. The inherent covariance between traffic volume and traffic speed obscured the assessment of the effect of traffic volume on emission potentials. Distance-based emission factors expressed in grams per kilometer traveled (g/vkt) for roads with low travel speeds (similar to11 m/s residential roads) compared to those with high travel speeds (similar to 25 m/s interstates) were higher (5.2 vs. 3.0 g/vkt in summer and 5.9 vs. 4.9 g/vkt in winter). However, emission potentials which characterize the amount of suspendable material on a road were substantially higher on roads with low travel speeds (0.71 vs. 0.13 g/vkt/(m/s) in summer and 0.78 vs. 0.21 g/vkt/(m/s) in winter). This suggested that while high speed roads are much cleaner (factor of 5.4 in summer), on a vehicle kilometer traveled basis, emissions from high and low speed roads are of the same order. Emission inventories based on the TRAKER method, silt loadings obtained during the field study, and US EPA's AP-42 default values of silt loading were compared. PM10 paved road dust emission inventories calculated with the TRAKER method were 61% higher in winter and 180% higher in summer than inventories calculated from on-site silt loading measurements. Emissions calculated from silt loading measurements conducted on-site indicated that the AP-42 default values are too low for the Treasure Valley by a factor of 1.5 for summer conditions and by a factor of 3.8 for winter. Both silt loading and TRAKER are techniques that were calibrated against the horizontal flux of dust, which was estimated by the difference in PM10 concentration between instruments located upwind and downwind of an unpaved road. The upwind/downwind method, and therefore both silt loading and TRAKER, gives a measure of the dust emitted near the source, and not the dust that can be transported on a regional or air shed scale. Correcting the measured dust emissions for deposition and removal near the source is outside the scope of this work, but is a continuing area of research among dispersion modelers. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Desert Res Inst, Div Atmospher Sci, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. Univ Nevada, Desert Res Inst, Div Atmospher Sci, Reno, NV 89506 USA. Idaho Dept Environm Qual, Boise, ID USA. NOAA, Las Vegas, NV USA. RP Etyemezian, V (reprint author), Desert Res Inst, Div Atmospher Sci, 755 E Flamingo Rd, Las Vegas, NV 89119 USA. RI Kuhns, Hampden/C-3563-2008 NR 16 TC 46 Z9 57 U1 2 U2 23 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1352-2310 J9 ATMOS ENVIRON JI Atmos. Environ. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 37 IS 32 BP 4583 EP 4593 DI 10.1016/S1352-2310(03)00530-2 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 727QP UT WOS:000185670200011 ER PT J AU Broz, ME VanderHart, DL Washburn, NR AF Broz, ME VanderHart, DL Washburn, NR TI Structure and mechanical properties of poly(D,L-lactic acid)/poly(epsilon-caprolactone) blends SO BIOMATERIALS LA English DT Article DE mechanical properties; microstructure; polycaprolactone; polylactic acid ID SPIN-DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS; POLYCARBONATE-BASED BLENDS; MULTIPLE PULSE NMR; POLYMER BLENDS; MOBILE POLYMERS; SOLIDS; MORPHOLOGIES; RESOLUTION; GLASSES AB A series of blends of the biodegradable polymers Poly(D,L-lactic acid) and poly(e-caprolactone) were prepared by varying mass fraction across the range of compositions. Tensile testing was performed at room temperature using an extensometer and the elastic modulus was calculated for each blend. The blends were also tested to failure, and the strain-at-failure and yield stress recorded. While the blend has been shown to have a lower critical Solution temperature, the mechanical properties were insensitive to the annealing conditions. Scanning electron microscopy was used to characterize the blend microstructure and poor adhesion was observed at the interface between blend components. Differential scanning calorimetry was performed but the results were somewhat variable, indicating this blend may have complex phase behavior that depends sensitively on the method of preparation. However, nuclear magnetic resonance data indicate the two components are phase separated. A percolation model is used to explain the observed mechanical data and the results are consistent with the predictions of the Kerner-Uemura-Takayangi model. The results of these experiments demonstrate the utility of polymer blending in tuning material properties. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Washburn, NR (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 30 TC 196 Z9 207 U1 6 U2 53 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0142-9612 J9 BIOMATERIALS JI Biomaterials PD OCT PY 2003 VL 24 IS 23 BP 4181 EP 4190 DI 10.1016/S0142-9612(03)00314-4 PG 10 WC Engineering, Biomedical; Materials Science, Biomaterials SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 702TH UT WOS:000184239500009 PM 12853248 ER PT J AU Stuart, NA AF Stuart, NA TI Characteristics of cloud and precipitation plumes over the Chesapeake Bay SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID LINES C1 NOAA, NWS, Wakefield, VA USA. RP Stuart, NA (reprint author), 10009 Gen Mahone Hwy, Wakefield, VA 23888 USA. NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 84 IS 10 BP 1337 EP 1340 DI 10.1175/BAMS-84-10-1337 PG 4 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 734TG UT WOS:000186073600010 ER PT J AU Mass, CF Albright, M Ovens, D Steed, R MacIver, M Grimit, E Eckel, T Lamb, B Vaughan, J Westrick, K Storck, P Colman, B Hill, C Maykut, N Gilroy, M Ferguson, SA Yetter, J Sierchio, JM Bowman, C Stender, R Wilson, R Brown, W AF Mass, CF Albright, M Ovens, D Steed, R MacIver, M Grimit, E Eckel, T Lamb, B Vaughan, J Westrick, K Storck, P Colman, B Hill, C Maykut, N Gilroy, M Ferguson, SA Yetter, J Sierchio, JM Bowman, C Stender, R Wilson, R Brown, W TI Regional environmental prediction over the Pacific Northwest SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION; SYSTEM AB This paper examines the potential of regional environmental prediction by focusing on the local forecasting effort in the Pacific North; west. A consortium of federal, state, and local agencies have funded the development and operation of a multifaceted numerical prediction system centered at the University of Washington that includes atmospheric, hydrologic, and air quality models, the collection of real-time regional weather data sources, and a number of realtime applications using both observations and model output. The manuscript reviews northwest modeling and data collection systems, describes the funding and management system established to support and guide the effort, provides some examples of regional real-time applications, and examines the national implications of regional environmental prediction. C1 Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Washington State Univ, Lab Atmospher Res, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. 3 Tier Inc, Seattle, WA USA. Natl Weather Serv, Seattle, WA USA. Puget Sound Clean Air Agcy, Seattle, WA USA. PUSDA Forest Serv, Pacific NW Res Stn, Seattle, WA USA. Naval Air Stn Whidbey Isl, Oak Harbor, WA USA. Washington State Dept Ecol, Olympia, WA USA. US EPA Reg X, Seattle, WA USA. Washington State Dept Transportat, Seattle, WA USA. RP Mass, CF (reprint author), Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Box 351640, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NR 11 TC 68 Z9 68 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 84 IS 10 BP 1353 EP + DI 10.1175/BAMS-84-10-1353 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 734TG UT WOS:000186073600012 ER PT J AU Pfost, RL AF Pfost, RL TI Reassessing the impact of two historical Florida hurricanes SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article AB This paper reexamines two historic South Florida hurricanes, the "Miami" Hurricane of 1926, and the "Okeechobee" Hurricane of 1928. These storms are frequently cited for their disastrous impacts, but the casualty figures currently associated with them are low due to underreporting of nonwhite persons and other sociological factors. More accurate information is available, and to put the impact of these storms in a better historical perspective, the casualty figures associated with them should be corrected. C1 Natl Weather Serv, Miami Weather Forecast Off, Miami, FL 33165 USA. RP Pfost, RL (reprint author), Natl Weather Serv, Miami Weather Forecast Off, 11691 SW 17th St, Miami, FL 33165 USA. NR 16 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 84 IS 10 BP 1367 EP + DI 10.1175/BAMS-84-10-1367 PG 7 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 734TG UT WOS:000186073600013 ER PT J AU Neiman, PJ Shaw, JA AF Neiman, PJ Shaw, JA TI Coronas and iridescence in mountain wave clouds over Northeastern Colorado SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID CIRRUS CLOUD; MICROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES; ICE NUCLEATION; MIE THEORY; SIMULATION; POLLEN; TEMPERATURE; PARTICLES; WINDSTORM; WATER AB Scattering of sunlight or moonlight by cloud particles can generate colorful optical patterns that are both scientifically and aesthetically interesting. Photographs of corona rings and iridescence are presented to demonstrate how cloud-particle distributions and meteorology combine to produce a wide variety of observed patterns. The photographs of coronas are analyzed using Fraunhofer diffraction theory to determine that these optical displays were generated by cloud particles with mean diameters ranging from 7.6 to 24.3 mum. All examples of coronas and iridescence presented in this paper were observed within mountain wave clouds along the steep lee side of the Rocky Mountains over northeastern Colorado. Such clouds, commonly observed both here and on the downstream side of many other prominent mountain ranges, tend to have small cloud particles with narrow particle-size distributions, conditions that lead to relatively frequent and vivid optical displays. The meteorology accompanying at least one-half of the displays presented here suggest that the wave cloud particles consisted of ice, whereas, at least until recently, it has been accepted that spherical liquid cloud droplets are primarily responsible for coronas and iridescence. Microphotographs of particles collected from the interior of similar mountain wave clouds show that such clouds can indeed contain quasi-spherical ice particles with effective diameters less than 25 mum, which provide a mechanism for the high-quality optical displays to be generated within wave clouds at high altitudes with temperatures below -36degrees to -38 degreesC. In fact, these quasi-spherical ice particles maybe commonly associated with mountain wave clouds, thus suggesting that this type of ice particle may regularly produce coronas and iridescence. C1 NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Montana State Univ, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. RP Neiman, PJ (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NR 43 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 8 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 84 IS 10 BP 1373 EP + DI 10.1175/BAMS-84-10-1373 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 734TG UT WOS:000186073600014 ER PT J AU Pasch, RJ Stewart, SR Brown, DP AF Pasch, RJ Stewart, SR Brown, DP TI Comments on "Early detection of tropical cyclones using SeaWinds-derived vorticity" SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NOAA, NWS, Trop Predict Ctr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Pasch, RJ (reprint author), NOAA, NWS, Trop Predict Ctr, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NR 3 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 84 IS 10 BP 1415 EP 1416 DI 10.1175/BAMS-84-10-1415 PG 2 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 734TG UT WOS:000186073600016 ER PT J AU Dotson, RC Charter, RL AF Dotson, RC Charter, RL TI Trends in the Southern California sport fishery SO CALIFORNIA COOPERATIVE OCEANIC FISHERIES INVESTIGATIONS REPORTS LA English DT Article ID BIGHT AB We constructed a database for the Southern California commercial passenger fishing vessel (CPFV) fleet for the years 1959-1998 using the daily fish reports from the Los Angeles Times. This database includes information on number of fish caught by species, landing port, landing date, and number of anglers. Comparison of this database to the logbook database maintained by the California Department of Fish and Game shows high correlation. Angler effort has been consistent throughout the time series at about 620,000 passengers per year. The annual fish catch averaged 4.25 million fish from 1963 to 1991 but has declined since 1992 to 2.5 million fish in 1998. The data show a decided decline in the CPFV catch of rockfish species since the early 1980s; a possible consequence of this decline appears to be a shift in effort toward less utilized species over the past decade, most notably ocean whitefish, California scorpionfish, cabezon, and more recently sanddabs. The CPFV fishery not only provides a recreational opportunity to residents and visitors to southern California but also contributes to local economies. This fleet's catches, combined with those of private recreational anglers, are substantial enough to impact fish populations, particularly in regional areas. The database, which will be available on the NOAA-NMFS Southwest Fisheries Science Center Web site and updated regularly, provides a means of monitoring fisheries trends in real time. C1 NOAA, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Dotson, RC (reprint author), NOAA, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 8604 La Jolla Shores Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. NR 19 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 4 PU SCRIPPS INST OCEANOGRAPHY PI LA JOLLA PA A-003, LA JOLLA, CA 92093 USA SN 0575-3317 J9 CAL COOP OCEAN FISH JI Calif. Coop. Ocean. Fish. Invest. Rep. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 44 BP 94 EP 106 PG 13 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 753TR UT WOS:000187247100004 ER PT J AU Norton, JG Mason, JE AF Norton, JG Mason, JE TI Environmental influences on species composition of the commercial harvest of finfish and invertebrates off California SO CALIFORNIA COOPERATIVE OCEANIC FISHERIES INVESTIGATIONS REPORTS LA English DT Article ID NORTH PACIFIC-OCEAN; EL-NINO; SAMPLING ERRORS; UNITED-STATES; CLIMATE; SEA; TEMPERATURE; ANOMALIES; COAST AB California commercial finfish and invertebrate landings from catches made in waters off California were examined to evaluate the relationship of fluctuations in species composition to environmental influences during 1930-2000. We considered empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis on log(e)-transformed annual weight for species and species groups. We developed ocean process indexes by accumulating monthly anomalies of central California sea surface temperature (SST) and southward wind stress (SWS), SST from La Jolla, California, and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). Time variation of the first EOF, which explains more than 25% of the variance, is significantly correlated with the LaJolla SST and the PDO indexes. Time variation of the second EOF, which accounts for 20% of the variance, is significantly correlated with the SWS index, and its variability is similar to concurrent ecosystem changes. Individual landings series were not adjusted for fishing effort, so we estimated annual effort using the number of boats in the fishery as a proxy. Correlation of the species composition to the effort proxy and to inflation-adjusted total ex-vessel value indicates that fishery factors have acted together with environmental events and fisheries management regulations to produce nearly continuous change in the species composition of commercial finfish and invertebrate landings from 1930 to 2000. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Pacific Fisheries Environm Lab, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. RP Norton, JG (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Pacific Fisheries Environm Lab, 1352 Lighthouse Ave, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. EM jnorton@pfeg.noaa.gov NR 43 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 10 PU SCRIPPS INST OCEANOGRAPHY PI LA JOLLA PA A-003, LA JOLLA, CA 92093 USA SN 0575-3317 J9 CAL COOP OCEAN FISH JI Calif. Coop. Ocean. Fish. Invest. Rep. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 44 BP 123 EP 133 PG 11 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 753TR UT WOS:000187247100006 ER PT J AU Reiss, CS McLaren, IA Avendano, P AF Reiss, CS McLaren, IA Avendano, P TI Horizontal and vertical distribution patterns, retention rates, and population dynamics of zooplankton on Western Bank, Scotian Shelf SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID LARVAL FISH TRANSPORT; COD GADUS-MORHUA; GEORGES BANK; CENTROPAGES-TYPICUS; CALANOID COPEPODS; PSEUDOCALANUS SP; MARINE COPEPODS; NOVA-SCOTIA; LIFE-CYCLES; CIRCULATION AB We assess the importance of retention rates and local production to the concentration of zooplankton on Western Bank, Scotian Shelf, during September and October 1998. We do so using (i) particle retention rates derived from an array of 25 current meters and inferences from hydrographic structure; (ii) observations on the horizontal and vertical distribution of zooplankton and ichthyoplankton; and (iii) a simple projection-matrix model of the population dynamics of two copepod species, Centropages typicus and Pseudocalanus spp. Zooplankton biomass and adult stages of copepods were more abundant in surface waters on the bank (p < 0.05) at broad (25 km) spatial scales. Zooplankton was correlated with ichthyoplankton abundance at this scale (r > 0.5, p < 0.001), a result of local production of both zooplankton and fish on the bank. The time-dependent anticyclonic circulation around Western Bank was variable, and particle retention rates were 18 and 33% for 20 days at 12.5 and 28.5 m, respectively. The population model showed that both C. typicus and Pseudocalanus spp. are capable of increasing their population size despite advective loss and mortality rates approaching 10%.day(-1). We conclude that local production exceeding advective loss rates can explain the high concentrations of zooplankton on Western Bank. C1 Dalhousie Univ, Dept Oceanog, Halifax, NS B3H 4J1, Canada. Dalhousie Univ, Dept Biol, Halifax, NS B3H 4J1, Canada. RP Reiss, CS (reprint author), NOAA, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 8604 La Jolla Shores Dr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. NR 48 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 2 U2 5 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 60 IS 10 BP 1229 EP 1244 DI 10.1139/F03-106 PG 16 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 743LN UT WOS:000186573400005 ER PT J AU Aeby, GS Kenyon, JC Maragos, JE Potts, DC AF Aeby, GS Kenyon, JC Maragos, JE Potts, DC TI First record of mass coral bleaching in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands SO CORAL REEFS LA English DT Editorial Material ID GREAT-BARRIER-REEF C1 Hawaii Dept Land & Nat Resources, Div Aquat Resources, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. NOAA Fisheries, Coral Reef Ecosyst Invest Program, Pacific Isl Fisheries Sci Ctr, Honolulu, HI 96814 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Pacific Remote Isl Natl Wildlife Refuge Complex, Honolulu, HI 96850 USA. Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. RP Aeby, GS (reprint author), Hawaii Dept Land & Nat Resources, Div Aquat Resources, 1151 Punchbowl St, Honolulu, HI 96813 USA. NR 4 TC 13 Z9 24 U1 1 U2 13 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0722-4028 J9 CORAL REEFS JI Coral Reefs PD OCT PY 2003 VL 22 IS 3 BP 256 EP 256 DI 10.1007/s00338-003-0309-2 PG 1 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 727YK UT WOS:000185688300008 ER PT J AU Friedlander, AM Brown, EK Jokiel, PL Smith, WR Rodgers, KS AF Friedlander, AM Brown, EK Jokiel, PL Smith, WR Rodgers, KS TI Effects of habitat, wave exposure, and marine protected area status on coral reef fish assemblages in the Hawaiian archipelago SO CORAL REEFS LA English DT Article DE reef fish assemblages; marine protected areas; essential fish habitat; Hawaiian archipelago; community-based management ID FISHERIES MANAGEMENT; KANEOHE BAY; COMMUNITY STRUCTURE; RESERVES; POPULATIONS; BIOMASS; SIZE; COMPLEXITY; ECOSYSTEMS; IMPACT AB The relationships between fish assemblages, their associated habitat, and degree of protection from fishing were evaluated over a broad spatial scale throughout the main Hawaiian islands. Most fish assemblage characteristics showed positive responses to protection whether it was physical (e.g. habitat complexity), biological (e.g. coral cover growth forms), or human-induced (e.g. marine reserves). Fish biomass was lowest in areas of direct wave exposure and highest in areas partially sheltered from swells. Higher values for fish species richness, number of individuals, biomass, and diversity were observed in locations with higher substrate complexity. Areas completely protected from fishing had distinct fish assemblages with higher standing stock and diversity than areas where fishing was permitted or areas that were partially protected from fishing. Locations influenced by customary stewardship harbored fish biomass that was equal to or greater than that of no-take protected areas. Marine protected areas in the main Hawaiian islands with high habitat complexity, moderate wave disturbance, a high percentage of branching and/or lobate coral coupled with legal protection from fishing pressure had higher values for most fish assemblage characteristics. C1 NOAA, NOS, Natl Ctr Coastal & Ocean Sci, Biogeog Program, Waimanalo, HI 96795 USA. Ocean Inst, Waimanalo, HI 96795 USA. Univ Hawaii Manoa, Hawaii Inst Marine Biol, Hawaii Coral Reef Assessment & Monitoring Program, Kaneohe, HI 96744 USA. RP Friedlander, AM (reprint author), NOAA, NOS, Natl Ctr Coastal & Ocean Sci, Biogeog Program, Makapuu Point,41-202 Kalanianaole Highway, Waimanalo, HI 96795 USA. NR 70 TC 128 Z9 135 U1 8 U2 45 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0722-4028 J9 CORAL REEFS JI Coral Reefs PD OCT PY 2003 VL 22 IS 3 BP 291 EP 305 DI 10.1007/s00338-003-0317-2 PG 15 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 727YK UT WOS:000185688300011 ER PT J AU Josell, D Wheeler, D Witt, C Moffat, TP AF Josell, D Wheeler, D Witt, C Moffat, TP TI Seedless superfill: Copper electrodeposition in trenches with ruthenium barriers SO ELECTROCHEMICAL AND SOLID STATE LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SUPERCONFORMAL ELECTRODEPOSITION; VAPOR-DEPOSITION; THIN-FILMS; LAYER; CU; INTERCONNECTS; RU(0001); TAN AB Superfilling of fine trenches by direct copper electrodeposition onto a ruthenium barrier is demonstrated. The ruthenium layer, as well as an adhesion promoting titanium or tantalum layer, was deposited by physical vapor deposition onto patterned silicon dioxide. Copper was deposited from an electrolyte previously shown to yield superconformal feature filling on copper seeded features. The single-step deposition process offers significant processing advantages over conventional damascene processing. (C) 2003 The Electrochemical Society. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Int Sematech, Austin, TX 78741 USA. RP Moffat, TP (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Wheeler, Daniel/C-8994-2009 OI Wheeler, Daniel/0000-0002-2653-7418 NR 24 TC 112 Z9 112 U1 3 U2 18 PU ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC PI PENNINGTON PA 65 SOUTH MAIN STREET, PENNINGTON, NJ 08534 USA SN 1099-0062 J9 ELECTROCHEM SOLID ST JI Electrochem. Solid State Lett. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 6 IS 10 BP C143 EP C145 DI 10.1149/1.1605271 PG 3 WC Electrochemistry; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Electrochemistry; Materials Science GA 716BA UT WOS:000185007900009 ER PT J AU Rechisky, EL Wetherbee, BM AF Rechisky, EL Wetherbee, BM TI Short-term movements of juvenile and neonate sandbar sharks, Carcharhinus plumbeus, on their nursery grounds in Delaware Bay SO ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY OF FISHES LA English DT Article DE acoustic telemetry; home range; site attachment; movement patterns; essential fish habitat ID WESTERN NORTH-ATLANTIC; HOME-RANGE; SPHYRNA-LEWINI; GROWTH; PATTERNS; GULF; AGE AB We investigated short-term movements of neonate and juvenile sandbar sharks, Carcharhinus plumbeus, on their nursery grounds in Delaware Bay. The majority of sharks tracked limited their movements to water less than 5 m deep, remained within 5 km of the coastline, and occupied oblong activity spaces along the coast. In addition to site-attached coastal movements observed, several sharks moved entirely across Delaware Bay or spent considerable time in deeper portions of the central bay. Sharks tracked on the New Jersey side of the bay tended to spend more time in deeper water, farther from shore than sharks tracked on the Delaware side. Observation-area curves estimated that optimal tracking time for sandbar sharks in Delaware Bay was 41 h. Indices of site attachment showed that movement patterns of tracked sandbar sharks varied from nomadic to home ranging. There was no significant difference in rate of movement for day/night, crepuscular periods, or between juveniles and neonates. In general, young sandbar sharks patrolled the coast and appeared to be site attached to some extent, but were capable of making longer excursions, including movement entirely across Delaware Bay. C1 Univ Rhode Isl, Dept Fisheries Anim & Vet Sci, Kingston, RI 02881 USA. NOAA NMFS NEFSC, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. RP Rechisky, EL (reprint author), Univ Rhode Isl, Dept Fisheries Anim & Vet Sci, Kingston, RI 02881 USA. NR 40 TC 41 Z9 46 U1 0 U2 9 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-1909 J9 ENVIRON BIOL FISH JI Environ. Biol. Fishes PD OCT PY 2003 VL 68 IS 2 BP 113 EP 128 DI 10.1023/B:EBFI.0000003820.62411.cb PG 16 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 744CK UT WOS:000186610200002 ER PT J AU Woofter, R Dechraoui, MYB Garthwaite, I Towers, NR Gordon, CJ Cordova, J Ramsdell, JS AF Woofter, R Dechraoui, MYB Garthwaite, I Towers, NR Gordon, CJ Cordova, J Ramsdell, JS TI Measurement of brevetoxin levels by radioimmunoassay of blood collection cards after acute, long-term, and low-dose exposure in mice SO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES LA English DT Article DE blood; brevetoxin; radioimmunoassay ID RED TIDE DINOFLAGELLATE; NEW-ZEALAND; CHATTONELLA-MARINA; GREENSHELL MUSSELS; PERNA-CANALICULUS; TOXINS; ELIMINATION; NEUROTOXINS; ANTIBODIES; ORGANISM AB We developed a radioimmunoassay (RIA) using a sheep anti-brevetoxin antiserum to evaluate detection of brevetoxin on blood collection cards from mice treated with the brevetoxin congener PbTx-3. The RIA has high affinity for PbTx-3 [half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) SE = 1.2 +/- 0.2 nM; n = 10] and recognizes both type I and type 2 brevetoxins, but not ciguatoxin. Direct comparison of the RIA with a radiolabeled [H-3]-PbTx-3 receptor-binding assay (RBA) revealed excellent sensitivity, congener selectivity, and minimal interference from blood matrix. We first analyzed blood samples from an acute time course exposure, using a maximal nonlethal dose [180 mug/kg body weight (bw)] for 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 24 hr. Mean blood brevetoxin levels were 36 nM at 30 min and stayed above 20 nM during the 1-4 hr time points. We next analyzed blood brevetoxin levels after longer exposure (0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 7 days). Mean blood brevetoxin levels were 26.0 nM at 0.5 days, decreased to 8.2 nM at 1.0 day, and maintained a significant level (p < 0.05) of 1.3 nM at day 2. We next determined the lowest measurable dose using increasing concentrations of PbTx-3 (10-300 mug/kg bw). Analysis of the blood samples at 60 min revealed a linear relationship between administered and internal doses (r(2) = 0.993). AN doses of brevetoxin administered were detectable at 1 hr, with significant levels found for the lowest administered dose of 10 mug/kg bw-a dose that was 10-fold lower than the lowest observable effect level. This RIA provides an optimal first-tier detection of brevetoxin from blood collection cards and, used in combination with the RBA and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, should provide a complete panel of methods to biomonitor brevetoxin exposure. C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Marine Biotoxins Program,Coastal Res Branch, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. AgRes Ruakura, Food Sci, Toxinol, Hamilton, New Zealand. US EPA, Div Neurotoxicol, Natl Hlth & Environm Effects Res Lab, Res Triangle Pk, NC 27711 USA. Fdn Ciencias Vida, Santiago, Chile. RP Ramsdell, JS (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Marine Biotoxins Program,Coastal Res Branch, 219 Ft Johnson Rd, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. EM john.ramsdell@noaa.gov NR 38 TC 32 Z9 35 U1 0 U2 4 PU US DEPT HEALTH HUMAN SCIENCES PUBLIC HEALTH SCIENCE PI RES TRIANGLE PK PA NATL INST HEALTH, NATL INST ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES, PO BOX 12233, RES TRIANGLE PK, NC 27709-2233 USA SN 0091-6765 J9 ENVIRON HEALTH PERSP JI Environ. Health Perspect. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 111 IS 13 BP 1595 EP 1600 DI 10.1289/ehp.6166 PG 6 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Toxicology GA 732JU UT WOS:000185940800024 PM 14527838 ER PT J AU Neilson, MA Painter, DS Warren, G Hites, RA Basu, I Weseloh, DVC Whittle, DM Christie, G Barbiero, R Tuchman, M Johansson, OE Nalepa, TF Edsall, TA Fleischer, G Bronte, C Smith, SB Baumann, PC AF Neilson, MA Painter, DS Warren, G Hites, RA Basu, I Weseloh, DVC Whittle, DM Christie, G Barbiero, R Tuchman, M Johansson, OE Nalepa, TF Edsall, TA Fleischer, G Bronte, C Smith, SB Baumann, PC TI Ecological monitoring for assessing the state of the nearshore and openwaters of the Great Lakes SO ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article DE coordination; ecosystem; Great Lakes; indicators; monitoring ID FOOD-WEB; ERIE; CONTAMINANTS; DREISSENA; DYNAMICS; WATERS; CONGENERS; MICHIGAN AB The Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement stipulates that the Governments of Canada and the United States are responsible for restoring and maintaining the chemical, physical and biological integrity of the waters of the Great Lakes Basin Ecosystem. Due to varying mandates and areas of expertise, monitoring to assess progress towards this objective is conducted by a multitude of Canadian and U. S. federal and provincial/state agencies, in cooperation with academia and regional authorities. This paper highlights selected long-term monitoring programs and discusses a number of documented ecological changes that indicate the present state of the open and nearshore waters of the Great Lakes. C1 Environm Canada, Environm Conservat Branch, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada. US EPA, Great Lakes Natl Program Off, Chicago, IL USA. Indiana Univ, Bloomington, IN USA. Great Lakes Fishery Commiss, Saline, MI USA. Dyncorp, I & ET, Alexandria, VA USA. Great Lakes Lab Fisheries & Aquat Sci, Dept Fisheries & Oceans, Burlington, ON, Canada. Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Ann Arbor, MI USA. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. US Fish & Wildlife Serv, Green Bay, WI USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Reston, VA 22092 USA. US Geol Survey, Biol Resources Div, Columbus, OH USA. RP Neilson, MA (reprint author), Environm Canada, Environm Conservat Branch, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada. NR 30 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 13 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-6369 J9 ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS JI Environ. Monit. Assess. PD OCT-NOV PY 2003 VL 88 IS 1-3 BP 103 EP 117 DI 10.1023/A:1025500619900 PG 15 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 717QL UT WOS:000185100800005 PM 14570412 ER PT J AU Baldwin, DH Sandahl, JF Labenia, JS Scholz, NL AF Baldwin, DH Sandahl, JF Labenia, JS Scholz, NL TI Sublethal effects of copper on coho salmon: Impacts on nonoverlapping receptor pathways in the peripheral olfactory nervous system SO ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE salmon; Oncorhynchus kisutch; copper; olfaction; biotic ligand model ID TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; RAINBOW-TROUT; ATLANTIC SALMON; SALVELINUS-ALPINUS; ARCTIC CHAR; SALAR L; TSHAWYTSCHA; RESPONSES; WATER; EOG AB The sublethal effects of copper on the sensory physiology of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) were evaluated. In vivo field potential recordings from the olfactory epithelium (electro-olfactograms) were used to measure the impacts of copper on the responses of olfactory receptor neurons to natural odorants (L.-serine and taurocholic acid) and an odorant mixture (L-arginine, L-aspartic acid, L-leucine, and L-serine) over a range of stimulus concentrations. Increases in copper impaired the neurophysiological response to all odorants within 10 min of exposure. The inhibitory effects of copper (1.0-20.0 mug/L) were dose-dependent and they were not influenced by water hardness. Toxicity thresholds for the different receptor pathways were determined by using the benchmark dose method and found to be similar (a 2.3-3.0 mug/L increase in total dissolved copper over background). Collectively, examination of these data indicates that copper is broadly toxic to the salmon olfactory nervous system. Consequently, short-term influxes of copper to surface waters may interfere with olfactory-mediated behaviors that are critical for the survival and migratory success of wild salmonids. C1 NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Oregon State Univ, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Scholz, NL (reprint author), NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. RI Scholz, Nathaniel/L-1642-2013 OI Scholz, Nathaniel/0000-0001-6207-0272 FU NIEHS NIH HHS [T32ES07060] NR 40 TC 84 Z9 88 U1 2 U2 43 PU SETAC PI PENSACOLA PA 1010 NORTH 12TH AVE, PENSACOLA, FL 32501-3367 USA SN 0730-7268 J9 ENVIRON TOXICOL CHEM JI Environ. Toxicol. Chem. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 22 IS 10 BP 2266 EP 2274 DI 10.1897/02-428 PG 9 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 727CW UT WOS:000185639700010 PM 14551988 ER PT J AU Tester, PA Varnam, SM Culver, ME Eslinger, DL Stumpf, RP Swift, RN Yungel, JK Black, MD Litaker, RW AF Tester, PA Varnam, SM Culver, ME Eslinger, DL Stumpf, RP Swift, RN Yungel, JK Black, MD Litaker, RW TI Airborne detection of ecosystem responses to an extreme event: Phytoplankton displacement and abundance after hurricane induced flooding in the Pamlico-Albemarle Sound system, North Carolina SO ESTUARIES LA English DT Article ID NEUSE RIVER ESTUARY; INTENSE ATLANTIC HURRICANES; DISSOLVED ORGANIC-MATTER; ABSORPTION-COEFFICIENT; COMMUNITY-STRUCTURE; LAGOONAL ESTUARY; BLOOM; FLUORESCENCE; RETRIEVAL; SATELLITE AB Airborne laser-induced fluorescence measurements were used to detect and monitor ecosystem wide changes in the distribution and concentration of chlorophyll biomass and colored dissolved organic matter in the Pamlico-Albemarle Sound system, North Carolina, U.S., following massive flooding caused by a series of three hurricanes in the late summer of 1999. These high-resolution data provided a significantly more detailed representation of the overall changes occurring in the system than could have been achieved by synoptic sampling from any other platform. The response time for the distribution of chlorophyll biomass to resume pre-flood conditions was used as a measure of ecosystem stability. Chlorophyll biomass patterns were reestablished within four mo of the flooding, whereas higher chlorophyll a biomass concentrations persisted for approximately 6 mo. The primary trophic level in the Pamlico-Albemarle Sound system returned to equilibrium in less than a year of a major perturbation. C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Coastal Serv Ctr, Charleston, SC 29405 USA. NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Monitoring & Assessment, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Wallops Flight Facil, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, EG&G, Wallops Flight Facil, Wallops Isl, VA 23337 USA. RP Tester, PA (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, 101 Pivers Isl Rd, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. EM pat.tester@noaa.gov RI Black, Megan/G-6410-2016; OI Black, Megan/0000-0001-5511-1419 NR 43 TC 17 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 7 PU ESTUARINE RESEARCH FEDERATION PI PORT REPUBLIC PA 2018 DAFFODIL, PO BOX 510, PORT REPUBLIC, MD 20676 USA SN 0160-8347 J9 ESTUARIES JI Estuaries PD OCT PY 2003 VL 26 IS 5 BP 1353 EP 1364 DI 10.1007/BF02803637 PG 12 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 756JY UT WOS:000187463000013 ER PT J AU Davis, WD Cleary, T Donnelly, M Hellerman, S AF Davis, WD Cleary, T Donnelly, M Hellerman, S TI Using sensor signals to analyze fires SO FIRE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE ceiling jets; fire detectors; experiments; fire models; fire hazards; flashover ID DIFFUSION FLAMES AB Building fire sensors are capable of supplying substantially more information to the fire service than just the simple detection of a possible fire. Nelson, in 1984, recognized the importance of tying all the building sensors to a smart fire panel [1]. In order to accomplish a smart fire panel configuration such as envisioned by Nelson, algorithms must be developed that convert the analog/digital signals received from sensors to the heat release rate (HRR) of the fire. Once the HRR of the fire is known, a multiroom zone fire model can be used to determine smoke layers and temperatures in the other rooms of the building. This information can then be sent to the fire service providing it with an approximate overview of the fire scenario in the building. This paper will describe a ceiling jet algorithm that is being developed to predict the heat release rate (HRR) of a fire using signals from smoke and gas sensors. The prediction of this algorithm will be compared with experiments. In addition, an example of the predictions from a sensor-driven fire model, SDFM, using signals from heat sensors, will be compared with measurements from a full-scale, two-story, flashover townhouse fire. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Davis, WD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 16 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0015-2684 J9 FIRE TECHNOL JI Fire Technol. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 39 IS 4 BP 295 EP 308 DI 10.1023/A:1025322015802 PG 14 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 713EV UT WOS:000184844700003 ER PT J AU Govoni, JJ Laban, EH Hare, JA AF Govoni, JJ Laban, EH Hare, JA TI The early life history of swordfish (Xiphias gladius) in the western North Atlantic SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID MARLIN MAKAIRA-NIGRICANS; DNA CONTROL REGION; GULF-OF-MEXICO; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; MICROPOGONIAS-UNDULATUS; LEIOSTOMUS-XANTHURUS; AGE-DETERMINATION; LARVAL SWORDFISH; GROWTH; FLORIDA AB Lengths and ages of swordfish (Xiphias gladius) estimated from increments on otoliths of larvae collected in the Caribbean Sea, Florida Straits, and off the southeastern United States, indicated two growth phases. Larvae complete yolk and oil globule absorption 5 to 6 days after hatching (DAH). Larvae <13 min preserve standard length (PSL) grow slowly (similar to0.3 mm/d); larvae from 13 to 115 min PSL grow rapidly (similar to6 mm/d). The acceleration in growth rate at 13 days follows an abrupt (within 3 days) change in diet, and in jaw and alimentary canal structure. The diet of swordfish larvae is limited. Larvae <8 mm PSL from the Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico, and off the southeastern United States eat exclusively copepods, primarily of one genus, Corycaeus. Larvae 9 to 11 mm eat copepods and chaetognaths; larvae >11 mm eat exclusively neustonic fish larvae. This diet indicates that young larvae <11 mm occupy the near-surface pelagia, whereas, older and longer larvae are neustonic. Spawning dates for larvae collected in various regions of the western North Atlantic, along with the abundance and spatial distribution of the youngest larvae, indicate that spawning peaks in three seasons and in five regions. Swordfish spawn in the Caribbean Sea, or possibly to the east, in winter, and in the western Gulf of Mexico in spring. Elsewhere swordfish spawn year-round, but spawning peaks in the spring in the north-central Gulf of Mexico, in the summer off southern Florida, and in the spring and early summer off the southeastern United States. The western Gulf Stream frontal zone is the focus of spawning off the southeastern coast of the United States, whereas spawning in the Gulf of Mexico seems to be focused in the vicinity of the Gulf Loop Current. Larvae may use the Gulf of Mexico and the outer continental shelf off the east coast of the United States as nursery areas. Some larvae may be transported northward, but trans-Atlantic transport of larvae is unlikely. C1 NOAA, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Govoni, JJ (reprint author), NOAA, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, 101 Pivers Isl Rd, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. NR 76 TC 33 Z9 35 U1 1 U2 9 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 101 IS 4 BP 778 EP 789 PG 12 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 746FE UT WOS:000186735700007 ER PT J AU Laidig, TE Pearson, DE Sinclair, LL AF Laidig, TE Pearson, DE Sinclair, LL TI Age and growth of blue rockfish (Sebastes mystinus) from central and northern California SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID YELLOWTAIL ROCKFISH; CANARY ROCKFISH; MORTALITY; VALIDATION; DIPLOPROA; PRECISION; PINNIGER; FLAVIDUS; OTOLITHS; OREGON AB Otoliths from blue rockfish (Sebastes mystinus), were aged by using a combination of surface and break-and-burn methods. The samples were collected between 1978 and 1998 off central and northern California. Annual growth increments in the otoliths were validated by using edge analysis for females up to age 23 and for males to age 25. The first annual growth increment was identified by comparing the diameter of the otolith from fish known to be one year old collected in May (when translucent zone formation was completed) to the mean diameter of the first translucent zone in the otoliths from older fish. Our estimated maximum ages of 44 years for males and 41 years for females were much older than those reported in previous studies. Von Bertalanffy growth models were developed for each sex. Females grew faster and reached larger maximum length than males. The growth models were similar to those generated in other studies of this species in southern and central California. Fish from northern and central California had similar maximum sizes, maximum ages, an growth model parameters. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commiss, Menlo Pk, CA 94025 USA. RP Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, 110 Shaffer Rd, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. EM tom.laidig@noaa.gov NR 38 TC 19 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 7 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 EI 1937-4518 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 101 IS 4 BP 800 EP 808 PG 9 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 746FE UT WOS:000186735700009 ER PT J AU Fulling, GL Mullin, KD Hubard, CW AF Fulling, GL Mullin, KD Hubard, CW TI Abundance and distribution of cetaceans in outer continental shelf waters of the US Gulf of Mexico SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID WEST FLORIDA SHELF; DOLPHIN; AERIAL C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Pascagoula, MS 39567 USA. RP Fulling, GL (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 3209 Frederic St, Pascagoula, MS 39567 USA. NR 35 TC 18 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 3 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 101 IS 4 BP 923 EP 932 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 746FE UT WOS:000186735700020 ER PT J AU Kerstetter, DW Luckhurst, BE Prince, ED Graves, JE AF Kerstetter, DW Luckhurst, BE Prince, ED Graves, JE TI Use of pop-up satellite archival tags to demonstrate survival of blue marlin (Makaira nigricans) released from pelagic longline gear SO FISHERY BULLETIN LA English DT Article ID VERTICAL MOVEMENTS; SPORTFISHING GEAR; TELEMETRY; TUNA; ATLANTIC; TRACKING; CAUGHT; DEPTH; FISH C1 Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Coll William & Mary, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. Dept Agr & Fisheries, Div Fisheries, Crawl CRBX, Bermuda. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Miami, FL 33146 USA. RP Kerstetter, DW (reprint author), Virginia Inst Marine Sci, Coll William & Mary, Rt 1208 Greate Rd, Gloucester Point, VA 23062 USA. NR 27 TC 48 Z9 54 U1 1 U2 8 PU NATL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE SCIENTIFIC PUBL OFFICE PI SEATTLE PA 7600 SAND POINT WAY NE BIN C15700, SEATTLE, WA 98115 USA SN 0090-0656 J9 FISH B-NOAA JI Fish. Bull. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 101 IS 4 BP 939 EP 948 PG 10 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 746FE UT WOS:000186735700022 ER PT J AU Cavaletto, JF Nalepa, TF Fanslow, DL Schloesser, DW AF Cavaletto, JF Nalepa, TF Fanslow, DL Schloesser, DW TI Temporal variation of energy reserves in mayfly nymphs (Hexagenia spp.) from Lake St Clair and western Lake Erie SO FRESHWATER BIOLOGY LA English DT Article DE benthic food sources; glycogen; Great Lakes macroinvertebrates; Hexagenia spp.; lipid ID DREISSENA-POLYMORPHA; GREAT-LAKES; EPHEMEROPTERA; EPHEMERIDAE; TEMPERATURE; POPULATION; RECOVERY; LIMBATA; INSECTS; GROWTH AB 1. We analysed changes in energy reserves ( lipid and glycogen) and length - weight relationships of burrowing mayflies (Hexagenia spp.) in 1997 - 99 to compare an established population in Lake St Clair with a recovering population in western Lake Erie of the Laurentian Great Lakes. In addition, we measured changes in water temperature and potential food in both water columns and sediments. 2. Although overall mean values of lipid and glycogen levels of Hexagenia nymphs from Lake St Clair and western Lake Erie were not significantly different, there were differences in seasonal patterns between the two lakes. In Lake St Clair, levels were highest in early spring, declined throughout the year, and reached their lowest levels in fall during all 3 years of study. In contrast, levels in western Lake Erie were lower in spring, increased to a maximum in summer, then declined in fall. Seasonal patterns in length - weight relationships were similar to those for lipid and glycogen. 3. Total lipid as a percentage of dry weight did not increase with developmental stage of nymphs until just prior to metamorphosis and emergence from water. However, the major reserve lipid, triacylglycerols, increased systematically with development stage. In the final stage of development, triacylglycerols declined, probably as a result of energy consumption and its conversion to other biochemical components for metamorphosis and reproduction. 4. Indicators of potential food ( algal fluorescence in the water column and chlorophyll a and chlorophyll a/phaeophytin ratio in sediments) suggest that Hexagenia in Lake St Clair have a food source that is benthic based, especially in early spring, whereas in western Lake Erie nymphs have a food source that is water column based and settles to the lake bottom during late spring and summer. C1 NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. US Geol Survey, Great Lakes Sci Ctr, Ann Arbor, MI USA. RP Cavaletto, JF (reprint author), NOAA, Great Lakes Environm Res Lab, 2205 Commonwealth Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105 USA. NR 46 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 4 U2 8 PU BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD PI OXFORD PA 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DG, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0046-5070 J9 FRESHWATER BIOL JI Freshw. Biol. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 48 IS 10 BP 1726 EP 1738 DI 10.1046/j.1365-2427.2003.01119.x PG 13 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 721ZG UT WOS:000185347900002 ER PT J AU Healy, WM Lutz, JD Lekov, AB AF Healy, WM Lutz, JD Lekov, AB TI Variability in energy factor test results for residential electric water heaters SO HVAC&R RESEARCH LA English DT Article AB Recent modifications to the minimum energy efficiency requirements for residential water heaters have spurred an investigation into the variability in testing high-efficiency electric water heaters. nile initial interlaboratory comparisons showed excellent agreement between test results from different labs, subsequent interlaboratory comparisons show differences between measured energy factors of up to 0.040. To determine the source of these differences, analyses of various parts of the test procedure are performed For one case studied, the uncertainty in test results can be as high as +/-0.028 if instrument accuracies reach the minimum level allowed in the test procedure. Other areas of the test procedure where variability is introduced are the optional use of pre-draws, the location of the lower tank temperature-measuring device, the use of insulation on tank fittings, and the use of a warm-up period before the simulated-use test commences. The implications of these issues on test results are discussed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Environm Engn Technol Div, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Healy, WM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 8 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER SOC HEATING REFRIGERATING AIR-CONDITIONING ENG, INC, PI ATLANTA PA 1791 TULLIE CIRCLE NE, ATLANTA, GA 30329 USA SN 1078-9669 J9 HVAC&R RES JI HVAC&R Res. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 9 IS 4 BP 435 EP 449 DI 10.1080/10789669.2003.10391079 PG 15 WC Thermodynamics; Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Mechanical SC Thermodynamics; Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA 754NX UT WOS:000187324200005 ER PT J AU Link, JS Demarest, C AF Link, JS Demarest, C TI Trawl hangs, baby fish, and closed areas: a win-win scenario SO ICES JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE benthic ecology; cod; fisheries management; gear effects and efficiency; haddock; Marine Protected Areas; NW Atlantic; sea raven ID COD GADUS-MORHUA; ATLANTIC COD; GEORGES-BANK; MARINE RESERVES; JUVENILE COD; HABITAT; POPULATIONS; SETTLEMENT; TELEMETRY; MIGRATION AB The frequency and geographic distribution of trawlnet hangs from a fishery-independent survey are evaluated. The hangs data were plotted on a substratum map to confirm that many, but not all, were naturally occurring, high relief substrata. The data were also coupled with the occurrence of juvenile cod (Gadus morhua) and haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) to assess the degree of association between juvenile gadoids and high relief substrata. The average minimal distance from a fish occurrence to a hang ranged from 8.1 to 12.0 km (4.4-6.5 nautical miles), well within the reported daily range of movement for these fish. A similar pattern was detected for the sea raven (Hemitripterus americanus), a predator of juvenile gadoids, confirming the location of these microhabitat foodwebs. On average, closing an area 3.7 km (2 nautical miles) around a hang will enclose 17-30% of the populations of these juvenile fish; a wider buffer (18-28 km; 10-15 nautical miles) will close a linearly increasing portion of the populations. Additionally, closing areas surrounding the hangs, particularly regions of high hang density, will help to minimize losses of or damage to fishing gear. We propose a win-win scenario by establishing or evaluating closed areas in regions with high concentrations of known hangs. This approach is widely applicable for many marine ecosystems and may help to achieve simultaneous conservation and resource management goals, whereby one can both protect pre-recruit fish and enhance the effectiveness of a fishery. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. C1 NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. New England Fishery Management Council, Newburyport, MA 01950 USA. RP Link, JS (reprint author), NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 166 Water St, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. NR 32 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 1054-3139 J9 ICES J MAR SCI JI ICES J. Mar. Sci. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 60 IS 5 BP 930 EP 938 DI 10.1016/S1054-3139(03)00131-0 PG 9 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Oceanography GA 723JA UT WOS:000185428200002 ER PT J AU Holloway, CL Kuester, EF Baker-Jarvis, J Kabos, P AF Holloway, CL Kuester, EF Baker-Jarvis, J Kabos, P TI A double negative (DNG) composite medium composed of magnetodielectric spherical particles embedded in a matrix SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION LA English DT Article DE composite medium; double negative; left-handed; metamaterial; spherical particles ID LEFT-HANDED METAMATERIAL; LOW-FREQUENCY PLASMONS; PHOTONIC BAND-GAP; DIELECTRIC COMPOSITES; INFRARED-ABSORPTION; GROUP-VELOCITY; PERMITTIVITY; PERMEABILITY; PARAMETERS; CONDUCTIVITY AB We study a composite medium consisting of insulating magnetodielectric spherical particles embedded in a background matrix. Using results from the literature going back as far as Lewin (1947), we show that the effective permeability and permittivity of the mixture can be simultaneously negative for wavelengths where the spherical inclusions are resonant and that the medium results in an effective "double negative (DNG) media." Materials of this type are also called negative-index materials, backward media (BW), and left-handed materials. This type of material belongs to a more general class of metamaterials. The theoretical results presented here show that composite media having much simpler structure than those recently reported in the literature can exhibit negative permeability and permittivity over significant bandwidths. C1 US Dept Commerce, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, RF Technol Div, Boulder Labs, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP US Dept Commerce, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, RF Technol Div, Boulder Labs, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM holloway@boulder.nist.gov NR 59 TC 237 Z9 243 U1 3 U2 34 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0018-926X EI 1558-2221 J9 IEEE T ANTENN PROPAG JI IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 51 IS 10 BP 2596 EP 2603 DI 10.1109/TAP.2003.817563 PN 1 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA 731AC UT WOS:000185861500007 ER PT J AU Kuester, EF Mohamed, MA Piket-May, M Holloway, CL AF Kuester, EF Mohamed, MA Piket-May, M Holloway, CL TI Averaged transition conditions for electromagnetic fields at a metafilm SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION LA English DT Article DE metafilm; metamaterial; polarizability density; smart controllable surface; transition boundary condition (GSTC) ID THIN ISLAND FILMS; DIELECTRIC-PROPERTIES; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; BOUNDARY-CONDITIONS; STATISTICAL-THEORY; LAYER; PARTICLES; DERIVATION; SUBSTRATE; SYSTEMS AB This paper derives generalized sheet transition conditions (GSTCs) for the average electromagnetic fields across a surface distribution of electrically small scatterers characterized by electric and magnetic polarization densities. We call such an arrangement of scatterers a metafilm-the two-dimensional (2-D) equivalent of a metamaterial. The derivation is based on a replacement of the discrete distribution of scatterers by a continuous one, resulting in a continuous distribution of electric and magnetic polarization densities in the surface. This is done in a manner analogous to the Clausius-Mossotti-Lorenz-Lorentz procedure for determining the dielectric constant of a volume distribution of small scatterers. The result contains as special cases many particular ones found throughout the literature. The GSTCs are expected to have wide application to the design and analysis of antennas, reflectors, and other devices where controllable scatterers are used to form a "smart" surface. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. US Dept Commerce, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, RF Technol Div, Boulder Labs, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Kuester, EF (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 44 TC 151 Z9 153 U1 6 U2 34 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-926X J9 IEEE T ANTENN PROPAG JI IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 51 IS 10 BP 2641 EP 2651 DI 10.1109/TAP.2003.817560 PN 1 PG 11 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA 731AC UT WOS:000185861500012 ER PT J AU Tatarskii, VI AF Tatarskii, VI TI Theory of single scattering by random distributed scatterers SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION LA English DT Article DE distributed scattering; random media; scattering AB We show that the Fraunhofer diffraction approximation can never be used in the theory of scattering by distributed scatterer (such as turbulence) in the far zone of antenna. We consider the single scattering of waves in a medium containing weak refractive index inhomogeneities using a Fresnel diffraction approximation. We do not introduce scattering volume but consider a transmitting antenna with a Gaussian distribution of current and a receiving antenna with a Gaussian distribution of attenuation across the aperture. The results obtained are valid both in the near and far zones of the antenna. The known contradiction between the applicability of the Fraunhofer diffraction approach and the size of the scattering volume formed by intersection of directivity diagrams is resolved. Similar to the far zone approach, the scattering intensity obtained is proportional to the Bragg component of the inhomogeneities that are averaged in Fourier space using some specific weighting function, depending on antenna size and pulse duration. The concept of a scattering cross section cannot be used for this problem and another more flexible normalization is suggested. C1 NOAA ETL, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Tatarskii, VI (reprint author), NOAA ETL, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 5 TC 7 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 0 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-926X J9 IEEE T ANTENN PROPAG JI IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 51 IS 10 BP 2806 EP 2813 DI 10.1109/TAP.2003.817980 PN 2 PG 8 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications SC Engineering; Telecommunications GA 731AE UT WOS:000185861700007 ER PT J AU Coakley, KJ Wang, CM Hale, PD Clement, TS AF Coakley, KJ Wang, CM Hale, PD Clement, TS TI Adaptive characterization of jitter noise in sampled high-speed signals SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT LA English DT Article DE adaptive; bias-correction; bootstrap; derivative estimation; high-speed; jitter; optoelectronics; regression spline ID TIMING JITTER; DISTORTION; OSCILLOSCOPES AB We estimate the root-mean-square (RMS) value of timing jitter noise in simulated signals similar to measured highspeed sampled signals. The simulated signals are contaminated by additive noise, timing jitter noise, and time shift errors. Before estimating the RMS value of the jitter noise, we align the signals (unless there are no time shift errors) based on estimates of the relative shifts from cross-correlation analysis. We compute the mean and sample variance of the aligned signals based on repeated measurements at each time sample. We estimate the derivative of the noise-free signal based, in part, on a regression spline fit to the average of the aligned signals. Our initial estimate of the RMS value of the jitter noise depends on estimated derivatives and sample variances at time samples where the magnitude of the estimated derivative exceeds a selected threshold. This initial estimate is generally biased. Using a parametric bootstrap approach, we adaptively adjust this initial estimate of the RMS value of the jitter noise based on an estimate of this bias. We apply our method to real data collected at NIST. We study how results depend on the derivative threshold. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, Div Optoelect, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Stat Engn Div, Div Optoelect, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Clement, Tracy/A-8885-2008; Hale, Paul/B-1737-2013 NR 27 TC 14 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0018-9456 EI 1557-9662 J9 IEEE T INSTRUM MEAS JI IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 52 IS 5 BP 1537 EP 1547 DI 10.1109/TIM.2003.817905 PG 11 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 736EN UT WOS:000186158600022 ER PT J AU Paulter, NG Larson, DR AF Paulter, NG Larson, DR TI Sources of uncertainty in the nose-to-nose sampler calibration method SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION AND MEASUREMENT LA English DT Article DE impulse response; kick-out pulse; nose-to-nose (ntn) method; pulse parameters; sampler calibration; uncertainties ID KICK-OUT PULSES; OSCILLOSCOPE CALIBRATION AB We analyze the nose-to-nose (ntn) method for use as an accurate sampler calibration method. The variations in the measurement of the sampler impulse response using the ntn method are presented, and the validity of the assertion that the kick-out pulse is identical to the sampler impulse response is assessed. Temperature effects on the ntn method are also examined. Finally, the impact of uncertainties in the ntn calibration method on the uncertainties in reported pulse parameters is examined. C1 NIST, Dept Commerce, Div Elect, Elect & Elect Engn Lab,Technol Adm, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP NIST, Dept Commerce, Div Elect, Elect & Elect Engn Lab,Technol Adm, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 14 TC 7 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 3 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0018-9456 EI 1557-9662 J9 IEEE T INSTRUM MEAS JI IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 52 IS 5 BP 1618 EP 1626 DI 10.1109/TIM.2003.817902 PG 9 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Instruments & Instrumentation SC Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA 736EN UT WOS:000186158600033 ER PT J AU Riddle, B Baker-Jarvis, J Krupka, J AF Riddle, B Baker-Jarvis, J Krupka, J TI Complex permittivity measurements of common plastics over variable temperatures (vol 51, pg 727, 2003) SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES LA English DT Correction C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Radio Frequency Technol Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Warsaw Univ Technol, Inst Microelect & Optoelect, PL-00662 Warsaw, Poland. RP Riddle, B (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Radio Frequency Technol Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 1 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855 USA SN 0018-9480 J9 IEEE T MICROW THEORY JI IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 51 IS 10 BP 2148 EP 2148 DI 10.1109/TMTT.2003.817470 PG 1 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic SC Engineering GA 728MA UT WOS:000185719900016 ER PT J AU Barnes, RA Clark, DK Esaias, WE Fargion, GS Feldman, GC McClain, CR AF Barnes, RA Clark, DK Esaias, WE Fargion, GS Feldman, GC McClain, CR TI Development of a consistent multi-sensor global ocean colour time series SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Workshop on Geospatial Knowledge Processing for Natural Resource Management CY JUN, 2001 CL VARESE, ITALY ID AEROSOL OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; SKY RADIANCE MEASUREMENTS; ATMOSPHERIC CORRECTION; TEMPERATURE SCANNER; CALIBRATION; SEAWIFS; CHLOROPHYLL; ABSORPTION; INVERSION; RETRIEVAL AB The advent of a new generation of space-borne ocean colour sensors brings the prospect of global ocean measurements for decades into the future. These measurements will provide the basis for characterizing variability in the structure of the ocean's phytoplanktonic communities and the response of those communities to climatic change. In addition, the measurements will allow development of the scientific basis necessary to manage the sustainable resources of marine ecosystems. These studies will require a merged, long-term, multi-satellite ocean colour time series extending beyond the operational lifetimes of individual instruments. The Sensor Intercomparison and Merger for Biological and Interdisciplinary Oceanic Studies (SIMBIOS) Project has been tasked to develop the tools required to create this time series. Among these tools are a comprehensive in situ (field collected) bio-optical dataset for validating ocean optics algorithms and associated models of oceanic properties; a programme to evaluate different atmospheric correction techniques; a programme to link the calibrations of individual satellite instruments; a programme to develop consistent calibration and validation datasets for satellite instruments; and a set of alternate methods to combine ocean colour measurements from different sources into a single time series. We report on the progress of this development work by the SIMBIOS Project. C1 Sci Applicat Int Corp, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NASA, SIMBIOS Project, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Camp Springs, MD USA. NASA, Oceans & Ice Branch, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NASA, SeaWiFS Project, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NASA, Off Global Carbon Studies, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Barnes, RA (reprint author), Sci Applicat Int Corp, Beltsville, MD 20705 USA. NR 58 TC 18 Z9 19 U1 1 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 24 IS 20 BP 4047 EP 4064 DI 10.1080/0143116031000103862 PG 18 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 730HE UT WOS:000185823000012 ER PT J AU Ono, Y Zimmerman, NM Yamazaki, K Takahashi, Y AF Ono, Y Zimmerman, NM Yamazaki, K Takahashi, Y TI Turnstile operation using a silicon dual-gate single-electron transistor SO JAPANESE JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS PART 2-LETTERS LA English DT Article DE single-electron turnstile; single-electron transistor; silicon-on-insulator; nanotechnology; current standard ID SMALL TUNNEL-JUNCTIONS; QUANTUM-DOT; TRANSPORT; CHARGE; BARRIERS; VOLTAGE; DEVICE; PUMP AB A single-electron turnstile has been demonstrated using a silicon-based dual-gate single-electron transistor (SET). Each gate independently controls the closing and opening of the channel acting as the SET lead, which enables single-electron transfer synchronized with ac gate biases. By applying ac biases to the dual gates with a frequency f of similar to1 MHz and a phase shift of pi, current staircases quantized in units of ef are observed in drain current vs drain voltage characteristics at 25 K. C1 NTT Corp, NTT Basic Res Labs, Atsugi, Kanagawa 2430198, Japan. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Ono, Y (reprint author), NTT Corp, NTT Basic Res Labs, 3-1 Morinosato Wakamiya, Atsugi, Kanagawa 2430198, Japan. RI Ono, Yukinori/D-4741-2011; Yamazaki, Kenji/F-7846-2011; Takahashi, Yasuo/H-4799-2011 OI Yamazaki, Kenji/0000-0001-5469-0463; NR 19 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 2 PU INST PURE APPLIED PHYSICS PI TOKYO PA TOYOKAIJI BLDG NO. 12, 6-9-6 SHINBASHI, MINATO-KU, TOKYO, 105, JAPAN SN 0021-4922 J9 JPN J APPL PHYS 2 JI Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Part 2 - Lett. PD OCT 1 PY 2003 VL 42 IS 10A BP L1109 EP L1111 DI 10.1143/JJAP.42.L1109 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 749UV UT WOS:000186948000001 ER PT J AU Roytburd, AL Slutsker, J AF Roytburd, AL Slutsker, J TI Martensitic transformations in constrained films SO JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE IV LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Conference on Martensitic Transformations CY JUN 10-14, 2002 CL ESPOO, FINLAND SP Metso, Minist Trade & Ind, ESPOO, Fdn Technol, AvestaPolarti Stainless, IMATRA STEEL, Bodycote Metal Technol, Outokumpu, RAUTARUUKKI, KONE, COMPONENTA, AdaptaMat, Finnair, Nordea ID SOLIDS AB The evolution of martensitic microstructure and stress in a constrained film coupled with a substrate under cooling and heating is considered. Thermodynamic analysis has done using the special phase diagrams constructed in coordinates temperature-film/ substrate misfit. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Mat & Nucl Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Roytburd, AL (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Mat & Nucl Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU E D P SCIENCES PI LES ULIS CEDEXA PA 7, AVE DU HOGGAR, PARC D ACTIVITES COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEXA, FRANCE SN 1155-4339 J9 J PHYS IV JI J. Phys. IV PD OCT PY 2003 VL 112 BP 37 EP 40 DI 10.1051/jp4:2003837 PN 1 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 742EG UT WOS:000186503200006 ER PT J AU Slutsker, J Arternev, A Roytburd, AL AF Slutsker, J Arternev, A Roytburd, AL TI Modeling of martensitic transformation in adaptive composites SO JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE IV LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Conference on Martensitic Transformations CY JUN 10-14, 2002 CL ESPOO, FINLAND SP Metso, Minist Trade & Ind, ESPOO, Fdn Technol, AvestaPolarti Stainless, IMATRA STEEL, Bodycote Metal Technol, Outokumpu, RAUTARUUKKI, KONE, COMPONENTA, AdaptaMat, Finnair, Nordea ID PHASE FIELD MODEL; POLYDOMAIN HETEROSTRUCTURES; THERMODYNAMICS; FILMS AB The formation of elastic domains in transforming constrained films is a mechanism of relaxation of internal stresses caused by the misfit between a film and a substrate. The formation and evolution of polydomain microstructure as a result of the cubic-tetragonal transformation in a constrained layer are investigated by phase-field simulation. It has been shown that the three-domain hierarchical structure can be formed in the epitaxial films. With changing a fraction of out-of-plane domain there are two types of morphological transitions: from the three-domain structure to the two-domain one and from the hierarchical three-domain structure to the cellular three-domain structure. The results of the phase-field simulation are compared with available experimental data. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Carleton Univ, Dept Mech & Aerosp Engn, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat & Nucl Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Slutsker, J (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Div Met, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 11 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU E D P SCIENCES PI LES ULIS CEDEXA PA 7, AVE DU HOGGAR, PARC D ACTIVITES COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEXA, FRANCE SN 1155-4339 J9 J PHYS IV JI J. Phys. IV PD OCT PY 2003 VL 112 BP 115 EP 118 DI 10.1051/jp4:2003846 PN 1 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 742EG UT WOS:000186503200015 ER PT J AU Ledbetter, H Dunn, M AF Ledbetter, H Dunn, M TI Martensite crystallography and elastic-stiffness coefficients SO JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE IV LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Conference on Martensitic Transformations CY JUN 10-14, 2002 CL ESPOO, FINLAND SP Metso, Minist Trade & Ind, ESPOO, Fdn Technol, AvestaPolarti Stainless, IMATRA STEEL, Bodycote Metal Technol, Outokumpu, RAUTARUUKKI, KONE, COMPONENTA, AdaptaMat, Finnair, Nordea ID ACCOMMODATION STRAINS; DILATATION PARAMETER; ALLOYS AB We considered the effect of the elastic-stiffness coefficients on the martensite crystallographic features, especially the habit plane. We approached the problem with an elastic-energy-minimization inclusion model. As shown previously, this model agrees exactly with the WLR-BM invariant-plane-strain theories when elastic stiffness is neglected and strain energy equals zero. As a first example, we considered the large-strain Fe-31Ni (fcc to bcc) transformation. Second, we considered a small-strain example: In-23Tl (fcc to fct). Finally, we considered the A 15 compound Nb3Sn (bcc to bct), which shows soft-mode behavior during cooling, where the C' = (C-11 - C-12)/2 elastic stiffness essentially vanishes, leading to a near-zero shear modulus. All three cases yielded the same result: the habit plane shows no response to elastic softening or stiffening. C1 Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Mech Engn Dept, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Ledbetter, H (reprint author), Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. OI DUNN, MARTIN/0000-0002-4531-9176 NR 15 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU E D P SCIENCES PI LES ULIS CEDEXA PA 7, AVE DU HOGGAR, PARC D ACTIVITES COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEXA, FRANCE SN 1155-4339 J9 J PHYS IV JI J. Phys. IV PD OCT PY 2003 VL 112 BP 213 EP 216 DI 10.1051/jp4:2003868 PN 1 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 742EG UT WOS:000186503200037 ER PT J AU Danilkin, SA Holzel, M Fuess, H Wipf, H Udovic, TJ Rush, JJ Antonov, VE Gavriljuk, VG AF Danilkin, SA Holzel, M Fuess, H Wipf, H Udovic, TJ Rush, JJ Antonov, VE Gavriljuk, VG TI Crystal structure and lattice dynamics of hydrogen-loaded austenitic steel SO JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE IV LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Conference on Martensitic Transformations CY JUN 10-14, 2002 CL ESPOO, FINLAND SP Metso, Minist Trade & Ind, ESPOO, Fdn Technol, AvestaPolarti Stainless, IMATRA STEEL, Bodycote Metal Technol, Outokumpu, RAUTARUUKKI, KONE, COMPONENTA, AdaptaMat, Finnair, Nordea ID PHASE-TRANSFORMATIONS; STAINLESS-STEELS AB We investigated the crystal structure and hydrogen vibrations in a hydrogen-loaded AISI 310 type austenitic steel (Fe-25Cr-20Ni) by neutron diffraction and inelastic neutron scattering. The samples with hydrogen content of H/Me = 0.43 and 0.92 were prepared in a hydrogen gas atmosphere at pressures up to 7.0 GPa. This doping procedure yields a more homogeneous hydrogen distribution within the sample than cathodic charging and allows clarifying the role of the concentration gradients and stresses on the phase transformation. Only fcc phase with increased lattice parameter was observed in both samples, however frequency spectra show a modification of the broad peak into two components at higher H content. C1 Hahn Meitner Inst Berlin GmbH, D-14109 Berlin, Germany. Tech Univ Darmstadt, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Inst Solid State Phys, Chernogolovka 142432, Russia. Inst Phys Met, Kiev 252142, Ukraine. RP Danilkin, SA (reprint author), Hahn Meitner Inst Berlin GmbH, Glienicker Str 100, D-14109 Berlin, Germany. RI Danilkin, Sergey/L-9419-2013 NR 7 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU E D P SCIENCES PI LES ULIS CEDEXA PA 7, AVE DU HOGGAR, PARC D ACTIVITES COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEXA, FRANCE SN 1155-4339 J9 J PHYS IV JI J. Phys. IV PD OCT PY 2003 VL 112 BP 407 EP 410 DI 10.1051/jp4:2003912 PN 1 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 742EG UT WOS:000186503200081 ER PT J AU Kishi, Y De Graef, M Craciunescu, C Lograsso, TA Neumann, DA Wuttig, M AF Kishi, Y De Graef, M Craciunescu, C Lograsso, TA Neumann, DA Wuttig, M TI Microstructures and transformation behavior of CoNiGa ferromagnetic shape memory alloys SO JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE IV LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Conference on Martensitic Transformations CY JUN 10-14, 2002 CL ESPOO, FINLAND SP Metso, Minist Trade & Ind, ESPOO, Fdn Technol, AvestaPolarti Stainless, IMATRA STEEL, Bodycote Metal Technol, Outokumpu, RAUTARUUKKI, KONE, COMPONENTA, AdaptaMat, Finnair, Nordea ID PHASE-TRANSFORMATIONS; SYSTEM; GA AB TEM observations and transformation characteristics of Co2Ni1-xGa1+x ferromagnetic shape memory alloys will be presented. The dependence of the martensitic transformation start temperatures on the valance-electron atom ratio is identical to that of NiMnGa alloys. Optical microstructures show typical self-accommodated structures. The domain boundaries are straight indicating only elastic distortions in the product phase. High-density striations are observed in the TEM bright field images of the martensite-phase. Selected area electron diffraction patterns and TEM dark field images revealed that they are thin twin plates. Tweed or striated contrast is observed in the TEM bright field images of the parent phase at temperatures about 70 K higher than the M, temperature. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. Iowa State Univ, Ames Lab, Ames, IA USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kishi, Y (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RI Craciunescu, Corneliu/B-8890-2011; DeGraef, Marc/G-5827-2010 OI DeGraef, Marc/0000-0002-4721-6226 NR 9 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 12 PU E D P SCIENCES PI LES ULIS CEDEXA PA 7, AVE DU HOGGAR, PARC D ACTIVITES COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEXA, FRANCE SN 1155-4339 J9 J PHYS IV JI J. Phys. IV PD OCT PY 2003 VL 112 BP 1021 EP 1024 DI 10.1051/jp4:20031055 PN 2 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 742EH UT WOS:000186503400094 ER PT J AU Shapiro, SM Winn, BL Schlagel, DL Lograsso, TA Erwin, RL AF Shapiro, SM Winn, BL Schlagel, DL Lograsso, TA Erwin, RL TI Phonon precursors to the high temperature martensitic transformation in Ti50Pd42Cr8 SO JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE IV LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 10th International Conference on Martensitic Transformations CY JUN 10-14, 2002 CL ESPOO, FINLAND SP Metso, Minist Trade & Ind, ESPOO, Fdn Technol, AvestaPolarti Stainless, IMATRA STEEL, Bodycote Metal Technol, Outokumpu, RAUTARUUKKI, KONE, COMPONENTA, AdaptaMat, Finnair, Nordea ID ALLOYS AB Inelastic neutron scattering measurements were carried out on the Ti50Pd50-xCrx alloy, which is a high temperature shape memory material. For x=0, the transformation temperature is similar to800K and for the composition studied (x=8 at.%) M-s similar to 400K. The majority of the measurements were performed in the parent, B2-phase, up to 873K. Most of the phonons propagating along the three symmetry directions [zeta00], [zetazetazeta], and [zetazeta0] were well defined with the exception of the [zetazeta0] transverse acoustic mode with displacements along the [-zetazeta0] corresponding to the C'=1/2(C-11-C-12) elastic constant in the zeta-->0 limit. These phonons are well defined for small zeta, but for zeta > 0.10 they are strongly overdamped near the transition temperature and become better defined at higher temperatures. An elastic peak develops in the cubic phase at zeta=0.22 and increases in intensity as M, is approached. However, the dispersion curves show no anomaly at this particular wavevector, in marked contrast to the lattice dynamic studies of other systems exhibiting Martensitic transformations. C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Iowa State Univ Sci & Technol, Ames Lab, Ames, IA 50011 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Shapiro, SM (reprint author), Brookhaven Natl Lab, POB 5000, Upton, NY 11973 USA. RI Winn, Barry/A-5065-2016 OI Winn, Barry/0000-0001-6383-4318 NR 8 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU E D P SCIENCES PI LES ULIS CEDEXA PA 7, AVE DU HOGGAR, PARC D ACTIVITES COURTABOEUF, BP 112, F-91944 LES ULIS CEDEXA, FRANCE SN 1155-4339 J9 J PHYS IV JI J. Phys. IV PD OCT PY 2003 VL 112 BP 1047 EP 1050 DI 10.1051/jp4:20031061 PN 2 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 742EH UT WOS:000186503400100 ER PT J AU Toby, BH AF Toby, BH TI CIF applications. XII. Inspecting Rietveld fits from pdCIF: pdCIFplot SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED CRYSTALLOGRAPHY LA English DT Article AB A description is given of the pdCIFplot program. This program is used to inspect the quality of fits obtained from Rietveld refinements where the results are communicated in pdCIF files. The program runs on almost all contemporary operating systems. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Toby, BH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Toby, Brian/F-3176-2013 OI Toby, Brian/0000-0001-8793-8285 NR 9 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 4 PU BLACKWELL MUNKSGAARD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0021-8898 J9 J APPL CRYSTALLOGR JI J. Appl. Crystallogr. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 36 BP 1285 EP 1287 DI 10.1107/S0021889803016789 PN 5 PG 3 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Crystallography SC Chemistry; Crystallography GA 718ZV UT WOS:000185178600028 ER PT J AU Toby, BH AF Toby, BH TI CIF applications. XIII. CIFEDIT, a program for viewing and editing CIFs SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED CRYSTALLOGRAPHY LA English DT Article AB The CIFEDIT program displays the contents of single- or multi-block crystallographic information files ( CIF). The program can also be used to edit the data values for CIF items, including adding or deleting sets of entries in a loop. CIF dictionaries are used to display definitions for data names and units. In the case of DDL 1.4 dictionaries, validation information is used to check numerical values. The program is written using the cross-platform scripting language Tcl/Tk and thus is largely platform-independent. It has been tested under Windows, Mac OS X and Unix. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Toby, BH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Toby, Brian/F-3176-2013 OI Toby, Brian/0000-0001-8793-8285 NR 6 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU BLACKWELL MUNKSGAARD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0021-8898 J9 J APPL CRYSTALLOGR JI J. Appl. Crystallogr. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 36 BP 1288 EP 1289 DI 10.1107/S0021889803016790 PN 5 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Crystallography SC Chemistry; Crystallography GA 718ZV UT WOS:000185178600029 ER PT J AU Toby, BH Von Dreele, RB Larson, AC AF Toby, BH Von Dreele, RB Larson, AC TI CIF applications. XIV. Reporting of Rietveld results using pdCIF: GSAS2CIF SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED CRYSTALLOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC INFORMATION FILE AB A discussion of the process of creating powder diffraction CIF documents (pdCIF) from Rietveld results is presented, with particular focus on the computer program GSAS2CIF. The data structures used within GSAS2CIF are described, as well as how the program implements template files for descriptive information. Two graphical user interface utilities are also discussed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NISt Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Argonne Natl Lab, IPNS APS Div, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. RP Toby, BH (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NISt Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Toby, Brian/F-3176-2013 OI Toby, Brian/0000-0001-8793-8285 NR 7 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 6 PU BLACKWELL MUNKSGAARD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0021-8898 J9 J APPL CRYSTALLOGR JI J. Appl. Crystallogr. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 36 BP 1290 EP 1294 DI 10.1107/S0021889803016819 PN 5 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Crystallography SC Chemistry; Crystallography GA 718ZV UT WOS:000185178600030 ER PT J AU Nicholson, SE Some, B McCollum, J Nelkin, E Klotter, D Berte, Y Diallo, BM Gaye, I Kpabeba, G Ndiaye, O Noukpozounkou, JN Tanu, MM Thiam, A Toure, AA Traore, AK AF Nicholson, SE Some, B McCollum, J Nelkin, E Klotter, D Berte, Y Diallo, BM Gaye, I Kpabeba, G Ndiaye, O Noukpozounkou, JN Tanu, MM Thiam, A Toure, AA Traore, AK TI Validation of TRMM and other rainfall estimates with a high-density gauge dataset for West Africa. Part I: Validation of GPCC rainfall product and pre-TRMM satellite and blended products SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID PRECIPITATION CLIMATOLOGY PROJECT; GLOBAL PRECIPITATION; VARIABILITY AB Gauge data over North Africa are used to provide an assessment of satellite and blended rainfall products for 1988-94 and for 1998. A comparison is also made with the Global Precipitation Climatology Center (GPCC) gauge dataset. For the 1988-94 period, mean fields and latitudinal transects for the June-July-August season are presented, based on a 515-station gauge dataset, the GPCC gauge data, the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) blended data, the infrared-based Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite precipitation index (GPI), and the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) microwave estimates. Error calculations are also presented. The mean fields derived from the dense gauge network, the GPCC gauge-only analysis, and the GPCP are remarkably similar. The bias, with reference to the seasonal rainfall field based on the denser network, is about 3%-4% for either GPCC or GPCP. Agreement is relatively good, even in individual years. The rms error associated with these datasets is 12% for seasonal rainfall totals; thus, the error is largely random. In contrast, there are large systematic errors in the satellite-only analyses of GPI and SSM/I, with biases of 20% and 40% for the mean rain field as a whole and much larger biases in individual years. The rms errors are nearly 2 times as great. For 1998, a 920-station gauge dataset was available for a smaller section of West Africa. The comparison confirmed the superior performance of GPCP and demonstrated the lower level of performance of both GPCP and GPCC at the monthly scale as compared with the seasonal scale. Overall, the results of this study underscore the continued need for extensive gauge networks to describe adequately the large-scale precipitation field over Africa. C1 Florida State Univ, Dept Meteorol, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. Serv Meteorol Natl, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Ctr Reg AGRHYMET, Niamey, Niger. NOAA, NESDIS, ORA, Camp Springs, MD USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. SODEXAM, Direct Meteorol Natl, Abidjan, Cote Ivoire. Direct Natl Meteorol, Conakry, Guinea. Dept Water Resources, Banjul, Gambia. Direct Meteorol Natl, Lome, Togo. Direct Natl Meteorol, Dakar, Senegal. Direct Meteorol Natl, Cotonou, Benin. Meteorol Serv Dept, Legon, Ghana. Univ Arizona, Arizona Remote Sensing Ctr, Off Arid Lands Studies, Tucson, AZ USA. Direct Natl Meteorol, Bamako, Mali. Direct Meteorol Natl, Serv Climatol, Niamey, Niger. RP Nicholson, SE (reprint author), Florida State Univ, Dept Meteorol, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. NR 34 TC 85 Z9 87 U1 1 U2 14 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8763 J9 J APPL METEOROL JI J. Appl. Meteorol. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 42 IS 10 BP 1337 EP 1354 DI 10.1175/1520-0450(2003)042<1337:VOTAOR>2.0.CO;2 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 727NP UT WOS:000185665200001 ER PT J AU Nicholson, SE Some, B McCollum, J Nelkin, E Klotter, D Berte, Y Diallo, BM Gaye, I Kpabeba, G Ndiaye, O Noukpozounkou, JN Tanu, MM Thiam, A Toure, AA Traore, AK AF Nicholson, SE Some, B McCollum, J Nelkin, E Klotter, D Berte, Y Diallo, BM Gaye, I Kpabeba, G Ndiaye, O Noukpozounkou, JN Tanu, MM Thiam, A Toure, AA Traore, AK TI Validation of TRMM and other rainfall estimates with a high-density gauge dataset for West Africa. Part II: Validation of TRMM rainfall products SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID GLOBAL PRECIPITATION; SATELLITE; INFORMATION; MICROWAVE; ORBIT AB Gauge data from a West African network of 920 stations are used to assess Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite and blended rainfall products for 1998. In this study, mean fields, scattergrams, and latitudinal transects for the months of May-September and for the 5-month season are presented. Error statistics are also calculated. This study demonstrates that both the TRMM-adjusted Geostationary Observational Environmental Satellite precipitation index (AGPI) and TRMM-merged rainfall products show excellent agreement with gauge data over West Africa on monthly-to-seasonal timescales and 2.5degrees x 2.5degrees latitude/longitude space scales. The root-mean-square error of both is on the order of 0.6 mm day(-1) at seasonal resolution and 1 mm day(-1) at monthly resolution. The bias of the AGPI is only 0.2 mm day(-1), whereas the TRMM-merged product shows no bias over West Africa. Performance at 1.0degrees x 1.0degrees latitude/longitude resolution is also excellent at the seasonal scale and good for the monthly scale. A comparison with standard rainfall products that predate TRMM shows that AGPI and the TRMM-merged product perform as well as, or better than, those products. The AGPI shows marked improvement when compared with the GPI, in reducing the bias and in the scatter of the estimates. The TRMM satellite-only products from the precipitation radar and the TRMM Microwave Imager do not perform well over West Africa. Both tend to overestimate gauge measurements. C1 Florida State Univ, Dept Meteorol, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. Serv Meteorol Natl, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Ctr Reg AGRHYMET, Niamey, Niger. NOAA, NESDIS, ORA, Camp Springs, MD USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. Direct Meteorol Natl, SODEXAM, Abidjan, Cote Ivoire. Direct Natl Meteorol, Conakry, Guinea. Dept Water Resources, Banjul, Gambia. Direct Meteorol Natl, Lome, Togo. Direct Natl Meteorol, Dakar, Senegal. Direct Meteorol Natl, Cotonou, Benin. Meteorol Serv Dept, Legon, Ghana. Univ Arizona, Arizona Remote Sensing Ctr, Off Arid Lands Studies, Tucson, AZ USA. Direct Natl Meteorol, Bamako, Mali. Direct Meteorol Natl, Serv Climatol, Niamey, Niger. RP Nicholson, SE (reprint author), Florida State Univ, Dept Meteorol, Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA. NR 18 TC 135 Z9 139 U1 2 U2 20 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8763 J9 J APPL METEOROL JI J. Appl. Meteorol. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 42 IS 10 BP 1355 EP 1368 DI 10.1175/1520-0450(2003)042<1355:VOTAOR>2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 727NP UT WOS:000185665200002 ER PT J AU Heymsfield, AJ Matrosov, S Baum, B AF Heymsfield, AJ Matrosov, S Baum, B TI Ice water path-optical depth relationships for cirrus and deep stratiform ice cloud layers SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID CRYSTAL SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS; IN-SITU DATA; RADIATIVE PROPERTIES; MICROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES; RADAR MEASUREMENTS; TROPICAL CIRRUS; CLIMATE MODELS; DOPPLER RADAR; FIRE-II; PARAMETERIZATION AB Particle size distribution (PSD) and particle shape information collected during Lagrangian spiral descents and balloon ascents through 13 midlatitude and 6 tropical ice clouds are analyzed to investigate the relationship between cloud optical depth in visible wavelengths (tau(v)) and the ice water path (IWP). Although this sample size is small, it is far larger than the number of samples used in earlier studies and has the added benefit that it contains data from the top to the bottom of cloud layers, averaging 3 km in geometrical thickness. Furthermore, the observed particle shape and habit information are used directly in the investigation, rather than assuming that the habits are one of a number of pristine types. These observations apply to midlatitude clouds in the temperature range from -65degrees to -20degreesC, with tau(v) between 0.5 and 7, and estimated radar reflectivities primarily in the range from -20 to 5 dBZ(e) (at a frequency of 35 GHz), with some observations extending down to -45 dBZ(e). The tropical observations apply to clouds in the temperature range from -50degrees to -0degreesC, with tau(v) in the range 20-30, and radar reflectivities primarily between -5 and 25 dBZ(e) (at a frequency of 35 GHz). Quantitative relationships between tau(v) and IWP that depend on the cloud thickness, midcloud temperature, slope of the particle size distribution, median mass diameter, and effective radius are explored and developed. The underlying basis of these relationships is the correlation between the slope of the particle size distribution and cloud temperature or thickness. The slope of the particle size distribution tends to decrease with increasing cloud thickness ( beginning from cloud top) and temperature. This tendency toward a flatter spectral slope, with increasing penetration into the cloud layer, leads to a monotonic decrease in the extinction coefficient relative to the ice water content downward from the cloud top to base. Relationships between tau(v) and IWP as a function of the effective radius (r(e)) and the median mass diameter (D-m) are found from these observations, and are compared with those found in earlier studies. Given a value of the IWP and a known value of r(e), the earlier studies provide estimates of the tau(v) that are comparable to the results of this study. Several means of estimating r(e) and D-m indirectly, to circumvent the need to know the values of these variables directly from measurements, are developed. First, relationships are developed between r(e) and IWP. Second, relationships are developed to retrieve these variables from vertically pointing Doppler radar observations. C1 Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, Boulder, CO 80307 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23665 USA. RP Heymsfield, AJ (reprint author), 3450 Mitchell Lane, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. RI Baum, Bryan/B-7670-2011; Heymsfield, Andrew/E-7340-2011 OI Baum, Bryan/0000-0002-7193-2767; NR 44 TC 57 Z9 57 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8763 J9 J APPL METEOROL JI J. Appl. Meteorol. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 42 IS 10 BP 1369 EP 1390 DI 10.1175/1520-0450(2003)042<1369:IWPDRF>2.0.CO;2 PG 22 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 727NP UT WOS:000185665200003 ER PT J AU Heim, RR Lawrimore, JH Wuertz, DB Waple, AM Wallis, TWR AF Heim, RR Lawrimore, JH Wuertz, DB Waple, AM Wallis, TWR TI The REDTI and MSI: Two new national climate impact indices SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID UNITED-STATES AB Two climate indices that are useful for monitoring the impact of weather and climate on energy usage and crop yields in the United States have been developed at the National Climatic Data Center. The residential energy-demand temperature index (REDTI), which is based on total population-weighted heating and cooling degree days in the contiguous United States, provides quantitative information on the impact of seasonal temperatures on residential energy demand. The moisture stress index (MSI) is based on the effect of severe to catastrophic drought (Palmer Z index values less than or equal to -22) or catastrophic wetness (Z greater than or equal to +5) on crop productivity within two crop-growing regions (corn and soybeans). Using climate data that extends into the late nineteenth century and operational updates of near-real-time data, the indices provide information that places the impact of weather and climate on energy-supply and crop-production sectors of the economy during the most recent season into historical perspective. C1 Natl Climat Ctr, Climate Monitoring Branch, NOAA,NESDIS, Sci Serv Div, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. STG Inc, Asheville, NC USA. RP Heim, RR (reprint author), Natl Climat Ctr, Climate Monitoring Branch, NOAA,NESDIS, Sci Serv Div, 151 Patton Ave, Asheville, NC 28801 USA. NR 13 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8763 J9 J APPL METEOROL JI J. Appl. Meteorol. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 42 IS 10 BP 1435 EP 1442 DI 10.1175/1520-0450(2003)042<1435:TRAMTN>2.0.CO;2 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 727NP UT WOS:000185665200007 ER PT J AU Bousquet, O Smull, BF AF Bousquet, O Smull, BF TI Airflow and precipitation fields within deep Alpine valleys observed by airborne Doppler radar SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED METEOROLOGY LA English DT Article ID OLYMPIC MOUNTAINS; MUSCAT; FEASIBILITY; RAINFALL; SYSTEMS; DESIGN; STORMS AB Although airborne Doppler radar is increasingly relied upon to provide detailed descriptions of mesoscale precipitation systems in remote and complex meteorological settings, the utility of these observations has often been limited by the considerable difficulty in their manual processing to remove ground clutter and other sources of contamination, which is a prerequisite to synthesis of reliable airflow and reflectivity fields. This difficulty is further magnified over mountainous terrain, where these sources of contamination take on increased spatial extent and geometric complexity. Removal of such contamination has traditionally required tedious and time-consuming manual editing. As such, routine retrieval of near-surface airflow and precipitation characteristics over steep orography and within hydrologically critical zones, such as deep valleys cutting through mountainous regions (along which population and transportation corridors are frequently concentrated), has been impractical. A new approach is described that largely automates this data-editing procedure for airborne radar platforms, achieving reliable elimination of corrupted data with minimal loss of meteorological signal. Subjective decisions are minimized through a judicious combination of data renavigation, pattern recognition, and reliance upon high-resolution digital terrain information. This technique is applied to data obtained over the Alps by the NCAR Electra and NOAA P-3 aircraft during the recent Mesoscale Alpine Programme field campaign. Three-dimensional airflow and reflectivity fields are shown to illustrate the power and fidelity of this new approach by capitalizing on data collected near, and even beneath, the aircraft track to provide a unique and highly illuminating description of airflow deep within Alpine river valleys and their tributaries during two contrasting orographic precipitation events. The validity of these results is explored through quantitative comparison of this output with independent kinematic measures obtained from ground-based Doppler radar. The utility of airborne radar to provide comprehensive and near-simultaneous views reaching into multiple valleys hidden from the view of ground-based radars is highlighted for a notable case of "down valley" flow, more comprehensively illustrating the nature and extent of low-level upstream blocking during a widespread orographic precipitation event. C1 McGill Univ, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, Montreal, PQ H3A 2K6, Canada. NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Bousquet, O (reprint author), McGill Univ, Dept Atmospher & Ocean Sci, 805 Sherbrooke W, Montreal, PQ H3A 2K6, Canada. NR 30 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8763 J9 J APPL METEOROL JI J. Appl. Meteorol. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 42 IS 10 BP 1497 EP 1513 DI 10.1175/1520-0450(2003)042<1497:AAPFWD>2.0.CO;2 PG 17 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 727NP UT WOS:000185665200012 ER PT J AU Tewari, YB Klein, R Vaudin, MD Goldberg, RN AF Tewari, YB Klein, R Vaudin, MD Goldberg, RN TI Saturation molalities and standard molar enthalpies of solution of adenosine(cr), guanosine. 2H(2)O(cr), inosine(cr), and xanthosine. 2H(2)O(cr) in H2O(1) SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL THERMODYNAMICS LA English DT Article DE adenosine; calorimetry; enthalpy; entropy; gibbs free energy; guanosine; inosine; saturation; molality; xanthosine ID NUCLEIC-ACID BASES; CRYSTAL-STRUCTURE; AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS; MODEL COMPOUNDS; CONSISTENT SET; NUCLEOSIDES; WATER; THERMODYNAMICS; ASSOCIATION; PURINE AB Saturation molalities m(sat) in H2O(l) have been measured for the substances adenosine(cr), guano sine (.) 2H(2)O(cr), inosine(cr), and xanthosine (.) 2H(2)O(cr) over the temperature range T = 287.91 K to T = 308.18 K by using h.p.l.c. The indicated states of hydration of these substances were established by performing Karl-Fischer analyses of samples of these substances which had been equilibrated over H2O(l) and of samples obtained by passing air over the wet crystals (air dried samples). The crystalline phases of these substances were identified by comparison of the results of X-ray diffraction measurements with results from the literature. Molar enthalpies of solution Delta(sol)H(m) for adenosine(er) and inosine(cr) were measured by using an isoperibol solution calorimeter. A "stacking" or "self-association" model was used to estimate values of the activity coefficients gamma and relative apparent molar enthalpies L-phi for these substances. These gamma and L-phi values were used to adjust the measured values of m(sat) and Delta(sol)H(m) to the standard state and obtain values of the standard molar Gibbs free energy and enthalpy changes DeltasolG(m)degrees. and Delta(sol)H(m)degrees, respectively, for the dissolution reactions of these substances. Values of Delta(sol)H(m)degrees calculated from the temperature dependence of values of Delta(sol)G(m)degrees were in good agreement with the values of Delta(sol)H(m)degrees obtained by using calorimetry. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Ceram, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Goldberg, RN (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 34 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 2 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0021-9614 J9 J CHEM THERMODYN JI J. Chem. Thermodyn. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 35 IS 10 BP 1681 EP 1702 DI 10.1016/S0021-9614(03)00156-3 PG 22 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Physical SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry GA 729RN UT WOS:000185787900010 ER PT J AU Liu, D Cheng, JX Law, KH Wiederhold, G Sriram, RD AF Liu, D Cheng, JX Law, KH Wiederhold, G Sriram, RD TI Engineering information service infrastructure for ubiquitous computing SO JOURNAL OF COMPUTING IN CIVIL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE computation; information management; information centers; computer software AB This paper describes a software framework for the development of a ubiquitous computing environment for distributed engineering information services. Two fundamental issues are addressed: universal accessibility of devices to information services, and collaboration among the parties accessing the information services. The first calls for the development of device-independent information services that have the flexibility to support a wide range of client devices. We introduce a mediation-based framework that enables information clients to calibrate the source information services to the clients' characteristics. The second requires effective integration of information services, which we address in two ways: (1) we sketch an ontology standard and describe how such a standard can be effectively applied for exchanging project scheduling and resource information; and (2) we illustrate an infrastructure that is particularly suitable for the integration of engineering services. A prototype for the ubiquitous computing environment has been developed that incorporates a variety of project management software as well as different devices ranging from PDAs to Web browsers, desktop computers, and servers. C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Comp Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. NIST, Mfg Syst Integrat Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Liu, D (reprint author), Stanford Univ, Dept Elect Engn, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. NR 22 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 3 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0887-3801 J9 J COMPUT CIVIL ENG JI J. Comput. Civil. Eng. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 17 IS 4 BP 219 EP 229 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)0887-3801(2003)17:4(219) PG 11 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Engineering, Civil SC Computer Science; Engineering GA 723DQ UT WOS:000185417500002 ER PT J AU Carey, CM Spencer, M Gove, RJ Eichmiller, FC AF Carey, CM Spencer, M Gove, RJ Eichmiller, FC TI Fluoride release from a resin-modified glass-ionomer cement in a continuous-flow system: Effect of pH SO JOURNAL OF DENTAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE fluoride; fluoride kinetics; glass-ionomer cement; fluoride release; controlled delivery systems ID RESTORATIVE MATERIALS; INVITRO; ENAMEL; CARIES AB Fluoride is added to many dental restorative materials, including glass-ionomer cements, for the specific purpose of leaching fluoride into the surrounding tissues to provide secondary caries It inhibition. During the caries process, an acidic environment attacks the dental tissues as well as the glass-ionomer cement. We hypothesized that pH significantly affects the rate of release of fluoride from the glass-ionomer cement. A continuous-flow fluoride-measuring system that monitors the amount of fluoride released over time was used to determine the release of fluoride from a resin-modified glass-ionomer cement (KetacFil(R)). The results show that the release rate began with a fast burst of fluoride which quickly diminished to low levels in 3 days. Under neutral pH conditions, the rate of fluoride release at 72 firs was significantly slower than at pH 4. C1 NIST, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Amer Dent Assoc Fdn, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Carey, CM (reprint author), NIST, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Amer Dent Assoc Fdn, 100 Bur Dr,Mail Stop 8546, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. FU NIDCR NIH HHS [P50-DE09322] NR 15 TC 17 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 1 PU INT AMER ASSOC DENTAL RESEARCHI A D R/A A D R PI ALEXANDRIA PA 1619 DUKE ST, ALEXANDRIA, VA 22314-3406 USA SN 0022-0345 J9 J DENT RES JI J. Dent. Res. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 82 IS 10 BP 829 EP 832 PG 4 WC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine SC Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine GA 726PQ UT WOS:000185608500013 PM 14514765 ER PT J AU Manderville, RA Calcutt, MW Dai, J Park, G Gillman, IG Noftle, RE Mohammed, AK Dizdaroglu, M Rodriguez, H Akman, SA AF Manderville, RA Calcutt, MW Dai, J Park, G Gillman, IG Noftle, RE Mohammed, AK Dizdaroglu, M Rodriguez, H Akman, SA TI Stoichiometric preference in copper-promoted oxidative DNA damage by ochratoxin A (vol 95, pg 87, 2003) SO JOURNAL OF INORGANIC BIOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Correction C1 Wake Forest Univ, Dept Chem, Winston Salem, NC 27109 USA. N Carolina Agr & Tech State Univ, Dept Chem, Greensboro, NC 27411 USA. NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Wake Forest Univ, Bowman Gray Sch Med, Dept Canc Biol, Winston Salem, NC 27157 USA. RP Manderville, RA (reprint author), Wake Forest Univ, Dept Chem, Winston Salem, NC 27109 USA. NR 1 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA 360 PARK AVE SOUTH, NEW YORK, NY 10010-1710 USA SN 0162-0134 J9 J INORG BIOCHEM JI J. Inorg. Biochem. PD OCT 1 PY 2003 VL 97 IS 2 BP 249 EP 249 DI 10.1016/S0162-0134(03)00278-2 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry, Inorganic & Nuclear SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 730ZT UT WOS:000185860600009 ER PT J AU Provenzano, V Li, J King, T Canavan, E Shirron, P DiPirro, M Shull, RD AF Provenzano, V Li, J King, T Canavan, E Shirron, P DiPirro, M Shull, RD TI Enhanced magnetocaloric effects in R-3(Ga1-xFex)(5)O-12 (R = Gd, Dy, Ho; 0 < x < 1) nanocomposites SO JOURNAL OF MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th International Conference on Fine Particle Magnetism (ICFPM) CY AUG 14-16, 2002 CL PITTSBURGH, PENNSYLVANIA DE magnetocaloric effect; magnetic cooling; nanocomposite garnets; paramagnetic; superparamagnetic AB A series of R-3(Ga1-xFex)(5)O-12 (R=Gd, Dy, Ho; 02.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 722AW UT WOS:000185353000006 ER PT J AU Fritts, DC Nappo, C Riggin, DM Balsley, BB Eichinger, WE Newsom, RK AF Fritts, DC Nappo, C Riggin, DM Balsley, BB Eichinger, WE Newsom, RK TI Analysis of ducted motions in the stable nocturnal boundary layer during CASES-99 SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID INTERNAL GRAVITY-WAVE; INTERMITTENT TURBULENCE; NEIGHBORING PYCNOCLINES; ATMOSPHERE; FIELD; FLOW; STATISTICS; EVOLUTION; LIDAR AB Data obtained with multiple instruments at the main site of the 1999 Cooperative Atmosphere - Surface Exchange Study (CASES-99) are employed to examine the character and variability of wave motions occurring in the stable nocturnal boundary layer during the night of 14 October 1999. The predominant motions are surprisingly similar in character throughout the night, exhibiting largely westward propagation, horizontal wavelengths of; 1 to 10 km, phase speeds slightly greater than the mean wind in the direction of propagation, and highly coherent vertical motions with no apparent phase progression with altitude. Additionally, vertical and horizontal velocities are in approximate quadrature and the largest amplitudes occur at elevated altitudes of maximum stratification. These motions are interpreted as ducted gravity waves that propagate along maxima of stratification and mean wind and that are evanescent above, and occasionally below, the altitudes at which they are ducted. Modal structures for ducted waves are computed for mean wind and stratification profiles for three specific cases and are seen to provide a plausible explanation of the observed motions. C1 NW Res Associates Inc, Colorado Res Associates, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. NOAA, Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Iowa, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO USA. RP Fritts, DC (reprint author), NW Res Associates Inc, Colorado Res Associates, 3380 Mitchell Lane, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. OI Riggin, Dennis/0000-0001-5094-7620 NR 31 TC 39 Z9 39 U1 3 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 60 IS 20 BP 2450 EP 2472 DI 10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<2450:AODMIT>2.0.CO;2 PG 23 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 727NK UT WOS:000185664800003 ER PT J AU Balsley, BB Frehlich, RG Jensen, ML Meillier, Y Muschinski, A AF Balsley, BB Frehlich, RG Jensen, ML Meillier, Y Muschinski, A TI Extreme gradients in the nocturnal boundary layer: Structure, evolution, and potential causes SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID LOW-LEVEL JET; BALLOON-BORNE; TURBULENCE; TEMPERATURE; RADAR; TROPOSPHERE; ENTRAINMENT; CASES-99; SHEETS AB During the Cooperative Atmosphere - Surface Exchange Study-1999 (CASES-99) campaign in southeastern Kansas in the fall of 1999, the University of Colorado's Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) made a series of vertical profiling measurements using the CIRES tethered lifting system (TLS). The results reported here began during a period when the nocturnal boundary layer (NBL) was characterized by a low-level jet (LLJ) peaking at 120 m and a temperature profile that increased smoothly with height to a point slightly above the height of the LLJ peak. Then, within a period of less than 30 min, the character of the NBL changed abruptly, with the breakdown of the well-defined LLJ and the appearance of a surprisingly steep temperature change of some 3.5 K around 180 - 190 m AGL. Part of this inversion was extremely sharp, with the steepest portion showing a temperature change of 1 K over an altitude range of only 5 cm, corresponding to a vertical temperature gradient in excess of 20 K m(-1). The general shape of this steep gradient was maintained - albeit with slightly reduced values - for at least 20 min. It is understood that the magnitude of the steepest portion of this gradient exceeds all previously observed atmospheric gradients by over an order of magnitude, although comparable gradients - albeit under very disparate conditions - have been observed in the ocean. A second surprising feature apparent in these results was the steepness of the gradients in turbulence structure at the top of the NBL and within the residual layer (RL), the region above the NBL that is usually slightly stably stratified and extends upward to the height marked by the vestiges of the previous day's capping inversion. At the NBL top, energy dissipation rates and temperature structure parameters dropped sharply by more than one order of magnitude over a distance of only a few meters. At higher altitudes within the RL, a 60-m-thick region of very weak turbulence was observed. This low-turbulence region also exhibited sharp edges, where energy dissipation rates and temperature structure parameters changed by at least an order of magnitude over vertical distances of only a few meters. C1 Univ Colorado, CIRES, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO USA. RP Balsley, BB (reprint author), Univ Colorado, CIRES, Campus Box 216, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 48 TC 42 Z9 44 U1 2 U2 7 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 60 IS 20 BP 2496 EP 2508 DI 10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<2496:EGITNB>2.0.CO;2 PG 13 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 727NK UT WOS:000185664800006 ER PT J AU Banta, RM Pichugina, YL Newsom, RK AF Banta, RM Pichugina, YL Newsom, RK TI Relationship between low-level jet properties and turbulence kinetic energy in the nocturnal stable boundary layer SO JOURNAL OF THE ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID DOPPLER LIDAR; CASES-99; STABILITY; FLUXES; MODELS; MM5 AB In the nighttime stable boundary layer (SBL), shear and turbulence are generated in the layer between the maximum of the low-level jet (LLJ) and the earth's surface. Here, it is investigated whether gross properties of the LLJ - its height and speed - could be used to diagnose turbulence intensities in this subjet layer. Data on the height and speed of the LLJ maximum were available at high vertical and temporal resolution using the high-resolution Doppler lidar (HRDL). These data were used to estimate a subjet layer shear, which was computed as the ratio of the speed to the height of the jet maximum, and a jet Richardson number Ri(J), averaged at 15-min intervals for 10 nights when HRDL LLJ data were available for this study. The shear and Ri(J) values were compared with turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) values measured near the top of the 60-m tower at the Cooperative Atmosphere - Surface Exchange Study-1999 (CASES-99) main site. TKE values were small for Ri(J) greater than 0.4, but as Ri(J) decreased to less than similar to0.4, TKE values increased, indicating that Ri(J) does have merit in estimating turbulence magnitudes. Another interesting finding was that shear values tended to cluster around a constant value of 0.1 s(-1) for TKE values that were not too small, that is, for TKE greater than similar to0.1 m(2) s(-2). C1 NOAA, ET2, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Colorado State Univ, Cooperat Inst Res Atmosphere, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. RP Banta, RM (reprint author), NOAA, ET2, Environm Technol Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI pichugina, yelena/I-4141-2013; Banta, Robert/B-8361-2008 NR 17 TC 82 Z9 82 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0022-4928 J9 J ATMOS SCI JI J. Atmos. Sci. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 60 IS 20 BP 2549 EP 2555 DI 10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<2549:RBLJPA>2.0.CO;2 PG 7 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 727NK UT WOS:000185664800010 ER PT J AU Velez, JA Watson, W Sandknop, EM Arntz, W AF Velez, JA Watson, W Sandknop, EM Arntz, W TI Larval development of the Pacific sandperch (Prolatilus jugularis) (Pisces : Pinguipedidae) from the Independencia Bight, Pisco, Peru SO JOURNAL OF THE MARINE BIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION OF THE UNITED KINGDOM LA English DT Article AB Morphological development of larval Prolatilus jugularis from Bahia Independencia, Pisco, Peru is described. Two hundred and thirty-two specimens were collected with plankton nets in 2000; a developmental series of 40 individuals (2.5-25.9 mm: recently hatched through transformation) was assembled using, morphological features and pigmentation. Prolatilus jugularis hatches at approximately 2.5 mm, notochord flexion begins at similar to5.7 mm and ends at similar to6.9 mm, and transformation begins at an unknown size between 14.2-20.3 unit (probably near 20 mm). Diagnostic features of the larvae include a robust body with large head bearing, small preopercular spines that begin to form by late preflexion stage; preanal length just under half of body length early in the preflexion stage increasing to near two-thirds of body length in the postflexion stage; and pigmentation Primarily on the snout, opercular region, dorsally on the head and gut, laterally above the hindgut, and on the ventral margin of the tall through early flexion stage. A broad mid-lateral stripe begins to form on the trunk and tall late in the flexion stage and dorsal pigmentation forms on the trunk and tail in the postflexion stage. Pectoral-fin rays are first to begin forming, in mid-preflexion stage.. followed by principal caudal-fin rays. then by pelvic-, dorsal- and anal-fin rays which apparently begin to form simultaneously near the end of preflexion stage. The dorsal fin is long and continuous, with III-IV short spines and 27-29 soft rays, the anal fin contains 21-23 rays, the first one or two of which may be spine-like, the pelvic fins, with I spine, 5 rays, are below or slightly in front of the pectorals (18-20 rays), and there are 9+8 principal caudal-fin rays and 36-37 myomeres. C1 Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, D-27568 Bremerhaven, Germany. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Velez, JA (reprint author), Alfred Wegener Inst Polar & Marine Res, Columbusstr, D-27568 Bremerhaven, Germany. NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 2 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 40 WEST 20TH ST, NEW YORK, NY 10011-4211 USA SN 0025-3154 J9 J MAR BIOL ASSOC UK JI J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 83 IS 5 BP 1137 EP 1142 DI 10.1017/S0025315403008397h PG 6 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 740VH UT WOS:000186421900039 ER PT J AU Lee, MI Kang, IS Mapes, BE AF Lee, MI Kang, IS Mapes, BE TI Impacts of cumulus convection parameterization on aqua-planet AGCM Simulations of tropical intraseasonal variability SO JOURNAL OF THE METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN LA English DT Article ID MADDEN-JULIAN OSCILLATION; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; RELAXED ARAKAWA-SCHUBERT; COMPOSITE LIFE-CYCLE; SUPER CLOUD CLUSTERS; WAVE-CISK; EQUATORIAL WAVES; WESTERN PACIFIC; KELVIN WAVE; ATMOSPHERE AB Using an aqua-planet version of an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM), the dependence of the tropical intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) simulation on the cumulus parameterization was examined with three different cumulus schemes-simplified Arakawa-Schubert, Kuo, and moist convective adjustment. The simulated intensity and propagation characteristics of the ISO depend significantly on the choice of cumulus scheme, in which more constrained convection scheme produces stronger intraseasonal variability in tropics. Mean thermodynamic state and the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) structure also vary among the simulations, demonstrating that the ISO variability and the mean states are mutually dependent. Following Tokioka et al. (1988), the simplified Arakawa-Schubert scheme was modified by posing a minimum entrainment rate constraint for cumuli, and the relationship between tropical intraseasonal variability and zonal mean rainfall structure was examined. More constraining deep convections, the tropical ISO variability becomes stronger with narrower ITCZ structures. Vertical and horizontal structures of eastward propagating waves appeared in the aqua-planet experiments were further investigated. The vertical structures of propagating waves are consistent with observations of the Madden-Julian Oscillation, but the vertical profile of ISO-modulated heating exhibits a middle-heavy structure and the simulated waves show relatively faster propagations compared with the observed. The horizontal composite structures show the boundary-layer moisture frictional convergence to the east, and divergence to the west of the convective region, and this suggests that a frictional Kelvin wave-CISK mechanism is important to these eastward propagating waves. C1 Seoul Natl Univ, Sch Earth & Environm Sci, Climate Environm Syst Res Ctr, Seoul 151742, South Korea. Seoul Natl Univ, Climate Environm Syst Res Ctr, Seoul 151742, South Korea. NOAA, CIRES, Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO USA. RP Kang, IS (reprint author), Seoul Natl Univ, Sch Earth & Environm Sci, Climate Environm Syst Res Ctr, Seoul 151742, South Korea. RI Mapes, Brian/A-5647-2010; 안, 민섭/D-9972-2015; OI Lee, Myong-In/0000-0001-8983-8624 NR 54 TC 68 Z9 71 U1 1 U2 1 PU METEOROLOGICAL SOC JPN PI TOKYO PA C/O JPN METEOROL AGENCY 1-3-4 OTE-MACHI, CHIYODA-KU, TOKYO, JAPAN SN 0026-1165 J9 J METEOROL SOC JPN JI J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 81 IS 5 BP 963 EP 992 DI 10.2151/jmsj.81.963 PG 30 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 757TR UT WOS:000187578000005 ER PT J AU Miyakoda, K Kinter, JL Yang, S AF Miyakoda, K Kinter, JL Yang, S TI The role of ENSO in the south Asian monsoon and pre-monsoon signals over the Tibetan plateau SO JOURNAL OF THE METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE-TEMPERATURE; INDIAN-SUMMER MONSOON; TROPOSPHERIC BIENNIAL OSCILLATION; TROPICAL-WIDE TELECONNECTION; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; EL-NINO; INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY; PACIFIC-OCEAN; NUMERICAL EXPERIMENT; LINEAR SIMULATION AB El Nino and the Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and the South Asian (SA) summer monsoon interact with each other. In a previous paper, the process from the SA-monsoon to ENSO was discussed. In this paper, the process from ENSO to the monsoon is described. As the consequence of ENSO events, a set of characteristic distributions of the temperature, wind and moisture is formed over the central and eastern Pacific Ocean. The anomalies of these fields are characterized by a "butterfly pattern" above the 500 hPa level, and a "horseshoe pattern" below 500 hPa. The patterns begin to appear in the winter, and influence the SA-monsoon in the following spring and summer. The distinct pattern of the butterfly shape may be explained by the extended Matsuno-Gill type dynamics, because the Pacific sector is dominated by the ENSO heating. On the other hand, the Indian sector is characterized by the land-sea monsoon circulation. It is important to note that the anomaly components of this local circulation are controlled largely by ENSO. The air temperature anomaly of the layer between 200 and 500 hPa moves westward in the latitude belt of 20degrees-35degreesN over the Asian sector, which is associated with the butterfly pattern in the Pacific sector. During this migration, the signal provides a precursory background over the Tibetan Plateau in April-May-June at its peak, setting the stage for the initiation of the SA-monsoon. Another signal emanates also from the tropical Pacific to the Indian sector, in May-June-July at its peak, in conjunction with the horseshoe pattern of the sea surface temperature in particular. These signals emanate from the eastern part of the ENSO region, contribute to the establishment of the thermal contrast anomalies between land and ocean, and the anomalous wind system over the Indian sector, including the upward motion over the Indian subcontinent. The EOF (empirical orthogonal function) analysis of the sea surface temperature in the broader NINO3 region (15degreesN-15degreesS, 150degreesW-90degreesW) indicates that the two leading modes well represent the fields of horizontal wind and temperature for the Pacific sector (the first mode) as well as the Indian sector (the second mode). Finally, the features associated with the 1976 climate shift are discussed. In the process from the SA-monsoon to ENSO, the mode of connection changed dramatically circa 1976; however, in the process from ENSO to the monsoon, the mode is almost the same before and after 1976. The reason for this asymmetry, in the change of the relationship, is discussed. C1 Natl Weather Serv, Climate Predict Ctr, NOAA, Silver Spring, MD USA. RP Miyakoda, K (reprint author), 308 Sayre Dr, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA. EM miyakoda@juno.com RI Yang, Song/B-4952-2009 NR 79 TC 21 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 7 PU METEOROLOGICAL SOC JPN PI TOKYO PA C/O JPN METEOROL AGENCY 1-3-4 OTE-MACHI, CHIYODA-KU, TOKYO, JAPAN SN 0026-1165 J9 J METEOROL SOC JPN JI J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 81 IS 5 BP 1015 EP 1039 DI 10.2151/jmsj.81.1015 PG 25 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 757TR UT WOS:000187578000007 ER PT J AU Gentile, TR Hayden, ME Barlow, MJ AF Gentile, TR Hayden, ME Barlow, MJ TI Comparison of metastability-exchange optical pumping sources SO JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA B-OPTICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID HIGH NUCLEAR-POLARIZATION; HEXALUMINATE LASER; HIGH-POWER; HE-3; GAS; HELIUM; MIXTURES; TARGET AB The efficiencies of two ytterbium (Yb) fiber lasers for metastability-exchange optical pumping are compared with that of an arc-lamp-pumped neodymium-doped lanthanum magnesium hexaluminate laser. Specifically, we report a careful comparison of the He-3 nuclear polarizations and polarization rates obtained with each laser, which were carried out for three sealed glass cells filled with low-pressure He-3 or He-3-He-4 mixtures. The two Yb systems are (1) a 1083-nm diode oscillator coupled to a Yb-doped fiber amplifier and (2) an all-fiber system consisting of a Yb-doped fiber oscillator followed by a Yb-doped fiber amplifier. Essentially no difference was observed between the efficiency of the neodymium-doped lanthanum magnesium hexaluminate laser and the diode/fiber system. In comparison, the all-fiber laser produced a 0%-5% lower polarization and a 0%-35% lower polarization rate than the other two lasers, depending upon the specific experimental conditions. Absorption and spectral line-shape measurements suggest that this difference can be attributed to the spectral linewidth of the particular all-fiber laser that was tested. (C) 2003 Optical Society of America. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Simon Fraser Univ, Dept Phys, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada. Rutherford Appleton Lab, ISIS Facil, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England. RP Gentile, TR (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 24 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 6 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0740-3224 J9 J OPT SOC AM B JI J. Opt. Soc. Am. B-Opt. Phys. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 20 IS 10 BP 2068 EP 2074 DI 10.1364/JOSAB.20.002068 PG 7 WC Optics SC Optics GA 730MM UT WOS:000185834600007 ER PT J AU Nave, G AF Nave, G TI Atomic transition rates for neutral holmium (HoI) SO JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA B-OPTICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID HYPERFINE STRUCTURES; ENERGY-LEVELS; VACUUM-ULTRAVIOLET; SPECTRA AB Transition rates for 321 lines between 345 and 1080 nm from 73 levels of Ho I are presented. They have been measured by combining branching fractions obtained by Fourier transform spectrometry with lifetimes of Den Hartog et al. [J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 6, 2278 (1999)]. The uncertainty of the transition rates is 5%-10%. (C) 2003 Optical Society of America. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Nave, G (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 17 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 2 U2 7 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0740-3224 J9 J OPT SOC AM B JI J. Opt. Soc. Am. B-Opt. Phys. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 20 IS 10 BP 2193 EP 2202 DI 10.1364/JOSAB.20.002193 PG 10 WC Optics SC Optics GA 730MM UT WOS:000185834600022 ER PT J AU Thayer, VG Read, AJ Friedlaender, AS Colby, DR Hohn, AA McLellan, WA Pabst, DA Dearolf, JL Bowles, NI Russell, JR Rittmaster, KA AF Thayer, VG Read, AJ Friedlaender, AS Colby, DR Hohn, AA McLellan, WA Pabst, DA Dearolf, JL Bowles, NI Russell, JR Rittmaster, KA TI Reproductive seasonality of western atlantic bottlenose dolphins off North Carolina, USA SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE reproduction; seasonality; strandings; photo-identification; circular; analysis; bottlenose dolphins; Tursiops truncatus ID TURSIOPS-TRUNCATUS; LIFE-HISTORY; GROWTH; BIRTH; SP. AB We describe reproductive seasonality of bottlenose dolphins in North Carolina (NC), U.S.A., using strandings data from the entire coast of NC and sighting data from Beaufort, NC and by estimating dates of birth of known females. We found a strong peak of neonate strandings in the spring (April-May), and low levels of neonate strandings in the fall and winter. The distribution of neonate strandings was significantly different from a uniform distribution (P < 0.001, K = 3.8). We found a unimodal distribution of 282 sightings of neonates with a diffuse peak in the summer. The temporal distribution of sightings of neonates departed significantly from a uniform distribution (P < 0.001, K = 5.1). Estimated birth dates of neonates from known females occurred in May (n = 6) and June (n = 4), with a single fall birth. These methods shed light on bottlenose reproductive patterns and underscore the value of using information from multiple types of data. Clarification of bottlenose dolphin reproductive patterns, such as the seasonality of birth, may enhance our understanding of the population structure of this species in the mid-Atlantic region. C1 Duke Univ, Marine Lab, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. NOAA, Ctr Coastal Fisheries & Habitat Res, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. Univ N Carolina, Dept Biol Sci, Wilmington, NC 28403 USA. Univ N Carolina, Ctr Marine Sci, Wilmington, NC 28403 USA. Hendrix Coll, Conway, AR 72032 USA. N Carolina Maritime Museum, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. Friends Museum, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RP Thayer, VG (reprint author), Duke Univ, Marine Lab, 135 Duke Marine Lab Rd, Beaufort, NC 28516 USA. RI Hohn, Aleta/G-2888-2011 OI Hohn, Aleta/0000-0002-9992-7062 NR 40 TC 12 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 8 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 19 IS 4 BP 617 EP 629 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2003.tb01120.x PG 13 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 732HJ UT WOS:000185934500001 ER PT J AU Stolen, MK Barlow, J AF Stolen, MK Barlow, J TI A model life table for bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from the Indian River Lagoon System, Florida, USA SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE life table; demography; mortality; survival; bottlenose dolphin; Tarsiops; life history; survivorship; population growth; longevity ID STENELLA-FRONTALIS; TRICHECHUS-MANATUS; MARINE MAMMALS; SEA OTTERS; MORTALITY; AGE; GROWTH; ATLANTIC; REPRODUCTION; CALIFORNIA AB Data gathered from 220 stranded bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in the Indian River Lagoon system, Florida, were used to derive a life table. Survivorship curves were fit to the data using Siler's competing-risk model and a maximum likelihood approach. Population growth was estimated to be between r = 0.0 and 0.046 based on the observed numbers of stranded dolphins. Variance in survival rates was estimated using an individual-based, age-structured population projection model. We estimate that the overall annual mortality rate for this population was 9.8% per year. Sex-specific differences in survivorship were apparent with females outliving males. The overall mortality Curve resembles that of other large mammals, with high calf mortality and an exponentially increasing risk of senescent mortality. The inclusion of live-capture removals of individuals from this population did not significantly affect the estimation of survival parameters for most age classes. C1 Univ Cent Florida, Dept Biol, Orlando, FL 32816 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. RP Stolen, MK (reprint author), Hubbs Sea World Res Inst, 6295 Sea Harbor Dr, Orlando, FL 32821 USA. NR 53 TC 41 Z9 48 U1 5 U2 42 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 19 IS 4 BP 630 EP 649 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2003.tb01121.x PG 20 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 732HJ UT WOS:000185934500002 ER PT J AU Stafford, KM AF Stafford, KM TI Two types of blue whale calls recorded in the Gulf of Alaska SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE blue whale; Balaenoptera musculus; Gulf of Alaska; acoustics; geographic variation ID EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC; BALAENOPTERA-MUSCULUS; HUMPBACK WHALES; NORTH PACIFIC; GEOGRAPHIC-VARIATION; UNDERWATER SOUNDS; CALIFORNIA; VOCALIZATIONS; SONGS; MIGRATION AB At one time blue whales were found throughout the Gulf of Alaska, however, none have been sighted there in post-whaling era surveys. To determine if blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus) might now occur in the Gulf of Alaska, an array of hydrophones was deployed there in October 1999. Data were retrieved in May 2000 and in June 2001. Spectrograms from a random subsample comprising 15% of the similar to63,000 h of data were visually examined for blue whale calls. Call types attributed to both northeastern and northwestern Pacific blue whales were recorded. Both of these call types were recorded seasonally from the initial deployment date in October 1999 through the third week of December 1999 and then from July 2000 through mid-December 2000. Both call types were regularly recorded on the same hydrophone at the same time indicating clear temporal and spatial overlap of the animals producing these calls. Two blue whale call types were recorded in the Gulf of Alaska suggesting that perhaps two stocks use this area. The northeastern call type has now been documented from the equator up to at least 55degreesN in the eastern North Pacific. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Stafford, KM (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, 7600 Sand Point Way NE F-AKC4, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 53 TC 25 Z9 27 U1 3 U2 5 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 19 IS 4 BP 682 EP 693 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2003.tb01124.x PG 12 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 732HJ UT WOS:000185934500005 ER PT J AU Morete, ME Freitas, A Engel, MH Pace, RM Clapham, PJ AF Morete, ME Freitas, A Engel, MH Pace, RM Clapham, PJ TI A novel behavior observed in humpback whales on wintering grounds at Abrolhos Bank (Brazil) SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Alegaptera novaeangliae; humpback whale; behavior; breeding ground; Abrolhos Bank; shore station; scan-counts; continuous sampling; theodolite tracking ID MEGAPTERA-NOVAEANGLIAE; FEEDING-BEHAVIOR; HAWAII AB We describe a novel behavior, termed "tail-up," observed in humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) on wintering grounds on Abrolhos Bank, Brazil. The behavior involves the whale positioned vertically in the water column with its tail in the air. With the exception of calves, tail-up was observed in all social classes, and its frequency increased through the end of the season. Tail-Lips were recorded in 144 (5.8%) of 2,465 groups of whales observed from a shore station, and in 297 (14.9%) of 1,996 groups observed from vessel surveys; biases in each method suggest that the true frequency lies between these sources. One hundred and fifty-two hours of continuous sampling showed that the duration of tail-up events lasted from a few seconds to 12 min and was longest in groups comprised of a single adult. The maximum duration of a recorded period that consistently included tail-up was 10 h; however, some individuals were observed to engage in the behavior at night and for four consecutive days. Tail-Lip movement speed did not vary by social class; however, it varied according to wind direction and speed. The characteristics of tail-up that we observed showed that it differed from the descriptions of similar behaviors in other cetacean species. The function of tail-up is unknown, but we suggest that it may be a multifunctional behavior. C1 IBAMA, Inst Baleia Jubarte, Projeto Baleia Jubarte, BR-45900000 Caravelas, BA, Brazil. Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Biol, Dept Ecol, BR-05508 Sao Paulo, Brazil. NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA 02543 USA. RP Morete, ME (reprint author), IBAMA, Inst Baleia Jubarte, Projeto Baleia Jubarte, Prais Kirongo S-N, BR-45900000 Caravelas, BA, Brazil. NR 34 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 7 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 19 IS 4 BP 694 EP 707 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2003.tb01125.x PG 14 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 732HJ UT WOS:000185934500006 ER PT J AU Sease, JL York, AE AF Sease, JL York, AE TI Seasonal distribution of Steller's sea lions at rookeries and haul-out sites in Alaska SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Steller's sea lions; Eumetopias jubatus; seasonal distribution; aerial survey; Alaska ID EUMETOPIAS-JUBATUS; ABUNDANCE; POPULATION; DISPERSAL; BEHAVIOR; DECLINE; FEMALE; YOUNG AB The Steller's sea lion population has declined by 60%-70% over much of Alaska since the late 1970s. Overlap in species composition and sizes of fishes consumed by sea lions and harvested by commercial fisheries, particularly during winter, has led to examination of potential interaction between commercial fisheries and Steller's sea lions. Abundance and distribution data for Steller's sea lions in Alaska were derived from aerial surveys conducted during the breeding season, mid-June to early July 1992, 1994, and 1996. To study winter distribution of sea lions, we conducted aerial surveys during March 1993, November-December 1994, and March 1999. We counted about one-half as many sea lions during winter surveys compared to the breeding-season surveys. Numbers of sea lions at rookery sites dropped off considerably during winter, whereas numbers at haul-out sites did not. We found little evidence of large-scale, seasonal movement, at least for the western stock of sea lions. Rather, differences between summer and winter distribution were primarily a function of sea lions dispersing to local haul-out sites during the winter. Terrestrial sites, both rookeries and haul-outs, clearly are important to Steller's sea lions during the entire year. Individual sites may be occupied year-round or only during particular times of year. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Sease, JL (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 56 TC 5 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 4 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 19 IS 4 BP 745 EP 763 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2003.tb01128.x PG 19 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 732HJ UT WOS:000185934500009 ER PT J AU Simpkins, MA Withrow, DE Cesarone, JC Boveng, PL AF Simpkins, MA Withrow, DE Cesarone, JC Boveng, PL TI Stability in the proportion of harbor seals hauled out under locally ideal conditions SO MARINE MAMMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE harbor seal; Phoca vitulina; Alaska; radio-tagging; correction factor; haul-out behavior; aerial survey; abundance; generalized additive model; logistic regression ID PHOCA-VITULINA-RICHARDSI; PRINCE-WILLIAM-SOUND; SAN-MIGUEL-ISLAND; TUGIDAK ISLAND; GLACIER BAY; ALASKA; PATTERNS; CALIFORNIA; MOVEMENTS; ABUNDANCE AB We monitored the haul-out behavior of 68 radio-tagged harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) during the molt season at two Alaskan haul-out sites (Grand island, August-September 1994; Nanvak Bay, August-September 2000). For each site, we created a statistical model of the proportion of seals hauled out as a function of date, time of day, tide, and weather covariates. Using these models, we identified the conditions that would result in the greatest proportion of seals hauled Out. Although those "ideal conditions" differed between sites, the proportion of seals predicted to be hauled out under those conditions was very similar (81.3% for Grand Island and 85.7% for Nanvak Bay). The similar estimates for both sites suggest that haul-out proportions under locally ideal conditions may be constant between years and geographic regions, at least during the molt season. C1 NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. CNR, Washington, DC 20418 USA. RP Simpkins, MA (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Mammal Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 29 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 11 PU SOC MARINE MAMMALOGY PI LAWRENCE PA 1041 NEW HAMPSHIRE ST, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA SN 0824-0469 J9 MAR MAMMAL SCI JI Mar. Mamm. Sci. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 19 IS 4 BP 791 EP 805 DI 10.1111/j.1748-7692.2003.tb01130.x PG 15 WC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology SC Marine & Freshwater Biology; Zoology GA 732HJ UT WOS:000185934500011 ER PT J AU Fang, HW Hsu, SM Sengers, JV AF Fang, HW Hsu, SM Sengers, JV TI Surface texture design to generate specific sizes and shapes of UHMWPE wear particles SO MATERIALWISSENSCHAFT UND WERKSTOFFTECHNIK LA English DT Article DE UHMWPE; wear particles; surface texturing; microfabrication; size; shape; density; pitch; patterns; design ID POLYETHYLENE PARTICLES; TRIBOLOGICAL PERFORMANCE; BOUNDARY LUBRICATION; IN-VITRO; BONE; MACROPHAGES; OSTEOLYSIS; DISKS; RESORPTION; INTERFACE AB Osteolysis induced by UHMWPE wear particles has emerged as the critical failure mechanism of artificial joints. However, the detailed mechanism of osteolysis and bone resoprtion induced by wear particles leading to the loosening of the total joint replacement is still not clear. To investigate the effects of size and shape of particles on biological response, particles with controlled size and shape are needed. The paper describes a novel technique where controlled size and shape of UHMWPE wear particles can be generated through rubbing against a textured surface. The basic principles of surface texturing to generate different size and shape of wear particles through rubbing have been developed. The surface features are fabricated through conventional semiconductor microfabrication techniques. Various designs were attempted and the results suggested that micro-cutting mechanisms of a visco-elastic material are complex but can be controlled through three dimensional surface features. Specific length of UHMWPE particles can be generated by controlling the cutting-edge length of a surface wedge. The particle width can be controlled by the cutting-edge height, normal load, and the sliding speed. With appropriate surface-texture design, UHMWPE particles can be generated with desired sizes and shapes. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Chem Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. RP Fang, HW (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8520, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 35 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 3 U2 5 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 0933-5137 J9 MATERIALWISS WERKST JI Materialwiss. Werkstofftech. PD OCT-NOV PY 2003 VL 34 IS 10-11 BP 976 EP 988 DI 10.1002/mawe.200300683 PG 13 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 736GQ UT WOS:000186163400012 ER PT J AU Zhang, FQ Koch, SE Kaplan, ML AF Zhang, FQ Koch, SE Kaplan, ML TI Numerical simulations of a large-amplitude mesoscale gravity wave event SO METEOROLOGY AND ATMOSPHERIC PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID 15 DECEMBER 1987; SEVERE WEATHER OUTBREAK; STRATIFIED SHEAR-FLOW; CONVECTIVE STORMS; SQUALL LINE; SENSITIVITY TESTS; ROCKY-MOUNTAINS; UNITED-STATES; EAST-COAST; MODEL AB Numerical simulations with the NCAR/PSU Mesoscale Model 5 (MM5) were performed to study a large-amplitude gravity wave event that occurred on 4 January 1994 along the East Coast of the United States. Results from the MM5 control simulation using a 12-km mesh resolution compared well with the synoptic and mesoscale observational analysis. The simulated gravity waves displayed timing, location, wavelength, and propagation speed similar to those observed in a synoptic-scale environment described by the Uccellini and Koch (1987) conceptual model. Additional features existing upstream of the wave generation region not contained within their conceptual model were a warm occlusion and tropopause fold prior to and during the gravity wave generation. Wave ducting criteria were nearly satisfied along the path of the gravity waves. Several sensitivity tests were performed. In a simulation in which the Appalachian Mountains were removed, the model still produced similar cyclone development and mesoscale gravity waves. Thus topography was not directly responsible for the gravity wave genesis. Also, three different "fake dry" sensitivity tests were performed with the latent heating related to changes of water substance turned off in the model at different stages of the simulation. The results from these simulations suggest that diabatic heating played an important role in both jet/cyclone development and in gravity wave amplification and maintenance, though not wave generation. The simulation with grid resolution increased to 4 km, which included fully explicit microphysics produced gravity wave characteristics similar to those in the control simulation, though the higher resolution resolved much shorter waves (though unverifiable) closely associated with convection. This 4-km sensitivity experiment with no cumulus parameterization also confirmed that the dominant gravity wave was not an artifact of the particular cumulus parameterization scheme used for the control simulation. The reliability of the simulated gravity waves is further confirmed with another sensitivity experiment initialized similar to20 hours before the observed wave generation in which qualitatively-similar gravity waves were produced. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NOAA, Forecast Syst Lab, Boulder, CO USA. N Carolina State Univ, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. RP Zhang, FQ (reprint author), Texas A&M Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. EM fzhang@tamu.edu RI Zhang, Fuqing/E-6522-2010 OI Zhang, Fuqing/0000-0003-4860-9985 NR 54 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 5 PU SPRINGER WIEN PI WIEN PA SACHSENPLATZ 4-6, PO BOX 89, A-1201 WIEN, AUSTRIA SN 0177-7971 J9 METEOROL ATMOS PHYS JI Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 84 IS 3-4 BP 199 EP 216 DI 10.1007/s00703-002-0594-2 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 743UD UT WOS:000186591200004 ER PT J AU Schultz, DM Trapp, RJ AF Schultz, DM Trapp, RJ TI Nonclassical cold-frontal structure caused by dry subcloud air in northern Utah during the Intermountain Precipitation Experiment (IPEX) SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID LOW-LEVEL STRUCTURE; SQUALL-LINE; UNITED-STATES; STRATIFORM PRECIPITATION; THERMODYNAMIC STRUCTURE; DISCRETE PROPAGATION; LOWER TROPOSPHERE; NORTHWEST CHINA; SURFACE FRONTS; DOPPLER RADAR AB The purpose of the Intermountain Precipitation Experiment (IPEX) is to improve understanding of precipitating systems in the Intermountain West. Instrumentation deployed during the field phase of IPEX sampled a strong cold front and associated convection that moved through northern Utah on 14-15 February 2000. The surface cold front was characterized by a sharp temperature drop (8degreesC in 8 min), strong pressure rise (3 hPa in 30 min), and gusts to 40 m s(-1). The temperature drop at high-elevation surface stations (2500-3000 m MSL) preceded the temperature drop at low-elevation surface stations (1290-2000 m MSL) by as much as an hour, implying a forward- or downshear-tilting frontal structure. Consistent with the cooling aloft, a hydrostatic pressure rise and wind shift preceded the temperature drop at the surface. Radar captured the rapid evolution of the wind shift line into a gravity current. A forward- sloping cloud with mammatus and a 20-hPa-deep superadiabatic layer underneath were observed by radar and radiosondes, respectively. Shading from this forward- sloping cloud is believed to have produced a surface-based prefrontal inversion upon which a solitary gravity wave traveled. These and other observations reveal that the forward- sloping cloud generated by a shortwave trough aloft was producing precipitation that sublimated, melted, and evaporated in the dry subcloud air (dewpoint depression of 58-10degreesC), causing the cooling aloft and the nonclassical frontal structure. Although the storm-total precipitation associated with this system was generally light (less than 20 mm at all observing sites), the amount of precipitation was strongly a function of elevation. During one 6-h period, precipitation at stations above cloud base (roughly 2000 m MSL) varied widely, mostly due to orographic effects, although precipitation amounts at most stations were about 7-11 mm. In contrast, precipitation amounts decreased with distance below cloud base, consistent with sublimation and evaporation in the dry subcloud air. C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Purdue Univ, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. RP Schultz, DM (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RI Schultz, David M./A-3091-2010 OI Schultz, David M./0000-0003-1558-6975 NR 91 TC 20 Z9 20 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 131 IS 10 BP 2222 EP 2246 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<2222:NCSCBD>2.0.CO;2 PG 25 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 722AX UT WOS:000185353100002 ER PT J AU Franklin, JL Avila, LA Beven, JL Lawrence, MB Pasch, RJ Stewart, SR AF Franklin, JL Avila, LA Beven, JL Lawrence, MB Pasch, RJ Stewart, SR TI Eastern North Pacific hurricane season of 2002 SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID PREDICTION SYSTEM; GPS DROPWINDSONDE; INTENSITY; SCHEME AB The 2002 eastern North Pacific hurricane season is summarized and the year's tropical cyclones are described. The season featured 12 named tropical storms, of which 6 became hurricanes. Five of the six hurricanes reached an intensity of 100 kt or higher. There were two landfalling cyclones, Tropical Storm Julio and Hurricane Kenna. Kenna, which made landfall near San Blas, Mexico, with winds of near 120 kt, was responsible for four deaths. C1 NOAA, NWS, Natl Hurricane Ctr, Trop Predict Ctr, Miami, FL 33165 USA. RP Franklin, JL (reprint author), NOAA, NWS, Natl Hurricane Ctr, Trop Predict Ctr, 11691 SW 17th St, Miami, FL 33165 USA. NR 18 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 4 U2 5 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 131 IS 10 BP 2379 EP 2393 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<2379:ENPHSO>2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 722AX UT WOS:000185353100011 ER PT J AU Stensrud, DJ Yussouf, N AF Stensrud, DJ Yussouf, N TI Short-range ensemble predictions of 2-m temperature and dewpoint temperature over New England SO MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW LA English DT Article ID MULTIMODEL SUPERENSEMBLE; PACIFIC-NORTHWEST; MESOSCALE MODEL; BOUNDARY-LAYER; FORECASTS; SYSTEM; PRECIPITATION; TESTS; WEATHER; SKILL AB A multimodel short-range ensemble forecasting system created as part of a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration pilot program on temperature and air quality forecasting over New England during the summer of 2002 is evaluated. A simple 7-day running mean bias correction is applied individually to each of the 23 ensemble members. Various measures of accuracy are used to compare these bias-corrected ensemble predictions of 2-m temperature and dewpoint temperature with those available from the nested grid model (NGM) model output statistics (MOS). Results indicate that the bias-corrected ensemble mean prediction is as accurate as the NGM MOS for temperature predictions, and is more accurate than the NGM MOS for dewpoint temperature predictions, for the 48 days studied during the warm season. When the additional probabilistic information from the ensemble is examined, results indicate that the ensemble clearly provides value above that of NGM MOS for both variables, especially as the events become more unlikely. Results also indicate that the ensemble has some ability to predict forecast skill for temperature with a correlation between ensemble spread and the error of the ensemble mean of greater than 0.7 for some forecast periods. The use of a multimodel ensemble clearly helps to improve the spread-skill relationship. C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK USA. RP Stensrud, DJ (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. OI Yussouf, Nusrat/0000-0003-4998-1770 NR 55 TC 42 Z9 45 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0027-0644 J9 MON WEATHER REV JI Mon. Weather Rev. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 131 IS 10 BP 2510 EP 2524 DI 10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131<2510:SEPOMT>2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 722AX UT WOS:000185353100019 ER PT J AU Potma, EO Evans, C Xie, XS Jones, RJ Ye, J AF Potma, EO Evans, C Xie, XS Jones, RJ Ye, J TI Picosecond-pulse amplification with an external passive optical cavity SO OPTICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID LOCKED TI-AL2O3 LASER; GENERATION; SPECTROSCOPY AB We experimentally demonstrate the amplification of picosecond pulses at high repetition rates through the coherent addition of successive pulses of a mode-locked pulse train in a high-finesse optical cavity equipped with cavity dumping. Amplification greater than 30 times is obtained at a repetition rate of 253 kHz, boosting the 5.3-nJ pulses from a commercial mode-locked picosecond Ti:sapphire laser to pulse energies of more than 150 nJ. (C) 2003 Optical Society of America. C1 Harvard Univ, Dept Chem & Chem Biol, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Potma, EO (reprint author), Harvard Univ, Dept Chem & Chem Biol, 12 Oxford St, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RI Ye, Jun/C-3312-2011 FU NIGMS NIH HHS [GM62536-01] NR 13 TC 29 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 3 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0146-9592 J9 OPT LETT JI Opt. Lett. PD OCT 1 PY 2003 VL 28 IS 19 BP 1835 EP 1837 DI 10.1364/OL.28.001835 PG 3 WC Optics SC Optics GA 723MQ UT WOS:000185436500035 PM 14514117 ER PT J AU Davidson, MA Miglarese, AH AF Davidson, MA Miglarese, AH TI Digital coast and The National Map: A seamless cooperative SO PHOTOGRAMMETRIC ENGINEERING AND REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article AB The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has readily accepted the challenge of championing the Coastal National Spatial Data Infrastructure, the "framework" spatial in-formation of the coastal resource management community This effort is described as the Digital Coast. The Digital Coast information framework includes a seamless transition between land and sea with regard to elevation and bathymetry. As with all information initiatives, it is not enough just to build the information described. This information must be built to national standards to be of greatest utility to the user and to avoid needless duplication of effort. Additionally, the data must be well documented and readily available to professional coastal resource managers and average citizens alike. The Digital Coast must be available via the Internet, and the user community must have the knowledge necessary to fully utilize and extend the value of the information to their unique applications. The initiative calls together the Department of Commerces (DOC) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGs), and other Federal agencies to work with the states, the private sector, and acade-mia to create a seamless Digital Coast. The initiative will work to organize these spatial data using the protocols described by Presidential Executive Order 12906 and by using procedures endorsed by the Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC). Digital Coast is the coastal and ocean component of the National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI) and, as such, will directly contribute to the development of The National Map. C1 NOAA, Coastal Serv Ctr, Charleston, SC 29405 USA. RP Davidson, MA (reprint author), NOAA, Coastal Serv Ctr, 2234 S Hobson Ave, Charleston, SC 29405 USA. EM margaret.davidson@noaa.gov; Anne.Miglarese@noaa.gov NR 3 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER SOC PHOTOGRAMMETRY PI BETHESDA PA 5410 GROSVENOR LANE SUITE 210, BETHESDA, MD 20814-2160 USA SN 0099-1112 J9 PHOTOGRAMM ENG REM S JI Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 69 IS 10 BP 1127 EP 1131 PG 5 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Physical Geography; Geology; Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 817RI UT WOS:000221194200007 ER PT J AU Baker-Jarvis, J Kabos, P AF Baker-Jarvis, J Kabos, P TI Modified de Broglie approach applied to the Schrodinger and Klein-Gordon equations SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID MINIMUM FISHER INFORMATION; QUANTUM-MECHANICS; DERIVATION; PRINCIPLE AB The goal of this paper is an extension of the de Broglie wave mechanics model for a single spinless particle in an electromagnetic field. The analysis indicates that the motion of a particle separates naturally into particle dynamics through the classical Hamilton-Jacobi equation and quantum wave behavior through a pilot or interaction wave equation. The interaction wave equation travels at the. classical particle velocity. We study gauge invariance and interpret it in the light of the interaction wave. The Heisenberg uncertainty relations are shown to be implicit in the interaction wave. We also develop a complex quantum-mechanical, relativistic energy-momentum conservation expression using a complex quantum-mechanical four-vector. C1 NIST, Radiofrequency Technol Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Baker-Jarvis, J (reprint author), NIST, Radiofrequency Technol Div, MS 813-01, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 16 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD OCT PY 2003 VL 68 IS 4 AR 042110 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.68.042110 PG 8 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 750PJ UT WOS:000187004700016 ER PT J AU Ballard, JB Arrowsmith, AN Huwel, L Dai, XC Leone, SR AF Ballard, JB Arrowsmith, AN Huwel, L Dai, XC Leone, SR TI Inducing a sign inversion in one state of a two-state superposition using ultrafast pulse shaping SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID FEMTOSECOND WAVE-PACKET; QUANTUM COMPUTATION; LI-2; ALGORITHM; IMPLEMENTATION; OPTIMIZATION; SPECTROSCOPY; COHERENCES; COMPUTER; PHASE AB An ultrafast pulse shaping scheme is presented that transiently modifies a two-state superposition on the E(l)Sigma(g)(+) curve of the lithium dimer. At short time delays, the wave-function amplitude of one of the states is forced to undergo a sign change, while the sign of the second state is programmed to remain static, analogous to the operation of a quantum-computational Z gate. This is observed as a pi phase shift in the time-dependent wave-packet signal for pump-probe delays <1.5 ps, relative to longer time. delays, greater than 2.5 ps. This shift in sign is accomplished by taking advantage of the separability of the resonant and nonresonant light field effects in the creation of the excited-state wave function. The results show that, for a single state, the resonant and nonresonant light field effects can either be added or subtracted to create the total time evolution of the excited-state wave-function coefficient. If the nonresonant contributions are subtracted from the resonant ones at a time delay when the nonresonant term dominates, then for a short time the excited-state coefficient will have a sign opposite to that at long time, where the resonant term dominates. A desired phase function is derived to produce the opposition in sign of resonant versus nonresonant contributions, and the experimental transient Z-gate matrix elements are quantified. C1 Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Phys, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. Univ Calif Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Ballard, JB (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Dai, Xingcan/B-3556-2014 NR 31 TC 6 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD OCT PY 2003 VL 68 IS 4 AR 043409 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.68.043409 PN B PG 9 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 770EZ UT WOS:000188711400009 ER PT J AU Bannister, AE Krause, HF Vane, CR Djuric, N Popovic, DB Stepanovic, M Dunn, GH Chung, YS Smith, ACH Wallbank, B AF Bannister, AE Krause, HF Vane, CR Djuric, N Popovic, DB Stepanovic, M Dunn, GH Chung, YS Smith, ACH Wallbank, B TI Electron-impact dissociation of CH(+) ions: Measurement of C(+) fragment ions SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID ABSOLUTE CROSS-SECTIONS; MOLECULAR-IONS; STATE; RECOMBINATION; IONIZATION; TRANSITION; COLLISION; PLASMA; EXCITATION; B3-SIGMA AB Absolute cross sections for electron-impact dissociation of CH(+) producing C(+) fragment ions were measured in the 3-100 eV range using a crossed electron-ion beams technique with total uncertainties of about 10% near the cross-section peak. Although the measured energy dependence agrees well with two sets of storage ring measurements, the magnitude of the present results lies about 15-25 % below the other results at the cross-section peak near 40 eV. Below 10 eV, the present data tend to exceed the storage ring data, consistent with the presence of excited states in the CH(+) ion beam. For energies above 29 eV, the cross sections should also include contributions from dissociative ionization, though no clear onset of this channel is evident in any of the three sets of measured data. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Phys, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Chungnam Natl Univ, Dept Phys, Taejon 305764, South Korea. UCL, Dept Phys & Astron, London WC1E 6BT, England. St Francis Xavier Univ, Dept Phys, Antigonish, NS B2G 2W5, Canada. RP Bannister, AE (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Div Phys, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. EM bannisterme@ornl.gov NR 32 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD OCT PY 2003 VL 68 IS 4 AR 042714 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.68.042714 PG 6 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 750PJ UT WOS:000187004700072 ER PT J AU Barrett, MD DeMarco, B Schaetz, T Meyer, V Leibfried, D Britton, J Chiaverini, J Itano, WM Jelenkovic, B Jost, JD Langer, C Rosenband, T Wineland, DJ AF Barrett, MD DeMarco, B Schaetz, T Meyer, V Leibfried, D Britton, J Chiaverini, J Itano, WM Jelenkovic, B Jost, JD Langer, C Rosenband, T Wineland, DJ TI Sympathetic cooling of Be-9(+) and Mg-24(+) for quantum logic SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID TRAPPED IONS; PAUL TRAP; MANIPULATION; MICROMOTION; CRYSTALS; COMPUTER; GATE AB We demonstrate the cooling of a two species ion crystal consisting of one Be-9(+) and one Mg-24(+) ion. Since the respective cooling transitions of these two species are separated by more than 30 nm, laser manipulation of one ion has negligible effect on the other even when the ions are not individually addressed. As such this is a useful system for reinitializing the motional state in an ion trap quantum computer without affecting the qubit information. Additionally, we have found that the mass difference between ions enables a method for detecting and subsequently eliminating the effects of radio frequency micromotion. C1 NIST, Ion Storage Grp, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Barrett, MD (reprint author), NIST, Ion Storage Grp, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Jost, John/F-4701-2010; Barrett, Murray/G-2732-2012 NR 31 TC 102 Z9 102 U1 4 U2 16 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD OCT PY 2003 VL 68 IS 4 AR 042302 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.68.042302 PG 8 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 750PJ UT WOS:000187004700021 ER PT J AU Brennen, GK Williams, JE AF Brennen, GK Williams, JE TI Entanglement dynamics in one-dimensional quantum cellular automata SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article AB Several proposed schemes for the physical realization of a quantum computer consist of qubits arranged in a cellular array. In the quantum circuit model of quantum computation, an often complex series of two-qubit gate operations is required between arbitrarily distant pairs of lattice qubits. An alternative model of quantum computation based on quantum cellular automata (QCA) requires only homogeneous local interactions that can be implemented in parallel. This would be a huge simplification in an actual experiment. We find some minimal physical requirements for the construction of unitary QCA in a one-dimensional Ising spin chain and demonstrate optimal pulse sequences for information transport and entanglement distribution. We also introduce the theory of nonunitary QCA and show by example that nonunitary rules can generate environment assisted entanglement. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Brennen, GK (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Brennen, Gavin/C-2293-2009 OI Brennen, Gavin/0000-0002-6019-966X NR 27 TC 23 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 EI 1094-1622 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD OCT PY 2003 VL 68 IS 4 AR 042311 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.68.042311 PG 12 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 750PJ UT WOS:000187004700030 ER PT J AU Itano, WM AF Itano, WM TI Comment on "Some implications of the quantum nature of laser fields for quantum computations" SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Editorial Material AB A recent discussion of quantum limitations to the fidelity with which superpositions of internal atomic energy levels can be generated by an applied, quantized, laser pulse, is shown to be based on unrealistic physical assumptions. This discussion assumed the validity of Jaynes-Cummings dynamics for an atom interacting with a laser field in free space, that is, when the atom is not surrounded by a resonant cavity. If the laser field is a multimode quantum coherent state, and the Rabi frequency is much greater than the spontaneous decay rate, then the total atomic decoherence rate is on the order of the spontaneous decay rate. With the use of a unitary transformation of the field states due to Mollow, it can be shown that the atomic decoherence rate is the same as if the laser field were treated classically, without any additional contribution due to the quantum nature of the laser field. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Itano, WM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Time & Frequency, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 9 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD OCT PY 2003 VL 68 IS 4 AR 046301 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.68.046301 PN B PG 2 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 770EZ UT WOS:000188711400079 ER PT J AU Le Bigot, EO Jentschura, UD Mohr, PJ Indelicato, P Soff, G AF Le Bigot, EO Jentschura, UD Mohr, PJ Indelicato, P Soff, G TI Perturbation approach to the self-energy of non-S hydrogenic states SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID ORDER BINDING CORRECTIONS; COULOMB GREENS FUNCTION; RADIATIVE LEVEL SHIFTS; LAMB-SHIFT; BETHE LOGARITHMS; RYDBERG CONSTANT; FREQUENCY-MEASUREMENT; DEUTERIUM ATOMS; EXCITED-STATES; FINE-STRUCTURE AB We present results on the self-energy correction to the energy levels of hydrogen and hydrogenlike ions. The self-energy represents the largest QED correction to the relativistic (Dirac-Coulomb) energy of a bound electron. We focus on the perturbation expansion of the self-energy of non-S states, and provide estimates of the so-called A(60) perturbation coefficient, which can be viewed as a relativistic Bethe logarithm. Precise values of A(60) are given for many P, D, F, and G states, while estimates are given for other states. These results can be used in high-precision spectroscopy experiments in hydrogen and hydrogenlike ions. They yield the best available estimate of the self-energy correction of many atomic states. C1 Ecole Normale Super, Lab Kastler Brossel, F-75005 Paris, France. Univ Paris 06, F-75005 Paris, France. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Tech Univ Dresden, Inst Theoret Phys, D-01062 Dresden, Germany. RP Le Bigot, EO (reprint author), Ecole Normale Super, Lab Kastler Brossel, Case 74, F-75005 Paris, France. RI Indelicato, Paul/D-7636-2011 OI Indelicato, Paul/0000-0003-4668-8958 NR 64 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 EI 1094-1622 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD OCT PY 2003 VL 68 IS 4 AR 042101 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.68.042101 PG 17 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 750PJ UT WOS:000187004700007 ER PT J AU Zhang, M Helmerson, K You, L AF Zhang, M Helmerson, K You, L TI Entanglement and spin squeezing of Bose-Einstein-condensed atoms SO PHYSICAL REVIEW A LA English DT Article ID MULTIPARTICLE ENTANGLEMENT; COLD ATOMS; STATES; TRAP; IONS; PHOTOASSOCIATION; FRAGMENTATION; SPECTROSCOPY; LIGHT; FIELD AB We propose a direct, coherent coupling scheme that can create massively entangled states of Bose-Einstein-condensed atoms. Our idea is based on an effective interaction between two atoms from coherent Raman processes through a (two-atom) molecular intermediate state. We compare our scheme with other recent proposals for generation of massive entanglement of Bose-Einstein-condensed atoms. We also present explicit calculations that support the possibility of detecting maximally entangled states without requiring single-atom resolved measurements. C1 Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Phys, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Atom Phys Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Zhang, M (reprint author), Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Phys, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. RI Helmerson, Kristian/E-3683-2013; Zhang, Mei/F-1252-2015 OI Zhang, Mei/0000-0002-9728-9001 NR 45 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1050-2947 J9 PHYS REV A JI Phys. Rev. A PD OCT PY 2003 VL 68 IS 4 AR 043622 DI 10.1103/PhysRevA.68.043622 PN B PG 11 WC Optics; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Optics; Physics GA 770EZ UT WOS:000188711400036 ER PT J AU Granado, E Ling, CD Neumeier, JJ Lynn, JW Argyriou, DN AF Granado, E Ling, CD Neumeier, JJ Lynn, JW Argyriou, DN TI Inhomogeneous magnetism in La-doped CaMnO3. II. Nanometric-scale spin clusters and long-range spin canting SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID DOUBLE-EXCHANGE MODEL; FERROMAGNETIC KONDO MODEL; PHASE-SEPARATION; NEUTRON-SCATTERING; ELECTRONIC MODELS; MANGANITES; DIAGRAM; ANTIFERROMAGNETISM; MAGNETORESISTANCE; RESISTIVITY AB Neutron measurements on Ca1-xLaxMnO3 (0.00less than or equal toxless than or equal to0.20) reveal the development of magnetic droplets showing a liquidlike intercluster spatial distribution. The average size of the droplets is similar to10 Angstrom, the concentration of which in the G-AFM matrix being proportional to x (one cluster per similar to60 doped electrons). In addition, a long-range ordered ferromagnetic component is observed for 0.05less than or similar toxless than or similar to0.14. This component is perpendicularly coupled to the simple G-type antiferromagnetic (G-AFM) structure of the undoped compound, which is a signature of a G-AFM+FM spin-canted state. The possible relationship between cluster formation and the stabilization of a long-range spin canting for intermediate doping is discussed. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Ctr Superconduct Res, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Lab Nacl Luz Sincrotron, BR-13084971 Campinas, SP, Brazil. Inst Max Von Laue Paul Langevin, F-38042 Grenoble 9, France. Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Montana State Univ, Dept Phys, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM granado@lnls.br RI Ling, Chris D/B-2228-2009; Granado, Eduardo/F-5389-2012 OI Ling, Chris D/0000-0003-2205-3106; NR 32 TC 70 Z9 70 U1 0 U2 17 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9950 EI 2469-9969 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD OCT 1 PY 2003 VL 68 IS 13 AR 134440 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.68.134440 PG 6 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 740VN UT WOS:000186422400094 ER PT J AU Klaui, M Vaz, CAF Bland, JAC Monchesky, TL Unguris, J Bauer, E Cherifi, S Heun, S Locatelli, A Heyderman, LJ Cui, Z AF Klaui, M Vaz, CAF Bland, JAC Monchesky, TL Unguris, J Bauer, E Cherifi, S Heun, S Locatelli, A Heyderman, LJ Cui, Z TI Direct observation of spin configurations and classification of switching processes in mesoscopic ferromagnetic rings SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID NARROW RINGS; MAGNETS; NANOMAGNETS AB Using nonintrusive imaging techniques we have directly observed the nanoscopic details of the magnetization configurations of epitaxial and polycrystalline mesoscopic ring structures with a <15-nm resolution. We have found head to head domain walls with different spin structures depending on ring width. Further, we can classify the geometry dependent switching processes according to the number of transitions (single, double, triple) that a ring undergoes in a hysteresis cycle. In the case of triple switching we find a state with a complete vortex core present in the ring. C1 Univ Cambridge, Cavendish Lab, Cambridge CB3 0HE, England. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Sincrotrone Trieste, I-34012 Trieste, Italy. Paul Scherrer Inst, Lab Micro & Nanotechnol, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland. Rutherford Appleton Lab, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England. RP Bland, JAC (reprint author), Univ Konstanz, Fachbereich Phys, Univ Str 10, D-78457 Constance, Germany. RI Heun, Stefan/B-4406-2011; Vaz, Carlos/A-7240-2012; Unguris, John/J-3989-2014; Klaui, Mathias/B-6972-2009; Heyderman, Laura/E-7959-2015; Cherifi-Hertel, Salia/H-9919-2016 OI Heun, Stefan/0000-0003-1989-5679; Vaz, Carlos/0000-0002-6209-8918; Klaui, Mathias/0000-0002-4848-2569; Cherifi-Hertel, Salia/0000-0002-9617-2098 NR 19 TC 70 Z9 71 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD OCT 1 PY 2003 VL 68 IS 13 AR 134426 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.68.134426 PG 5 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 740VN UT WOS:000186422400080 ER PT J AU Ling, CD Granado, E Neumeier, JJ Lynn, JW Argyriou, DN AF Ling, CD Granado, E Neumeier, JJ Lynn, JW Argyriou, DN TI Inhomogeneous magnetism in La-doped CaMnO3. I. Mesoscopic phase separation due to lattice-coupled ferromagnetic interactions SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID NEUTRON-SCATTERING; MANGANITES; PEROVSKITE; MAGNETORESISTANCE; MAROKITE; ANTIFERROMAGNETISM; CAMN2O4 AB A detailed investigation of mesoscopic magnetic and crystallographic phase separation in Ca1-xLaxMnO3, 0.00less than or equal toxless than or equal to0.20, is reported. Neutron powder diffraction and dc-magnetization techniques have been used to isolate the different roles played by electrons doped into the e(g) level as a function of their concentration x. The presence of multiple low-temperature magnetic and crystallographic phases within individual polycrystalline samples is argued to be an intrinsic feature of the system that follows from the shifting balance between competing ferromagnetic (FM) and antiferromagnetic (AFM) interactions as a function of temperature. FM double-exchange interactions associated with doped e(g) electrons are favored over competing AFM interactions at higher temperatures, and couple more strongly with the lattice via orbital polarization. These FM interactions thereby play a privileged role, even at low e(g) electron concentrations, by virtue of structural modifications induced above the AFM transition temperatures. C1 Inst Max Von Laue Paul Langevin, F-38042 Grenoble 9, France. Argonne Natl Lab, Div Mat Sci, Argonne, IL 60439 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, Ctr Superconduct Res, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Lab Nacl Luz Sincrotron, BR-13084971 Campinas, SP, Brazil. Montana State Univ, Dept Phys, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. Hahn Meitner Inst Berlin GmbH, D-14109 Berlin, Germany. RP Ling, CD (reprint author), Inst Max Von Laue Paul Langevin, BP 156, F-38042 Grenoble 9, France. RI Ling, Chris D/B-2228-2009; Granado, Eduardo/F-5389-2012 OI Ling, Chris D/0000-0003-2205-3106; NR 31 TC 83 Z9 83 U1 0 U2 16 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD OCT 1 PY 2003 VL 68 IS 13 AR 134439 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.68.134439 PG 8 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 740VN UT WOS:000186422400093 ER PT J AU Matsuura, M Dai, PC Kang, HJ Lynn, JW Argyriou, DN Prokes, K Onose, Y Tokura, Y AF Matsuura, M Dai, PC Kang, HJ Lynn, JW Argyriou, DN Prokes, K Onose, Y Tokura, Y TI Effect of a magnetic field on the long-range magnetic order in insulating Nd2CuO4 and nonsuperconducting and superconducting Nd1.85Ce0.15CuO4 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID HIGH-TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTOR; T-C SUPERCONDUCTIVITY; ANTIFERROMAGNETIC ORDER; SINGLE-CRYSTALS; ND2-XCEXCUO4; TRANSITIONS; DEPENDENCE; SYMMETRY; VORTEX; STATE AB We have measured the effect of a c-axis-aligned magnetic field on the long-range magnetic order of insulating Nd2CuO4, as-grown nonsuperconducting and superconducting Nd1.85Ce0.15CuO4. On cooling from room temperature, Nd2CuO4 goes through a series of antiferromagnetic (AF) phase transitions with different noncollinear spin structures. In all phases of Nd2CuO4, we find that the applied c-axis field induces a canting of the AF order but does not alter the basic zero-field noncollinear spin structures. A similar behavior is also found in as-grown nonsuperconducting Nd1.85Ce0.15CuO4. These results contrast dramatically with those of superconducting Nd1.85Ce0.15CuO4, where the c-axis-aligned magnetic field induces a static, anomalously conducting, long-range ordered AF state. We confirm that the annealing process necessary to make superconducting Nd1.85Ce0.15CuO4 also induces epitaxial, three-dimensional long-range-ordered cubic (Nd,Ce)(2)O-3 as a small impurity phase. In addition, the annealing process makes a series of quasi-two-dimensional superlattice reflections associated with lattice distortions of Nd1.85Ce0.15CuO4 in the CuO2 plane. While the application of a magnetic field will induce a net moment in the impurity phase, we determine its magnitude and eliminate this as a possibility for the observed magnetic-field-induced effect in superconducting Nd1.85Ce0.15CuO4. This is confirmed by measurements of the (1/2,1/2,3) peak, which is not lattice matched to the impurity phase. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Condensed Matter Sci Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Univ Tennessee, Dept Phys & Astron, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Hahn Meitner Inst Berlin GmbH, D-14109 Berlin, Germany. Charles Univ, Dept Elect Struct, Prague 12116 2, Czech Republic. Japan Sci & Technol, ERATO, Spin Superstruct Project, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058562, Japan. Correlated Electron Res Ctr, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058562, Japan. Univ Tokyo, Dept Appl Phys, Tokyo 1138656, Japan. RP Matsuura, M (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Condensed Matter Sci Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Onose, Yoshinori/F-1977-2010; Dai, Pengcheng /C-9171-2012; Tokura, Yoshinori/C-7352-2009; Matsuura, Masato/C-2827-2013 OI Dai, Pengcheng /0000-0002-6088-3170; Matsuura, Masato/0000-0003-4470-0271 NR 37 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD OCT 1 PY 2003 VL 68 IS 14 AR 144503 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.68.144503 PG 13 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 740VP UT WOS:000186422500071 ER PT J AU Osborn, KD Van Harlingen, DJ Aji, V Goldenfeld, N Oh, S Eckstein, JN AF Osborn, KD Van Harlingen, DJ Aji, V Goldenfeld, N Oh, S Eckstein, JN TI Critical dynamics of superconducting Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+delta films SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID MAGNETIC PENETRATION DEPTH; T-C; 2-DIMENSIONAL SUPERCONDUCTORS; YBA2CU3O7-DELTA FILMS; 2-COIL APPARATUS; SINGLE-CRYSTAL; CONDUCTIVITY; FLUCTUATIONS; FIELD; DEPENDENCE AB We report on a systematic investigation of the critical fluctuations in the complex conductivity of epitaxially grown Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+delta films for Tless than or similar toT(c) using a two-coil inductive technique at zero applied field. We observe the static three-dimensional (3D) XY critical exponent in the superfluid density near T-c. Linear scaling analysis close to the critical temperature yields a dynamic critical exponent of zapproximate to2.0 for small drive currents, but nonlinear effects are seen to be important. At T-c, a nonlinear scaling analysis also yields a 3D dynamic exponent of z=2.0+/-0.1. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Phys, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. Univ Illinois, Mat Res Lab, Urbana, IL 61801 USA. RP Osborn, KD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 28 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD OCT 1 PY 2003 VL 68 IS 14 AR 144516 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.68.144516 PG 6 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 740VP UT WOS:000186422500084 ER PT J AU Sosolik, CE Stroscio, JA Stiles, MD Hudson, EW Blankenship, SR Fein, AP Celotta, RJ AF Sosolik, CE Stroscio, JA Stiles, MD Hudson, EW Blankenship, SR Fein, AP Celotta, RJ TI Real-space imaging of structural transitions in the vortex lattice of V3Si SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID FLUX LATTICE; SUPERCONDUCTOR; DENSITY; STATES AB The predictions of nonlocal London theory are confirmed by real-space measurements of the hexagonal-to-square transition in the vortex lattice structure of V3Si. We observe that the lattice transforms from hexagonal to nearly square over the field range of 0-4 T for fields applied along the [001] direction. Above approximate to0.75 T, we find that the lattice orientation is strongly linked to the symmetry of the underlying V3Si crystal and has a (100) symmetry plane. Near the rhombus-to-square transition at 4 T, we observe anisotropic long-range translational order, consistent with predictions of the elasticity of the lattice near this transition. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Electron Phys Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Sosolik, CE (reprint author), Clemson Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Clemson, SC 29634 USA. RI Sosolik, Chad/D-3671-2011; Stiles, Mark/K-2426-2012; Hudson, Eric/C-2746-2008 OI Stiles, Mark/0000-0001-8238-4156; Hudson, Eric/0000-0001-7064-0351 NR 12 TC 31 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD OCT 1 PY 2003 VL 68 IS 14 AR 140503 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.68.140503 PG 4 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 740VP UT WOS:000186422500015 ER PT J AU Wiebe, CR Greedan, JE Kyriakou, PP Luke, GM Gardner, JS Fukaya, A Gat-Malureanu, IM Russo, PL Savici, AT Uemura, YJ AF Wiebe, CR Greedan, JE Kyriakou, PP Luke, GM Gardner, JS Fukaya, A Gat-Malureanu, IM Russo, PL Savici, AT Uemura, YJ TI Frustration-driven spin freezing in the S=1/2 fcc perovskite Sr2MgReO6 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID PYROCHLORE ANTIFERROMAGNET; KAGOME ANTIFERROMAGNET; MAGNETIC FRUSTRATION; LATTICE; RELAXATION; DYNAMICS; Y2MO2O7; RHENIUM; CUMN AB The ordered perovskite Sr2MgReO6 of tetragonal symmetry [I4/m, a=5.5670(1) Angstrom, c=7.9318(2) Angstrom at T=295 K] has been synthesized and characterized by x-ray and neutron diffraction, thermal gravimetric analysis dc susceptibility, heat capacity, and muon spin relaxation (muSR) experiments. The B site cations Re6+ and Mg2+ appear to be ordered due the large difference in formal charge. The Re6+ magnetic ions form a distorted fcc lattice of S=1/2 spins providing a frustrated topology of edge-shared tetrahedra. The material exhibits a weak magnetic glassiness shown by a cusp at similar to50 K in the dc susceptibility, a weak but broad heat capacity anomaly, and a low-temperature muSR line shape characteristic of a spin-glass state. A broad and strongly field- dependent maximum in the dc susceptibility suggests that magnetic correlations persist to similar to175 K, accompanied by a divergence in the field-cooled and zero-field-cooled susceptibility. The anisotropic nature of the superexchange pathways due to the tetragonal distortion is thought to disrupt the ideal frustrated environment and lead to weaker glassiness than Sr2CaReO6, which has T(G)similar to14 K, and a large specific heat anomaly. In contrast, Sr2MgReO6 has a small anomaly, and only about 3% of the entropy is released at T(G)similar to50 K, which is comparable to other unconventional spin glasses such as the jarosite (H3O)Fe-3(SO4)(2)(OH)(6)(similar to6%). T(G)similar to50 K is unusually high for this class of materials. C1 McMaster Univ, Dept Chem, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada. McMaster Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Columbia Univ, Dept Phys, New York, NY 10027 USA. RP Greedan, JE (reprint author), McMaster Univ, Dept Chem, 1280 Main St W, Hamilton, ON L8S 4M1, Canada. RI Savici, Andrei/F-2790-2013; Luke, Graeme/A-9094-2010; Gardner, Jason/A-1532-2013 OI Savici, Andrei/0000-0001-5127-8967; NR 34 TC 53 Z9 54 U1 1 U2 23 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD OCT 1 PY 2003 VL 68 IS 13 AR 134410 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.68.134410 PG 10 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 740VN UT WOS:000186422400064 ER PT J AU Zheludev, A Honda, Z Broholm, CL Katsumata, K Shapiro, SM Kolezhuk, A Park, S Qiu, Y AF Zheludev, A Honda, Z Broholm, CL Katsumata, K Shapiro, SM Kolezhuk, A Park, S Qiu, Y TI Massive triplet excitations in a magnetized anisotropic Haldane spin chain SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID S=1 HEISENBERG-ANTIFERROMAGNET; GAP ANTIFERROMAGNET; NEUTRON-SCATTERING; FIELD-THEORY; DYNAMICS; MODEL; PHASE AB Inelastic neutron scattering experiments on the Haldane-gap quantum antiferromagnet Ni(C5D14N2)(2)N-3(PF6) are performed at mK temperatures in magnetic fields of almost twice the critical field H-c applied perpendicular to the spin chains. Above H-c a reopening of the spin gap is clearly observed. In the high-field Neel-ordered state the spectrum is dominated by three distinct excitation branches. A theoretical model consistently describing the experimental data is proposed. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Condensed Matter Sci Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Saitama Univ, Fac Engn, Urawa, Saitama 3388570, Japan. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RIKEN, Harima Inst, Sayo, Hyogo 6795148, Japan. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Phys, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Univ Hannover, Inst Theoret Phys, D-30167 Hannover, Germany. Natl Acad Sci, Inst Magnetism, UA-03142 Kiev, Ukraine. Minist Educ Ukraine, UA-03142 Kiev, Ukraine. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat & Nucl Engn, College Pk, MD 20743 USA. RP Zheludev, A (reprint author), Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Condensed Matter Sci Div, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. RI Broholm, Collin/E-8228-2011; Kolezhuk, Alexei/A-3311-2009 OI Broholm, Collin/0000-0002-1569-9892; Kolezhuk, Alexei/0000-0002-9739-0986 NR 26 TC 32 Z9 32 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1098-0121 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD OCT 1 PY 2003 VL 68 IS 13 AR 134438 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.68.134438 PG 4 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 740VN UT WOS:000186422400092 ER PT J AU Chen, WR Mallamace, F Glinka, CJ Fratini, E Chen, SH AF Chen, WR Mallamace, F Glinka, CJ Fratini, E Chen, SH TI Neutron- and light-scattering studies of the liquid-to-glass and glass-to-glass transitions in dense copolymer micellar solutions SO PHYSICAL REVIEW E LA English DT Article ID MODE-COUPLING-THEORY; ATTRACTIVE INTERACTIONS; COLLOIDAL SUSPENSIONS; SYSTEM; PERCOLATION; SURFACTANT; STATES AB Recent mode coupling theory (MCT) calculations show that if a short-range attractive interaction is added to the pure hard sphere system, one may observe a new type of glass originating from the clustering effect (the attractive glass) as a result of the attractive interaction. This is in addition to the known glass-forming mechanism due to the cage effect in the hard sphere system (the repulsive glass). The calculations also indicate that if the range of attraction is sufficiently short compared to the diameter of the particle, within a certain interval of volume fractions where the two glass-forming mechanisms nearly balance each other, varying the external control parameter, the effective temperature, makes the glass-to-liquid-to-glass reentrance and the glass-to-glass transitions possible. Here we present experimental evidence of both transitions, obtained from small-angle neutron-scattering and photon correlation measurements taken from dense L64 copolymer micellar solutions in heavy water. Varying the temperature in certain predicted volume fraction range triggers a sharp transition between these two different types of glass. In particular, according to MCT, there is an end point (called A(3) singularity) of this glass-to-glass transition line, beyond which the long-time dynamics of the two glasses become identical. Our findings confirm this theoretical prediction. Surprisingly, although the Debye-Waller factors, the long-time limit of the coherent intermediate scattering functions, of these two glasses obtained from photon correlation measurements indeed become identical at the predicted volume fraction, they exhibit distinctly different intermediate time relaxation. Furthermore, our experimental results obtained from volume fractions beyond the end point are characterized by the same features as the repulsive glass obtained before the end point. A complete phase diagram giving the boundaries of the structural arrest transitions for L64 micellar system is given. C1 MIT, Dept Nucl Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Univ Messina, Dipartimento Fis, I-98166 Messina, Italy. Univ Messina, Ist Nazl Fis Mat, I-98166 Messina, Italy. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Florence, Dept Chem, I-50019 Florence, Italy. Univ Florence, CSGI, I-50019 Florence, Italy. RP Chen, WR (reprint author), MIT, Dept Nucl Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. EM sowhsin@mit.edu RI Fratini, Emiliano/C-9983-2010 OI Fratini, Emiliano/0000-0001-7104-6530 NR 25 TC 42 Z9 43 U1 2 U2 16 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 1539-3755 J9 PHYS REV E JI Phys. Rev. E PD OCT PY 2003 VL 68 IS 4 AR 041402 DI 10.1103/PhysRevE.68.041402 PN 1 PG 15 WC Physics, Fluids & Plasmas; Physics, Mathematical SC Physics GA 743JR UT WOS:000186569100027 PM 14682940 ER PT J AU Ostrovsky, LA Grue, J AF Ostrovsky, LA Grue, J TI Evolution equations for strongly nonlinear internal waves SO PHYSICS OF FLUIDS LA English DT Article ID SOLITARY WAVES; GRAVITY-WAVES; AMPLITUDE; SOLITONS; SURFACE; WATER; OCEAN; SEA AB This paper is concerned with shallow-water equations for strongly nonlinear internal waves in a two-layer fluid, and comparison of their solitary solutions with the results of fully nonlinear computations and with experimental data. This comparison is necessary due to a contradictory nature of these equations which combine strong nonlinearity and weak dispersion. First, the Lagrangian (Whitham's) method for dispersive shallow-water waves is applied to derivation of equations equivalent to the Choi-Camassa (CC) equations. Then, using the Riemann invariants for strongly nonlinear, nondispersive waves, we obtain unidirectional, evolution equations with nonlinear dispersive terms. The latter are first derived from the CC equations and then introduced semiphenomenologically as quasistationary generalizations of weakly nonlinear Korteweg-de Vries and Benjamin-Ono models. Solitary solutions for these equations are obtained and verified against fully nonlinear computations. Comparisons are also made with available observational data for extremely strong solitons in coastal zones with well expressed pycnoclines. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics. C1 NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Zel Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Oslo, Dept Math, Mech Div, Oslo, Norway. RP Ostrovsky, LA (reprint author), NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Zel Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. OI Ostrovsky, Lev/0000-0003-2233-1305 NR 25 TC 59 Z9 59 U1 2 U2 11 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 1070-6631 J9 PHYS FLUIDS JI Phys. Fluids PD OCT PY 2003 VL 15 IS 10 BP 2934 EP 2948 DI 10.1063/1.1604133 PG 15 WC Mechanics; Physics, Fluids & Plasmas SC Mechanics; Physics GA 720PB UT WOS:000185268200015 ER PT J AU Zhang, CD Mapes, BE Soden, BJ AF Zhang, CD Mapes, BE Soden, BJ TI Bimodality in tropical water vapour SO QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE humidity; mixing; probability distribution function ID EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; WESTERN PACIFIC; TOGA COARE; TROPOSPHERIC HUMIDITY; GLOBAL PRECIPITATION; BOUNDARY-LAYER; DRY AIR; CONVECTION; CLIMATE; VARIABILITY AB Probability distribution functions of tropospheric water vapour in the tropics are shown to be commonly bimodal. This bimodality implies sharp gradients between dry and moist regimes in space and time. A method of testing for and quantifying bimodality is introduced. Using this method, the bimodality of water vapour is surveyed in satellite and in situ observations, as well as in global model re-analysis data and simulations. The bimodality suggests that the radiative drying time after an injection of moisture by convection is short (1-2 days) compared to a homogenizing time, whether physical (mixing) or mathematical (averaging). It is shown that the local bimodality found in cloud-model simulations and in situ point measurements disappears with modest time averaging (18 h and 200 km), but then reappears on the global-scale, where dry and moist regions are separated so widely that synoptic- and large-scale mixing times exceed the drying time-scale. Large discrepancies exist in the ability to reproduce the global-scale bimodality by global model re-analysis and simulations. C1 Univ Miami, Rosenstiel Sch Marine & Atmospher Sci, Miami, FL 33149 USA. NOAA, CIRES, Climate Diagnost Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ USA. RP Zhang, CD (reprint author), 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway,MPO, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RI Mapes, Brian/A-5647-2010 NR 45 TC 56 Z9 58 U1 0 U2 2 PU ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI READING PA 104 OXFORD ROAD, READING RG1 7LJ, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0035-9009 J9 Q J ROY METEOR SOC JI Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 129 IS 594 BP 2847 EP 2866 DI 10.1256/qj.02.166 PN A PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 741EH UT WOS:000186445400001 ER PT J AU Waliser, DE Stern, W Schubert, S Lau, KM AF Waliser, DE Stern, W Schubert, S Lau, KM TI Dynamic predictability of intraseasonal variability associated with the Asian summer monsoon SO QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Review DE climate prediction; Madden-Julian Oscillation; numerical weather forecast ID MADDEN-JULIAN OSCILLATION; AIR-SEA INTERACTION; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODELS; LARGE-SCALE ENVIRONMENT; CUMULUS CLOUD ENSEMBLE; INDIAN MONSOON; EL-NINO; SURFACE TEMPERATURE; RAINFALL ANOMALIES; RANGE PREDICTION AB The objective of this study is to estimate the limit of dynamical predictability for the tropical intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) associated with the Asian summer monsoon. Ensembles of 'twin' predictability experiments were carried out with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Goddard Laboratory for the Atmospheres atmospheric general circulation model using specified annual cycle sea surface temperatures. Initial conditions were taken from a 10-year control simulation during periods of strong ISO activity identified via extended empirical orthogonal function analysis of 30-90 day band-passed tropical rainfall. From this analysis, 21 cases were chosen for each of four distinct phases of the ISO cycle, making 84 cases in total. Two different sets of small random perturbations were added to these 84 initial states. Simulations were then performed for 90 days from each of these 168 perturbed initial conditions. A measure of potential predictability was constructed based on a ratio of the signal associated with the ISO, in terms of rainfall or 200 hPa velocity potential (VP200), and the mean-square difference between sets of twin forecasts. This ratio indicates that the limit of predictability for this model's ISO extends out to about 25 days for VP200 and to about 15 days for rainfall. The predictability measure shows modest dependence on the strength of the ISO events, with stronger events having a greater limit of predictability by a few days. It also exhibits a dependence on the phase of the ISO, with greater predictability for the convective phase at short (less than or similar to5 days) lead times and for the suppressed phase at longer (greater than or similar to 15 days) lead times. The implications of these results as well as their associated model and analysis caveats are discussed. C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Inst Terr & Planetary Atmospheres, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Princeton Univ, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Data Assimilat Off, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Climate & Radiat Branch, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP Waliser, DE (reprint author), SUNY Stony Brook, Inst Terr & Planetary Atmospheres, Endeavour Hall 205, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. EM duane.waliser@sunysb.edu RI Lau, William /E-1510-2012 OI Lau, William /0000-0002-3587-3691 NR 104 TC 73 Z9 74 U1 1 U2 8 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0035-9009 J9 Q J ROY METEOR SOC JI Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 129 IS 594 BP 2897 EP 2925 DI 10.1256/qj.02.51 PN A PG 29 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 741EH UT WOS:000186445400004 ER PT J AU Markowicz, KM Flatau, PJ Vogelmann, AM Quinn, PK Welton, EJ AF Markowicz, KM Flatau, PJ Vogelmann, AM Quinn, PK Welton, EJ TI Clear-sky infrared aerosol radiative forcing at the surface and the top of the atmosphere SO QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE aerosol forcing; aerosol infrared forcing; climate change ID MINERAL AEROSOLS; AIRBORNE MEASUREMENTS; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; CLOUDS; APPROXIMATIONS; CALIBRATION; EXTINCTION; INSTRUMENT; SCATTERING; POLLUTION AB We study the aerosol radiative forcing at infrared (IR) wavelengths using data from the Aerosol Characterization Experiment. ACE-Asia, cruise of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration research vessel Ronald H. Brown. The analyses apply to the daytime periods of clear-sky conditions for the area within the immediate vicinity of the ship. An optical model is derived from chemical measurements, lidar profiles, and visible-extinction measurements, which are used to estimate the IR aerosol optical thickness and the single-scattering albedo. The IR model results are compared to detailed Fourier transform interferometer-based IR aerosol forcing estimates, pyrgeometer-based IR downward fluxes, and to observations of the direct aerosol solar forcing. This combined approach attests to the self-consistency of the optical model, and allows us to derive quantities such as the IR forcing at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) and the IR optical thickness. The mean IR aerosol optical thickness at 10 mum is 0.08 and the single-scattering albedo is 0.55. The modelled IR aerosol surface forcing reaches 10 W m(-2) during the cruise, which is a significant contribution compared to the total direct aerosol forcing. The surface IR aerosol radiative forcing is between 10 and 25% of the short-wave aerosol forcing. The IR aerosol forcing at the TOA can be up to 19% of the solar aerosol forcing. We show good agreement between TOA aerosol IR forcing derived from the model and from the CERES (Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System) satellite data. Over the Sea of Japan, the average IR aerosol radiative forcing is 4.6 W m(-2) at the surface. and 1.5 W m(-2) at the TOA. The IR forcing efficiency at the TOA is a strong function of aerosol temperature (which is coupled to vertical structure) and changes between 10 and 18 W m(-2) (per IR optical depth unit), while the surface IR forcing efficiency varies between 37 and 55 W m(-2) (per IR optical depth unit). C1 Univ Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, San Diego, CA 92103 USA. Univ Warsaw, Inst Geophys, PL-00325 Warsaw, Poland. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Oceans, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Goddard Earth Sci & Technol Ctr, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. RP Flatau, PJ (reprint author), USN, Res Lab, 7 Grace Hopper Ave, Monterey, CA 93943 USA. EM pflatau@ucsd.edu RI Welton, Ellsworth/A-8362-2012; Flatau, Piotr/E-2219-2011; Vogelmann, Andrew/M-8779-2014; Quinn, Patricia/R-1493-2016 OI Vogelmann, Andrew/0000-0003-1918-5423; Quinn, Patricia/0000-0003-0337-4895 NR 36 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 1 U2 8 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0035-9009 EI 1477-870X J9 Q J ROY METEOR SOC JI Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 129 IS 594 BP 2927 EP 2947 DI 10.1256/qj.02.224 PN A PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 741EH UT WOS:000186445400005 ER PT J AU Austin, J Butchart, N AF Austin, J Butchart, N TI Coupled chemistry-climate model simulations for the period 1980 to 2020: Ozone depletion and the start of ozone recovery SO QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE chlorine; greenhouse gases; stratosphere; trends ID GRAVITY-WAVE PARAMETERIZATION; GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE; GREENHOUSE GASES; COLUMN OZONE; STRATOSPHERE; TRENDS; TROPOSPHERE AB Two simulations of a coupled chemistry-climate model are completed for the period 1980 to 2020, covering the recent past during which extensive satellite ozone and temperature data exist, and covering the near future when ozone levels are expected to begin to recover. In the first simulation, Rayleigh friction is used to decelerate the polar night jet. In the second simulation, a parametrized spectral gravity-wave forcing scheme is included. This has the effect of considerably reducing the model temperature bias in the polar regions and weakening the polar night jet. In the simulations the concentrations of chlorine, bromine and the well-mixed greenhouse gas concentrations are specified in accordance with past observations and future projected values. The calculated trends in temperature and ozone in the two runs are similar, indicating that model internal variability does not have a significant impact and suggesting that the trends arise largely from changes in external parameters. Typically, after about the year 2000, the trend in the modelled annually averaged ozone changed from a decrease to a small increase. The change was found to be statistically significant in the upper stratosphere and in the lower stratosphere over Antarctica, which are the regions most affected by halogen chemistry. Globally averaged temperature results suggest that the best place to look for future atmospheric change is in the upper stratosphere. Decadally averaged statistics are used to estimate the timing of the start of recovery of total ozone. The simulations indicate no significant further ozone loss from the current atmosphere with minima typically occurring in the years from 2000 to 2005, except in the spring Arctic where ozone values continued to decrease slowly until the end of the integrations. One major problem with the detection of the start of ozone recovery, is that the concentrations of halogens are expected to reduce only slowly from their peak value. Hence, no substantial recovery is simulated before the year 2020. The difficulty in detecting the start of ozone recovery suggests the need to continue the model simulations until the second half of this century which would also help to establish the timing of complete ozone recovery. C1 Met Off, Bracknell, Berks, England. RP Austin, J (reprint author), Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, 201 Forestal Rd, Plainsboro, NJ 08542 USA. NR 33 TC 39 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 3 PU ROYAL METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI READING PA 104 OXFORD ROAD, READING RG1 7LJ, BERKS, ENGLAND SN 0035-9009 J9 Q J ROY METEOR SOC JI Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 129 IS 595 BP 3225 EP 3249 DI 10.1256/qj.02.203 PN B PG 25 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 757GJ UT WOS:000187554400004 ER PT J AU Jean, YC Mallon, PE Zhang, R Chen, HM Li, Y Zhang, JJ Wu, YC Sandreczki, TC Suzuki, R Ohdaira, T Gu, X Nguyen, T AF Jean, YC Mallon, PE Zhang, R Chen, HM Li, Y Zhang, JJ Wu, YC Sandreczki, TC Suzuki, R Ohdaira, T Gu, X Nguyen, T TI Positron studies of polymeric coatings SO RADIATION PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Workshop on Positron and Positronium Chemistry CY JUL 07-12, 2002 CL KNOXVILLE, TN DE coatings; weathering; degradation; polymers; slow positrons ID ANNIHILATION SPECTROSCOPY; THIN-FILMS; DEGRADATION; SURFACES; INTERFACES; PROBE; BEAMS AB In complicated coating systems, positrons have shown sensitivity in detecting the early stage of deterioration due to weathering, specially, in probing a specific location or depth of coatings from the surface through interfaces and the bulk. Existing extensive experimental positron data show that positron annihilation signals respond quantitatively to the deterioration process due to weathering. Now it is possible to detect the very early stage of coating deterioration at the atomic and molecular scale by using positrons, typically in days as compared to years by conventional methods. This paper summarizes recent positron studies in polymeric coatings. Correlations between positron data and a variety of chemical, physical and engineering data from ESR, AFM, cross-link density, gloss, and cyclic loading are presented. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Missouri, Dept Chem, Kansas City, MO 64110 USA. Univ Stellenbosch, Dept Chem, Div Polymer Sci, ZA-7602 Matieland, South Africa. Natl Inst Adv Ind Sci & Technol, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Jean, YC (reprint author), Univ Missouri, Dept Chem, 205 Spencer Chem,Bldg 5100,Rockhill Rd, Kansas City, MO 64110 USA. EM jeany@umkc.edu NR 30 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0969-806X J9 RADIAT PHYS CHEM JI Radiat. Phys. Chem. PD OCT-NOV PY 2003 VL 68 IS 3-4 BP 395 EP 402 DI 10.1016/S0969-806X(03)00190-7 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 729NB UT WOS:000185778900012 ER PT J AU Chowdhuri, Z Hansen, GL Jane, V Keith, CD Lozowski, WM Snow, WM Dewey, MS Gilliam, DM Greene, GL Nico, JS Thompson, AK Wietfeldtd, FE AF Chowdhuri, Z Hansen, GL Jane, V Keith, CD Lozowski, WM Snow, WM Dewey, MS Gilliam, DM Greene, GL Nico, JS Thompson, AK Wietfeldtd, FE TI A cryogenic radiometer for absolute neutron rate measurement SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article ID ELECTRICAL-SUBSTITUTION RADIOMETER; COUNTING TRAPPED PROTONS; LOW-TEMPERATURE PHASE; LITHIUM METAL; IRRADIATION; DETECTOR; FLUX; CALORIMETER; DIFFRACTION; BOLOMETER AB We detail the design and operation of an electrical substitution radiometer, which measures the absolute fluence of thermal neutron beams based on neutron absorption in a Li-6-rich metallic alloy. We demonstrate that the device possesses a linear response to electrical power in the 50-500 nW range with better than 0.1% absolute accuracy and negligible zero offset. We show the response of the radiometer to a 3 meV neutron beam. We compare the noise of the radiometer to the noise observed upstream in a thin rate monitor and show that the radiometer noise is understood quantitatively. We establish that the radiometer measures neutron rates above 10(5) s(-1) to an absolute accuracy of 0.1%. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics. C1 NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Indiana Univ, Cyclotron Facil, Bloomington, IN 47408 USA. RP Chowdhuri, Z (reprint author), NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 58 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 74 IS 10 BP 4280 EP 4293 DI 10.1063/1.1605492 PG 14 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 730RW UT WOS:000185844800005 ER PT J AU Reintsema, CD Beyer, J Nam, SW Deiker, S Hilton, GC Irwin, K Martinis, J Ullom, J Vale, LR Macintosh, M AF Reintsema, CD Beyer, J Nam, SW Deiker, S Hilton, GC Irwin, K Martinis, J Ullom, J Vale, LR Macintosh, M TI Prototype system for superconducting quantum interference device multiplexing of large-format transition-edge sensor arrays SO REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS LA English DT Article ID HIGH-RESOLUTION AB We discuss the implementation of a time-division superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) multiplexing system for the instrumentation of large-format transition-edge sensor arrays. We cover the design and integration of cryogenic SQUID multiplexers and amplifiers, signal management and wiring, analog interface electronics, a digital feedback system, serial-data streaming and management, and system configuration and control. We present data verifying performance of the digital-feedback system. System noise and bandwidth measurements demonstrate the feasibility of adapting this technology for a broad base of applications, including x-ray materials analysis and imaging arrays for-future astronomy missions such as Constellation-X (x-ray) and the SCUBA-2 instrument (submillimeter) for the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Electromagnet Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Royal Observ, UK Astron Technol Ctr, Edinburgh EH9 3HJ, Midlothian, Scotland. RP Reintsema, CD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Electromagnet Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 15 TC 74 Z9 74 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0034-6748 J9 REV SCI INSTRUM JI Rev. Sci. Instrum. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 74 IS 10 BP 4500 EP 4508 DI 10.1063/1.1605259 PG 9 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics, Applied SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Physics GA 730RW UT WOS:000185844800041 ER PT J AU Mearns, AJ AF Mearns, AJ TI Cruise ship wastewater management: Assessing tradeoffs SO SEA TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NOAA, Hazardous Mat Response Div, Washington, DC 20230 USA. RP Mearns, AJ (reprint author), NOAA, Hazardous Mat Response Div, Washington, DC 20230 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU COMPASS PUBLICATIONS, INC PI ARLINGTON PA 1501 WILSON BLVD., STE 1001, ARLINGTON, VA 22209-2403 USA SN 0093-3651 J9 SEA TECHNOL JI Sea Technol. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 44 IS 10 BP 81 EP 81 PG 1 WC Engineering, Ocean SC Engineering GA 734MV UT WOS:000186060600010 ER PT J AU Cloud, J AF Cloud, J TI Special guest-edited issue on the earth sciences in the Cold War - Introduction SO SOCIAL STUDIES OF SCIENCE LA English DT Editorial Material C1 NOAA, Cent Lib, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Cloud, J (reprint author), NOAA, Cent Lib, 1315 East West Highway,SSMC-3,2nd Floor,E-OC4, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM John.Cloud@noaa.gov NR 0 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON EC1Y 1SP, ENGLAND SN 0306-3127 J9 SOC STUD SCI JI Soc. Stud. Sci. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 33 IS 5 BP 629 EP 633 DI 10.1177/0306312703335001 PG 5 WC History & Philosophy Of Science SC History & Philosophy of Science GA 767DV UT WOS:000188425700001 ER PT J AU Woods, TN Bailey, SM Peterson, WK Solomon, SC Warren, HP Eparvier, FG Garcia, H Carlson, CW McFadden, JP AF Woods, Thomas N. Bailey, Scott M. Peterson, W. K. Solomon, Stanley C. Warren, Harry P. Eparvier, Francis G. Garcia, Howard Carlson, Charles W. McFadden, James P. TI Solar extreme ultraviolet variability of the X-class flare on 21 April 2002 and the terrestrial photoelectron response SO SPACE WEATHER-THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article C1 [Woods, Thomas N.; Peterson, W. K.; Eparvier, Francis G.] Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Phys, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. [Bailey, Scott M.] Univ Alaska, Inst Geophys, Fairbanks, AK 99775 USA. [Warren, Harry P.] Naval Res Lab, Washington, DC 20375 USA. [Solomon, Stanley C.] Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, High Altitude Observ, Boulder, CO 80301 USA. [Garcia, Howard] Natl Ocean & Atmospher Adm, Space Environm Ctr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. [Carlson, Charles W.; McFadden, James P.] Univ Calif Berkeley, Space Sci Lab, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP Woods, TN (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Phys, 1234 Innovat Dr, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. EM tom.woods@lasp.colorado.edu; scott.bailey@gi.alaska.edu; william.peterson@lasp.colorado.edu; stans@ucar.edu; hwarren@ssd5.nrl.navy.mil; eparvier@colorado.edu; howard.a.garcia@noaa.gov; carlson@ssl.berkeley.edu; mcfadden@ssl.berkeley.edu RI Solomon, Stanley/J-4847-2012; Peterson, WK/A-8706-2009 OI Solomon, Stanley/0000-0002-5291-3034; Peterson, WK/0000-0002-1513-6096 FU NASA at the University of Colorado [NAG5-11408]; NASA [NAG5-12449, NAG5-3596] FX We thank Phil Richards for his assistance in verifying the photoelectron transport to higher altitudes, as measured by the FAST instrument, using his FLIP model. We also thank Phil Richards and Giuliana de Toma for several useful comments on the manuscript. This work has been supported by NASA grant NAG5-11408 at the University of Colorado, by NASA grant NAG5-12449 to the University of Alaska, and by NASA grant NAG5-3596 to the University of California at Berkeley. NR 29 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 1542-7390 J9 SPACE WEATHER JI Space Weather PD OCT PY 2003 VL 1 IS 1 DI 10.1029/2003SW000010 PG 7 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Astronomy & Astrophysics; Geochemistry & Geophysics; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA V31CP UT WOS:000208862000007 ER PT J AU Wittberg, TN Sen Wang, P Hsu, SM AF Wittberg, TN Sen Wang, P Hsu, SM TI Surface oxidation kinetics of SiC powders in wet and dry air studied by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and bremsstrahlung-excited Auger electron spectroscopy SO SURFACE AND INTERFACE ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE XPS; AES; bremsstrahlung; Sic; oxidation ID SILICON-CARBIDE; CERAMICS; RANGE; AES AB Silicon carbide powder samples were heated at temperatures between 600 degreesC and 850 degreesC in wet and dry air to investigate the effect of moisture on the oxidation kinetics. Equations were derived to calculate the surface oxide thickness from both the Si 2p XPS spectra and from the Si KLL bremsstrahlung-excited Auger spectra. The oxide film growth rates are shown to be parabolic. The film thickness formed during oxidation in wet air was larger than that in dry air for the same temperature and heating time. The activation energy for wet oxidation was found to be significantly lower than that for dry oxidation within this temperature range. Copyright (C) 2003 John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 Univ Dayton, Res Inst, Dayton, OH 45469 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Wittberg, TN (reprint author), Univ Dayton, Res Inst, Dayton, OH 45469 USA. NR 25 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 6 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0142-2421 J9 SURF INTERFACE ANAL JI Surf. Interface Anal. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 35 IS 10 BP 773 EP 778 DI 10.1002/sia.1598 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 732MU UT WOS:000185950800001 ER PT J AU Lakshmivarahan, S Honda, Y Lewis, JM AF Lakshmivarahan, S Honda, Y Lewis, JM TI Second-order approximation to the 3DVAR cost function: application to analysis/forecast SO TELLUS SERIES A-DYNAMIC METEOROLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY LA English DT Article ID NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION; METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS; ASSIMILATION; EQUATIONS; ALGORITHM AB The analysis/forecast cycling scheme used in operational weather prediction centers involves repeated application of a 3DVAR assimilation phase followed by a forecast phase. In this paper we first derive a closed-form expression for the complete Hessian of the 3DVAR objective function. This facilitates the use of Newton-like algorithms in the 3DVAR assimilation phase. It is also shown that this algorithm includes the standard first-order method as a special case. Notwithstanding the method used in this optimization phase. if the iterative optimization is terminated prematurely before convergence (generally for the sake of economy), the resulting analysis incurs an error that will corrupt the initial condition of the model and thereby affect the forecast. Using Lorenz's maximum simplification form of the barotropic vorticity equation, we examine the assimilation error and its dependency on the following factors: observational and background error covariances and the optimization strategy. C1 Univ Oklahoma, Sch Comp Sci, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Sch Meteorol, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Lakshmivarahan, S (reprint author), Univ Oklahoma, Sch Comp Sci, 200 Felgar Str, Norman, OK 73019 USA. NR 24 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU BLACKWELL MUNKSGAARD PI COPENHAGEN PA 35 NORRE SOGADE, PO BOX 2148, DK-1016 COPENHAGEN, DENMARK SN 0280-6495 J9 TELLUS A JI Tellus Ser. A-Dyn. Meteorol. Oceanol. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 55 IS 5 BP 371 EP 384 DI 10.1034/j.1600-0870.2003.00026.x PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Oceanography GA 728YF UT WOS:000185743400001 ER PT J AU Ridge, KD Abdulaev, NG Sousa, M Palczewski, K AF Ridge, KD Abdulaev, NG Sousa, M Palczewski, K TI Phototransduction: Crystal clear (vol 28, pg 479, 2003) SO TRENDS IN BIOCHEMICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Correction C1 NIST, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. Univ Maryland, Inst Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Ophthalmol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Chem, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Pharmacol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Ridge, KD (reprint author), NIST, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. NR 1 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE LONDON PI LONDON PA 84 THEOBALDS RD, LONDON WC1X 8RR, ENGLAND SN 0968-0004 J9 TRENDS BIOCHEM SCI JI Trends Biochem.Sci. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 28 IS 10 BP 526 EP 526 DI 10.1016/j.tibs.2003.08.008 PG 1 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology GA 736LT UT WOS:000186172800005 ER PT J AU Godin, OA Fuks, IM AF Godin, OA Fuks, IM TI Travel-time statistics for signals scattered at a rough surface SO WAVES IN RANDOM MEDIA LA English DT Article ID RANDOM-MEDIA; OCEAN; VELOCITY; WAVES AB The travel time of signals reflected or refracted by a rough surface is investigated in the geometrical optics approximation. It is shown that surface roughness typically decreases the mean travel time in the case of large-scale roughness, when only one specularly reflecting point moves randomly around its unperturbed position, resulting in a negative travel-time bias (toward early echoes). In the opposite limiting case of multipath propagation, when many specular points exist on a random surface, the travel-time bias is always positive. General results are illustrated by two examples related to ocean remote sensing which involve sound scattering from the ocean surface and bottom. C1 Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, Environm Res Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Zel Technol, LLC, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NOAA, Environm Technol Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Godin, OA (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, R-ET-1,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Godin, Oleg/E-6554-2011; ge, lei/G-6169-2011 OI Godin, Oleg/0000-0003-4599-2149; NR 24 TC 8 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 2 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0959-7174 J9 WAVE RANDOM MEDIA JI Waves Random Media PD OCT PY 2003 VL 13 IS 4 BP 205 EP 221 AR PII S0959-7174(03)61320-0 DI 10.1088/0959-7174/13/4/301 PG 17 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 741LA UT WOS:000186458500003 ER PT J AU Brennan, MJ Lackmann, GM Koch, SE AF Brennan, MJ Lackmann, GM Koch, SE TI An analysis of the impact of a split-front rainband on Appalachian cold-air damming SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID CONVECTIVE ADJUSTMENT SCHEME; MID-ATLANTIC COAST; UNITED-STATES; ROCKY-MOUNTAINS; DIABATIC PROCESSES; SEVERE WEATHER; MODEL; PRECIPITATION; MESOSCALE; CYCLONES AB Appalachian cold-air damming (CAD) is characterized by the development of a cool, stable air mass that is advected southwestward along the eastern slopes of the Appalachian Mountains by low-level ageostrophic flow. Operational forecasters have identified the demise of CAD as a major forecasting challenge, in part because numerical weather prediction models have a tendency to erode the cold air too quickly. Previous studies have considered the role of clouds and precipitation in the initiation and maintenance of CAD; generally, precipitation is thought to reinforce CAD due to the cooling and stabilization resulting from evaporation. Here, the impact of precipitation on CAD during a situation where the lower-tropospheric air mass was near saturation prior to the arrival of precipitation is considered. Previous studies have indicated that the passage of a cold front can bring about CAD demise, as the synoptic-scale flow becomes northwesterly behind the front and low-level stable air is scoured. Additional complexity is evident in the case of split cold fronts (or cold fronts aloft). In these situations, precipitation bands are found well to the east of the surface cold front and may be accompanied by severe weather. Here, the impact of a split-front rainband on a mature CAD event from 14 February 2000 is investigated. The coastal front, marking the eastern boundary of the CAD region, made significant inland progress as the split-front rainband passed. Computations from Eta Model forecast fields revealed substantial latent heat release above the cold dome during the passage of the rainband. The CAD cold dome persisted longer in an MM5 model numerical simulation in which the effects of latent heat were withheld relative to both a full-physics control run and to observations. A third model simulation where the low levels of the cold dome were initially dried showed that once saturation occurred, the cold dome began to erode. Analysis of model output and observations suggests that, in this case, precipitation contributed to the retreat of the cold dome through lower-tropospheric pressure falls, an isallobaric wind response, and a resultant inland jump of the coastal front. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Marine Earth & Atmospher Sci, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NOAA, Forecast Syst Lab, Boulder, CO USA. RP Brennan, MJ (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Marine Earth & Atmospher Sci, 1125 Jordan Hall,Box 8208, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 36 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 18 IS 5 BP 712 EP 731 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2003)018<0712:AAOTIO>2.0.CO;2 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 728FW UT WOS:000185707400003 ER PT J AU Marshall, CH Crawford, KC Mitchell, KE Stensrud, DJ AF Marshall, CH Crawford, KC Mitchell, KE Stensrud, DJ TI The impact of the land surface physics in the operational NCEP Eta model on simulating the diurnal cycle: Evaluation and testing using Oklahoma Mesonet data SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID WEATHER PREDICTION; SOIL HYDROLOGY; CLOSURE MODELS; LAYER; PARAMETERIZATION; MOISTURE; FLUXES; SYSTEM; SCHEME; EVAPORATION AB On 31 January 1996, the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/Environmental Modeling Center (NCEP/EMC) implemented a state-of-the-art land surface parameterization in the operational Eta Model. The purpose of this study is to evaluate and test its performance and demonstrate its impacts on the diurnal cycle of the modeled planetary boundary layer (PBL). Operational Eta Model output from summer 1997 are evaluated against the unique observations of near-surface and subsurface fields provided by the Oklahoma Mesonet. The evaluation is partially extended to July 1998 to examine the effects of significant changes that were made to the operational model configuration during the intervening time. Results indicate a severe positive bias in top-layer soil moisture, which was significantly reduced in 1998 by a change in the initialization technique. Net radiation was overestimated, largely because of a positive bias in the downward shortwave component. Also, the ground heat flux was severely underestimated. Given energy balance constraints, the combination of these two factors resulted in too much available energy for the turbulent fluxes of sensible and latent heat. Comparison of model and observed vertical thermodynamic profiles demonstrates that these errors had a marked impact on the model PBL throughout its entire depth. Evidence also is presented that suggests a systematic underestimation of the downward entrainment of relatively warmer, drier air at the top of the PBL during daylight hours. Analyses of the monthly mean bias of 2-m temperature and specific humidity revealed a cool, moist bias over western Oklahoma, and a warm, dry bias over the eastern portion of the state. A very sharp transition existed across central Oklahoma between these two regimes. The sharp spatial gradient in both the air temperature and humidity bias fields is strikingly correlated with a sharp west-east gradient in the model vegetation greenness database. This result suggests too much (too little) latent heat flux over less ( more) vegetated areas of the model domain. A series of sensitivity tests are presented that were designed to explore the reasons for the documented error in the simulated surface fluxes. These tests have been used as supporting evidence for changes in the operational model. Specifically, an alternative specification for the soil thermal conductivity yields a more realistic ground heat flux. Also, the alternative thermal conductivity, when combined with a slight adjustment to the thermal roughness length, yields much better internal consistency among the simulated skin temperature and surface fluxes, and better agreement with observations. C1 Univ Oklahoma, Oklahoma Climatol Survey, Norman, OK 73019 USA. NOAA, NWS, NCEP, Environm Modeling Ctr, Washington, DC USA. NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. RP Marshall, CH (reprint author), Colorado State Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, Ft Collins, CO 80523 USA. NR 48 TC 23 Z9 25 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 18 IS 5 BP 748 EP 768 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2003)018<0748:TIOTLS>2.0.CO;2 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 728FW UT WOS:000185707400005 ER PT J AU Kain, JS Baldwin, ME Janish, PR Weiss, SJ Kay, MP Carbin, GW AF Kain, JS Baldwin, ME Janish, PR Weiss, SJ Kay, MP Carbin, GW TI Subjective verification of numerical models as a component of a broader interaction between research and operations SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID QUANTITATIVE PRECIPITATION FORECASTS; ETA-MODEL; ENVIRONMENTS; CONVECTION AB Systematic subjective verification of precipitation forecasts from two numerical models is presented and discussed. The subjective verification effort was carried out as part of the 2001 Spring Program, a seven-week collaborative experiment conducted at the NOAA/National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL) and the NWS/Storm Prediction Center, with participation from the NCEP/Environmental Modeling Center, the NOAA/Forecast Systems Laboratory, the Norman, Oklahoma, National Weather Service Forecast Office, and Iowa State University. This paper focuses on a comparison of the operational Eta Model and an experimental version of this model run at NSSL; results are limited to precipitation forecasts, although other models and model output fields were verified and evaluated during the program. By comparing forecaster confidence in model solutions to next-day assessments of model performance, this study yields unique information about the utility of models for human forecasters. It is shown that, when averaged over many forecasts, subjective verification ratings of model performance were consistent with preevent confidence levels. In particular, models that earned higher average confidence ratings were also assigned higher average subjective verification scores. However, confidence and verification scores for individual forecasts were very poorly correlated, that is, forecast teams showed little skill in assessing how "good'' individual model forecasts would be. Furthermore, the teams were unable to choose reliably which model, or which initialization of the same model, would produce the "best'' forecast for a given period. The subjective verification methodology used in the 2001 Spring Program is presented as a prototype for more refined and focused subjective verification efforts in the future. The results demonstrate that this approach can provide valuable insight into how forecasters use numerical models. It has great potential as a complement to objective verification scores and can have a significant positive impact on model development strategies. C1 NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, Norman, OK 73069 USA. Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. NOAA, NWS, Storm Predict Ctr, Norman, OK USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NOAA, Forecast Syst Lab, Boulder, CO USA. RP Kain, JS (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. NR 24 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 18 IS 5 BP 847 EP 860 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2003)018<0847:SVONMA>2.0.CO;2 PG 14 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 728FW UT WOS:000185707400012 ER PT J AU Moore, JT Glass, FH Graves, CE Rochette, SM Singer, MJ AF Moore, JT Glass, FH Graves, CE Rochette, SM Singer, MJ TI The environment of warm-season elevated thunderstorms associated with heavy rainfall over the central United States SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID MESOSCALE CONVECTIVE COMPLEXES; FRONTAL SURFACES; WEATHER SYSTEMS; POSITIVE CAPE; FLOOD; JET; PRECIPITATION; INSTABILITY; CLIMATOLOGY; EVENTS AB Twenty-one warm-season heavy-rainfall events in the central United States produced by mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) that developed above and north of a surface boundary are examined to define the environmental conditions and physical processes associated with these phenomena. Storm-relative composites of numerous kinematic and thermodynamic fields are computed by centering on the heavy-rain-producing region of the parent elevated MCS. Results reveal that the heavy-rain region of elevated MCSs is located on average about 160 km north of a quasi-stationary frontal zone, in a region of low-level moisture convergence that is elongated westward on the cool side of the boundary. The MCS is located within the left-exit region of a south-southwesterly low-level jet (LLJ) and the right-entrance region of an upper-level jet positioned well north of the MCS site. The LLJ is directed toward a divergence maximum at 250 hPa that is coincident with the MCS site. Near-surface winds are light and from the southeast within a boundary layer that is statically stable and cool. Winds veer considerably with height (about 1408) from 850 to 250 hPa, a layer associated with warm-air advection. The MCS is located in a maximum of positive equivalent potential temperature theta(e) advection, moisture convergence, and positive thermal advection at 850 hPa. Composite fields at 500 hPa show that the MCS forms in a region of weak anticyclonic curvature in the height field with marginal positive vorticity advection. Even though surface-based stability fields indicate stable low-level air, there is a layer of convectively unstable air with maximum-theta(e) CAPE values of more than 1000 J kg(-1) in the vicinity of the MCS site and higher values upstream. Maximum-theta(e) convective inhibition (CIN) values over the MCS centroid site are small (less than 40 J kg(-1)) while to the south convection is limited by large values of CIN (greater than 60 J kg(-1)). Surface-to-500-hPa composite average relative humidity values are about 70%, and composite precipitable water values average about 3.18 cm (1.25 in.). The representativeness of the composite analysis is also examined. Last, a schematic conceptual model based upon the composite fields is presented that depicts the typical environment favorable for the development of elevated thunderstorms that lead to heavy rainfall. C1 St Louis Univ, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, St Louis, MO 63103 USA. NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Forecast Off, St Charles, MO USA. SUNY Coll Brockport, Brockport, NY 14420 USA. RP Moore, JT (reprint author), St Louis Univ, Dept Earth & Atmospher Sci, 3507 Laclede Ave, St Louis, MO 63103 USA. NR 36 TC 44 Z9 51 U1 0 U2 9 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 18 IS 5 BP 861 EP 878 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2003)018<0861:TEOWET>2.0.CO;2 PG 18 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 728FW UT WOS:000185707400013 ER PT J AU Hamill, TM AF Hamill, TM TI Evaluating forecasters' rules of thumb: A study of d(prog)/dt SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID ENSEMBLE-PREDICTION SYSTEM; QUANTITATIVE PRECIPITATION FORECASTS; ENVIRONMENTAL-PREDICTION; NATIONAL-CENTERS; ETA-MODEL; MESOSCALE; NMC; NCEP AB Forecasters often develop rules of thumb for adjusting model guidance. Ideally, before use, these rules of thumb should be validated through a careful comparison of model forecasts and observations over a large sample. Practically, such evaluation studies are difficult to perform because forecast models are continually being changed, and a hypothesized rule of thumb may only be applicable to a particular forecast model configuration. A particular rule of thumb was examined here: dprog/dt. Given a set of lagged forecasts from the same model all verifying at the same time, this rule of thumb suggests that if the forecasts show a trend, this trend is more likely than not to continue and thus provide useful information for correcting the most recent forecast. Forecasters may also note the amount of continuity of forecasts to estimate the magnitude of the error in the most recent forecast. Statistical evaluation of this rule of thumb was made possible here using a dataset of forecasts from a "frozen'' model. A 23-yr record of forecasts was generated from a T62 version of the medium-range forecast model used at the National Centers for Environmental Prediction. Forecasts were initialized from reanalysis data, and January-March forecasts were examined for selected locations. The rule dprog/dt was evaluated with 850-hPa temperature forecasts. A total of 2070 sample days were used in the evaluation. Extrapolation of forecast trends was shown to have little forecast value. Also, there was only a small amount of information on forecast accuracy from the amount of discrepancy between short-term lagged forecasts. The lack of validity of this rule of thumb suggest that others should also be carefully scrutinized before use. C1 NOAA, CIRES CDC, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Hamill, TM (reprint author), NOAA, CIRES CDC, R-CDC 1,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 23 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 18 IS 5 BP 933 EP 937 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2003)018<0933:EFROTA>2.0.CO;2 PG 5 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 728FW UT WOS:000185707400018 ER PT J AU Elmore, KL Weiss, SJ Banacos, PC AF Elmore, KL Weiss, SJ Banacos, PC TI Operational ensemble cloud model forecasts: Some preliminary results SO WEATHER AND FORECASTING LA English DT Article ID STORMS AB From 15 July through 30 September of 2001, an ensemble cloud-scale model was run for the Storm Prediction Center on a daily basis. Each ensemble run consisted of 78 members whose initial conditions were derived from the 20-km Rapid Update Cycle Model, the 22-km operational Eta Model, and a locally run version of the 22-km Eta Model using the Kain-Fritsch convective parameterization. Each ensemble was run over a 160 km 3 160 km region and was valid for the 9-h period from 1630 through 0130 UTC. The ensembles were used primarily to provide severe-weather guidance. To that end, model storms with lifetimes greater than 60 min and/or a sustained correlation of at least 0.5 between midlevel updrafts and positive vorticity (the supercell criterion) were considered to be severe-weather indicators. Heidke skill scores, along with the true skill statistic, are between 0.2 and 0.3 when long-lived storms or storms meeting the supercell criteria are used as severe-weather indicators. Equivalent skill scores result when modeled and observed storms are categorized by lifetime and supercell characteristics and compared with expertly interpreted radar data. C1 Univ Oklahoma, Cooperat Inst Mesoscale Meteorol Studies, Norman, OK 73019 USA. NOAA, Storm Predict Ctr, Norman, OK USA. RP Elmore, KL (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Severe Storms Lab, 1313 Halley Circle, Norman, OK 73069 USA. NR 16 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 3 U2 3 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0882-8156 J9 WEATHER FORECAST JI Weather Forecast. PD OCT PY 2003 VL 18 IS 5 BP 953 EP 964 DI 10.1175/1520-0434(2003)018<0953:OECMFS>2.0.CO;2 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 728FW UT WOS:000185707400020 ER PT J AU Kulin, S Kishore, R Helmerson, K Locascio, L AF Kulin, S Kishore, R Helmerson, K Locascio, L TI Optical manipulation and fusion of liposomes as microreactors SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID VESICLES; TRANSFORMATIONS; CELLS; NANOVIALS; ARRAYS AB We present an all-optical method to manipulate and fuse giant liposomes, typically 10 mum in diameter. Optical tweezers are used to trap two individual liposomes, which are then brought into contact. A single pulse of ultraviolet laser light focused on the adjoining membranes induces the fusion between the liposomes. As a consequence, the chemical reagents encapsulated in the two liposomes mix and a chemical reaction takes place. C1 NIST, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kulin, S (reprint author), NIST, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Helmerson, Kristian/E-3683-2013 NR 26 TC 59 Z9 60 U1 1 U2 10 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD SEP 30 PY 2003 VL 19 IS 20 BP 8206 EP 8210 DI 10.1021/la0344433 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 727ZK UT WOS:000185690600014 ER PT J AU Forster, PMD Solomon, S AF Forster, PMD Solomon, S TI Observations of a "weekend effect" in diurnal temperature range SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LA English DT Article ID AIR-POLLUTANTS; OZONE; EMISSIONS; POLLUTION; AEROSOLS; CYCLES; CANADA; TRENDS AB Using surface measurements of maximum and minimum temperatums from the Global Daily Climatological Network data set, we find evidence of a weekly cycle in diurnal temperature range (DTR) for many stations in the United States, Mexico, Japan, and China. The 'weekend effect," which we define as the average DTR for Saturday through Monday minus the average DTR for Wednesday through Friday, can be as large as 0.5 K, similar to the magnitude of observed long-term trends in DTR. This weekend effect has a distinct large-scale pattern that has changed only slightly over time, but its sign is not the same in all locations. The station procedures and the statistical robustness of both the individual station data and the patterns of DTR differences are thoroughly examined. We conclude that the weekend effect is a real short time scale and large spatial scale geophysical phenomenon, which is necessarily human in origin. We thus provide strong evidence of an anthopogenic link to DTR, an important climate indicator. Several poss ble anthropogenic mechanisms are discussed; we speculate that aerosol-cloud interactions are the most likely cause of this weekend effect, but we do not rule out others. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Reading, Dept Meteorol, Reading RG6 6AH, Berks, England. RP Forster, PMD (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Forster, Piers/F-9829-2010 OI Forster, Piers/0000-0002-6078-0171 NR 23 TC 62 Z9 72 U1 1 U2 18 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0027-8424 J9 P NATL ACAD SCI USA JI Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. PD SEP 30 PY 2003 VL 100 IS 20 BP 11225 EP 11230 DI 10.1073/pnas.2034034100 PG 6 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 727XG UT WOS:000185685700012 PM 14500787 ER PT J AU Koponen, K Huuskonen, S Ritola, O Venalainen, R Tarhanen, J Lindstrom-Seppa, P AF Koponen, K Huuskonen, S Ritola, O Venalainen, R Tarhanen, J Lindstrom-Seppa, P TI Muscle chemical content and hepatic biotransformation in bream (Abramis brama) and asp (Aspius aspius) in a PCB-contaminated lake SO BOREAL ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID TROUT ONCORHYNCHUS-MYKISS; FLOUNDER PLATICHTHYS-FLESUS; RAINBOW-TROUT; POLYCHLORINATED-BIPHENYLS; CYTOCHROME P4501A; ENZYME-INDUCTION; SALMO-GAIRDNERI; WINTER FLOUNDER; FERAL FISH; BALTIC-SEA AB During the period of 1956-1983, an approximated amount of 900 liters of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) was discharged into a small freshwater lake in southern Finland. Biomonitoring study of the lake in 1998 revealed clearly detectable muscle PCB concentrations in the two feral fish species studied, bream (Abramis brama) and asp (Aspius aspius), suggesting persistent PCB contamination in the lake. The muscle PCB contents in bream and asp were 18 and 59 times higher than the corresponding values measured in reference locations. The hepatic monooxygenase EROD activities were significantly induced in fish caught from the lake, underlining the biomarker value of EROD measurements in monitoring long-term chemical exposure in field studies. The conjugation GST activities showed mostly seasonal differences and did not indicate the chemical stress of fish. C1 Univ Kuopio, Dept Physiol, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland. NOAA, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Environm Conservat Div, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. Golder Assoc Oy, FIN-00390 Helsinki, Finland. Univ Kuopio, Dept Environm Sci, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland. RP Koponen, K (reprint author), Univ Kuopio, Dept Physiol, POB 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland. NR 48 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 3 PU FINNISH ENVIRONMENT INST PI HELSINKI PA P O BOX 140, FIN-00251 HELSINKI, FINLAND SN 1239-6095 J9 BOREAL ENVIRON RES JI Boreal Environ. Res. PD SEP 29 PY 2003 VL 8 IS 3 BP 203 EP 213 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 820FJ UT WOS:000221372500002 ER PT J AU Gnanadesikan, A Slater, RD Samuels, BL AF Gnanadesikan, A Slater, RD Samuels, BL TI Sensitivity of water mass transformation and heat transport to subgridscale mixing in coarse-resolution ocean models SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CIRCULATION MODELS; PYCNOCLINE AB This paper considers the impact of the parameterization of subgridscale mixing on ocean heat transport in coarse-resolution ocean models of the type used in coupled climate models. Increasing the vertical diffusion increases poleward heat transport in both hemispheres. Increasing lateral diffusion associated with transient eddies increases poleward heat transport in the southern hemisphere while decreasing it in the northern hemisphere. The results are interpreted in the context of a simple analytical model. C1 NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. Princeton Univ, AOS Program, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. RP Gnanadesikan, A (reprint author), NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RI Gnanadesikan, Anand/A-2397-2008 OI Gnanadesikan, Anand/0000-0001-5784-1116 NR 17 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD SEP 27 PY 2003 VL 30 IS 18 AR 1967 DI 10.1029/2003GL018036 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 727FX UT WOS:000185648900005 ER PT J AU Vecchi, GA Harrison, DE AF Vecchi, GA Harrison, DE TI On the termination of the 2002-03 El Nino event SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID SEA-SURFACE TEMPERATURE; SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; TROPICAL PACIFIC; OCEAN; MODEL; WINDS; ENSO; CIRCULATION; MECHANISMS; MOTIONS AB Every new El Nino presents an opportunity to revisit our understanding of El Nino characteristics and processes. We examine the extent to which the termination of the 2002-03 El Nino followed the scenario of Harrison and Vecchi [1999], in which (1) there is a late-year southward shift of near-equatorial westerly wind anomalies, and (2) subsequent eastern equatorial Pacific cold tongue thermocline shallowing is driven by the wind shift. There was a prominent late-year southward shift in the low-frequency west Pacific zonal wind anomalies in 2002-03. Ocean general circulation model experiments establish the shift as the primary cause of cold tongue thermocline shallowing. Reflected equatorial waves and local wind anomaly changes are much less important. Successful theories and models of El Nino should address the processes that cause the year-end southward wind shift. Interactions between anomalous El Nino conditions and the seasonal cycle of solar insolation may provide such a process. C1 Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Ocean, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Vecchi, GA (reprint author), Univ Washington, Joint Inst Study Atmosphere & Ocean, Box 354235, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RI Vecchi, Gabriel/A-2413-2008; Harrison, Don/D-9582-2013 OI Vecchi, Gabriel/0000-0002-5085-224X; NR 32 TC 34 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD SEP 27 PY 2003 VL 30 IS 18 AR 1964 DI 10.1029/2003GL017564 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 727FX UT WOS:000185648900001 ER PT J AU Perkins, TT Dalal, RV Mitsis, PG Block, SM AF Perkins, TT Dalal, RV Mitsis, PG Block, SM TI Sequence-dependent pausing of single lambda exonuclease molecules SO SCIENCE LA English DT Article ID BACTERIOPHAGE-LAMBDA; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; RNA-POLYMERASE; DNA; FORCE; TRANSLOCATION; ENDS AB Lambda exonuclease processively degrades one strand of duplex DNA, moving 5'-to-3' in an ATP-independent fashion. When examined at the single-molecule level, the speeds of digestion were nearly constant at 4 nanometers per second (12 nucleotides per second), interspersed with pauses of variable duration. Long pauses, occurring at stereotypical locations, were strand-specific and sequence-dependent. Pause duration and probability varied widely. The strongest pause, GGCGATTCT, was identified by gel electrophoresis. Correlating single-molecule dwell positions with sequence independently identified the motif GGCGA. This sequence is found in the left lambda cohesive end, where exonuclease inhibition may contribute to the reduced recombination efficiency at that end. C1 Stanford Univ, Dept Biol Sci, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Stanford Univ, Dept Appl Phys, Stanford, CA 94305 USA. Praelux Inc, Lawrenceville, NJ 08646 USA. RP Perkins, TT (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. OI Perkins, Thomas/0000-0003-4826-9490 FU NHGRI NIH HHS [HG 011821-01]; NIGMS NIH HHS [R01 GM057035, GM 57035] NR 22 TC 96 Z9 96 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE PI WASHINGTON PA 1200 NEW YORK AVE, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20005 USA SN 0036-8075 J9 SCIENCE JI Science PD SEP 26 PY 2003 VL 301 IS 5641 BP 1914 EP 1918 DI 10.1126/science.1088047 PG 5 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 725GW UT WOS:000185536700053 PM 12947034 ER PT J AU Poskrebyshev, GA Huie, RE Neta, P AF Poskrebyshev, GA Huie, RE Neta, P TI Radiolytic reactions of monochloramine in aqueous solutions SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A LA English DT Article ID NONMETAL REDOX KINETICS; FLASH-PHOTOLYSIS; RATE CONSTANTS; THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES; TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENCE; PULSE RADIOLYSIS; FERROUS IRON; RADICALS; DICHLORAMINE; TRICHLORAMINE AB Monochloramine reacts with hydrated electrons very rapidly, k(NH2Cl+e(aq)(-)) = (2.2 +/- 0.3) x 10(10) L mol(-1) s(-1), to produce (NH2)-N-. radicals. It reacts with (OH)-O-. radicals more slowly, k(NH2Cl+(OH)-O-.) = (5.2 +/- 0.6) x 10(8) L mol(-1) s(-1), to produce (NHCl)-N-. radicals. While (NH2)-N-. exhibits an absorption peak at 530 nm, with a molar absorption coefficient epsilon(530) = 80 L mol(-1) cm(-1), (NHCl)-N-. exhibits two peaks at 330 and 580 nm, epsilon(330) = (85 +/- 30) L mol(-1) cm(-1) and epsilon(580) = (56 +/- 30) L mol(-1) cm(-1). The (NHCl)-N-. radical undergoes self-decay and can react also with O-2 to form a peroxyl radical. It is suggested that the peroxyl radical exists in equilibrium NHClO2. reversible arrow (NHCl)-N-. + O-2 with an estimated equilibrium constant of (3 +/- 2) x 10(-1) mol L-1. The reaction of chloramine with the carbonate radical is suggested to form a complex [CO3NH2Cl](.-) with k(f) = 2.5 x 10(5) L mol(-1) s(-1) and k(r) = 4 x 10(2) s(-1), and this complex decomposes with k = 7 x 10(2) s(-1) to form (NHCl)-N-.. C1 NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Huie, RE (reprint author), NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Huie, Robert/A-5645-2010; Poskrebyshev, Gregory/I-9122-2016 OI Poskrebyshev, Gregory/0000-0002-8920-7037 NR 43 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1089-5639 J9 J PHYS CHEM A JI J. Phys. Chem. A PD SEP 25 PY 2003 VL 107 IS 38 BP 7423 EP 7428 DI 10.1021/jp030198k PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 722WU UT WOS:000185401700012 ER PT J AU Trouw, FR Borodin, O Cook, JC Copley, JRD Smith, GD AF Trouw, FR Borodin, O Cook, JC Copley, JRD Smith, GD TI Quasielastic neutron-scattering study of the local dynamics of poly(ethylene glycol) dimethyl ether in aqueous solution SO JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B LA English DT Article ID MONTE-CARLO CALCULATION; MOLECULAR-DYNAMICS; OXIDE) SOLUTIONS; WATER DYNAMICS; SIMULATIONS; 1,2-DIMETHOXYETHANE; CONFORMATIONS; DEPENDENCE; OLIGOMERS AB Neutron quasielastic scattering experiments were carried out on aqueous solutions of 500 u molecular weight poly(ethylene glycol) dimethyl ether (PEG-DME) in deuterated water. The intermediate scattering functions extracted from the measured neutron scattering can be fitted by a combination of a fast second-order exponential decay (t < 2 ps) and a slower first-order exponential decay. The analysis of the momentum transfer (Q) dependence of the decay constant for the slower component shows that it has an approximately constant value at Q's less than 13 nm(-1) and then increases linearly up to the highest momentum transfer (25 nm(-1)). Both the slope of the higher-Q linear region and the individual Q-dependent decay constants show a minimum in the PEG-DME weight fraction range of 0.6-0.9. Further analysis of the neutron-scattering data to check the effect of multiple scattering in the sample shows that only the shape of the fast decay (t < 2 ps) is affected by this correction. A direct quantitative comparison is made between experiment and molecular dynamics simulations. Fourier transforming the experimental data from the frequency domain into the time domain to yield the intermediate scattering function allows for a quantitative comparison with the equivalent function calculated from the simulations. Furthermore, a Monte Carlo simulation of the experiment based on simulation results is used to account for the effect of multiple scattering quantitatively, which represents a novel approach to dealing with the complications arising from multiple scattering. This correction is significant, resulting in excellent agreement between experiment and the simulations. Both simulation and experiment give rise to a maximum in the relaxation time for PEG-DME proton motion in the PEG-DME weight fraction range of 0.6-0.9. On the basis of the simulations, this maximum arises from competition between the slowing down of the torsional transitions due to hydrogen bonding between the water and the PEG-DME ether oxygens, and the addition of a sufficient quantity of water results in an increasing fraction of large water clusters and more mobile water (i.e., a low-viscosity solvent). The former dominates at low dilution, and the latter dominates at higher dilution, leading to the enhanced backbone motion of the PEG-DME and the observed maximum in the residence time of the PEG-DME protons as a function of composition. C1 Los Alamos Natl Lab, Manuel Lujan Jr Neutron Scattering Ctr, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. Univ Utah, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. Univ Utah, Dept Chem & Fuels Engn, Salt Lake City, UT 84112 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Trouw, FR (reprint author), Los Alamos Natl Lab, Manuel Lujan Jr Neutron Scattering Ctr, POB 1663,MS H805, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA. EM trouw@lanl.gov RI Borodin, Oleg/B-6855-2012; Lujan Center, LANL/G-4896-2012 OI Borodin, Oleg/0000-0002-9428-5291; NR 27 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1520-6106 J9 J PHYS CHEM B JI J. Phys. Chem. B PD SEP 25 PY 2003 VL 107 IS 38 BP 10446 EP 10452 DI 10.1021/jp035234u PG 7 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 722WW UT WOS:000185401900019 ER PT J AU Nichols, KM Bartholomew, J Thorgaard, GH AF Nichols, KM Bartholomew, J Thorgaard, GH TI Mapping multiple genetic loci associated with Ceratomyxa shasta resistance in Oncorhynchus mykiss SO DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS LA English DT Article DE Ceratomyxa shasta; Oncorhynchus mykiss; survival analysis; quantitative trait loci ID QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI; RAINBOW-TROUT; LINKAGE MAP; MYXOSPOREAN PARASITE; HOMOZYGOUS CLONES; LINE CROSSES; SUSCEPTIBILITY; INFECTION; QTLS; STEELHEAD AB Ceratomyxa shasta is enzootic to some rivers of the Pacific Northwest and California, and has caused extensive mortalities of salmonids, the only known host of the actinosporean stage of the pathogen. Mortalities from C. shasta are induced by severe inflammation and necrosis of the intestinal tract, and no therapeutants have been discovered for the treatment of ceratomyxosis. Inheritance studies by previous investigators suggested that C. shasta resistance is genetically controlled, but none have revealed the number and locations of gene regions associated with resistance. Here, we characterized differences in resistance among clonal lines, and used line crosses between clonal lines with resistance differences for a genetic analysis of C. shasta resistance in Oncorhynchus mykiss, following a short term in situ exposure to the pathogen. We found that Oregon State University (OSU) x Arlee (ARL) clonal hybrids were highly susceptible, while OSU x Clearwater (CW) hybrids were highly resistant to C. shasta. Doubled haploids, produced by androgenesis from an F, hybrid between the OSU and CW lines, were evaluated for the co-segregation of molecular markers and resistance phenotype. Amplified fragment length polymorphic (AFLP) markers, used to construct a genetic linkage map in this cross, were tested for associations with resistance expressed as absolute survival (binary trait) and days to death (survival analysis). Segregation of the resistance phenotype suggested that the resistance was inherited as a single Mendelian locus, but the binary trait failed to map to a single genomic location. Markers identified in single-marker analyses were used in multiple-regression model selection, within both the linear regression and Cox proportional-hazards survival analysis frameworks, to determine the number and potential location of loci simultaneously contributing to variation in the survival phenotypes of doubled-haploid progeny. We found multiple genomic loci associated with C. shasta resistance through these models, confirming studies by previous investigators that suggested C. shasta resistance is polygenic. C1 Washington State Univ, Ctr Reprod Biol, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Microbiol, Ctr Fish Dis Res, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Washington State Univ, Sch Biol Sci, Pullman, WA 99164 USA. RP Nichols, KM (reprint author), NOAA, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Conservat Biol Div, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Natori, Miyagi 98112, Japan. NR 29 TC 50 Z9 52 U1 3 U2 17 PU INTER-RESEARCH PI OLDENDORF LUHE PA NORDBUNTE 23, D-21385 OLDENDORF LUHE, GERMANY SN 0177-5103 J9 DIS AQUAT ORGAN JI Dis. Aquat. Org. PD SEP 24 PY 2003 VL 56 IS 2 BP 145 EP 154 DI 10.3354/dao056145 PG 10 WC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences SC Fisheries; Veterinary Sciences GA 749WW UT WOS:000186953900006 PM 14598990 ER PT J AU Birincioglu, M Jaruga, P Chowdhury, G Rodriguez, H Dizdaroglu, M Gates, KS AF Birincioglu, M Jaruga, P Chowdhury, G Rodriguez, H Dizdaroglu, M Gates, KS TI DNA base damage by the antitumor agent 3-amino-1,2,4-benzotriazine 1,4-dioxide (tirapazamine) SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID ONE-ELECTRON REDUCTION; CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS-SPECTROMETRY; COLI FPG PROTEIN; CENTER-DOT-DG; DI-N-OXIDES; AQUEOUS-SOLUTION; IN-VITRO; ESCHERICHIA-COLI; EXCISION-REPAIR; QUINOXALINE 1,4-DI-N-OXIDE AB Tirapazamine is a bioreductively activated DNA-damaging agent that selectively kills the hypoxic cells found in solid tumors. This compound shows clinical promise and is currently being examined in a variety of clinical trials, including several phase III studies. It is well established that DNA is an important cellular target for tirapazamine; however, the structural nature of the DNA damage inflicted by this drug remains poorly understood. As part of an effort to understand the chemical events responsible for the hypoxia-selective cytotoxicity of this drug, the studies reported here are designed to characterize tirapazamine-mediated damage to the genetic information stored in the heterocyclic base residues of double-stranded DNA. Here, we used gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry to characterize and quantify oxidative DNA base damage mediated by tirapazamine. A multiplicity of modified bases including 8,5'-cyclopurine-2'-deoxynucleoside tandem lesions were identified and quantified. The results provide the first detailed insight regarding the structural identity of the DNA base lesions caused by this drug. Interestingly, it appears that the hypoxic conditions under which tirapazamine operates, along with the unique chemical properties of the drug, yield a unique variety of DNA base damage that is dominated by formamidopyrimidine and 5-hydroxy-6-hydropyrimidine lesions. Importantly, the results suggest that tirapazamine may generate a set of poorly repaired, potentially cytotoxic DNA base lesions that block DNA transcription and replication. Overall, the results indicate that DNA base damage may contribute to the biological effects of tirapazamine in vivo. C1 NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Inonu Univ, Sch Med, Dept Pharmacol, Malatya, Turkey. Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Dept Chem & Biochem Engn, Baltimore, MD 21250 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Chem, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. Univ Missouri, Dept Biochem, Columbia, MO 65211 USA. RP NIST, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM miral@nist.gov; gatesk@missouri.edu RI Jaruga, Pawel/M-4378-2015 FU NCI NIH HHS [CA100757] NR 100 TC 67 Z9 68 U1 3 U2 8 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0002-7863 J9 J AM CHEM SOC JI J. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP 24 PY 2003 VL 125 IS 38 BP 11607 EP 11615 DI 10.1021/ja0352146 PG 9 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 728HE UT WOS:000185711100044 PM 13129365 ER PT J AU Wilson, C AF Wilson, C TI Late Summer chlorophyll blooms in the oligotrophic North Pacific Subtropical Gyre SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID NITROGEN-FIXATION; STATION ALOHA; GLOBAL OCEAN; DIATOM MATS; PHYTOPLANKTON; TRICHODESMIUM; TRANSPORT; WATERS; SEA AB [1] In the late summer of 1997, 1999, and 2000 satellite observations of surface chlorophyll from SeaWiFS recorded large blooms in the oligotrophic North Pacific Subtropical Gyre (NPSG) near 30 degreesN and between 130 - 160 degreesW. The largest blooms covered more than 350,000 km(2) and lasted as long as 4 months. They are distinct from the surface seasonal cycle of chlorophyll in both timing and amplitude. The blooms are not associated with either SSH or SST anomalies indicative of changes in subsurface structure, nor do they appear to be forced by nutrient fertilization from dust deposition or rainfall. These blooms are compared with summer blooms that have been previously observed in this region by in situ studies, and some potential causes for them are discussed. C1 NOAA, NMFS Pacific Fisheries Environm Lab, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. RP Wilson, C (reprint author), NOAA, NMFS Pacific Fisheries Environm Lab, 1352 Lighthouse Ave, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. EM cwilson@pfeg.noaa.gov RI Wilson, Cara/A-8816-2009; OI Wilson, Cara/0000-0001-9318-2322 NR 32 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD SEP 23 PY 2003 VL 30 IS 18 AR 1942 DI 10.1029/2003GL017770 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 727FT UT WOS:000185648500003 ER PT J AU Carlson, JK Parsons, GR AF Carlson, JK Parsons, GR TI Respiratory and hematological responses of the bonnethead shark, Sphyrna tiburo, to acute changes in dissolved oxygen SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE shark; hypoxia; respiration; ventilation volume; utilization; hemoglobin ID TROUT SALMO-GAIRDNERI; TUNA KATSUWONUS-PELAMIS; RAINBOW-TROUT; YELLOWFIN TUNA; BLOOD-OXYGEN; CARDIOVASCULAR-RESPONSES; HEMOGLOBIN ADAPTATION; HYPOXIC CONDITIONS; THUNNUS-ALBACARES; SQUALUS-SUCKLEYI AB Behavioral and physiological responses to acute changes in dissolved oxygen were examined in the bonnethead shark, Sphyrna tiburo. In two sets of respirometry experiments, sharks were randomly exposed to seawater in oxygen contents of 6.0, 5.0, 4.0 and 3.0 mg l(-1). During exposure, bonnetheads increased mouth gape from 0.8 cm at 6.0 mg l(-1) to 2.2 cm at 3.0 mg l(-1), while ventilation volume increased from 0.61 to 5.28 l min(-1) kg(-1). Standard oxygen consumption remained unchanged (163-181 Mg O-2 kg(-1) h(-1)) throughout all treatments and was not significantly different. Utilization (%) declined from 52.3% at 6.0 mg l(-1) to 21.3% when oxygen levels reached 3.0 mg l(-1). Changes in oxygen content of ambient water also caused no significant change in either blood oxygen content or hematocrit. Using cellulose acetate electrophoresis, a single hemoglobin profile was identified at seawater of 6.0 mg l(-1) and hypoxic conditions. Results suggest bonnetheads are physiologically able to tolerate moderate levels of hypoxia. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Panama City, FL 32408 USA. Univ Mississippi, Dept Biol, University, MS 38677 USA. RP Carlson, JK (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, SE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 3500 Delwood Beach Rd, Panama City, FL 32408 USA. NR 48 TC 24 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 16 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0981 J9 J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL JI J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. PD SEP 23 PY 2003 VL 294 IS 1 BP 15 EP 26 DI 10.1016/S0022-0981(03)00237-5 PG 12 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 713GF UT WOS:000184848200002 ER PT J AU Mochida, M Kawamura, K Umemoto, N Kobayashi, M Matsunaga, S Lim, HJ Turpin, BJ Bates, TS Simoneit, BRT AF Mochida, M Kawamura, K Umemoto, N Kobayashi, M Matsunaga, S Lim, HJ Turpin, BJ Bates, TS Simoneit, BRT TI Spatial distributions of oxygenated organic compounds (dicarboxylic acids, fatty acids, and levoglucosan) in marine aerosols over the western Pacific and off the coast of East Asia: Continental outflow of organic aerosols during the ACE-Asia campaign SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE organic aerosol; East Asia; transport; dicarboxylic acids; fatty acids; levoglucosan ID CLOUD-CONDENSATION-NUCLEI; ATMOSPHERIC PARTICULATE MATTER; AIR-POLLUTION SOURCES; LONG-RANGE TRANSPORT; ELEMENTAL CARBON; MOLECULAR MARKER; URBAN ATMOSPHERE; UNITED-STATES; WATER; GAS AB Aerosol sampling for major oxygenated organic compounds (dicarboxylic acids, fatty acids, and levoglucosan) was conducted from 15 March to 19 April 2001 on board the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration R/V Ronald H. Brown over the western North Pacific, the East China Sea, and the Sea of Japan, as part of the Asian Pacific Regional Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE-Asia) campaign. During the cruise, aerosol particles were collected on quartz fiber filters using a high-volume air sampler. Diacids were also collected using an annular denuder sampling system to assess their gas-particle partitioning. Concentrations of total diacids, total fatty acids, and levoglucosan were found to be higher off the coasts of East Asia than in the remote Pacific. Contributions of these organic compounds to total organic carbon and total organic matter (OM) were calculated to be 9.8 +/- 2.3% and 19.0 +/- 4.8%, respectively, assuming OM to be organic carbon x 1.6. Diacid concentrations were highly correlated with nss-SO42- and NO3-, which originate from anthropogenic sources over East Asia. The temporal variations and chain-length distributions of fatty acids suggest that atmospheric transport of terrestrial organic materials is important off the coast of the continent. C-2 - C-5 diacids were present predominantly in the particulate phase. The relative abundances of C-2 - C-5 diacids stayed almost unchanged throughout the cruise, suggesting that deposition is more important than chemical decomposition as a sink of diacids and that they are relatively stable end products in the atmosphere. C1 Hokkaido Univ, Inst Low Temp Sci, Kita Ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0600819, Japan. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Environm Sci, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Oregon State Univ, Coll Ocean & Atmospher Sci, Environm & Petr Geochem Grp, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Hokkaido Univ, Inst Low Temp Sci, Kita Ku, N19 W8, Sapporo, Hokkaido 0600819, Japan. EM mochida@pop.lowtem.hokudai.ac.jp; kawamura@lowtem.hokudai.ac.jp; hjlim@rci.rutgers.edu; turpin@aesop.rutgers.edu; bates@pmel.noaa.gov; simoneit@coas.oregonstate.edu RI Bates, Timothy/L-6080-2016; Kawamura, Kimitaka/B-3839-2011; Turpin, Barbara /D-8346-2012; Mochida, Michihiro/C-1251-2010; SIMONEIT, BERND/A-2008-2013 OI Mochida, Michihiro/0000-0001-9557-5138; NR 67 TC 89 Z9 89 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP 23 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D23 AR 8638 DI 10.1029/2002JD003249 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 727GZ UT WOS:000185651400001 ER PT J AU Yurekli, K Karim, A Amis, EJ Krishnamoorti, R AF Yurekli, K Karim, A Amis, EJ Krishnamoorti, R TI Influence of layered silicates on the phase-separated morphology of PS-PVME blends SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID THIN POLYMER-FILMS; SPINODAL DECOMPOSITION; MELT INTERCALATION; BINARY-MIXTURES; MODEL; NANOCOMPOSITES; PARTICLES; BEHAVIOR; METHYL-ETHER); POLYSTYRENE AB The influence of the disk diameter of nanometer thick anisotropic layered silicates on the phase-separated morphology of a near-critical polystyrene (PS)-poly(vinyl methyl ether) (PVME) blend was examined using atomic force microscopy. Films with comparable amounts of thermodynamically equivalent nanoparticles varying only in lateral disk diameters were examined using a temperature gradient method and showed dramatic differences in late-stage morphology. The blends with small disk diameter (30 nm and 0.5 mum) nanoparticles exhibit a pinning of domain sizes and demonstrate an increase in the number of domains with a higher fraction of near circular structures. On the other hand, for layered silicates with large disk diameters (10 mum), the nanoparticles do not affect the morphology of the phase-separated structure and only accelerate the phase separation kinetics. The extent of domain pinning increases with increasing silicate content and results in smaller domains at higher concentrations of silicate. C1 Univ Houston, Dept Chem Engn, Houston, TX 77204 USA. NIST, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Krishnamoorti, R (reprint author), Univ Houston, Dept Chem Engn, Houston, TX 77204 USA. RI Krishnamoorti, Ramanan/F-7914-2011 OI Krishnamoorti, Ramanan/0000-0001-5831-502X NR 39 TC 101 Z9 102 U1 2 U2 18 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0024-9297 J9 MACROMOLECULES JI Macromolecules PD SEP 23 PY 2003 VL 36 IS 19 BP 7256 EP 7267 DI 10.1021/ma0207551 PG 12 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 723QT UT WOS:000185443600042 ER PT J AU DiNoia, TP van Zanten, JH Kline, SR Garach-Domech, A McHugh, MA Wright, PJ Fetters, LJ AF DiNoia, TP van Zanten, JH Kline, SR Garach-Domech, A McHugh, MA Wright, PJ Fetters, LJ TI Impact of supercritical fluid solvent quality on polymer conformation in semidilute solutions: SANS data for poly(ethylene-co-1-butene) in dimethyl ether to kilobar pressures SO MACROMOLECULES LA English DT Article ID ANGLE NEUTRON-SCATTERING; CARBON-DIOXIDE; PHASE-BEHAVIOR; CHAIN DIMENSIONS; MOLECULAR-WEIGHT; POLY(ETHYLENE-1-BUTENE); TRANSITIONS; POLYSTYRENE; SOLUBILITY; PROPANE AB Phase behavior and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) measurements are reported for poly(ethylene-co-20.2 mol % 1-butene) (PEB10) dissolved in supercritical dimethyl ether (DME). The phase boundary is located at pressures near 600 bar at 130 degreesC, and it exhibits a minimum in temperature near 105 degreesC where the cloud-point pressure rises sharply. Neutron scattering is performed with a high-pressure scattering cell designed for a large incident beam diameter, good mixing, and real-time viewing of the solution to ensure single-phase operation. The SANS results suggest significant variations in intramolecular correlations exist at length scales proportional to a few monomer units although the radius of gyration remains close to the unperturbed value at pressures from the cloud point to as high as 2400 bar. As expected, the intermolecular correlation length grows rapidly on approach to the phase boundary. The phase behavior and SANS data suggest that DME is very poor quality solvent even at high solvent densities. C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. Johns Hopkins Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Chem & Biomol Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. ExxonMobil Res & Engn Co, Annandale, NJ 08801 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Virginia Commonwealth Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Richmond, VA 23284 USA. RP van Zanten, JH (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Box 7905, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. EM john_vz@ncsu.edu NR 40 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0024-9297 EI 1520-5835 J9 MACROMOLECULES JI Macromolecules PD SEP 23 PY 2003 VL 36 IS 19 BP 7372 EP 7378 DI 10.1021/ma034690d PG 7 WC Polymer Science SC Polymer Science GA 723QT UT WOS:000185443600056 ER PT J AU Buh, GH Kopanski, JJ AF Buh, GH Kopanski, JJ TI Atomic force microscope laser illumination effects on a sample and its application for transient spectroscopy SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID OPTICAL-BEAM DEFLECTION AB The effect of illumination from the laser of an optical-beam-deflection atomic force microscope (AFM) on a semiconductor sample is monitored with a (connected in parallel) scanning capacitance microscope (SCM). The photoexcitation of carriers in a silicon sample is quantified using the SCM measured capacitance-voltage curves. A significant difference is seen between SCM capacitance-voltage characteristics measured under true-dark and normal (illuminated) conditions, and is attributed to light spillage over the edges of the AFM cantilever and light transmission through the cantilever. We developed a light-induced transient spectroscopy through simple modification of a commercial SCM and demonstrate it as a tool for the measurement of carrier lifetime with microscopic scale. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Seoul Natl Univ, Interuniv Semicond Res Ctr, Ctr Sci Nanometer Scale, Seoul 151742, South Korea. RP Buh, GH (reprint author), Samsung Elect Co Ltd, Semicond R&D Ctr, Proc Dev Team, San 24, Yongin, Kyungki Do, South Korea. NR 11 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 1 U2 7 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD SEP 22 PY 2003 VL 83 IS 12 BP 2486 EP 2488 DI 10.1063/1.1613800 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 721TJ UT WOS:000185333200062 ER PT J AU Skripov, AV Buzlukov, AL Kozhanov, B Udovic, TJ Huang, Q AF Skripov, AV Buzlukov, AL Kozhanov, B Udovic, TJ Huang, Q TI Hydrogen in Nb(V1-yCry)(2) Laves-phase compounds: neutron diffraction and nuclear magnetic resonance studies SO JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS LA English DT Article DE transition metal compounds; hydrogen absorbing materials; diffusion; neutron diffraction; nuclear resonances ID COMPOUNDS ZRCR2HX; LOCALIZED MOTION; SPIN RELAXATION; DIFFUSION; SCATTERING; PROTON; TRANSITIONS; SCANDIUM; TAV2HX; SOLIDS AB In order to study the positions and mobility of hydrogen in ternary Laves-phase compounds Nb(V1-yCry)(2), we have performed neutron-diffraction measurements in NbVCr and NbVCrD0.38 at T = 295 K and nuclear magnetic resonance measurements of the H-1, D-2 and V-51 spin-lattice relaxation rates T-1(-1) in NbVCrH0.3, NbVCrD0.38 and NbV1.4Cr0.6H0.6 over the temperature range 11-424 K. It is found that the host-metal lattice of both NbVCr and NbVCrD0.38 has C15-type structure (space group Fd (3) over barm), and D atoms in NbVCrD0.38 occupy tetrahedral g sites coordinated by two Nb atoms and two V(Cr) atoms. For all the samples studied, the temperature dependence of the motional contribution to T-1(-1) shows two peaks. This feature indicates a coexistence of two hydrogen jump processes with well-separated characteristic frequencies. The parameters of H(D) motion derived from the relaxation rate data for Nb(V1-yCry)(2)-H(D) are compared with those for the related Laves-phase system TaV2-H(D). (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Russian Acad Sci, Urals Branch, Inst Met Phys, Ekaterinburg 620219, Russia. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Skripov, AV (reprint author), Russian Acad Sci, Urals Branch, Inst Met Phys, S Kovalevskoi 18, Ekaterinburg 620219, Russia. RI Buzlukov, Anton/J-8078-2013; Skripov, Alexander/K-4525-2013 OI Buzlukov, Anton/0000-0002-2728-0503; Skripov, Alexander/0000-0002-0610-5538 NR 28 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0925-8388 J9 J ALLOY COMPD JI J. Alloy. Compd. PD SEP 22 PY 2003 VL 359 BP 27 EP 34 DI 10.1016/S0925-8388(03)00185-3 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 721CF UT WOS:000185298900006 ER PT J AU Waterstrat, RM Kuentzler, R AF Waterstrat, RM Kuentzler, R TI Structural instability in the B2-type ordered alloys Zr (Ru,Rh) and Zr (Ru,Pd) SO JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS LA English DT Article DE transition metal alloys; crystal structure; phase transition; mechanical properties; heat capacity ID ELECTRONIC-STRUCTURE; NITI AB The exceptional toughness and wear resistance of the alloy Zr50Pd35Ru15 apparently derives from a growing instability in the B2 phase as Pd atoms substitute for Ru atoms on the ordered lattice sites. A similar behavior occurs when Rh atoms are the substituent. The growing instabilities are accompanied by a softening of the alloys, by the onset of superconductivity and by an improved ductility partly due to stress induced transformations. The origin of this behavior can be traced to an increasing electronic density of states in the band structures of these alloys and a softening of the lattice phonons as revealed by low-temperature specific heat measurements. Published by Elsevier B.V. C1 NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. CNRS, Inst Phys, IPCM, F-67084 Strasbourg, France. RP Waterstrat, RM (reprint author), NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 7 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA PI LAUSANNE PA PO BOX 564, 1001 LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND SN 0925-8388 J9 J ALLOY COMPD JI J. Alloy. Compd. PD SEP 22 PY 2003 VL 359 BP 133 EP 138 DI 10.1016/S0925-8388(03)00187-7 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering SC Chemistry; Materials Science; Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 721CF UT WOS:000185298900025 ER PT J AU Di Marzio, EA Kasianowicz, JJ AF Di Marzio, EA Kasianowicz, JJ TI Phase transitions within the isolated polymer molecule: Coupling of the polymer threading a membrane transition to the helix-random coil, the collapse, the adsorption, and the equilibrium polymerization transitions SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID SICKLE-CELL HEMOGLOBIN; POLYNUCLEOTIDE MOLECULES; FLEXIBLE POLYMERS; EXCLUDED VOLUME; MONTE-CARLO; FREE-ENERGY; TRANSLOCATION; SURFACE; KINETICS; NANOPORE AB The polymer threading a membrane transition (PTM), which is a first-order thermodynamic phase transition for an isolated linear polymer in the limit of infinite molecular weight, is coupled to the other four phase transitions of the isolated polymer molecule. They are (1) the helix-random coil (HR) phase transition which can be diffuse (polypeptides), second-order (DNA) or first-order (collagen) depending on the number of strands, (2) the collapse (C) transition which is usually second-order but can be first-order for polymeric solvents, (3) adsorption onto a surface (SA) which is second-order, (4) a model of equilibrium polymerization (P) which is first-order. In each case an exact expression for the partition function of the coupled pair is given as a one-dimensional summation over products of the individual partition functions corresponding to sides 1 and 2. Using a procedure analogous to evaluation of the grand canonical ensemble the summation can be performed and the character of the transition elucidated in the limit of infinite molecular weight. Given that the solutions on either side are sufficiently diverse there are 15 possible translocation pair couplings. They are PTM-PTM, HR-HR, C-C, SA-SA, P-P, PTM-HR, PTM-C, PTM-SA, PTM-P, HR-C, HR-SA, HR-P, C-SA, C-P, SA-P. The PTM-P coupling is most interesting because one can create polymer in the PTM side even though the P side is in the depolymerization regime. For HR-HR there are eight possible translocation modes. For example, as we raise the temperature we can have H1-->H2-->R1-->R2 in obvious notation. These exact model solutions provide a thermodynamic base for the study of the kinetics of significant technological problems such as the translocation of DNA through pores imbedded in membranes. They also throw light on the nature of polymer-membrane-pore interactions in living cells and viruses. C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Chem Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Di Marzio, EA (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Dept Chem Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NR 43 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD SEP 22 PY 2003 VL 119 IS 12 BP 6378 EP 6387 DI 10.1063/1.1603725 PG 10 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 717XU UT WOS:000185116700069 ER PT J AU McVey, EM AF McVey, EM TI Of databases and copyright SO SCIENTIST LA English DT Letter C1 NOAA, Cent Lib, Silver Spring, MD USA. RP McVey, EM (reprint author), NOAA, Cent Lib, Silver Spring, MD USA. NR 1 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU SCIENTIST INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 3535 MARKET ST, SUITE 200, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19104-3385 USA SN 0890-3670 J9 SCIENTIST JI Scientist PD SEP 22 PY 2003 VL 17 IS 18 BP 11 EP 11 PG 1 WC Information Science & Library Science; Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Information Science & Library Science; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 725EV UT WOS:000185531600003 ER PT J AU Roos, PA Meng, LS Carlsten, JL AF Roos, PA Meng, LS Carlsten, JL TI Doppler-induced unidirectional operation of a continuous-wave Raman ring laser in H-2 SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article ID DIODE-LASER; HYDROGEN; GAS AB We demonstrate stable operation of a diode-pumped cw Raman ring laser in diatomic hydrogen gas. Doppler-induced asymmetry between the the forward and the backward Raman gains leads to inherent unidirectional operation in the forward direction without intracavity optical elements. Use of the ring-cavity geometry dilutes the deleterious effects of thermal lensing and significantly reduces optical feedback to the pump laser. (C) 2003 Optical Society of America. C1 Montana State Univ, Dept Phys, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Roos, PA (reprint author), Montana State Univ, Dept Phys, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA. EM roos@jilaul.colorado.edu; carlsten@physics.montana.edu NR 17 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 3 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD SEP 20 PY 2003 VL 42 IS 27 BP 5517 EP 5521 DI 10.1364/AO.42.005517 PG 5 WC Optics SC Optics GA 722BL UT WOS:000185354800019 PM 14526840 ER PT J AU Heidinger, AK Sullivan, JT Rao, CRN AF Heidinger, AK Sullivan, JT Rao, CRN TI Calibration of visible and near-infrared channels of the NOAA-12 AVHRR using time series of observations over deserts SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article ID HIGH-RESOLUTION RADIOMETER; POSTLAUNCH CALIBRATION; IR BANDS; SPACECRAFT AB Time series of desert sites are used to derive a post-launch calibration of the visible (ch1--0.63 mum) and near-infrared (ch2--0.86 mum) channels on the NOAA-12 AVHRR. This work extends the techniques that have been applied to NOAA satellites in afternoon orbits to a satellite in a morning orbit. An analysis of the bidirectional reflectance distribution function effects apparent in the data was used to limit the time period used to analyse the calibration slope of ch1 and ch2. Three desert sites were used to compute the relative degradation rates of the calibration slope of ch1 and ch2. Measurements from NOAA-9 over the Libyan Desert and from aircraft flights over White Sands, New Mexico were used to produce an absolute calibration. The resulting absolute calibrations for ch1 and ch2 agree with previous results to within 2%. The degradation results indicated that the calibration slope decreases by 3.14% per year for ch1 and 3.19% per year for ch2. C1 NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Off Res & Applicat, Washington, DC 20233 USA. RP Heidinger, AK (reprint author), NOAA, NESDIS, Off Res & Applicat, E-RA1,Rm 712,World Weather Bldg,5200 Auth Rd, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. RI Heidinger, Andrew/F-5591-2010 OI Heidinger, Andrew/0000-0001-7631-109X NR 14 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 2 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0143-1161 J9 INT J REMOTE SENS JI Int. J. Remote Sens. PD SEP 20 PY 2003 VL 24 IS 18 BP 3635 EP 3649 DI 10.1080/0143116021000023907 PG 15 WC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology SC Remote Sensing; Imaging Science & Photographic Technology GA 719CZ UT WOS:000185187200008 ER PT J AU Shen, WX Ginis, I AF Shen, WX Ginis, I TI Effects of surface heat flux-induced sea surface temperature changes on tropical cyclone intensity SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID RESOLUTION COUPLED MODEL; HURRICANE INTENSITY; OCEAN INTERACTION; SIMULATIONS AB [1] It is known that in deep and open oceans, the effect of sea surface sensible and evaporative heat fluxes on the tropical cyclone-induced sea surface cooling is small compared to that caused by turbulent mixing and cold water entrainment into the upper ocean mixed-layer. This study shows that tropical cyclone-induced surface heat fluxes dominate the surface cooling in near-coastal shallow ocean regions with limited or no underlying cold water. The thermal response of the ocean to the surface heat fluxes is nearly one dimensional through very quick vertical mixing in the ocean mixed layer. The flux-induced sea surface cooling may lead to appreciable reduction of storm intensity if the storm moves slowly. It is therefore important to account this negative feedback of ocean coupling in near-coastal regions for more skillful forecasting of landfalling tropical cyclones. C1 Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02881 USA. RP Shen, WX (reprint author), Natl Ctr Environm Predict, Camp Springs, MD 20746 USA. NR 9 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 4 U2 12 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD SEP 19 PY 2003 VL 30 IS 18 AR 1933 DI 10.1029/2003GL017878 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 724FC UT WOS:000185476700004 ER PT J AU Chuang, PY Duvall, RM Bae, MS Jefferson, A Schauer, JJ Yang, H Yu, JZ Kim, J AF Chuang, PY Duvall, RM Bae, MS Jefferson, A Schauer, JJ Yang, H Yu, JZ Kim, J TI Observations of elemental carbon and absorption during ACE-Asia and implications for aerosol radiative properties and climate forcing SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE elemental carbon; absorption; dust ID ATTENUATION CROSS-SECTION; BLACK CARBON; LIGHT-ABSORPTION; OPTICAL-PROPERTIES; PARTICLE-SIZE; OCEAN; IRON; MASS; EXTINCTION; SCATTERING AB [1] Measurements of elemental carbon ( EC) during the Asian Pacific Regional Aerosol Characterization Experiment ( ACE- Asia) show that significant amounts of EC were found in the coarse particle phase during yellow sand events. Coagulation during long- range transport is consistent with this observation. The daily averaged specific mass absorption efficiencies of EC were calculated, yielding values of 12.6 +/- 2.6 and 14.8 +/- 2.3 m(2)/ g for PM10 ( particulate matter < 10 mu m diameter) and PM1, respectively. On a limited number of days, the absorption efficiency for the coarse particles only ( PM10 - PM1) was determined to be 5.7 +/- 1.6 m(2)/ g during dust days and 2.0 +/- 1.0 m(2)/ g for nondust days. These measurements suggest that fine particulate EC was internally mixed and that the dust was possibly somewhat absorbing. Specific mass absorption efficiency was observed to be inversely related to EC mass concentration, a result that does not appear to reflect only air mass aging effects. We speculate that if this observation holds on a global scale, it would reduce the effectiveness of a strategy for mitigating climate change by reducing EC emissions. Model simulations of idealized nonspherical dust radiative properties predict that scattering is strongly ( by nearly a factor of 3) dependent on geometry, while absorption is a very weak function of geometry. The net change in shortwave absorption by polluted dust layers due to coagulation of EC with dust is predicted by model calculations to range between -42% and + 58%, depending on the assumption about the initial mixing state of the EC and the dust optical properties, with the observations supporting values in the range of - 10 to - 40%. C1 Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Earth Sci, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Environm Chem & Technol Program, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Hong Kong Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Chem, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. Korean Meteorol Adm, Meteorol Res Inst, Seoul 156720, South Korea. RP Chuang, PY (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Dept Earth Sci, 1156 High St, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA. EM pchuang@es.uscs.edu; rmduvall@students.wisc.edu; minsbae@hotmail.com; ajefferson@cmdl.noaa.gov; jschauer@engr.wisc.edu; chyang@ust.hk; chjianyu@ust.hk; jykim@metri.re.kr RI Yu, Jian/A-9669-2008; Jefferson, Anne/K-4793-2012 OI Yu, Jian/0000-0002-6165-6500; NR 30 TC 35 Z9 37 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP 19 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D23 AR 8634 DI 10.1029/2002JD003254 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 724FR UT WOS:000185478000001 ER PT J AU Bao, W Chen, Y Qiu, Y Sarrao, JL AF Bao, W Chen, Y Qiu, Y Sarrao, JL TI Novel dynamic scaling regime in hole-doped La2CuO4 SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID MAGNETIC PHASE-DIAGRAM; SPIN CORRELATIONS; HEISENBERG-ANTIFERROMAGNET; NEUTRON-SCATTERING; DOPING DEPENDENCE; NORMAL-STATE; LA2-XSRXCUO4; TEMPERATURE; FLUCTUATIONS; LA2CU1-XLIXO4 AB Only 3% hole doping by Li is sufficient to suppress the long-range three-dimensional (3D) antiferromagnetic order in La2CuO4. The spin dynamics of such a 2D spin liquid state at T< 8), the BTD between 250 and 410.2 cm(-1) is shown to be sensitive to the effective particle size up to a limit of 100 mum. C1 Texas A&M Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. NASA, Langley Res Ctr, Hampton, VA 23681 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. NOAA, Natl Environm Satellite Data & Informat Serv, Off Res & Applicat, Madison, WI 53706 USA. NASA, Goddard Inst Space Studies, New York, NY 10025 USA. RP Texas A&M Univ, Dept Atmospher Sci, TAMU 3150, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. EM pyang@ariel.met.tamu.edu RI Heidinger, Andrew/F-5591-2010; Yang, Ping/B-4590-2011; Baum, Bryan/B-7670-2011; Mlynczak, Martin/K-3396-2012; Wiscombe, Warren/D-4665-2012; Hu, Yongxiang/K-4426-2012; Mishchenko, Michael/D-4426-2012 OI Heidinger, Andrew/0000-0001-7631-109X; Baum, Bryan/0000-0002-7193-2767; Wiscombe, Warren/0000-0001-6844-9849; NR 49 TC 28 Z9 28 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP 17 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D18 AR 4569 DI 10.1029/2002JD003291 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 754HV UT WOS:000187310800003 ER PT J AU Genzer, J Fischer, DA Efimenko, K AF Genzer, J Fischer, DA Efimenko, K TI Fabricating two-dimensional molecular gradients via asymmetric deformation of uniformly-coated elastomer sheets SO ADVANCED MATERIALS LA English DT Article ID SURFACE; COMBINATORIAL; DROP AB Molecular gradients comprising two-dimensional in-plane variation of density of substrate-grafted molecules (see Figure, darker regions in the plot denote regions with higher substrate density) have been fabricated. This is achieved by utilizing the technology of "mechanically assembled monolayers" in conjunction with in-plane asymmetric stretching of elastomeric substrates uniformly-coated with organosilane precursors (see cover). C1 N Carolina State Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NIST, Mat Sci & Engn Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Genzer, J (reprint author), N Carolina State Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA. NR 17 TC 26 Z9 26 U1 1 U2 11 PU WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH PI WEINHEIM PA PO BOX 10 11 61, D-69451 WEINHEIM, GERMANY SN 0935-9648 J9 ADV MATER JI Adv. Mater. PD SEP 16 PY 2003 VL 15 IS 18 BP 1545 EP + DI 10.1002/adma.200305151 PG 4 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Nanoscience & Nanotechnology; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied; Physics, Condensed Matter SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Materials Science; Physics GA 722VV UT WOS:000185399500011 ER PT J AU Massling, A Wiedensohler, A Busch, B Neususs, C Quinn, P Bates, T Covert, D AF Massling, A Wiedensohler, A Busch, B Neususs, C Quinn, P Bates, T Covert, D TI Hygroscopic properties of different aerosol types over the Atlantic and Indian Oceans SO ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MARINE BOUNDARY-LAYER; PARTICLES; SIZE; BEHAVIOR; DISTRIBUTIONS; CLIMATE; ALBEDO; GROWTH AB Hygroscopic properties of atmospheric particles were studied in the marine tropospheric boundary layer over the Atlantic and Indian Oceans during two consecutive field studies: the Aerosols99 cruise (Atlantic Ocean) from 15 January to 20 February 1999, and the INDOEX cruise (Indian Ocean Experiment) from 23 February to 30 March 1999. The hygroscopic properties were compared to optical and chemical properties, such as absorption, chemical inorganic composition, and mass concentration of organic and elemental carbon, to identify the influence of these parameters on hygroscopicity. C1 Inst Tropospher Res, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany. NOAA, No Org Atlantic Adm, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Washington, Dept Atmospher Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. RP Massling, A (reprint author), Inst Tropospher Res, Permoserstr 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany. EM massling@tropos.de RI Bates, Timothy/L-6080-2016; Quinn, Patricia/R-1493-2016 OI Quinn, Patricia/0000-0003-0337-4895 NR 27 TC 53 Z9 54 U1 1 U2 13 PU COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH PI GOTTINGEN PA BAHNHOFSALLEE 1E, GOTTINGEN, 37081, GERMANY SN 1680-7316 J9 ATMOS CHEM PHYS JI Atmos. Chem. Phys. PD SEP 16 PY 2003 VL 3 BP 1377 EP 1397 DI 10.5194/acp-3-1377-2003 PG 21 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 726VM UT WOS:000185621900001 ER PT J AU Perez-Salas, UA Faucher, KM Majkrzak, CF Berk, NF Krueger, S Chaikof, EL AF Perez-Salas, UA Faucher, KM Majkrzak, CF Berk, NF Krueger, S Chaikof, EL TI Characterization of a biomimetic polymeric lipid bilayer by phase sensitive neutron reflectometry SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Advances in the Study of Interfaes with Neutron Reflection CY OCT 24-26, 2002 CL GRENOBLE, FRANCE ID CYTOMIMETIC BIOMATERIALS; POLYELECTROLYTE MULTILAYERS; SEMICONDUCTOR ELECTRODE; ALKYLATED SURFACE; SURROUNDING MEDIA; MEMBRANES; FILMS; RECONSTITUTION; PHOSPHOLIPIDS; BIOSENSORS AB Neutron reflectivity measurements were performed on a cell membrane mimic system, developed by Liu et al., consisting of a polyelectrolyte multilayer plus synthetic terpolymer plus a phospholipid layer (PE + TER + PC) assembly, at all of the intermediate steps in the assembly of the composite, to obtain neutron scattering length density depth profiles. (1)The polyelectrolyte multilayer functions as a soft, water-containing "cushion" for the membrane mimic, formed by the synthetic terpolymer and the phospholipid layer. The assemblies were studied dry and in 92% humidity using a phase-sensitive neutron reflectometry technique. By use of two water conditions (D2O and H2O mixtures) on the PE + TER + PC assembly, the distribution of water in the layers was obtained. It was found that under 92% humidity conditions, the supported membrane mimic has 40% water content in the "cushion" polyelectrolyte multilayer and 10% water content in the terpolymer-phospholipid region. The overall thickness change, due to water uptake, was found to be 20Angstrom. Because fusing phospholipid vesicles onto the polyelectrolyte multilayer plus synthetic terpolymer assembly shows an overall 30Angstrom increase in thickness of the composite, it can be inferred that a phospholipid monolayer was formed. C1 NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Emory Univ, Sch Med, Dept Surg & Bioengn, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA. RP Perez-Salas, UA (reprint author), NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8562,Bldg 325,Rm 017, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 44 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD SEP 16 PY 2003 VL 19 IS 19 BP 7688 EP 7694 DI 10.1021/la034607f PG 7 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 720ZX UT WOS:000185293500002 ER PT J AU Majkrzak, CF Berk, NF Perez-Salas, UA AF Majkrzak, CF Berk, NF Perez-Salas, UA TI Phase-sensitive neutron reflectometry SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Advances in the Study of Interfaces with Neutron Reflection CY OCT 24-26, 2002 CL GRENOBLE, FRANCE ID SPHEROIDAL WAVE-FUNCTIONS; X-RAY; SURROUNDING MEDIA; FOURIER-ANALYSIS; REFLECTIVITY; RECONSTRUCTION; UNCERTAINTY; POTENTIALS; INVERSION; PROFILES AB The recent development of exact methods for determining the phase in neutron specular reflectivity measurements makes it possible to extract the scattering length density (SLD) depth profile of a film directly, by first principles inversion. Ideally, other than the uncertainty introduced by statistical fluctuations in the measured reflectivities, any ambiguity in a SLD profile obtained by these phase-sensitive methods is a consequence only of the limited range of wavevector transfer Q over which the reflectivity data can, in practice, be collected. Where practically possible to employ such phase-sensitive techniques, which require the use of reference layers or variable surrounding media, not only is the uniqueness of the resultant SLD profile well defined, but also the ability to perform an inversion without any adjustable parameters eliminates the vagaries associated with fitting reflectivity data alone. A comprehensive summary of the experimental and theoretical methodologies of phase-sensitive neutron reflectometry is presented and illustrated by a current application. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 41 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD SEP 16 PY 2003 VL 19 IS 19 BP 7796 EP 7810 DI 10.1021/la0341254 PG 15 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 720ZX UT WOS:000185293500018 ER PT J AU Berk, NF Majkrzak, CF AF Berk, NF Majkrzak, CF TI Wavelet analysis of neutron reflectivity SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Advances in the Study of Interfaes with Neutron Reflection CY OCT 24-26, 2002 CL GRENOBLE, FRANCE AB An application of wavelet multiresolution analysis (WMA) to phase-sensitive neutron specular reflection is described. By use of Daubechies-8 wavelets, it is shown how the WMA notions of trend and detail are well-suited to describing the effects of truncated data on the spatial behavior of the scattering length density (SLD) profiles inferred from measurements. In particular, the inaccessibility of certain spatial detail to real measurements is readily seen. A WMA fitting scheme for refining the SLD deduced from phase-inversion measurements in a manner consistent with the data-determined spatial resolution is demonstrated. C1 NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Berk, NF (reprint author), NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 9 TC 3 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD SEP 16 PY 2003 VL 19 IS 19 BP 7811 EP 7817 DI 10.1021/la034126w PG 7 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 720ZX UT WOS:000185293500019 ER PT J AU Zangmeister, CD van Zee, RD AF Zangmeister, CD van Zee, RD TI Electroless deposition of copper onto 4-mercaptobenzoic acid self-assembled on gold SO LANGMUIR LA English DT Article ID RAY PHOTOELECTRON-SPECTROSCOPY; MONOLAYERS; OVERLAYERS; PENETRATION; MOLECULES; BEHAVIOR AB This paper reports the electroless deposition of copper, from a basic solution of copper sulfate, sodium hydrogentartrate, and formaldehyde, onto 4-mercaptobenzoic acid self-assembled on gold. The copper was found to be approximate to180 nm thick after a; approximate to30-min immersion. Deposition did not occur on bare gold or self-assembled layers of 1-octadecanethiol or 3-mercaptobenzoic acid. This latter observation suggests that the carboxylic acid functional group and its position play a role in the deposition process. Infrared absorption spectroscopy was used to evaluate these layers. On surfaces that were microcontact printed with 4-mercaptobenzoic acid, copper deposited only on the stamped areas. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Zangmeister, CD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 19 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 0 U2 15 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0743-7463 J9 LANGMUIR JI Langmuir PD SEP 16 PY 2003 VL 19 IS 19 BP 8065 EP 8068 DI 10.1021/la026801s PG 4 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Physical; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry; Materials Science GA 720ZX UT WOS:000185293500056 ER PT J AU Worthington, SE Roitberg, AE Krauss, M AF Worthington, SE Roitberg, AE Krauss, M TI Kinetic isotope effects in the active site of B-subtilis chorismate mutase SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF QUANTUM CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE kinetic isotope effects; chorismate mutase B. subtilis; enzyme active site; free energy; zero point energies; ab initio reaction path ID EFFECTIVE FRAGMENT POTENTIALS; COMPACT EFFECTIVE POTENTIALS; EXPONENT BASIS-SETS; CLAISEN REARRANGEMENT; TRANSITION-STATE; PREPHENATE REARRANGEMENT; ELECTROSTATIC CATALYSIS; SHIKIMATE METABOLITES; MECHANISM; ENZYME AB Kinetic isotope effects are determined for the enzyme-catalyzed Claisen rearrangement of chorismate to prephenate using computational methods. The calculated kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) compare reasonably with the few available experimental values with both the theory and experiment obtaining a large KIE for the ether oxygen, indicating large polarization of the transition-state geometry. Because there is a question of the extent that the experimental rate constants are for chemistry as the rate-limiting step, the KIEs for all the atoms of the substrate are reported with the exception of the carboxylate groups. A substantial number of large regular and inverse isotope effects are predicted for the hydrogens on the cyclohexadienyl ring related to activation of the reactant and charge reorganization in the transition state. A large KIE is predicted for the hydrogen atom bound to the ether carbon atom because the largest valency change and charge transfer occurs at the ether bond in both the reactant and tansition state. Observation of the overall pattern of predicted KIEs would ensure that conditions are favorable for the rate-limiting chemistry. (C) 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. C1 Univ Florida, Quantum Theory Project, Gainesville, FL 32601 USA. NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. NIST, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Rockville, MD 20850 USA. RP Roitberg, AE (reprint author), Univ Florida, Quantum Theory Project, Gainesville, FL 32601 USA. NR 35 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS INC PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN, NJ 07030 USA SN 0020-7608 J9 INT J QUANTUM CHEM JI Int. J. Quantum Chem. PD SEP 15 PY 2003 VL 94 IS 5 BP 287 EP 292 DI 10.1002/qua.10641 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Mathematics; Physics GA 716GC UT WOS:000185019600005 ER PT J AU Lavrich, RJ Walker, ARH Plusquellic, DF Kleiner, I Suenram, RD Hougen, JT Fraser, GT AF Lavrich, RJ Walker, ARH Plusquellic, DF Kleiner, I Suenram, RD Hougen, JT Fraser, GT TI Conformational analysis of the jet-cooled peptide mimetic ethylacetamidoacetate from torsion-rotation spectra SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID ACCURATE; SPECTROSCOPY; SIMULATIONS; PARAMETERS; POTENTIALS AB Rotational spectra of two conformers of the peptide mimetic, ethyl-acetamidoacetate, were measured in a molecular beam using a Fourier-transform microwave spectrometer. In each conformer, internal rotation of the acetyl methyl group gives rise to observable splittings in the spectrum. From analysis of the torsion-rotation interactions, the methyl group's orientation has been determined in the principal axis frame of each conformer and is shown to unambiguously identify its conformational form. One conformer exists in the all-trans configuration and belongs to C-S point group and the second, higher-energy conformer has C-1 symmetry. Two separate theoretical fitting procedures are applied to assess the reliability of the structural information and are shown to be essentially equivalent. For example, methyl torsional barriers are 63.7(1) cm(-1) versus 67.1(1) cm(-1) and 64.8(1) cm(-1) versus 67.5(1) cm(-1) for the C-S and C-1 conformers, respectively, and principal axis orientations of the methyl groups agree to +/-0.1degrees. The small differences in the torsional barriers and rotor axis angles for the two conformers are a result of a change in the orientation of the ethyl group on the other end of the molecule. The predicted energy ordering of these two conformers at the MP2/6-311G(d,p) level of theory is in disagreement with experimental observations. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Paris 11, Photophys Mol Lab, F-91405 Orsay, France. CNRS, F-91405 Orsay, France. RP Lavrich, RJ (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Hight Walker, Angela/C-3373-2009 OI Hight Walker, Angela/0000-0003-1385-0672 NR 19 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD SEP 15 PY 2003 VL 119 IS 11 BP 5497 EP 5504 DI 10.1063/1.1599353 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 716JL UT WOS:000185025000021 ER PT J AU Kleiner, I Hougen, JT AF Kleiner, I Hougen, JT TI Rho-axis-method Hamiltonian for molecules having one methyl rotor and C-1 point-group symmetry at equilibrium SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID EXCITED TORSIONAL STATES; ASYMMETRIC-TOP MOLECULES; CENTRIFUGAL-DISTORTION COEFFICIENTS; SUBMILLIMETER-WAVE SPECTRUM; ADDITIONAL MEASUREMENTS; MILLIMETER-WAVE; INTERNAL ROTOR; GLOBAL FIT; ROTATION; METHANOL AB Two modifications of the rho-axis-method torsion-rotation Hamiltonian for fitting spectra of methyl top molecules belonging to the C-s point group at equilibrium which are required to treat molecules with C-1 equilibrium configurations are described: (i) The permutation-inversion group must be changed from G(6) to G(3), which causes the A(1) and A(2) species to coalesce into a single A species, and which also introduces the slight complication of separably degenerate E species. (ii) One term must be added to the second-order contact-transformation-reduced Hamiltonian and seven terms must be added to the fourth-order reduced Hamiltonian. Programming strategies for this Hamiltonian are also discussed. In particular, portions of the C-1 computer code requiring complex arithmetic are indicated, and three schemes for checking the internal consistency of the C-1 code are suggested. Application of this C-1 Hamiltonian to ethylacetamidoacetate is given in the preceding paper. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics. C1 Univ Paris 11, Photophys Mol Lab, F-91405 Orsay, France. CNRS, F-91405 Orsay, France. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Kleiner, I (reprint author), Univ Paris 11, Photophys Mol Lab, Bat 350, F-91405 Orsay, France. NR 21 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD SEP 15 PY 2003 VL 119 IS 11 BP 5505 EP 5509 DI 10.1063/1.1599354 PG 5 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 716JL UT WOS:000185025000022 ER PT J AU Winton, M AF Winton, M TI On the climatic impact of ocean circulation SO JOURNAL OF CLIMATE LA English DT Article ID LARGE-SCALE MODELS; SEA-ICE; STRATIFORM CLOUDS; THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION; ENERGY TRANSPORTS; ATMOSPHERE MODEL; HEAT TRANSPORTS; DYNAMICS; WATER; PRECIPITATION AB Integrations of coupled climate models with mixed-layer and fixed-current ocean components are used to explore the climatic response to varying magnitudes of ocean circulation. Four mixed-layer ocean experiments without ocean heat transports are performed using two different atmosphere - land components - the new GFDL AM2 and the GFDL Manabe Climate Model (MCM) - and two different sea ice components, one dynamic and one thermodynamic. Both experiments employing the dynamic sea ice component develop unstable growth of sea ice while the experiments with a thermodynamic sea ice component develop very large but stable ice covers. The global cooling ranges from modest to extreme in the four experiments. Using the fixed-current climate model, a trio of 100-yr integrations are made with control currents from a GFDL R30 ocean simulation, same currents reduced by 50%, and same currents increased by 50%. This suite is performed with two coupled models again employing the two atmosphere - land components, AM2 and MCM, for a total of six experiments. Both models show a large sensitivity of the sea ice extent to the magnitude of currents with increased currents reducing the extent and warming the high latitudes. Low cloud cover also responds to circulation changes in both models but in the opposite sense. In the AM2-based model, low cloudiness decreases as ocean circulation increases, reinforcing the sea ice changes in reducing the planetary reflectivity, and warming the climate. This cloudiness change is associated with a reduction in lower-atmospheric stability over the ocean. Because the AM2-based model is able to simulate the observed seasonal low cloud - stability relationship and the changes in these quantities with altered ocean circulation are consistent with this relationship, the AM2 interpretation of the cloud changes is favored. C1 Princeton Univ, NOAA, GFDL, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. RP Winton, M (reprint author), Princeton Univ, NOAA, GFDL, POB 308,Forrestal Campus, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. NR 34 TC 48 Z9 48 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0894-8755 J9 J CLIMATE JI J. Clim. PD SEP 15 PY 2003 VL 16 IS 17 BP 2875 EP 2889 DI 10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<2875:OTCIOO>2.0.CO;2 PG 15 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 715KA UT WOS:000184969600007 ER PT J AU Hudson, SD Jamieson, AM Burkhart, BE AF Hudson, SD Jamieson, AM Burkhart, BE TI The effect of surfactant on the efficiency of shear-induced drop coalescence SO JOURNAL OF COLLOID AND INTERFACE SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE coalescence; adsorption; surfactant; emulsions; drop collisions; film drainage; peclet; marangoni ID IMMISCIBLE POLYMER BLENDS; PROPYLENE-OXIDE OLIGOMERS; BLOCK-COPOLYMER; POLY(ETHYLENE OXIDE); INTERFACIAL-TENSION; SPHERICAL DROPS; ETHYLENE-OXIDE; LINEAR FLOW; MOTION; DEFORMATION AB The volume-averaged shear-induced drop-coalescence efficiency epsilon(v) is measured by in situ videomicroscopy of blends of poly(propylene glycol) and poly(ethylene glycol), emulsified with poly(ethyleneglycol-b-propyleneoxide-b-ethyleneglycol) block copolymer surfactant. Adsorption of copolymer to the immiscible blend interface is indicated by a reduction in the interfacial tension, measured by the drop retraction method. The effects of temperature, copolymer molecular weight, copolymer concentration, and capillary number Ca are explored. At small Ca, epsilon(v) is essentially independent of shear rate and drop size, and depends mainly on the solubility, diffusivity, and surface pressure of the surfactant, indicating that drop trajectories during flow are perturbed by surfactant Marangoni stresses that are controlled by the diffusion-limited sorption of surfactant. At larger Ca, epsilon(v) approaches zero. This arrest of coalescence is associated with the onset of slight deformation of the drops during their collision, and drainage of a film of continuous fluid between them. The effect of the surfactant, though significant, saturates even while the amount of surfactant adsorbed to the interface is quite small. Governing dimensionless parameters, associated material parameters and the behavior of more insoluble surfactants are discussed. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Case Western Reserve Univ, Dept Macromol Sci & Engn, Cleveland, OH 44106 USA. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co, Akron, OH 44305 USA. RP Hudson, SD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 45 TC 35 Z9 36 U1 2 U2 19 PU ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE PI SAN DIEGO PA 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SN 0021-9797 J9 J COLLOID INTERF SCI JI J. Colloid Interface Sci. PD SEP 15 PY 2003 VL 265 IS 2 BP 409 EP 421 DI 10.1016/S0021-9797(03)00396-5 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 715JA UT WOS:000184967300024 PM 12962676 ER PT J AU Quinn, JB Nguyen, VQ Sanghera, JS Lloyd, IK Pureza, PC Miklos, RE Aggarwal, ID AF Quinn, JB Nguyen, VQ Sanghera, JS Lloyd, IK Pureza, PC Miklos, RE Aggarwal, ID TI Strength and fractographic analysis of chalcogenide As-S-Se and Ge-As-Se-Te glass fibers SO JOURNAL OF NON-CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS LA English DT Article ID CHALCOHALIDE GLASSES; FRACTURE-TOUGHNESS; SPECTROSCOPY; FABRICATION; CERAMICS; SYSTEM AB The strengths and Weibull parameters of chalcogenide As-S-Se and Ge-As-Se-Te glass fibers were measured, and the fiber fracture surfaces examined. The sulfide (As-S-Se) fibers have a mean strength of 545 MPa, characteristic strength of 567 MPa, and Weibull slope, m, of 8.5. The weaker telluride (Ge-As-Se-Te) fibers have a mean strength of 427 MPa, characteristic strength of 441 MPa, and a Weibull slope of 11. Fractographic analysis indicates the sources of failure in these glass fibers are inclusions, microbubbles and microcracks. Fracture mirror measurements enabled estimations of fracture toughness and mean critical flaw sizes. The lower strength of the Ge-As-Se-Te glass fibers was determined to be a consequence of a more severe flaw population. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. USN, Res Lab, Code 5606, Washington, DC 20375 USA. Univ Maryland, Dept Mat & Nucl Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. SFA Inc, Largo, MD 20774 USA. RP Quinn, JB (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Amer Dent Assoc Hlth Fdn, Paffenbarger Res Ctr, STOP8546, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Lloyd, Isabel/B-1513-2012 NR 29 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-3093 J9 J NON-CRYST SOLIDS JI J. Non-Cryst. Solids PD SEP 15 PY 2003 VL 325 IS 1-3 BP 150 EP 157 DI 10.1016/S0022-3093(03)00309-0 PG 8 WC Materials Science, Ceramics; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary SC Materials Science GA 718RM UT WOS:000185160300017 ER PT J AU Gulseren, O Yildirim, T Ciraci, S AF Gulseren, O Yildirim, T Ciraci, S TI Formation of quantum structures on a single nanotube by modulating hydrogen adsorption SO PHYSICAL REVIEW B LA English DT Article ID WALL CARBON NANOTUBES AB Using first-principles density functional calculations we showed that quantum structures can be generated on a single carbon nanotube by modulating the adsorption of hydrogen atoms. The band gap of the hydrogen-free zone of the tube widens in the adjacent hydrogen covered zone. The sudden variation of the band gap leads to band offsets at the conduction- and valence-band edges. At the end, the band gap of the whole system is modulated along the axis of the tube, which generates quantum wells or quantum dots. Specific electronic states are confined in these quantum wells. The type and radius of the nanotube and the extent and sequence of hydrogen-free and hydrogen-covered zones can provide several options to design a desired optoelectronic nanodevice. C1 Bilkent Univ, Dept Phys, TR-06800 Ankara, Turkey. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Bilkent Univ, Dept Phys, TR-06800 Ankara, Turkey. RI yildirim, taner/A-1290-2009 NR 23 TC 30 Z9 31 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 2469-9950 EI 2469-9969 J9 PHYS REV B JI Phys. Rev. B PD SEP 15 PY 2003 VL 68 IS 11 AR 115419 DI 10.1103/PhysRevB.68.115419 PG 6 WC Physics, Condensed Matter SC Physics GA 730KE UT WOS:000185829300098 ER PT J AU Neuman, JA Nowak, JB Brock, CA Trainer, M Fehsenfeld, FC Holloway, JS Hubler, G Hudson, PK Murphy, DM Nicks, DK Orsini, D Parrish, DD Ryerson, TB Sueper, DT Sullivan, A Weber, R AF Neuman, JA Nowak, JB Brock, CA Trainer, M Fehsenfeld, FC Holloway, JS Hubler, G Hudson, PK Murphy, DM Nicks, DK Orsini, D Parrish, DD Ryerson, TB Sueper, DT Sullivan, A Weber, R TI Variability in ammonium nitrate formation and nitric acid depletion with altitude and location over California SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE ammonium nitrate; nitric acid; gas-to-particle conversion ID LOS-ANGELES BASIN; SOUTHERN-CALIFORNIA; PARTICLE-SIZE; DISSOCIATION-CONSTANT; CHEMICAL-COMPOSITION; POLLUTANT TRANSPORT; RELATIVE-HUMIDITY; AIR-QUALITY; AEROSOL; DISTRIBUTIONS AB [1] Spatial variations in the partitioning of nitrate between gas phase nitric acid (HNO3) and particulate ammonium nitrate were observed using airborne measurements of trace gas mixing ratios, particle size distributions, and particle composition. During the Intercontinental Transport and Chemical Transformation experiment in April and May 2002 the NOAA WP-3 aircraft flew up to 8 km altitude on 11 research flights from Monterey, California. The formation of semivolatile aerosols was studied by examining the enhancement of fine-particulate ammonium nitrate and depletion of gas-phase HNO3 over the San Joaquin Valley, Los Angeles Basin, and Mojave Desert. Gas-phase particle precursors, HNO3 and ammonia (NH3), were converted to particulate ammonium nitrate at higher altitudes within the boundary layer. These particle layers were a consequence of lower ambient temperatures that caused a reduction of the dissociation constant for ammonium nitrate aerosol so that gas phase HNO3 was depleted and particle mass was formed. The resulting vertical gradients in particulate matter and HNO3 were observed in well-mixed boundary layers where other directly emitted trace gases ( CO) and secondary pollutants (O-3) exhibited no vertical gradients. Hence the equilibrium between the gas and particle phases occurred faster than boundary layer mixing times and chemical rather than meteorological effects were responsible for the layers of enhanced particulate matter aloft. Coincident HNO3 depletion and ammonium nitrate formation was also observed downwind from regions characterized by large agricultural NH3 emissions in the Los Angeles Basin and San Joaquin Valley. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Earth & Atmospher Sci, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. RP Neuman, JA (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM neuman@al.noaa.gov RI Neuman, Andy/A-1393-2009; Hubler, Gerhard/E-9780-2010; Parrish, David/E-8957-2010; Brock, Charles/G-3406-2011; Nowak, John/B-1085-2008; Murphy, Daniel/J-4357-2012; Holloway, John/F-9911-2012; Trainer, Michael/H-5168-2013; Ryerson, Tom/C-9611-2009; Fehsenfeld, Frederick/I-4876-2013 OI Neuman, Andy/0000-0002-3986-1727; Parrish, David/0000-0001-6312-2724; Brock, Charles/0000-0002-4033-4668; Nowak, John/0000-0002-5697-9807; Murphy, Daniel/0000-0002-8091-7235; Holloway, John/0000-0002-4585-9594; NR 35 TC 57 Z9 57 U1 0 U2 17 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP 12 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D17 AR 4557 DI 10.1029/2003JD003616 PG 12 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 774ZV UT WOS:000189017000004 ER PT J AU Pachucki, K Jentschura, UD AF Pachucki, K Jentschura, UD TI Two-loop Bethe-logarithm correction in hydrogenlike atoms SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID ORDER BINDING CORRECTIONS; RADIATIVE LEVEL SHIFTS; ELECTRON SELF-ENERGY; LAMB-SHIFT; RYDBERG CONSTANT; IONS; FREQUENCY; DEUTERIUM AB We calculate the two-loop Bethe logarithm correction to atomic energy levels in hydrogenlike systems. The two-loop Bethe logarithm is a low-energy quantum electrodynamic (QED) effect involving multiple summations over virtual excited atomic states. Although much smaller in absolute magnitude than the well-known one-loop Bethe logarithm, the two-loop analog is quite significant when compared to the current experimental accuracy of the 1S-2S transition: It contributes -8.19 and -0.84 kHz for the 1S and the 2S state, respectively. The two-loop Bethe logarithm has been the largest unknown correction to the hydrogen Lamb shift to date. Together with the ongoing measurement of the proton charge radius at the Paul Scherrer Institute, its calculation will bring theoretical and experimental accuracy for the Lamb shift in atomic hydrogen to the level of 10(-7). C1 Univ Warsaw, Inst Theoret Phys, PL-00681 Warsaw, Poland. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Pachucki, K (reprint author), Univ Warsaw, Inst Theoret Phys, Ul Hoza 69, PL-00681 Warsaw, Poland. NR 26 TC 68 Z9 69 U1 0 U2 6 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD SEP 12 PY 2003 VL 91 IS 11 AR 113005 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.113005 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 720XN UT WOS:000185288000018 PM 14525422 ER PT J AU Copley, JRD AF Copley, JRD TI An acceptance diagram analysis of the contaminant pulse removal problem with direct geometry neutron chopper spectrometers SO NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT LA English DT Article DE neutron scattering; time-of-flight; neutron choppers; acceptance diagrams ID OF-FLIGHT SPECTROMETER; NEAT AB Phased choppers are used to produce pulsed beams of monochromatic neutrons at research reactors and spallation neutron sources. Depending on the design of the instrument, it is very possible that the choppers will transmit neutrons with wavelengths other than those within the desired band of wavelengths. One or more additional choppers are typically needed to remove these contaminant pulses. We describe a method of determining the wavelength- and time-dependent transmission of a system of choppers using acceptance diagrams. The method is illustrated with calculations for the Disk Chopper Spectrometer at the NIST Center for Neutron Research and the proposed Cold Neutron Chopper Spectrometer at the Spallation Neutron Source (Oak Ridge, TN). (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Copley, JRD (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM john.copley@nist.gov NR 14 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 6 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0168-9002 EI 1872-9576 J9 NUCL INSTRUM METH A JI Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A-Accel. Spectrom. Dect. Assoc. Equip. PD SEP 11 PY 2003 VL 510 IS 3 BP 318 EP 324 DI 10.1016/S0168-9002(03)01731-5 PG 7 WC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics, Nuclear; Physics, Particles & Fields SC Instruments & Instrumentation; Nuclear Science & Technology; Physics GA 718TR UT WOS:000185163000013 ER PT J AU Shull, JM Tumlinson, J Giroux, ML AF Shull, JM Tumlinson, J Giroux, ML TI The multiphase intergalactic medium toward PKS 2155-304 SO ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE intergalactic medium ID ULTRAVIOLET-SPECTROSCOPIC-EXPLORER; LOW-REDSHIFT; ABSORPTION; SPECTRUM; SYSTEMS; SHOCKS AB We study the cluster of H I and O vi absorption systems and the claimed detection of O VIII absorption from the intergalactic medium at z approximate to 0.0567, associated with a group of galaxies toward the BL Lac object PKS 2155 - 304. As measured by spectrographs on the Hubble Space Telescope, Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer, and Chandra, this system appears to contain gas at a variety of temperatures. We analyze this multiphase gas in a clumpy-infall model. From the absence of C IV and Si III absorption in the Lyalpha clouds, we infer metallicities less than 2.5% - 10% of solar values. The only metals are detected in two O vi absorption components, offset by +/- 400 km s(-1) from the group barycenter (cz approximate to 16,000 km s(-1)). The O vi components may signify "nearside" and "backside" infall into the group potential well, which coincides with the claimed O VIII absorption. If the claimed O VIII detection is real, our analysis suggests that clusters of strong Lya and O vi absorbers, associated with groups of galaxies, may be the "signposts" of shock-heated metal-enriched baryons. Through combined UV and X-ray spectra of H I and O VI, O vVII, and O VIII, one may be able to clarify the heating mechanism of this multiphase gas. C1 Univ Colorado, Ctr Astrophys & Space Astron, Dept Astrophys & Planetary Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO USA. Univ Chicago, Dept Astron & Astrophys, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. E Tennessee State Univ, Dept Phys & Astron, Johnson City, TN 37614 USA. RP Shull, JM (reprint author), Univ Colorado, Ctr Astrophys & Space Astron, Dept Astrophys & Planetary Sci, Campus Box 391, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. EM mshull@casa.colorado.edu; tumlinso@oddjob.uchicago.edu; giroux@polar.etsu.edu NR 27 TC 47 Z9 47 U1 0 U2 1 PU IOP PUBLISHING LTD PI BRISTOL PA TEMPLE CIRCUS, TEMPLE WAY, BRISTOL BS1 6BE, ENGLAND SN 0004-637X J9 ASTROPHYS J JI Astrophys. J. PD SEP 10 PY 2003 VL 594 IS 2 BP L107 EP L110 DI 10.1086/378737 PN 2 PG 4 WC Astronomy & Astrophysics SC Astronomy & Astrophysics GA 720JM UT WOS:000185257700011 ER PT J AU Kunkel, KE Easterling, DR Redmond, K Hubbard, K AF Kunkel, KE Easterling, DR Redmond, K Hubbard, K TI Temporal variations of extreme precipitation events in the United States: 1895-2000 SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID TRENDS AB A newly available data set of daily precipitation observations was used to study the temporal variability of the frequency of short-duration extreme precipitation events for 1895-2000 in the conterminous United States. Event durations of 1, 5, 10, and 30 day and return periods of 1, 5, and 20 year were analyzed. For all combinations of duration and return period, heavy precipitation frequencies were relatively high during the late 19th/early 20th Centuries, decreasing to a minimum in the 1920s and 30s, followed by a general increase into the 1990s. The frequencies at the beginning of the 20th Century were nearly as high as during the late 20th Century for some combinations of duration and return period, suggesting that natural variability cannot be discounted as an important contributor to the recent high values. Extensive quality control of data and Monte Carlo testing was performed to provide confidence in the reality of the early period high frequencies. C1 Illinois State Water Survey, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. NOAA, Natl Climat Data Ctr, Asheville, NC USA. Univ Nevada, Desert Res Inst, Western Reg Climate Ctr, Reno, NV 89506 USA. Univ Nebraska, Lincoln, NE USA. RP Kunkel, KE (reprint author), Illinois State Water Survey, 2204 Griffith Dr, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. EM kkunkel@uiuc.edu RI Kunkel, Kenneth/C-7280-2015 OI Kunkel, Kenneth/0000-0001-6667-7047 NR 8 TC 90 Z9 97 U1 4 U2 15 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD SEP 9 PY 2003 VL 30 IS 17 AR 1900 DI 10.1029/2003GL018052 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 774ZJ UT WOS:000189016000006 ER PT J AU Peterson, WT Schwing, FB AF Peterson, WT Schwing, FB TI A new climate regime in northeast pacific ecosystems SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID CALIFORNIA CURRENT; EL-NINO; OCEAN; ZOOPLANKTON; SHIFTS; EVOLUTION; SARDINES; EVENTS AB Following a strong El Nino, the climate of the North Pacific underwent a rapid and striking transition in late 1998. Upwelling-favorable winds strengthened over the California Current (CC), and winds weakened in the Gulf of Alaska (GOA). Coastal waters of the CC and GOA cooled by several degrees, and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) reversed sign and remained negative through summer 2002. Zooplankton biomass in the northern CC doubled and switched from warm to cold water species dominance, coho and chinook salmon stocks rebounded, and anchovy and osmeriids increased. Persistent changes in atmosphere and upper ocean fields and ecosystem structure suggest a climate regime shift has occurred, similar (opposite) to shifts observed in 1947 (1925 and 1976). If the 1998 regime shift in the northern CC is completely analogous to earlier shifts, then ecosystem structure should have changed in the GOA. Recent surveys indicate this ecosystem has transformed as well. C1 Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Newport, OR 97365 USA. SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. RP Peterson, WT (reprint author), Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, NW Fisheries Sci Ctr, Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, 2030 S Marine Sci Dr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. EM bill.peterson@noaa.gov; fschwing@pfeg.noaa.gov NR 31 TC 285 Z9 292 U1 1 U2 68 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD SEP 9 PY 2003 VL 30 IS 17 AR 1896 DI 10.1029/2003GL017528 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 774ZJ UT WOS:000189016000002 ER PT J AU Hegaret, H Wikfors, GH Soudant, P AF Hegaret, H Wikfors, GH Soudant, P TI Flow-cytometric analysis of haemocytes from eastern oysters, Crassostrea virginica, subjected to a sudden temperature elevation I. Haemocyte types and morphology SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE granulocytes; hyalinocytes; SYBR green; flow cytometry ID EQUINE PERIPHERAL-BLOOD; PHAGOCYTOSIS AB In this report, we provide detailed protocols for flow-cytometric characterization of haemocytes from the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica, and report,effects of sudden temperature elevation upon haemocyte characteristics. Haemocytes were differentiated from other particles in the haemolymph using a combination of the DNA-binding fluorochrome SYBR Green and internal cell complexity. In formalin-fixed haemolymph, four distinct subpopulations of haemocytes were found: small hyalinocytes, large hyalinocytes, small granulocytes, and granulocytes. Hyalinocytes were numerically dominant, small and large together accounting for 60% of the haemocytes; granulocytes accounted for 30-35%, and small granulocytes were least numerous at <5%. These percentages were the same for haemolymph analysed immediately after it was withdrawn from living oysters (without fixation) as for haemolymph fixed with formalin, although small and large hyalinocytes were not always clearly differentiated into two distinct populations. There was a general trend for the fixed cells to appear in the flow cytometer to be larger and more complex than the fresh ones (except for granulocyte complexity). Oysters subjected to a sudden increase in temperature from 20 to 28 degreesC for 1 week showed significant changes in haemocyte morphology. Sudden temperature elevation was associated with a general decrease in size of all haemocyte types. The ability to detect changes in individual haemocyte types for many oysters by these flow-cytometric methods should improve progress in understanding oyster mortality associated with combined effects of environmental stresses, disease, and parasites. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Fisheries, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Milford, CT 06460 USA. UBO, LEMAR, UMR 6539, IUEM, Plouzane, France. RP Wikfors, GH (reprint author), NOAA, Fisheries, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 212 Rogers Ave, Milford, CT 06460 USA. RI Hegaret, Helene/B-7206-2008 OI Hegaret, Helene/0000-0003-4639-9013 NR 32 TC 66 Z9 69 U1 0 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0981 J9 J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL JI J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. PD SEP 9 PY 2003 VL 293 IS 2 BP 237 EP 248 DI 10.1016/S0022-0981(03)00236-3 PG 12 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 711DF UT WOS:000184723800006 ER PT J AU Hegaret, H Wikfors, GH Soudant, P AF Hegaret, H Wikfors, GH Soudant, P TI Flow cytometric analysis of haemocytes from eastern oysters, Crassostrea virginica, subjected to a sudden temperature elevation II. Haemocyte functions: aggregation, viability, phagocytosis, and respiratory burst SO JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MARINE BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE granulocytes; hyalinocytes; propidium iodide; oxidative burst; reactive oxygen species; flow cytometry ID LUMINOL-DEPENDENT CHEMILUMINESCENCE; EQUINE PERIPHERAL-BLOOD; OXYGEN METABOLITES; OXIDATIVE BURST; MARINE BIVALVES; NEUTROPHILS; AMEBOCYTES; MOLLUSKS; EDULIS; SYSTEM AB The capability of an oyster to respond to environmental stresses, such as periodically high summer temperatures, as well as disease or parasite infections, depends, in large measure, upon the viability and functional capability of haemocytes. Eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) were subjected to a sudden increase in temperature from 20 to 28 degreesC for 1 week, and several haemocyte functions were determined before and after the temperature elevation using the flow cytometer. Previously, we described the characterization of different haemocyte types using new and modified flow cytometric methods. In this report, we provide detailed protocols for flow cytometric methods to: (1) determine haemocyte aggregation using paired samples with or without an antiaggregant solution; (2) assess haemocyte viability using propidium iodide (PI); (3) quantify haemocyte phagocytosis with fluorescent microbeads; and (4) measure the respiratory burst response of individual haemocytes using 2,7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) and zymosan to activate the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The temperature increase caused no significant change in haemocyte aggregation, although there was a trend of increasing aggregation in granulocytes and small granulocytes, but a slight decrease in hyalinocyte aggregation. Phagocytosis of all haemocyte types decreased after the temperature increase. Significantly higher percentages of dead haemocytes in all haemocyte types (attributable to a large increase in mortality of hyalinocytes, the most numerous cells) were found after the temperature increase, suggesting generally less capable immune function. Numbers of dead small granulocytes and granulocytes tended to decrease, but this was not statistically significant. Effects of temperature elevation upon respiratory burst were not statistically significant; however, a trend of increased ROS production after temperature elevation was consistent for all haemocyte types. Granulocytes, hyalinocytes, and small granulocytes showed increased production of ROS in the presence of zymosan; granulocytes showed the highest induced fluorescence. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 NOAA, Fisheries, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, Milford, CT 06460 USA. UBO, IUEM, LEMAR, UMR 6539, Plouzane, France. RP Wikfors, GH (reprint author), NOAA, Fisheries, NE Fisheries Sci Ctr, 212 Rogers Ave, Milford, CT 06460 USA. RI Hegaret, Helene/B-7206-2008 OI Hegaret, Helene/0000-0003-4639-9013 NR 41 TC 134 Z9 139 U1 2 U2 24 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0022-0981 J9 J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL JI J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. PD SEP 9 PY 2003 VL 293 IS 2 BP 249 EP 265 DI 10.1016/S0022-0981(03)00235-1 PG 17 WC Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 711DF UT WOS:000184723800007 ER PT J AU Reed, SM AF Reed, SM TI Deriving flow directions for coarse-resolution (1-4 km) gridded hydrologic modeling SO WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE flow direction; digital elevation model; geographic information systems; hydrologic modeling; distributed modeling ID DIGITAL ELEVATION MODELS; RIVER NETWORKS; AREAS AB [1] The National Weather Service Hydrology Laboratory (NWS-HL) is currently testing a grid-based distributed hydrologic model at a resolution ( 4 km) commensurate with operational, radar-based precipitation products. To implement distributed routing algorithms in this framework, a flow direction must be assigned to each model cell. A new algorithm, referred to as cell outlet tracing with an area threshold (COTAT) has been developed to automatically, accurately, and efficiently assign flow directions to any coarse-resolution grid cells using information from any higher-resolution digital elevation model. Although similar to previously published algorithms, this approach offers some advantages. Use of an area threshold allows more control over the tendency for producing diagonal flow directions. Analyses of results at different output resolutions ranging from 300 m to 4000 m indicate that it is possible to choose an area threshold that will produce minimal differences in average network flow lengths across this range of scales. Flow direction grids at a 4 km resolution have been produced for the conterminous United States. C1 NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Off Hydrol Dev, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Reed, SM (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Weather Serv, Off Hydrol Dev, 1325 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. EM seann.reed@noaa.gov NR 17 TC 28 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0043-1397 J9 WATER RESOUR RES JI Water Resour. Res. PD SEP 9 PY 2003 VL 39 IS 9 AR 1238 DI 10.1029/2003WR001989 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Limnology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 775CA UT WOS:000189022100001 ER PT J AU Aichele, M Gebremichael, Y Starr, FW Baschnagel, J Glotzer, SC AF Aichele, M Gebremichael, Y Starr, FW Baschnagel, J Glotzer, SC TI Polymer-specific effects of bulk relaxation and stringlike correlated motion in the dynamics of a supercooled polymer melt SO JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID MODE-COUPLING-THEORY; INTERMEDIATE SCATTERING FUNCTION; SPATIALLY HETEROGENEOUS DYNAMICS; HOVE CORRELATION-FUNCTIONS; LENNARD-JONES MIXTURE; GLASS-TRANSITION; BETA-RELAXATION; STRUCTURAL RELAXATION; COMPUTER-SIMULATION; COHERENT SCATTERING AB We analyze dynamical heterogeneities in a simulated "bead-spring" model of a nonentangled, supercooled polymer melt. We explore the importance of chain connectivity on the spatially heterogeneous motion of the monomers. We find that when monomers move, they tend to follow each other in one-dimensional paths, forming strings as previously reported in atomic liquids and colloidal suspensions. The mean string length is largest at a time close to the peak time of the mean cluster size of mobile monomers. This maximum string length increases, roughly in an exponential fashion, on cooling toward the critical temperature T-MCT of the mode-coupling theory, but generally remains small, although large strings involving ten or more monomers are observed. An important contribution to this replacement comes from directly bonded neighbors in the chain. However, mobility is not concentrated along the backbone of the chains. Thus, a relaxation mechanism in which neighboring mobile monomers along the chain move predominantly along the backbone of the chains, seems unlikely for the system studied. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics. C1 Inst Charles Sadron, F-67083 Strasbourg, France. Univ Mainz, Inst Phys, D-55099 Mainz, Germany. Univ Michigan, Dept Chem Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. Univ Maryland, Inst Phys Sci & Technol, Chem Phys Program, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Theoret & Computat Mat Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Michigan, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA. RP Baschnagel, J (reprint author), Inst Charles Sadron, 6 Rue Boussingault, F-67083 Strasbourg, France. RI Starr, Francis/C-7703-2012 NR 63 TC 88 Z9 88 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0021-9606 J9 J CHEM PHYS JI J. Chem. Phys. PD SEP 8 PY 2003 VL 119 IS 10 BP 5290 EP 5304 DI 10.1063/1.1597473 PG 15 WC Chemistry, Physical; Physics, Atomic, Molecular & Chemical SC Chemistry; Physics GA 714EK UT WOS:000184899200031 ER PT J AU Tedesco, K Thunell, R AF Tedesco, K Thunell, R TI High resolution tropical climate record for the last 6,000 years SO GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS LA English DT Article ID PLANKTONIC-FORAMINIFERA; ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION; OCEAN CIRCULATION; SOUTH-AMERICA; SARGASSO SEA; WARM PERIOD; ICE-AGE; HOLOCENE; ATLANTIC; VARIABILITY AB Planktonic foraminiferal oxygen isotope records from the Cariaco Basin, offshore Venezuela were used to construct high-resolution tropical Atlantic climate records for the mid to late Holocene. Our results indicate that major increases in delta(18)O due both to increases in salinity and decreases in sea surface temperature occurred at least six times over the last 6,000 years (similar to6,000-5,000, 4,500 4,200, 3,800-3,200, 3,000-2,800, 2,200-2,000, and 1200-800 cal yrs. B.P.). The initial delta(18)O increase centered at 5,500 years ago is coincident with the development of arid conditions in the Caribbean region and the end of the "African humid period" indicating a global drying of the northern tropics at this time. Synchronous with the aridification of the Caribbean region are the onset of wetter conditions in the South American Altiplano and the reoccupation of this region by humans. This combination of contrasting climate conditions is attributed to a southward displacement of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) that would have resulted in decreased precipitation and increased trade wind intensity in the Caribbean region and increased rainfall over the Altiplano. C1 Univ S Carolina, Dept Geol Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. RP Tedesco, K (reprint author), NOAA, Off Global Programs, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. NR 32 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 3 U2 8 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 0094-8276 J9 GEOPHYS RES LETT JI Geophys. Res. Lett. PD SEP 6 PY 2003 VL 30 IS 17 AR 1891 DI 10.1029/2003GL017959 PG 4 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary SC Geology GA 722DY UT WOS:000185361200004 ER PT J AU Brown, SS Stark, H Ravishankara, AR AF Brown, SS Stark, H Ravishankara, AR TI Applicability of the steady state approximation to the interpretation of atmospheric observations of NO3 and N2O5 SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE nitrate radical; dinitrogen pentoxide; steady state ID MARINE BOUNDARY-LAYER; LONG-TERM OBSERVATION; NITRATE RADICALS; CHEMISTRY; TROPOSPHERE; ABSORPTION; BERLIN; PEROXY AB [1] This paper examines the conditions under which a steady state analysis is valid for modeling NO3 and N2O5 chemistry in the atmosphere. The conclusions come from a simple box model analysis that considers a limited number of reactions between NO2, O-3, NO3, N2O5 and the presumed sinks for the latter two. The applicability of the steady state depends on the strength of the sinks for NO3 and N2O5, the concentration of NO2, and the ambient temperature. Under clean conditions, weak sinks for NO3 prevent the system from passing through the induction period during the time between sunset and sunrise, thus keeping the system out of steady state. Under polluted (i. e., large NO2 concentrations) or cold conditions, the presence of an equilibrium between NO3 and N2O5 markedly slows the approach to steady state even though the two species are close to equilibrium. The time required to approach equilibrium between NO2, NO3, and N2O5 is not a good measure of the time required to achieve a steady state among these compounds. The paper considers the conditions for which steady state may be valid and outlines a method for identification of individual sinks for NO3 and N2O5 from observed concentration measurements for the steady state case. C1 NOAA, Aeron Lab, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Colorado, Cooperat Inst Res Environm Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Chem & Biochem, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Brown, SS (reprint author), NOAA, Aeron Lab, R-AL2,325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM sbrown@al.noaa.gov; hstark@al.noaa.gov; ravigrl@al.noaa.gov RI Brown, Steven/I-1762-2013; Ravishankara, Akkihebbal/A-2914-2011 NR 27 TC 58 Z9 58 U1 2 U2 23 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP 5 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D17 AR 4539 DI 10.1029/2003JD003407 PG 10 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 722EC UT WOS:000185361600002 ER PT J AU Simon-Manso, Y Fuentealba, P AF Simon-Manso, Y Fuentealba, P TI On the location of the electron lone pair of XeF6 and related molecules SO JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR STRUCTURE-THEOCHEM LA English DT Article DE electron localization; valence shell electron pair repulsion; geometry ID LOCALIZATION AB Theoretical results based on the use of the electron localization function confirmed, for the first time, the predictions of the valence shell electron pair repulsion model about the electron lone pair on the XeF6 and related molecules. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Chile, Fac Ciencias, Dept Fis, Santiago, Chile. RP Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8380, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM yamil.simon-manso@nist.gov RI fuentealba, patricio/D-6300-2011; fuentealba, patricio/A-4522-2008 NR 22 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 7 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0166-1280 J9 J MOL STRUC-THEOCHEM JI Theochem-J. Mol. Struct. PD SEP 5 PY 2003 VL 634 BP 89 EP 94 DI 10.1016/S0166-1280(03)00325-7 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical SC Chemistry GA 722MZ UT WOS:000185380800010 ER PT J AU Coddington, I Engels, P Schweikhard, V Cornell, EA AF Coddington, I Engels, P Schweikhard, V Cornell, EA TI Observation of Tkachenko oscillations in rapidly rotating Bose-Einstein condensates SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID VORTEX AB We directly image Tkachenko waves in a vortex lattice in a dilute-gas Bose-Einstein condensate. The low (sub-Hz) resonant frequencies are a consequence of the small but nonvanishing elastic shear modulus of the vortex-filled superfluid. The frequencies are measured for rotation rates as high as 98% of the centrifugal limit for the harmonically confined gas. Agreement with a hydrodynamic theory worsens with increasing rotation rate, perhaps due to the increasing fraction of the volume displaced by the vortex cores. We also observe two low-lying m=0 longitudinal modes at about 20 times higher frequency. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Coddington, I (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. NR 21 TC 134 Z9 136 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD SEP 5 PY 2003 VL 91 IS 10 AR 100402 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.100402 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 724KA UT WOS:000185485700002 PM 14525467 ER PT J AU Lehnert, KW Turek, BA Bladh, K Spietz, LF Gunnarsson, D Delsing, P Schoelkopf, RJ AF Lehnert, KW Turek, BA Bladh, K Spietz, LF Gunnarsson, D Delsing, P Schoelkopf, RJ TI Quantum charge fluctuations and the polarizability of the single-electron box SO PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS LA English DT Article ID TUNNELING CONDUCTANCE; TRANSISTOR; QUANTIZATION; DOT AB We measure the average charge on the island of a single-electron box, with an accuracy of two thousandths of an electron. Thermal fluctuations alone cannot account for the dependence of the average charge on temperature, on external potential, or on the quasiparticle density of states in the metal from which the box is formed. In contrast, we find excellent agreement between these measurements and a theory that treats the quantum fluctuations of charge perturbatively. C1 Yale Univ, Dept Phys & Appl Phys, New Haven, CT 06511 USA. Chalmers Univ Technol, Dept Microelect & nanosci, Microtechnol Ctr Chalmers MC2, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden. Univ Gothenburg, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Joint Inst Lab Astrophys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RP Lehnert, KW (reprint author), Yale Univ, Dept Phys & Appl Phys, New Haven, CT 06511 USA. RI Lehnert, Konrad/B-7577-2009; Delsing, Per/F-7288-2010; Schoelkopf, Robert/J-8178-2012 OI Lehnert, Konrad/0000-0002-0750-9649; Delsing, Per/0000-0002-1222-3506; NR 19 TC 25 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOC PI COLLEGE PK PA ONE PHYSICS ELLIPSE, COLLEGE PK, MD 20740-3844 USA SN 0031-9007 J9 PHYS REV LETT JI Phys. Rev. Lett. PD SEP 5 PY 2003 VL 91 IS 10 AR 106801 DI 10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.106801 PG 4 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Physics GA 724KA UT WOS:000185485700031 PM 14525496 ER PT J AU Cuntz, M Ciais, P Hoffmann, G Allison, CE Francey, RJ Knorr, W Tans, PP White, JWC Levin, I AF Cuntz, M Ciais, P Hoffmann, G Allison, CE Francey, RJ Knorr, W Tans, PP White, JWC Levin, I TI A comprehensive global three-dimensional model of delta O-18 in atmospheric CO2: 2. Mapping the atmospheric signal SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE isotope model; O-18 in CO2; isotope feedback mechanism; rectifier effect; global model ID GENERAL-CIRCULATION MODEL; NORTHERN HEMISPHERIC TROPOPAUSE; TERRESTRIAL CARBON METABOLISM; OXYGEN ISOTOPES; TRANSPORT MODELS; DIOXIDE; FLUXES; WATER; EXCHANGE; SIMULATIONS AB [1] We have modeled the distribution of delta(18)O in atmospheric CO2 with a new comprehensive global three-dimensional model. We have focused in this study on the seasonal cycle and the meridional gradient in the atmosphere. The model has been compared with a data set of delta(18)O-CO2, which merges measurements made by different laboratories, with allowance for recently elucidated calibration biases. The model compares well with the seasonal cycle of CO2, but advances the measured delta(18)O-CO2 seasonal cycle by two months. The calculated seasonal amplitude is typically 2/3 of the measured value, but the sensitivity to uncertainties in the input parameter set is such that a range of amplitudes over a factor of 3 is accommodated. Unlike the case for the amplitude, the sensitivity analyses demonstrate that the modeled phase of the seasonal cycle and the north-south gradient are practically unaffected by uncertainty in the parameter set. The north-south gradient comes, on the one hand, from the disequilibrium of the delta(18)O-CO2 isofluxes at every grid point and, on the other hand, from rectification gradients, a covariance of the varying delta(18)O-CO2 source with the atmospheric transport. The model exhibits a very strong rectification gradient that can lead to a misinterpretation of the measurements compared to the model. We therefore restrict comparison to the latitudinal means of only ocean grid cells with measurements from stations sampling the marine boundary layer. Assimilation and respiration are the determining factors of the seasonal cycle and the north-south gradient of delta(18)O-CO2. In a number of sensitivity studies we have explored the range of possible processes affecting the simulated seasonal cycle and hemispheric gradient. None of these processes contributed significantly to improve the model-observation mismatch. The contribution of assimilation and respiration to the total signal does change significantly in the sensitivity studies, but, because of feedback processes, they change in such a way that the overall response of the model is only marginally altered. In particular, prescribing delta(18)O-H2O soil values to monthly means of rain does not significantly change the modeled signal, either in the seasonal cycle or in the meridional gradient. This highlights the need to accurately model assimilation and respiration in order to understand delta(18)O in atmospheric CO2. C1 CEA Saclay, CNRS, LSCE, Unite Mixte, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. Heidelberg Univ, Inst Umweltphys, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany. Commonwealth Sci & Ind Res Org, Div Atmospher Res, Melbourne, Vic 3195, Australia. Max Planck Inst Biogeochem, D-07745 Jena, Germany. NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. Univ Colorado, Inst Arctic & Alpine Res, Boulder, CO 80304 USA. Univ Colorado, Dept Geol Sci, Boulder, CO 80304 USA. RP CEA Saclay, CNRS, LSCE, Unite Mixte, Bat 709, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France. EM cuntz@lsce.saclay.cea.fr; ciais@lsce.saclay.cea.fr; hoffmann@lsce.saclay.cea.fr; colin.allison@csiro.au; roger.francey@csiro.au; wknorr@bgc-jena.mpg.de; ptans@cmdl.noaa.gov; james.white@colorado.edu; lv@uphys1.uphys.uni-heidelberg.de RI White, James/A-7845-2009 OI White, James/0000-0001-6041-4684 NR 60 TC 75 Z9 76 U1 2 U2 2 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP 4 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D17 AR 4528 DI 10.1029/2002JD003154 PG 19 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 722EB UT WOS:000185361500003 ER PT J AU Ginoux, P Torres, O AF Ginoux, P Torres, O TI Empirical TOMS index for dust aerosol: Applications to model validation and source characterization SO JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES LA English DT Article DE dust sources; dust modeling; TOMS satellite ID SAHARAN DUST; ULTRAVIOLET-RADIATION; PARTICLE DEPOSITION; MINERAL AEROSOL; GLOBAL-MODEL; DESERT; OZONE; AIR; TROPOSPHERE; VARIABILITY AB [1] An empirical relation is developed to express the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer ( TOMS) aerosol index ( AI) for the case of dust plumes, as an explicit function of four physical quantities: the single scattering albedo, optical thickness, altitude of the plume and surface pressure. This relation allows sensitivity analysis of the TOMS AI with physical properties, quantitative comparison with dust model results and physical analysis of dust sources, without the necessity of cumbersome radiative calculation. Two applications are presented: ( 1) the case study of a dust storm over the North Atlantic in March 1988, and ( 2) the characterization of 13 major dust sources. The first application shows that simulated dust distribution can be quantitatively compared to TOMS AI on a daily basis and over regions where dust is the dominant aerosol. The second application necessitates to further parameterize the relation by replacing the optical thickness and the altitude of the plume by meteorological variables. The advantage is that surface meteorological fields are easily available globally and for decades but the formulation only applies to dust sources. The daily, seasonal and interannual variability of the parameterized index over major dust sources reproduces correctly the variability of the observed TOMS AI. The correlation between these two indices is used to determine the surface characteristics and physical properties of dust aerosol over the sources. C1 Univ Maryland Baltimore Cty, Joint Ctr Earth Syst Technol, Baltimore, MD 21228 USA. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA. RP NOAA, Geophys Fluid Dynam Lab, Forrestal Campus,POB 308, Princeton, NJ 08542 USA. EM paul.ginoux@noaa.gov; torres@tparty.gsfc.nasa.gov RI Ginoux, Paul/C-2326-2008; Torres, Omar/G-4929-2013 OI Ginoux, Paul/0000-0003-3642-2988; NR 43 TC 43 Z9 43 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION PI WASHINGTON PA 2000 FLORIDA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20009 USA SN 2169-897X EI 2169-8996 J9 J GEOPHYS RES-ATMOS JI J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. PD SEP 4 PY 2003 VL 108 IS D17 AR 4534 DI 10.1029/2003JD003470 PG 20 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 722EB UT WOS:000185361500007 ER PT J AU Jones, CY Chen, G Dai, S Singh, PM AF Jones, CY Chen, G Dai, S Singh, PM TI Solubility in the NaOH-Na2CO3-Na2SO4-Na2SO3-Na2S2O3-Na2S-H2O system, a simulated black liquor recovery boiler smelt SO INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID THERMODYNAMICS AB Results are presented for a study on the dissolution behavior of salt mixtures formulated to simulate smelt deposits inside pulp mill recovery boilers. Solubilities of carbonate-rich NaOH-Na2CO3-Na2SO4 and NaOH-Na2CO3-Na2SO4-Na2SO3-Na2S2O3-Na2S mixtures in water at 25 degreesC and 1 bar exhibited an increase in the concentration of Na2CO3(aq) and Na2SO4(aq) with an increasing amount of water added. An ion-interaction solution model explains this behavior as resulting from the suppressive effect of NaOH on the solubility of other salts; dilution of NaOH increases the solubility of Na2SO4 and Na2CO3. In addition, the formation of hydrated salts of Na2CO3 and Na2SO4 reduced the amount of liquid water present and thus had a concentrating effect on NaOH(aq). These results are applied to understanding the role of smelt-water mixtures in corrosion of stainless steel in boiler floors. C1 Oak Ridge Natl Lab, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA. Georgia Tech, Sch Mat Sci & Engn, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. RP Jones, CY (reprint author), NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Dai, Sheng/K-8411-2015 OI Dai, Sheng/0000-0002-8046-3931 NR 14 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 9 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0888-5885 J9 IND ENG CHEM RES JI Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. PD SEP 3 PY 2003 VL 42 IS 18 BP 4228 EP 4233 DI 10.1021/ie010826p PG 6 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA 716XC UT WOS:000185054100010 ER PT J AU Balsara, NP Lefebvre, AA Hammouda, B Rappl, T AF Balsara, NP Lefebvre, AA Hammouda, B Rappl, T TI Does conventional nucleation occur during liquid-liquid phase separation in polymer mixtures? SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NEW YORK SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Dept Chem Engn, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM nbalsara@cchem.berkeley.edu NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 14-PHYS BP U273 EP U273 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JG UT WOS:000187062501304 ER PT J AU Balss, KM Thomas, OC Avedisian, CT Cavicchi, RE Tarlov, MJ AF Balss, KM Thomas, OC Avedisian, CT Cavicchi, RE Tarlov, MJ TI Factors influencing microboiling behavior on gold microheaters. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Cornell Univ, Sibley Sch Mech & Aerosp Engn, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. EM kbalss@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 161-COLL BP U373 EP U374 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JF UT WOS:000187062401757 ER PT J AU Beers, KL Cabral, JT Walls, HJ Karim, A Amis, EJ Harrison, C AF Beers, KL Cabral, JT Walls, HJ Karim, A Amis, EJ Harrison, C TI High-throughput milli-fluidic platform for polymer formulations. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NEW YORK SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Cabral, Joao T./E-6534-2015 OI Cabral, Joao T./0000-0002-2590-225X NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 193-POLY BP U384 EP U384 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JG UT WOS:000187062501961 ER PT J AU Berman, HM Westbrook, JD Bourne, PE Gilliland, GL Flippen-Anderson, JL AF Berman, HM Westbrook, JD Bourne, PE Gilliland, GL Flippen-Anderson, JL CA PDB Team TI The evolution of the protein data bank. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Rutgers State Univ, Dept Chem & Chem Biol, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA. Univ Calif San Diego, San Diego Supercomp Ctr, San Diego, CA 92103 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD USA. UCSD, SDSC, CARB, NIST,Rutgers, San Diego, CA USA. EM berman@rcsb.rutgers.edu RI Bourne, Philip/C-2073-2008 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 067-CINF BP U302 EP U302 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JF UT WOS:000187062401385 ER PT J AU Bossev, DP Rosov, N AF Bossev, DP Rosov, N TI Shape fluctuations of lipid vesicles studied by a neutron spin-echo technique. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Univ Maryland, NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM dbossev@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 227-COLL BP U383 EP U384 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JF UT WOS:000187062401822 ER PT J AU Bossev, DP AF Bossev, DP TI Structures of silica nano-particles in organic solvent SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Univ Maryland, NIST, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM dbossev@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 069-COLL BP U359 EP U359 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JF UT WOS:000187062401665 ER PT J AU Bourne, PE Westbrook, JD Berman, HM Gilliland, GL Flippen-Anderson, JL AF Bourne, PE Westbrook, JD Berman, HM Gilliland, GL Flippen-Anderson, JL CA PDB Team TI The protein data bank (PDB) as a research tool SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Univ Calif San Diego, San Diego Supercomp Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92093 USA. Rutgers State Univ, Dept Chem & Chem Biol, Piscataway, NJ 08855 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD USA. UCSD, SDSC, CARB, NIST,Rutgers, San Diego, CA USA. EM bourne@sdsc.edu RI Bourne, Philip/C-2073-2008 NR 0 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 068-CINF BP U302 EP U302 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JF UT WOS:000187062401386 ER PT J AU Cafiero, ML Gonzalez, C AF Cafiero, ML Gonzalez, C TI Role of exact exchange and correlation functionals in chemical reactions. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NEW YORK SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Computat Chem Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM mauricio.cafiero@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 250-PHYS BP U307 EP U307 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JG UT WOS:000187062501536 ER PT J AU Chaka, AM AF Chaka, AM TI How scientific computing, knowledge management, and databases can enable advances and new insights in chemical technology. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Amer Chem Soc C1 NIST, Computat Chem Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 033-COMP BP U427 EP U428 PN 1 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JF UT WOS:000187062401982 ER PT J AU Chaka, AM Cafiero, ML Gonzalez, CA AF Chaka, AM Cafiero, ML Gonzalez, CA TI Dissociation of oxygen and water at metal oxide surfaces: Role of the surface and surrounding environment. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NEW YORK SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Computat Chem Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 204-PHYS BP U300 EP U300 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JG UT WOS:000187062501492 ER PT J AU Ciezak, JA Brown, CM AF Ciezak, JA Brown, CM TI Fundamental tests of ab initio methods on organic based charge transfer crystals using inelastic neutron spectroscopy. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NEW YORK SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Syracuse Univ, Dept Chem, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA. Univ Maryland, NIST, Dept Mech & Nucl Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. EM jciezak@syr.edu NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 368-PHYS BP U325 EP U325 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JG UT WOS:000187062501652 ER PT J AU Dong, Q Yan, XJ Wilhoit, RC Hong, XR Frenkel, M AF Dong, Q Yan, XJ Wilhoit, RC Hong, XR Frenkel, M TI Analysis of uncertainty assessments in experimental critical property data. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Thermodynam Res Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Texas Expt Engn Stn, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. EM qdong@boulder.nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 109-CINF BP U308 EP U308 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JF UT WOS:000187062401427 ER PT J AU Fox, DM Awad, W Sutto, TE Gilman, JW Trulove, PC De Long, HC AF Fox, DM Awad, W Sutto, TE Gilman, JW Trulove, PC De Long, HC TI Thermal and kinetic studies of tri-alkyl-imidizaolium salts. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Amer Chem Soc C1 USN, Res Lab, Div Chem, Washington, DC 20375 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Fire Sci Div, Mat Fire Res Grp, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD USA. EM dmfox@ccs.nrl.navy.mil NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 203-IEC BP U646 EP U646 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JF UT WOS:000187062403113 ER PT J AU Frenkel, M Chirico, RD Diky, VV Dong, Q AF Frenkel, M Chirico, RD Diky, VV Dong, Q TI Thermoml-new approach for thermodynamic data communications. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Amer Chem Soc C1 NIST, Thermodynam Res Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM frenkel@boulder.nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 084-CINF BP U304 EP U304 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JF UT WOS:000187062401402 ER PT J AU Funston, AM Wishart, JF Neta, P Lall, SI Engel, R Brennecke, JF AF Funston, AM Wishart, JF Neta, P Lall, SI Engel, R Brennecke, JF TI Reactivity of solvated and pre-solvated electrons in alkylammonium bistriflylimide ionic liquids. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Chem, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD USA. CUNY Queens Coll, Dept Chem & Biochem, Flushing, NY 11367 USA. CUNY, Grad Ctr, New York, NY USA. Univ Notre Dame, Dept Chem & Biomol Engn, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA. EM afunston@bnl.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 5 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 196-IEC BP U645 EP U645 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JF UT WOS:000187062403106 ER PT J AU Funston, AM Wishart, JF Neta, P Lall, SI Engel, R AF Funston, AM Wishart, JF Neta, P Lall, SI Engel, R TI Ionic liquids: Composition effects on reactivity patterns and solvation dynamics. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NEW YORK SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Brookhaven Natl Lab, Dept Chem, Upton, NY 11973 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO USA. CUNY Queens Coll, Dept Chem & Biochem, New York, NY USA. CUNY Grad Sch & Univ Ctr, Dept Chem & Biochem, New York, NY USA. EM afunston@bnl.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 372-PHYS BP U325 EP U326 PN 2 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JG UT WOS:000187062501656 ER PT J AU Gonzalez, CA AF Gonzalez, CA TI Critical issues in the application of quantum chemistry in computational kinetics. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Amer Chem Soc C1 NIST, Computat Chem Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM carlos.gonzalez@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 179-COMP BP U451 EP U451 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JF UT WOS:000187062402127 ER PT J AU Heinz, WF Yim, P Daeron, C Goldner, LS AF Heinz, WF Yim, P Daeron, C Goldner, LS TI Simultaneous force and fluorescence dynamics of single antigen-antibody pairs. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NEW YORK SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM william.heinz@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 62-PHYS BP U279 EP U280 PN 2 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JG UT WOS:000187062501350 ER PT J AU Hu, TJ AF Hu, TJ TI Fast evaluation of next-generation lithographical patterns by small angle X-ray scattering. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NEW YORK SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM tengjiao.hu@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 45-POLY BP U364 EP U364 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JG UT WOS:000187062501813 ER PT J AU Hu, Y Liu, GY Mrksich, M Vanderah, DJ Vanderlick, TK Scoles, G AF Hu, Y Liu, GY Mrksich, M Vanderah, DJ Vanderlick, TK Scoles, G TI Comparative AFM study of compressibility and friction of unmodified and PEG-modified alkane thiol SAMS on Au(111) using nanografting. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Princeton Univ, Dept Chem, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. Univ Calif Davis, Dept Chem, Davis, CA USA. Univ Chicago, Dept Chem, Chicago, IL 60637 USA. NIST, CSTL, Div Biotechnol, Biomol Mat Grp, Gaithersburg, MD USA. Princeton Univ, Dept Chem Engn, Princeton, NJ 08544 USA. EM yinghu@princeton.edu RI Mrksich, Milan/G-2469-2011 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 251-COLL BP U388 EP U388 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JF UT WOS:000187062401846 ER PT J AU Huang, C Xia, F Klein, R Wang, YK Cheng, ZY Batemarr, FB Zhang, QM AF Huang, C Xia, F Klein, R Wang, YK Cheng, ZY Batemarr, FB Zhang, QM TI Two-step annealing procedures would improve relaxor ferroelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride trifluoroethylene) polymer actuators. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NEW YORK SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Penn State Univ, Mat Res Inst, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Penn State Univ, Dept Elect Engn, University Pk, PA 16802 USA. Auburn Univ, Auburn, AL 36849 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM cxh57@psu.edu RI Cheng, Zhongyang (Z.-Y.)/A-9841-2008 OI Cheng, Zhongyang (Z.-Y.)/0000-0001-7209-7380 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 245-PMSE BP U496 EP U496 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JG UT WOS:000187062502580 ER PT J AU Huang, X Terech, P Glinka, CJ Weiss, RG AF Huang, X Terech, P Glinka, CJ Weiss, RG TI Kinetic study of organogel formation by 5 alpha-cholestan-3 beta-yl N-(2-naphthyl) carbamate (CNC) in N-octane by circular dichroism and small angle neutron scattering measurements. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NEW YORK SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Georgetown Univ, Dept Chem, Washington, DC 20057 USA. CEA, DRFMC, SI3M Lab Phys Chem, Grenoble, France. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Boulder, CO USA. EM xh2@georgetown.edu NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 350-ORGN BP U170 EP U171 PN 2 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JG UT WOS:000187062500828 ER PT J AU Irikura, KK AF Irikura, KK TI ClOO van der Waals isomer: Low-spin open-shell/open-shell complex. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NEW YORK SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Computat Chem Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM karl.irikura@nist.gov RI Irikura, Karl/A-4266-2009 OI Irikura, Karl/0000-0001-7515-6761 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 262-PHYS BP U309 EP U309 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JG UT WOS:000187062501548 ER PT J AU Kimura-Suda, H Petrovykh, DY Whitman, LJ Tarlov, MJ AF Kimura-Suda, H Petrovykh, DY Whitman, LJ Tarlov, MJ TI Base-dependent affinity of DNA oligonucleoties for gold surfaces. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. USN, Res Lab, Washington, DC USA. EM hiromi.suda@nist.gov RI Whitman, Lloyd/G-9320-2011 OI Whitman, Lloyd/0000-0002-3117-1174 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 022-COLL BP U351 EP U351 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JF UT WOS:000187062401618 ER PT J AU Kramer, GW AF Kramer, GW TI ANIML: Analytical information markup language for spectroscopy and chromatography data. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM gary.kramer@nist.gov NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 080-CINF BP U304 EP U304 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JF UT WOS:000187062401398 ER PT J AU Kumar, SK Garde, S Douglas, JF Starr, FW AF Kumar, SK Garde, S Douglas, JF Starr, FW TI Structural signatures of vitrification in hard core fluids. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NEW YORK SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Rensselaer Polytech Inst, Dept Chem Engn, Troy, NY 12210 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Theoret & Computat Mat Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Starr, Francis/C-7703-2012 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 23-PHYS BP U274 EP U274 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JG UT WOS:000187062501312 ER PT J AU Lee, YS Krauss, M AF Lee, YS Krauss, M TI Dynamics of proton transfer in bacteriorhodopsin. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NEW YORK SP Amer Chem Soc C1 NIH, Ctr Mol Modeling, Ctr Informat Technol, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Adv Res Biotechnol, Boulder, CO USA. EM leeys@mail.nih.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 402-PHYS BP U330 EP U330 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JG UT WOS:000187062501684 ER PT J AU Lin-Gibson, S Hobbie, EK Wang, H Pathak, JA AF Lin-Gibson, S Hobbie, EK Wang, H Pathak, JA TI Aggregation of polymer-dispersed nanotubes under weak-shear. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Hobbie, Erik/C-8269-2013 NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 073-COLL BP U359 EP U359 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JF UT WOS:000187062401669 ER PT J AU Lin-Gibson, S Byrd, HCM Bencherif, S Beers, KL AF Lin-Gibson, S Byrd, HCM Bencherif, S Beers, KL TI MALDI-TOF MS analysis of chain-end functionalized polystyrenes. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM michelle.byrd@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 085-ANYL BP U114 EP U114 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JF UT WOS:000187062400476 ER PT J AU Linstrom, PJ Tchekhovskoi, DV AF Linstrom, PJ Tchekhovskoi, DV TI Transitioning to a structure based identification system. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Amer Chem Soc C1 NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Tchekhovskoi, Dmitrii/J-2319-2014 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 085-CINF BP U304 EP U304 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JF UT WOS:000187062401403 ER PT J AU Linstrom, PJ AF Linstrom, PJ TI Towards a universal physical property data index. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 040-CINF BP U298 EP U298 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JF UT WOS:000187062401359 ER PT J AU Litorja, M Dunmire, D Walker, AH AF Litorja, M Dunmire, D Walker, AH TI Effect of particle size on the density of gold colloids deposited on silanized surfaces. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Phys Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM litorja@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 107-COLL BP U365 EP U365 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JF UT WOS:000187062401703 ER PT J AU Locascio, LE Vreeland, W Jahn, A Gaitan, M AF Locascio, LE Vreeland, W Jahn, A Gaitan, M TI Applications of liposomes in microfluidic systems. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Amer Chem Soc C1 NIST, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM Laurie.Locascio@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 166-ANYL BP U127 EP U127 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JF UT WOS:000187062400554 ER PT J AU Maciejczyk, P Zeisler, R Hwang, JS Thurston, GD Chen, LC AF Maciejczyk, P Zeisler, R Hwang, JS Thurston, GD Chen, LC TI Characterization of size-fractionated World Trade Center dust and estimation of relative dust contribution to ambient concentrations. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Amer Chem Soc C1 NYU, Sch Med, Dept Environm Med, Nelson Inst Environm Med, Tuxedo Pk, NY 10987 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Nucl Methods Grp, Tuxedo Pk, NY 10987 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Analyt Chem, Nucl Methods Grp, Tuxedo Pk, NY 10987 USA. EM polina@env.med.nyu.edu RI Cjem, Lung-Chi/H-5030-2012 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 109-ENVR BP U485 EP U485 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JF UT WOS:000187062402311 ER PT J AU Magee, JW Kabo, GJ Frenkel, M AF Magee, JW Kabo, GJ Frenkel, M TI Physical property measurements and a comprehensive data retrieval system for ionic liquids. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Amer Chem Soc C1 NIST, Expt Properties Fluids Grp, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Belarussian State Univ, Dept Chem, Minsk 220050, Byelarus. NIST, Thermodynam Res Ctr, Gaithersburg, MD USA. EM joe.magee@nist.gov RI Magee, Joseph/A-8496-2009 OI Magee, Joseph/0000-0002-9312-8593 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 014-IEC BP U617 EP U617 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JF UT WOS:000187062402926 ER PT J AU Martin, JW Chin, JW Nguyen, T AF Martin, JW Chin, JW Nguyen, T TI Service life prediction of polymeric materials: Quantitative characterization and linkage of field and laboratory exposure environments. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NEW YORK SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jonathan.martin@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 118-PMSE BP U476 EP U476 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JG UT WOS:000187062502454 ER PT J AU Matheu, D Grenda, JM Saeys, M Green, WH AF Matheu, D Grenda, JM Saeys, M Green, WH TI Automated construction of pressure-dependent gas-phase kinetic models: New pathways for old problems. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Amer Chem Soc C1 NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. State Univ Ghent, Petrochem Tech Lab, Ghent, Belgium. MIT, Dept Chem Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. EM david.matheu@nist.gov RI Green, William/C-9684-2012 OI Green, William/0000-0003-2603-9694 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 107-IEC BP U631 EP U631 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JF UT WOS:000187062403018 ER PT J AU Matheu, D Grenda, JM Saeys, M Green, WH AF Matheu, D Grenda, JM Saeys, M Green, WH TI New, computer-discovered pathways for methane and ethane pyrolysis. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Amer Chem Soc C1 NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. State Univ Ghent, Petrochem Technol Lab, Ghent, Belgium. MIT, Dept Chem Engn, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. EM david.matheu@nist.gov RI Green, William/C-9684-2012 OI Green, William/0000-0003-2603-9694 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 083-FUEL BP U558 EP U558 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JF UT WOS:000187062402623 ER PT J AU Mei, Y Kumar, A Gao, W Gross, RA Kennedy, SB Washburn, NR Amis, EJ AF Mei, Y Kumar, A Gao, W Gross, RA Kennedy, SB Washburn, NR Amis, EJ TI Biocompatibility studies of sorbitol-containing polyesters. I. Synthesis, surface analysis and cell response in vitro. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NEW YORK SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymer, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM ying.mei@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 350-POLY BP U408 EP U408 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JG UT WOS:000187062502117 ER PT J AU Meier, DC Taylor, CJ Cavicchi, RE Boger, Z Semancik, S AF Meier, DC Taylor, CJ Cavicchi, RE Boger, Z Semancik, S TI Detection of trace chemical warfare agents using MEMS chemical sensors. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Proc Measurements Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Pomona Coll, Claremont, CA 91711 USA. EM dmeier@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 112-ANYL BP U118 EP U118 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JF UT WOS:000187062400501 ER PT J AU Nguyen, T Gu, XH VanLandingham, M Ryntz, R Martin, JW AF Nguyen, T Gu, XH VanLandingham, M Ryntz, R Martin, JW TI Degradation mode of polymeric coatings - An AFM study. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NEW YORK SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Building & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Army Res Lab, Washington, DC USA. Visteon Corp, Dearborn, MI USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Building Mat Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM tinh.nguyen@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 119-PMSE BP U476 EP U476 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JG UT WOS:000187062502455 ER PT J AU Pipino, ACR AF Pipino, ACR TI Novel chemical detection strategies for TCE and PCE. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NEW YORK SP Amer Chem Soc C1 NIST, Proc Measurements Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM andrew.pipino@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 84-NUCL BP U87 EP U87 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JG UT WOS:000187062500455 ER PT J AU Polk, BJ Kasianowicz, JJ Misakian, M Gaitan, M AF Polk, BJ Kasianowicz, JJ Misakian, M Gaitan, M TI Hybrid micromachined/electroplated solid-state nanopores for chemical analysis. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Biomol Mat Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM brian.polk@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 113-ANYL BP U118 EP U118 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JF UT WOS:000187062400502 ER PT J AU Rafailovich, MH Koga, T Seo, YS Mahajan, D Sokolov, J Satija, S AF Rafailovich, MH Koga, T Seo, YS Mahajan, D Sokolov, J Satija, S TI Neutron reflectivity studies of the gasisolid/liquid interface. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Amer Chem Soc C1 SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Brookhaven Natl Lab, Energy Sci & Technol Dept, Upton, NY 11973 USA. NIST, Reactor Div, Gaithersburg, MD USA. EM miriam.rafailovich@sunysb.edu NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 173-FUEL BP U572 EP U572 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JF UT WOS:000187062402712 ER PT J AU Reyes, DR Perruccio, E Becerra, SP Locascio, L Gaitan, M AF Reyes, DR Perruccio, E Becerra, SP Locascio, L Gaitan, M TI Micropatterning of antibodies on polyelectrolyte multilayer surfaces within microfluidic networks. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Amer Chem Soc C1 NIST, EEEL, Div Semicond Elect, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Div Analyt Chem, Mol Spectrometry & Microfluid Methods Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM darwin.reyes@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 068-ANYL BP U111 EP U111 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JF UT WOS:000187062400460 ER PT J AU Sakai, W Tatsumi, Y Ueyasu, A Chiang, CK Tsutsumi, A AF Sakai, W Tatsumi, Y Ueyasu, A Chiang, CK Tsutsumi, A TI Local thermal properties of multilayered polymer thin film. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NEW YORK SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Kyoto Inst Technol, Dept Polymer Sci & Engn, Sakyo Ku, Kyoto 6068585, Japan. NIST, Div Polymer, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM wsakai@ipc.kit.ac.jp NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 135-PMSE BP U479 EP U479 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JG UT WOS:000187062502471 ER PT J AU Sheiko, SS Xu, H Shirvaniants, D Beers, KL Matyjaszewski, K AF Sheiko, SS Xu, H Shirvaniants, D Beers, KL Matyjaszewski, K TI Molecular visualization: Kinematics and mass transport during spreading of polymer drops. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NEW YORK SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Univ N Carolina, Dept Chem, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Carnegie Mellon Univ, Dept Chem, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA. EM sergei@email.unc.edu; shir@email.unc.edu; km3b+@andrew.cmu.edu NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 375-PHYS BP U326 EP U326 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JG UT WOS:000187062501659 ER PT J AU Smeureany, G Drain, CM Garno, JC Batteas, JD AF Smeureany, G Drain, CM Garno, JC Batteas, JD TI Surface organization of self-assembled porphyrin array with peripheral alkyl chain. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Amer Chem Soc C1 CUNY Hunter Coll, Dept Chem, New York, NY 10021 USA. CUNY, Grad Ctr, New York, NY USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD USA. EM GSmeureanu@gc.cuny.edu NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 097-INOR BP U687 EP U687 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JF UT WOS:000187062403210 ER PT J AU Stafford, CM Forster, AM Harrison, C Davis, CH Amis, EJ Karim, A AF Stafford, CM Forster, AM Harrison, C Davis, CH Amis, EJ Karim, A TI High-throughput measurements of polymer adhesion and mechanical properties. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NEW YORK SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM christopher.stafford@nist.gov; alamgir.karim@nist.gov NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 134-PMSE BP U478 EP U479 PN 2 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JG UT WOS:000187062502470 ER PT J AU Stein, SE Heller, SR Tchekhovskoi, DV AF Stein, SE Heller, SR Tchekhovskoi, DV TI Open standards for chemical information - The IUPAC chemical identifier and data dictionary projects. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Amer Chem Soc C1 NIST, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM steve.stein@nist.gov RI Tchekhovskoi, Dmitrii/J-2319-2014 NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 082-CINF BP U304 EP U304 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JF UT WOS:000187062401400 ER PT J AU Stranick, S AF Stranick, S TI Development of nanoscale characterization tools for real world samples. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Chem Sci & Technol Lab, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM stranick@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 134-ANYL BP U122 EP U122 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JF UT WOS:000187062400523 ER PT J AU Tian, J Seery, TAP Ho, DL Weiss, RA AF Tian, J Seery, TAP Ho, DL Weiss, RA TI Small angle neutron scattering study of the microstructure of hydrophobically modified alkyl acrylamide hydrogels. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NEW YORK SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Univ Connecticut, Inst Mat Sci, Dept Chem Engn, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. Univ Connecticut, Inst Mat Sci, Polymer Program, Storrs, CT 06269 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM jtian@engr.uconn.edu NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 426-PMSE BP U525 EP U525 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JG UT WOS:000187062502760 ER PT J AU Trulove, PC Awad, W Gilman, JW Davis, RD Sutto, TE Fox, DM Maupin, PH De Long, HC AF Trulove, PC Awad, W Gilman, JW Davis, RD Sutto, TE Fox, DM Maupin, PH De Long, HC TI The application of trialkyl-imidazolium ionic liquids and salts to the preparation of polymer clay nanocomposites. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Amer Chem Soc C1 USAF, Off Sci Res, Arlington, VA 22203 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Fire Res Grp, Fire Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Bldg & Fire Res Lab, Gaithersburg, MD USA. USN, Res Lab, Div Chem, Washington, DC USA. US DOE, Off Sci, Off Basic Energy Sci, Washington, DC 20585 USA. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 089-IEC BP U628 EP U628 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JF UT WOS:000187062403000 ER PT J AU Turner, GM Beard, MC Schmuttenmaer, CA AF Turner, GM Beard, MC Schmuttenmaer, CA TI Conductivity in disordered solids: What can THz spectroscopy tell us? SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NEW YORK SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Yale Univ, Dept Chem, New Haven, CT 06520 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys Lab, Boulder, CO USA. EM gordon.turner@yale.edu; charles.schmuttenmaer@yale.edu NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 142-PHYS BP U291 EP U291 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JG UT WOS:000187062501430 ER PT J AU Vilker, VL AF Vilker, VL TI The NIST biotechnology program. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM vilker@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 011-PRES BP U23 EP U23 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JF UT WOS:000187062400012 ER PT J AU Vogt, BD Soles, CL Lee, HJ Lin, EK Wu, WL AF Vogt, BD Soles, CL Lee, HJ Lin, EK Wu, WL TI Confinement effects on moisture absorption kinetics in polyelectrolyte films. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NEW YORK SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM bryan.vogt@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 132-PMSE BP U478 EP U478 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JG UT WOS:000187062502468 ER PT J AU Vrettos, JS Meuse, CW AF Vrettos, JS Meuse, CW TI Determining protein structural stability by infrared-techniques. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NEW YORK SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Biotechnol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM john.vrettos@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 401-PHYS BP U330 EP U330 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JG UT WOS:000187062501683 ER PT J AU Wang, CY Prabhu, VM Soles, CL Vogt, BD Wu, WL Lin, EK Satija, SK AF Wang, CY Prabhu, VM Soles, CL Vogt, BD Wu, WL Lin, EK Satija, SK TI Interdiffusion in polystyrene and end-functional polystyrene thin films near a solid surface. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NEW YORK SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Div Polymers, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM cywang@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 171-PMSE BP U484 EP U485 PN 2 PG 2 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JG UT WOS:000187062502506 ER PT J AU Yan, XJ Dong, Q Frenkel, M AF Yan, XJ Dong, Q Frenkel, M TI Model selection strategy and uncertainty analysis for thermodynamic properties of organic compounds. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Standards & Technol, Thermodynam Res Ctr, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. EM xjyan@boulder.nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 103-CINF BP U307 EP U307 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JF UT WOS:000187062401421 ER PT J AU Yeston, JS To, TT Heimer, TA Heilweil, EJ Burkey, TJ AF Yeston, JS To, TT Heimer, TA Heilweil, EJ Burkey, TJ TI Photoinduced dynamics of CPMn(CO)(3) derivatives with pendant sulfides. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Univ Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152 USA. EM jyeston@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 653-INOR BP U775 EP U775 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JF UT WOS:000187062403762 ER PT J AU Yeston, JS Windhorn, L Witte, T Proch, D Motzkus, M Fuss, W Kompa, KL Moore, CB AF Yeston, JS Windhorn, L Witte, T Proch, D Motzkus, M Fuss, W Kompa, KL Moore, CB TI Ultrafast mid-Ir induced diazomethane dissociation. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Opt Technol Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Max Planck Inst Quantum Opt, D-85748 Garching, Germany. Ohio State Univ, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. EM jyeston@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 300-PHYS BP U314 EP U314 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JG UT WOS:000187062501586 ER PT J AU Young, SL Martin, WC Sansonetti, JE AF Young, SL Martin, WC Sansonetti, JE TI NIST's first data oriented eBook: Handbook of basic atomic spectroscopic data. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NY SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Technol Serv, Measurement Serv Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM shari.young@nist.gov NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 039-CINF BP U298 EP U298 PN 1 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JF UT WOS:000187062401358 ER PT J AU Zhang, X Briber, RM Kashiwagi, T Harris, RH AF Zhang, X Briber, RM Kashiwagi, T Harris, RH TI Characterization of changes in the clay platelet distribution in polyamide 6/Clay nanocomposites during combustion by TEM and x-ray diffraction. SO ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Meeting Abstract CT 226th National Meeting of the American-Chemical-Society CY SEP 07-11, 2003 CL NEW YORK, NEW YORK SP Amer Chem Soc C1 Univ Maryland, Dept Mat Sci & Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Mat Fire Res Grp, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Briber, Robert/A-3588-2012 OI Briber, Robert/0000-0002-8358-5942 NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0065-7727 J9 ABSTR PAP AM CHEM S JI Abstr. Pap. Am. Chem. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 226 MA 432-PMSE BP U526 EP U526 PN 2 PG 1 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary SC Chemistry GA 751JG UT WOS:000187062502766 ER PT J AU Li, JP Wang, JXL AF Li, JP Wang, JXL TI A new North Atlantic Oscillation index and its variability SO ADVANCES IN ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index; interannual and decadal variability; signal-to-noise ratio; seasonal phase lock ID SEA-LEVEL PRESSURE; SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; SURFACE-TEMPERATURE; ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION; CLIMATE; HEMISPHERE; OCEAN; FREQUENCY; TELECONNECTIONS; SEASONALITY AB A new North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index, the NAOI, is defined as the differences of normalized sea level pressures regionally zonal-averaged over a broad range of longitudes 80degreesW-30degreesE. A comprehensive comparison of six NAO indices indicates that the new NAOI provides a more faithful representation of the spatial-temporal variability associated with the NAO on all timescales. A very high signal-to-noise ratio for the NAOI exists for all seasons, and the life cycle represented by the NAOI describes well the seasonal migration for action centers of the NAO. The NAOI captures a larger fraction of the variance of sea level pressure over the North Atlantic sector (20degrees-90degreesN, 80degreesW-30degreesE), on average 10% more than any other NAO index. There are quite different relationships between the NAOI and surface air temperature during winter and summer. A novel feature, however, is that the NAOI is significantly negative correlated with surface air temperature over the North Atlantic Ocean between 10degrees-25degreesN and 70degrees-30degreesW, whether in winter or summer. From 1873, the NAOI exhibits strong interannual and decadal variability. Its interannual variability of the twelve calendar months is obviously phase-locked with the seasonal cycle. Moreover, the annual NAOI exhibits a clearer decadal variability in amplitude than the Winter NAOI. An upward trend is found in the annual NAOI between the 1870s and 1910s, while the other winter NAO indices fail to show this tendency. The annual NAOI exhibits a strongly positive epoch of 50 years between 1896 and 1950. After 1950, the variability of the annual NAOI is very similar to that of the winter NAO indices. C1 Acad Sinica, Inst Atmospher Phys, LASG, State Key Lab Numer Modeling Atmospher Sci & Geop, Beijing 100029, Peoples R China. NOAA, Air Resources Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA. RP Li, JP (reprint author), Acad Sinica, Inst Atmospher Phys, LASG, State Key Lab Numer Modeling Atmospher Sci & Geop, Beijing 100029, Peoples R China. RI AAS, AAS/C-2949-2014; Wang, Julian/C-3188-2016 NR 48 TC 86 Z9 111 U1 1 U2 12 PU SCIENCE CHINA PRESS PI BEIJING PA 16 DONGHUANGCHENGGEN NORTH ST, BEIJING 100717, PEOPLES R CHINA SN 0256-1530 J9 ADV ATMOS SCI JI Adv. Atmos. Sci. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 20 IS 5 BP 661 EP 676 PG 16 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 727QT UT WOS:000185670500001 ER PT J AU Conny, JM Klinedinst, DB Wight, SA Paulsen, JL AF Conny, JM Klinedinst, DB Wight, SA Paulsen, JL TI Optimizing thermal-optical methods for measuring atmospheric elemental (black) carbon: A response surface study SO AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID ABSORPTION-COEFFICIENT; INTEGRATING SPHERE; LIGHT-ABSORPTION; UNITED-STATES; AEROSOL; PARTICLES; EXPOSURE AB The chemical, physical, and morphological complexity of atmospheric aerosol elemental carbon (EC) presents major problems in assuring measurement accuracy. Since EC and black carbon are often considered equivalent, methods based on thermal-optical analysis (TOA) are widely used for EC in ambient air samples because no prior knowledge of the aerosol's absorption coefficient is required. Nevertheless, different TOA thermal desorption protocols result in wide EC-to-total-carbon (TC) variation. We created three response surfaces with the following response variables: EC/TC, maximum laser attenuation in the He phase (L-max), and laser attenuation at the end of the He phase (L-He4). A two-level central-composite factorial design comprised of four factors considered the temperatures and durations of all desorption steps in TOA's inert ( He) phase and the initial step in TOA's oxidizing (O-2-He) phase. L-max was used to assess the positive bias caused by nonvolatile unpyrolized organic carbon (OC char) being measured as native EC. A negative bias that the attenuated laser response does not detect is caused by the loss of native EC in the He phase. LHe4 was used as a surrogate indicator for the loss of native EC in the He phase. The intersection between the L-max and LHe4 surfaces revealed TOA conditions where both the production of OC char in the He phase was maximized and the loss of native EC in the He phase was minimized, therefore leading to an optimized thermal desorption protocol. Based on the sample types used in this study, the following are generalized optimal conditions when TOA is operated in the fixed-step-durations, laser-transmission mode (i.e., TOT): step 1 in He, 190degreesC for 60 s; step 2 in He, 365degreesC for 60 s; step 3 in He, 610degreesC for 60 s; step 4 in He, 835degreesC for 72 s. For steps 1-4 in O-2-He, the conditions are 550degreesC for 180 s, 700degreesC for 60 s, 850degreesC for 60 s, and 900degreesC for 90 s to 120 s, respectively. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Conny, JM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Surface & Microanal Sci Div, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8371, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 36 TC 40 Z9 41 U1 2 U2 10 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 325 CHESTNUT ST, SUITE 800, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 0278-6826 J9 AEROSOL SCI TECH JI Aerosol Sci. Technol. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 37 IS 9 BP 703 EP 723 DI 10.1080/02786820390209662 PG 21 WC Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical; Environmental Sciences; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 746YE UT WOS:000186775700001 ER PT J AU Gruninger, M Menzel, C AF Gruninger, M Menzel, C TI The Process Specification Language (PSL) theory and applications SO AI MAGAZINE LA English DT Article AB The PROCESS SPECIFICATION LANGUAGE (PSL) has been designed to facilitate correct and complete exchange of process information among manufacturing systems, such as scheduling, process modeling, process planning, production planning, simulation, project management, work flow, and business-process reengineering. We give an overview of the theories within the PSL ontology, discuss some of the design principles for the ontology, and finish with examples of process specifications that are based on the ontology. C1 Univ Maryland, Syst Res Inst, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Philosophy, College Stn, TX 77843 USA. RP Gruninger, M (reprint author), Univ Maryland, Syst Res Inst, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. NR 9 TC 76 Z9 76 U1 0 U2 1 PU AMER ASSOC ARTIFICIAL INTELL PI MENLO PK PA 445 BURGESS DRIVE, MENLO PK, CA 94025-3496 USA SN 0738-4602 J9 AI MAG JI AI Mag. PD FAL PY 2003 VL 24 IS 3 BP 63 EP 74 PG 12 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence SC Computer Science GA 727WV UT WOS:000185684600006 ER PT J AU Dimeo, RM AF Dimeo, RM TI Visualization and measurement of quantum rotational dynamics SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICS LA English DT Article ID TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENCE; BARRIER PENETRATION; NEUTRON-SCATTERING; SOLID NITROMETHANE; POTENTIAL WELLS; METHYL-GROUPS; PENDULUM; SPECTROSCOPY; MECHANICS; MOTION AB An introduction to quantum rotational tunneling and libration is presented with an emphasis on obtaining a qualitative understanding of this phenomenon through visualization of the dynamics, simple approximations, and measurements. The tunneling and librational dynamics of small molecular rotors are discussed using a very simple model of the rotational potential. Numerical calculations of the evolution of probability packets are carried out for the low-lying states and the connection is made between the quantum and classical librational dynamics. Finally, we present measurements of these quantum rotations using inelastic neutron scattering and show in particular how neutron scattering measurements of the ground state tunnel splitting and first librational transition can be used to characterize the magnitude and shape of the potential hindering the motion of the rotor. Some conceptual and computational problems are included that are suitable for undergraduate students. (C) 2003 American Association of Physics Teachers. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Dimeo, RM (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, NIST Ctr Neutron Res, 100 Bureau Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM robert.dimeo@nist.gov NR 43 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 7 PU AMER ASSOC PHYSICS TEACHERS AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA STE 1 NO 1, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4502 USA SN 0002-9505 J9 AM J PHYS JI Am. J. Phys. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 71 IS 9 BP 885 EP 893 DI 10.1119/1.1538575 PG 9 WC Education, Scientific Disciplines; Physics, Multidisciplinary SC Education & Educational Research; Physics GA 713BP UT WOS:000184835700008 ER PT J AU Alfassi, ZB Huie, RE Milman, BL Neta, P AF Alfassi, ZB Huie, RE Milman, BL Neta, P TI Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry of ionic liquids and determination of their solubility in water SO ANALYTICAL AND BIOANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE ionic liquids; electrospray; mass spectrometry; solubility ID SALTS; THYROXINE; SOLVENTS; SERUM AB Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry is used to detect both the cations (C+) and the anions (A(-)) of ionic liquids (CA). In this study, the ionic liquids are diluted with aqueous methanol before injection. In addition to the main peaks of the parent ions, fragmentation products are observed upon increasing the cone voltage, whereas aggregates of the parent ion with one or more ionic liquid molecules (e.g., C(CA)(n)(+), A(CA)(n)(-)) are observed upon decreasing the cone voltage. The ions of several ionic liquids in a mixture are also detected and the ratios of their concentrations estimated. A method is developed to determine quantitatively the concentration of an ionic liquid in solution by using the cation and anion of another ionic liquid as internal standards. By using this method, the solubilities in water at room temperature (22+/-1 degreesC) of three typical hydrophobic ionic liquids have been determined: 0.70+/-0.08 g L-1 for methyltributylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (MeBu3NNTf2), 6.0+/-0.5 g L-1 for butylmethylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (BuMePyrNTf(2)), and 18.6+/-0.7 g L-1 for 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (BMIPF6). C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Neta, P (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Phys & Chem Properties Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Huie, Robert/A-5645-2010 NR 14 TC 89 Z9 91 U1 4 U2 31 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG BERLIN PI BERLIN PA HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 1618-2642 J9 ANAL BIOANAL CHEM JI Anal. Bioanal. Chem. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 377 IS 1 BP 159 EP 164 DI 10.1007/s00216-003-2033-8 PG 6 WC Biochemical Research Methods; Chemistry, Analytical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Chemistry GA 723FZ UT WOS:000185423200023 PM 12827339 ER PT J AU Savage, NO Roberson, S Gillen, G Tarlov, MJ Semancik, S AF Savage, NO Roberson, S Gillen, G Tarlov, MJ Semancik, S TI Thermolithographic patterning of sol-gel metal oxides on micro hot plate sensing arrays using organosilanes SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS; VAPOR SURFACE MODIFICATION; ELECTRONIC NOSE; POROUS-GLASS; SENSOR ARRAY; THIN-FILM; DEPOSITION; SILANES; GROWTH; RESISTANCE AB Sol-gel-derived SnO2 and Fe2O3 were selectively deposited on elements of micro hot plate (muHP) arrays. The silicon micromachined muHP arrays contain heating elements (100 mum x 100 mum) that are electronically addressable and thermally isolated from each other. Thin films of (tridecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydrooctyl)trichlorosilane (TFS) or hexyltrichlorosilane (HFS) assembled on surfaces of the arrays served as thermally sensitive resists whereby heating of specific muHPs resulted in removal of organosilane films only in heated areas. TFS-masked surfaces were characterized with condensation figures and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) imaging. TFS was removed from regions heated above 400degreesC to expose hydrophilic surfaces, while TFS films in unheated areas were unaffected and remained hydrophobic. Sol-gel tin oxide spin-coated on the thermally patterned arrays adhered only to the hydrophilic regions and was repelled from the hydrophobic areas masked by the TFS films. By using HFS films, it was possible to selectively deposit two sol-gel materials, SnO2 and Fe2O3, on different muHPs in the same array as confirmed by SIMS imaging. Both materials showed varying degrees of electrical response to hydrogen and methanol in gas-sensing measurements. C1 NIST, Proc Measurements Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Surface & Microanalysis Div, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Semancik, S (reprint author), NIST, Proc Measurements Div, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 37 TC 15 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 11 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD SEP 1 PY 2003 VL 75 IS 17 BP 4360 EP 4367 DI 10.1021/ac0301797 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 719FE UT WOS:000185192300010 PM 14632037 ER PT J AU Satterfield, MB Sniegoski, LT Welch, MJ Nelson, BC Pfeiffer, CM AF Satterfield, MB Sniegoski, LT Welch, MJ Nelson, BC Pfeiffer, CM TI Comparison of isotope dilution mass spectrometry methods for the determination of total homocysteine in plasma and serum SO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID EXTERNAL QUALITY ASSESSMENT; LIQUID-CHROMATOGRAPHY; PERFORMANCE-CHARACTERISTICS; METHYLMALONIC ACID; RISK FACTOR; DISEASE; ASSAY; IMMUNOASSAY; HOMOCYST(E)INE; LABORATORIES AB Two independent methods have been critically evaluated and applied to the measurement of total homocysteine in serum and plasma: solid-phase anion extraction (SPAS) gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and protein precipitation liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). In addition, analysis of samples prepared by SPAS was accomplished by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) and LC/MS/MS. These methods have been used to determine total homocysteine levels in several existing serum-based Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) from the National Institute of Standards and Technology and in patient plasma samples provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The precision of the homocysteine measurements in serum and plasma was critically evaluated, and method comparisons were carried out using Bland-Altman plots and bias analysis. On the basis of the excellent precision and close agreement of the mass spectrometric (MS) methods, the MS-based methods will be used for certification of a serum-based SRM for homocysteine and folates. C1 NIST, Div Analyt Chem, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Ctr Dis Control & Prevent, Div Sci Lab, Atlanta, GA 30341 USA. RP Satterfield, MB (reprint author), NIST, Div Analyt Chem, 100 Bur Dr,Stop 8392, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NR 41 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 2 U2 10 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0003-2700 J9 ANAL CHEM JI Anal. Chem. PD SEP 1 PY 2003 VL 75 IS 17 BP 4631 EP 4638 DI 10.1021/ac034207x PG 8 WC Chemistry, Analytical SC Chemistry GA 719FE UT WOS:000185192300047 PM 14632074 ER PT J AU Martins, CA Alvito, P Tavares, MJ Pereira, P Doucette, G Franca, S AF Martins, CA Alvito, P Tavares, MJ Pereira, P Doucette, G Franca, S TI Reevaluation of production of paralytic shellfish toxin by bacteria associated with dinoflagellates of the Portuguese coast SO APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CULTURE; ALEXANDRIUM AB Paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) are potent neurotoxins produced by certain dinoflagellate and cyanobacterial species. The autonomous production of PSTs by bacteria remains controversial. In this study, PST production by two bacterial strains, isolated previously from toxic dinoflagellates, was evaluated using biological and analytical methods. Analyses were performed under conditions determined previously to be optimal for toxin production and detection. Our data are inconsistent with autonomous bacterial PST production under these conditions, thereby challenging previous findings for the same strains. C1 Inst Nacl Saude Dr Ricardo Jorge, Lab Microbiol & Ecotoxicol, P-1649016 Lisbon, Portugal. Natl Ocean Serv, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Marine Biotoxins Program, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RP Martins, CA (reprint author), Inst Nacl Saude Dr Ricardo Jorge, Lab Microbiol & Ecotoxicol, Av Padre Cruz, P-1649016 Lisbon, Portugal. EM lme.cqh@insa.min-saude.pt OI Pereira, Paulo/0000-0003-4819-2112 NR 22 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 1 U2 6 PU AMER SOC MICROBIOLOGY PI WASHINGTON PA 1752 N ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036-2904 USA SN 0099-2240 J9 APPL ENVIRON MICROB JI Appl. Environ. Microbiol. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 69 IS 9 BP 5693 EP 5698 DI 10.1128/AEM.69.9.5693-5698.2003 PG 6 WC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology SC Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Microbiology GA 723MW UT WOS:000185437000081 PM 12957964 ER PT J AU Vest, RE Grantham, S AF Vest, RE Grantham, S TI Response of a silicon photodiode to pulsed radiation SO APPLIED OPTICS LA English DT Article ID EXTREME-ULTRAVIOLET; FAR-ULTRAVIOLET; CALIBRATIONS; REGION AB Both the integrated-charge and the peak-voltage responsivity of a 1-cm(2) Si photodiode optimized for the extreme ultraviolet have been measured with 532-nm-wavelength pulsed radiation. The peak power of the optical pulse is varied from 35 mW to 24 kW with a pulse width of 8.25 ns. A decrease in responsivity is observed with increasing pulse energy, and a model is presented that accounts for the observed loss of responsivity. The integrated-charge responsivity decreases because the presence of photogenerated majority carriers increases the direct recombination rate. The peak-voltage responsivity is reduced because the electric susceptibility of the electrons and holes in the depletion region increases the capacitance of the device. The influence of an applied reverse bias on both responsivities is investigated. The integrated-charge responsivity is found to be identical, with a 1% uncertainty, to the cw responsivity of the device if the energy dependence is considered. (C) 2003 Optical Society of America. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Vest, RE (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 100 Bur Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. EM rvest@nist.gov NR 23 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 2 PU OPTICAL SOC AMER PI WASHINGTON PA 2010 MASSACHUSETTS AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 1559-128X EI 2155-3165 J9 APPL OPTICS JI Appl. Optics PD SEP 1 PY 2003 VL 42 IS 25 BP 5054 EP 5063 DI 10.1364/AO.42.005054 PG 10 WC Optics SC Optics GA 715GQ UT WOS:000184963200008 PM 12962381 ER PT J AU Corwin, KL Newbury, NR Dudley, JM Coen, S Diddams, SA Washburn, BR Weber, K Windeler, RS AF Corwin, KL Newbury, NR Dudley, JM Coen, S Diddams, SA Washburn, BR Weber, K Windeler, RS TI Fundamental amplitude noise limitations to supercontinuum spectra generated in a microstructured fiber SO APPLIED PHYSICS B-LASERS AND OPTICS LA English DT Article ID OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY; PHOTONIC-CRYSTAL FIBER; CONTINUUM GENERATION; PROPAGATION; PULSES; LASER AB Broadband supercontinuum spectra are generated in a microstructured fiber using femtosecond laser pulses. Noise properties of these spectra are studied through experiments and numerical simulations based on a generalized stochastic nonlinear Schrodinger equation. In particular, the relative intensity noise as a function of wavelength across the supercontinuum is measured over a wide range of input pulse parameters, and experimental results and simulations are shown to be in good quantitative agreement. For certain input pulse parameters, amplitude fluctuations as large as 50% are observed. The simulations clarify that the intensity noise on the supercontinuum arises from the amplification of two noise inputs during propagation - quantum-limited shot noise on the input pulse, and spontaneous Raman scattering in the fiber. The amplification factor is a sensitive function of the input pulse parameters. Short input pulses are critical for the generation of very broad supercontinua with low noise. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. Univ Franche Comte, Lab Opt PM Duffieux, F-25030 Besancon, France. Free Univ Brussels, Serv Opt & Acoust, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium. OFS Labs, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA. RP Corwin, KL (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RI Coen, Stephane/C-9030-2009; Washburn, Brian/A-1308-2013; Corwin, Kristan/A-1331-2013; Diddams, Scott/L-2819-2013; Dudley, John /D-3222-2011; OI Coen, Stephane/0000-0001-5605-5906; Dudley, John /0000-0001-9520-9699; Washburn, Brian/0000-0002-4418-2139 NR 36 TC 66 Z9 66 U1 0 U2 5 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0946-2171 J9 APPL PHYS B-LASERS O JI Appl. Phys. B-Lasers Opt. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 77 IS 2-3 BP 269 EP 277 DI 10.1007/s00340-003-1175-x PG 9 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA 731QK UT WOS:000185897800018 ER PT J AU Ames, JN Ghosh, S Windeler, RS Gaeta, AL Cundiff, ST AF Ames, JN Ghosh, S Windeler, RS Gaeta, AL Cundiff, ST TI Excess noise generation during spectral broadening in a microstructured fiber SO APPLIED PHYSICS B-LASERS AND OPTICS LA English DT Article ID OPTICAL FREQUENCY-MEASUREMENT; LOCKED FEMTOSECOND LASER; SUPERCONTINUUM GENERATION; CONTINUUM GENERATION; PHASE-CONTROL; CLOCK; PULSES; COMB; NM AB We observe that nanojoule femtosecond pulses that are spectrally broadened in a microstructured fiber acquire excess noise. The excess noise is manifested as an increase in the noise floor of the rf spectrum of the photocurrent from a photodetector illuminated by the pulse train from the laser oscillator. Measurements are made of the intensity dependence of the excess noise for both 100 fs and sub- 10 A pulses. The excess noise is very strong for 100 fs pulses, but barely measurable for sub- 10 fs pulses. A rigorous quantum treatment of the nonlinear propagation of ultrashort pulses predicts that, for a fixed generated bandwidth, the amount of excess noise decreases with pulse duration, in agreement with the experimental results. C1 Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. Cornell Univ, Sch Appl & Engn Phys, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. OFS Fitel Labs, Murray Hill, NJ 07974 USA. RP Cundiff, ST (reprint author), Univ Colorado, JILA, Boulder, CO 80309 USA. RI Cundiff, Steven/B-4974-2009 OI Cundiff, Steven/0000-0002-7119-5197 NR 26 TC 23 Z9 23 U1 0 U2 3 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0946-2171 J9 APPL PHYS B-LASERS O JI Appl. Phys. B-Lasers Opt. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 77 IS 2-3 BP 279 EP 284 DI 10.1007/s00340-003-1177-8 PG 6 WC Optics; Physics, Applied SC Optics; Physics GA 731QK UT WOS:000185897800019 ER PT J AU Chong, Y Dresselhaus, PD Benz, SP AF Chong, Y Dresselhaus, PD Benz, SP TI Thermal transport in stacked superconductor-normal metal-superconductor Josephson junctions SO APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID PROGRAMMABLE VOLTAGE STANDARD; ARRAYS AB Nb/MoSi2/Nb stacked superconductor-normal metal-superconductor (SNS) Josephson junctions has proven to be a good candidate for high-density series arrays for Josephson voltage-standard applications. As the junction density increases, self-heating becomes an issue because the high power density per junction (1 W/cm(2)) generates significant power dissipation under typical operating conditions. In this letter, we analyze the heating effect of these sandwich-type SNS junctions using a model to quantitatively estimate and predict thermal-transport properties of the stacked structures. We describe several strategies that reduce heating and demonstrate improved properties of stacked-junction arrays with enhanced cooling capacity. C1 Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. RP Chong, Y (reprint author), Natl Inst Stand & Technol, Boulder, CO 80305 USA. NR 13 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 2 PU AMER INST PHYSICS PI MELVILLE PA CIRCULATION & FULFILLMENT DIV, 2 HUNTINGTON QUADRANGLE, STE 1 N O 1, MELVILLE, NY 11747-4501 USA SN 0003-6951 J9 APPL PHYS LETT JI Appl. Phys. Lett. PD SEP 1 PY 2003 VL 83 IS 9 BP 1794 EP 1796 DI 10.1063/1.1606491 PG 3 WC Physics, Applied SC Physics GA 715VB UT WOS:000184992000036 ER PT J AU Crotwell, AM Moore, WS AF Crotwell, AM Moore, WS TI Nutrient and radium fluxes from submarine groundwater discharge to Port Royal Sound, South Carolina SO AQUATIC GEOCHEMISTRY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Subterranean Coastal Environments - Biogeochemical Processes, Fluxes and Impacts CY MAY, 2001 CL Hanse Inst Adv Study, Delmenhorst, GERMANY HO Hanse Inst Adv Study DE submarine groundwater discharge; radium; nutrients; Port Royal Sound; Upper Floridan Aquifer ID GULF-OF-MEXICO; SALT-MARSH; SEA-WATER; RA-226; ESTUARY; SEDIMENTS; RIVER; INPUT AB Water exchange between the coastal ocean and underlying aquifers provides a newly-recognized source of materials to the ocean. The flux of materials into the ocean from this process is termed submarine groundwater discharge ( SGD). Both surficial and semi-confined aquifers contribute to SGD. Here we use Ra-226 and Ra-228 to quantify fluxes of SGD to Port Royal Sound, South Carolina, and to separate fluxes from the Upper Floridan (UFA) and surficial aquifers. Higher activity ratios of Ra-228/Ra-226 in the surficial aquifer make this separation possible. We estimate total SGD fluxes of about 100 m(3) s(-1) with about 80% being derived from the surficial aquifer. The SGD flux provides about 1.8 x 10(6) mol d(-1) of NH4 with almost 90% from the surficial aquifer. Because of strong differences in the concentration of PO4 within the UFA, PO4 fluxes are less certain. Using the UFA wells with low PO4 concentrations yields a flux of 1.2 x 10(5) mol d(-1); using wells with high concentrations yields a flux of 2.0 x 10(5) mol d(-1). In the first case virtually all of the PO4 flux is from the surficial aquifer; in the second case, 40% is from the UFA. The UFA in this region has experienced dramatic changes as a result of withdrawals for human use. Prior to these withdrawals, total nutrient fluxes from the UFA may have been even larger. These changes in the UFA and similar coastal aquifers worldwide have the potential to significantly alter a major nutrient source for the coastal ocean. C1 Univ S Carolina, Dept Geol Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. RP Crotwell, AM (reprint author), NOAA, Climate Monitoring & Diagnost Lab, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80303 USA. RI Moore, Willard/B-6096-2016 OI Moore, Willard/0000-0001-5930-5325 NR 36 TC 37 Z9 41 U1 0 U2 8 PU KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 1380-6165 J9 AQUAT GEOCHEM JI Aquat. Geochem. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 9 IS 3 BP 191 EP 208 DI 10.1023/B:AQUA.0000022954.89019.c9 PG 18 WC Geochemistry & Geophysics SC Geochemistry & Geophysics GA 809YF UT WOS:000220671300003 ER PT J AU Johnson, JB Basolo, AL AF Johnson, JB Basolo, AL TI Predator exposure alters female mate choice in the green swordtail SO BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE behavioral modulation; female choice; predation; receiver bias; sexual ornament; sexual selection; swordtails; video playback experiments ID GUPPY POECILIA-RETICULATA; SEXUALLY SELECTED TRAITS; XIPHOPHORUS-HELLERI; DISPLAY BEHAVIOR; VIDEO PLAYBACKS; RECEIVER BIASES; PREFERENCE; RISK; SELECTION; FISH AB Female green swordtails, Xiphophorus helleri, show a mating preference for males with brightly colored, elongated swords. This preference is thought to be due to a preexisting receiver bias favoring longer sworded males. In this study, we examined variation in the expression of this sword bias in females. Specifically, we tested the hypothesis that an increase in perceived predation risk will decrease female response to males with longer swords. We used a video playback experiment to evaluate female choice between two recordings of a displaying male that differed only in sword length. We scored responses of females to these recordings immediately before and after they had been exposed to a video recording of a predation event between a cichlid and a male possessing a long sword. We found that prior to exposure to this predation event, females preferred the male with the longer sword. However, after exposure to the predator, females altered their mating response, preferring the male with the sword removed. Exposure to the predator also caused an increase in the frequency with which females moved from potential mating positions to a neutral zone. The results presented here suggest that the female preference for males with longer swords can be modulated based on the perceived risk of predation. C1 Univ Nebraska, Sch Biol Sci, Lincoln, NE 68588 USA. RP Johnson, JB (reprint author), Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Conservat Biol Div, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA. NR 51 TC 77 Z9 77 U1 3 U2 35 PU OXFORD UNIV PRESS INC PI CARY PA JOURNALS DEPT, 2001 EVANS RD, CARY, NC 27513 USA SN 1045-2249 J9 BEHAV ECOL JI Behav. Ecol. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 14 IS 5 BP 619 EP 625 DI 10.1093/beheco/arg046 PG 7 WC Behavioral Sciences; Biology; Ecology; Zoology SC Behavioral Sciences; Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Zoology GA 726JU UT WOS:000185596600005 ER PT J AU Starr, FW Angell, CA La Nave, E Sastry, S Scala, A Sciortino, F Stanley, HE AF Starr, FW Angell, CA La Nave, E Sastry, S Scala, A Sciortino, F Stanley, HE TI Recent results on the connection between thermodynamics and dynamics in supercooled water SO BIOPHYSICAL CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article DE fragile; experimentally; hypothesis; thermodynamics ID LIQUID PHASE-TRANSITION; GLASS-FORMING LIQUIDS; SINGULARITY-FREE INTERPRETATION; POTENTIAL-ENERGY LANDSCAPE; CONFIGURATIONAL ENTROPY; CRYSTALLIZATION KINETICS; TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE; CRITICAL-POINT; SLOW DYNAMICS; 150 K AB We review recent results on the connection between thermodynamics and dynamics in a model for water. We verify the Adam-Gibbs relation between entropy and dynamic properties using computer simulations, which allow direct access to the relevant properties. We combine experimental measurements of entropy with the Adam-Gibbs hypothesis to predict dynamic properties in deeply supercooled states, which are difficult to access experimentally. We find evidence suggesting that the glass transition temperature of water may be significantly higher than previously reported, but is still consistent with recent measurements. Finally, we discuss the hypothesis that the dynamical behavior of deeply supercooled water undergoes a crossover from 'fragile' to 'strong' behavior. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V All rights reserved. C1 NIST, Div Polymer, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. NIST, Ctr Theoret & Computat Mat Sci, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. Arizona State Univ, Dept Chem, Tempe, AZ 85287 USA. Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento Fis, I-00185 Rome, Italy. Univ Roma La Sapienza, Ist Nazl Fis Mat, I-00185 Rome, Italy. Jawaharlal Nehru Ctr Adv Sci Res, Bangalore 560064, Karnataka, India. Boston Univ, Ctr Polymer Studies, Boston, MA 02215 USA. Boston Univ, Dept Phys, Boston, MA 02215 USA. RP Starr, FW (reprint author), NIST, Div Polymer, 100 Bur Dr,MS 8500, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RI Sciortino, Francesco/B-4768-2012; Starr, Francis/C-7703-2012; Scala, Antonio/A-2098-2012; OI Scala, Antonio/0000-0002-3414-2686; Stanley, H./0000-0003-2800-4495 NR 87 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 1 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0301-4622 J9 BIOPHYS CHEM JI Biophys. Chem. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 105 IS 2-3 BP 573 EP 583 DI 10.1016/S0301-4622(03)00067-X PG 11 WC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Chemistry, Physical SC Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Biophysics; Chemistry GA 725LV UT WOS:000185545400038 PM 14499919 ER PT J AU Weiss, T Siegesmund, S Fuller, ER AF Weiss, T Siegesmund, S Fuller, ER TI Thermal degradation of marble: indications from finite-element modelling SO BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual meeting of the Stone-Weathering-and-Air-Pollution-Network (Swapnet) CY APR 12-15, 2002 CL OXFORD, ENGLAND SP Stone Weather Air pollut Net DE marble; microcracks; finite-element modelling; thermal degradation; granular decohesion; thermal expansion anisotropy; residual stresses ID GRAIN-SIZE; EXPANSION ANISOTROPY; BRITTLE MATERIALS; MICROCRACKING; MICROFRACTURE; SOLIDS AB Microstructure-based finite-element simulations were used to study the thermo-mechanical behaviour of calcite marbles. Given the same nucrostructure, a strongly textured marble had smaller thermal stresses, smaller elastic strain energy and a distinct directional dependence of thermal degradation compared to a weakly textured marble. This result of modelling coincides with observations from thermal expansion experiments. Different boundary conditions assumed in the model calculations have an important influence on the magnitude and pattern of thermally induced microcracks. Microstructure-based finite element simulations are considered an excellent tool for elucidating influences of the rock's fabric on the thermal degradation of marbles. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Gottingen, Geowissensch Zentrum, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany. NIST, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA. RP Weiss, T (reprint author), Univ Gottingen, Geowissensch Zentrum, Goldschmidtstr 3, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany. NR 28 TC 40 Z9 40 U1 1 U2 5 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0360-1323 J9 BUILD ENVIRON JI Build. Environ. PD SEP-OCT PY 2003 VL 38 IS 9-10 BP 1251 EP 1260 DI 10.1016/S0360-1323(03)00082-9 PG 10 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA 710FV UT WOS:000184670900018 ER PT J AU Volz, DC Wirth, EF Fulton, MH Scott, GI Strozier, E Block, DS Ferry, JL Walse, SS Chandler, GT AF Volz, DC Wirth, EF Fulton, MH Scott, GI Strozier, E Block, DS Ferry, JL Walse, SS Chandler, GT TI Effects of fipronil and chlorpyrifos on endocrine-related endpoints in female grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) SO BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY LA English DT Article ID INSECTICIDES; TOXICITY C1 NOAA, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Natl Ocean Serv, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. Univ S Carolina, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. Univ S Carolina, Dept Chem & Biochem, Columbia, SC 29208 USA. RP Wirth, EF (reprint author), NOAA, Ctr Coastal Environm Hlth & Biomol Res, Natl Ocean Serv, Charleston, SC 29412 USA. RI Ferry, John/G-8646-2013; OI Ferry, John/0000-0002-1420-8406 NR 15 TC 5 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 6 PU SPRINGER-VERLAG PI NEW YORK PA 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010 USA SN 0007-4861 J9 B ENVIRON CONTAM TOX JI Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 71 IS 3 BP 497 EP 503 DI 10.1007/s00128-003-8920-z PG 7 WC Environmental Sciences; Toxicology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Toxicology GA 712PX UT WOS:000184807000009 PM 14567575 ER PT J AU Wei, E AF Wei, E TI The new Port of New York and New Jersey Operational Forecast System SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article C1 NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Coast Survey Dev Lab, Silver Spring, MD 20832 USA. RP Wei, E (reprint author), NOAA, Natl Ocean Serv, Coast Survey Dev Lab, 1315 EW Highway,N-CS13, Silver Spring, MD 20832 USA. NR 1 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 84 IS 9 BP 1184 EP 1186 DI 10.1175/BAMS-84-9-1184 PG 3 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 726VB UT WOS:000185620900020 ER PT J AU Franklin, JL McAdie, CJ Lawrence, MB AF Franklin, JL McAdie, CJ Lawrence, MB TI Trends in track forecasting for tropical cyclones threatening the United States, 1970-2001 SO BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID ATLANTIC BASIN; MODELS AB Previous studies have identified statistically significant long-term improvements in forecasts issued by the National Hurricane Center (NHC) for Atlantic basin tropical cyclones. Recently, however, attention has been focused on the forecast accuracy of landfall location and timing, and the long-term improvement trends for this relatively small sample of forecasts were mixed. These results may lead some to conclude that the accuracy of NHC forecasts close to the United States has not improved over time. A statistically robust dataset can be obtained by considering "landfall-threatening" storms, defined as one for which tropical cyclone watches or warnings are in effect for some portion of the continental United States. In this study, long-term trends in accuracy are determined for NHC forecasts issued during these periods of threat and compared to trends for the Atlantic basin overall. A second set of trends are determined for forecasts verifying during the periods of threat. The analysis shows that NHC forecasts for land-threatening tropical cyclones are improving. These improvement trends are statistically significant, although the improvement rates for the land-threatening storms are smaller than those for the basin overall. Over the period 19702001, forecasts issued during the watch/warning stage improved at annual average rates of 0.7%, 1.6%, and 1.9% at 24,48, and 72 h, respectively. C1 NOAA, NWS, Trop Predict Ctr, Miami, FL 33165 USA. RP Franklin, JL (reprint author), NOAA, NWS, Trop Predict Ctr, 11691 SW 17th St, Miami, FL 33165 USA. NR 9 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 2 PU AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC PI BOSTON PA 45 BEACON ST, BOSTON, MA 02108-3693 USA SN 0003-0007 J9 B AM METEOROL SOC JI Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 84 IS 9 BP 1197 EP + DI 10.1175/BAMS-84-9-1197 PG 8 WC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences SC Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences GA 726VB UT WOS:000185620900021 ER PT J AU Watters, GM Olson, RJ Francis, RC Fiedler, PC Polovina, JJ Reilly, SB Aydin, KY Boggs, CH Essington, TE Walters, CJ Kitchell, JF AF Watters, GM Olson, RJ Francis, RC Fiedler, PC Polovina, JJ Reilly, SB Aydin, KY Boggs, CH Essington, TE Walters, CJ Kitchell, JF TI Physical forcing and the dynamics of the pelagic ecosystem in the eastern tropical Pacific: simulations with ENSO-scale and global-warming climate drivers SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID CENTRAL EQUATORIAL PACIFIC; NINO-SOUTHERN-OSCILLATION; CENTER COUPLED MODEL; EL-NINO; BOTTOM-UP; TOP-DOWN; OCEAN; VARIABILITY; TUNA; DISTRIBUTIONS AB We used a model of the pelagic ecosystem in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean to explore how climate variation at El Nino - Southern Oscillation (ENSO) scales might affect animals at middle and upper trophic levels. We developed two physical-forcing scenarios: (1) physical effects on phytoplankton biomass and (2) simultaneous physical effects on phytoplankton biomass and predator recruitment. We simulated the effects of climate-anomaly pulses, climate cycles, and global warming. Pulses caused oscillations to propagate through the ecosystem; cycles affected the shapes of these oscillations; and warming caused trends. We concluded that biomass trajectories of single populations at middle and upper trophic levels cannot be used to detect bottom-up effects, that direct physical effects on predator recruitment can be the dominant source of interannual variability in pelagic ecosystems, that such direct effects may dampen top-down control by fisheries, and that predictions about the effects of climate change may be misleading if fishing mortality is not considered. Predictions from ecosystem models are sensitive to the relative strengths of indirect and direct physical effects on middle and upper trophic levels. C1 Interamer Trop Tuna Commiss, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA. Univ Washington, Sch Aquat & Fisheries Sci, Seattle, WA 98195 USA. NOAA Fisheries, SW Fisheries Sci Ctr, La Jolla, CA 92038 USA. NOAA Fisheries, Honolulu Lab, Honolulu, HI 96822 USA. NOAA Fisheries, Alaska Fisheries Sci Ctr, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. Univ Wisconsin, Ctr Limnol, Madison, WI 53706 USA. SUNY Stony Brook, Marine Sci Res Ctr, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA. Univ British Columbia, Fisheries Ctr, Vancouver, BC 6VT 124, Canada. RP Watters, GM (reprint author), NOAA Fisheries, Pacific Fisheries Environm Lab, 1352 Lighthouse Ave, Pacific Grove, CA 93950 USA. RI Walters, Carl/D-5714-2012 NR 37 TC 46 Z9 49 U1 2 U2 27 PU NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL CANADA PI OTTAWA PA RESEARCH JOURNALS, MONTREAL RD, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1A 0R6, CANADA SN 0706-652X J9 CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI JI Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 60 IS 9 BP 1161 EP 1175 DI 10.1139/F03-100 PG 15 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 739VJ UT WOS:000186366900012 ER PT J AU Reed, RK AF Reed, RK TI A surface heat flux climatology over a region of the eastern Bering Sea SO CONTINENTAL SHELF RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Bering Sea; heat budget; air-sea heat exchange; weak circulation; interannual changes ID NORTH PACIFIC; SENSIBLE HEAT; SHELF; OCEAN; CIRCULATION; RADIATION AB The eastern Bering Sea shelf is a vast area with weak net circulation. As a result, heat exchange with the atmosphere mainly accounts for changes in heat content of the water column. This region also has marked changes in atmospheric and water properties: for example, winds are light in summer but are relatively strong in winter; air temperatures are 10degreesC or more in summer but are below freezing in winter; and sea surface temperatures vary from similar to10degreesC to 1degreesC. A 29 year time series of cloud cover, relative humidity, wind speed, and air temperature was derived from observations made at St. Paul Island (Pribilof Islands) in the eastern Bering Sea. A time series of sea surface temperature near St. Paul Island was also obtained. Cloud cover during 1965-1994 did not undergo significant changes; relative humidity decreased by a barely significant 3%. Mean wind speed during 1965-1979 was 7.2 m s(-1) compared with 6.5 m s(-1) during 1980-1994. Air temperature during 1965-1976 was 1.3degreesC cooler than during 1977-1994. The mean annual sea surface temperature maximum increased from 8.7degreesC during 1965-1976 to 9.3degreesC during 1977-1994. The seasonal cycles of cloud cover, relative humidity, wind speed, air temperature, and sea surface temperature were then derived from these data and used to calculate the mean monthly and the mean annual surface heat fluxes. Insolation was the dominant flux, followed by latent heat, sensible heat, and net longwave radiation. All of these fluxes have marked seasonal variation. There is a net annual imbalance of 20W m(-2), which is not statistically significant. It could, however, be compensated by weak heat advection from the northward moving currents in the area. Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. RP Reed, RK (reprint author), NOAA, Pacific Marine Environm Lab, 7600 Sand Point Way Ne, Seattle, WA 98115 USA. NR 26 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 0 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0278-4343 J9 CONT SHELF RES JI Cont. Shelf Res. PD SEP-OCT PY 2003 VL 23 IS 14-15 BP 1255 EP 1263 DI 10.1016/S0278-4343(03)00128-6 PG 9 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 732LR UT WOS:000185948000002 ER PT J AU Darrow, BP Walsh, JJ Vargo, GA Masserini, RT Fanning, KA Zhang, JZ AF Darrow, BP Walsh, JJ Vargo, GA Masserini, RT Fanning, KA Zhang, JZ TI A simulation study of the growth of benthic microalgae following the decline of a surface phytoplankton bloom SO CONTINENTAL SHELF RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE phytobenthos; algal blooms; marine ecology; biogeochemical cycle; modelling; Gulf of Mexico; West Florida shelf ID WEST FLORIDA SHELF; DISSOLVED ORGANIC-CARBON; SOUTH ATLANTIC BIGHT; CONTINENTAL-SHELF; ADVECTIVE TRANSPORT; PERMEABLE SEDIMENTS; CONTINUOUS-FLOW; NUTRIENT FLUX; DIATOM SILICA; UPPER OCEAN AB The West Florida continental shelf is an oligotrophic system for most of the year. An episodic chlorophyll plume has previously been observed in satellite imagery on the northern portion of the shelf during the spring months. The fate of the plume upon its decline in the late spring and early summer is unknown. Decreased chlorophyll levels and sustained nutrient stocks may be explained by sediment/water-column interactions, including the presence of benthic microalgae. A one-dimensional model, consisting of 16 state variables, is constructed to simulate the decline of a surface chlorophyll bloom in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico as measured during the Florida Shelf Lagrangian Experiment (FSLE). Results from a baseline simulation of two FSLE studies suggest that remineralized nutrients from the declining bloom are taken up by heterotrophic bacteria in the water-column and by benthic microalgae in the sediments. Perturbation experiments imply that low light levels, due to increased CDOM, do not have significant effects on the benthic microfloral community at mid-shelf locations. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ S Florida, Coll Marine Sci, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. NOAA, Ocean Chem Div, AOML, Miami, FL 33149 USA. RP Darrow, BP (reprint author), Univ S Florida, Coll Marine Sci, 140 7th Ave S, St Petersburg, FL 33701 USA. EM bdarrow@seas.marine.usf.edu RI Zhang, Jia-Zhong/B-7708-2008 OI Zhang, Jia-Zhong/0000-0002-1138-2556 NR 55 TC 21 Z9 21 U1 0 U2 14 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0278-4343 J9 CONT SHELF RES JI Cont. Shelf Res. PD SEP-OCT PY 2003 VL 23 IS 14-15 BP 1265 EP 1283 DI 10.1016/S0278-4343(03)00130-4 PG 19 WC Oceanography SC Oceanography GA 732LR UT WOS:000185948000003 ER EF